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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 1051.000 1996-1998(~ ''�- '•:!r William G. Davis - Mamging Director Stephen K. Yamashiro _ .� '. ' MayorHenry Cho • ... ,MSC Deputy Managing Director 60untV of eca"21f nfli 25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 • (808) 961-8211 Fax (808) 961-6553 KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 • Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 (808) 329-5226 • Fax (808) 326-5663 October 26, 1998 Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members: Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-17) Applicant: Dianne Jamieson -Feeney Request: A -40a to A -5a Tax Map Key: 6-4-2:3 State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 98-6) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-22) Request: A -5a to RS -10 and CV -7.5 Applicant: Parker Ranch, Inc. Tax Map Key: 6-4-01:Portion of 42 Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-20) Applicant: Mr. and Mrs. James William Cardin Request: A -20a to FA -3a Tax Map Key: 7-3-25:15 Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-21) Applicant: Mr. Kenneth K. Leong Request: A -5a to FA -la Tax Map Key: 7-4-4:33 Note: Appendix "A", Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan, and Kaupulebu Resort Expansion Final glviromtental Impact Statement are on file in the Cleric's Office. t Mile� G ides. Dat, OCT _' Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 October 26, 1998 .-'Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-15) Request: Open to Project District Applicant: Kaupulehu Developments Tax Man Key: 7-2-3:Portion of 1 As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 5-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and enclosures regarding the above -referenced requests. Sincerely, o644- Map K4asZ Mayor Enclosures cc: Planning Department 13,/! -�3,y Stephen tC Yatnashiro Mayor 4CT 2 6 1998 (90unft of puluaii PLANNING COMMISSION 25 Aupuni Street, Ra 109 •Fab, Hawaii 96720.4252 (808) 961.8288 Fax (808) 961-%15 Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members: Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-15) Request: Open to Project District Applicant: Kaupulehu Developments Tax Map Key: 7-2-37Portion of 1 The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on October 16, 1998, voted to recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification for approximately 1,078.634 acres of land from Open (0) to Project District (PD). The property is located on the makai side of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway adjacent and north of Kona Village Resort and Hualalai Resort developments at Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending favorable consideration of the change of zone: In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similar areas in the County. The Project District (PD) development is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use designations, for quality Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 developments. It will also allow for flexibility over time in the location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual project district objective. A Project District is an amendment to the Chapter 25, Zoning Code, which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the individual Project District. A Project District may be established whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a Project District may only be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of the Zoning Code and the County General Plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The Change of Zone Application from Open (0) to Project District (PD) zoned district is consistent with the intent and purpose of the following goals, policies and standards of the General Plan Land Use, Economic, Resort, and Housing Elements. The proposed development conforms to the following applicable goals, policies, standards and courses of action of the General Plan Land Use Element: o Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. o Protect and conserve the natural resources of the County of Hawaii from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. o Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. o Ensure that alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, expect crops, and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 3 There shall be a minimum of visual and odor pollution emanating from sewerage treatment facilities. The proposed designation conforms to the following goals and policies of the Economic Element: Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life. o Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical and social environments of the island of Hawaii. o The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. This proposed development is consistent with the Economic element of the General Plan in that the proposed development will provide additional and expanded employment opportunities for the residents of the area, as well as the entire island as a whole. The employment opportunities from the proposed development as a result of this zoning request will generate both short-term (construction) and long-term (operational) employment. Further, the magnitude of this project will directly benefit the residents of this County as the real property tax base will substantially increase, will strengthen the existing visitor industry and provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life. The proposed designation would also conform to the following goals and policies of the Resort subelement of the Land Use: Maintain an orderly development of the visitor industry. Provide for resort development that maximizes conveniences to its users and optimizes the benefits derived by the residents of the County. o Ensure that resort developments maintain the social, economic, and physical environments of Hawaii and its people. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 4 The General Plan lists Kaupulehu as a Intermediate Resort Area. According to the General Plan, the standards for Intermediate Resort Area are as follows: "An intermediate resort area is a self-contained resort destination area which provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development on a smaller scale than a major resort area. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. Maximum hotel and condominium -hotel units: 1,500 rooms. Resort acreage: 45 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation area: 25 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 320 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two hotel units built." The applicant's overall objective is to develop a high quality resort residential community while protecting the important cultural and environmental resources of the area. The applicant has recognized the benefits of planning and designing a project in a manner that is sensitive to the natural features and unique historical heritage of the land. Based upon preliminary studies, the applicant believes that these objectives can be obtained in an economically viable manner. The proposed request would also complement the following Housing Element goals and policies by creating a mix of residential housing opportunities, maintaining a housing supply that allows a variety of choice and by providing housing units geared toward the middle income bracket. Attain safe, sanitary and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 5 o Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. o Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice. o Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital status, ethnic background and income. o The construction of specially designed facilities for elderly persons needing institutional care and for active elderly persons shall be encouraged. o The County shall encourage corporations and nonprofit organizations to participate in Federal programs to provide new and rehabilitated housing for low and moderate income households. o Large industries which create a demand for housing shall provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be determined by an analysis of the locality's needs. With regard to employee housing, this matter will be further conditioned as part of this rezoning. One of the General Plan's standards for resort states: o The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two hotel units built. The Housing Element of the General Plan states, in part: o Housing provides more than just shelter from the natural elements. It embodies the social, economic and emotional values of families and individuals. Collectively, housing represents a community's aspirations and employment opportunities, such as agriculture and resort developments. From governments' perspective, adequate housing for its residents is part of the considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Housing and residential use of land is a generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balances by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other capital improvement projects which Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 6 service residential areas. Thus, the provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of government. The continuing resort development along the coast is anticipated to increase the need for employee housing and other residential needs as more in -migration occurs. The proposed request would complement the goals and policies of the following elements of the General Plan: Protect and enhance the sites, buildings and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. Access to significant historic sites, buildings and objects of public interest should be made available. Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. o Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. o Provide opportunities for the public to fulfill recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources. o Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. o Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii. o Ensure that alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, except crops, and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 7 scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationships among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic land use pattern for areas within the County. The LUPAG Map designates the project area as Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. Within areas designated for development as resorts, portions of the resort area may be included in the Urban Expansion area. High Density allows uses relating to commercial, multiple residential and related services (general and office commercial; multiple residential - up to 87 units per acre). Medium Density allows uses relating to village and neighborhood commercial and residential and related functions (3 -story commercial; residential - up to 35 units per acre). Low Density allows single family residential in character, ancillary community and public uses, and convenience type commercial uses. Resort Area includes uses such as hotels, condominium -hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and supporting services. The LUPAG Map also designates the entire property's Queen Kaahumanu Highway frontage and along the shoreline as Open Area, which is generally for parks, historic ites, and open space. The Change of Zone request from Open (0) to Project District (PD) will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The subject property is situated adjacent to Kona Village Resort which is zoned Resort (V-7) and Open, and Hualalai Resort which zoned Resort (V-2.25), Multiple Family Residential (RM -3 and RM -10), Village Commercial (CV -10) and Open. The State of Hawaii owned lands situated adjacent and to the north are zoned Agricultural (A -5a) and Open. Resort developments are created to satisfy the needs and desires of both the visitors and the residents. Such areas have basic amenities and attributes which attract the development of visitor accommodations and related facilities. Almost every successful resort area has a harmonious combination of certain characteristics, such as climate, scenery, recreational amenities and other man-made facilities. In this instance, the natural factors have been the basis for the development of the Project District area. The proposed Project District zoning would be large enough to provide a low density resort residential and recreational amenities which will keep visitors interested and entertained. The project is intended to be accessory and complementary to the existing Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 8 adjacent resort facilities. The General Plan sets forth standards for the various type of elements associated with the Project District, and related resort destination areas. The Land Use element and Resort subelement of the General Plan also state that resort uses shall be developed in areas adequately served by essential services and other infrastructure. Essential services and infrastructure include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities. This development includes the provision of residential accommodations and commercial activities for long-term visitors as well as permanent residents. Such facilities are considered an integral part of a resort area. The requested single family residential and village commercial areas will be in keeping with the concept of a self-contained resort area and will aid in the realization of it. The area under consideration is provided or can be provided with all essential utilities and services, including water. The applicant intends to provide water through the development of three new potable water wells and four non -potable wells. The two potable wells will be sufficient to address a maximum daily demand of 1.2 million gallons and the third is required by the County of Hawaii as a back-up well. Wastewater disposal will be accommodated by a private wastewater treatment plant. Effluent from the treatment facility will be utilized to supplement non -potable irrigation water at the proposed project's 36 -hole golf course. Coastal Planning Area within the Project District would limit the allowed uses and activities and manage the important cultural and environmental resources contained therein. The Hawaiian Interpretive Center is proposed to be located within this area. This area of approximately 235 acres comprises the Urban Coastal Planning Area of 197.936 acres and the Coastal Planning Area (Subzone C) of 37.064 acres, which is in the State Land Use "Conservation" district and not part of the proposed Project District. There is a 2.002 -acre area approximately 800 feet west of the Coastal Planning Area (Subzone C) which is also in the State Land Use "Conservation" district and not part of the proposed Project District. The policy of the General Plan requires that public access to and parking for beach and shoreline areas be developed. The Coastal Planning Area includes lateral shoreline access, and public facilities which include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas. An archaeological inventory survey of the property was conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) in two phases between 1991 and 1994. The survey covered approximately 2,184 acres. According to the final archaeological inventory Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 9 survey report (1995), a total of 193 sites, consisting of 660 discrete features, were recorded during the survey. Of these sites, 45 are located outside of the project area. None of the sites identified within the project area are located on the Kaupulehu flow of 1800. Of the 193 sites identified, 56 are recommended for no further work. Of the remaining 137 sites, 69 sites are assessed as significant solely for information content and recommended for further data collection. The remaining 68 sites have been recommended for some form of preservation. Forty-four of these sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive development. Two trail sites which are major trails and two other sites are recommended for preservation with interpretive development. Of the 64 sites recommended for preservation, 38 are wholly within the approximately 37 -acre preserve area designated as Subzone C. Nineteen sites are situated outside the preserve area but within the project area. The remaining 7 sites recommended for preservation are located outside of the project area. An Integrated Resources Management Plan has been submitted with further recommendations. Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the primary arterial highway which connecting Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona. The highway is a two-lane, two-way State Highway. The existing access to the project area from Queen Kaahumanu Highway is via an existing paved roadway which serves the Hualalai and Kona Village Resorts. Roadways within the Project District will be designed to resort standards. A Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) was conducted by TMC in March 1994. The report recommended the following highway improvements to accommodate the Year 2015: 1) The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road be upgraded to a fully channelized intersection with left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, in both the northbound and southbound directions; 2) Queen Kaahumanu Highway be widened to provide a four -lane, divided highway; 3) The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road be signalized, when warranted; and 4) Kaupulehu Access Road and the mauka-makai road provide separate right turn, through, left turn lanes. It should be pointed out that with the opening of the Four Seasons Hotel at Hualalai Resort, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road has been fully channelized with left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The Department of Transportation stated that the applicant shall conduct periodic traffic signal warrant studies when the traffic system is installed. In addition, a Traffic Impact Assessment Report be updated to assess a 2 -lane Queen Kaahumanu Highway and recommend interim measures as may be required. The applicant shall also commit contributing funds for the cost of the interchange as stated in the Queen Kaahumanu Highway Master Plan (1997). Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 10 Impacts associated with this project development such as historical, visual, traffic, drainage and design concerns have been assessed and will be mitigated through conditions of approval. Therefore, the request would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage and school improvements, and police and fire protection. The proposed zone change would allow for uses which complements the resort use established in this area by the Kona Village and Hualalai Resorts. Based on the above findings, approval of the Change of Zone request from Open (0) to Project District (PD) zoned district would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further the public benefit. For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-2, the North and South Kona Districts Zone Map, of the County Zoning Code is transmitted. We are enclosing a copy of the application, a copy of the staff background and additional testimony for your information. Sincerely, Kevin M. Balog, Chairman Planning Commission LKaupu02.PC Enclosures cc: Ms. Anne Mapes R. Ben Tsukazaki, Esq. Mr. Alexander C. Kinzler Department of Public Works Department of Water Supply West Hawaii Office Department of Land & Natural Resources Kazu Hayashida, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu Blaupu0l .emm/rhy 10/12/98 KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT (SMA 98-6) CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 98-15) KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS, is requesting a Change of Zone by changing the district classification from Open (0) to Project District (PD) for approximately 1,078.634 acres of land, and a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit to allow for a resort residential community with commercial residents' club, golf courses and clubhouse, Hawaiian Interpretive Center, pubic access and safety amenities and related ancillary facilities. The property is located on the makai side of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway adjacent and north of Kona Village Resort and Hualalai Resort developments at Kaupulehu, North Kona, TMK: 7-2-3: Portion of 1. Land Ownership: Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate is the fee owner of the subject property and has consented to the filing of this application. Kaupulehu Developments, a Hawaii general partnership, is the lessee of the subject i, . , RELEVANT BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2. June 17, 19% - State Land Use Commission approved the reclassification of approximately 1,009.086 acres from Conservation to Urban with conditions. (See Exhibit A - Decision and Order of the State land Use Commission Docket No. A93-701). 3. Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS): A Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion was prepared in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, regarding Environmental Impact Statements and accepted by the State Land Use Commission on September 22, 1994 as part of the applicant's State Land Use Boundary Amendment Petition for the proposed Kaupulehu project. ATTACH. C-1051 (B-332) 4. Request: The applicant is requesting a change of zone for approximately 1,078.634 acres of land from Open (0) to Project District zoned district, and a Special Management Area Use Permit for the proposed development. 5. Scope of Request: The proposed Kaupulehu Project includes resort residential use, commercial use, a residents' club, golf course and clubhouse use, a Hawaiian Interpretive Center, public access and safety amenities, and related accessory uses. According to the application and supporting documents, the plan can be summarized in seven basic elements: a. Resort/Residential Units: Approximately 1,030 resort residential units are proposed within approximately 439 acres of the development area. The development would consist of single-family, duplex, and multi -family developments, including time share, vacation rentals. The overall density of the entire Project District would be approximately 3.5 units per acre. Residential units will have some direct golf course frontage and 50 oceanfront homesites. b. Golf Course and Clubhouse: A championship 36 -hole golf course on approximately 415 acres with a clubhouse which will serve as an entryway facility to the resort expansion community. The golf facilities are expected to attract both residents and visitors, including those staying at the adjacent Kona Village Resort. The golf clubhouse, on a 12 -acre area, will constitute a secondary retail restaurant and service complex for the resort expansion area. C. Commercial Land Use: An 11 -acre neighborhood commercial center will offer products and services oriented toward the resident in facilities spanning 45,000 square feet of leasable space. It is anticipated that destination restaurants and shops will also attract some off-site patrons. d. Residents' Club: A 3 -acre area is set aside as a club which will serve as a water -oriented recreational amenity for project residents, members and guests. e. Coastal Planning Area: This area would limit the allowed uses and activities and manage the important cultural and environmental resources contained therein. The Hawaiian Interpretive Center is proposed to be located within this 2 area. This area of approximately 235 acres comprises the Urban Coastal Planning Area of 197.936 acres and the Coastal Planning Area (Subzone C) of 37.064 acres, which is in the State Land Use "Conservation" district and not part of the proposed Project District, but part of the Special Management Area request. f. Other Conservation Area: There is a 2.002 -acre area approximately 800 feet west of the Coastal Planning Area (Subzone C) which is also in the State Land Use "Conservation" district and not part of the proposed Project District, but part of the Special Management Area request. g. Public Access: Lateral shoreline access and public facilities, which will include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas, within the Coastal Planning Area are to be developed in consultation with community groups and in accordance with the applicable conditions of approval of the Land Use Commission's Decision and Order. The final comprehensive public access plan shall be developed in consultation with the Planning Director and the Department of Land and Natural Resources and shall include mauka-makai and lateral shoreline accesses, parking area(s), signage, emergency response considerations, restrictions on use (if any), provision of recreational and restroom facilities at appropriate locations, and related improvements. h. Maintenance Area: This area would accommodate ancillary services for the resort residential community. including wastewater treatment facilities, landscape nursery facilities, service vehicle storage area and other utility facilities. 6. Development Schedule/Project Costs: Full buildout of the proposed project is projected over 20 years. The project construction is anticipated to cost over $100 million (1994 dollars). 7. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the following documents which have been distributed: 3 A. Application for Change of Zone - Project District Application dated June 22, 1998 B. Special Management Area Use Permit Petition dated June 22, 1998 C. Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan dated June 17, 1998 D. Final Environmental Impact Statement dated September 1994 STATE AND COLfii U PLANS 8. State Land Use: In June 17, 1996, the project area was reclassified from Conservation to Urban District by the State Land Use Commission with several conditions. 9. General Plan: Consistent with the goals, policies and standards of the Land Use, Economic, Resort, Historic Sites, Natural Beauty, and Natural Resources and Shoreline elements. Further, the General Plan document lists Kaupulehu as well as the adjacent Kukio area as Intermediate Resort Areas. According to the General Plan document, the standards for Intermediate Resort Area are as follows: "An intermediate resort area is a self-contained resort destination area which provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development on a smaller scale than a major resort area. Such facilities sbail include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc.. Maximum hotel and condominium -hotel units: 1,500 rooms. Resort acreage: 45 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation area: 25 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 320 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two hotel units built." 10. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: The Hawaii County General Plan LUPAG Map designates the project area as Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, 4 but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. Within areas designated for development as resorts, portions of the resort area may be included in the Urban Expansion area. High Density allows uses relating to commercial, multiple residential and related services (general and office commercial; multiple residential - up to 87 units per acre)., Medium Density allows uses relating to village and neighborhood commercial and residential and related functions (3 -story commercial; residential - up to 35 units per acre). Low Density allows single family residential in character, ancillary community and public uses, and convenience type commercial uses. Resort Area includes uses such as hotels, condominium -hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and supporting services. The LUPAG Map also designates the entire property's Queen Kaahumanu Highway frontage and along the shoreline as Open Area, which is generally for parks, historic sites, and open space. 11. Kona Regional Plan: The Kona Regional Plan recognizes the Kaupulehu area as a resort destination area. The Plan recommends that this area be allowed to develop on an incremental basis as the demand warrants. 12. County Zoning: The project site is located within an area zoned Open (0) by the County. 13. Project Districts (PD): Purpose and applicability. The project district (PD) zone is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use zone designations, for quality developments. It will also allow for flexibility in location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual project district objective. Criteria for establishing a project district. A project district may be established as an amendment to the Zoning Code whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare sequire that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a continuity in land toes and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a project district may only be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County general plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. Minimum land area required. The minimum land area required for a project district is fifty acres. Permitted uses. Any uses permitted either directly or conditionally in the RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CG, CV or V districts shall be permitted in a project district; provided, that each of the proposed uses and the overall densities for residential and hotel uses shall be contained in a master plan for the project district and in the project district enabling ordinance. (See Exhibit B, Project District Section of Zoning Code) 14. Special Management Area: The project site is located within the County's Special Management Area (SMA). nFSCgrMON OF PRCT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA 15. Existing Uses: The project area is a vacant expanse of a'a and pahoehoe lava flows. Existing uses include a driveway access to the Kona Village Resort and a water tank at the 120 -foot elevation which serves the Kona Village Resort. The project area is located immediately adjacent to the Kona Village and the Four Seasons - Hualalai Resort areas. 16. Topography: The project area is generally flat and rises gently from sea level to an elevation of approximately 220 feet above sea level at Queen Kaahumanu Highway with an overall average slope of about 4 percent. The project area consists of sparsely vegetated pahoehoe and a'a lava flows. The a'a lava flow is a branch of 1800-1801 historic Kaupulehu Lava Flow that extends through the center of the project area and rises 10 to 20 feet above the older pahoehoe lava flows on either side of it. 17. Shoreline: The a'a flow covers the western half of the project area's shoreline and creates a relatively steep and rocky coast. The eastern half of the shoreline is a tidal 2 pool shelf consisting of a broad expanse of pahoehoe strewn with a'a clickers and coral rubble, and covered in some areas with up to about 5 inches of sand. 18. Soil Survey Report: The Soil Survey Report, published by the Soil Conservation Service, classifies soils located within the project site as A'a (rLV) and Pahoehoe (rLW) Lava Flows, Rock Land (rRO) and Beach Areas (BH). Rock Land (rRO) is a miscellaneous land type which consists of pahoehoe lava bedrock covered in places with a thin layer of transported soil. 19. Land Study Bureau: The Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System classifies soils within the project area having an overall roaster productivity rating for agricultural use of "E" or "Very Poor". 20. ALISH: The project area is not classified by the State Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to Hawaii (ALISH) Map. 21. A visual analysis of the project site and its relation to the surrounding area was conducted by the applicant. The view analysis indicates that the project area will not obstruct views of the ocean from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. This is based upon the uses and design standards including the following concepts: 1) maximum building heights in the commercial areas will be the same as in the multi -family residential areas, maximum height of 45 feet; 2) golf course uses as permitted rather than conditional uses; 3) landscape hedges will not be absolutely required between commercial and residential zone areas; 4) the building envelope as determined by these standards as proposed by the applicant. Therefore, no mitigative measures are needed to maintain an ocean view from the highway. FLORAL / FAUNAL / MARME RFSOLIRCFS 22. Flora: A floral survey of the project site was conducted by Char & Associates in February 1994. Of a total of 44 species inventoried, 28 are introduced or alien species; 2 are originally Polynesian introduction; and 14 are native. Typical vegetation expected to be found within the project site consist of scattered patches of plants on pahoehoe lava flows. Fountain grass is the most abundant of the grasses as well as two native subshrubs, the 'W= and 'uhaloa. Other shrubs found occasionally include pluchea, noni, indigo and nehe. Scattered kiawe trees of short -stature (6-12 feet tall) form only three to five percent of the vegetative cover. One plant of the 'ohai, a proposed endangered species, occurs on the project site at about the 120 -foot elevation approximately 600 feet north of the Kona Village Resort water tanks, on a weathered pahoehoe lava flow with open scrub and scattered kiawe trees. This single plant was found during a survey in 1985 and again in 1994 survey. Two Category 2 candidate endangered species were also found in the project area. These are the native caper or maiapilo and Fintbrisrylis haKwiensis were found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation. The report concluded that "Development of the project area will result in the loss of existing vegetation. Existing vegetation within the proposed Resource Management Area will be less affected. The existing 'ohai plant will be preserved and, therefore, will not be impacted by the development." 23. Faunal: An avifaunal and feral mammal survey was conducted in February 1994 by Phillip L. Bruner. The survey did not locate any threatened or endangered species within the project site. The Pueo (short -eared owl) and 'Io (Hawaiian hawk) are two endemic birds which, while not observed, may forage within the project site. Migratory indigenous birds, such as the Pacific golden plover and the Wandering Tattler, were observed in the general vicinity as were exotic birds such as the Barn owl, Ring -neck pheasant, Black francolin, Northern mockingbird and Lavender Waxbill. Feral mammals observed within the general vicinity include the Small Indian Mongoose, Feral donkey and Feral goats. The report concluded that "Due to the apparent absence of significant wildlife habitats within the project area, development of residential areas and golf courses is not expected to result in negative impacts to most area fauna." 24. Marine: A baseline assessment of the marine environment fronting the project site was conducted by Steven Dollar in September 1993. Marine waters located off of the Kaupulehu coastline are classified as Class AA. The objective of Class AA is that these waters remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible. The assessment concluded that "Four existing factors suggest that cumulative development will not result in a significant negative impact upon the biological performance of the marine ecosystem." These are: 1) None include substantial or significant alterations to the shoreline or coastal resources. 2) The existing wave regime and healthy coral community together indicate the increased runoff and sedimentation is likely to have no significant impact upon marine conditions. Nutrient loading is unlikely given the low residence time of water along the Kaupulehu coast. In addition the existing coral communities are already adapted to wave stress and currently high levels of groundwater extrusion. 3) The naturally dry climate of the region and general lack of rainfall, combined with the flat topography of the area will greatly reduce the propensity for increased sheet flow and runoff, regardless of the cumulative area of hardscape surfaces proposed in the three development areas. 4) Modem golf course management is much more sophisticated than in times past. Pesticides and herbicides are used sparingly and only by licensed personnel. However, the assessment did recognize one impact, that of shoreline modification due to increased coastline access. The applicant will prepare a Shoreline Management Plan to mitigate biological resource depletion. 25. An archaeological inventory survey of the property was conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) in two phases between 1991 and 1994. The survey covered approximately 2,184 acres. According to the final archaeological inventory survey report (1995), a total of 193 sites, consisting of 660 discrete features, were recorded during the survey. Of these sites, 45 are located outside of the project area. None of the sites identified within the project area are located on the Kaupulehu flow of 1800. Of the 193 sites identified, 56 are recommended for no further work. Of the remaining 137 sites, 69 sites are assessed as significant solely for information content and recommended for further data collection. The remaining 68 sites have been recommended for some form of preservation. Forty-four of these sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive development. Two nail sites which are major trails and two other sites are recommended for preservation with interpretive development. Of the 64 sites recommended for preservation, 38 are wholly within the approximately 37 -acre preserve area designated as Subzone C. Nineteen sites are situated outside the preserve area but within the project area. The remaining 7 sites recommended for preservation are located outside of the project area. PUBLIC ACCESS 26. Lateral shoreline access would occur through the Coastal Planning Area. Public facilities will include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas within the 70- acre recreation area. The final comprehensive public access plan shall be developed in consultation with the Planning Director and the Department of Land and Natural Resources and shall include mauka-makai and lateral shoreline accesses, parking area(s), signage, emergency response considerations, restrictions on use (if any), provision of recreational and restroom facilities at appropriate locations, and related improvements. 27. Access: Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the primary arterial highway which connecting Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona. The highway is a two-lane, two-way State Highway. The existing access to the project area from Queen Kaahumanu Highway is via an existing paved roadway which serves the Hualalai and Kona Village Resorts. Roadways within the Project District will be designed to resort standards. A Traffic Impact Analysis Report MAR) was conducted by TMC in March 1994. The report recommended the following highway improvements to accommodate the Year 2015: 1) The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road be upgraded to a fully channelized intersection with left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, in both the northbound and southbound directions; 2) Queen Kaahumanu Highway be widened to provide a four -lane, divided highway; 3) The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road be signalized, when warranted; and 4) Kaupulehu Access Road and the mauka-makai road provide separate right turn, through, left turn lanes. It should be pointed out that with the opening of the Four Seasons Hotel at Hualalai Resort, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road has been fully channelized with left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. 10 28. Water: Water will be provided by three new potable water wells and four non -potable wells. The two potable wells will be sufficient to address a maximum daily demand of 1.2 trillion gallons and the third is required by the County of Hawaii as a back-up well. 29. Wastewater: Wastewater disposal will be accommodated by a private wastewater treatment plant. Effluent from the treatment facility will be utilized to supplement non -potable irrigation water at the proposed project's 36 -hole golf course. 30.- Police, Fire, Medical, and Education: Police protection is provided by the Kealakehe Police Station located approximately 5 miles south of the petition area. Fire protection is provided by the County's Fire Station, located approximately 15 miles south of the petition area. The State Kona Hospital is located in Kealakekua, approximately 24 miles south of the petition area. The North Hawaii Community Hospital is located in Waimea. Public educational facilities are Kahakai, Konawaena and Kealakehe Schools. In addition, several private schools are located in Kamuela, Kapaau, Holualoa, and Honaunau. 31. Surrounding Zoningn and Uses: The Kona Village Resort and Hualalai Resort are located immediately south of the project site. Kona Village is zoned Resort (V -'n and Open and contains 130 hotel units. HuaWai Resort is zoned Resort (V-2.25) Multiple Family (RM -3), Multiple Family (RM -10), Village Commercial (CV -10) and Open which contains 250 hotel units. Adjacent to the north is the State of Hawaii puuwaawaa lands. These lands are zoned Agricultural -5a and Open. 32. Real Property Ta: Office (July 30, 1998 Memo): "Page viii, sec. C, para.22 (Land Values) of the 'Project District Application' states the 1998 assessed value is $1,102,100. This amount is correct for the portion zoned Conservation. However, the project arta is zoned Urban and is assessed for 1998 at $3,883,500. This assessed value will most likely increase in the future due to favorable court resolutions and improved development potential. "Current Real Property taxes are paid through June 30, 1998." 11 33. Police Department (July 27, 1998 Memo): "We have reviewed the above -referenced applications and do not believe the requests will negatively impact traffic safety'in the area. "However, we do believe the demand for police services will increase, placing an increased strain on our already limited resources." 34. Office of Housing & Community Development (October 2, 1998 Memo): "The Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD) offers the following comments: Affordable housing conditions, pursuant to County of Hawaii Ordinance No. 98-1, relating to County's affordable housing policy, is applicable to the request. "Thank you for the opportunity to comment." 35. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit C - August 28, 1998 Memo) 36. Department of Water Supply: (See Exhibit D - (August 24, 1998 Memo) 37. Fire Department (See Exhibit E - July 22, 1998 Memo) 38. Civil Defense Agency: (See Exhibit F - July 15, 1998 Memo) 39. Department of Health: (See Exhibit G - August 20, 1998 Memo) 40. Department of land and Natural Resources, Land Division: (See Exhibit H - July 22, 1998 Letter) 41. Department of Transportation: (See Exhibit I - October 5, 1998 Letter) APPLICANT'S RESPONSE 42. Applicant's Response: (See Exhibit J - September 18, 1998 and October 2, 1998 Letters) AGENCIES - NO RESPONSE 43. Department of Parks and Recreation, Department of Education, and DLCO PUBLIC COMMENTS 44. James C. Pacopac: (See Exhibit K - October 9, 1998 Testimony) 45. Ka Pa'akai O Ka Aina - Petition for Standing in Contested Case Hearing with $100 £[ting fee, received on October 7, 1998. (See Exhibit L) 12 DECISION AND ORDER IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Property being the subject of this Docket No. A93-701 filed by Petitioner, Kaupulehu Developments, consisting of approximately 1,009.086 acres of land in the State Land Use Conservation District at Ka`upulehu, North Koda, Island, County, and State of Hawai i, identified as Tax Map Key No. 7-2-03: por. 1, and approximately shown on Exhibit "A" attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein, is hereby reclassified into the State Land Use Urban District, and the State land use district boundaries are amended accordingly, subject to the following conditions: 1. Petitioner shall provide affordable housing opportunities for low, low -moderate, and gap group income residents in the State of Hawaii to the satisfaction of the County of Hawaii. The location and distribution of the affordable housing or other provisions for affordable housing shall be under such terms as may be mutually agreeable between Petitioner and the County of Hawaii. 2. Petitioner shall implement effective soil erosion and dust control measures during construction to the satisfaction of the State Department of Health and the County of Hawaii. 3. Petitioner shall develop a solid waste management plan in conformance with the Integrated Solid Waste Management Act, Chapter 342G, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Petitioner's solid waste management plan shall be approved by the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works. -37- BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII In the Matter of the Petition of KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS Td -Amend the Conservation Land Use Di9trict Boundary into the Urban Land Use District for Approximately 1,009.086 Acres of Land at Ka`upulehu, North Kona, Island, County, and State of Hawaii, TMK 7-2-03: por. 1 DOCKET NO. A93-701 FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, DECISION AND ORDER MIAS '1 ,m i is t0 ur!iu; !:._ i5 a true and correct copy of the Decision ar.r Order on file In the officm of the State Land Use Cc;i!mission, Honolulu Hawaii. JUN 1 7 1996 by C Z� Date Executive Officer FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION AND ORDER EXHIBIT ' A' LG O Q) 2 4. Petitioner shall fund and construct adequate wastewater treatment, transmission and disposal facilities, as determined by the State Department of Health and the County of Hawaii. 5. Petitioner shall participate in an air quality moriiZoring program as specified by the State Department of Health. 6. Petitioner shall fund and construct adequate civil defense measures as determined by the State and County of Hawaii civil defense agencies. 7. Petitioner shall provide a fair -share contribution for school facilities as mutually agreed upon with the Department of Education. The contribution may be a combination of land and/or cash required to address the impact on school facilities. 8. Petitioner shall fund, design and construct necessary local and regional roadway improvements necessitated by the proposed development in designs and schedules accepted by the State Department of Transportation and the County of Hawaii. 9. Petitioner shall fund and construct adequate water source, storage, and transmission facilities and improvements to accommodate the proposed Project. Water transmission facilities and improvements shall be coordinated and approved by the appropriate State and County agencies. lo. Petitioner shall fund the design and construction of drainage improvements required as a result of the development of the Property to the satisfaction of the appropriate State and County agencies. -38- 11. Petitioner shall initiate and fund a groundwater monitoring program as determined by the State Department of Health. Mitigation measures shall be implemented by Petitioner if the results of the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the State Department of Health. 12a. The proposed mitigation commitments for all identified sites with burials must be submitted to the State Historic Preservation Division's Hawaii Island Burial Council for a vote on the mitigation proposals. Once a decision is made by the Council, then the mitigation commitments for those sites will be finalized. A burial treatment plan for the mitigation treatment for those sites must then be approved by the State Historic Preservation Division, in consultation with their Hawaii Island Burial Council, and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the LUC prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. 12b. For all sites approved by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) to undergo archaeological data recovery, an archaeological date recovery plan (scope of work) must be prepared by Petitioner. This plan must be approved by the SHPD and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the LUC prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. 12c. For all sites approved for preservation by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), a preservation plan must be prepared by Petitioner. (Burial sites may be covered -39- under the burial treatment plan.) This plan must include buffer zones/interim protection measures during construction, and long- range preservation (including public access and interpretation, where appropriate). The plan must include input from the local native Hawaiian community and relevant Hawaiian groups. The plan mutt -be approved by the SHPD and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the LUC prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. 12d. Petitioner shall immediately stop work and contact the State Historic Preservation Division should any previously unidentified archaeological resources such as artifacts, shell, bone or charcoal deposits, human burials, rock or coral alignments, pavings or walls be encountered during Project development. 13. Petitioner shall make available adequate golf tee times at affordable rates for public play to State of Hawaii residents. 14. Petitioner shall comply with the environmental health conditions from the State Department of Health, dated August, 1994 (Version 5), and entitled "Guidelines Applicable to Golf Courses in Hawaii." 15. Petitioner shall initiate and fund a nearshore water quality monitoring program. The monitoring program shall be approved by the State Department of Health (DOH). Mitigation measures shall be implemented by Petitioner if the results of the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the DOH and implemented by Petitioner. -40- 16. Petitioner shall initiate and fund a program to monitor the populations of threatened and endangered green sea turtles, hawksbill turtles, and humpback whales, as required by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the State Division of Aquatic Resources. Mitigation medsures shall be implemented by Petitioner if the results of the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. 17. Petitioner shall conduct a biological survey for terrestrial invertebrates, the Hawaiian Hoary bat, and Kona Nightingale (feral donkey), prior to submitting an application for rezoning to the County of Hawaii. Petitioner shall consult with the U.S. Fish Wildlife Service prior to initiating the study, regarding the content and completeness. The study shall also include a mitigation/preservation plan. The plan shall be accepted and approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service must also verify in writing the successful execution of the study, and the implementation of the mitigation/preservation plan. 18. Petitioner shall preserve and protect any gathering and access rights of native Hawaiians who have customarily and traditionally exercised subsistence, cultural and religious practices on the subject Property. 19. In developing and operating the golf course and residential development in the Kaupulehu Resort Development -41- Project, Petitioner shall at a minimum protect public access along the accessible coastline by the following: 19a. Petitioner shall establish a perpetual right of public access along the coastline from the State's Pu`uwa`awa`a landholding to the intersection of the shoreline with the southernmost boundary of the Project area, which will allow public pedestrian access in perpetuity without obstruction or interference with such access, subject to reasonable rules and regulations for public safety, provided that access shall be maintained. The perpetual public access way shall be based on a Resource Management Plan. 19b. Petitioner shall develop and implement the Resource Management Plan as represented to the LUC and which shall be consistent with and further the objectives of KSBE's ahupua`a plan. Petitioner shall develop the Resource Management Plan in consultation with the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the Office of State Planning. A copy of the Resource Management Plan shall be filed with the LUC prior to filing any request for zoning amendment with the County. In developing the Resource Management Plan and operating the golf course and any future residential -42- development in the Kaupulehu Developments Petition Area, Petitioner shall maintain and protect the public's right of access along the shoreline especially at the 1800-1801 a`a lava flow where the existing trail is near the same level as the proposed dwelling units. 19c. At a minimum, Petitioner shall cause to be established a setback zone of 75 feet from the certified shoreline within which there shall be no improvements of any kind other than improvements which may be reasonably necessary for purposes of public safety, and where the property will be left in its natural state; provided that certain golf holes may be allowed within that setback subject to mutual agreement between Petitioner, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the Office of State Planning. 19d. At a minimum, Petitioner shall prohibit -any residential development or vertical improvements, other than landscaping and improvements allowed by county ordinance or variance, to be constructed or erected within 150 feet of the certified shoreline. 19e. Petitioner shall work with the Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate mauka pathways which may be tied to golf -43- course and residential area pathways which will provide alternative access routes to the accessible coastline areas. 19f. Petitioner shall adopt golf course rules and provide mutually agreeable signage which will protect the access along the public access areas and pathways. 19g. Petitioner shall provide the plans for golf course layout, location of holes, access pathways, and signage to OSP and the appropriate governmental agencies in advance of any final approval of such plans. 19h. Petitioner shall record with the appropriate governmental agency all necessary and appropriate instruments to accomplish the purpose of this paragraph. 20. Petitioner shall complete the Project in substantial compliance with the representations made before the Land Use Commission. Failure to so develop the Property may result in reversion of the Property to its former land use classification, or change to a more appropriate classification. 21. Petitioner shall give notice to the Land Use Commission of any intent to sell, lease, assign, place in trust, or otherwise voluntarily alter the ownership interest in the Property covered by the approved Petition prior to the visible commencement of construction of the Property. -44- 22. Petitioner shall provide annual reports to the Land Use Commission, the Office of State Planning, and the County of Hawaii in connection with the status of the subject Project and Petitioner's progress in complying with the conditions imposed. The annual report shall be submitted in a form prescribed by the Exdcutive Officer of the Commission and shall also include written documentation from each State and County agency responsible, indicating that the terms of the condition(s) are progressing satisfactorily or have been completed to the satisfaction of the agency. 23. The Commission may fully or partially release the conditions provided herein as to all or any portion of the Property upon timely motion and upon the provision of adequate assurance of satisfaction of these conditions by Petitioner. 24. Within 7 days of the issuance of the Commission's Decision and Order for the subject reclassification, Petitioner shall (a) record with the Bureau of Conveyances a statement that the Property is subject to conditions imposed by the Land Use Commission in the reclassification of the Property, and (b) shall file a copy of such recorded statement with the Commission. 25. Petitioner shall record the conditions imposed by the Commission with the Bureau of Conveyances pursuant to Section 15-15-92, Hawaii Administrative Rules. DOCKET NO. A93-701 - KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS Done at Honolulu, Hawaii, this 17th day of June 1996, per motion on May 30, 1996. Filed and effective on jnnP j3 , 1996 Certified by: Executive officer LAND USE COMMISSION STATE OF HAWAII By AL EN K. HOE C irperson and Commissioner By ��&- TRUDY K SENDA Vice Chairperson and Commissioner ByP4,J66-'j U T K. JtHUN CoAAissioner By (opposed) M. CASEY JARMAN Commissioner By (opposed) LLOYD F. KAW Commissioner By A MERLE 1 K. KELAI By (absent) EUSEBIO LAPENIA, JR. Commissioner By L\ D --o41 JOAKN N. MATTSON Commissioner By ELTON WADA Commissioner -46- N , 0 KONA VaIAOE ,- RS90RT AREA IN Le KahuWQt Bay ruwto N APPROVED AREA % OEEa / o j 1 DOC= NO. A93-701 I (� KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS LOCATION MAP �.K. TAX MAP KEY: 7-2-03: par. 1 KA'UPULEHU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII uv 1000 0 1000 MW Fee l Division 4. Project Districts (PD) Section 25-6-40. Purpose and applicability. The project district (PD) development is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use designations, for quality developments. It will also allow for flexibility in location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual project district objective. A project district is an amendment to this chapter which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the individual project district. Section 2541. Criteria for establishing a project district. A project district may be established as an amendment to this chapter whenever the public necessity and convenience -and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a project district may ortly be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County general plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. Section 25442. Minimum land area required. The minLnum land area required for a project district shall be fifty acres. Section 25-6-43. Permitted uses. Any cues permitted either directly or conditionally in the RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CG, CV or V districts shall be permitted in a project district; provided, that each of the proposed uses and the overall densities for residential and hotel uses shall be contained in a master plan for the project district and in the project district enabling ordinance. FHd�M� Section 25-6-4. Application for project district; requirements. (a) An application for a project district may be filed by a property owner or any other person with the property owner's consent. The application shall be on a form prescribed for this purpose by the director and shall be accompanied by: location. (1) A filing fee of $5,000. (2) A description of the property in sufficient detail to determine its precise (3) A master conceptual plan of the property, showing the project district boundaries and the land uses and acreage of land involved. (4) A description of the proposed project district, including land uses, densities, infrastructural requirements, and development standards. (5) A description of each of the open space areas proposed for the project district for cultural and/or environmental purposes, including those open space areas preserved because of natural hazards. (6) A metes and bounds description of the property prepared by a surveyor. (7) A list of the names, addresses and tax map key numbers for those property owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice under section 25-2-4. (8) A county environmental report; provided that a county environmental report shall not be required where an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment and negative declaration have been prepared and issued in compliance with chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended. (9) Any other plans or information required by rules adopted by the director in accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes. (b) Within ten days after filing an application for a project district, the applicant shall serve notice of the application on surrounding owners and lessees of record as provided by section 25-2-4. (c) Within one hundred twenty days after a project district application has been accepted by the director, the director shall forward the application to the commission, together with the director's recommendation on the proposed project district, and together with a proposed project district ordinance which establishes the project district and provides project district standards and conditions, including permitted land uses, accessory uses, densities, heights, setbacks, and variances from the requirements of this chapter, and from chapter 23 (subdivision control), if applicable, as contained in the master conceptual plan for the project district. (d) The commission shalt review any project district application and shall forward its recommendation on the application to the council through the mayor for the council's consideration and action. (1) In reviewing the application, the commission shall hold at least one public hearing in the district in which the proposed project district is located. The commission shall provide reasonable notice of the date of the hearing to the applicant. The commission shall also publish notice of the hearing in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. (2) Within ten days after receiving notice of the date of the public hearing, the applicant shall serve notice of the hearing on surrounding owners and lessees of record as provided by section 25-24. The applicant shall also serve notice on owners and lessees of record of interests in other properties which the commission may find to be directly affected by the proposed project district. (3) Within ninety days after receipt of the application from the director, unless a longer period is agreed to by the applicant, the commission shall transmit the proposed project district ordinance together with its recommendation thereon through the mayor to the council. Tite commission shall recommend approval in whole or in part, with or without modifications, or rejection of such proposal. Section 25-6-45. Conditions imposed on project district. (a) -The council may impose conditions on the use of the property subject to the project district, provided the council finds that the conditions are: (1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public health, safety and welfare; or (2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land uses proposed with respect to protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the proposed uses, or fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed uses. (b) In addition to the conditions described in subsection (a), the council shall include the following conditions in any project district ordinance: (1) A description of each of the uses proposed in the project district; (2) The overall densities for the residential and hotel uses established in the project district; (3) Any infrastructure requirements for the project district; and (4) Any open space requirements for the project district. Section 25-6-46. Review and approval of site plaits. (a) After adoption of a project district enabling ordinance, the applicant shall submit to the director detailed site plans for the project district development. The site plans shall conform to the project district enabling ordinance and shall include the following: 25-2-72; and (1) Plans for required infrastructure improvements; (2) All items required for a plan approval application, as provided by section (3) Any other information required by roles adopted by the director in accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes. (b) Within sixty days after acceptance of the site plats, the director shall either deny or approve the plans. (c) The director may approve site plats for a project district only if the applicant has complied with all of the conditions contained in the project district enabling ordinance and the site plans conform to the standards contained in the project district enabling ordinance. The director may approve the site plans subject to conditions, or the director may approve the site plans subject to certain changes when, in the director's opinion, such conditions or changes are necessary to carry out the purposes of the project district, this chapter and the considerations contained in section 25-6-47. •I (d) If the director fails to render a decision on the site plans within the prescribed period, the site plats shall be considered approved without further certification by the director. Section 25-6-47. Review criteria and conditions of approval. In reviewing site plans for a project district, the director shall consider the proposed development and uses in relation to the surrounding properties, improvements, streets, traffic, community characteristics, and natural features, and may require conditions or changes to assure: (1) Adequate light and air, proper siting and arrangements of all structures and improvements are provided; (2) Existing and prospective traffic movements will not be hindered; (3) Proper landscaping is provided that is commensurate with the development or use and its surroundings; (4) Unsightly areas are properly screened or eliminated; (5) Adequate off-street parking is provided to serve the development or use; (6) Access to the parking areas will not create potential accident hazards; and (1) Within reasonable limits, any natural and man-made features of community value are preserved. Section 25-6-48. Construction in conformity with approved site plans. Every tstructure, development and use contained in site plans for a project district approved by the director shall be constructed and developed in accordance with the terns, specifications and conditions of approval for those site plans. Section 25-649. Plan approval issued by approval of site plans. Plan approval shall be considered issued when site plans for a project district are approved by the director, as provided by sections 25-646 and 25-647, and no further action is required for the issuance of plan approval under this chapter. Section 25-649.1. Amendments. Any amendment to the conditions and standards contained in a project district enabling ordinance shall be processed in the same manner as the project district enabling ordinance, unless the council in the project district enabling ordinance authorizes the amendments to be trade by the director. A request for any amendment shall be submitted in writing to the director, in lieu of the application required for a project district. The request shall be accompanied by a filing fee of 5250. - Section 25-649.2. Appeal of director's actions on project district site plans. Any - person aggrieved by the decision of the director in the issuance of a decision regarding project district site plans may appeal the director's action to the board of appeals, in accordance with its rules, within thirty days after the written decision is issued by the director. a DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII TO : Planning Director FROM Department of Public Works Engineering Division SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-15) SMA Use Permit Application (SMA 98-6) Applicant: Kaupulehu Developments Location: Kaupulehu, North Kona, HI TMK: 7-2-03:01 DATE August 28, 1998 We have reviewed the subject application and our comments are as follows: 1. Building shall conform to all requirements of code and statutes pertaining to building construction. Drainage 2. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. 3. Applicant shall be informed that if drywells are included in the subject improvements, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit must be applied for from the Department of Health, State of Hawaii. 4. A drainage study should be prepared and a drainage system should be installed meeting with the approval of DPW. 5. All grading and grubbing activities shall comply with Chapter 10 of the Hawaii County Code. EXHISIT Memo to Planning Director August 28, 1998 Page 2, 6. Portions of the project area are within Flood Zone "VE" according to the current Flood Insurance Rate Map. Flood zone boundaries must be shown on all development plans. 7. Any improvements within the flood zone area will require a detailed flood study by a licensed civil engineer and compliance with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) regulations. Solid Waste B. The developer shall prepare a solid waste management plan, subject to the approval of DPWs Solid Waste Division, for the development which is to be administered by the Association of Homeowners or by the developer ff no association is established. Roadways 9. All roadways within the proposed development should follow the guidelines incorporated in the Hawaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and Highways and A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. These roadways should also meet the requirements of DPW. 10. We defer to DOT concerning improvements within the Queen Kaahumanu right-of- way. 11. In the interests of pedestrian and bicyclist safety, bike lanes should be considered throughout the project. TWP:sls cc: Engineering - Hilo Engineering - Kona Planning - Kona DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWAII 25 AUPUNI STREET • HILO, HAWAII 96720 TELEPHONE (606) 961.6660 FAX (606) 961-6657 p TO: Planning Department c r� FROM: Milton D. Pavao. Manager SUBJECT: ZCHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION NO. 98-015 APPLICANT - KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS TAX MAP KEY 7-2-003:PORTION OF 001 We have reviewed the subject application for the proposed development and have the following comments. The water system in the area is privately owned and operated. For the applicant's information. should the change of zone request be approved and a subdivision application be executed. and pursuant to Section 23-84 of the Hawaii County Code regulating subdivisions. the following minimum requirements must be complied with for subdivision approval: 1. Provide a water system designed to deliver water at adequate pressure and volume under peak and fire -flow conditions in accordance with the Water System Standards. State of Hawaii, and the Rules and Regulations of the Department of Water Supply. The water system shall include but not be limited to the installation of the necessary distribution pipeline. fire hydrants. and service laterals. 2. Submit construction plans for our review and approval. 3. Pay a fee of four -tenths (0.4) of one percent (1%) of the estimated cost for the construction of the water system but not less than E25.00 to cover the cost for plan review. testing. and inspection. Should there be any questions 9 60. Milt n Pavao. P.E. Man ger WA: please call our Water Resources and Planning Branch at copy - Kaupulehu Developments �A1• ��1,,n5 HBw=�i ,. , EXHIBIT 6796:1. itephen K. Yamashiro Afayor July 22, 1998 (aunfK lif pazifunii FIRE DEPARTMENT 777 Kilauea Avenue • Mall Lane • Hilo, Hawaii 967204739 (808) 961-8297 • Fax (808) 961-82% To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director From: Nelson M. Tsuji, Fire Chief Nelson AI. Tsuji Fs" Chief Edward Bumatay Deputy Fae Chat ' D n y r SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 98-15) c� REQUEST: OPEN TO PROJECT DISTRICT SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (SMA -98-6) REQUEST: ALLOW FOR A RESORT RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY WITH COMMERCIAL RESIDENT'S CLUB, GOLFCOURSE & CLUB HOUSE, HAWAIIAN INTERPRETIVE CENTER, PUBLIC ACCESS & SAFETY AMENITIES & RELATED ANCILLARY FACILITIES APPLICANT: KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS TAX MAP KEY: 7-2-03: PORTION OF 1 Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.207: "Fire Apparatus Access Roads "Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the provisions of this section. "(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be required for every building hereafter constructed when any portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the building. "EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are protected with an approved automatic fire system, the provisions of this section may be EXHISIT To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director ?age 2 July 22, 1998 "2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions, the chief may require additional fire protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b). 113. When there are not more than two Group R, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would not be impaired. "More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is determined by the chief that access by a single road may be impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access. "For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109. "(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate county jurisdiction. "(d) vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches. "EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and maintained indicating the established vertical clearance. "(e) Permissible Modifications. vertical clearances or widths required by this section may be increased when, in the opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to provide fire apparatus access. "(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all- weather driving capabilities." (20 tons) ,-(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet) 11(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus. To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director Page 3 July 22, 1998 "(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access under this section, it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the, applicable sections of the Building Code and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. "(j)- Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%) "(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times. "(1) signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and prohibit the obstruction thereof or both." water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301: "INSTALLATION. AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE -PROTECTION, LIFE -SAFETY SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES "Installation "Sec. 10.301. (a) Type Required. The chief shall designate the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This shall be done according to the relative severity of probable fire, including the rapidity with which it may spread. Such appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class of fire associated with such building or premises and shall have approval of the chief. "(b) Special Hazards. In occupancies of an especially hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for fire apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may be required consisting of additional fire appliance units, more than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable for the protection of the hazard involved. Such devices or appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems, automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable asbestos To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director Page 4 July 22, 1998 blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers, carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated and dry chemical or other special fire -extinguishing systems. Where such systems are installed, they shall be in accordance with the applicable Uniform Fire Code Standards or standards of the National Fire Protection Association when Uniform Fire Code Standards do not apply. "(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. There shall be provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow. "Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. "The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the requirements of Section 10.207. "(d) Fire Hydrant Markers. When required by the chief, hydrant locations shall be identified by the installation of reflective markers. "(e) Timing of installation. When fire protection facilities are to be installed by the developer, such facilities including all surface access roads shall be installed and made serviceable prior to and during the time of construction. When alternate methods of protection; as approved by the chief, are provided, the above may be modified or waived. "(f) All fire alarm systems, fire hydrant systems, fire extinguishing systems (including automatic sprinklers), Class 1, 11, 111 (combination standpipe system) and combined systems, basement inlet pipes, and other fire protection systems and appurtenances thereto shall meet the approval of the fire department as to installation and location and shall To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director Page 5 July 22, 1998 be subject to periodic tests as required specifications shall be submitted to the review and approval prior to installation. N -- SHciI vire Chief NMT/mo herein. Plans and fire department for Stephen K. )tamashiro M.'.' FROM DATE: &Tunf� 1Tf RZEfuull CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY 920 U1.6ni Snm Hilo, Naomi 96720 (808) 935-1031 Fax (808) 935.6460 V'itgirda Goldstein, Planning Director Harry Kim, Civil Defense Administrator July 15, 1998 SUBJECT- Change of Zone Application, RFZ 98-15 General Comments on Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Harry Kim Bruce D. Buns Aswmn� Adm�ni�na�o+ Project list four principal forms of natural hazards which are accurate but fails to identify tropical cyclones (Tropical Storms - Htaricanes). Project does refer to storm surge caused by tropical cyclones, but does not identify wind hazards Projects states that no habitable structures are: presently proposed in areas that may be subjected to potential storm water run-up. This is very commendable and this planning is applauded It is emphasized that data on potential storm water run-up be verified to insure safety line is based on the best data available. 4.7.2 Tsunamiei Some of the information listed in this sector contains statements that needs clarification. "Height can be monitored as it approaches land masses." Height of tsunamis cannot be measured as it approaches land masses according to all information imown. "The actual ocamsnce of a tsunami cannot be predicted," not sure on the meaning of this statement ie... u r.. Statement on hurricane mitigation insures no habitable structures within potential storm water run- up areas. Since potential nun -up areas of storm stages may surpass tsunami run -ups for the area, it is assumed that mitigation for tsunamis will apply on habitable structures. Project is commended on plans for education and the development of an evacuation plan. Request that siren installation be coordinated with this office at the initial stage to instate compliance with the Civil Defense system in regards to location, type, maintenance, activation, etc.! Change of Zone Application, REZ 98-15 Page 2 July 15, 1998 44.7.4 Fart _gunk Information on the largest earthquake in the vicinity of the project is slightly misleading. Earthquakes of higher intensity have occurred on the Island of Hawaii since 1929 and energy levels of 6.5 and above have affected the project site. Be advised that majority of large earthquakes on Hawaii Island am below 7 on the Richter Scale and have caused significant property damage island wide. Statement on no special concerns associated with falling debris should be reassessed. Majotity of injuries and damages of past earthquakes aro a result of falling debris, not necessarily related to structural integrity of building. General Comments Request that emergency plan be developed and approved prior to occupancy. It is requested that the office of Evil Defense be designated as the agency of the county to approve plans. Emergency plans should cover hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes volcanic eruptions and high surf. 92 9ENJAMINJ C�9E EAN0 LO.f �+On p n.wui STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RO. BOX 3770 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96001 August 20, 1998 Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 Dear Ms. Goldstein: Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 98-15) Open to Project District LAWRENCE 01R[,0. 01 +f a f+ Mw ,Odd nf,1. 94-007A/epo Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 98-6) is CP Allow for a Resort Residential Community with Commercial Resident's Club, Golf Course and Club House, Hawaiian Interpretive Center, Public Access and Safety Amenities and Related Ancillary Facilities and Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, Final Environmental Impact Statement Applicant: Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, Kekaha, Hawaii TMK: (3) 7-2-3: portion of 1 Thank you for allowing us to review and comment on the subject permit application. We have the following comments to offer: As a privately funded and developed wastewater treatment plant will serve the proposed development, as well as the adjacent Kaupulehu Resort and the Kona Village Resort, we have no objections to this request. However, considering the location of this project, the implementation of wastewater reuse for irrigation purposes should be seriously evaluated. EXHIBIT 08006 1 (1, 1 Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director August 20, 1998 Page 2 94-007A/epo However, all wastewater plans must conform to applicable provisions of the Department of Health's Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-62, "Wastewater Systems." We do reserve the right to review the detailed wastewater plans for conformance to applicable rules. Should you have any questions, please contact the Planning/ Design Section of the Wastewater Branch at (808) 586-4294. Sincerely, BRUCE S. ANDERSON, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Environmental Health c: WWB HDOH (Aaron Ueno) Ref.:LD-PEM "k -i_ 6..- STATE OF HAWAII DEPMrTNENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND OM310M P.0. cox R. NoNIXULU rw~ Mem JUL 22 ,-n3 .At. Lee W 1liam Sirhser Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Boulevard, First Floor Henolulu, Hawaii 96813-5406 Dear Mr. Sicl=: .urnavl xvee••er .nr+c epan'J� eu�o..n eew Heee'.•e. mata•+nn..n � eeeere,eewe.cwe.r N>teere. i •we.IG »erne neatrrv. torn aNreq+ ten •eo .mw waawct wr..Gc.evr LD Ref.:SMA1CM1% P.COM Subject: Rapurst for Ccmrr m - lntcgrand Resources Management Plan Special Management Area Use Permit Application, Kaupulchua Resort Expansion, North We have reviewed the Imegrated Resources Management Plan Special Management Area Use Permit Application for the above project and would Mae to offer the following comments: A• 6 . -. .rr r • . r G-4,= - A=- We would be imertssted In reviewing public access and use plans for the shoreline area of the resort development when more details can be provided. In addition, planning sbould include information on shoreline psoases in the vicinity of the project, erosion factors, if any, and proposed shoreline sotorbased Do various criteria, including allowance of public uses, preservation of viewplanes and incorporation of setbacks based on flood and erosion risk dare. Finally, the report refers to a Section number 4.4 on Coastal Planning Area which we did not fmd in the report, following Section 4.3. We suggest the conminmt mar the following County drainage guidelines (for Cotsstruction in a flood zone) in designing the proposed developmerm: / 1. Elevation of the saru me (bottom of lowea floor beam) should be coual to or greater than the wave height (generated by a 100-yar fregoenry flood) derctmhed for the Project site. 2. The foundation of the sttu== should have the ability to wilt mnd the force of waves generated by a 100-ye2r frequency flood. The foundation is required to be a Concrete foo®g or similar type of material capable of withstanding the force of the flood wave. ETCH QB r1 Lir. Lac William Sichrer ,Page 2 :. S63 R. -'/- The proposed project site bordering the coastline, according to MNIA Community Panel Map No. 155166 0478 C is located in Zone VE. This is an area within the 100-yeu flood pain with velocity baurd (wave action). ;md base flood elevations determined. The remainder of the site is located in Zone X, areas determined to be outside the 500 -year flood plain. The =nplesd studies of other ousting golf cotmes on the Big Island using effluent indicate that tmaienr loading of aarhialine ponds or coastal waters are not likely to occur. Mitigation measures are in place and impact issues have been arldrcssed by the consultant for the developer, mcludiag a marine water monimdrg program that has been is place since 1990. However. preeaudonary measures sbould include preventing e.htmirals (fertr7izets. herbicides, pesticides. etc.), peeoieumproduct t, debris, eroded material and otherpoteatial contaminants from flowing, flowing or leaching into cousin wants. We recommend that landscaping and trsasplamcd soli areas dmxim of vegetation which could be susceptible to wind or water erosion are appropriately stabilized. In summary, the meeting on June 3. 1993 at Office of State Planning provided adequate infmmanan onthe m=cro» s acdvi ies proposed, iactuding public access and shoreline recreation facilities and infrasaucut ees. .. t • . t • • i•e-�r.r+• et �� •�• is 1995 we accepted a report prparad by PHRI nn an arcbacologiral inventory survey of 2194 ears of land thu included the 1080.636 acre area covered in this application. Numerous sigt>iffiz<ant hismric sites am present. Proper mfdgadon of these sites is needed• aid enn=ui au to do so have been made—with some sums to be preserved, burials to rmive special U===r, and sit; significant only for thea l� iafnrmatiaa to undergo archaeological salvage work (data recovery). A copy of our approval l lc= anbmd to goamdebl Ocrober 4. 1995) was scant to the Land Use Commission with the rt Azdoa that conditions be asancftd to any approved petition to ensure that agreed upon mitigation cOmmj mean would be car tied out. The condltioas included the coed to develop and impi®att the following: (1) A Isata Rec"cry Plan: (2) a Burial Tresmeat Plan, and (3) a 11 Preservation Plan. As ataadard psoeedc:. our office must approve these plans (oar Hawaii Island Burial Cmmcil the bwW treatment Plan) and must verity the plant have been s=zessfully completed prior to any land al=Bdoa. The present application deals with bismric sites in only a cursory way, listing only the sites to be preserved tbu are located in due D"veinFmms Area- The haegsated Resources Management Plan may cousin more hitormulon but wet did rot receive a copy for review. In our opinion, the applicant is committed to pfeh'irtug each of the three plans listed above. At this point none of the plug have been ptepmtcd or subttmted for review. Thea, ttiitigation nus yet to be sadsfaantily carried out. AT. Lee William Sichtcr ?age 3 Thank you for the oppornmiry to renew the for the integrated Resources Maaagemcnt Plan Special Management Area Use Permit Applimtion subject project, we have no ftttth--r cotoxmcrus to offer at this time. Should you have any questions, please conracc Patti Miyashiro of our Land Division at (808) 587-0430. Very truly yam. KDein Y. Uchida c: Hawaii Lcad Bawd Membcr Hawaii District Land Office Ld Div - Planing do Tech. Svcs Ld Div - Eno==ing Branch Div of Aquatic Rcs==Ls Historic P=ervarion Div. BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO GOVERNOR' KAZU HAYASHIOA DRECTOR ` w / OEFLITY gRECTORS 1 BRIAN K. MINAAI GLENN M. OKIMOTO STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IN REPLY REFER TO 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET STP 8.8850 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-5097 October 5, 1998 Ms. Virginia Goldstein Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 25 Aupuai Street, Room 109 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 3 Dear Ms. Goldstein: Subject: Kaupulehu Resort Residential Community / Change of Zone and Special Management Area Permit Applications North Kona, TMK: 7-2-03: Por. 1 Thank you for your transmittal requesting our comments on the subject application. Our comments are as follows: 1. The applicant should comply with the conditions contained in Change of Zone Ordinance No. 88-157, including but not limited to the installation of a traffic signal at the existing intersection on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. He must conduct periodic traffic signal warrent studies to determine when the traffic signal system should be installed. 2. The traffic report assumes that the Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening project will be completed by 2015 and will be able to accommodate the proposed project. Due to financial constraints and shifting priorities, this may not happen. The applicant should therefore update the Traffic Impact Assessment Report to assess a 2 -lane Queen Kaahumanu Highway and recommend interim mitigation measures as may be required. The applicant should be responsible for the costs of these improvements. The Master Plan for the Queen Kaahumanu Highway (1997) includes an interchange that will be located in the project area. The Master Plan states that "The location has been established in coordination with developers in the area and with their commitment to contribute funds for the construction of the interchange." As such, the applicant should also commit to contributing his prorata share of the cost of the interchange, and other required improvements in the area. EXHIBIT 1.9,z902 Ms. Virginia Goldstein Page 2 October 5, 1998 We appreciate the opportunity to provide comments Very truly yours, I:AZU HAYASHIDA Director of Transportation STP 8.8850 BELT COLLINS C Ms. Winifred Todd, Tax Clerk Real Property Tax Office, West Hawaii County of Hawaii 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 112 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Dear Ms. Todd: September 18, 1998 98P-286/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications K21upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona. Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your July 30, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Department concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. You noted that the 1998 assessed value of the urban property is 53,883500. We will update the Project District application to reflect the current assessed value. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact -e or :vis. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. cc: R. Ben Tsukazaki A. Kinzlcr V. Goldstein Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichta EXHIBIT BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96817.5406 U.S.A. TtI BM S71A161 FAY K S78-AI9 �-uAu-�„-.,..cs.�.._n._. .._ •x co ___ ..-__. ___ Chief Newton S. Lyman, Acting Police Chief Hawaii County Police Department County of Hawaii 349 Kapiolani Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3998 Dear Chief Lyman: BELT COLLINS September 18, 1998 98P-288/633:2590 j Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona Hawaii, Tax Mao Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your July 27, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Director concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. The proposed development is intended to utilize the existing Hualalai Resort/Kona Village access point on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Given the permit requirements for the project, the time that will be required for infrastructure development and construction of the golf course, not to mention the construction and marketing of the residential units and sale of residential lots, we anticipate it will be several years before a residential population is present at the project size. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichter cc: R. Ben Tsukazaki A. Kinzlcr V. Goldstein GS9107 BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD - 690 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-5406 U.5. A. BELT COLLINS C Mr. Jiro Sumada, Deputy Chief Engineer Department of Public Works County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Sumada: September 18, 1998 98P-285/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your August 28, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Department concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. Following are responses to your comments in the order they were presented in your letter. All construction at the proposed project shall conform to applicable coda and statutes. 2. The applicant is committed to ensuring the all surface runoff will. be contained on site and will not be directed toward adjacent properties. The applicant acknowledges that if drywells are included in the proposed improvements, a UIC permit must fust be secured from the Department of Health. 4. The applicant acknowledges the requitement to conduct a drainage study and the need for installation of a DPW -approved drainage system 5. The applicant acknowledges that all grading and grubbing activities will comply with Chapter 10 of the Hawaii County Code. 6. The applicant acknowledges that Flood zone boundaries will be shown on all applicable development plans. 7. The applicant acknowledges that any improvements with the flood zone area will require a flood study by a licensed civil engineer in compliance with cturent regulations. 8. The applicant acknowledges the requirement for a solid waste management plan. 9. The applicant acknowledges that all roadways within the project area will be designed in accordance with the specified guidelines, as well as the requirements of DPW. 10. As of today's date, we have not yet received official comments from the Department of Transportation - Highways Division. However, we understand that the DOT -H has asked the County to provide a listing of all development approvals to ensure that Kaupulchu Develop- ments is aware of them. BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96911.5406 U 5 A ^ Mr. Jiro Sumada September 18, 1998 Pale 2 98P-285/633.2500 11. The applicant will consider the inclusion of bike lanes within the projccL Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichter cc: R. Ben Tsukazald A. Kinzler V. Goldstein Chief Nelson M. Tsuji Hawaii County Fur. Chief 777 Kilauea Avenue, Mall Lane Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4239 Dear Chief Tsuji: BELT COLLINS September 18, 1998 98P-290/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications K21upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona. Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your July 22, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Director concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. The applicant acknowledges that fits apparatus access roads at the project will be designed in compliance with Fire Dcp;vr=cnt regulations, and that water supply for firs fighting purposes shall be developed in accordance with UFC Section 10.301. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichter cc. R. Ben Tsukazald A. Kinzler V. Goldstein osgu BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-5406 U.S.A TFl We 521-5361 FAX BW 5367819 EMAIL WEB .��.bchcollrtucem Mr. Milton D. Pavao, Manager Department of Water Supply County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Pavao: c a Ui1 • BELT COLLINS September 18, 1998 98P-287/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your August 24, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Department concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. At such time that all the necessary land use approvals have been secured for the project, the applicant will comply with the minimum requirements for subdivision approval pertaining to water supply as set forth in your memo. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. tr Lee William Sichter cc: R. Ben Tsukazaki A. Kinzler V. Goldstein 08909 BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813,5406 U.S.A. BELT COLLINS September 18, 1998 98P-283/633.2500 Mr. Harry Kim Civil Defense Administrator Civil Defense Agency County of Hawaii 920 Ululani Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Kim: Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona. Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your July 15, 1998 memo to the Hawaii County Planning Director concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. Following are responses to your comments in the order they were presented in your metro. It appears from the reference numbers cited in your letter, that your comments focus on the 1994 Final EIS for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Project. You are correct that the document does not discuss potential wind hazards resulting from tropical cyclones. The methodology typically employed for environmental impact assessments focuses on those natural hazards for which a geographic zonation system has been developed, i.e. volcanic hazard zones, tsunami inundation zones, flood zones, and earthquake zones. Natural hazards to which the general community is exposed to as a whole, i.e. high winds, prolonged drought, and excessive heat, have not traditionally been included for discussion because their effects are not location specific. However, your point is well taken. With regard to the proposed project, it is anticipated that all development will be in compliance with current building codes, which have been revised after the devastating effects of Hurricane Inild in 1992 to include requirements for mote secure roof anchoring systems. As you may have noted in the Project District and SMA applications, no residential development is proposed within the coastal planning area All residential structures will be setback a minimum of 150 feet from the certified shoreline, almost four times the County shoreline setback of 40 feet. You are correct with regard to our statement regarding the ability to monitor tsunami heights. The statement was poorly written and was meant to point out that the existing warning system enables tsunamis that have been generated outside of Hawaiian waters to be detected before they reach Hawaii, thereby allowing limited time for evacuation of inundation -prone areas. Thus, while the height can not be predicted, the occurrence can at least be identified. We also recognize that for BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 68. ..LA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONO._-U. HAWAII 9680.5406 U.S.A. TEL 8085x1-5161 FAIL 80855&7819 EMAIL 1ZrFA ,,1r. Harry Kim September 18, 1998 PaSe 2 98P-283/633.2500 tsunamis that are generated within Hawaiian waters as the result of a local earthquake and/or massive subsidence, the actual time between the issuance of an alert and the arrival of the tsunami may be very short (minutes rather than hours). The statement regarding the actual occurrence of a tsunami was meant to identify the fact that while scientists are becoming more successful in identifying precursors for such natural hazard events as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, there is very little data available to date which identifies a direct causal link between such an event and a tsunami. Some earthquakes generate a tsunami, others do not. The reasons why, to our knowledge, are not yet understood. Tsunami Mitigation The applicant acknowledges that the installation of a civil defense siren alert system at the project will be coordinated with your office. Earthquakes As indicated in section 4.7.4, the discussion pertaining to earthquakes in the vicinity of the project area was based on an interview with personnel at the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory. We respect your contrary view, and we agree that regardless of the historic record, the potential threat of injury resulting from fallen debris is not limited to structural integrity but also includes the contents of buildings. General Comments We are unable to cortirnent on the advisability of identifying the Office of Civil Defense as the appropriate County agency for the approval of emergency plans. However, as required by Condition 6 of the State Land Use Commission's Decision and Order for the project, the applicant shall fund and construct adequate civil defense measures as determined by the State and the County of Hawaii civil defense agencies. Thus, the applicant anticipates that a plan for such measures will be submitted to your agency for review and approval prior to implementing civil defense related improvements. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLL NS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichter cc R. Bcn Tsukazala A. Kinzler V. Goldstein Mr. Bruce S. Anderson, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Environmental Health Department of Health State of Hawaii P.O.Box 3378 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Dear Dr. Anderson: BELT COLLINS September 18, 1998 98P-289/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona, Hawaii, Tax Mao Key 7-2-03 We have received a copy of your August 20, 1998 letter to the Hawaii County Planning Director concerning the above applications and have been asked by the Planning Director to respond. The reuse of wastewater for irrigation purposes is being considered for the proposed projecL As you are aware, the successful implementation of an irrigation system utilizing effluent depends in large pan upon the volume of effluent available. We anticipate that at some point in the future, the combined populations of the three development projects will result in a sufficient volume of effluent being available to make such a system practicable. The applicant acknowledges that all wastewater plans must conform with your department's appropriate administrative rules. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLUNS HAWAII LTD. I= William Sichter cc. R. Ben Tsukazald A. Kinzler V. Goldstein 6U9iir BELT GOWNS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAH 96613-S406 U.S.A. BELT COLLINS r0 O n Mr. Dean Uchida, Administrator Land Division Department of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawaii P.O.Box 621 Honolulu, Hawaii 96809 Dear Mr. Uchida: September 18, 1998 98P-284/633.2500 Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion North Kona Hawaii. Tax Man Key 7-2-03 Thank you for your letter of July 22, 1998 which provided comments on the above applications from the Land Division, the Division of Aquatic Resources, and the State Historic Preservation Division. Following are responses to the comments in the order they were presented in your letter. .• 1 1 I PAIVOTiNTOIN un 1 1 1' 1 1 IN !// T• N\/ 1 "We would be interested in reviewing public access and use plans for the shoreline area of the resort development when more details can be provided. In addition, planning should include information on shoreline processes in the vicinity of the project, erosion factors, if any, and proposed shoreline setbacks based on various criteria, including allowance for public uses, preservation of viewplanes and incorporation of setbacks based on flood and erosion risk data. Finally, the report refers to a Section number 4.4 on Coastal Planning Area which we did not find in the report, following Section 4.3." The proposed project does not include resort development, and is limited to residential, recreational, cultural and commercial land uses as discussed in Section 2.3 of the SMA application's Written Description, and Section 32 of the Project District Report- Proposed eport Proposed public access to the project is discussed in Section 2.3.7 of the SMA Written Description and Section 3.45 of the Project District Report. The location of the public access route for vehicles and the public parking lot is presented in Figure 2-3 of the SMA application. More detailed design information for public access routes and use plans in the shoreline area will be developed subject to approval of the above referenced development applications and will be forwarded to your office at that time. Information concerning shoreline processes is presented in Appendix B of the Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP), which was included for your review as pan of the above referenced applications. A detailed discussion of shoreline processes is also presented in Section 3.8 of the SMA Written Description. (j 890 3 BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96817.5106 U. S.A _- c ,'— c•< n., 1— ClL...IL— ti- QTc -- M11m1h6m cot Mr. Dean Uchida September 18, 1998 Page 2 98P-284/633.2500 As discussed in Section 3.3 of the SMA Written Description, the project site is relatively flat and consists of a'a and pahoehoe lava flows. Therefore, erosion is not a significant concern. Proposed shoreline setbacks are discussed in the IRMP (Part Two, Section V.2; and Pan Four, Section 11.3). Provisions for public uses are discussed in Pan Four, Section 11 of the IRMP. Preservation of viewplanes is discussed in Section 3.14 of the SMA Written Description and Section 3.4.6 of the Project Description Report. The SMA Written Description also includes an extensive analysis of viewplane impacts (see Figures 3-3 through 3-12, inclusive). Figure 3-2 of the SMA Written Description and presents the flood information. As evidenced by the extensive discussion of the coastal planning area throughout the applications, the projects shoreline setbacks fully accommodate all the criteria cited in your comment. Section 3.4.5 of the Project Description Report refers the reader to a discussion of the Coastal Planning Area in Section 4.4. Reference to Section 4.4 is a typographical error. The Coastal Planning Area is discussed in Section 4.3. Land Division - Engineering Branch "We suggest the consultant meet the following County drainage guidelines (for construction in a flood zone) in designing the proposed developments..." As evidenced in Figures 3-1 and 3-2, the area of Zone AE corresponds to a narrow strip of land fully contained within the identified Coastal Planning Arca No structures are proposed for development within Zone AE. Division of Aquatic Resources "...precautionary measures should include preventing chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc.) petroleum products, debris, eroded material and other potential contaminants from flowing, flowing [sic] or leaching into coastal waters. We recommend that landscaping and transplanted soil areas denuded of vegetation which could be susceptible to wind or water erosion are appropriately stabilized." The entire nearshore area of the project's coastline has been identified by the applicant as a significant marine resource and a cultural resource. As discussed on page 97 of the IRMP, the applicant "is committed to ensuring that the storm drainage system for the residential and golf course development project located inland will be designed to minimize impacts on the groundwater aquifer and nearshore water quality. This can be accomplished by preventing direct surface runoff into the ocean, implementing a stringent management program which limits the use of fertilizers and pesticides on the proposed golf course, and educating the future residents of the area as to the appropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers on their residential properties." The applicant also recognizes the need to ensure that all areas of exposed soil will be appropriately stabilized to mitigate the effects of wind-blown or water eroded material from entering the nearshore waters. Mr. Dean Uchida Page 3 State Historic Preservarion Division September 18, 1998 98P-284/633.2500 "The present application deals with historic sites in only a cursory way, listing only the sites to be preserved that are located in the development area. The Integrated Resources Management Plan may contain more information but we did not receive a copy for review. In our opinion, the applicant is committed to preparing each of the three plans listed above. At this point none of the plans have been prepared or submitted for review. Thus, mitigation has yet to be satisfactorily carried out." The applicant is indeed committed to preparing a Data Recovery Plan, a Burial Treatment Plan, and a Preservation Plan once all project approvals have been secured We confirmed with the State Historic Preservation Division on September 16, 1998 that they are now in receipt of a copy of the IRMP and may be providing additional comments once they have reviewed it. Should you have any further questions or comments concerning the project, please contact me or Ms. Anne Mapes at 521-5361. Very truly yours, BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Lee William Sichter cC R. Ben Tsukazald A. Kinzlcr V. Goldstein BELT COLLINS October 2, 1998 98P-304/633.25 Mr. Harry Kim, Administrator Civil Defense Agency County of Hawaii 920 Ululani Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 s Dear Mr. Kim: Project District and Special Management Area Use Permit Applications Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion y North Kona Hawaii Tax Map Key 7-2-03 We are writing to follow up on our phone conversation today regarding the above project. We understand that you disagree with some of the statements in our letter of September 18, 1998 which responded to your memo to Ms. Goldstein on July 15, 1998. With regard to your concerns about storm water runup, we would like to reassure you that we recognize there is no correlation between shoreline setback requirements and the inundation line for storm water runup. In retrospect, it was inappropriate for us to cite shoreline setbacks in a discussion of storm water runup. As you suggested in your memo, data on potential storm water runup.will be verified during the design phase of the project to insure that a safety line for residential development is based on accurate information. With regard to our statement regarding earthquakes, it was not our intention to suggest that your data regarding seismic intensity is contrary to that of the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory. We regret our unfortunate choice of words. We value your suggestions, and it is our desire to coordinate our efforts with your agency as planning for the project moves forward. We sincerely apologize for any misunderstanding that our response letter may have caused you or your staff. LWS:If cc: R. Ben Tsukazaki A. Kinzler V. Goldstein Very truly yours, BELT COLLIN TD Lee William Sichter U93�6 BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 6 A MOANA BOULEVARD. FIRST FLOOR. HON( I, HAWAII 96813.5106 U.S.A. TEL &$ $21.536, ...X:8085567819 EMAIL: b.�iebskvdkn— WE&� Oct -06-66 02:55= Frol fAC 1ESOURE .iP ukx .6067352➢" PACIFIC RESOURCE PARTNER "P 3660 MIAIALAE AVENUE - SUITt 314 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96916 PHONE: 739-7700 FAX: 735-9944 / r!rv? e/6/ -?7 T-106 P.01M F-165 '9F, OPT 12 PIP 7 SB DATE: IV NUMBER OF PAGES: .7— FROM 7 - FnoM: EXHIBIT ,K, A4 Yo- , Uct-C:-ii 02 :Sim FraFAC RESCUE PUMP +608735::'" 7-121 P :2/32 F-165 ThePaciticKesource PAWNERSNIP 3660 War130 A. • Su! 316 . .wnolm. w.a aee�e . .. T.b7vr leOB173FTo0 • Gra lel %3619« . Planning Commission Public Hearing County of Hawaii October 16,1998,'9:30 -AM King Kamehameha's Kona Beach hotel TESTIMONY in Support -of Kaupulehu Developments Application for Zone Change and Special Management Use Permit . Good morning, Chairman Balog and members of the Planning C ommiccion. My name is James: C. Pacopaci representing the Pacific Resouipe Paitnership, A joint Market Recovery Progam of Hawaii's Unionized Contactors and the Hawaii Carpenters Union. We are suppott.of Kaupulehu Developments application for a zone change to aProject District zoning and.for the Special Management Area Use Permit. ' As you know Hawaii's construction industry,has been. depressed by the economic sitrmp. Any and all construction projects art very important to. our industries welfare and recovery. We support the master plan for this development and anticipate the coastraciion ofthe multi-famffy and single family units, the golf course and clubhouse, the neighborhood ca mrercial . center, the residents club, and the on-site infrastructure and public access improvements, to provide the needed construction jobs for our industry. We have supported this development through it's approval of the LUC and. applaud this developments initiative ofincorporating a coastal planning area for the preservation and management of important and cultural resources. Again we support the Kaupulehu Development, and request for your approval of the- Special District Zoning and the Special Management Area Use Permit. Thank YOU. . ' •p1Mi r•MOM�+O�w�wu1UM0!®eulRrtCOMTMGTOW uoMw�.'�+CYMaRAS W�C� .. �"j • KA PA'AKAI O KA 'AINA Kailua-Kona, Hawaii October 8,199B Planning Commission County of Hawaii 20 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Re: Item 9, Planning Commission Agenda Applicant: Kaupulehu Developments Change of Zone and 5pecial Management Area Use Permit Tax Map Key (3) 7-2-3: Portion of 1, Kaupulchu. North Kona Dear Sir. Please find for processing the following Items: (1) Petition for Standing In Contested Case Hearing of Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka 'Aina (2) Check No. 3527 in the amourrt of $100.00 as a filing fee for the Petition Very truly yours, Maiie David ` KA PA'AKAI 0 KA 'AINA EXHIBIT 2, ' (3SI'S Q �L REC� OCT 198 outm CjF M'6i► etnr+n % r X20. arc. _�ti P TITION FOR STANDING IN ONT STFn CASF HFARtVr (Page 1 of 2) KA PA'AKAI 0 KA AINA, a coalition comprised of representative NAME: members of The Koha Hawaiian Civic Club, Ka Lahui Hawai'i and Protect Kohanaiki 'Ghana ADDRESS: c/o 75-167E Hualalai Road,'Suite 2 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 STATUS OF PETITIONER A. Is your interest in this matter clearly distinguishable from that of the general public? Yes X No If the answer is "yes", pplcuc explain: Petitioner was Intervenors by Stipulation in a contested case hedring before the State Land Use Commission and remain partieP whish ,s now before the Supreme Court of the State of the State of Hawaii. Petitioner's clearly distinguishable interest has been established in trie State Eana ase commission ned1Tngs--dTrd--±s-s-ues raised in the proceedings are i0entical to Me Issun, w1ch res ect to Appli t rtKau ulellu ,pavelopme ts' Ap licatio before the Planning Dept. cans is no , please cxpraln how t ie proposed action will nevertheless cause you actual or threatened injury: B. Are you a government agency whose jurisdiction includes the land involved in the subject request? Yes _ No X If the answer is "yes", please explain the nature of the agency's jurisdiction: C. Do you lawfully reside on or have some property interest in the land involved in the subject request? Yes x No — If the answer is "yes", please explain: Access and gathering rights. Beneficial interest to trails, APPENDIX A OCT 1998 RECEIVtD CWKN OF NAWL'1 92„ DM. _c��/ D. Are you a person or persons descended from native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, who practiced those rights which were customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural, or religious purposes? Yes X No If the answer is "yes", please submit any geneological evidence and historical evidence showing -the exercise of those rights to support the statement. Geneological and historical evidence and currently on file in the proceedings held before the State Land Use Commission. KA PA'AKAI 0 KA AINA PETITIONER'S SIGNATURE �^x/) /k/)1YI/G!/ J/itiG` STATE OF HAWAII ) ) SS. COUNTY OF HAWAII ) Hama KAREN EOFF (ProVgt Kohana On this , day of , 19_, before me personally appeared ian Civic Club. 7_1T— Ohana) to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged that he executed the same as his free act and deed. Notary Public, State of Hawaii My commission expires: APPENDIX A STATE OF HAWAII ) 5S. COUNTY OF HAWAII ) On this 8th day of October, 1998, before me personally appeared LEIMANA DAMATE, Board Member of The Kona Hawaiian Civic Club, to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing inEtrument and acknowledged that she executed the same as her free act and Gleed as said Board Member. �7 LOyary ?c31ic, State of Hawaii -7F IP / OMyCommission expires: STATE OF HAWAII ) SS. COUNTY OF HAWAII ) On this 8th day of October, 1998, before me personally appeared MAILE P. DAVID, North Kona District Po'o of Ka Lahui Hawai'i, to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instrument and acknowledged that she executed the same as her free act and �deed � as said North Kona District Po'o. ayy Public, State of Hawaii My commission expires: STATE OF HAWAII ) SS. COUNTY OF HAWAII ) On this 8th day of October, 1998, before me personally appeared KAREN EOFF, Coordinator of Protect Kohanaiki 'Ghana, to me known to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instru- ment and acknowledged that she executed the same as her free act and deed as s id Coordinator. /etary Public, State of Hawaii Mf commission expires: err—(e('�_ol001. -3- EWRITTEN STATEMENT - Y by Maile David Ka Lahui Hawaii October 16, 1998 before the County of Hawaii Planning Commission on the Application of Kaupulehu Developments for an SMA Use Permit and Change of Zone The Coalition's interest in this matter is not to ask for another full evidentiary hearing on the subject of cultural resources of the area. That evidence was obtained before the Land Use Commission. The major issues before the Land Use Commission from the Coalition's perspective was how do developers, the public and government agencies identify, preserve and protect valuable or significant historic and cultural resources of an undeveloped area? For example, is an archaeological study of an area sufficient to define all of the historic and cultural resources? Is a broader ethnographic review required? How does one weigh the significance of a particular area? How does one mitigate potential impacts of development on an area which may present a cultural resource but which the government finds to be not significant or valuable enough for preservation and protection in its "pristine" state? The State Historic Preservation Division, which tends to focus on archaeological issues, has not published its final rules relevant to historical preservation. How does this affect the important determinations which must be made? How long must the developer, public, affected individuals and agencies wait? Can we move on without the rules? Half -way through the Land Use Commission's proceedings, the Hawaii Supreme Court rendered the Public Access Shoreline Hawaii-Pilago decision. In response, a Commissioner inquired whether the County of Hawaii had developed rules or other criteria to respond to the court's decision. The answer was "No." The county has had a draft cultural resource statement plan before it for some years now, but has not taken action on the same. These questions are now before the Hawaii Supreme Court for review. In the SMA and zoning requests before this Commission, the Coalition is interested in three parts of the Land Use Commission decision which are related to the issues now before this body. First, the Land Use Commission required the applicant to develop a Resource Management Plan for a 235 -acre area. The Resource Management Plan is to be consistent with and should advance the landowner (Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate) own ahupua'a cultural plan. We understand that he KS/BE plan is not yet finished. Second, the Land Use Commission required the applicant to preserve and protect native constitutional rights of access and gathering, but without further definition of these terms. Some but not all of these may covered by the Resrource Management Plan. Third, the county took the position that it "opposes the imposition of conditions upon Kaupulehu that are not enforceable" or "which do not relate to an interest of the State Government" and objects to any LUC condition which obligates the county to enforce conditions with which the county may disagree. —" OCT. 15.:0?? ?:30An H: r. :ND STAB F IJ4D HAWAU OPERATING ENGINEERS INDUSTRY STABILIZATION FUND 4'D.PIICD & NAEAELrnA rwr mAdaoaw Nak&) u A Cone V C= Co., Ltd MAAVIN BOGA PMidev Moo cm..ru."Lw. BON 0911M r •wwdMel ca� ATATKNORATASM Prtaidenr [ COO Oahu ConaM"M ttd •A cwt f¢rmod t¢ October 16, 1998 9 , Uniting u.tr si,en rthr and worAns togoth¢r for a betur tomorrow adva the atocam. tf omr 3=0 ampbyou »prearaW by oparatm0 �apnaw ]mal L`ato¢, '.3 Aad arar boo bmpaym Mr. Kevin M. Halog, Chairman rapnaaaua by tba ..( rnntmten planning Commigaion �a�s�� � County of Hawaii L...4 64a of H•ait Re. Testimony in Support of the Change of Zone & Special Management Area (SMA) Vir. Chairman and Commission Members, tic). 821 I am Donald hfedeinz of the Hawaii Operating Engineers Industry Stabilization Fund. We are a joint Labor and Management organization representing approximately three thousand members in Hawaif'b heavy construction indnctry and approximately three hundred employers. I cume before you thin morning in Support of a Change of Zone and a SMA Use Permit, that would allow the Developers of Ka'upulehu Development to further their project that will provide much needed employment opportunities as well as protect the important resources at the site. I do not have to remind you that the current prolonged economic downturn in Hawaii has had a tremcadous impost on our members and their families. I am here today because we have a responsibility to our members to provide employment opportunities in an industry that we aro proud to be a pert nf. Those opporttmities today are few and as a result, provide an increased hardship on, not only us, the Operating Engineers, but all of us who live and work cnd esll Hawaii home. It is my understanding that along with (hib proposal, 235 arcs will be Set aside as a resource management area, which will be part of an integrated approach at protecting the coastline and other areas with an active m=agement plan. Talking with kupuna. other families and users from the area, which resulted in the proposed Integrated Resource 1137 Wddl. &n t MaIaE 96819 �„- FLozw (808) 84 8221 / 847.2106 Fex: (868),347-SW8 F'.2/3 DON DOMM 1.0:84 B M¢xoyrr ]real aB arnar araeecrr Armtdm Lout as PAT O'COMMI eWarnau Tnu.., I.00J �a ADRIAN ZionoxA 12 INbtix RePrerenmac< Local W ALLAN t- PARBER Admtwearw DONALD WWMB09 Carubvctian R¢sourn 9addtat PERRYABTATES Oan.tn,oK Rea¢tt� sJW=tL*t bye �, d / Read CC7.16.1998 3:31APN HI 6.E.INr, S74E FIND NO. 821 F.3.'3 Management Plan, developed much of the plan. The setting aside of 235 acres alone is unprecedented in any other development and we feel will go a long way in preser%ing a part of Hawaii for fature generations to enjoy. Overall, the Operating Engineers feels that this is an exceptional project for the Big Island and encourage your full support not only for the job market, but because they have shone that they have done their homework and will provide the stewardship needed to protect the resources of the surrounding areas. Sincerely, Donald S. Medeiros Construction Resource Specialist October 16, 1998 Honorable Kevin M. Balog, Chairman and Members of the Hawaii County Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 RE: KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS Change of Zone and SMA Use Permit Dear Chairman Balog and Commissioners, My name is Bo Whittenton. I am a carpenter by trade. I also, along with my wife Marta, own a small jewelry business on Alii Drive called Pacific Gold. We started the business with the hope that West Hawaii will continue to grow in responsible, well-planned ways. This in turn would allow Pacific Gold to likewise benefit and prosper in growth. Kaupulehu Developments have spent considerable time and energy working with the community to present a project that is acceptable and will be a success for them and other businesses such as ours. We have many friends and other businesses who are suffering financially during these lean times. This development will bring much needed construction jobs and money into our community where it will revolve many times. My wife Marta and I, ask your support for the requested zoning and Special Management Area permits. sincerely, )7�,/� BO and MARTA WHITTENTON Pacific Gold Jewelry so(: Hawaii Carpenters Union United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 745 October 14, 1998 Honorable Kevin M. Balog, Chairman and Members of the Hawaii County Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 RE: KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS Change of Zone and SMA Use Permit Dear Chairman Balog and Commissioners, My name is Warren Chong. I am here to represent the membership of the Hawaii Carpenters Union, Local 745. Over the past several years, we have had the pleasure of sharing ideas with Kaupulehu Development. They have spent extensive time working with the local community to bring forth a quality and well planned project. With community input, they have designated a Coastal Planning Area of 235 acres to be saved for limited use. This will allow the proper management and protection of cultural and environmental resources in this area. Construction brings balance and economic diversification for our community. It supports a synergistic effect on other aspects of our community's economic health. We are familiar with the proposed development and believe it continues to be viable and beneficial for our community. Our membership sincerely urges your approval of the requested zoning and Special Management Area permits. Since, WARREN CHONG Sr. Field Representative STATE HEADQUARTERS & BUSINESS OFFICES'd Wed OAHU: 1311 Houghtaihn ng St.. Honolulu. Hawaii 96817 • Ph. (808) 847-5761 Fa• (8081811-0300 — KAUAI OFFICE Kuhio Medical CK. Bldg.. }3295 Kuhio Hwy. Suite 201, Lihue. Kauai 96766 • Ph. (808) 245-8511 Fa (808) 2"L3 -T) MAUI OFFICT 400kahi St.. Waduku. Maui %793 • Ph. ("124268u1 908) 2326893 HILO OFFIC, 6ilauea Ave., Hilo. Hawaii %720 • Ph. (808) 935-8575 A) 935-8576 _ KONA OFFICE 75.126 Lumpule Road. Kailua-Kom, Hawaii 96740 • Ph. (808) 329-,j35 Faa (808) 326.9376 •®�' ILWU LOCAL 142 ROY "R.J." JARDINE BUSINESS AGENT Nawall Dlvidon ILWU Kone (BOB) 329-2070 Loral 142 Kale Ga. (BOB}3PB-8+44 P.O. Boz 2049 Kamuela (BOB) BBS -6136 Kwla -Kona. Na"x 96745-2049 w Hilo (BOB) 935-3727 _g by _ ,L FF-7 Fcad ✓"'Y 319 POS OCT 15 '98 16:01 Tacna Ani aiian Tibit Club October 13, 1998 Virginia Goldstdn Planning Coueoimon County of Hawaii 20 Aupuni Sueet Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Virginia, I am writing to advise the Planning Commisdon of a problem with the petition that was file by K A PA' AKA O KA 'AWA in this petition filed on October 8, 1998, there is a uonxhoriaed signature on the petition. The signature of Lchmm Damame is not vafid and she does not have authority to sign on belaff of the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club. On matters of this name the president of the dub would sign for. Though Leimm Dattate is a member of the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club, she is acting on her personal self and not that of the chhb. I apologize for this matter and once again the signature of Leinata Damani m mvand.. cc; File P.O. Box 4098, Kallua-Kona, Hawai` icc&i Jap..aese Chamber of Commerce & Industry of Hawaii September 17, 1999 Plarming Commission c, r County of Hawaii 25 Aupuai Street —3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 c. Dear Chairman Balog and Commission Members; The Japameae Chamber of Commerce & Industry of Hawaii wits your favorable consideration of the proposed resort and residential developmcat project that is being developed by Kaupulehu Developments. The Chamber bas foilowcd the progtess of this pmjeer far a member of years and testified in support of the project before the Land Use Commission at that time. Ibis acme project is now beforo you for cmrside ititm. It remains a resort and residential project, which complements the existing resort developments in the Kaupulehu Resort node. This is conaistcat with the long teat development pattern which is projected for this area by the County's General Plan and the Office of Planning's Rea FUwaii Plan. An interesting an new element to the project's plan is the developer's Integrated Resource Mauagcmcnt Plan which calls for the preservation and proper management of various natural, historic and cultural resources within or now the pmjw area. This is viewed as a positive and respona�le approach which will help to strengtbea the identity and cultural sigaifiaaee of the area to visitors and reside= alike. The Chamber respectfully urges the Planning Commission to give this project your favorable consideration. ZIV.4l Michad D. Miyahira President Nhiatw VIUas • 400 Rusisal Saant, Suite 20B • Hilo. Mawrall %= 009615 Phaaa: (BOB) 934-01T7 • Pax: (909)93A-0179 Dear Chairman Balog and Members of the Commission: My name is Richard Henderson and I am President of the Hawaii Island Economic Development Board. FLI DB has considered Kaupulehu Developments' proposed resort -residential project at Kaupulehu, North Kona. We have followed the progress of this proposed project from the time of the Land Use Commission commenced its hearing on this project in 1994. which unfortunately took twenty-two months to complete. At present, the project concept is essentially the same as presented to the land Use Commission. it is still a resort -residential community which will complement the existing resort development in the area. This is consistent with the long-term development pattern projected in this area by the County of Hawaii General Plan, and the State Office of Planning's West Hawaii Plan. A new element in the project is an Integrated Resource Management Plan which we would consider a model of its kind. The Plan calls for the preservation and proper management of various natural, historic and cultural resources within or near the project area. It is based upon values and recommendations gathered in oral interviews with kama'aina and kupuna who have historical ties to the land in question. Discussion and communication is ongoing with members of the community, which was urged at the outset of the planning process. A large (235 acres) area has been set aside for resource management and recreational use. Native Ilawaiian practices and access to resources are also anticipated within this area. HAWAU ISLAND Economic Development Board ' East Ha&00•Haa October 10, 1998 s70KWWOWxn *103, ti., Hb. M M720 Mr. Kevin Balog PftM8)M.fi4gN17 Fumm e"M Chair WOO— w'-KOM Planning Commission , �r`'0, W0"° County of Hawaii KW"VH 407 25 Aupuni Street ww.o Hilo, Hawaii 96720 PhOMIM M3 Re: Kaupulehu Development Plan - item 9 Public clearing Oct. 15,1998 - I0:30 AM Dear Chairman Balog and Members of the Commission: My name is Richard Henderson and I am President of the Hawaii Island Economic Development Board. FLI DB has considered Kaupulehu Developments' proposed resort -residential project at Kaupulehu, North Kona. We have followed the progress of this proposed project from the time of the Land Use Commission commenced its hearing on this project in 1994. which unfortunately took twenty-two months to complete. At present, the project concept is essentially the same as presented to the land Use Commission. it is still a resort -residential community which will complement the existing resort development in the area. This is consistent with the long-term development pattern projected in this area by the County of Hawaii General Plan, and the State Office of Planning's West Hawaii Plan. A new element in the project is an Integrated Resource Management Plan which we would consider a model of its kind. The Plan calls for the preservation and proper management of various natural, historic and cultural resources within or near the project area. It is based upon values and recommendations gathered in oral interviews with kama'aina and kupuna who have historical ties to the land in question. Discussion and communication is ongoing with members of the community, which was urged at the outset of the planning process. A large (235 acres) area has been set aside for resource management and recreational use. Native Ilawaiian practices and access to resources are also anticipated within this area. Kaupulehu Developments' plan call.-, for an integrated approach toward resources throughout the ahupua'a of Kaupulehu. This will also include a long-term partnership through formation of a Foundation entity to oversee future direction. We see this as an innovative, positive and responsible approach which will help to strengthen the identify and cultural significance of the ahupua'a to visitors and residents alike. We respectfully urge the Planning Commission to evaluate these applications in light of these observations. We recognize that further discussion and community evaluations and consensus will be essential to the next steps of the planning process. Our own evaluation is that this project deserves favorable consideration, and that it will contribute to the socio-economic benefit of the larger community. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments. Yo sincerely, c� Richard Henderson President PROJECT DISTRICT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: Kaupulehu t APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: ADDRESS: 1100 Alakea LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: lessee _ LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: See Next Page, PHONE: (Bus.) (808) 531-8400 (Rest (Fax) (808) 531-7181 LANDOWNER(S): Kamehameha Schools Bemice Pauahi Bishop Estate LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): See Attached Copy of Letter DATE: 6/22/98 (May be by letter) LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu ..I 96801 REQUEST: Open TO Project District (Existing Zoning) (Proposed Zoning) TAX MAP KEY: 7-2-003:001 portion STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 1.080.636 acres AGENT: Anne Mapes ADDRESS: Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Blvd First Floor Honolulu H196813 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808)521-5361 (Res.) (Fax) (808)538-7819 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent ORIGINAL: Anne Mapes COPIES: 1) R Ben Tsukaaki o Belt Collins Hawaii a Menezes Tsukazaki Yeh & Moore 100 Pauahi Street, Suite 204 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 2) Alexander Kinzler Ka,p,l ehu Developments 1100 Alakea Street, Suite 2900 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 ATTACHMENT E LIST OF NAMES, ADDRESSES, AND MAPS WITHIN 300 FEET OF SUBJECT PROPERTY List of Names and Addresses of Owners and Lessees within 300 feet of the Subject Property Tax Map Key No. Names and Addresses 7-1-002:001 State of Hawaii (owner) Third Tax Division Department of Land & Natural Resources Hawaii District Office, Land Management Division 75 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Puuwaawaa Ranch (lessee) P.O. Box 1536 Kailua-Kona, HI, 96745 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. 1200 Kilauea Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 7-1-002:008 State of Hawaii (owner) Third Tax Division Department of Land & Natural Resources Hawaii District Office, Land Management Division 75 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 7-2-003:003 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Pia -Kona Limited Partnership (lessee) Pia Sports Properties 1501 Farm Credit Drive 112500 McLean, VA 22102 7-2-010:002 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 7-2-010:008 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 7-2-010:010 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kona Village Associates (lessee) P.O. Box 1299 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745-1299 7-2-013:011 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 Queen Kaahumanu Highway State of Hawaii (owner) Department of Transportation Highways Division Hilo District Office P.O. Box 4277 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: The main officers of the THIS PROJECT DISTRICT APPLICATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE FOLLOWING: A filing fee of five thousand dollars ($5000). Checks shall be made payable to the County Director of Finance. Submitted with this application. 2. An original and twenty (20) copies of this completed application. Submitted with this application. 3. An original and twenty (20) copies of a Background and County Environmental Report to include information as listed on the attached form. Note: A County Environmental Report shall not be required for an application where an Environmental Impact Statement or Environmental Assessment has been completed and filed with the Office of Environmental Quality Control in compliance with HRS, Chapter 343, Environmentai Impact Statements. Submitted with this application are copies of a Kaupulehu Project District Report, the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS), and the Integrated Resources Management Plan for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. 4. An original and twenty (20) copies of a location map and description of the property in sufficient detail to determine its precise location. Refer to Figure 1-1 and 1-2 of the Kaupulehu Project District Report submitted with this application. Section 1 of the same report describes the subject property. 5. An original and twenty (20) copies of a scale -drawn master conceptual plan of the property showing the project district boundaries and the land uses and acreage of land involved; all existing and proposed structures, uses and improvements; proposed subdivision; and reference points such as roadways, shoreline, etc. Refer to Figure 1-2 (Proposed Project District Boundary) and 2-1 (Master Conceptual Plan) of the Kaupulehu Project District Report submitted with this application. 6. One copy of a full-size (2' x 3') scale -drawn master conceptual plan of Item 2 for presentation purposes. Submitted as part of this application. 7. A metes and bounds description of the property prepared by a surveyor. Submitted as part of this application. 8. A list of names, addresses and tax map key numbers for those property owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice under section 25-2-4. Submitted as part of this application. 9. A certificate of clearance from the Director of Finance that the real property taxes and all other fees relating to the subject parcel(s) have been paid; and there are no outstanding delinquencies. Submitted as part of this application. 10. Any other plans or information required by rules adopted by the Planning Director in accordance with Chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes. The applicant is not aware of any other plans or information required for this submittal. W Background and County Environmental Report (Attachment to Change of Zone, Project District, and Agricultural Project District Applications) Please use this form as a guide for required information to be included in your Change of Zone Project District or Agricultural Project District -Background and County Environmental Report. Applicant's Note: The following responses utilize both the Project District Report, the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and the Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP) which are submitted as part of this Project District Application. A. SUBIFCT REQUEST Details of Proposed Use/Development a. Project description: The proposed Kaupulehu Project includes resort residential use, commercial use, a residents club, golf course and clubhouse use, a Hawaiian Interpretive Center, public access and safety amenities, and related accessory uses. See Sections 2 (Description of Master Conceptual Plan), 3 (Proposed Development Area) and 4 (Proposed Shoreline Planning Area) of the attached Project District Report. See also Chapter 2 (Description of the Proposed Action) of the Kaupulehu FEIS for additional information. b. State of objectives and reasons for the request: The objective is to implement the Kaupulehu Resort residential community expansion while protecting the important cultural and environmental resources of the area. C. Number of acres/square feet: 1,080.636 acres. d. Proposed units/lots/floor area of proposed building envelope: 1,030 resort residential units, 45,000± sq. ft. commercial center on 11 acres, a residents' club on 3 acres±, two golf courses and golf clubhouse facilities, and other accessory facilities. e. Timeframe and cost: Over 20 years with project construction cost expected to exceed 5100 -million in 1994 dollars. Refer to Section 2.6.8 (Development Schedule and Construction Cost) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Membership sizetnumber of employees and clientele: The Kaupulehu FEIS estimates about 333 on-site jobs and 770 jobs within the Island of Hawaii on a stabilized basis after completion of construction. See Section 5.1.2 (Employment and Income) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. g. Parking arrangement: Parking will be provided as required by the County Zoning Code. h. Traffic impacts (assessment of existing traffic conditions, anticipated increase in traffic and traffic impacts from proposed use): The project traffic increase is expected to be mitigated by various proposed highway improvements. See Section 6.1.1 (Roads and Traffic) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Other related information: The applicant is not aware of any other related information which is required at this time. j. Proposed on-site and off-site infrastructure: The roadway system, wastewater treatment and disposal system, potable and nonpotable . water system, drainage system, and electrical/telephone/CAN system. Refer to the discussion in Section 4.6 (Groundwater Resources) and Section 6.1 (Infrastructure) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS 2. State Land Use designation: Urban 3. Applicable goals/policies and objectives of the General Plan: See Section 7.3 (County Land Use Policies and Plans) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 4. General Plan designation: Urban Expansion and Open. 5. Zoning: Open. 6. Community Development Plan: The project area was designated for resort development in the Northwest Hawaii Open Space and Community Development Plan (Draft). Special Management Area: Within the SMA. C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting: 8. Description of subject property, location, climate, topography, slope, soils (including size, shape, existing structures): See Section 4.1 (Overview of Environmental Setting), 4.2 (Climate and Meteorology), 4.3 (Topography, Geology, and Soils) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Lava Hazard Zone: Zone 4 (See Section 4.7.3 (Volcanic Eruptions) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 10. Distance from coastline: The subject parcel extends from the coastline to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway located about 8,600 feet inland. Vi 11. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) designation: Not classified. See Section 4.4 (Agricultural Potential) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 12. U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services Soil Service Report soil type: A'a Lava Flows (rLV), Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW), Rock Land (rRO), and Beach Land (BH). See Section 4.3.1 (Topography, Geology and Soils: Existing Conditions) of Kaupulehu FEIS. 13. Land Study Bureau soil rating: Soil Rating "E." See Section 4.4.1 (Agricultural Potential: Existing Conditions) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 14, Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation: The coastline is rated Zone VE, Coastal flood with velocity hazard (wave action); base flood determined. The inland area is rated Zone X, Areas determined to be outside the 500 -year flood plain. See Section 4.5.1 (Drainage: Existing Conditions) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 15. Existing drainageways or improvements: No discernible drainageways. See Section 4.5 (Drainage) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 16. Air/noise/water quality: See Sections 4.9 (Air Quality), 4.10 (Noise Characteristics) and 4.6.2 (Nearshore Water Quality) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Historic Resources: 17. Existing archaeological, cultural or historic sites on National Register or Hawaii Register: Archaeological inventory surveys by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) in 1991 and 1994 identified no sites on the National Register or Hawaii Register. See Section 4.13 (Archaeology) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. The detailed discussion of archival research and oral history interviews conducted for the project is presented as Appendix A to the Integrated Resources Management Plan. The result of these efforts is a comprehensive identification of cultural resouces in the project area. Natural Resources: 18. Existing floral/faunal resources (any native or exotic plants; any listed or candidate for endangered species): The project area contains one plant of the'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa), a proposed endangered species, and two Category 2 candidate endangered species, the native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwhichiana) and the Fimbristylis hawaiiensis. See Section 4.11 (Flora) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. No endemic birds were observed and four migratory shorebirds were observed. See Section 4.12 (Fauna) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Vii 19. Scenic or coastal resources: See Section 4.14 (Visual Characteristics) of the Kaupulehu FEIS and Section 3.14 (Visual Characteristics) of the attached Written Description to the applicant's Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Application. Social -Economic Characteristics: 20. Social settlement pattern for the area: The regional population of the area is discussed in Section 5.1.1 (Population) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. The nearest settlements are the adjacent resorts of Kona Village and Hualalai. The historic settlement pattern for the area is discussed in the attached Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan. 21. Economic resources of the area: The adjacent resorts of Kona Village and Hualalai provide employment in the project vicinity. The proposed Project District is anticipated to become an economic resource to the area. See Sections 5.1.2 (Employment and Income), 5.2 (Projected Public Facility Costs and Benefits), 5.3 (Indirect Economic Impacts), and 5.4 (Total Economic Impacts) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 22. Land values: The 1998 assessed value is $1,102,100. See Section 5.2.2.1 (Real Property Taxes) in the Kaupulehu FEIS. Surrounding Lands: 23. Land use: Resorts of Kona Village and Hualalai; State of Hawaii undeveloped Puuwaawaa property. 24. Zoning: Kona Village: V-7 and Open; Hualalai: V-2.2.5, RM -3, RM -10, CV -10 and Open; State of Hawaii Puuwaawaa property: A -5a and Open. D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES 25. Description of access: (paved or unpaved; private or county, right-of-way and pavement width. If private road, submit evidence of legal access rights): The current access is via a private road through the Hualalai Resort property that serves both Kona Village Resort and the subject parcel. A subdivision map showing the roadway easement across the Hualalai Resort property is attached with this Project District application. See Section 6.1.1 of the Kaupulehu FEIS for further discussion. 26. Availability of water: Both potable and nonpotable water systems will be developed to serve the proposed project. See Sections 4.6 (Groundwater Resources) and 6.1.4 (Potable and Non -Potable Water) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 27. Sewage disposal: A wastewater collection, treatment and disposal system will be developed as part of the proposed project. See Section 6.1.5 (Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. viii 28. Solid waste: See Section 6.1.6 (Solid Waste Collection and Disposal) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 29. Police & fire protection: See Section 6.2.1 (Police and fire Protection) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 30. Schools: See Section 6.2.3 (Schools) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 31. Parks: See Section 6.2.4 (Parks and Recreation) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 32. Other utilities and services (telephone/electricity): See Section 6.1.7 (Electrical Power and Communications) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 33. Relationship between local short term uses of environment and maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity: See Section 8.1 (Relationship between Short -Term Uses and Maintenance of Long -Term Productivity) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 34. Mitigation measures proposed to avoid, minimize, rectify or reduce impact: Mitigation measures are included as part of the discussions in Chapters 4 (Existing Physical Conditions, Environmental Consequences, and Mitigation Measures), 5 (Existing Socioeconomic Conditions, Impacts and Mitigation Measures) and 6 (Existing Infrastructure and Public Services, Environmental Consequences, and Mitigation Measures) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. Additional measures are discussed in the Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Pian (IRMP) which was also submitted with this application. 35. Alternatives to the proposed development: See Chapter 3 (Description of Alternatives) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. 36. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources that would be involved if proposed action implemented: See Section 8.2 (Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources) of the Kaupulehu FEIS. F. AGENCIES -COMMENTS 37. You may consult with the following agencies and include discussion in your report or attach their written comments regarding your proposal: a. Department of Public Works: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. b. Department of Water Supply: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. C. Police: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. d. Fire: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. ix e. Department of Finance -Real Property Tax Division. f. State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. g. State of Hawaii Department of Transportation -Highways Division (If applicable): See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. h. State of Hawaii Department of Health: See Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. i. State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture. j. Community groupslndividuals, Civil Defense, Office of Housing and Community Development, Kailua Village Design Commission, State . of Hawaii Real Estate Commission, and State of Hawaii Department of Human Services: Other agencies which were consulted or commented as part of the EIS process are listed in Chapter 12 of the Kaupulehu FEIS. In addition, the applicant has worked more recently with U.S. Fish & Wildlife, State Planning Office, DLNR Divisions of Aquatic Resources, Historic Preservation, and State Parks, Bishop Estate, and the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club on an Integrated Resources Management Plan for the subject property. LIST OF ATTACHMENTS A AUTHORIZATION LETTER FROM LANDOWNER. B KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT REPORT. C FULL SIZE MASTER CONCEPTUAL PLAN. D LEGAL DESCRIPTION AND MAP. E LIST OF NAMES, ADDRESSES AND MAPS WITHIN 300 -FEET OF SUBJECT PROPERTY. F CERTIFICATE OF CLEARANCE FROM THE DIRECTOR OF FINANCE. LIST OF REPORTS SUBMITTED SEPARATELY A KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN B KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ATTACHMENT A AUTHORIZATION LETTER FROM LANDOWNER (The original letter was sent directly to the Planning Department.) 11 KA.MEHAMEHA SCHOOLS BERNICF PAUA E BISHOP ESTATE June 17, 1998 Ncl..uu S. H. ti/O�ti w. Virginia Goldstein Planning Director V. STNM County of Nawar'] qlS. .9iE 041Y 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 .E� rug ue gSTp VLZ (E..IY Dear Ms. Goldstein: ca..n a. r.NJ$ Ka'Crpulehu Developments, Project District Application and Special Managemew Arca Use Hcxti>•H. iTrim Permit Petition, Lease 12.260, Tar Map!Kcy: (3)7 -2 -003 -portion of 1; Ka"upulchu. North Kona, County and State of Hawaii This is to inform you that Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate as the owner of fee simple title of the above-dcscnbed land authorizes Ka'iapulehu Devclopments to file the above -referenced application and petition with the County of Hawaii for the proposed residential project at Ka` apulehu Consistent with our position at the Land Usc Commission level, we suppon this projccr and, intend to remain actively involved in the planning of cultural and historic resource T would also like to inform you that our f ustees have affirmed their intent to convey fee simple title in the residential properties which are developed within this project. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you should have any questions. Sincerely, G. Rick Rnbinson Senior Land Manager Hawaii Island Region GRR as cc Ka'updLchu Developments, 1100 Alakea.Street, Site 2900, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 Robert K. Lindsey, Director, Hawaii Island Region )8NI51 A:fl Ll KtvE. iUT 11. K�IWhKOlK jL.tllnl.'' 73FrL`N!Q%YI Azi%1�FAXI�If__V4!6 Our b"DWS5 is CJLULU ATTACHMENT B KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT REPORT ATTACHMENT B PROJECT DISTRICT REPORT INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of this Document This report has been prepared in support of a Project District application for the proposed Kaupulehu Resort residential expansion. Hereafter in this report, the proposed Project District for the Kaupulehu Resort residential expansion area is referred to as the "proposed Project District" or the "project area." Additional environmental information is contained in the following reports submitted with this Project District application: the Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP) and the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). 1.2 Applicant and Landowner The applicant is Kaupulehu Developments, Inc., a Hawaii general partnership which leases the subject property from the Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. 1.3 Requested Action This report is part of an application to approve a 1,081 -acre± Project District for resort residential and related uses at Kaupulehu. See Figure 1-1, Location Map. 1.4 Project Area Description 1.4.1 Location The project area is located about 6 miles from Kona International Airport within the Ahupua'a of Kaupulehu. 1.4.2 Access The project area can be accessed via an existing roadway which serves the Hualalai and Kona Village resorts. 1.4.3 Adiaccent Uses The project area is bounded by the resorts of Hualalai at Historic Kaupulehu and Kona Village to the southwest, by Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the southeast, by the ocean to the northwest, and by a future State of Hawaii owned recreation area to the northeast side. 1.4.4 Proiect Area Characteristics The project area is about 1,081± acres in size and is the makai portion of the parcel identified by tax map key 7-2-03: 01, Third Division. See Figure 1-2, Project District Boundary. The project area is within the State Urban District. A 37 -acre portion of the parcel which is in the State Conservation District is not part of the proposed Project District. The project area is essentially an open expanse of a'a and pahoehoe lava flows. Existing uses include a driveway access to the Kona Village Resort and a water tank at the 120 -foot elevation which serves the Kona Village Resort. There is an expanse of vegetation and sandy soils along the northern shoreline area of the project area. iii 11=01 }' ,f, . VP J Uoolu Airport �� --- Pacific Ocean ISLAND OF Menukona HAWAII tate Historic Perk % RANC Kawaaue Harbor Pwkohola Heleu National Historic She Samuel Spencer Perk MAUNA KEA RESORT Hapuru Beach Stara Perk MAUNA LANI RESORT WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT KONA VILLAGE RESORT HUALALAI RESORT m Keahole Akpai O Mo wkoruu $mull Boal Herber Kalku Beech Pa k KAILUA-KONA d, �o -Kohak�kuntains -------- ------ s•mlilrl Kce ® 0 3.5 7 NORTH SCALEI® ----------------------------- WAIMEA'- j---------- / aD& ----------------- -- -------------- ------------ ---------- ----- ----- •KEALAKEKUA Figure 1-1 PROJECT LOCATION KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT APPLICATION Ka'OpOlehu, North Kona. Hawaii Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1998 ,Mesa -------------- ------------ ---------- ----- ----- •KEALAKEKUA Figure 1-1 PROJECT LOCATION KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT APPLICATION Ka'OpOlehu, North Kona. Hawaii Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1998 2. DESCRIPTION OF MASTER CONCEPTUAL PLAN 2.1 Statement of Objectives The objective of this plan is to implement the Kaupulehu Resort residential community expansion while protecting the important cultural and environmental resources of the area. 2.2 Master Plan Concept The protection of important cultural and environmental resources was a major consideration in preparing the Project District Conceptual Plan. These resources are discussed in detail in the report, Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Man"ement Plan (IRMP). which was submitted with and incorporated by reference into this application. In response to these resource protection and planning constraints, the Project District is divided into two major land use areas: the Development Area and the Coastal Planning Area. See Figure 2-1, Master Conceptual Plan. These major land use areas are briefly discussed below. 2.3 Development Area 2.3.1 Intent The Development Area has few resource constraints and therefore provides flexibility for parcel and site planning would permit a range of land use development options. See Part Three, Section 11.7 of the IRMP. For a listing of significant resources within the Development Areas. 2.3.2 Land Use and Acreages The Development Area includes about 883 acres that would permit a variety of uses including resort residential, a commercial center, residents' club, golf course and clubhouse, open space and related ancillary uses. The resort residential uses would include single-family and multi- family projects that would be developed at an overall density of 3.5t units per acre. The multi -family buildings within these projects would not exceed 12 units per building. 2.3.3 Development Standards Standards for the permitted uses would guide the development of individual parcels within the Development Area. In general, the standards would be the same as required under County zoning code with some exceptions. These proposed standards are discussed in further detail in the following Chapter. These standards will be augmented after the final design stage through covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&R's) and design guidlines for the project. 2.4 Coastal Planning Area 2.4.1 Intent Coastal Planning Area contains important cultural and/or environmental resources and, as a result, the range of allowed uses and activities is limited. Use of these areas require careful management and attention. 2.4.2 Land Use and Acreages The IRMP establishes a 235 -acre Coastal Planning Area. Thirty-seven acres of this area are within the State Conservation District and therefore are not part of the Project District. 2.4.3 Development Standards The Coastal Planning Area includes six subzones from the IRMP with varying restrictions on use and activities. Limited open space and recreation developments would be allowed on certain subzones. Details for treatment of the Coastal Planning Areas are discussed in a following chapter. J y J \ `-7—�-- \I 3. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA 3.1 Cultural and Environmental Resources Cultural and environmental resources within the project area are identified and discussed in the Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP). These resources are summarized in Table 1 of the IRMP. From a planning perspective, the resources constitute development constraints and help to define the developable area. However, limited recreational development and public safety related facilities are permitted within the Coastal Planning Area. Refer also to Figures 3-1, Site Constraints, and Figure 3-2, Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). 3.2 Proposed Uses and Standards Within the Development Area, the following uses and standards are proposed. Refer also to the Design Standards Summary Table in the appendix. 3.2.1 Resort Residential Use Brief Descri tom: Resort Residential uses within the proposed Project District would generally consist of single family, duplex, and multifamily developments. The developments will generally be low-density, low-rise projects with golf course, open space or ocean views. Uses and Design Standards: Resort Residential developments will have similar standards to the Single -Family Residential (RS) and Multiple -Family Residential (RM) zoning districts with some exceptions. These exceptions include: • Allowing golf courses as a permitted use. 3.2.2 Commercial Center Brief Description: An 11 acre neighborhood commercial center will offer products and services oriented toward the residents in facilities spanning 45,000 SF±of leasable space. It is anticipated that destination restaurants and shops will also attract some off-site patrons. Uses and Design Standards: The design standards will be similar to those for the Village Commercial (CV) Zoning District, with the following exceptions: Allow a maximum building height of 45 feet. Allowing golf courses as a permitted use. Allow for exceptions to the screening hedge requirements with approval by the Director. 0 3.2.3 Residents' Club Brief Description: A 3 -acre± area will be designated for a club which will serve as a water -oriented recreational amenity for project residents, members and guests. Uses and Design Standards: The design standards will be similar to those for Village Commercial (CV) Zoning District with the following; exceptions: • Maximum building height would be 45 feet. • Allow for exceptions to the screening hedge requirements with approval by the Director. • Allowing golf courses as a permitted use. 3.2.4 Maintenance Area Brief Description: The maintenance area would accommodate ancillary service uses for the resort residential community, including; wastewater treatment facilities, landscape nursery facilities, service vehicle storage areas, and other utility facilities. uses and Design Standards: The maintenance area will be an ancillary use to the other proposed uses and will follow the design standards of the other uses. 3.2.5 Golf Course and Clubhouse Brief Description: A championship 36 -hole golf course (developed sequentially as two 18 -hole courses) will include a clubhouse which will serve as an entryway facility to the resort expansion community. The golf facilities are expected to attract both residents and visitors, including those staying at the adJ'acent Kona Village Resort. The golf clubhouse will include a secondary retail, restaurant and service complex for the resort expansion area. Uses and Dc5ign Standards: The design standards for the golf course will be similar to those allowed within an Open (0) zone district with the following exceptions: • Allow golf course use as a permitted use. The golf clubhouse will have standards similar to the Village Commercial (CV) zoning district. 3.2.6 Hawaiian Interpretive Center A Hawaiian interpretive center is proposed to be located in the Coastal Planning Area Subzone B-1. The design standards for the 10 center will be the same as those proposed for the Commercial Center, Residents' Club, and the Golf Clubhouse. Refer to Section 4.2.2 3.3 Infrastructure Requirements The following discusses the infrastructure design elements of the proposed Project District. Refer to the HIS for a discussion of projected infrastructure demands. 3.3.1 Roads The roads within the proposed Project District would be designed to resort standards. These standards would differ from the County standard roads in the following areas: • Right-of-way widths which differ from County standards. • Pavement widths which differ from County standards; generally, 11 -foot vehicle lanes in high traffic areas. • No provision of curbs, gutters and sidewalks. Sidewalks may be provided on a limited basis in some areas. • Street lighting limited to intersections and other special areas. • Use of project signs within the right-of-ways. • Special provisions for longer cul-de-sac streets serving more than the standard minimum lot provisions. • Use of special cul-de-sac designs which also meet emergency vehicle requirements. • Provisions for allowing gates within right-of-ways. 3.3.2 Drainage Due to the relatively flat topography of the project area and the porous character of the lava, no defined drainageways have been identified. As a result, there presently appears to be no direct surface runoff into the ocean from the project area. Project developments will be designed to prevent direct surface runoff into the ocean. Runoff from paved surfaces and rooftops will be directed to percolation areas within the project area. 3.3.3 Water Potable water will be provided through an approved private system of wells, storage and distribution facilities. Nonpotable water will be used for irrigation. Nonpotable sources would include effluent from the wastewater treatment facilities and nonpotable wells. 3.3.4 Sewer Sewage effluent will be treated by a private wastewater treatment facility within the proposed project area. Treated effluent would be 11 used for golf course and landscape irrigation in compliance with State Department of Health requirements. 3.3.5 Electrical/Telenhone/CAN All electrical/telephone/CATV lines will be underground. 3.3.6 Solid Waste Solid waste disposal will be handled by a private contractor and hauled to approved landfill sites. 3.4 Other Development Considerations and Standards Although much of the cultural and environmental resources are contained in the Coastal Planning Area, important resources exist within the Development Area that will affect development of the proposed resort residential and other uses. 3.4.1 Treatment of Edge of 1800 Lava Flow The edge of the 1800 lava flow has been identified as a site feature. It is protected in part within the Coastal Planning Area. Within the Development Area, residential buildings will be set back away from the edge of the lava flow. Some landscaping and non -intrusive structures, as walkways and kiosks, would be permitted within this area. 3.4.2 Landscape Treatment: Landscaping will be an integral part of the resort residential environment and, where appropriate, will utilize nonpotable water for irrigation. Use of low-water use and salt tolerant plants will be encouraged, where appropriate, to conserve water use. Use of indigenous plants will be encouraged, where appropriate. 3.4.3 Endangered Plant: There is one endangered 'ohai plant (Sebania tomentosa) located at about the 120 -foot elevation of the project area. See Figure 3-1. A buffer will be established around the existing'ohai plant to protect it from the surrounding development. The size of a buffer area will be determined in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service." Two Species of Concern were found in the project area. Plants identified as Species of Concer are species for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing the plants as endangered or threatened at this time (Formerly called category 2 plants). The native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) was found mauka of the Kaupulehu landing 12 strip. A few plants of Fimbristylis hawaiiensis (an endemic sedge) were found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation on the pahoehoe lava flow. 3.4.4 Archaeological Sites to be Preserved: Most archaeological sites to be preserved are included in the Coastal Planning Area. There are several archaeological sites and a trail to to preserved which are located within the proposed Development Area. These features would be included in the Long -Term Preservation Plan for the Project District and would include adequate buffers from proposed developments. The archaeological sites are identified in Table 3-1, Proposed Development Area: Archaeological Sites To Be Preserved, and located in Figure 3-1. It should be noted that in deference to the descendants of interred persons, burial sites are not shown in Figure 3-1. 3.4.5 Public Shoreline Access: Most of the public shoreline access is within the Coastal Planning Area and is discussed in Section 4.4. The principal roadway access to the Coastal Planning Area crosses through the Development Area. The road will provide direct vehicular acces to a public parking area in Subzone B-1 of the Coastal Planning Area. The specific location of the parking lot and an adjoining comfort station will be determined in consultation with the County's Departments of Public Works and Planning, and the State Parks Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. 3.4.6 View Planes and View Corridors: View from the highway: Public views from the highway to the ocean horizon will be maintained. View analysis from the highway corridor is presented and discussed as part of the Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit petition for this project which was submitted concurrently with this petition. The analysis indicates that the proposed structures within the proposed Project District will not obstruct views of the ocean. Kona Village Access Road Buffer: In order to mitigate the the visual impact of the project on guests' arrival at the Kona Village Resort, the Project District will provide a 200 -foot buffer on each side of the roadway extending from the center line of the access road. This buffer will exclude structures, but allow golf course, landscaped and similar non -intrusive types of developments. Kona Village Parcel Buffer: In order to mitigate development impacts upon the neighboring Kona Village Resort, Subzone B-3 has been established as a buffer area. Land uses and activities within the subzone will be mutually agreed upon by Kona Village Resort and 13 Kaupulehu Developments. Golf course development is anticipated as an allowable use in this area. 14 Table 3-1 DEVELOPMENT AREA: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES TO BE PRESERVED ARCHAEOLOGICAL ;;ITE/FEATURE NO. SITUFEATURE DESCRIPTION 10968 Complex: Lava Caves and Petroglyphs 10969 Complex: Enclosure, Overhang, and Wall. 19084 Complex: Walls, Lava Caves (1 with burial), Cairn, and Petroglyphs, 19124 Mauka-Makai Trail 19129 Lava Cave (with burial). 19130 Complex: Mounds and Cairn. 19149 Lava Cave (burial). 19652 Complex: Walls, Platform, Modified Depressions. 19653 Complex: Enclosure and Wall. Source: Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI), Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Makai-Lot 4, June 1994. 15 n , s mi r � ' v ♦ ^ l l Im a a9O ! f % ♦�a yrp ♦ ♦< maa Lan •• 3 p$ W' �� �' ♦♦ f .... t o F3AiBas. c.� i"��ftw E n egrgg \v_4 Oft , `�:' r"� F F� a �4 ��� p m� (• e `- � go's ` r�j zl (v�€c'i L9 I 4rC YC5C Fn J_. r4 .� E r � mFm €33y my" _F gym§ DZ� T cO c O v m O m m C N as D C WF w Z own oz�o m c�m�N 31 c 0 D ==onT do�n3 DT min =':Z 3N n m m o an o n � m N Nd s O m m Sam m z m �\ O O z z 0 \ m m x < M m Z o J �•.� N o \ �� �< F;K _d z m m�< tm m x ♦ OrZ o -i m cuimo ZNO,0 \\ >9m� `1i ♦ MOOM ♦ <-110 ' 1 l N �. z m N \ <O m \ m \ x 1 N O T I I m T O I x DO I mm I 00 o D 1 in a 9c or- -4m c N z a m n m m n C 'a z m x n m m o an o n � m N Nd s O m m Sam m z m �\ O O z z 0 m m m m x < M m Z o J n m m o an o n � m Nd s m m m m m Sam �'� T •�.. m om� �•.� mm �� �< F;K _d n m�< tm m OrZ o -i m 4. PROPOSED COASTAL PLANNING AREA 4.1 Cultural and Environmental Resources Cultural and Environmental Resources within the project area are identified and discussed in the Kaupulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP). 4.2 Kaupulehu Integrated Resource Management Plan The Kaupulehu Integrated Resource Management Plan (IRMP) has been established to identify important cultural and environmental resources and to provide a plan for the responsible use, protection, and management of these resources. The IRMP identifies and groups significant resources according to the following categories: Cultural/Archaeological, Natural Biological, Public Access, Coastal, Open Space, and View Corridors. (See Part Three of the IRMP) The Coastal Planning Area established as part of this Project District Master Conceptual Plan coincides with four of the six subzones of the IRMP. The following are descriptions of the various zones within the Coastal Planning Area. 4.2.1 Subzone A Description: Subzone A is about 104 acres in size and includes the coastal area to the north of the 1800 a'a lava flow. The IRMP states that "... this area is highly valued as a traditional fishing and resource collection area..." The archaeological survey by PHRI identified 8 archaeological sites or complexes to be preserved within this subzone. The IRMP identifies other important cultural sites, including an unnamed waterhole and a salt works within the subzone. Prol2osed Treatment and Standards: The IRMP designates this subzone as a Sustainable Resource Area because of the important resources identified here. As such, the IRMP proposes that "(t)he subzone be left in its natural state as much as practicable. Structural developments would be prohibited in this subzone, except for limited public access improvements such as pedestrian paths, a public comfort station, and a public parking area." 4.2.2 Subzone B-1 Brief Description: Subzone B-1 is about 30 acres in size and is located along the Puuwaawaa ahupua'a boundary on the mauka side of Subzone A. The IRMP identifies no cultural resources within this subzone. 18 Proposed Treatment and Standards: Subzone B-1, according to the IRMP,"...is to be utilized and developed as a public activity -oriented recreational area, which will include a Hawaiian interpretive center. The interpretive center will function as an entryway to the coastal resources in Subzone A. The function of the interpretive center will focus on the educational experience, providing exhibits and Presentations to help educate visitors to the area, especially children, learn about the sensitive character and the cultural context of the resources in the coastal region." The IRMP also states that "...the remaining portion of the 30 acres that constitute this subzone will be devoted to outdoor recreational activities. The main access roadway through the project area will provide access to Subzone B-1. Public parking will be provided in conjunction with the interpretive center." Architectural structures within this subzone will be sensitive to the cultural and environmental context of the area. The design standards for the interpretive center will be the same as those used for nonresidential structures within the Project District. While designing within those standards, the center's architecture will strive to reflect the cultural heritage of the area and its function within the IRMP. 4.2.3 Subzone B-2 Brief Description: Subzone B-2 is a 15 -acre coastal strip that extends across the 1800 a'a lava flow and from the certified shoreline to the 24 -foot contour or to a point 150 feet inland whichever is greater. A small black sand beach is located within this subzone. The IRMP identified the following four relevant cultural/archaeological resources associated with the subzone: (1) Cultural -geographic landscape; (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian Ireligious and ceremonial practices; (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua'a trail systems; and (4) Near shore fishery and marine resources collection areas. PrTreatment and Standards: The subzone is "...established to preserve public access across the 1800 a'a lava flow provided by an existing coastal trail and to preserve open space along the coastal portion of the lava flow." Development within this subzone is limited by a 150 -foot setback from the certified shoreline for residential development or vertical improvement other than landscaping or those allowed by County ordinance or variance. In addition, golf course signature holes are allowed to the 40 -foot shoreline setback boundary, so long as the proposed golf holes do not encroach upon the coastal trail or preclude other recreational activities. 19 4.2.4 Subzone B-3 Brief Description: This subzone is about 49 acres in size and extends inland from the certified shoreline along the Kona Village Resort boundary. The subzone is relatively flat and composed of pahoehoe lava flow. The IRMP identifies four cultural/archaeological resources within the subzone: (1) Cultural -geographic landscape; (2) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua'a trail systems); (3) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities; and (4) Near shore fishery and marine resources collection areas. Proposed Treatment and Standards: This subzone, as stated in the IRMP ....... is to function as an open -space buffer between the project area and the Kona Village Resort. To that end, development activities allowed within the subzone will be determined by mutual consent between the lessee and Kona Village. Permissible uses include golf course development, subject to the same restrictions as discussed in Subzone B-2..." 4.2.5 OtherSubzones Brief Descri tp ion: Two other subzones are established by the IRMP, that are not within the Kaupulehu Project District Subzone C is an approximately 37 acre area that contains a large concentration of archaeological sites/features. Subzone D is the nearshore waters makai of the Project District's certified shoreline. P=sed Treatment and Standards: No standards are anticipated for Subzones C and D because development is not contemplated within Subzone D and prohibited within Subzone C. A Marine Resource Management Plan will deal with management of resources in Subzone D. 4.3 Public Shoreline Access Lateral shoreline access would occur through Subzones A, B-2 and B-3. Mauka-makai access would be through Subzones A and B-1. See Figure 4-2, Public Shoreline Access. Public facilities will include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas within the Coastal Planning Area. Details of a public access plan will be need to be worked out with various public agencies and organizations. 20 I tlGCY{ -V 1.1.11"1 � Z I 3 os m 5 ,II v � , 1 a 0 m gam. ti ti ��I T 220 c z 70 c0 m (() cm z � � c � � C v$m2n Qop m mC0C)r Z ST mT N S d O n C C "d3d>mi9 �f afON a a =:Z (n N 1 min za -pi 77 \ /1r 9 YOOY ��<,WWSc ttn C 9 YOOY ��<,WWSc ttn 5. PROJECT DISTRICT CRITERIA 5.1 Intent and Purpose According to the Hawaii County Code, "A project district may be established... whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. Response: The proposed Kaupulehu resort residential expansion will benefit from a comprehensive planning approach that seeks to balance the requirements of land use, infrastructure, and cultural/environmental resources. This approach will allow continuous refinement of the land uise site plans as the requirements of the site's cultural and environmental resources are more precisely defined and market preference fluctuate. 5.2 Additional Criteria In addition to the intent and purpose, the Code also states, "..a project district may only be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County general plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region." Response: The proposed Project District, as discussed in the previous response, is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter. Furthermore, as addressed in the Kaupulehu FEIS, the proposed Project District is consistent with the General Plan and is not expected to result in any substantial adverse impacts, so long as proper mitigation measures are implemented. 23 6. APPENDIX 6.1 Proposed Design Standards Summary Table 24 APPENDIX 6.1 PROPOSED DESIGN STANDARDS SUMMARY TABLE 25 Appendix 6.1 DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS SUMMARY TABLE Kaupulehu Project District, Kaupulehu, Hawaii DESIGN SINGLE MULTI - PARAMETERS FAMILY FAMILY COMMERCIAL Proposed Single Family Duplex and Commercial Center, Uses Multifamily Residents' Club, Golf Clubhouse, Hawaiian Interpretive Center Comparable RS RM CV Zoning Permitted Uses Same as RS zoning Same as RM zoning Same as CV zoning. district, except for: district, except for district, except for: -Golf course and -Golf course and -Golf course and related uses as a related uses as a related uses as a permitted use. permitted use. permitted use without a use permit Permitted with Use Same as RS zoning Same as RM zoning. Same as CV zoning. Permit except as discussed above. Height Limit Min. Building Site Area Same as RS zoning district (35 fee0. 7,500 sq. ft. Same as RM zoning Same as RM zoning district (45 feet) district (45 feet). 7,500 sq. ft Min. Building Site Same as RM zoning Same as RM zoning Average Width district (60 feet). district (60 feet). 26 7,500 sq. ft. Same as CV zoning district (60 feet). DESIGN SINGLE MULTI - PARAMETERS FAMILY FAMILY Minimum Front and Same as RS zoning Same as RM zoning Rear Yard district. district (20 feet). For 7,500 to 9,999 sq. ft. lots: 15 feet For 10,000 to 19,999 sq. ft. lots: 20 feet For 20,000 or greater lots: 25 feet. Minimum Side Same as RS zoning Same as RM zoning Yards district. district. For 7,500 to 9,999 8 ft. for one story sq. ft. lots: 8 feet for building, plus an one story and 10 additional 2 ft. for feet for two stories. each additional story. For 10,000 to 19,999 sq. ft. lots: 10 feet for one story. plus 1 add'I foot for each add'I storvst=. For 20,000 or greater lots: 15 feet. 27 COMMERCIAL Same as CV zoning district (15 feet). Same as CV zoning district. None, except where adjoining building site is in a RS, RD, RM or RCX district. Where the side yard adjoins the side yard of a building site in a RS, RD, RM or RCX district, there shall be a side yard which conforms to the side yard requirements for dwelling use of the adjoining district. DESIGN SINGLE MULTI - PARAMETERS FAMILY FAMILY COMMERCIAL Other Regulations (a) There may be more than one main building on any building site. (b) Distance between main buildings on the same building site shall beat least 15 feet. (c) Plan approval shall be required for all new buildings and additions to existing buildings. (d) Exceptions to the regulations regarding heights, building site areas, building site average widths and yards, may be approved by the director within a planned unit development. NJ Landscaping of yards: (a) All front yards in the CV district shall be landscaped, except for necessary access drives and walkways. Except not requiring the following: (b) Where required side or rear yard in the CV district adjoins a building site in a RS, RD, RM or RCX district, the side or rear yard shall be landscaped with a screening hedge not less than forty-two inches in height, within five feet of the property line, except for necessary drives and walkways. Other regulations: (a) Plan approval shall be required for all new structures and additions to existing structures in the CV district. (b) Exceptions to the regulations for the CV district regarding heights, building site areas, building site average widths and yards, may be approved by the director within a planned unit development. ATTACHMENT C FULL-SIZE MASTER CONCEPTUAL PLAN (Full-size Plan in original submittal and 11" x 17" reduced map for copies.) \ J J7 77"It L t............. F- ♦ 0 -asp � ♦ - Wam ,o~ Y r as 63J.250d'C12.3 B.7E.98 3 f Y 1 I C 1 r^ I_ \ J J7 77"It L t............. F- ♦ 0 -asp � ♦ - Wam ,o~ Y r as ATTACHMENT D LEGAL DESCRIPTION AND MAP (Full-size map in original submittal and 11" x 17" reduced map for copies.) DESCRIPTION Kaupulehu Project District Being a portion of Royal Patent 7843, Land Commission Award 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha. Situated at Kaupulehu, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiii Beginning_ at the south comer of this parcel of land, on the northerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU' being 22,391.70 feet North and 3,282.86 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: 1. 1580 20'48' 3,348.85 feet along Lots 2 and 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 2. 1910 36' 48' 1,579.69 feet along Lot 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 3. 118' 00'48* 600.00 feet along Lot 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 4. 71" 15'48' 351.89 feet along Lot 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 5. 1570 05'48" 241.50 feet along Lot 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 6. 2230 45'48" 782.31 feet along Lot 6 of Hualalai Resort (Amended) (File Plan 2180); 7. 296° 22'28" 256.77 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 8. 207` 13'28' 1,079.41 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 9. 137' 45'28' 250.00 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 10. 66` 55'28' 118.63 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 11. 131' 25'28' 359.42 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 12. 213' 33'28" 158.80 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 13. 168° 33' 28' 120.45 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 14. 78` 33'28" 288.52 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 15. 182` 41'58' 1,292.06 feet along Kona Village Resort, along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; Thence along shoreline as confirmed by the Board of Land and Natural Resources on January 29, 1998 for the next seventy four (74) courses, the direct azimuths and distances between points being: 16. 233" 38' 266.27 feet; 17. 216" 25' 260.00 feet; 18. 232° 00' 119.81 feet; 19. 2360 53' 136.42 feet; 20. 214° 31' 108.00 feet; 21. 234' 14' 83.00 feet; 22. 218" 25' 91.67 feet; 23. 176' 39' 102.99 feet; 24. 256° 42' 41.33 feet; 25. 160` 19' 117.61 feet; 26. 2300 21' 80.32 feet; 27. 176° 44' 74.97 feet; 28. 97` 45' 39.00 feet; 29. 149' 33' 65.00 feet; 30. 257' 19' 59.28 feet; 31. 167` 57' 71.28 feet; 32. 235° 59' 106.00 feet; 33. 180" 17' 49.00 feet; 34. 138` 00' 88.80 feet; 35. 2580 39' 146.01 feet; 36. 163° 28' 128.70 feet; 37. 214° 06' 94.76 feet; 38. 148" 17' 112.00 feet; 39. 239° 22' 170.17 feet; 40. 197" 52' 210.87 feet; 41. 209° 53' 172.22 feet; 42. 148° 57' 88.00 feet; 43. 239°26' 175.00 feet; 2 44. 212° 05' 75.00 feet; 45. 289° 15' 103.00 feet; 46. 2000 29' 68.16 feet; 47. 2820 30' 93.00 feet; 48. 226" 12' 60.11 feet; 49. 277° 28' 115.47 feet; 50. 2400 58' 193.00 feet; 51. 207° 14' 91.00 feet; 52. 1970 05' 149.00 feet; 53. 210° 33' 124.00 feet; 54. 215" 52' 104.97 feet; 55. 256` 28' 70.00 feet;. 56. 164" 54' 87.00 feet; 57. 218' 13' 121.63 feet; 58. 2770 35' 104.01 feet; 59. 220° 25' 66.10 feet; 60. 272° 43' 67.00 feet; 61. 2460 47' 282.77 feet; 62. 217" 04' 133.87 feet; 63.. 242" 32' 137.00 feet; 64. 224° 14' 320.00 feet; 65. 249' 55' 257.80 feet; 66. 209" 25' 232.99 feet; 67. 281' 34' 198.14 feet; 68. 200' 17' 131.00 feet; 69. 167' 16' 67.08 feet; 70. 224' 22' 35.13 feet; 71. 292' 49' 190.00 feet; 72. 221 " 12' 253.00 feet; 73. 2420 29' 115.00 feet; 74. 285` 53' 100.00 feet; 75. 259" 46' 273.00 feet; 76. 244' 02' 200.00 feet; 77. 188' 53' 127.12 feet; 78. 281 " 10' 66.02 feet; 79. 264" 13' 233.00 feet; 3 80. 243' 02' 208.00 feet; 81. 231" 41' 112.80 feet; 82. 254' 32' 154.00 feet; 83. 208' 30' 112.00 feet; 84. 278' 30' 85.02 feet; 85. 237' 52' 233.00 feet; 86. 243` 16' 180.00 feet; 87. 233` 15' 210.00 feet; 88. 267° 59' 115.47 feet; 89. 2290 15' 79.11 feet; 90. 334' 12'50' 175.28 feet along the Government (Crown) Land of Puuwaawaa; 91. 334' 13'35" 2,065.52 feet along the Government (Crown) Land of Puuwaawaa; 92. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha, on a curve to the left with a radius of 1,800.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 29' 59'53.5- 1,413.27 feet; 93. 6' 53' 111.60 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 94. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the right with a radius of 2,000.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 17' 24' 730.09 feet; 95. 27' 55' 104.25 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 96. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the left with a radius of 1,000.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 16' 56'30' 380.76 feet; 97 5' 58' 1,086.73 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha; 98. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the right with a radius of 900.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 41' 46' 30' 1,053.14 feet; 99. TV 35' 229.79 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 4 100. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the left with a radius of 1,400.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 45" 40' 1,480.32 feet; 101. 130 45' 150.10 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 102. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC_ Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the right with a radius of 8,000.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 20' 10' 1,768.13 feet: 103. 260 35' 573.48 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana. 10 to L Kamehameha; 104. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha, on a curve to the left with a radius of 4,000.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 23' 10' 476.77 feet; 105. 19' 45' 1,888.55 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.c. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 106. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha, on a curve to the right with a radius of 2,000.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 27° 00'30" S05.37 feet; 107. 340 16' 155.59 feet along the remainder of R.P. 7843, L.C. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L Kamehameha; 108. Thence along the remainder of R.P. 7843, LC. Aw. 7715, Apana 10 to L. Kamehameha, on a curve to the left with a radius of 1,400.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 16' 25 26.8' 857.93 feet; 109. Thence along the northerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, on a curve to the left with a radius of 9,430.02 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 78" 12'22.4' 150.63 feet; 110. 347' 44' 55' 30.00 feet along the northerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, 5 111. Thence along the northerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, on a curve to the left with a radius of 9,400.02 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 760 43'39* 335.03 feet to the point of beginning and containing a gross area of 1,117.700 acres and a net area of 1,080.636 acres after excluding and deducting the following described area: Beginning at the west corner of this parcel of land, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station 'AKAHIPUU' being 28, 129.44 feet North end and 3,971.79 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: 1. On a curve to the right with a radius of 560.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 203° 15'22' 96.20 feet; 2. 208` 11' 89.46 feet; 3. On a curve to the left with a radius of 830.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 200` 59' 208.05 feet; 4. 193' 47' 72.32 feet; 5. On a curve to the left with a radius of 330.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 180` 33'36" 150.97 feet; 6. 281 ° 00' 83.41 feet; 7. 2360 20' 218.39 feet; 8. 217' 30' 55.00 feet; 9. 2720 40'25' 288.69 feet; 10. 238° 00' 159.00 feet; 11. 232^ 00' 116.00 feet; 12. 283° 00' 135.00 feet; 13. 338° 00' 64.00 feet; 14. 248° 30' 286.00 feet; 15. 3170 00' 249.00 feet; 16. 319° 30' 192.00 feet; 17. 313° 00' 193.00 feet; 18. 44` 00' 555.00 feet; 19. 37° 00' 200.00 feet; 20. 440 30' 268.00 feet; 21. 48° 00' 336.00 feet; 22. 44° 00' 198.00 feet; L 23. 152° 30' 218.00 feet; 24. 126° 30' 156.00 feet; 25. 127° 30' 168.00 feet; 26. 130° 00' 153.00 feet; 27. 138° 00' 150.00 feet; 28. 106° 30' 99.00 feet; 29. 1240 00' 88.98 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of 37.064 acres. 680 Ala Moana Blvd. First Floor Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 May 22, 1998 C JNN, p LIC INSSED 1Z t PROFE: �IONAL LA1J SURVEYOR P y�"VA ll. U 7 BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. Licensed Professional Land Ft6jeyor y� Certificate Number 4188 .. . ii° -eF .i.e 1 1 k.• - K e it dill lli �/li pi 7l FE [11� „ GJ A"� wi aY��ia ilE �i! • 1 k wa \ii M4♦ wow ::• Y KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT bR�W.l , NOB K. . 13A K wYAll. Navell ° MWS ec' i •ni.t Oi•uiet F kinM x h� I W r• i 4w • '1 nJ, e _• I 1 c� KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT bR�W.l , NOB K. . 13A K wYAll. Navell ° MWS ec' ATTACHMENT E LIST OF NAMES, ADDRESSES, AND MAPS WITHIN 300 FEET OF SUBJECT PROPERTY List of Names and Addresses of Owners and Lessees within 300 Feet of the Subject Property Tax Map Key No. Names and Addresses 7-1-002:001 State of Hawaii (owner) Third Tax Division Department of Land & Natural Resources Hawaii District Office, Land Management Division 75 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Puuwaawaa Ranch (lessee) P.O. Box 1536 Kailua-Kona, HI, 96745 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. 1200 Kilauea Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 7-1-002:008 State of Hawaii (owner) Third Tax Division Department of Land & Natural Resources Hawaii District Office, Land Management Division 75 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 7-2-003:003 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Pia -Kona Limited Partnership (lessee) Pia Sports Properties 1501 Farm Credit Drive :2500 McLean. VA 22102 7-2-010:002 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 7-2-010:008 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 7-2-010:010 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kona Village Associates (lessee) P.O. Box 1299 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745-1299 7-2-013:011 Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate Third Tax Division (owner) P.O. Box 3466 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Kaupulehu Makai Ventures (lessee) P.O. Box 1119 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 Queen Kaahumanu Highway State of Hawaii (owner) Department of Transportation Highways Division Hilo District Office P.O. Box 4277 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Qr7 NL SOufcP gy m ! � �➢sp 17� 2- z 0 T 9� 0 z n a D 9 EJF� f.s F ci —rte \ � � ` ` � 7NJyx ATTACHMENT F CERTIFICATE OF CLEARANCE FROM DIRECTOR OF FINANCE COUNTY OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE REAL PROPERTY TAX DIVISION 865 PIILANI STREET HILO HAWAII 96720 REBt- PRo ERjYT XC EA ay I10/9B 061002,7 7 k116E1< L00.0'd (rev.12J96) Date JUNE 09, 19 98 TMK(s): (3)7`2--002'001-0000 3 7-2-0037001 (3) 7-2-010-010--0000 This is to certify that KAUPOLEHU DEVELOPMENTS (Owner -of -record) has paid all real property taxes due the County of Hawaii up to and -including JUNE 30, 1998 Reference: As requested (If applicable) Ron4d M. cella, Collections Real Property Tax Division KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARED BY BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. FOR KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS JUNE 17, 1998 APPENDIX "A" ATTACH. C-1051 (B-332) Ka `upulehu Integrated Resources Management Plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd for Kaupulehu Developments June 17, 1998 Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the kupuna and kama `aina interviewees who participated in the oral history interviews conducted for this plan. Their willingness to share their mana'o and their mo'olelo is deeply appreciated. 'me especially thank Leina'ala Keakealani Lightner for her guidance as we move this project from plan to reality and for the strength of her commitment to Hawaii's youth which is an inspiration to us all. In addition, we acknowledge and thank Kepa Maly for his patience, his dedication, and his depth of caring. Mahalo nui loa. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: A PLAN FOR STEWARDSHIP I. Introduction........................................................................................1 II. Guiding Principles...............................................................................2 III. The Ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu................................................................5 IV. The Need for Stewardship....................................................................6 V. Goal and Objectives........................................................................... 11 VI. Participants in Stewardship.................................................................12 PART TWO: BACKGROUND INFORMATION I. Land Owner and Lessee......................................................................14 II. Scope of the Integrated Resources Management Plan .............................14 III. Land Tenure and Development at Ka`upulehu.......................................18 IV. General Project Description................................................................ 24 V. Governmental Land Use Permits and Approvals for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Area ....................................................... 25 1. Final Environmental Impact Statement ........................................ 25 2. State Land Use Commission....................................................... 25 VI. Required Approvals and Permits..........................................................28 PART THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES RegionalSetting................................................................................29 1. The Region of Kekaha............................................................... 29 2. The 1800/1801 Lava Flows........................................................29 3. The Ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu..................................................... 32 4. Place Names in Kekaha and Ka`upulehu...................................... 33 II. Resources of the Project Area.............................................................. 35 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 1. Subzone B-1............................................................................37 2. Subzone A............................................................................... 42 3. Subzone B-2............................................................................ 55 4. Subzone B-3............................................................................ 60 5. Subzone C............................................................................... 64 6. Subzone D............................................................................... 73 7. Significant Resources Outside the Coastal Planning Area ............... 80 PART FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN Preservation and Restoration............................................................... 87 II. Character of Allowable Development within the Coastal Planning AreaSubzones................................................................................... 88 1. Subzone B-1............................................................................ 88 2. Subzone A............................................................................... 88 3. Subzone B-2............................................................................ 89 4. Subzone B-3............................................................................ 90 5. Subzone C............................................................................... 90 6. Subzone D............................................................................... 91 III. Management of Significant Resources Within the Remaining ProjectArea...................................................................................... 91 IV. KS/BE Community Stewardship Program ............................................ 93 V. Management Guidelines...................................................................... 93 VI. Cooperation and Coordination with Other Planning and ManagementEfforts......................................................................... 102 REFERENCES...................................................................................... 103 LIST OF FIGURES Master Conceptual Plan ......................................................................15 2. Selected Place Names Referenced in Historical Archival Research and Oral History Interviews................................................................ 34 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Coastal Planning Area Subzones..........................................................38 LIST OF PHOTO PLATES Cover Photo: Keonenui, looking from the edge of the 1800 lava flow south to Kahuwai Bay. Photo by Aniko Kurczinak, Belt Collins Hawaii, May 4, 1998. Kalaemano-Pohakuokahae and the Ka`upulehu Salt Works.......................8 LIST OF TABLES Summary of Resources....................................................................... 36 2. Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C .......................................... 67 APPENDICES A. Ka`upulehu ma ka `Aina Kaha, A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews, Volume 1. B. Assessment of Biotic Resources of the Intertidal and Subtidal Environments off the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. iii PART ONE: A PLAN FOR STEWARDSHIP I. Introduction Early native historians and old kama `aina to the lands of Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region shared a deep cultural attachment to their environment— their customs, beliefs, practices, and history were place based. The ancient Hawaiians saw, as do many Hawaiians today, all things within their environment as being interrelated (ho`oku`ikahi). That which was in the uplands shared a relationship with that which was in the lowlands, coastal region, and even in the sea. This relationship and identity with place worked in reverse as well: the ahupua `a as a land unit was the thread which bound all things together in Hawaiian life. One of the famous sayings of this land describes the sense of attachment that the native residents of the Ka`upulehu-Kekaha region shared with the land. While the saying may seem simple to those who are unfamiliar with the natural environment of the land, its depth touches the heart of the Hawaiian relationship with the natural environment Ola aku la ka `aina kaha, ua pua ka lehua i ke kai — The natives of the Kaha lands have life, the lehua blossoms are upon the sea! (John Whalley Hermosa Isaac Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawai `i, February 21, 1928) This saying describes the seasonal practice of natives of the Kekaha region who during the winter planting season lived in the uplands where they cultivated their crops under the shelter of the lehua trees. Then, when the fishing season arrived with the warmer weather, the natives would travel to the shore, where the fishing canoe fleets could be seen floating upon the sea like lehua blossoms. It was as a result of this knowledge of seasons, and the relationship between land, ocean, and community, that the residents of Ka`upulehu and greater Kekaha 1 were sustained by the land. Today, families of the lands of Ka`upi lehu and Kekaha are still very "place based." Place names and the stories of the land, as told by the native residents, are intricately bound together with the features of the landscape and environment of Ka`upulehu. Il. Guiding Principles This Integrated Resources Management Plan provides glimpses into the rich history of the land and sets forth a mechanism to reestablish a stewardship ethic for the future protection and use of the cultural and natural resources of Ka`upulehu. To be effective, management of natural and cultural resources must accommodate ongoing activities, both traditional and contemporary, while preserving significant cultural and archaeological sites. This management plan can provide a bridge from the past to the present and into the future, thereby providing coming generations with the legacy of Ka`upi lehu. The Hawaiian way of life, as expressed by the word ahupua'a, provides that bridge. Although the term ahupua'a does not seem relevant to most non -Hawaiian people today because they do not rely upon a subsistence -based economy in the same way as the traditional Hawaiian culture, aspects of this mountain -to -sea land management system remain as important factors in the lives of many native Hawaiians and other residents of the Hawaiian Islands. The challenge that faces contemporary society is the continuing need to care for the tangible and intangible links to Hawai'i's past, while also allowing for continued use of and protection of the natural and cultural resources in the face of increasing population pressure, changing transportation technologies (e.g., four-wheel drive vehicles provide direct access to areas that were previously only accessible by foot), and conflicting cultural values. Two underlying principles of the traditional system provide a foundation 2 for this plan. These principles are responsibility and unity. The principle of responsibility to the land is expressed by the Hawaiian word kuleana, which denotes both a small parcel of land as well as a person's obligation or responsibility to the land. Each person who uses the land, either as a casual visitor, a gatherer or fisherman, a tenant, or a lessee, has an obligation of responsibility to the land. The second principle is expressed by the Hawaiian word ho `oku `ikahi, which signifies unity or interrelatedness. Ho `oku `ikahi expresses a belief that all the resources of the land are interrelated and must be treated with respect. In precontact times, the ahupua'a provided its tenants with most, if not all, the resources needed for life. Fish from the sea were exchanged for sweet potatoes and other foods grown inland. Today, most people do not look to the ahupua'a as the source of their food and the practice of the ancient system is no longer wide spread. A much broader regional or islandwide perspective prevails. Yet, the interrelatedness of resources still exists and ho `oku `ikahi is still very much relevant to the modern way of life. For instance, from a regional perspective, rainfall in the mountains becomes the groundwater which eventually finds its way downhill to the sea. If that groundwater is not polluted as it flows downslope, then the quality of the nearshore fisheries is preserved. The resources are interrelated. The responsibility of stewards of the land, in this example, is twofold: to ensure the quality of the groundwater as a resource so it will not harm the fishery, and to ensure that the fishery is not depleted by misuse or excessive taking so that it will be preserved for future generations. As another example, the ancient trails that cross the land enable people to walk unimpeded along the shoreline, as well as from the sea to the mountains and back. The trails represent a physical connection within the ahupua'a and between the ahupua'a. The responsibility of stewards of the land is to ensure that the trails 3 are maintained and cared for by preserving the routes and keeping them clear of debris and litter. Finally, although some of the traditional practices associated with Hawaiian culture are no longer observed, they live on in legends and chants and in the stories (mo'olelo) of the kupuna, the elders. Today, those who fish for `opelu may not use the traditional method of packing `dpae'ula into small bait balls held together with dirt, but at Ka`upulehu, people can still look to the small hill called Pu'u Nahaha which was prized as the place to obtain that special dirt and to the anchialine ponds near Kuki'o where the `dpae'ula was gathered. Thus, the place names themselves help people to recall the traditional practices and to remember how the resources of the land are interrelated. The responsibility of stewards of the land is to educate people about the meaning of those place names and help them to recognize and appreciate the places to which the mo'olelo refer. As the mo'olelo provide people with a deeper understanding of the place where they live, they restore vitality to the concepts of kuleana and ho `oku `ikahi which guide the manner in which people live. Without the mo'olelo (the talking and telling of stories), the Hawaiian connection to the land is lost. Indeed, there is a Hawaiian saying that expresses the power of the spoken word: "I ka `dlelo no ke ola, I ka `dlelo no ka make. " In the word is life, in the word is death. Although some may find the reference to "death" disturbing, the saying is interpreted to mean that the talking and telling of stories keeps the knowledge of the land alive, and without them, the knowledge is lost forever. C! III. The Ahupua'a of Ka`upi lehu The ahupua `al of Ka`upulehu is one of twenty-three such native land divisions within the region of North Kona known as Kekaha (the and coastal region), or Kekaha-wai-`ole-o-na-Kona (waterless Kekaha of the Kona district). As described by native residents in the 1870s and 1880s, the ahupua`a of Ka`upulehu contains approximately 23,545 acres of land. Traditional accounts, historic literature, and oral historical interviews tell us that the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu was one of the favored lands in Kekaha. The protected bay at Kahuwai; numerous springs and water caves; the sheltered canoe landings, rich ocean and near -shore fisheries; a clustering of small fishponds near the shore; an important salt making resource; the inland agricultural field systems; and diverse forest and mountain resources attracted native residents to the area, and sustained them on the land. As long as sufficient tribute was offered to the ah`i, kapu (restrictions) were observed, and responsibility (kuleana) for the care and use of the resources was exercised, the common people who lived in a given ahupua `a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. Because of its size and location on the leeward (kona) slopes of Hualalai Volcano, the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu crosses several diverse environmental zones. The lower kola (plains lands) receive only about 15-20 inches of rainfall annually, and it is because of their dryness that the larger region of which Ka`upulehu is a part is known as "Kekaha." While on the surface, there appears to be little or no potable water to be found, the very lava flows which cover the land also conceal the flow of fresh groundwater from the mountains to the sea. It is significant to note that the lava flows and underground water sources are the primary topics in the traditions and oral historical accounts of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha. Further inland, as the elevation increases, the environment changes and rainfall increases to 30 or 40 inches annually. As a result, an important dry -forest An ahupua `a is an ancient land management division that generally extended from an offshore fishery fronting the land division to the mountains. Ahupua`a provided residents with access to most natural resources needed for life upon the land. 5 evolved and this region provided native residents with shelter for residential use and extensive agricultural field systems. The forest and upland habitat also provided residents with a wide range of natural resources which were of importance for religious, domestic, and economic purposes. In Ka`upulehu, this region is generally above the present-day Mamalahoa Highway between the 1,800 - foot and 2,000 -foot elevations. Continuing inland, Ka`upulehu ascends and encompasses the slopes and peaks of the volcanic mountain, Hualalai, which reaches an elevation 8,271 feet. Beyond the summit of Hualalai, the ahupua `a of Ka`upi lehu extends further inland, descending to the pu`u (hill) Mailehahei at the 5,631 -foot elevation. It is there, that the land of Ka`upulehu is cut off by the ahupua `a of Keauhou. Ka`upi lehu and the land of Keauhou are both part of the Ali `i trust lands of Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate. For generations, these two lands have been a part of the land base of Hawaiian royalty. Today, the varied resources of Ka`upulehu and Keauhou contribute to fulfilling the will of Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop by supporting educational opportunities for Hawaiian youth. IV. The Need for Stewardship Implementation of this plan will require active stewardship in the maintenance and upkeep of the area's resources to perpetuate their interrelationship with Hawaiian cultural activities and to ensure that they are preserved for future generations. But in this sense of the word, preservation is not necessarily limited to the isolation and protection of a resource. The value attached to natural and cultural resources lies in both the physical and spiritual sustenance they provide. The active relationship between people and the land's resources (kuleana) and the dynamic interrelationship that exists among them (ho `oku `ikahi ) are central to the concept of stewardship. on The history of the project area that has emerged through the oral history interviews and archival research conducted for this plan reveals that the coastal area of Ka`upulehu was literally abandoned for several decades after the last tenant departed around 1930. About sixteen years later, in 1946, a tsunami drastically altered the shoreline. While people occasionally visited the area after the tsunami, it appears that no one returned to live permanently in the coastal area of Ka`upulehu until the founding of Kona Village in the early 1960s. As a result, stewardship of the area's resources was limited to visits by kama `aina from mauka lands or other ahupua'a. In the absence of tenants on the coastal lands, active stewardship over the resources declined. For example, while the region north of the project area called Kalaemano is renown as a place for salt gathering, the oral historical interviews reveal that the level of activity which occurs there today is relatively limited in comparison to its active use at the turn of the century, and before, when large quantities of salt were gathered to preserve `opelu for trade. According to oral testimonies (see Appendix A), an important element of salt gathering was the continual maintenance of the loko pa `akai (salt ponds) and kaheka (natural tidal pool -salt beds), where sea water evaporated leaving the sea salt. Not only must the loko pa `akai be filled with sea water by hand, but wind blown or wave driven sand, stone, and debris must be periodically removed from the loko pa `akai and the kaheka to maintain the purity of the salt. Thus, the area of these salt works was treated with respect and great care was taken to avoid contamination of the pa'akai and the places where it was gathered. Today, to the untrained eye the salt gathering places of Kalaemano appear to be limited to small depressions in individual boulders. But in fact, large salt ' The "project area" is defined as the approximately 1,120 -acre area, bounded by Kona Village, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, and the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a that was approved for development of residential and recreational land uses by the State Land Use Commission to 1996. Kalaemano—an area described as the coastal pahoehoe lava shelf extending between two lobes of the 1800 Ka'apulehu lava flow, which includes the northem portion of the coastline of the Ka'upulehu ahupua'a and the southern portion of the coastline of the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a (see Photo Plate 1). 1 1 -q �snnmia_i rS 5,n as P Source: Kumu Pono Associates May 1998 Photo Credit: Air Survey Hawaii March 2, 1994 It 0 600 1200 NORTH SCALE IN FEET Photo Plate 1 KALAEMANO-POHAKUOKAHAE AND THE KA`UPULEHU SALT WORKS (Loko Pa`akai) KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Note: The term Kalaemanb refers Ka`upulehu, North Kona, Hawaii to a specific point and the general Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments area north of the 1800 lava flow Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii • May 1998 pans still exist, only they are partially or completely obscured with sand and debris deposited by the 1946 tsunami, winter waves, and storm surges. The result is that while the physical character of this resource still exists, most people who visit the area are unable to appreciate its value because much of it is hidden from view and its cultural significance is known only to those who still practice the ancient traditions. The salt works are an example of the need for continual stewardship to ensure that cultural resources are preserved for the continuing benefit of Hawaiians and non -Hawaiians alike. A variety of users now focus their activities on the coastal area of Ka`upulehu. Fishermen from throughout the island come to Ka`upulehu. Gatherers come to the shore for pa'akai, `opihi, and limn. Hikers traverse the coastal trail. Weekend campers cross the pahoehoe lava field in four-wheel drive vehicles from the main highway and drive across the sandy beach to reach their favored camping sites. Visitors from neighboring resorts find their way to the beach along the historic coastal trail to enjoy their picnic lunch in solitude. While all these users are linked together by their common appreciation for the coastal resources, very few are acting as stewards of the land. Some may take from the land or the water, but many do not give back: not out of disrespect, but out of a lack of knowledge. The tradition of responsibility (kuleana) must be restored if the resources are to survive. Responsibility, in the form of stewardship, can be characterized by four levels of action: (1) recognition of the value of the resource; (2) use of the resource without depletion; (3) care and maintenance of the resource; and (4) preservation and enhancement of the resource for the benefit of future generations. If stewardship is practiced, then the resource can endure the effects of time. Just as the land of Ka`upulehu was dramatically altered by the lava flows of 1800 and 1801 when portions of the ahupua'a were partially covered, in the 19th E century when the vegetation in the midland and upland areas was destroyed by goats and cattle, in 1946 when a tsunami transformed the character of the coastline, and during the past twenty years as fountain grass has spread across the lava flows, so too is the land changing now. The reintroduction of tenants in the makai area of Ka`upulehu, albeit in the form of visitors and resort residents, has altered the character of the land and changed its sense of remoteness. With up to 880 residential units planned in the first phase of development at Hualalai at Historic Ka`upulehu, and approximately 1,030 units planned in the project area extending north from Kona Village, as well as the ongoing operations of the Four Seasons Resort and the Kona Village Resort, the increased presence of residents and visitors in the coastal area will require active management to minimize their physical impact upon the ecosystem and cultural resources in the region. One of the fundamental differences between the former residential occupation of Ka`upulehu and the current occupation relates to the issue of stewardship. The survival of Ka`upulehu's historic tenants depended in part upon their stewardship of the area's resources, a fact which was central to their culture and way of life. In contrast, many of today's residents view the same resources from a recreational point -of -view rather than as the source of their subsistence. The character of access to the Ka`upulehu coastline has also changed. Advancements in technology have made the coastline more easily accessible than ever before. Power boats and jet skis enable access to the coastline from distant areas, although coming ashore is impeded by waves and the rocky character of the shoreline. All terrain vehicles and four-wheel drive utility vehicles allow direct access from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway to the shoreline. Inherent to the issue of access is the matter of control. In ancient times, it is said that while tenants enjoyed relatively unlimited access within the ahupua'a where they resided, permission to gather resources from a neighboring ahupua'a 10 had to be procured prior to entry. Thus, the resources of the ahupua'a were maintained principally for its tenants and the ali'i and access was controlled. Today, however, the nature of access is an issue of conflicting cultural values. The contemporary economic, legal, and social system includes the concept of public shoreline areas, wherein access is a universal right, not a privilege. Since all areas makai of the certified shoreline are owned by the State of Hawai'i and are, therefore, accessible to the general public, the coastal lands of Ka`upulehu, like other shoreline areas, are subjected to activity pressures not only from within the ahupua'a but also islandwide and statewide. This difference in cultural values has a direct relationship to the stewardship of the coastal resources. Where the traditional Hawaiian cultural system views the resource as a matter of personal responsibility, contemporary society generally views the resource with much less of a personal connection. Stewardship that includes an educational component may help to provide a better understanding of the cultural differences in how a resource is viewed and may foster greater sensitivity to that resource. In the presence of multiple cultures with d- ffering values, effective stewardship means caring for the resources, as well as educating the users as to their significance. It is hoped that the implementation of thi i plan will reintroduce active stewardship to the project area, and in so doing, to the ahupua'a, the larger Kekaha region, and beyond. V. Goal and Objectives The Integrated Resources Management Plan is intended to function as a plan for the stewardship of all significant resources within the project area, including a 235 -acre coastal planning area which has been established along the coastline of j a`upi lehu between Kona Village and the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a where the majority of significant resources is located. The disposition and management of resources within the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu, but outside of the lessee's project 11 area, are beyond the scope of this plan by virtue of the fact they are controlled by separate lessees and/or owners. However, it is hoped that future efforts to manage those resources will be assisted by this plan. The goal of the Integrated Resource Management Plan is to establish a mechanism through which the identified natural, historic and cultural resources can be managed for the long-term benefit of area residents; visitors; kama `aina, which include fishermen, traditional gatherers, and hikers; and the general public. To accomplish this goal, five objectives have been identified: (1) To preserve and protect the physical attributes of the coastal planning area, including the natural topography, geological forms, vegetation, archaeological and cultural resources, trails, intertidal regions, and ocean water quality; (2) To develop appropriate lands within the coastal planning area in a manner that is compatible with an open space character and se: 4.sitive to the sustained use of neighboring areas for traditional cultural practices; (3) To preserve and manage sustainable resources throughout the project area to ensure their availability to future generations; (4) Toprovide access to the coastal planning area for the recreationa. use of the community; and (5) To protect fragile and sensitive areas and sustainable resources from overuse and degradation. VI. Participants in Stewardship Integrated management requires coordination among several interest groups, including but not limited to: • Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate (KS/BE), the landowner; • Kaupulehu Developments, the lessee; • other lessees and landowners within the ahupua'a; 12 • the State of Hawai'i, owner of the land makai of the certified shoreline (including submerged lands) with regulatory control over the use of coastal waters; • Hawai'i County with its regulatory interest in the Special Management Area and shoreline setback area; • the descendants of the original residents of Ka`upulehu (kupuna & makua); • the Federal government with its jurisdiction over national marine fisheries; and • tenant and resident community associations. Each of the parties identified above has a stake in the development and implementation of this plan. The parties' affirmative participation will allow jurisdictional decisions to be made within the parameters of the objectives of the plan. This participation will also ensure that input of interested members of the public will be considered. Finally, the parties' participation will promote cohesive management of the various resources. 13 PART TWO: BACKGROUND INFORMATION I. Land Owner and Lessee Kaupulehu Developments (hereinafter, "the lessee") leases approximately 2,180 acres of land situated makai of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway in the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu, North Kona, Hawai'i (Tax Map Key 7-2-03:01). Parcel 1 is owned by Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate (hereinafter, "KS/BE"). The lessee's property is generally bounded by the ocean on the north, Pu'uwa'awa'a ahupua'a on the east, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway on the south, and Kona Village Resort and Hualalai Resort on the west. The lessee's project area, which has now been reclassified into the State Land Use Urban District for residential/recreational development, consists of approximately one half of the leased area, about 1,120 acres (see Figure 1). It is formed by a diagonal line extending north from the point where the eastern boundary of Hualalai Resort intersects Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, across the lessee's property to a point on the boundary between Ka`upulehu and Pu'uwa'awa'a about 3,000 feet mauka of the ocean. II. Scope of the Integrated Resources Management Plan The concept of an integrated resource management plana (hereinafter, "IRMP") was described by the lessee during evidentiary hearings before the State Land Use Commission (SLUG) in 1996 on the lessee's petition for a land use boundary amendment for a portion of land within Parcel 1. In its Decision and Order of June 17, 1996 to approve the reclassification of 1,009 acres in Parcel 1 to the Urban District, the SLUC included the following condition: An integrated resource management plan includes background work in the applicable environmental, cultural, and sociological fields, and presents a plan of action that applies an "ecosystem approach" to designing long-term management goals for care of the diverse resources of the study area. In the case of this plan, the "ecosystem' is an interconnected community of living things, including humans, and the physical enviromnent in which they interact in the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu. 14 633.2500/012-4 r6.16.98 6 (Condition 19b): [Lessee] shall develop and implement the Resource Management Plan as represented to the Commission and which shall be consistent with and further the objectives of [Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate's] ahupua'a plan. [Lessee] shall develop the Resource Management Plan In consultation with the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the Office of State Planning. A copy of the Resource Management Plan shall be filed with the Commission prior to Pilin& any request for zoning amendment with the County. In developing the Resource Management Plan and operating the golf course and any future residential development in the Kaupulehu Developments Petition Area, [Lessee] shall maintain and protect the public's right of access along the shoreline especially at the 1800 I'd lava flow where the existing trail is near the same level as the proposed dwelling units. Most of the significant natural and cultural resources5 of the project area are located within an area approximately 235 acres in size generally located along the Ka`upulehu coastline between the Kona Village Resort and Pu'uwa'awa'a. This area includes approximately 133 acres within the reclassified Urban District; approximately 65 acres that were classified as Urban in 1981, and therefore, were not included in the lessee's petition to the SLUC; and approximately 37 acres which have been retained in the Conservation District and set aside as an archaeological preserve. Therefore, the 235 -acre coastal planning area includes approximately 198 acres of land in the Urban District and 37 acres of land in the Conservation District. All 235 acres are controlled by the lessee and extend mauka of the certified shoreline. However, significant resources have also been identified on land makai of the certified shoreline and in nearshore waters fronting Ka`upulehu, as well as within the portion of the project area mauka of the coastal planning area. The 'The definition of cultural resources used in this plan is based upon the definition presented in the Hawai'i County. Cultural Resources Management Plan (1984, Belt Collins & Associates). Cultural resources are defined as ail surviving evidence of past human occupation and activities which can contribute to an understanding of human existence. For the purpose of the IILMP, the term cultural resources includes intangible resources. 6 During the State Land Use Commission Hearings, the 235 -acre area was getterally referred to as the Resource Management Area. This term has been replaced with "coastal planning ares because reference to a Resource Management Area implies that this plan is ]inured m scope to a 235 -acre area rather than addressing the entire project area It is recognized that the 235 -acre coastal planning area includes pro located inland of the coastline. However to ensure continuity with representations made to the State Land Use Commission, the size and configuration otthe area remains the same, only the name has changed. 16 IRMP addresses these natural and cultural as well. Thus, the plan addresses all significant resources identified within the project area. In preparing the IRMP, the lessee has relied upon three principal sources of information: historic archival research, which included oral historical interviews with kupuna, conducted over the past six years; the studies conducted by various technical consultants, including the Final Environmental Impact Statement (September 1995, Belt Collins Hawaii), which were presented as exhibits during the SLUC hearings; and testimony presented by the lessee and others during the SLUC evidentiary hearings on the lessee's petition. Natural and archaeological resources discussed in the lessee's SLUC Exhibits were identified through a series of inventories conducted in and around the project area by consulting scientists and specialists. Hawaiian cultural resources were identified by a consulting archaeologist. In addition, a cultural specialist utilized oral historical interviews, as well as historical and archival research, to identify traditional, historical and contemporary uses of the land, as recounted by current and former tenants of the land and their descendants. The findings are presented as Appendix A to this plan. As the result of these efforts, four classes of significant resources have been identified and are addressed in this plan. It should be noted that some resources are included in more than one category (e.g. fisheries, which are a natural resource, a marine resource, and a cultural resource). The four classes of significant resources are: • Archaeological resources, which were identified by the consulting archaeologist' as including sites assessed as significant under federal criteria and requiring either further data collection, preservation "as is", or preservation with some form of Interpretative development; 'At the time this plan is being written, the oral history transcripts have been completed and are being circulated to the interviewees for their approval and release. Once they have been approved and released the transcripts will be assembled as Volume II of the Kumu Pono Associates report which appears as Appendix .a, to this plan. 17 Cultural resources, as identified through oral historical interviews and historical and archival research, consist of ten categories, including (a) Cultural -geographic landscape (e.g. land areas such as Kalaeman6, pu'u, and topographic features extending from the shore to the mountains); (b) sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices (e.g., the ko`a at Kolomu`o, and the birthing place of sharks—family deity); (c) ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems); (d) sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities; (e) sites associated with food -related resource collection (e.g. kaheka and loko pa `akai natural and modified salt making ponds]); (f) sites associated with occu ation/craft/non-food related resource collection (e.g. quarrying; (g) boundary markers; (h) rock art (e. . petroglyphs ; (i) nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas; and 0) ilina `ohana or family burial sites. • Marine resources, which include biota and their physical habitat, extending makai from the project area's certified shoreline to the beginning of the deep slope zone of the offshore area, described by the consulting mann biologist as the seaward edge of the reef platform at a depth of about 15 meters (see Appendix B); and • Natural resources, which include endangered or threatened species of flora or fauna and their habitats. III. Land Tenure and Development at Ka`npnlehu In pre -western contact Hawaii, all land and natural resources were held in trust by the high chiefs (ali `i `ai ahupua `a or ali `i `ai moku). The use of these lands and resources were given to the hoa `aina (native tenants), at the prerogative of the ali `i and their representatives or land agents (konohiki), who were generally lesser chiefs as well. This practice of land division is demonstrated at Ka`upulehu and was carried through the period of 1848 when Hawaiian land tenure was radically altered by the Mahele `Rina (Division of Land). The Mahele defined the land interests of Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs, and the konohiki. As a result of the Mahele, all land in the Kingdom of Hawaii came to be placed in one of three categories: (1) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne); (2) Government Lands; and (3) Konohiki Lands (Chinn 1958:vii and Chinen 1961:13). In c. 1780, Kalani`6pu`u gave Kame`eiamoku the ahupua`a of Ka`upulehu (Kamakau 1961:147, 307). When Kamehameha rose to power with the help of his "Kona uncles", the twin chiefs, Kame`eiamoku and Kamanawa, Kame`eiamoku's right to the land Ka`upulehu was retained (ibid.:175). Subsequently, in c. 1803, Kame`eiamoku's son, Ulumaheihei Hoapili, inherited both Ka`upulehu and his father's role as counselor to the King (ibid.:188, 190). When Ulumaheihei Hoapili died in 1840, his lands (including Ka`upi lehu) were inherited by his hanai (adopted son), Lota Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V) (Kame`eleihiwa 1991:100). In 1848, when Kamehameha III entered into the Mahele, Lota Kapuaiwa's ownership of the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu was confirmed in Land Commission Award 7715, Portion 10 (Foreign and Native Testimony Book 10:622). When Lota Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V) died in 1872, his half-sister, Ruth Ke`elik6lani, inherited his lands (including Ka`upulehu). Privatization of land ownership facilitated by the Mahele presented new economic opportunities for a number of the Konohiki class and a larger group of foreign businessmen. Of particular interest were plantation agriculture and ranching. In the Kekaha region, cattle ranching primarily took place in the uplands and on the kola (open plain lands), while goats roamed the entire district from sea to mountains. As noted in historic records cited in Appendix A, Hawaiian residents of the Kekaha region relied on goats for some of their income and subsistence. But the formal staking out of ranch land boundaries led to access problems for the native tenants who remained on the land. By the 1840s upland agricultural fields that had been of particular importance to residents of Kekaha were being impacted by grazing cattle. Many such fields were eventually abandoned as a result of cattle depredation (cf. Morgan 1948:128). As ranching operations became established, leases on government and private lands were granted. In the 1870s and 1880s, a number of individuals, including John Broad, H. Cooper, H.N. Greenwell, J. Dowsett. A.S. Cleghorn, J. 19 Maguire, and King Kalakaua applied for leases on large tracts of land in Kekaha (including portions of the project area). As a result, large portions of private and leased lands were dedicated to ranching operations. The land file records of the Hawaii State Archives contain correspondence records pertaining to Ka`upulehu. Among those communications is a May 3, 1873 letter from John Broad (a dairyman rancher) to John Dominis (administrator of Ke`elikolani's properties) applying to lease the ahupua'a of Kaupulehu at $200 a year, for a term of 10 years. In the matter of this lease, Princess R. Ke`elikolani, who had inherited Ka`upulehu from the estate of her half-brother, L. Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V), wrote to J. Dominis and his wife "Lidia" (Lili`uokalani) on May 12, 1873: Ua loaa mai nei ia`u ka olua palapala, a ua ike au i ko olua manao e pili ana no ka hoolimahma ana `ku is Kaupulehu & Keauhou, ua pono no ia. Aka, he mau mea ka `u i manao al a waiho ae ma waho o ka hoolimalima ana o Kaupulehu, oia keia, o ka lauhala a pau a ulu nei ma Kaupulehu, a me na pono lawaia, oia ke kai a pau, a me ka ulu niu, a me ka honua malalo a o kahakai no a pau o Kaupulehu... [Land File, Kaupulehu May 12, 18731 I received your letter, and I understand your thoughts regarding the leasing of Kaupulehu & Keauhou, it is all right. But, there are several things which I have a mind to withhold from the leasing of Kaupulehu; they are, all of the pandanus that is growing at Kaupulehu; and the fishing rights, that is the entire ocean (fronting the land]; the coconut grove; and the flats below, on the entire shore of Kaupulehu... [see Appendix A, page 58] The above excerpts from Ke`elikolani's letter provides an insight into historic values associated with the land of Ka`uptilehu. The letter notes Ke`elikolani's specific interest in the fishing rights of Ka`upulehu; and of the presence of coastal resources, including the groves of niu and hala (coconut and pandanus trees). As indicated, the fishing rights are those of the entire land (from Kumukea Point to Pohakuokahae). As reported in oral history interviews conducted for the IRMP describing the Ka`upulehu environment early this century, it is likely that the niu, hala, and flat land resources mentioned above are 20 those in the vicinity of Kahuwai Bay (generally from Mahewalu Point to the area fronting Waiakauhi Pond). The lease between Broad and Ke`elikolani, discussed in the May 3, 1873 letter, was entered into, and on April 6 & 12, 1875, Broad addressed a letter from his residence in Ka`upulehu, to the Minister of Interior, asking for the lease on Government lands situated between Ka`upulehu and Honua`ula (Interior Dept. communications). Upon Ruth Ke`elikolani's passing in 1883, her cousin, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, inherited all of the lands that Ke`elikolani had been awarded or acquired. The passing of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a year and a half later, saw the placing of all her lands (including Ka`upulehu) in a trust to support education of Hawaii's youth—now, the Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate (cf. MacKenzie 1991 and Kame`eleihiwa 1992). Upon the expiration of Broad's ten year lease in 1884, H.N. Greenwell secured a lease on the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu for ranching (Bishop Lease No. 268). In 1885, the Bishop Estate leased an unspecified area of shoreline at Ka`upulehu (B.P. lease 292) in the vicinity of Kahuwai Bay (Kahuwai Village), together with the sea fishery to D.P. Keoahu. By c. 1886, John A. Maguire founded Hu`ehu`e, or Maguire Ranch, which extended "from sea level to about 6,000 feet, with most of the lands above 1,600 feet elevation" (Henke 1929:28). The early ranch was founded on land in the ahupua`a of Kuki`o (Grant 2121 to Pupule), which had been handed down through the genealogy of Luka Hopula`au, Maguire's wife' (pers. comm. V. Ako and H. Springer). d In 1926, Eliza Davis Low -Maguire (wife of John Maguire, of Hu`ehu`e Ranch) published "Kona Legends" (1926), providing readers with some of the earliest documentation of Hawaiian sites m Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. Kekaha was her home and as she wrote in her introduction, the writings of Kihe, along with her own interest in other stories she has heard, caused her to put some of the accounts in English so they would not be lost (Ma ire 1926:3-4 . The narratives, like those of Kihe, include general documentation of Hawaiian cultural sites and practices. Since its publication in 1926, Kona Legends has been the primary source that many researchers use to citing traditional accounts of the region. 21 In 1888, the Greenwell lease was transferred to John Maguire of Hu`ehu`e. Subsequent Bishop Estate Leases No.'s 763, 763a, and 4746 granted to Maguire and/or his estate extended the lease through c. 1960. Thus, Maguire eventually held leases for the entire ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu, with the exception of the shoreline area and fishery previously leased to D.P. Keoahu. Maguire also added lands in the Manini`owali-Kaulana area lands further south to the Hu`ehu`e Ranch operations, by lease and purchase in succeeding years. Henke (1929) reports that at one time, Hu`ehu`e had almost: ...40,000 acres, only about 12,000 of which have any great value as grazing lands. Fifteen thousand acres are held in fee simple and the balance is leased from private owners. Huehue Ranch has no government lands. The ranch carries about 2,000 grade Herefords, twenty purebred cows and some twenty purebred Hereford bulls. About 350-400 head are marketed annually ... [Henke 1929:28] In 1907, lease 763a was extended to February 1932. Oral history interviews reveal that the last tenants of Kahuwai Village departed the area about the year 1930. Upon expiration of lease 763a in 1932, Maguire's estate took possession of the Kahuwai Village area and the fisheries. Bishop Estate Leases 268, 292, 763, 763a, and 4746 record that the Ka`upi lehu fishery was maintained as a traditional "Konohiki" fishery through September 6, 1940, when the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled against Bishop Estate in its case to adjudicate the fisheries of Ka`upulehu and Makalawena. Subsequently, the Maguire Estate relinguished the c.15 acre area of Kahuwai Village on May 29, 1943 to Bishop Estate. In 1959, Johnno Jackson leased the land immediately surrounding Kahuwai Bay from KS/BE to construct the Kona Village Resort. A portion of the Ka`upulehu ahupua'a extending from the shoreline to Mamalahoa Highway (approximately 11,000 acres) was leased by KS/BE to Hualalai Development Corporation under an agreement established in 1961. In 1962, the SLUC granted a Special Permit allowing the construction of Kona Village Resort on 62 acres of land fronting Kahuwai Bay. In 1967, Mr. 22 Jackson sold Kona Village Resort to Signal Properties, which operated Kona Village under the name of Island Copra and Trading Company. In 1974, Hualalai Development, the long-term leaseholder, and Island Copra and Trading Company, Inc., the sub -lessee, asked the SLUC during its five-year boundary review to expand the Kona Village Resort by 256 acres. In May 1975, the SLUC approved a 318 -acre reclassification from Conservation to Urban, which included the original 62 acres developed by Johnno Jackson as the Kona Village and the 256 -acre expansion area. (Docket No. 74-34). In April 1979, Cambridge Pacific, Inc. purchased the stock of Island Copra and Trading Company from Signal Properties. Additionally, Cambridge Pacific, Inc. purchased Hualalai Development Corporation. As a result of this transaction, Cambridge Pacific, Inc. held the master lease for Ka`upulehu as well as the sublease for the Kona Village Resort. Two years later, in 1981, Cambridge Pacific requested the SLUC to adjust the area's land use district boundaries by reclassifying 65 acres from Conservation to Urban about a mile northeast of the Kona Village Resort. To offset the adjustment, 65 acres around Kona Village Resort were requested to be reclassified from Urban to Conservation. The purpose of the request was to allow the construction of a 350 -unit hotel/condominium project, including a marina, at the northern edge of the 1800 lava flow that would be physically separated from Kona Village. The SLUC approved Cambridge Pacific's request in August 1982 (Docket A81-524). The reclassification of 65 acres north of Kahuwai Bay was based upon a plan by Kona Village to build a separate hotel because its development focus had shifted from expanding inland behind the existing resort to expanding on a separate non-contiguous parcel which fronted a white sand beach. In May 1984, Barnwell Hawaiian Properties, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Barnwell Industries, Inc., entered into a joint venture with Cambridge Pacific, Inc. to develop the Ka`npulehu lands by purchasing a 23 controlling interest. Kaupulehu Developments was formed out of this agreement. Also in May 1984, a separate partnership, Kona Village Partnership, unrelated to Kaupulehu Developments, acquired the lease for the Kona Village Resort property from Cambridge Pacific, Inc. in an unrelated transaction. From 1984 to 1990, Associated Inns and Restaurants Company of America (AIRCOA) operated the Kona Village Resort for the Kona Village Partnership. In 1990, Kona Village Associates, an unrelated entity, acquired the lease from Kona Village Partnership. On October 24, 1986, the SLUC approved a petition by Kaupulehu Developments (Docket No. A85-597) to reclassify approximately 575 acres of land immediately south of Kahuwai Bay from the Conservation District to the Urban District, including 9.5 acres that were intended for Kona Village expansion, and at the same time, remove 123 acres of the existing Kona Village Resort area from the Urban District and reclassify them to the Conservation District. This boundary change allowed planning for the 624 -acre Kaupulehu Resort to move forward. Kaupulehu Land Company was formed in 1992 to manage the development of the Kaupulehu Resort. In 1994, Kaupulehu Developments filed a petition with SLUC to reclassify approximately 1,009 acres north of Kona Village Resort from the Conservation District to the Urban District to allow residential and golf course development adjacent to the two existing resorts. In 1996, Kaupulehu Resort changed its name to Hualalai at Historic Ka'upulehu. As discussed above, Kaupulehu Developments' petition for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion was approved by the SLUC on June 17, 1996. IV. General Project Description The Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project (hereinafter, "the project") is envisioned as a residential/recreational development which will complement the resort and residential land uses of the neighboring Hualalai at Historic Ka`upulehu. The project will share infrastructure with Hualalai at Historic 24 Ka`upulehu and Kona Village Resort. The project area consists of approximately 1,074 acres of Urban land and approximately 45 acres of Conservation land, the latter containing significant archaeological sites recommended for preservation by the consulting archaeologist. The development project will include approximately 530 single-family residential units and approximately 500 multi -family residential units. It will also include a 36 -hole golf course with a golf club house, approximately 11 acres of commercial development, a Resident's Club, and appurtenant infrastructure. V. Governmental Land Use Permits and Approvals for the Ka`upulehu Resort Expansion Area To date, the following approvals have been granted for development of the project. The terms of these approvals will guide the development of the project. It is, therefore, useful to document them here. 1. Final Environmental Impact Statement On September 22, 1994, The State Land Use Commission (SLUC) approved the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. 2. State Land Use Commission On June 17, 1996, the SLUC approved the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project, subject to twenty-five (25) conditions. Following are the conditions which are directly relevant to the IRMP: Ground Water Monitoring Program (Condition 11): Petitioner shall initiate and fund a goundwater monitoring program as determined by the State Department of Health. Mitigation measures shall be implemented by Petitioner if the results of 25 the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the State Department of Health. Burial Treatment Plan (Condition 12a): The proposed mitigation commitments for all identified sites with burials must be submitted to the State Historic Preservation Division's Hawai'i Island Burial Council for a vote on the mitigation proposals. Once a decision is made by the Council, then the mitigation commitments for those sites will be finalized. A burial treatment plan for the mitigation treatment for those sites must then be approved by the State Historic Preservation Division, in consultation with their Hawai'i Island Burial Council, and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the [Land Use Commission] prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. Archaeological Data Recovery Plan (Condition 12b): For all sites approved by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) to undergo archaeological data recovery, an archaeological date [sic] recovery plan (scope of work) must be prepared by Petitioner. This plan must be approved by the SHPD and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the [Lan& Use Commission] prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. Archaeological Sites Preservation Plan (Condition 12c): For all sites approved for preservation by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), a preservation plan must be prepared by Petitioner. (Burial sites may be covered under the burial treatment plan.) This plan must include buffer zones/interim protection measures during construction, and lo -range preservation (including public access and interpretation, where appropriate. The plan must include input from the local native Hawaiian community and relevant Hawaiian ggrroups. The plan must be approved by the SHPD and a certified copy of said plan shall be filed with the [Land Use Commission] prior to any land alteration in the vicinity of these sites. Nearshore Water Quality Monitoring Program (Condition 15): Petitioner shall initiate and fund a nearshore water quality monitoring program. The monitoring program shall be approved by the State Department of Health (DOH). Mitigation measures shall be implemented by Petitioner if the results of the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the DOH and implemented by Petitioner. Marine Life Monitoring Program (Condition 16): Petitioner shall initiate and fund a program to monitor the populations of threatened and endangered green sea turtles, hawksbill turtles, and humpback whales, as required by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the State Division of Aquatic Resources. Mitigation measures shall beunplemented by Petitioner if the results of the monitoring program warrant them. Mitigation measures shall be approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. Wildlife Mitigation/Preservation Plan (Condition 17): Petitioner shall conduct a biological survey for terrestrial invertebrates, the Hawaiian Hoary bat, and Kona Nightingale (feral donkey), prior to submittixg an application for rezoning to the County of Hawaii. etitioner shall consult with the U.S. Fish Wildlife [sic] Service pnor to initiating the study, regarding the content and coinpleteness. The study shall also include a mgation/preservation plan. The plan shall be accepted and approved by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The U S. Fish and Wildlife Service must also verify in writing the successful execution of the study, and the implementation of the mitigation/preservaton plan. 26 Preservation and Protection of Native Hawaiian Gathering and Access Rights (Condition 18): Petitioner shall preserve and protect any gathering and access rights of native Hawaiians who have customarily and traditionally exercised subsistence, cultural and religious practices on the subject Property. Perpetual Public Shoreline Access (Condition 19a): Petitioner shall establish a perpetual right of public access along the coastline from the State's Pu'uwa'awa'a landholding to the intersection of the shoreline with the southernmost boundary of the Project Area, which will allow public pedestrian access in perpetuity without obstruction or interference with such access, subject to to rules and regulations for public safety, provided that access shall be maintained. The perpetual public access way shall be based on a Resource Management Plan. Resource Management Plan (Condition 19b): Petitioner shall develop and implement the Resource Management Plan as represented to the [Land Use Commission] and which shall be consistent with and further the objectives of fKamehameha SchoolsBishop Estate's ahupua'a plan. Petitioner shall 'evelop the Resource Management Plan in co talion wi the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the Office of State Planning. A cop of the Resource Management Plan shall be filed with the [Land Use CommissionJyprior to filing any request for caning amendment with the County. In developing the Resource Management Plan and operating the golf course and any future residential development in the Kaupulehu Developments Petition Area, Petitioner shall maintain and protect the public's right of access along the shoreline especially at the 1800 `a'a lava flow where the existing trail is near the same level as the proposed dwelling units. Seventy -Five (75) Foot Setback (Condition 19c): At a minimum, Petitioner shall cause to be established a setback zone of 75 feet from the certified shoreline within which there shall be no improvements of any kind other than improvements which may be reasonably necessary for purposes of public safety, and where the property will be left in its natural state; provided that certain golf holes may be allowed within that setback subject to mutual agreement between Petitioner, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the Office of State Planning. One Hundred and Fifty (150) Foot Setback (Condition 19d): At a minimum, Petitioner shall prohibit any residential development or vertical improvements, other than landscaping and improvements allowed by County ordinance or variance, to be constructed or erected within 150 feet of the certified shoreline. Mauka Pathways (Condition 19e): Petitioner shall work with the Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate mauka pathways which may be tied to golf course and residential pathways which will provide alternative access routes to the accessible coastline areas. Mutually Agreeable Signage (Condition 19f): Petitioner shall adopt golf course rules and provide mutually agreeable signage which will protect the access along the public access areas and pathways. Golf Course Design Plan (Condition 19g): Petitioner shall provide thelans for golf course layout, location of holes, access pathways, and signage to [Oce of State Planning] and the appropriate governmental agencies in advance of any final approval of such plans. 27 VI. Required Approvals and Permits Two major governmental approvals are still required before construction of the project can begin: a County Project District and a County Special Management Area Use Permit. In addition, several non -discretionary permits are also required (they are called non -discretionary because they are reviewed and approved by government agencies rather than decision-making bodies such as the County Council or the County Planning Commission). Non -discretionary permits focus on ensuring that technical standards are complied with in construction activities. These include building permits and grading permits. W PART THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES Part One of this plan discussed the interrelationship among the natural and cultural resources of Ka`upulehu. Part Two provided background information. This part of the plan will identify the resources of the project area, beginning with a discussion of the regional setting and moving on to a description of the project area's resources. I. Regional Setting 1. The Region of Kekaha Kona, like other large districts on Hawaii, was divided into small manageable divisions of land. In this system of land management, we find the region known as Kekaha (descriptive of an and coastal region) in northern Kona. Native residents of the region affectionately referred to their home as "Kekaha- wai-`ole o na Kona" (Waterless Kekaha of the Kona district), or simply as the " `aina kaha." The boundaries of Kekaha within which we find Ka`upi lehu, are described by the following saying: O Hikuhia i ka uka o Na pu `u a me Kekahawai `ole, mai Ke-ahu-a- Lono i ke `a o Kaniku a ho `ea i ke kula o Kanoenoe i ka pu `u o Pu`u-o-Kaloa. — [Kekaha extends from] the uplands of Hikuhia, which is in the uplands of Napu`u9 and the waterless Kekaha; and extend from Keahualono on the rocky plain of Kaniku, to the hill of Pu`uokaloa [at Keahuolu]. (Ka `ao Ho `oniva Pu `uwai no Ka-Miki in Ka Hoku o Hawai `i, October 18, 1917; Maly translator). 2. The 1800/1801 Lava Flows In 1800 and 1801, two events occurred which were perhaps the most Napu`u is a general name for the hills and region between Pu`uanahulu and Pu`uwa`awa`a, is also called Na-pu`u pa`alu or Na-pu`u-pa`alu-kinikini. 29 significant in the native history of Kekaha: the eruption of c. 1800 that was the source of the Ka`upulehu lava flow which inundated the project area; and the Puhi-a-Pele eruption that was the source of the c. 1801 lava flow that inundated the southern portion of Ka`upulehu at its boundary with Kuki`o. As viewed today, these lava flows seem to embrace the land of Ka`upulehu. As the pele (eruption) poured across the land, it consumed native settlements, agricultural field systems, sheltered coves, fresh water sources, and numerous sites of significance in the cultural and natural landscapes of Kekaha (for native descriptions of this event, written in the early 20' century, see additional historic narratives cited in Appendix A). Among the most significant of the resources covered by the 1801 lava flow was an extensive complex of fishponds. These fishponds included those between Ka`upulehu and Kuki`o, and the great pond Pa`aiea (ka loko o Pa`aiea) which extended from Ka`elehuluhulu in Kaulana, to at least as far as Keahole in the land of Kalaoa. Indeed, the loko o Pa'aiea was famous for its vast expanse, and is recalled in the Hawaiian proverb: O na hoku o ka lani lura, o Pa`aiea ko lalo — The stars are above, Pa`aiea is below. Referring to: "Kamehameha's great fishpond Pa`aiea, in Kona... Its great size led to this saying—the small islets that dotted its interior were compared to the stars that dot the sky..." (Pukui 1986:275 – 2515) In his accounts, Kamakau (1961) provides readers with an early written description of the eruptions and their impact on the people of Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region — One of the amazing things that happened after the battle called Kaipalaoa, in the fourth year of Kamehameha's rule, was the lava flow which started at Hu`ehu`e in North Kona and flowed to Mahai`ula, Ka`upulehu, and Kiholo. The people believed that this earth -consuming flame came because of Pele's desire for awa fish from the fishponds of Kiholo and Ka`upulehu and aku fish from Ka`elehuluhulu; or because of her jealousy of Kamehameha's 30 assuming wealth and honor for himself and giving her only those things which were worthless; or because of his refusing her the tabu breadfruit (`ulu) of Kameha`ikana10 which grew in the uplands of Hu`ehu`e where the flow started... Kamehameha was in distress over the destruction of his land and the threatened wiping -out of his fishponds. None of the kahuna, orators, or diviners were able to check the fire with all their skill. Everything they did was in vain. Kamehameha finally sent for Pele's seer (kaula), named Ka-maka-o- ke-akua, and asked what he must do to appease her anger. "You must offer the proper sacrifices," said the seer. "Take and offer them," replied the chief. "Not so! Troubles and afflictions which befall the nation require that the ruling chief himself offer the propitiatory sacrifice, not a seer or a kahuna." "But I am afraid lest Pele kill me. "You will not be killed," the seer promised. Kamehameha made ready the sacrifice and set sail for Kekaha at Mahai`ula. When Ka-`ahu-manu and Ka-heihei-malie heard that the chief was going to appease Pele they resolved to accompany him... Ulu-lani also went with them because some of the seers had said, "That consuming fire is a person; it is the child of Ulu-lani, Keawe-o- kahikona, who has caused the flow," and she was sent for to accompany them to Kekaha.1 Other chiefs also took the trip to see the flow extinguished. From Keahole Point the lava was to be seen flowing down like a river in a stream of fire extending from the northern edge of Hualalai westward straight toward Ka`elehuluhulu and the sweet -tasting aku fish of Hale`ohi`u. There was one stream whose flames shot up the highest and which was the most brilliant in the bubbling mass as it ran from place to place. "Who is that brightest flame?" Asked Ulu- lani of the seer. "That is your son," he answered. Then Ulu-lani recited a love chant composed in honor of her first-born child as his form was seen to stand before her ... The flow had been destroying houses, toppling over coconut trees, filling fishponds, and causing devastation everywhere. Upon the arrival of Kamehameha and the seer and their offering of sacrifices and gifts, the flow ceased; the goddess had accepted the offering. The reasons given for the flow may be summed up as: first, Pele's wanting the aku of Hale`ohi`u and the awa fish of Kiholo; second, her anger at being denied the `ulu (breadfruit) of Kameha`ikana in upper Hu`ehu`e; third, her wrath because Kamehameha was devoting himself to Ka-heihei-malie and neglecting Ka-`ahu-manu. It was said that Pele herself was seen in the body of a woman leading a 0 Kemeha`ikana, one of the many names used for the earth-mothergoddess Haumea; symbolic of her many descendants. In her form as Kameha`ikana, Haumea is associated with the ulu (breadfruit), also a form she took to save her husband Ku from his captors (cf. Kamakau 1991:11-13) = John Wise (personal communication)says, "The Hawaiians believe that the fires of Pele are dead persons who have worshipped the goddess and become transformed into the likeness of her body." 31 procession composed of a multitude of goddesses in human form dancing the hula and chanting... (Kamakau in Ku `Oko`a, July 13- 20, 1867 and 1961:184-186) John Papa I`i, a native historian and companion of the Kamehamehas, adds to the historical record of the fishpond Pa'aiea which was destroyed by the 1801 lava flows. I`i reports that because of his exceptional abilities at canoe racing, Kepa`alani "became a favorite of the king, and it was thus that he received [stewardship of] the whole of Puuwaawaa and the fishponds Paaiea in Makaula and Kaulana in Kekaha" (I`i 1959:132). 3. The Ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu The sub -districts of Kona, like Kekaha (described above) were further divided into manageable units of land, that were tended to by the maka `ainana (people of the land). Of all the land divisions, perhaps the most significant land division was the ahupua `a. These are subdivisions of land that were usually marked by an altar with an image or representation of a pig placed upon it (thus the name ahu pua `a or pig altar). Ahupua `a may be compared to pie -shaped wedges of land that extended from the mountain peaks to the ocean fisheries fronting the land unit; and their boundaries were generally defined by cycles and patterns of natural resources occurring within the lands (cf. Lyons, 1875; In The Islander). Like the larger district, the ahupua`a were also divided into smaller, manageable parcels in which cultivated resources could be grown and natural resources harvested. As long as sufficient tribute was offered to the ah`i and kapu (restrictions) were observed, the common people, who lived in a given ahupua `a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. Entire ahupua `a, or portions of the land, were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or lesser chief -landlords, who answered to an ali`i--`ai-ahupua`a (chief who controlled the ahupua`a resources). The ali`i-`ai- 32 ahupua `a, in turn, answered to an ali `i `ai moku (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district or island). Thus, ahupua `a resources supported, not only the maka `ainana and `ohana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management planning. It is in this setting of Kekaha wai `ole o na Kona, in the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu, that the project area is located. 4. Place Names in Kekaha and Ka`upulehu There are many place names in Ka`upulehu and Kekaha which demonstrate the broad relationship of natural landscape to the culture and practices of the people. Figure 2 presents place names in the region that have been identified during archival research and oral history interviews. Hawaiians had place names for all manner of feature, ranging from "outstanding cliffs" to what he described as "trivial land marks" (Coulter 1935:10). History tells us that named locations were significant in past times, and it has been observed, "Names would not have been given to [or remembered if they were] mere worthless pieces of topo-graphy" (Handy and Handy with Pukui, 1972:412). In ancient times, named localities served a variety of functions, including — (1) triangulation points such as ko`a (markers for fishing grounds); (2) residences; areas of planting; (3) water sources; (4) trails and trail side resting places (o `io `ina), such as a rock shelter or tree shaded spot; (5) heiau or other features of ceremonial importance; (6) the possible source of a particular natural resource or any number of other features; or (7) the possible record of a particular event that occurred in a given area. 33 533.2500/017-1 x6.9.98 5 s Ko a Ka-lae-mann Ka-lae-manos/ -U a Pohaku-o-ka-hae Waterhole 1 Coastal Management Area t ��� f �� ay Ala Kai \ (7 r 1 Ke-ahu-kau-pu Kolo-m u`o * \ Hikuhia Nuku-me'ome`o Ke-one-nui * Mahewalu.�.�f Ko`a Mumukurut]—.— Mahewalu Kahu-wai Bay Ka-wai-a-Kane Wai-puna-le Ka -pilau Wai-a-KauhT-, Kaluamakan Kumu-kea Pt. Waterhole (Wai-ulu) A� Pu`u-kolekole \o s Ke-awa-ik o uakowai Wahapele ' Hamo Pu'u-po`opo`o-mino y a'kalulu Pu'u-o-kai \Pu u-mau u• Kapipa * • `Hinakapoula `J-✓'�\: � �\ Pu`u-nahaha\�� Pu`u-`ai-alala*5 0 Kameha`ikana Pahulu 3 �- Kileo Pa-hinahina Kolomu'o A� * Pu`u moa-nui-a hea Palahalaha Puhi a -Pete Mauna kilo-wa a� t ��.Makalei Kawaiokalaipuna l _�'� Akahi pu u x �� Pulehu \ �� h \ ® 0 3500 7000 14,000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET LEGEND • Location * Approximate Location Approximate Trail Alignment Ka`Gpulehu Ahupua`a Boundary �r PuuNahaha+��i Mailehahei was r a ahe`e: Figure 2 SELECTED PLACE NAMES REFERENCED IN HISTORICAL ARCHIVAL RESEARCH AND ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Ka`upulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii May 1998 II. Resources of the Project Area The coastal planning area of the IRMP has been divided for descriptive purposes into three land zones which correspond to the topographical character of the area, as well as to the natural, historic, and cultural resources that have been identified within them, and one marine zone which corresponds to the nearshore waters fronting the project area. The three land zones were described to the SLUC as Subzones A, B, and C. Subzone A corresponds to the area which was historically associated with resource collection and is the focus of the most intense contemporary usage. Subzone C corresponds to a concentration of archaeological sites which has been retained in the Conservation District. Subzone B consists of three areas: B-1, B-2 and B-3, and corresponds to areas which are principally established as buffer zones for sensitive natural and cultural resources and which have been identified for limited development activity. Thus, five subzones were established. A sixth subzone, corresponding to the nearshore area makai of the certified shoreline, has been included in this plan to facilitate improved management and coordination. Subzone D is under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawai'i. Together, these six subzones constitute the coastal planning area. Following is an inventory of the natural and cultural resources identified within each of the six subzones discussed above (A, B-1, B-2, B-3, C and D), as well as the remaining portion of the project area. The subzones are presented in consecutive order moving from the Pu'uwa'awa'a boundary south to the Kona Village boundary. Thus, the description begins with Subzone B-1, followed by A, B-2, B-3, C, and ending with the Subzone D, the marine zone under the control of the State. Table 1 presents a summary of significant resources identified in the project area. The inventory of resources for each subzone, as well as the remaining 35 TYPES OF RESOURCES CULTURAL/ARCNAEOLOOICAL RESOURCES • Cultural -Geographic Landscape • Native Hawaiian Religious & Ceremonial Practices • Ala Loa and Ala Hale • Temporary and Long -Term Habitation • Food -Related Resource Collection (other than marine) • Occupation/Craft/Nan-Food Related Resource Cdlection • Boundary Markers • pehoglyphs • Nearshore Fishery and Marine Resource CoRectil Areas • Iliner'Ohara an Family Burial Sites MARNE RESOURCES BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Jetliner than ravine) Belt Calms Hawaii TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF RESOURCES (Cultural, Archaeological, Biological and Marine) SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE B-1 A B -Z III C D None ldentmed Pahakuokahae Nukumeome'o At least 37 place names Unnamed Waterhole Kolonm o it or 3) None Identified 3 Arch, Features None Identified None Identified Coastal Trail Coastal Trail None Identified 42 Arch- Features None Identified None Idenhfied 7 Arch, Features None Identified None Identified 2 Arch, Features None Identified None Identified 2Arch. Features None Identified None Idenhfied 16 Petroglyphs None Identified Not Applicable Kalaemano Entire Coastline Not Applicable khob intro pa aka, Kuld'oKahu ,,n Trail None Identified 3 Arch. Features None Identified Not Applicable Fish/Lima/ Fish/Linru/ Not Applicable Invertebrates Invertebrates 6Arch. Features kaheka Nnne Identified None Identified leko pa nka, Not Applicable No Endangered No Endangered No Endangered Species Species Species OUTSIDE COASTAL PLANNING AREA Keonenul None Identified Pohakuokahae At least 37 place names in mauM arca, and 10 place names in mak, arca (s nithl None Identified 1 Arch. Feature Ko'a Kalaemano 8 Arch. Features Ko'a Kolomv o Ko'a Mahcwalu Cuastal Trail 7Arch. Features Not Applicable rn cir, nmk, Trail Kuld'oKahu ,,n Trail Kiholo Trail 7 Arch. Features 96 Arch. Features Not Applicable 14 Arch. Fcamres None Idenhfied 6Arch. Features Not Applicable Nnne Identified None Identified None Identified Not Applicable None Idenhfied None Identified 43 Arch. Features Not Applicable 3Arch. Features None Identified 4fi Petroglyphs Not Applicable )4 P,fin lephs Entire Coastline Not Applicable Entire Sub,mm Enhm Coasthne None Identified 4 Arch. Features Not Applicable 3 Arch. Feature Fish/Gomr/ Not Applicable Fish/Levu/ Fish /Lunul Invertebrates Imertebrates Invertebrates No Endangered 2 Species of Concern Not Applicable l Endangered Plant Species (maiapila and (oha'i) Fimbristelis 2 Species of Concern harcaiicnsrs) (maieptlo and Funbrtstybs hawaimn,u) Integrated Resources Management Plan Aire 2, 1998 TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF RESOURCES (Cultural, Archaeological, Biological and Marine) OUTSIDE COASTAL TYPES OF RESOURCES SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE SUBZONE PLANNING B-1 A B-2 B-3 C D AREA CULTURAL/ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES • Cultural -Geographic Landscape None Identified Pohakuokahae Nukume ome'o Keonenui None Identified PShakuokahae At least 37 place names Unnamed Waterhole Kolomu o (1 of 3) in mau area, and 10 place names in makatarea (south) • Native Hawaiian Religious None Identified 3 Arch. Features None Identified None Identified 1 Arch. Feature Ko'a Kalaemanb 8 Arch. Features & Ceremonial Practices Ko'a Kolomu o Kc'a Mahewalu • Ala Loa and Ala Hele None Identified Coastal Trail Coastal Trail Coastal Trail 7 Arch. Features Not Applicable mauka-makai Trail Kuki'o-Kahuwai Trail Kiholo Trail • Temporary and Long -Term Habitation None Identified 42 Arch. Features None Identified 7 Arch. Features 96 Arch. Features Not Applicable 14 Arch. Features • Food -Related Resource Collection None Identified 7 Arch. Features None Identified None Identified 6 Arch. Features Not Applicable None Identified (other than marine) • Occupation/Craft/Non-Food Related None Identified 2 Arch. Features None Identified None Identified None Identified Not Applicable None Identified Resource Collection • Boundary Markers None Identified 2 Arch. Features None Identified None Identified 43 Arch. Features Not Applicable 3 Arch. Features • Petroglyphs None Identified 16 Petroglyphs None Identified None Identified 46 Petroglyphs Not Applicable 14 Petroglyphs • Nearshore Fishery and Marine Not Applicable Kalaemanb Entire Coastline Entire Coastline Not Applicable Entire Subzone Entire Coastline Resource Collection Areas kaheka loko pa'akai • llina 'Ohana or Family Burial Sites None Identified 3 Arch. Features None Identified None Identified 4 Arch. Features Not Applicable 3 Arch. Features MARINE RESOURCES Not Applicable Fish/Limn/ Fish/Limu/ Fish/Limn/ Not Applicable Fish/Limu/ Fish/Limn/ Invertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates kaheka loko pa'akai BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES No Endangered No Endangered No Endangered No Endangered 2 Species of Concern Not Applicable 1 EndanEred Plant (ether than marine) Species Species Species Species (maiapilo and (0 i) Fimbristylis 2 Species of Concern hawaiiensis) (maiapilo and Fimbristylis hawaiiensis) Integrated Resources Management Plan Belt Collins Hawaii June 2, 1998 project area, begins with a brief description of the subzone's physical land area, followed by a listing of the significant resources. The significant resources are divided into the following categories: Cultural/Archaeological, Natural Biological, Public Access, Coastal Area, Open Space, and View Corridors. For the purpose of this plan, "significant" archaeological sites are those that have been identified by the consulting archaeologist for preservation, either "as is" or "with interpretive development", in accordance with the criteria, standards, and guidelines currently utilized by the Department of Land and Natural Resources - Historic Preservation Division. Significant cultural resources have been identified through historical archival research and oral history interviews. Figure 3 depicts the general location of significant archaeological sites identified in the project area and the coastal planning area. It should be noted that several archaeological features have been identified as burials or possible burials, and therefore, the reference numbers for these sites have been deleted from Figure 3 out of respect to the descendants of those who may be interred there. The Cultural/Archaeological category is broken down further into ten sub- categories: cultural -geographic landscape; religious/ceremonial; trails; habitation; food -related resource collection; occupation/craft/non-food related resource collection; boundary markers; rock art; nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas; and burials. Significant biological and coastal resources have been identified by consulting scientists and through oral history interviews. Public access, open space, and view corridors are also included as resources pursuant to the guidelines of Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes (Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management law that established the Special Management Area). 1. Subzone B-1 This subzone contains approximately 30 acres and is located approximately 37 B1 30 ac.+ B2 15 ac.± 19234 -40 ,., A 19206 104 ac.± 19194 _ 19202 19201 19203 / CERTIFIED SHORELINE SHORELINE Kalaemano PRIMARY SALT WORKS ®c. 1916:1930s 0 laoo 2000 Source: Paul H. Rosenrlahl, Ph. D., Inc. (PHRI), Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Makai-Lot NORTH SCALE IN FEET 4, June 1994. KONAVILLAGE Coastal Planning Subzones RESORT Portions of the trail (819124) will be preserved. Specific segments to be identitiad in future mitigation plan. "Does not include archaeological sites with burial featums. 19193 Pacific Ocean (TRAIL) Figure 3 COASTAL PLANNING AREA SUBZONES KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Hawai'i Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii June 1998 .��••���,• �/whom � o p u i3 , � HUALALAI RESORT ' ' / Location of* n 19130 Proposed for C •.! Buffer I Endangered , 'Ohal ,..'e., i - er1 i 4. Plant .. (Sesbaoia �, tomenlosa) Kakapo .. , '• Boundary of ARCHAEOLOGICAL Y,. Pro Oaetl ProjectDistrict -� PRESERVATION ^ Ki- zIn"".Point r oop10969 ^.. ..,. :.. 10968 1065 3 _ :11.7 • Waiakuhi. ll� ;i Kumukehu V KAUPULEHU RESORT • � E%PANSION LEGEND _ ' R 3+ r^- STATE WILDARRNESS y ; Kahunai By Estimated Part of Former Trail II- 49 Trail �i•� 0--fto. Indistinct Portion of Trail / Mahewalu _. Point 19086 Archaeological Site Proposed for Preservation B1 30 ac.+ B2 15 ac.± 19234 -40 ,., A 19206 104 ac.± 19194 _ 19202 19201 19203 / CERTIFIED SHORELINE SHORELINE Kalaemano PRIMARY SALT WORKS ®c. 1916:1930s 0 laoo 2000 Source: Paul H. Rosenrlahl, Ph. D., Inc. (PHRI), Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Makai-Lot NORTH SCALE IN FEET 4, June 1994. KONAVILLAGE Coastal Planning Subzones RESORT Portions of the trail (819124) will be preserved. Specific segments to be identitiad in future mitigation plan. "Does not include archaeological sites with burial featums. 19193 Pacific Ocean (TRAIL) Figure 3 COASTAL PLANNING AREA SUBZONES KAUPULEHU INTEGRATED RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Hawai'i Prepared for: Kaupulehu Developments Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii June 1998 1,000 feet inland from the certified shoreline. It abuts the boundary of the Pu'uwa'awa'a ahupua'a. The topography of this subzone is relatively flat. The entire subzone is located on a prehistoric pahoehoe lava flow. Cultural/Archaeological Resources (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. None identified. (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious/ceremonial practices. None identified. (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems). None identified. (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. None identified. (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. None identified. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craft/non-food related resource collection. None identified. 39 (7) Boundary markers. None identified. (8) Rock art. None identified. (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. Not applicable. (10) Dina `ohana or family burial sites. None identified. Natural Biological Resources No significant biological resources have been identified to date in this subzone. No bird or animal habitats have been located in the subzone. In general, vegetation on the pahoehoe lava flows of the project area, including Subzone B-1, is limited to scattered patches of fountain grass, Natal redtop grass (Rhynchelytrum repens); two native subshrubs, `ilima and `uhaloa, and occasionally pluchea, noni (Morinda citrifolia), indigo (Indigofera suffmticosa), and nehe (Lipochaeta lavarum). Smaller herbaceous material found among the scrub vegetation include Portulaca pilosa, coatbuttons (Tridax procumbens), hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), Eragrostis tenella, and threadstem carpetweed (Molluga cerviana). However, the pahoehoe in Subzone B-1 is almost devoid of vegetation, due in part to the browsing damage caused by feral donkeys and goats. O Public Access There is presently no defined public access to the subzone. No trails have been identified on or near the subzone. However, the subzone is accessible from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway by foot or by four-wheel drive vehicle across the pahoehoe lava flow. It is also accessible by foot or four-wheel drive vehicle from the beach. There are no known activities specifically associated with this subzone. Coastal Area Not applicable. The makai boundary of the subzone is situated approximately 1,000 feet from the shoreline. Open Space Given the absence of vegetation and the relatively flat topography of the area, the subzone is indistinguishable from the surrounding pahoehoe, and open space is unlimited. View Corridors From a regulatory point of view, Subzone B-1 is visible from the nearest public roadway, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, which is located approximately 7,500 feet (1.4 miles) inland. Views of the coastline and the seaward horizon from the subzone are somewhat obscured by a dense growth of kiawe at the mauka edge of the beach, and are generally limited to view corridors through gaps in the kiawe grove. The eastern edge of the 1800 'a'd lava flow is readily visible from the subzone, as are the upper slopes of Hualalai extending from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway to the summit. 41 2. Subzone A This area is approximately 104 acres in size and corresponds to the coastal area on the northeastern side of the 1800 `a'a lava flow. It extends nearly 4,000 feet northeast from the edge of the lava flow to the Pu'uwa'awa'a ahupua'a boundary and over 1,200 feet inland to its furthest point from the shoreline. Subzone A generally consists of a pahoehoe lava shelf, the seaward portion of which is partially covered with sand and bordered on the inland side by an extensive grove of kiawe. The portion of the subzone inland of the kiawe grove consists of pahoehoe lava that is relatively devoid of vegetation. The substrata consists of 3,000 to 5,000 year old pahoehoe lava flows. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. Pohaku-o-ka-hae: Identified in archival research as a rocky point on the sea shore boundary between Pu'uwa'awa'a and Ka`upMehu. Unnamed waterhole: An unnamed waterhole is identified on KS/BE Map No. 2212, which depicts a survey of Ka`upulehu in 1930 by H.K. Keppeler. Accounts from kupuna recorded during the oral history interviews include mention of a waterhole in the area of Kalaemano, which was also associated a birthing place of sharks, but the location of the waterhole and its name is no longer known. Whether the waterhole identified on Map 2212 is the same as the one discussed by the kupuna is unknown. But the fact that it was 42 identified on the survey map attests to its significance, if for no other reason than its resource value in the dry lands of Kekaha. The site of the unnamed waterhole has not yet been identified in the field, but its location has been estimated based on the Map 2212 (see Photo Plate 1). It is possible that the waterhole was covered by sand and debris from the 1946 tsunami and/or subsequent storm wave inundation. (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. Archaeological Site #19202: This site is a complex of fourteen features, two of which are identified as possibly being associated with ceremonial practices: Feature A: Faced mound Feature B: Faced mound Archaeological Site #19203: This site is a complex of six features, one of which are identified as Feature F, a double enclosure associated with habitation and possibly associated with ceremonial practices. (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems). Archaeological Site #19193 (coastal trail): The alignment of the coastal trail through the subzone has been obscured by wind and wave- driven sand, coral and rock debris. However, the presence of the trail has been confirmed by historical documents. (4) Sites associated with temporary and long -tern habitation activities. Archaeological Site #19194: This site is a complex of nine features, !X, seven of which are identified as being associated with habitation: Feature A: hearth Feature B: enclosure Feature C: C-shaped wall Feature D: U-shaped wall Feature E: L-shaped wall Feature F: Enclosure Feature H: Platform Archaeological Site #19201: This site is a complex of six features, five of which are identified as being associated with habitation: Feature A: J-shaped wall Feature B: mound (possible habitation) Feature C: C-shaped wall Feature D: Enclosure Feature E: U-shaped wall Archaeological Site #19202: This site is a complex of fourteen features, eleven of which are identified as possibly being associated with habitation and one of which is indeterminate: Feature C: Double U-shaped wall Feature D: Enclosure Feature E: Double enclosure Feature F: U-shaped wall Feature G: J-shaped wall Feature I: Double enclosure Feature J: U-shaped wall Feature K: Enclosure Feature L: Enclosure Feature M: Enclosure Feature N: Double U-shaped wall Feature H: Wall (indeterminate) Archaeological Site #19203: This site is a complex of six features, five of which are identified as being associated with habitation and one of which is associated with habitation and possible ceremonial: Feature A: Double enclosure Feature B: Double enclosure Feature C: Enclosure Feature D: U-shaped wall Feature E: L-shaped wall Feature F: Double enclosure (habitation -possible Feature G: ceremonial) Archaeological Site #19206: This site is a complex of nineteen features, nine of which are identified as being associated with habitation and one of which is identified as possibly being associated with habitation: Feature A: U -shape Feature B: Depression Feature C: Double enclosure Feature D: Lava cave Feature E: Double terrace Feature F: U-shaped alignment Feature G: C-shaped wall Feature K: Enclosure Feature M: Lava cave Feature O: C-shaped wall (possible habitation) 45 Archaeological Site #19208: This site is a complex of seven features, one of which is identified as Feature A, a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. Archaeological Site #19234: This site is a complex of three features, one of which is identified as Feature A, a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. Archaeological Site #19194: This site is a complex of nine features, one of which is identified as Feature G, a pecked stone associated with salt manufacture. Archaeological Site #19206: This site is a complex of nineteen features, one of which is identified as Feature J, containing five modified depressions associated with agriculture. Archaeological Site #19208: This site is a complex of seven features, four of which are identified as being associated with agriculture: Feature C: Pahoehoe excavation Feature E: Pahoehoe excavation Feature F: Pahoehoe excavation Feature G: Pahoehoe excavation Archaeological Site #19242: This site is a pecked stone identified as being associated with salt manufacture. Kaheka and loko pa`akai: In addition to the identified archaeological sites, kaheka and loko pa `akai (natural and modified salt making ponds) have been identified in the subzone. While it is suspected that M many kaheka and loko pa `akai have been buried by wind and wave - generated sand, coral and rock debris, for some families, the remaining resources are of great importance (used either for the actual practice of salt making, or in the traditions of families and their relationship to the land). The following brief description of the importance of pa `akai, or sea salt in the Hawaiian diet, and how it was made was recorded in the 1840s, by native historian, David Malo (1951): Salt was one of the necessaries and was a condiment used with fish and meat, also as a relish with fresh food. Salt was manufactured only in certain places. The women brought sea water in calabashes or conducted it in ditches to natural holes, hollows, and shallow ponds (kaheka) on the sea coast, where it soon became strong brine from evaporation. Thence it was transferred to another hollow, or shallow vat, where crystallization into salt was completed. [Malo 1951:123] Kalaemano: The record of family names identified during oral history interviews and archival research conducted for this plan perhaps explains some sense of the long-term relationship certain families maintained with the loko pa `akai and kaheka in the area called Kalaemano. The specific point called Kalaemano is situated in the ahupua `a of Pu`uwa`awa`a. But, as recorded in oral history interviews with native residents of Ka`upulehu and other neighboring ahupua `a (e.g., David Keakealani, Joseph Maka`ai, Caroline Keakealani-Perreira, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, Marjorie Kaholo-Kailianu, Robert Punihaole, and Valentine Ako); since at least the early 1900s, the name Kalaemano has been used to describe the larger area of the shoreline between the two branches of the Ka`upulehu flow (c. 1800). Thus today, when interviewees speak of the significance of Kalaemano (both as a salt LVA making resource and as a place of personal family ceremonial importance), they are describing an area that includes portions of the shoreline of both Ka`upulehu and Pu`uwa`awa`a. Interviewees describe an area within Kalaemano (as described in the preceding paragraph) as being a kapu, or sacred place. That area was the home of a mann (shark) who according to some interviewees was a kupua (deity capable of changing its body from; in this case from that of a shark to a human). In some accounts, the mann is also a guardian of the coastal region and a deified family member. Some of the kupuna were carefully instructed about not walking over a particular place—a cave which the shark entered from the sea—as it was kapu to walk over the head of the shark. Because the landscape has changed so much in the last 70 years (believed to be a result of the tsunami of 1946 and 1960; as discussed on a site visit on April 1, 1998), it may no longer be possible to identify the exact site of the sharks' cave. Kupuna Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira was careful to point out to the interviewer (see Appendix A), that some of the stories she'd repeated about the mann—its ability to change body forms, and coming on land at Kalaemano to give birth—are things that she learned from her kahu hanai (guardians) Kahiko and Mahiko. These things occurred before her time, and were not things that she had seen personally (pers comm. April 1, 1998 and interview of same date). Based on a site visit with kupuna Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani Perreira, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, and Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole on April 1, 1998, it is believed that the formal salt works which were used by the interviewees and their elders up to 60 to 70 years ago are along the Ka`upulehu shoreline, between Pohakuokahae and the southern branch of the Ka`upulehu lava flow (see Photo Plate 1). Detailed accounts of the salt making process and importance of the salt—generally made and harvested from December to April each year—to the families of the Kekaha region are recorded in the oral history interviews in the appendix to this plan. The April 1, 1998 site visit, also recorded that when the kupuna were children (c. 1920s -1930s), the shoreward pahoehoe flats in which the loko pa `akai and kaheka were situated, were clear and kept clean. The loose rocks and sand which now cover the area were not previously there. The kupuna believe that their elders cleaned the salt making area, resetting stones on earlier features, and keeping the sand from building up in the salt making area. The pa `akai was graded, with the pure white ("white as snow") salt being kept for table use and the slightly discolored salt being used for preserving `opelu and other fish and meats (see Appendix A). Also, all of the elder interviewees note that by their life times, there were no permanent residents in the Kalaemano area. By the 1920s, families would travel to the salt works and stay for extended periods of up to three weeks, but no one remained there year-round. It is likely that the childhood salt making experiences—that kapuna today recall with such fondness—are rooted in earlier practices and residency patterns of their kupuna. Several interviewees speak of the journeys regularly made by members of the Punihaole family to work the salt pans and harvest the pa `akai made there. The above cited records note that (Iosepa) Punihaole was teaching at Kiholo. He eventually moved to Kohanaiki and that his hanai (adopted) son, Jack Punihaole, moved to Makalawena where he married Kapahukela, the daughter of Kauaonu`uanu and Ka`ahu`ula. While there were salt making resources in the Makalawena-Ka`upulehu vicinity, it is conceivable that the family's continued custom of returning to the Kalaemano area for pa `akai, was rooted in their elder's former residence at Kiholo. Interview records document that families of the M Kiholo vicinity regularly traveled to Kalaeman6 to make and harvest salt. Descendants of those families still visit the area for salt to this day. Also, ethnographic and oral historical records (e.g., Kelly 1971 and Springer 1985, 1989, 1992) document that in the larger Kekaha region, it was at Ka`upulehu, Makalawena, Mahai`ula, Kuki`o, and Kiholo where natural resources were favorable, and that a few families in small communities were able to maintain residences there into the later 19'"- and early 20' -centuries (cf. Maly 1998a, Appendix A). Thus, areas that were familiar, continued to be visited, even after families had relocated. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craf lnon-food related resource collection. Archaeological Site #19208: This site is a complex of seven features, two of which are identified as being associated with occupation/craft: Feature B: Pahoehoe excavation Feature D: Pahoehoe excavation (7) Boundary markers. Archaeological Site #19206: This site is a complex of nineteen features, two of which are identified as being associated with markers: Feature L: Cairn Feature R: Cairn (2) 50 (8) Rock art. Archaeological Site #19194: This site is a complex of nine features, one of which is identified as Feature J, a petroglyph associated with recreation. Archaeological Site #19201: This site is a complex of six features, one of which is identified as Feature F, nine petroglyphs associated with rock art -recreation. Archaeological Site #19206: This site is a complex of nineteen features, six of which are identified as being associated with rock art: Feature H: Petroglyph (7) Feature I: Petroglyph Feature N: Petroglyph Feature P: Petroglyph Feature Q: Petroglyph Feature S: Petroglyph Archaeological Site #19234: This site is a complex of three features, one of which is identified as being associated with rock art and one which is associated with recreation: Feature B: Petroglyph (rock art) Feature C: Petroglyph (recreation) (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. The entire shoreline of Subzone A has been identified as a valued fishery and marine resource area. See the discussion of "Coastal Area" below and under Subzone D for a more complete description 51 of the fishery and marine resource collection areas. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. Archaeological Site #19208: This site is a complex of seven features, one of which is identified as Feature A, a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. Archaeological Site #19224: This site is a lava cave identified as a burial. Archaeological Site #19234: This site is a complex of three features, one of which is identified as Feature A, a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. Natural Biological Resources No endangered or threatened biological resources have been identified within Subzone A. Due to the absence of wetland in the area, no resident waterbirds or seabirds are known to inhabit the subzone. With regard to vegetation, the flat sandy areas are covered with low, tangled mats of beach morning glory. Also found in these areas are plants of pluchea (Pluchea symphytifolia), `uhaloa (Waltheria indica), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), `aheahea (Chenopodium murale), nena or kipukai (Heliotropium curassavicum), and `ilima (Sida fallax). A few trees of tree heliotrope (Toumeforthia argentea) also occur in Subzone A. Behind the coastal strand, there is a dense thicket of kiawe trees (Prosopis pallida). These trees stand up to 25 feet in height. Although there is no ground cover beneath them, there is a thick layer of organic material consisting of decayed leaves. The portion of the subzone mauka of the kiawe grove consists of M a pahoehoe lava flow that is generally devoid of biological resources (see the discussion of Natural Biological Resources in Subzone B-1 for a description of the pahoehoe flow's biological characteristics). Several of the habitation sites identified above as archaeological sites to be preserved are situated within the kiawe thicket. Public Access On the northeastern side of the 1800 flow, the coastal trail descends down the edge of the mounded `a'a and onto the flat pahoehoe where it becomes obscured by beach sand along the seaward edge of the coastal shelf. The unmarked trail extends along the length of the subzone. Several trails of wheel ruts are visible in the sand and across patches of morning glory ground cover. Together with the presence of numerous campsites in the kiawe tree grove, the jeep trails attest to the unauthorized use of the area mauka of the certified shoreline by people crossing the pahoehoe lava flow from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway in four-wheel vehicles. The vehicles generally follow a jeep trail that begins on land in Pu'uwa'awa'a and crosses into the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu. Coastal Area Subzone A abuts the northern half of the Subzone D (the marine subzone). It consists of a wide (about 100 meters) pahoehoe lava shelf, partially covered with white -gray beach sand. The composition of the sand on the lava flat (largely calcium carbonate) suggests that its origin is likely from deposition of marine material from large storm waves that appear to impact the area. Rippling of the sand as far inland as the pahoehoe lava flow suggests that the area is periodically covered with ocean water from wave wash associated with storm surges, and possibly periodic (but predictable) high tides. The occurrence of standing sea water in lowlands in the most landward portions of the lava flat also indicate 53 regular inundation of the flat by waves and tides. Inspection of photographs of Subzone A as it presently exists by workers who assessed the area prior to Hurricanes `Iwa (1982) and Iniki (1992) suggests that the amount of sand in the back -beach area has increased substantially since the hurricanes. As the result of the low elevation and flat configuration of the beach area, tidepools occur. In addition to `a'ama (crab), several fish have been observed in the tidepools. These include the `ala'ihi, uouoa, kupipi, manini, aholehole, and pao'o. All fish observed at the time of the most recent survey (March 1998) were small in size and limited to several individuals, except for one species of pao'o (the zebra blenny), which was quite abundant. Other invertebrates commonly found in the tidepools included several mollusks: the periwinkle, pipipi, and two species of `opihi. The ha'uke'uke also occurred commonly in the tidepools, as did several species of macroalge, including limu kala and limu pahe'e (sea lettuce). Although the basalt boulder area at the southern boundary of the subzone (at the base of the `a'a lava flow) appears to be a potential habitat for kupe'e, night surveys of the area revealed no kupe'e. It is likely that the absence of these mollusks is a result of the lack of tidal flow to the boulder area over parts of the year when the surf is small. Open Space The open space within Subzone A consists of two areas. The shoreward area is defined by the northern edge of the 1800 lava flow and the kiawe thicket forming the inland border of the beach. The landward area extends mauka from the kiawe grove to the interior boundary of the subzone. View Corridors The shoreline portion of Subzone A cannot be generally seen from the nearest pubic roadway, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway because the kiawe thicket 54 screens the beach area from view. The landward portion of Subzone A is not generally visible due to the flat topography of the area and its distance from the highway. The presence of the kiawe thicket also obscures views of inland areas from the beach, including the lower slopes of Hualalai. Mauka of the kiawe thicket, the entire slope of Hualalai is visible. The eastern edge of the 1800 'a'd lava flow is also visible from the mauka portion of the Subzone A. 3. Subzone B-2 This subzone has been established to preserve public access across the 1800 `a'a lava flow provided by an existing coastal trail and to preserve open space along the coastal portion of the lava flow. This 15 -acre subzone traverses the coastal portion of the 1800 Ka`upulehu flow. It extends approximately 3,900 feet from the northern edge of the `a'a lava flow (coterminous with the southwestern edge Subzone A) to the northern edge of Subzone B-3 and generally includes the land from the certified shoreline to the 24 -foot elevation. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. Nukume'ome'o: A crevice on the ocean front of the 1800 lava flow. Kolomu'o: Three areas in the ahupua `a of Ka`upulehu are identified with this name: 1 — a deep-sea fishing station (ko `a); 2 — a point and ko`a shore -based triangulation position on the 1800 lava flow; and 55 3 — a place just below Puhi-a-Pele. The site identified in Subzone B-2 corresponds to the point and ko'a which served as a shore -based triangulation position. All are named for the sister who's breadfruit was not offered to Pele. The following account of Pahinahina was written by J.W.H.I. Kihe and printed in Ka Hoku o Hawaii in 1914 and 1924 (see Appendix A). When Pele departed from the shore of Ka`elehuluhulu she arrived at the uplands of Manuahi at Keone`eli, the place that is known today as Kepuhiapele. It is an 'ad hill about 200 feet high, below the place where J.A. Maguire lives. At this place, there was a village (kulanakauhale) of many people. At this quiet village, Pele saw two girls, who were— pulehu `ulu ana (broiling breadfruit); these girls were Pahinahina and Kolomu`o. All the other people of the village were away performing agricultural service for their chief. Pele approached the two girls and inquired about their tasks. When she asked who would receive the first offerings of this `u/u, Kolomu`o said her goddess La`i would receive the offering for she was a powerful deity. Kolomu`o did not acknowledge Pele. Pahinahina replied that her goddess Pele-Honuamea would receive the first offering. Not knowing that the old woman was Pele, the girls continued res onding to Pele's comments about the power of their goddesses. When their conversation was completed,, Pele told Pahinahina, "Our Vu is cooked; let us eat.Pele then instructed Pahinahina to mark the boundary between her and her family's dwellings and the dwelling of Kolomu`o with lepa (white kapa flags). She also told Pahinahina not to fear the events that would occur that night. Well, that night, a white flash was seen to travel from Mauna Loa to Hualalai, and in a short time a red glow was seen at Ka-iwi-o-Pele (see Figure 2). The people along the coast thought that it was the fire of the bird catchers at Hono-(manu)-`ua`u. The light dimmed and then appeared at (pu `u) Kileo where the shiny hills of black pnoehoe may be seen. Pete then went underground and appeared at Keone`eli where she caused deep fissures to open, and the kahe-a-wai (fire rivers) to flow. Some of the houses were destroyed, and Kolomu`o ma were consumed by the lava. As a result, the lava flats below Kepuhiapele and a shoreward `opelu fishermen's ko`a 56 (shrine) bear the name of Kolomu`o [see Figure 2; & Emerson's field note in Appendix A]. The area where Pahinahina and her family lived was left untouched, and this open space bears the name of Pahinahina to this day. It is because of this event that the lands of Manuahi came to be called Ka-`ulu-pulehu (The Broiled Breadfruit), and this has been shortened to Ka`upulehu... (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. None identified. (3) Ala loa and ala Kele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems). Archaeological Site #19193 (coastal trail): The alignment of the coastal trail is generally identified by smooth stepping stones and white coral markers across most of the `a'a lava flow. However, near the southern end of the 'a'd flow, the precise alignment of the trail is obscured where the trail crosses a white sand beach and where it crosses an area of `a'a lava that has been partially covered by black sand. Across most of the `a'a lava flow, the trail winds along a coastal cliff, at times more than 24 feet above mean sea level. The nearshore waters are strewn with jagged basalt boulders at the base of the cliff. Thus, even though the trail is sometimes within 10 or 20 feet of the water's edge, access to the ocean is potentially hazardous due to the jagged lava cliffs and boulder zone below. (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. None identified. WFA (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. None identified. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craft1non-food related resource collection. None identified. (7) Boundary markers. None identified. (8) Rock art. None identified. (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. The entire shoreline of Subzone B-2 is identified as a valued nearshore fishery and marine resource collection area. A more complete discussion of the area's resources is presented below in the discussion of Subzone D. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. None identified. Natural Biological Resources Subzone B-2 is virtually devoid of terrestrial vegetation. No faunal habitats have been identified in the subzone. do., Public Access Public access to Subzone B-2 is provided by the coastal trail identified as archaeological site #19193 and discussed above. Coastal Area Subzone B-2 abuts the southern portion of Subzone D (the marine zone). It is generally composed of steep vertical lava cliffs and boulder strewn black sand beaches. A series of cusp -shaped embayments are bounded by outcrops of lava that extend up to 50 meters offshore. The entire shoreline of the `a'a flow is considered to be a very high energy zone during periods of north and west ocean swell. During periods of breaking waves along the lava cliffs and boulder strewn beaches, entry into the nearshore zone form the shoreline is essentially impossible. As a result of the virtual absence of tidepools, the intertidal zone in Subzone B-2 is composed of vertical basalt faces and a narrow strip of cobble - sand beaches. The predominant resource in this region are the limpets or `dpihi, which occur on the basalt cliffs in the spray zone. The larger yellow -footed `opihi occurs higher in the splash zone than the smaller black -footed variety. The other inhabitant of the area is the helmet sea urchin, or ha'uke'uke, which are also able to withstand the concussive force of breaking waves. Within the cobble and black sand beach habitats along the face of the `a'a flow, the only organisms of potential fishery value that were observed were the `a'ama . Virtually no edible limu was observed in this area during the March 1998 survey, probably due to the substantial wave energy that prevents algal attachment and growth. Open Space The SLUC has established a 75 -foot setback from the certified shoreline for 59 any physical development (other than for purposes of safety and for mutually agreed-upon locations of golf course features) and a 150 -foot setback from the certified shoreline for any vertical residential development. Thus, the entire subzone will be retained as open space, but may include landscaping between the 75 -foot setback and the 150 -foot setback as permitted by SLUC condition 19d. View Corridors From a regulatory perspective, Subzone B-2 cannot be seen from the nearest public roadway, the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, due to the general topography of the area and its distance from the highway. The 24 -foot elevation contour was selected as the inland boundary of Subzone B-2 because the vast majority of the lava field extending inland beyond this point has an elevation ranging from about 28 to 36 feet above mean sea level. Thus, when viewed from the trail within the subzone, much of the inland area would be screened from view by the natural formations of the `a'a flow. A detailed view analysis has been conducted in the Special Management Area Use Permit application for the project area to identify the specific segments of the trail where inland views are possible. 4. Subzone B-3 This subzone consists of approximately 49 acres abutting the eastern and southern sides of Kona Village Resort, extending from the shoreline around the inland boundary of Kona Village to the Hualalai Resort property boundary (but not including an additional 200 -foot wide buffer on either side of the centerline of the Kona Village Access Road which extends from the mauka boundary of Subzone B-3 to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. The topography of the subzone is relatively flat. The entire subzone is situated on a prehistoric pahoehoe lava flow. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. Keonenui: A black sand beach at the southern edge of the 1800 `a'a lava flow. Because the literal meaning of the name is "the big sandy area", it is suspected that the black sand beach that exists today is a portion of a larger beach that was partially covered by the 1800 `a'a flow. (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. None identified. (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems). Archaeological Site #19193 (coastal trail): The coastal trail crosses the makai portion of this subzone. As the trail exits the subzone, it also leaves the southern edge of the 1800 lava flow and enters the Kona Village Resort property. Archaeological Site #19124: This site is generally a 5,000 -foot long mauka-makai trail that extends through a portion of the lessee's project area and enters the mauka portion of Subzone B-3, near its boundary with Subzone C. The trail is not clearly marked and portions of its alignment outside Subzone B-3 are either indistinct or estimated by the consulting archaeologist. C1 (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. Archaeological Site #19652: This site is a complex of five features, all identified as being associated with temporary habitation: Feature A: C-shaped wall Feature B: Platform Feature C: Modified depression Feature D: C-shaped wall Feature E: Modified depression Archaeological Site #19653: This site is a complex of two features, each identified as being associated with temporary habitation: Feature A: Enclosure Feature B: C-shaped wall (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. None identified. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craft/non-food related resource collection. None identified. (7) Boundary markers. None identified. 62 (8) Rock art. None identified. (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. As a portion of the general coastal area, the nearshore area of Subzone B-3 is considered to be a valued fishery and marine resource collection area. A more complete discussion of the area's resources is presented in the discussion of Subzone D below. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. None identified. Natural Biological Resources The natural biological resources of this subzone are consistent with those described in the other subzones situated within the pahoehoe lava flow. See the discussion of Natural Biological Resources in Subzones B-1 and A for complete descriptions of the biological resources associated with the pahoehoe lava flow and beach area. Public Access Access to Subzone B-3 is presently provided by the Kona Village Access Road which crosses through the mauka portion of the subzone, and the makai portion of a mauka-makai trail (archaeological site #19124). The coastal trail (archaeological site #19193) crosses the coastal portion of the subzone and extends from Kona Village north to the 1800 'a'd lava flow. The alignment of the trail is generally marked with white coral except where the trail crosses a black sand beach at the southern edge of the 1800 flow. 63 Coastal Area The coastal area of the subzone consists of pahoehoe lava that has been partially covered by black sand. The shoreline consists of a seacliff and boulder zone and a black sand beach (Keonenui). Subzone B-3 abuts the southern end of Subzone D (the marine zone). Open Space This subzone was established as a buffer area to limit the impacts of development in the project area on the hale of the Kona Village Resort. View Corridors Portions of Subzone B-3 are presently visible from portions of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as a vacant land area abutting the western and southern side of Kona Village Resort. Views of the subzone may be impacted by development with the project area. 5. Subzone C This subzone consists of approximately 37 acres situated just inland of Kona Village Resort and abutting the northeastern boundary of Subzone B-3 as well as the southern edge of the 1800 'a'd lava flow. The topography of Subzone C is relatively flat. It is located on a prehistoric pahoehoe lava flow immediately south of the 1800 `a'a lava flow. Subzone C has been included in the coastal planning area because it contains a concentration of significant archaeological and cultural resources and is contiguous to Subzone B-3. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. None identified. (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. One archaeological site has been identified as being associated with religious and ceremonial practices. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua`a trail systems). A total of seven archaeological sites have been identified as being associated with trail systems. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. Twenty-five archaeological sites containing a total of ninety-six features have been identified as being associated with temporary or long-term habitation. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. A total of six archaeological sites have been identified as being associated with food -related resource collection. See Table 2 below 65 for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craft/non-food related resource collection. None identified. (7) Boundary markers. Fifteen archaeological sites containing a total of forty-three features have been identified as being associated with boundary markers. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (8) Rock art. Sixteen archaeological sites containing a total of thirty-six features have been identified as being associated with rock art. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. Not applicable. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. A total of four archaeological sites have been identified as burials or possible burials. See Table 2 below for a listing of the sites by State Inventory of Historic Place (SIHP) number and feature. Table 2: Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C 19067Trail 19072Trai1 19077 K 19087 19092 19093 C 19124 (4) Habitation 10968 A 10968 B -C 10969 B 19066 19068 19071 A 19071 B 19071 C 19071 E 19071 F -H 19071 I 19071 K 19071 L 19071 M 19071 N 190710 19071 P 19071 X 19073 A 19073 B Site/Feature Type Interpretation Enclosure Temp. habitation-poss. ceremonial Transportation Transportation Steppingstone Trail Steppingstone Trail Trail Trail Trail Lava cave Lava cave Overhang Modified outcrop U-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall (3) Enclosure Modified depression Terrace Terrace C-shaped wall Platform Modified depression C-shaped wall Enclosure Enclosure * identified by State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) Site/Feature Number 67 Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Category* (1) Cultural -geographic none identified (2) Ceremonial 10969 A (3) Ala loa & ala hele 19067Trail 19072Trai1 19077 K 19087 19092 19093 C 19124 (4) Habitation 10968 A 10968 B -C 10969 B 19066 19068 19071 A 19071 B 19071 C 19071 E 19071 F -H 19071 I 19071 K 19071 L 19071 M 19071 N 190710 19071 P 19071 X 19073 A 19073 B Site/Feature Type Interpretation Enclosure Temp. habitation-poss. ceremonial Transportation Transportation Steppingstone Trail Steppingstone Trail Trail Trail Trail Lava cave Lava cave Overhang Modified outcrop U-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall C-shaped wall (3) Enclosure Modified depression Terrace Terrace C-shaped wall Platform Modified depression C-shaped wall Enclosure Enclosure * identified by State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) Site/Feature Number 67 Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Habitation Temp. habitation Temp. habitation Table 2: Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C (continued) Formal Functional Site/Feature Type Interpretation ;4) Habitation (continued) 19075 Enclosure Temp. habitation 19076 B Enclosure (3) Temp. habitation 19076 D C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19076 E Enclosure Temp. habitation 19077 A U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 B Enclosure (3) Temp. habitation 19077 C C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 E U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 F U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 G U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 H U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 190771 U-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19077 J Modified outcrop Temp. habitation 19078 A Enclosure Habitation 19078 B U-shaped wall Habitation 19078 C Modified outcrop Habitation 19078 E U-shaped wall Habitation 19078 F Enclosure Habitation 19078 G C-shaped wall Habitation 19081 A Lava cave Habitation 19081 B L-shaped wall Habitation 19081 E U-shaped wall Habitation 19081 F Terrace Habitation 19086 A Enclosure Storage 19086 C C-shaped wall Habitation 19086 D C-shaped wall Habitation 19086 E Enclosure Habitation 19086 F C-shaped wall Habitation 19086 G L-shaped wall Habitation 19086 H Lava cave Habitation 19089 Lava Cave Temp. habitation 19090 A C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19090 C -E Enclosure (3) Temp. habitation 19090 G -I C-shaped wall (3) Temp. habitation 19091 B Terrace Habitation 19091 C Enclosure Habitation 19091 D C-shaped wall Habitation 19091 G Enclosure Habitation 19091 M Modified outcrop Storage 19093 B C -shape Temp. habitation Table 2: Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C (continued) Formal Functional Site/Feature Tyne Interpretation ;4) Habitation (continued) 19093 C Modified depression Temp. habitation 19093 D C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19093 E Lava cave Temp. habitation 19093 F Enclosure Temp. habitation 19094 F Enclosure Temp. habitation 19094 L Wall Temp. habitation 19101 A Lava cave Habitation 19101 B Terrace Habitation 19101 D Modified depression Habitation 19101 E U-shaped wall Habitation 19101 F C-shaped wall Habitation 19101 H Enclosure Habitation 19103 A Double C-shaped wall Habitation 19103 B Lava cave Habitation 19103 C Lava cave Habitation 19103 D Modified depression Habitation 19103 E C-shaped wall Habitation 19103 G Wall Habitation 19106 A Enclosure Temp. habitation 19106 B L-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19106 C Wall Temp. habitation 19108 C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19109 A C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 19109 B Enclosure Temp. habitation 19109 C C-shaped wall Temp. habitation 10969 A Enclosure Temp. habitation/ poss. ceremonial 19081 C Lava cave Habitation -burial 190861 Lava cave Habitation -burial 19101 C U-shaped wall/cave Habitation-poss. burial (5) Food -collection 19071 D Depression Agriculture 19076 C Enclosure Agriculture 19078 H Mound (3) Agriculture 19244 Modified depression Agriculture 19090 1 Modified outcrop Agriculture RZ Table 2: Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C (continued) Formal Functional Site/Feature Type Interpretation 6) Occupation/non-food related collection None identified (7) Boundary marker 19065 A Cairn Marker 19070 Cairn Marker 19071 J Cairn Marker 19071 Q -W Cairn (7) Marker 19076 F Cairn Marker 19077 D Cairn (2) Marker 19079 Cairn Marker 19081 D Mound (2) Marker 19083 A Cairn Marker 19086 B Mound Marker 19090 B Cairn Marker 19090 F Cairn Marker 19091 A Cairn Marker 19091 F Cairn Marker 19091 H -L Cairn (5) Marker 19091 N Cairn Marker 190910 Cairn Marker 19094 A-E Cairn (5) Marker 19094 G -K Cairn (5) Marker 19103 F Cairn Marker 19104 A Alignment Marker 19104 B Cairn Marker 19105 Cairn Marker (8) Rock Art 19968 D Petroglyph Rock art 19065 B Petroglyph (2) Rock art 19069 A Petroglyph Rock art 19069 B Petroglyph Rock art 19073 C Petroglyph Rock art 19074 Papamu game pieces Recreation 19078I Petroglyph Recreation 19078 J Petroglyph Rock art 19081 G Petroglyph Recreation 19081 H Petroglyph Rock art 70 Table 2: Archaeological Sites/Features in Subzone C (continued) (8) Rock Art (continued) 19082 A 19082 B 19082 C 19082 D 19083 B 19086 J 19088 19091 E 19093 F 19094 A 19094 B 19094 C 19101 I 19102 19245 Site/Feature Type (9) Nearshore fishery/marine resource collection Not applicable (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites 19101 G 19081 C 190861 19101 C Indeterminate 19076 A 19076 G 19078 D 19091 P Terrace Lava cave Lava cave U-shaped wall and cave poss. burial Modified depression Modified depression Depression (2) Natural Biological Resources Interpretation Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Recreation Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Rock art Recreation Rock art Poss. burial Habitation -burial Habitation -burial Habitation - Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate No significant biological resources have been identified to date in this subzone. No bird or animal habitats have been located in the subzone, although 71 goat and donkey droppings are commonly observed. In general, vegetation on the pahoehoe lava flows of the project area is limited to scattered patches of fountain grass, Natal redtop grass (Rhynchelytrum repens), two native subshrubs, `ilima and `uhaloa, and occasionally pluchea, noni (Morinda citrifolia), indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa), and nehe (Lipochaeta lavarum). Smaller herbaceous material found among the scrub vegetation include Portulaca pilosa, coatbuttons (Tridax procumbens), hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), Eragrostis tenella, and threadstem carpetweed (Molluga cerviana). However, the pahoehoe in Subzone C is almost devoid of vegetation, due in part to the browsing damage caused by feral donkeys and goats. Two Species of Concern were found in the subzone area. Plants identified as Species of Concern are species for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing the plants as endangered or threatened at this time. The native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) was found mauka of the Ka`upulehu landing strip. A few plants of Fimbristylis hawaiiensis (an endemic sedge) were found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation. Public Access Public access is provided to Subzone C by the Kona Village Access road which abuts the subzone's northern boundary. A mauka-makai trail (site 19124) terminates at the western boundary of Subzone C, but the mauka end of the trail appears to terminate before it reaches Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. Thus, it is not used as a public access route. Coastal Area Subzone C is located about 2,000 feet inland from the shoreline. 72 Open Space Because Subzone C has been established as an archaeological preserve, it will be retained as open space. View Corridors Subzone C is visible from portions of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. The western edge of the 1800 `a'a lava flow is visible from Subzone C. 6. Subzone D The marine subzone consists of the area makai of the certified shoreline, including the nearshore waters and submerged land, all of which is owned by the State of Hawai'i. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. Pohaku-o-ka-hae: Identified in archival research as a rocky point on the sea shore boundary between Pu'uwa'awa'a and Ka`upulehu (also discussed under Subzone A). (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. See the discussion of ko'a under subsection (9) below. 73 (3) Ala loa and ala bele (regional and inner ahupua`a trail systems). Portions of the historic coastal trail (archaeological site #19193) are situated makai of the certified shoreline, and therefore, are located on land under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawai'i (also discussed under Subzones A, B-2, and B-3). (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. Not applicable. (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. Kaheka and loko pa `akai: Portions of the kaheka and loko pa `akai (natural and modified salt making ponds) discussed under Subzone A are located makai of the certified shoreline, and therefore, fall under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawai'i. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craft/non-food related resource collection. None identified. (7) Boundary markers. None identified. (8) Rock art. None identified. 74 (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. Ko'a: Ko'a are dedicated fishing grounds. Three ko'a were identified during oral history interviews as being present in the marine waters of Ka`upulehu: Kalaemano, Kolomu'o, and Mahewalu. The three cited were utilized as `opelu fishing areas. The regular practice of "maintaining the ko'a" discussed by the interviewees included feeding the `opelu at the koa. Thus, the `opelu were trained and cared for by the fishermen who used the ko'a. Use of the ko'a was handed down by generation. Only certain bait (e.g. lepo and `opae'ula) was used. These practices ensured that larger pelagic fish were not attracted to the ko'a. The location of the ko'a in the ocean was tied to land points and inland triangulation points. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. Not applicable. Character of the Coastal Waters Marine waters off the coastline are classified as open coastal, Class AA according to Title 11 Chap. 54, State DOH, Water Quality Standards. Class AA waters must remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible. Uses to be protected in Class AA are oceanographic research, support and propagation of shellfish and other marine life, conservation of coral reefs, compatible recreation, and aesthetic enjoyment. Within Subzone D, the structure of the offshore environment generally conforms to the physical characteristics of much of the coast of West Hawai'i. The nearshore environment consists of three predominant zones. Beginning at the shoreline and moving seaward to a depth of about 20 feet, the shallowest zone is comprised of a seaward extension of a basaltic ledge of pahoehoe lava and 75 scattered basaltic boulders that have entered the ocean after breaking off from the shoreline. Pocillopora meandrina, a sturdy hemispherical coral, is the dominant colonizer of this nearshore zone. This species is able to flourish in areas that are physically too harsh for most other species, particularly due to wave stress. Other common species in this zone are Pocillopora lobata, Montiporra verrucosa, and Pavona varians. Seaward of the nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed of a gently sloping basalt reef bench interspersed with lava extrusions and sand channels. Fine-grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of the bottom cover. Water depth in this mid -reef zone ranges from about 20 to 50 feet. Because wave stress in this zone is considerably less than in shallower areas, and suitable hard substrata abound, the area provides an ideal locale for colonization by attached benthos, particularly reef corals. Dominant coral species include P. lobata and Porites compressa. P. lobata occurs in various growth forms including flat encrustations and large dome-shaped colonies. The seaward edge of the reef platform (at a depth of about 50 feet) is marked by an increase in slope to an angle of approximately 20 to 30 degrees. In this deep slope zone, substratum changes from the solid continuation of the island mass to an aggregate of unconsolidated sand and rubble. The predominant coral cover in this zone is typically interconnected mats of "finger coral" (Porites compressa), which grow laterally over unconsolidated substrata. Unlike many areas of West Hawai'i, however, the predominant cover consists of living coral colonies. This indicates that the area has not been subjected to the force of destructive storm waves that have occurred in many other areas of West Hawai'i in the past decade. Coral settlement and growth ceases at a depth of approximately 80 feet. Beyond this depth, the bottom consists mostly of sand, with occasional basaltic outcrops. In general, coral diversity is highest in the shallow or mid -depth zone and lowest in the deep slope zone. In total, twelve species of "stony" corals and two M "soft" corals were observed throughout the study area. P. lobata accounted for about 52% of total coral cover, and about 29% of all bottom cover. The second and third most abundant species, Porites compressa and Pocillopora meandrina accounted for about 39% and 4% of coral cover, and 22% and 2% of total bottom cover, respectively. Thus, these three species comprised about 95% of living coral cover and 53% of all bottom cover. In total, living coral cover accounted for about 66% of all bottom cover. Aside from the coral communities, the dominant group of macro - invertebrates are sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). The most common urchin are Echinometra matheai, which occur in all three reef zones. E. matheai are small urchins that are generally found within interstitial spaces bored into basaltic and limestone substrata. E. matheai are most abundant at the mid -reef zone and are least abundant in the slope zone where solid substrata is not common. Mpneustes gratilla and Heterocentrotus mammillatus are other species of urchins that occur commonly on reef surfaces in many regions of the study area. Sea cucumbers (Holothurians) observed included three species, Holothuria atra, H. nobilis, and Actinopyga obesa. Individuals of these species were distributed sporadically across the mid -reef and deep reef zones. The most common starfish observed on the reef surface were Linckia spp. Several crown- of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) were observed feeding on colonies of Pocillopora meandrina and Montipora verrucosa. Numerous sponges were also observed on the reef surface, often under ledges and in interstitial spaces. Frondose benthic algal zonation was not apparent. However, encrusting red calcareous algae (Porolithon spp., Peysonellia rubra, and Hydrolithon spp.) were common on the boulders and exposed rocks throughout the coastal area. These algae were also abundant on bared limestone surfaces, and on the non -living parts of coral colonies. Frondosa algae observed on the reef included Varlonia spp., Lyngbya majuscula. Halimeda spp., Sargassum spp., and Galauxura spp. All of these plants occurred sporadically, and did not constitute a major component of 77 the benthic biota. Also observed was an as of yet unidentified benthic organism that may be chains of benthic diatoms. These organisms appear as stringy yellow- brown wisps that are delicately attached to the bottom. Only slight water motion is sufficient to dislodge the mats and scatter the wispy material in the water column. Mats of these organisms are often observed in West Hawai'i growing in areas of bared substratum in calm water. While the intertidal region of the coastal planning area is somewhat impoverished with respect to fishery resources, predominantly as a result of physical limitation, the nearshore subtidal area is rich in resource potential primarily as a result of abundant fish communities. The reef fish community of the coastal planning area is typical of that found along most of the Kona Coast, as described by Hobson (1974) and Walsh (1984). Reef fish community structure was largely determined by the topography and composition of the benthos. Fish community structure can be divided into six general categories: juveniles, planktivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwelling fish, swarming tetrodonts, and surge -zone fish. Juvenile fish belong mostly to the family Acanthuridae (surgeonfish), with representatives from the families Labridae (wrasses), Mullidae (goatfish) and Chaetodontidae (butterfly fish). Juveniles were most abundant on the deepest transects of the reef slope zone in areas dominated by finger coral or basalt boulders. The complex habitat created by the spreading growth of finger coral provides shelter for small fish. The mats of finger coral in the deep slope zone of Subzone D appear to provide a very favorable shelter zone for juvenile fish. However, even in areas where mats of finger coral are virtually destroyed by storm damage, fish communities continue to populate the rubble zones. It appears that fish abundance is not related directly to composition of intact living coral, but rather, to the degree of shelter afforded by coralline structures, whether dead or alive. Surgeonfish are the most abundant family of fish. The most common in species are the lau'i Pala (yellow tang) and the kole (goldring surgeonfish). On the shallower reef terrace, adult maikoiko (whitebar surgeonfish), na'ena le (orangeband surgeonfish), and uhu (parrotfish) were also common. Planktivorous damselfish were abundant in all areas surveyed. In areas where coral rubble is abundant, common fish included potters anglefish and several species of wrasses. The surge zone near the base of the shoreline cliffs supports a large number of fish, principally herbivores such as nenue (rudderfish) surgeonfish, and umaumalei (unicornfish). Hinalea lauwili (saddle wrasse) and surge wrasse were also abundant in the surge zone. Few juvenile fish were seen inhabiting the boulder zone environment. Humuhumu-ele'ele (black durgeon) and humuhumu- hi'u-kole (pinktail durgeon) were also observed congregating in the water column over the reef platform. Several common species taken by subsistence and/or recreational fishermen were observed during the March 1998 survey. Schools of several hundred individuals of weke (goatfish), `opelu (Hawaiian mackerel), and taape (blue -lined snapper) were observed while diving. Numerous mu (grand -eyed porgeys) were also observed. Rocky ledges and large coral heads sheltered fair numbers of squirrelfish. Other food fishes included uhu (parrotfish), moana kea and malu (goatfish), papio (jacks), and roi (grouper). None of these species were particularly abundant. Kole (orange -eyed surgeonfish), while abundant, were generally not large enough to be considered suitable as food fish. Ulua are reported by kama `aina as being commonly present, although none were seen during the March 1998 survey. Overall, subtidal fish community structure at the coastal planning area appeared during the March 1998 survey to be fairly typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments. The presence of large schools of some food fish indicates that the area has probably been subjected to only low to moderate amounts of fishing pressure by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. 79 No extensive growth of limu was observed in Subzone D, although it is recognized that limu growth is seasonal, and was not present in March 1998, when the inventory survey of marine resources was conducted. Three species of marine animals that occur in Hawaiian waters have been declared threatened or endangered by Federal jurisdiction. The threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurs commonly along the Kona coast and is known to feed on selected species of macroalgae. The endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is seen infrequently in the waters off the Kona coast. Populations of endangered humpback whale (Megaptera movaeangliae) are known to winter in the Hawaiian Islands from December to April. 7 Significant Resources Outside the Coastal Planning Area In addition to the natural, cultural and archaeological resources identified within the coastal planning area (the six subzones discussed above), several additional resources situated within the remaining project area and/or within the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu have been identified. The remaining project area outside the coastal planning area contains approximately 883 acres. It consists of prehistoric pahoehoe lava flows and a portion of the 1800 lava flow. Cultural/Archaeological Resources If the consulting archaeologist's functional determination indicates more than one possible use of an identified archaeological site, the site is listed in each relevant category. Appendix A includes an extensive discussion of significant cultural place names identified within the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu through oral history interviews and archival research (see Appendix 1, Table 1). Several of these :1 features are pu'u (hills or cinder cones) situated on the slopes of Hu'alala'i. The mo'olelo (stories and legends) associated with these sites will help to connect current and future generations to the past. In addition to the places identified in Appendix A, Table 1, the following significant archaeological sites have been identified within the remaining project area outside the coastal planning area: (1) Cultural -geographic landscape. No others identified. (2) Sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices. Archaeological Site #19130: This site is a complex of three features, one of which is identified as Feature B, a mound possibly associated with ceremonial practices. Archaeological Site #10968: This site is complex of four features which have been identified as being associated with ceremonial practices and habitation: Feature A: Lava cave Feature B: Lava cave Feature C: Lava cave Feature D: Petroglyph Archaeological Site #10969: This site is complex of three features which have been identified as being associated with ceremonial practices and habitation: Feature A: Enclosure Feature B: Overhang RE Feature C: Wall (3) Ala loa and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua`a trail systems). Archaeological Site #19124: This site is identified as a mauka-makai trail (see discussion in Subzone B-3). Kiholo Trail: As depicted in Figure 2, this ala loa extends from Mamalahoa Highway near Kameha'ikana north to coastline of Pu'uwa' awa' a. Kuki`o-Kahuwai Trail: As depicted in Figure 2, this ala hele extends from Mamalahoa Highway north to the Kuki`o coastline. (4) Sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities. Archaeological Site #19084: This site is a complex of twenty-one features, five of which are identified as being associated with habitation and one of which is associated with habitation -burial: Feature A: C-shaped wall Feature B: Enclosure Feature C: Lava cave Feature E: L-shaped wall Feature G: Lava cave Feature F: Habitation -burial Archaeological Site #19129: This site is a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. Archaeological Site #10968: This site is complex of four features which have been identified as being associated with ceremonial RN practices and habitation: Feature A: Lava cave Feature B: Lava cave Feature C: Lava cave Feature D: Petroglyph Archaeological Site #10969: This site is complex of three features which have been identified as being associated with ceremonial practices and habitation: Feature A: Enclosure Feature B: Overhang Feature C: Wall (5) Sites associated with food -related resource collection. None identified. (6) Sites associated with occupation/craftlnon-food related resource collection. None identified. (7) Boundary markers. Archaeological Site #19130: This site is a complex of three features, two of which are identified as markers: Feature A: Mound Feature C: Cairn N Archaeological Site #19084: This site is a complex of twenty-one features, one of which is identified as Feature C, a cairn believed to be a marker. (8) Rock art. Archaeological Site #19084: This site is a complex of twenty-one features, fourteen of which are identified rock art: Feature H: Petroglyph (3) Feature I: Petroglyph Feature J: Petroglyph (recreation) Feature K: Petroglyph (recreation) Feature L: Petroglyph (5) Feature M: Petroglyph (2) Feature N: Petroglyph (recreation) (9) Nearshore fishery and marine resources collection areas. Previously addressed within the discussion of the subzones. (10) Ilina `ohana or family burial sites. Archaeological Site #19084: This site is a complex of twenty-one features, one of which is identified as Feature F, a lava cave associated with habitation -burial. Archaeological Site #19129: This site is a lava cave associated with temporary habitation -burial. Archaeological Site #19149: This site is identified as a burial. Natural Biological Resources One `ohai plant (Sesbania tomentosa), a proposed endangered species, occurs on the project site at about the 120 -foot elevation, about 1,750 feet south of Subzone C and approximately 600 feet north of the Kona Village water tanks, on a weathered pahoehoe lava flow with open scrub and scattered kiawe trees. This single plant was found during a survey conducted in 1985, but no seedlings or saplings were observed. An intensive search was made of the project area, with special attention to areas with similar aged pahoehoe lava flows, but no other `ohai plants were found. Again, no seedlings or young plants were observed, although it produces fruit readily. Mature fruits were collected for distribution later to the National Tropical Botanical Garden. A main branch of the plant appeared to have fallen over since 1985, but in general, the plant appeared to be healthy and was flowering. Two Species of Concern were also found in the general project area. Plants identified as Species of Concern are species for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing the plants as endangered or threatened at this time. The native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) was found mauka of the Ka`upulehu landing strip. A few plants of Fimbristylis hawaiiensis were found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation. Feral donkeys presently migrate from the mauka areas of Ka`upulehu. For the purposes of this plan, they are not considered to be a significant biological resource: they are neither a protected or endangered species, nor are they considered to be a cultural resource. Public Access Archaeological Site #19124, identified as a mauka-makai trail extends mauka of the project area. The lessee's property outside the six subzones is accessible from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway by foot or by four-wheel drive vehicle across the pahoehoe lava flow. It is also accessible by foot or four-wheel drive vehicle from the beach. PART FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN I. Preservation and Restoration Implementation of the IRMP will require more than simply excluding resource areas from development. The principals of kuleana and ho `oku `ikahi require active stewardship that is mindful of obligations to the kupuna, the kama `aina, to this generation, and to those generations that come after. The loko pa `akai (salt ponds) and kaheka (natural tidal pool -salt beds) have been identified during the oral history interviews, together with the ko'a `opelu, as the principal cultural resources of the area. Thus, it is only fitting that the management of these resources provides a model for guiding implementation of a plan to manage the project area's significant archaeological, cultural, marine, and biological resources. Although the kaheka have endured over time, active stewardship, including restoration, of the loko pa `akai and the ko'a `opelu is required for their survival. But restoration should not be interpreted as picking a single point in time and modeling the restoration effort to replicate it. For example, the 1920s or 1930s could be selected and restoration efforts could be focused on replicating what life was like at that time, before the kiawe took hold along the beach, and when cupboards of communal supplies were left in temporary shelters on the pahoehoe lava, for anyone in need to use. Or, the pre -contact era could be selected and any improvements needed in the coastal planning area could be designed to remain consistent with those that were typical of that time period. Ultimately, selection of a single time period as a focus of restoration efforts has not been pursued because it would imply that one period of history is more important than another. Instead, this plan chooses to focus on the basic traditional cultural practice that renders the kaheka and other resources timeless: the act of gathering. Therefore, productivity is the focus of resource restoration in this plan. I -M It is the lessee's belief, that in consultation with the kama `aina and the kupuna, this plan can succeed in not only preserving the resources for future generations, but also in improving our understanding of the value of those resources to a culture and to a way of life. II. Character of Allowable Development within the Coastal Planning Area Subzones Following is a discussion of the overall character envisioned for each of the coastal planning area subzones, including a summary of allowable development. 1. Subzone B-1 Subzone B-1 is to be utilized and developed as an activity -oriented recreational area, which will include a Hawaiian interpretive center. The interpretive center will function as an entryway to the coastal resources in Subzone A. The function of the interpretive center will focus on the educational experience, providing exhibits and presentations to help visitors to the area, especially children, learn about the sensitive character and the cultural context of the resources in the coastal region. In addition to the interpretive center, the remaining portion of the 30 acres that constitute this subzone will be devoted to outdoor recreational activities. The main access roadway through the project area will provide access to Subzone B -l. Public parking will be provided in conjunction with the interpretive center. 2. Subzone A Because this area is highly valued as a traditional fishing and resource collection area, it is designated as a sustainable resource area. Management of this area will focus on sustaining its natural and cultural resources including fish, shellfish, limu, the kaheka and loko pa`akai (natural and modified salt making ponds), and preserving several significant archaeological sites situated along the coastline, including the housesites situated within the kiawe grove. The subzone should ideally be left in its natural state as much as practicable. Structural development would be prohibited in this subzone, except for limited public access improvements such as pedestrian paths, a public comfort station, and a public parking area. 3. Subzone B-2 This subzone is considered conducive to limited coastal -oriented recreational activities including hiking along the coastal trail, fishing, and resource collection. The term "limited" is used in recognition of the fact that use of portions of the coastal trail which cross low-lying beach areas may be prevented during periods of high waves (usually during winter storm conditions). In addition, access to the ocean from the trail is severely constrained by sea cliffs, shoreline boulders, and turbulent conditions along the portion of the trail which crosses the 1800 lava flow. Thus, caution should be exercised by fishermen and gatherers who wish to use the trail. Portions of the coastal trail are presently delineated with white coral and/or stepping stones. Other portions of the trail are unmarked, especially where it crosses sandy areas. Improvements along the trail will be limited to the placement of additional white coral markers and/or stepping stones, but no further improvements will be made. The coastal trail is also part of the Ala Kaha Kai, the regional trail system that extends from North Kohala to Ka'u, and will help to facilitate greater public access to West Hawai'i. Management of the coastal trail will be coordinated with Na Ala Hele and the National Park Service (if the trail is added to the National Trail System as proposed at the time this document is being written). In recognition of the proximity of the coastal trail to the residential area, a 150 -foot setback will be established from the certified shoreline for residential development or vertical improvement other than landscaping or those allowed by County ordinance or variance (see SLUC Condition 19d cited earlier). The setback would allow the development of limited signature golf holes to extend makai to the County's 40 -foot shoreline setback boundary, so long as the proposed golf holes do not encroach upon the coastal trail or preclude other recreational activities in the subzone. Preparation of this plan has occurred in conjunction with applications for Project District and a Special Management Area Use Permit. The precise location of golf holes that may be located within portions of Subzone B-2 has not yet been determined. Once a golf course lay -out has been completed, specific mitigation measures can be implemented to ensure that trail users are not negatively impacted by golfers or golf course operations. 4. Subzone B-3 As discussed earlier in this plan, the principal intent of Subzone B-3 is to function as an open -space buffer between the project area and the Kona Village Resort. To that end, development activities allowable within the subzone will be determined by mutual consent between the lessee and Kona Village. Permissible uses include golf course development, subject to the same restrictions as discussed in Subzone B-2 above. 5. Subzone C Development within this subzone is prohibited. Consultation with the kupuna and the kama `aina, as well as formal review and adoption of a preservation plan and a mitigation plan by the State Historic Preservation Division and the Burial Council will help determine acceptable levels of activity that will be conducted in the subzone. However, it is envisioned that activity will be generally limited to upkeep of the area, visitation by descendants of those interred .E there, and for limited educational programs that are conducted with respect for the sensitive character of the resources. Given the presence of many burials within the subzone and along the mauka-makai trail (site 19124), active use of this area by persons other than descendants of the persons interred there, or organized educational excursions, is not envisioned. 6. Subzone D Development within this subzone is not contemplated by the lessee. Subzone D is part of the territorial waters of the State of Hawai'i and the United States of America. Therefore, jurisdiction over Subzone D rests with government agencies. Use of the marine subzone by all persons, including fishermen, sportsmen, resource collectors, boaters, and recreational enthusiasts will be conducted in compliance to rules established in cooperation with, and with input from, a management coalition made up of representatives of the State of Hawai'i, KS/BE, the lessee, Kona Village Resort, Hualalai Resort, and kama `aina. Programs for the management of marine resources in for Subzone D will be coordinated with this coalition so that they are consistent in scope and methodology of resource management within and adjacent to the ahupua'a. III. Management of Significant Resources Within the Remaining Project Area As described above, land uses proposed in the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project will include single-family and multi -family residential, outdoor recreation including up to 36 holes of golf, an 11 -acre commercial development, and a Resident's Club. Given the size of the development area (approximately 883 acres) relative to the proposed number of residential units (approximately 1,030), the overall project can be characterized as a relatively low density development. This provides greater flexibility for project designers to integrate significant resources into open space areas. The management of resources identified for preservation within the remaining project area will be coordinated with the intent of the overall management program on a case-by-case basis. Thus, the mitigation and treatment of significant archaeological sites will, for example, depend upon their relationship to the surrounding development area, as well as the results of consultation with kupuna, kama `aina, the State Historic Preservation Division, and the Burial Council, when applicable. The `oha'i plant, as well as the Species of Concern, will be preserved in similar fashion. That is to say, in consultation with the appropriate parties, their treatment and preservation will be conducted within the context of their environmental setting. Considerations regarding the preservation of threatened or endangered plant species include security, informational signage, and surrounding landscape treatment. A determination as to the appropriate size of a buffer zone around the `oha'i plant, if needed, will be made in consultation with the DLNR and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. With regard to that portion of the region known as Kalaemano which lies beyond the boundary of the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu, the informational and educational programs developed through the interpretive center in Subzone B-1 will hopefully facilitate greater public understanding about the cultural sensitivity of the entire area, including the portion of Kalaemano located on state-owned land. The provision of a comfort station within Subzone A will benefit shoreline users on either side of the Ka`upulehu/Pu'uwa'awa'a boundary and help to reduce environmental degradation on state-owned lands. The management of migrating feral donkeys is being addressed at the writing of this plan. While they are not considered to be a significant biological resource with respect to this plan, their continued existence in the region must be managed because they constitute a public safety hazard when they attempt to cross the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and they represent an on-going threat to botanical resources throughout the project area. SLUC Condition 17 of the 92 Decision and Order to approve the lessee's project for urbanization directed the lessee to conduct a wildlife mitigation and preservation study which includes an inventory of the feral donkeys and recommendations for their management. The lessee will coordinate these efforts with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, as well as the DLNR, and a committee that was established several years ago to address the issue. That committee is made up of representatives of area landowners and lessees, government agencies, and interested individuals and organizations. IV. KS/BE Community Stewardship Program The IRMP provides a framework for managing resources in the project area, including preservation, protection, and interpretation. It is also intended to serve as one of the key formative elements in KS/BE's collaborative planning efforts for the entire ahupua'a. At the time of preparing this plan, KS/BE is working on the formulation of an "Ahupua'a Management Plan" for Ka`upulehu, and on drafting the organizational structure of the "Ka`upulehu Foundation." As it is presently understood, the foundation will be made up of representatives of native families with generational ties to Ka`upulehu, KSBE, and Ka`upulehu lessees. According to KS/BE, the foundation will be dedicated to long-term management, protection, and interpretation of the natural and cultural resources of Ka`upulehu. Given this, the lessee anticipates the foundation will take an active role in the management and coordination of activities within the coastal planning area. V. Management Guidelines The IRMP includes ten key management points, which are based upon recommendations made by the interviewees during the oral history interviews presented in Appendix A. These management points establish the guidelines for the active management of the area's resources. 93 A. Protect Kalaemano area. Kalaemano is identified by interviewees as the pahoehoe and sandy shelf fronting the ocean, and extending across the older Ka `upulehu lava flows in the lands of Ka `upulehu and Pu `uwa `awa `a (between branches of the 1800 Ka `upulehu flow. The area includes the "house" and "birthing" place of deified sharks, a cave and spring site; the ancient salt works, temporary and long -tern habitation features, and other cultural -historic sites. Of particular importance to the members of the Keakealani and Maka'ai families was the birthing place and home of the family shark deity. That location was sacred to the po `e kahiko (ancient people) of Ka `upulehu and Kekaha, and it remains so today. Discussion: The delineation of Subzone A is intended to preserve access to and traditional uses of Kalaemano and to buffer it from development. As discussed earlier in this plan, the lessee understands the term Kalaemano to refer to a coastal region that extends north from the edge of the 1800 lava flow, across the boundary of Ka`upulehu, and extend into the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a. The lessee is committed to protecting the portion of Kalaemano contained within Ka`upulehu. Management of those portions of Kalaemano located within lands under the jurisdiction of the State of Hawai'i (land makai of the certified shoreline and land within the ahupua'a of Pu`uwa`awa`a) will be coordinated with the Department of Land and Natural Resources. The extensive archival research and oral history interviews conducted for the IRMP are intended to provide the lessee with consultation on the appropriate means of managing the resources of Kalaemano. It is intended that the designation of pedestrian paths within Subzone A be limited to the use of stone or coral markers to delineate the alignment of the historic coastal trail (Site 19193) across the sandy beach areas, as well as a path linking the comfort station and/or public parking area to the historical coastal 01 trail. A determination of the precise trail alignment will be based upon information obtained from archival documents and oral historical interviews. While marking the coastal trail across the beach will require periodic maintenance to prevent the stones from being covered with sand, it is hoped that the presence of these markers will help the drivers of four-wheel drive vehicles who currently enter the coastal area to understand the need to ensure the perpetuation of the coastal trail as a cultural resource. The physical location of a public comfort station must satisfy three criteria. First, the comfort station must be located near enough to the historical coastal trail so as to not constitute an inconvenience for the public using the coastal trail. Second, the comfort station must be located in an area that does not compromise the integrity of the archaeological, cultural or marine resources of the area. Third, the comfort station must be located in an area that is not threatened by storm wave inundation. To meet these three criteria, it is likely that the comfort station will be located on the pahoehoe lava flow behind the sandy beach area near the boundary of the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a at an elevation above the high wash of the waves. The specific location of the comfort station will be determined in coordination with the County of Hawai'i and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. The physical location of a public parking area must respond generally to the same three criteria as location of the comfort station. It must have a reasonable proximity to the area of interest, but without compromising the integrity of significant resources, and it must not be exposed to storm wave inundation. Therefore, it is anticipated that the public parking area will be located mauka of the comfort station but within a reasonable distance. The specific location of the public parking area will also be coordinated with the County of Hawai'i and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. B. Interpret the cultural and natural resources ofKalaemano to help ensure respectful use and visitation to the area, and make the information from the 95 archival and oral historical interviews available to those who visit the land. Discussion: It is envisioned that signage in Subzone A will be discrete and unobtrusive and will focus on informing people of the presence of sensitive cultural sites and natural resources. The interpretive center located in Subzone B-1 is intended to serve as the principal entryway to Subzone A. Educational exhibits and information developed from the archival research and oral history interviews conducted for the IRMP will be presented at the interpretive center. For those persons entering Subzone A on the coastal trail from Pu`uwa`awa`a, informational signage has already been erected at the boundary of the ahupua'a. When the interpretive center is completed, the signage at the ahupua'a boundary will inform visitors of the availability of additional information at the center. The lessee will coordinate with the surrounding landowners to protect the resources. Consultation with the kupuna has revealed a desire that the interpretive center focus upon educating children so that they may gain a better understanding of Hawaiian cultural and the natural environment. Nevertheless, exhibits will be designed to be interesting and informative for people of all ages. C. Ensure that the quality of the kaheka and loko pa `akai (salt works) is protected from pollution and runoff from development inland. Discussion: The quality of the salt works can be potentially impacted in two ways: by the inappropriate activities of people who use the coastal area and come into direct contact with the kaheka and loko pa `akai, and by a substantial deterioration in the quality of the nearshore waters. Protecting the quality of the pa'akai from shoreline users is primarily a function of educating them about the presence of the resource and its cultural importance. This can be accomplished through interpretive signage in the coastal area and informational exhibits at the interpretive center. The lessee is committed to ensuring that the storm drainage system for the residential and golf course development project located inland will be designed to minimize impacts on the groundwater aquifer and nearshore water quality. This can be accomplished by preventing direct surface runoff into the ocean, implementing a stringent management program which limits the use of fertilizers and pesticides on the proposed golf course, and educating the future residents of the area as to the appropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers on their residential properties. Further, the lessee recognizes that wastewater collection and treatment for the proposed comfort station must be designed to prevent any potential significant adverse impacts to nearshore water quality. With regard to the long-term impacts of development on coastal water quality, the lessee has instituted a program to periodically monitor water quality in the nearshore area to better manage land-based activities that might have a negative impact upon the groundwater resources of the area. D. Ensure that the nearshore fisheries of Ka `upulehu are managed and preserved for future generations. Discussion: Subzone D (the marine resource area) has been established as part of the 97 IRMP to facilitate the coordination and management of fishing and gathering activities to prevent depletion of the resources. In recognition of the ongoing activities of the Hualalai Marine Advisory Committee and the plan the committee is in the process of implementing for the coastal waters extending from Kalaemano to Maniniowali, the development and implementation of management programs for Subzone D will be coordinated with this committee so that it is consistent in scope and methodology. Management of coastal waters will include regular periodic monitoring of natural resources, including fish, invertebrates and limu to determine the impacts of fishing and collecting, as well as periodic water quality monitoring (discussed above). E. Develop a plan for restoration and management of the salt works and ko'a (dedicated off -shore fishing grounds) and larger fisheries ofKa`upulehu. Discussion: In light of the existence of the ko'a that have been identified offshore, the marine management program will include activities which focus on the eventual restoration of the ko'a and the establishment of a protocol for harvesting practices at the ko'a, in consultation with kupuna and kama `aina. Active management of the ko'a may include the creation of cultural fishing zones around the ko'a wherein fishing may be prohibited with the exception of the ko'a stewards. However, implementation of such a program must be coordinated with the Department of Land and Natural Resources and users of the area. In consultation with kupuna and kama `aina, efforts will be undertaken to carefully restore the loko pa `akai and kaheka that are now covered with sand and rock debris, and to institute a program that promotes their active use. It is recognized, however, that the process of stewardship over these resources will depend in large part upon the availability of people who are willing to become Op:? actively involved. Restoration of the ko'a, for example, is intended to be consistent with the traditional cultural practices of Ka`upulehu and, therefore, will depend on the long-term commitment of people to learn the practices and then integrate them into their lives. This will obviously take time. Thus, a stewardship program must begin with education. The interpretive center is considered to be pivotal to the implementation of a stewardship program because it will plant the seeds of stewardship and help cultivate them through its presence and activity -oriented programs. The same is true for the salt works. Restoration can involve several levels of effort ranging from limited clearing of sand from selected areas to the implementation of a broad restoration program. Success will depend in large part upon the willingness of people to participate. F. Respect the ilina (burials), housesites, trails, petroglyphs, and other archaeological and cultural sites within the Ka `upulehu project area. Discussion: The delineation of the Subzones A, B-2, B-3, and C provide the means for protecting theses archaeological and cultural resources. The educational programs associated with the interpretive center, together with signage provided in the coastal planning area, will provide the means for encouraging the archaeological and cultural sites to be treated with respect. Interpretive signage in the area will be discrete and unobtrusive. Burials will be sealed in a manner consistent with the wishes of the kupuna and the descendants of the persons interred there to every extent practicable, so as to prevent unintentional desecration, as well as to protect the safety of the public who may be escorted to the area. The long-term preservation and management of significant resources within the remaining project area will be achieved in part through the implementation of conditions, covenants and restrictions (CC&R), as well as residential design guidelines for the overall project. These measures enable the lessee to clearly define the desired character of future residential development. In so doing, the lessee can identify sensitive resources in the area and institute appropriate measures to conserve and manage them. When established as CC&Rs, these measures "run with the land," that is to say, they become deed restrictions. G. Work with the families who are descended from the po `e kahiko of Ka `upulehu in determining proper treatment ofilina and other cultural sites and resources. Discussion: The archival research and oral history interviews conducted for the IRMP represent the beginning of the formal consultation process. Interviews were conducted with the following individuals: Valentine Ako, Karin Haleamau, George Kahananui, Margorie Kaholo-Kaiilanu, David Ka`onohi Keakealani, Robert K. Keakealani, Sr., Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira, Robert "Sonny" Keakealani, Leina'ala Keakealani, Shirley Keakealani, Arthur Mahi, Joseph Maka'ai, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole, and Hannah Kihalani Springer. It is noted here the lessee has developed a close working relationship with the Keakealani family, whose guidance in the development of this plan has been sincerely appreciated. The lessee is committed to seeking consultation with the kupuna and the descendants of interred persons concerning appropriate burial treatments. H. Develop interpretive and educational programs (e.g., caring for and making pa `akai, fishing customs and fisheries management, and historical tours etc.) for 100 Hawai `i's youth and other visitors to Ka`upulehu. Discussion: As discussed above, the development of an interpretive center in Subzone B-1 will provide the mechanism for implementing educational programs, with a special focus on Hawaii's youth. Establishing long-term stewardship programs at the center will involve youth in resource management. Educational and informational exhibits at the center, as well as interpretive signage provided at selected areas, will help inform all visitors, adults and children alike, of the cultural significance of the resources. I. Interpret the broader relationship of coastal resources to inland resources and their importance to native residents of the ahupua `a of Ka `upulehu. Discussion: The identification of selected place names within the ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu (see Figure 2) represents an important step in interpreting the broader interrelationship of resources. Including regional place names in interpretive signage and educational exhibits will help to improve understanding and appreciation of the interrelationship among resources. It is hoped that this effort will be incorporated into the Ahupua'a Plan presently being prepared by KS/BE. Continuing the process of oral history interviews will assist both the lessee and KS/BE in furthering their collective knowledge about the area. J. Encourage cultural stewardship and wise use on behalf of all who visit Ka `upulehu and use its resources. Discussion: Beginning in 1997, the lessee instituted the initial steps of this plan with the 101 installation of informational signage at the project area boundaries to advise visitors and users of the coastal area of the presence of sensitive cultural resources. The signage also informed those with questions how to contact Kaupulehu Developments and/or KS/BE for further information. The combined efforts of a marine resources management plan, educational programs associated with the interpretive center, and information signage provided within the coastal planning area, will help encourage renewed cultural stewardship in this generation and those to follow. As expressed in this plan, we believe the key is to focus on educating Hawaii's children to become knowledgeable stewards of the land. VI. Cooperation and Coordination with Other Planning and Management Efforts The implementation of this plan will be coordinated with other planning and management efforts. These efforts include but are not limited to: a. The treatment recommendations of the Archaeological Site Preservation Plan to be prepared by the consulting archaeologist; b. The on-going interpretation of cultural -historic resources and practices (past, present, and future uses); C. The implementation of interpretive mechanisms approved by the State Historic Preservation Division and the Burial Council; d. The development of interpretive program material; e. Monitoring and site maintenance of identified cultural and archaeological sites, including the recordation of site stability, public access, and hours of use; f. Coordination with the on-going efforts of the Hualalai Marine Resources Management Committee; and g. Coordination with the remaining conditions of SLUC Decision and Order, as well as conditions of subsequent permit approvals. 102 REFERENCES Belt Collins & Associates. 1986. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Kaupulehu Resort, North Kona, Hawai'i. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Belt Collins Hawaii. May 1984. Hawai'i County Cultural Resources Management Plan. Prepared for County of Hawai'i. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Belt Collins Hawaii. 1994. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. Honolulu, Hawai'i Bruner, P.L. (1994). Study of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Kaupulehu Property, North Kona, Hawai'i. Prepared for Belt Collins & Associates. Laie, Hawai'i. Char & Associates (1994). Botanical Survey, Kaupulehu Phase 2 Development. North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Belt Collins & Associates. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1996. Status Report to the Nineteenth Legislature Regular Session of 1997 on the Subsistence Fishing Pilot Project, Molokai. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Dollar, S. J. 1975. Zonation of reef corals off the Kona Coast of Hawaii. M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Dollar, S. J. 1982. Wave Stress and Coral Community Structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Fujii and Salmoiraghi. 1995. In the Lee of Hualalai, Historic Ka`upulehu. Prepared for Kaupulehu Makai Venture. Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i. Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission. 1995. Palapala Ho'onohonoho Moku'aina O Kaho'olawe, Kaho'olawe Land Use Plan. Kumu Pono Assocaites. 1998. Ka`upulehu Ma Ka `Rina Kaha, A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews. Ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu, District of North Kona, Island of Hawai'i. Hilo, Hawai'i. Lee, Herb Jr. 1994. Life in Early Hawai'i, The Ahupua'a. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Marine and Anchialine Pool Monitoring Program, Kaupulehu Makai Venture, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. 103 Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Marine Baseline Assessment, Water Chemistry. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Baseline Marine Assessment, Marine Biota. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Marine Research Consultants (December 1993). Kaupulehu Anchialine Ponds and Wetland Monitoring and Management Program. Pond Biology and Management Recommendations. Report 2-93. KMV Resort Project, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Marine Research Consultants (February 1994). Marine Monitoring, Water Chemistry, Report 1-94. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Marine Research Consultants. March, 1998. Assessment of Biotic Resources of the Intertidal and Subtidal Environments off the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. Honolulu, Hawai'i. Moloka'i Task Force. 1996. Governor's Moloka'i Subsistance Task Force Final Report. National Park Service. 1997. Draft Ala Kahakai National Trail Study and Environmental Impact Statement. PHRI (1990). Archaeological Resource Assessment: Kaupulehu Phase II Master Plan, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. PHRI (1990). Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations: Kaupulehu Makai Resort Project Area, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. PHRI (1992). Kaupulehu Makai Resort. Phased Archaeological Mitigation Program: Phase Il: Archaeological Data Recovery. Lands of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. PHRI (1992). Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4. Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey: Phase I: Site Identification. Lands of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. PHRI (1993). Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4. Archaeological Inventory Survey. Lands of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. PHRI (1993). Archaeological Inventory Survey: Kaupulehu Resort Irrigation Project, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo, Hawai'i. 104 PHRI (1996). Identification of Potential Traditional Cultural Properties - Beach Safety Improvement Project. Hilo, Hawai'i. Sinoto, Aki and Bruce Jones. 1994. Cultural and Archaeological Assessment for Kona, Hawai'i Properties of Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate, Volume 1. Honolulu, Hawai'i. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior). 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered and threatened species; Notice of Review. Fed. Reg. 50(188). U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance Administration, National Flood Insurance Program. Flood Insurance Rate Map Hawaii County. 105 Appendix A: Ka`upulehu ma ka `Aina Kaha A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews, Volume 1 HiKaupu-16 (052098) APPENDIX A - VOL UME I "KA `UPULEHUMA KA `AINA KAHA" A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews Ahupua`a of Ka`apulehu, District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii k yp 7(•f•T� A Y Xa.Munw re. /qs� j«� Pt X.AL.Ae" Iry 7t.r1fns{ py i II i ,4 I \ nu��wµ{ 'Z'nhae%. oc .. Z.fa.c I w: Coastal Portion ofKa'upulehu Q.S. Emerson Survey o(1882) RegisterMap 1278 (Hawaii State Survey Division) Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research Oral History Studies - Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning • Development of Preservation & Interpretive Plans -ov-.;.k vP� Cc Coastal Portion ofKa'upulehu Q.S. Emerson Survey o(1882) RegisterMap 1278 (Hawaii State Survey Division) Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research Oral History Studies - Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning • Development of Preservation & Interpretive Plans HlKaupu-16 (052098) APPENDIX A — VOLUME I "KA `UPULEHU MA KA `AINA KAHA" A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews Ahupua `a of Ka `upulehu District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK 7-2-03) BY Kepa Maly • Cultural Resources Specialist PREPARED FOR Kaupulehu Developments 1100 Alakea Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 MAY 20, 1998 01998 Kumu Pono Associates Kumu Pone, Associates Kepi Maly, Consultant Historical & Archival Documentary Research • Oral History Studies • Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning • Development of Preservation & Interpretive Plans 554 Keonaona St. - Hilo, Hawaii 96720 • (ph./jax) 808.981.0196 • (e-mail) kepa@interpac.net EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview At the request of Alexander C. Kinzler (Kaupulehu Developments), Kepa Maly, Cultural Resources Specialist (Kumu Porto Associates), conducted historical and archival documentary research and an oral history study in conjunction with the development of an integrated resources management plan (IRMP). The overall project area consists of approximately 1,120 acres in the northern, makai (seaward) portion of Ka`upulehu in the region traditionally known as Kekaha, on the northwestern facing shore of North Kona, on the island of Hawaii (TMK 7-2-03). The land of Ka'upulehu is a part of the holdings of the Kamehameha Schools -Bishop Estate (KSBE), established as a trust in 1887, to benefit Hawaiian youth through the will of Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop. As such, the land has been leased by KSBE to Kaupulehu Developments, and KSBE maintains it's oversight responsibilities in the project development, including input and review of the present study. Archival and Oral Historical Research The historical and archival documentary research reported in this study is the result of more than six years of background work, some of which has been previously reported by the author. Importantly, this study also includes recently identified archival resources (including land documents, survey and cartographic records, native Hawaiian texts, and oral historical interviews) that have not been previously cited or translated. The collection of additional historical documentation and compilation of previous archival research was conducted primarily between December 1997 to April 1998. As a part of the present study, the author also conducted oral history interviews with Hawaiian kupuna (elders) and representatives of native families with generational residency ties to the land of Ka`upulehu and neighboring ahupua a. The oral history section of the study also includes interviews from several oral history studies previously conducted by, or transcribed by the author, As a result, the interview records in this study cover the period from c. 1980 to 1998. Thus, this study includes documentation from 17 interviews with 15 participants. Oral history interviews conducted specifically as a part of this study were recorded between February 19"' to May 2&, 1998. The interviews add important documentation to the historical record, and specifically describe the continuing relationship shared between native residents of the land, and the natural landscape and resources of Ka`apulehu and the larger Kekaha region. It is noted here that this study does not duplicate all that has been previously written in archaeological and ethnographic studies about the Kaupulehu vicinity. Instead, pertinent references are cited, and the primary texts focus on historical records which have been recently identified as valuable sources of information for the study area. Findings and Recommendations As a result of the literature research and oral historical interviews, readers are given access to rich legendary and historical narratives. Some of the documentation is site specific (recorded for the immediate study area), while the larger body of documentation provides ahupua a—specific documentation of sites, practices, and customs associated with the families and lands of Ka'upi lehu and the larger Kekaha region. The interviews cited in the study also clearly demonstrate the continuation of certain aspects of traditional knowledge and practices associated with the land, as handed down over the generations. As a result of the combined records of archival and oral historical accounts, eight resources of cultural significance were identified within the project area. These resources fall into several categories, including but not limited to: (a) the cultural -geographic landscape (e.g. Kalaemano—an area described as the coastal pahoehoe lava shelf extending between two lobes of the 1800 Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pono Associates ITIKaupu-16 (052098) ii May 1998 Ka`upulehu lava flow, which includes the northern portion of the Ka`upulehu coastline and southern portion of the Pu`uwa`awa'a coastline; and numerous topographic features extending from the shore to the mountains); (b) sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices (e.g., the ko'a at Kolomu`o, and the birthing place of sharks—family deity); (c) ala loa and ala Kele (regional and inner ahupua `a trail systems; (d) sites associated with temporary and long-term habitation activities; (e) kaheka and loko pa akai (natural and modified salt making ponds); (f) boundary markers; (g) near shore and ocean fisheries and marine resources collection areas; and (h) ilina 'ohana or family burial sites (those for which interviewees had knowledge, are situated on the south side of the 1800 lava flow, inland of Mahewalu Point and further south). It is noted here, that additional "archaeological" sites (physical features) were identifies in the Archaeological Inventory Survey conducted by PHRI (cf Head et al. 1995). Throughout the interviews, the interviewees all expressed a deep "cultural attachment" to the lands, sites, resources, and place names of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha. As recorded in the historic accounts of elder natives of Kekaha, the love of the landscape, the importance of the history, and the continuation of native practiceswhetheroccurring physically on the land, or being orally taught to successive generations—are integral to the lifeways of the families of Kekaha. Furthermore, during the course of conducting both the interviews and the follow-up work with the interviewees, several concerns and/or recommendations were shared in common by the interviewees. At the request of the interviewees, primary recommendations regarding protection and interpretation within the Ka`upulehu study area are included here: I - Protect the Kalaemano area. Kalaemano is identified by interviewees as the pahoehoe and sandy shelf fronting the ocean, extending across the older Ka`upulehu lava flows in the lands of Ka`upulehu and Pu`uwa`awa`a (between branches of the 1800 Ka`upulehu flow). The area includes the "house" and "birthing" place of deified sharks; a cave and spring site; the ancient salt works; temporary and long-term habitation features; and other cultural -historic sites. Of particular importance to the members of the Keakealani and Maka`ai families was the birthing place and home of the family shark deity—that location was sacred to the po e kahiko (ancient people) of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha, and it remains so today. 2- Interpret the cultural and natural resources of Kalaemano to help ensure respectful use and visitation to the area, and make the information from the archival and oral historical interviews available to those who visit the land; 3 - Ensure that the quality of the kaheka and loko pa'akai (salt works) is protected from pollution and runoff development inland; 4- Ensure that the near -shore fisheries of Ka`upulehu are managed and preserved for future generations; 5- Develop a plan for restoration and management of the salt works and ko'a (dedicated off -shore fishing grounds) and larger fisheries of Ka`upulehu; 6- Respect the `ilina (burials), kahua hale (residential features), ala hele (trails), kaha pohaku (petroglyphs), and other sites within the Ka`upulehu project area; 7- Work with the families who are descended from the po'e kahiko (ancient people) of Ka`upulehu in determining proper treatment of 'ilina and other cultural sites and resources; w "Cultural Attachment" embodies the tangible and intangible values of a culture—how a people identify with, and personify the environment around them. It is the intimate relationship (developed over generations of experiences) that people of a particular culture feel for the sites, features, phenomena, and natural resources etc., that surround them—their sense of place. This attachment is deeply rooted in the beliefs, practices, cultural evolution, and identity of a people. The significance of cultural attachment in a given culture is often overlooked by others whose beliefs and values evolved under a different set of circumstances (cf James Rent, "Cultural Attachment: Assessment of Impacts to Living Culture." September 1995). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) iii May 1998 8 - Develop interpretive and educational programs (e.g., caring for and making pa'akai; fishing customs and fisheries management; and historical tours etc.) for Hawai'i's youth and other visitors to Ka'upulehu; 9- Interpret the broader relationship of coastal resources to inland resources and their importance to native residents of the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu; and 10- Encourage cultural stewardship and "wise use" on behalf of all who visit Ka'upulehu and use its resources. Ahupua`a o Ka'upulehu: Integrated Resources Management Planning Aside from the goal of identifying and incorporating important historical documentation (both archival and interviews) into a detailed ethnographic study, this document also seeks to provide KSBE, their lessee, project planners, and property managers with cultural historical background information that can be used to help with the development of an Integrated Resources Management Plan (IRMP). A well designed IRMP, includes background work in the applicable environmental, cultural, and sociological,ields, and presents a plan o 'action that applies an "ecosystem approach" to designing long-term management goals for care of the diverse resources of the study area. by the case of this study, the "ecosystem" is an interconnected community of living things, including humans, and the physical environment in which they interact in the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu. In the IRMP (BCH May 1998), it will be seen that the factors influencing resource management extend beyond the immediate study area --c. 1,120 acres of Ka'upulehu—to include the surrounding natural and cultural environment, or the larger "ecosystem" of which the project area is a part. This "ecosystem" approach to resources management closely mirrors the holistic approach of ahupua'a management by which native tenants of the land lived within the wealth and limitations of their resources. The ahupua'a, or traditional land unit within which the native Hawaiians lived, represented a land division that was a complete ecological and economic production system. The boundaries of the ahupua'a were generally defined by cycles and patterns of natural resources that extended from the mountainous zone, or peaks, to the ocean fisheries. The natural cycles within the ahupua'a were also the foundation of the Hawaiian family, social, political and religious structure, and it can be said that the Hawaiian culture itself, is rooted in the land. This concept is demonstrated in the Hawaiian saying – "He kalo kanu o ka 'aina," which translates literally as "A taro planted on the land." The saying has been used for generations, to describe someone who is a native of a particular land (Pukui 1986:157, No. 1447). Today, aspects of this mountain -to -sea land management system remain as important factors in the lives of many native Hawaiians and other residents of the Hawaiian Islands. The challenge that faces us all, is the continuing need to care for our past, while also allowing for continued use of and protection of our natural and cultural resources in the face of increasing population pressure, transportation technologies (e.g., four-wheel drive vehicles provide direct access to areas that were previously only accessible to pedestrians), and conflicting cultural values. Kaupulehu Developments Kurnu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) iv Mav 1998 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of this study was made possible because many people --some with generational relationships to the land of Ka`upulehu, and others who appreciate the unique qualities that are a part of the land—agreed to share their manna o (thoughts and opinions) regarding the history and future of Ka`upulehu. The words of the kupuna—both written and recorded in interviews—impart to us the importance of the land to its native people, and give us guidance in planning for the future of Ka`upulehu. Some of the kupun who shared their personal experiences and knowledge in interviews documented in this study have departed from this life. Thus, the information recorded herein is even more valuable to the families of the land, and to those who will call Ka'upulehu home in the future. In reading this collection of archival documentation and oral histories, I wish to ask you to think of a saying taught to me by Tutu papa Daniel and Tutu mama Hattie Kaopuiki, my kupuna hanf (adoptive grandparents) on Una`i — "O ka mea maika i malmna, o ka mea maika7 `ole, kapae Ya" (Keep that which is good and set that which is not good aside). Tutu ma used this saying to ask forgiveness if something was said or done that gave another offense. Thus, I too ask you to keep the good and set the bad aside, for no offense has been meant. Also, as Tutu Kawena Pukui taught me, I can only "speakfrom the door of my own house," from that which I have experienced, or that which was shared with me, by natives of the land. I do not profess to have recorded all that could or should be said about Ka'upnlehu, the Kekaha region, or the study matter. But, a sincere effort has been made to present readers with an overview of the rich and varied history of the area, and to accurately relay the thoughts and recommendations of the people who contributed to this study. To all of you who shared your man `o, aloha, and history— Valentine K. Ako; Karin K. Haleamau; Randy Hashimoto (and staff–the Hawaii State Survey Division); George K. Kahananui; Margie Kaholo-Kailianu ma; David Ka`8nohi Kellkealani ma; Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira; Leina`ala and Shirley Keakealani (Robert Keakealani Sr.); Robert Keakealani Jr. and Ku`ulei KeAkealani; Robert Lindsey; Arthur M. and Teresa Mahi; Joseph Pu'ipu'i "Wainuke" Maka`ai; Tom McAuliffe; Rose Pilipi-Maeda (and Shoigi Maeda); Wm. "Billy" Johnson Paris; Kamakaonaona Pommy -Maly; Daniel Pries xxx; Robert K. Punihaole and Cindy Punihaole ma; Lurline Nione-Salvador; Hannah Kihalani Springer; "Lefty" Yatsuoka; the staff of the Hawaii State Land Management Division and Archives, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Archives, and Belt Collins Hawaii; and also, to the many people unnamed here, who provided logistical support, and helped to ensure that the archival research and interviews could be completed— —Mahalo nui no, ke aloha o ke Akua pu me `oukou apau! 'o wau no me ka ha aha a — Kepa Maly Kaupu[ehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) v May 1998 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUC77ON I Background I Approach to Conducting the Study 1 Archival Research - 3 Oral Historical Research 4 Study Organization 4 II. KA'l1PULEHU MA KA AINA KAHA: Ka'opolehu, Land in the Arid Coastal Region 5 An Overview Of Hawaiian Settlement and Land Management Practices 5 Ahupua'a—A Hawaiian Resources Management Unit 6 The Ahupua`a of Ka'upolehu 8 Inoa Aina (Place Names) 10 111. KA'UPULEHU A ME KEKAHA – HE WAHI MO'OLELO AINA (Ka'apulehu and Kekaha–Selected Traditions of the Land) 15 A: Mo'olelo – Traditional and Early Historic Accounts Historical Overview (collected or written between ca. 1860 to 1885) 15 Punia: A Tale of Sharks and Ghosts of Kekaha 15 Kekaha in the Time of 'Umi-a-Uloa (ca. 16`" century) 16 Kekaha: ca. 1740 to 1801 17 Ka Huako i Pele (The Journey of Pele) 17 Kekaha: 1812 to 1841 19 19t° Century Accounts of Foreign Visitors: 30 The Journal of William Ellis (1823) 19 The Wilkes' Expedition (1840-1841) 21 The Journal of Cochran Forbes (1841) 21 B: Mo olelo – Traditional and Historic Accounts (collected or written between ca. 1890 to 1930) 22 Historical Overview 22 "Ka oo Ho oniva Pu`uwai no Ka Miki" 23 "Ka Imu a Kane" 27 "Ka Loko o Pa aieo" 28 "Ka Pu u o Akahipu`u" 30 "Na Ho onanea o ka Monawa" 30 'He Moolelo no Makaler' 33 IV. KAIIPULEHU: LAND TENURE 44 Overview 44 The Mahele of 1848 44 Land of Ka'opolehu: Described before the Boundary Commission (ca. 1874-1886) 45 Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) vi May 1998 V. RESIDENCY AND LAND USE (ca. 1850 to 1930) 51 Historic Land Documents in Archival Collections 51 Ka'upulehu and Vicinity: Residency Records 51 Tenancy and Land Use Records of the Bishop Estate 52 Ka Hana Pa'akai ma Kalaemano (Salt Making at Kalaemano): Familial Associations 56 Historic Ranching Operations 56 Hawaiian Government Survey Records (ca. 1882-1889) 60 Kekaha—Ka'upulehu and Makalawena: An Extended Community 68 Kekaha and Ka'iipulehu: Native Accounts of Transitions in the Community 70 Na Ho omana`o o ka Manawa 95 (Reflections of Past Times) 70 Ko Keoni Ka`elemokule Mo`olelo Pono'7— John Ka'elemakule's Own Story 72 VL KAIIPULEHU AND VIGNITY—,AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED HISTORICAL STUDIES (From ca. 1916 to present) 77 Overview 77 Archaeology of Kona Hawaii (Reinecke ms. 1930) 77 Pa'akai—moi he Ka'upulehu Salt Works 79 Archaeological Inventory Survey (1995) 82 VII. HE WAHI MO'OLELO MAI NA KUPA 0 KA `AINA— HISTORIES FROM THE NATIVES OF THE LAND (Oral History Interviews, ca. 1980 to 1998) 83 Overview 83 Interview Methodology 84 Data Repository and Access 87 Overview of Selected Information and Recommendations Recorded in Oral History Interviews 87 Robert K. Ke7akealani Sr. (ca. 1980 to 1986) 90 Joseph Pu'ipu'i "Wainuke" Maka'ai (ca. 1985) 91 Valentine K. Ako (January 1996 to April 1998) 91 Wm. "Billy" J. Paris (April 24, 1996) 92 Arthur M. Mahi (April 23 & December 7, 1996) 92 Caroline K. Keakealani-Perreira (November 1996 to April 1998) 93 David K. Keakealani (Nov. 17 & Dec. 7, 1996) 94 Marjorie Kaholo-Kailianu (December 2 & 7, 1996) 94 Val K. Ako, Margie Kaholo-Kailianu, David Keiikealani, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, Arthur "Aka" Mahi, Joseph Pu'ipu'i Maka'ai, Caroline Keakealani-Perreira, and family members at Ka'upulehu (Dec. 7, 1996) 95 Hannah Kihalani Springer (Jan. 1977 to May 1998) 96 Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HXpu-16 (052098) vii May 1998 Karin K. Haleamau (January 22, 1997) Val K. Ako, V. Lei Collins, George K. Kahananui, Leina'ala Keakealani —Lightner, Caroline K. Keakealani-Perreira (November 8, 1997) Robert "Sonny" Keakealani Jr. (February 19, 1998) Caroline K. Keakealani-Perreira, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole (and family members) (April 1, 1998) VIII. MANA'O PANT (QOSING THOUGHTS) REFERENCES CITED • 103 ILLUSTRATIONS • 98 • 98 • 99 • 100 • 102 Figure I. The Proposed Ka'upulehu Project District; North Kona, Island of Hawaii 2 Figure 2. Portion of the Island of Hawaii, Detail of North Kona and the Kekaha Region 7 Figure 3. Bishop Est Map 116 (Reg. Map 1265) "Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu," J.M. Alexander, 1885 at end Figure 4. Annotated Map Showing Locations of Selected Named Locations in Ka'up0lehu at end Figure 5. Portion of Register Map 1278 Kiholo Section Map (Emerson, ca. 1882) 61 Figure 6. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 252:47 63 Figure 7. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 251:1 64 Figure B. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 253:7 66 Figure 9. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 253:27 67 Figure 10. Kalaeman6-P6hakuokahae and the Ka'upulehu Salt Works (Loko Pa'akai) 81 Figure 11. Ka'upulehu Oral History Interview Questionnaire Outline 85 TABLES _ Table 1. Selected Place Names of Ka'Opulehu (Fishery zone to approximately 3,222 foot elevation) • I I Table 2. Auhau Pooluo-1848 (Kekaha Taxation Records) 52 Table 3. Overview of Selected References to Sites, Practices, and Recommendation made by Interviewees 89 Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates IfiKaupu-16 (052098) viii May 1998 L INTRODUCTION Background At the request of Alexander C. Kinzler (Kaupulehu Developments), Kepa Maly, Cultural Resources Specialist (Kumu Pono Associates), conducted historical and archival documentary research and an oral history study in conjunction with the development of an integrated resources management plan (IRMP) for a parcel of land within the ahupua'a (native land unit) of Kaupulehu (also called "Keulupulehu"" by elderly native residents of Kona District). The overall project area consists of approximately 1,009 acres in Ka'upulehu. It is located within the northern, makai (seaward) portion of a parcel totaling approximately 2,181 acres (TMK 7-2-03), in the region traditionally known as Kekaha, on the northwestern facing shore of North Kona, on the island of Hawaii (Figure 1). The proposed development (hereinafter "the project') includes the construction of a residential/recreational community and related infrastructure. This study was conducted to comply with Federal and State laws and guidelines for such work (Le., the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 [cf. Sections 106, 110, 111, 112, and 402]); the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's "Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review" (ACHP 1985); National Register Bulletin 38, "Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties" {Parker and King 1990); the Hawai'i State Historic Preservation Statue (Chapter 6E), which affords protection to historic sites, including traditional cultural properties of ongoing cultural significance; the criteria, standards, and guidelines currently utilized by the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) for the evaluation and documentation of cultural sites (cf. Title 13, Sub -Title 13:274-4,5,6; 275:6); and guidelines for cultural impact assessment studies, adopted by the Office of Environmental Quality Control (November 1997)_ The land of Kaupulehu has been retained by Hawaiian royalty for centuries. Today, it is a part of the holdings of the Kamehameha Schools -Bishop Estate (KSBE), established as a trust in 1887, to benefit Hawaiian youth through the will of Chiefess Bernice Paushi Bishop. While, KSBE has leased the project area to Kaupulehu Developments, KSBE still maintains it's stewardship responsibilities for Ka'upalehu. Thus, as the Ali i (royal) title holder, KSBE has provided input and direction into the present study. Approach to Conducting the Study The primary objectives of this study were to — (1) identify native Hawaiian cultural sites or other historic properties within the project area; (2) describe the historical context of those sites in the larger ahupua'a (land division) of Ka'upfilehu and within the Kekaha region; (3) describe the Hawaiian cultural or historic significance of those sites, based on archival and oral historical documentation; (4) assess the effect of the project on the significant sites; and (5) recommend a resource management strategy. Ka-'ulu-pulehu (literally: The broiled or roasted breadfruit). Among kupuna who are of the land, there is general agreement that the "proper" name of the ahupua a is Ka•ulupulehu, not Ka'upulehu. Both names have been similarly translated, the latter pronunciation being a contraction of the original name. Some people attribute the change in pronunciation to land surveys done in the 1880s, but it will be seen in this study, that as early as 1848, land records of the Hawaiian Kingdom, have the name written as "Kaupulehu." There are also references cited in Section III of this study, written by an elderly natives of Kekaha, that identify specific places being identified with each use of the name. Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates 1fiKaupu-16 (052098) 1 May 1998 F HAWAII Lepakahi Historic Park Kawalhae Harbor Puukohola Heau National Historic Site Samuel Spencer Park MAUNA KEA RESORT Hapum Beach State Park MAUNA LANI RESORT WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT KAUPULEHU PROJECT DISTRICT HUALALAI RESORT Keahob Airport �� Boat Beach Park KAILUA•KONA Upolu Airport Pacific Ocean KO ate," _ ,,`,i;•-``�`- ` ., D••RANC '--K It Ia 1.1urtains', ONOKAA Kayralhae Ros♦d WAIMEA- I �OilTrilU C3® X64 f - --___ -- - - •, � P�QAAG^QG3Mp _ :WAIKOLOA VILLAGE' --------------------- ------------------ -- ___ ____ ________ 0 3.5 7 SCALE IN MILES Figure 1. The Proposed Kd0pulehu Project District; Nord) Kona, Island of Hawal t (Belt Collins Hawaii) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates BYKaupu-16 (052098) 2 May 1998 0 �N n / Mauna Kea all loo ------------ e9 - " _ Kom HOLD KEALAKEKUA ,1 ------ -- 11 ?',, ; G3GQNJ 1 C3@Ip ' lMauna,Loq" 09879 0 3.5 7 SCALE IN MILES Figure 1. The Proposed Kd0pulehu Project District; Nord) Kona, Island of Hawal t (Belt Collins Hawaii) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates BYKaupu-16 (052098) 2 May 1998 The combined information, will in tum, be used to help formulate long-term plans for preservation, protection, and interpretation of resources in the Ka'upulehu study area, and serve as a resource for planning similar (preservation -interpretation planning) actions in the larger ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu by the Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate and their lessees. Presently, KSBE is working on the formulation of an "Ahupua`a Management Plan" for Ka`upulehu, and on drafting the organizational structure of the "Ka`upulehu Foundation." The foundation, made up of representatives of native families with generational ties to Ka'upulehu, KSBE, and Ka'upulehu lessees will be dedicated to long-term management, protection, and interpretation of the natural and cultural resources of Ka'upulehu. A number of archaeological and ethnographic studies in Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region have been previously published. Those studies (cf. selected references cited in text), provide us with a foundation for understanding the natural and cultural landscapes of the land and lifeways of the people. Rather than duplicate those volumes, the author includes an overview of selected ethnographic records, and focuses on recently identified historical accounts that have had only minimal exposure. Over the period of twenty years, the author has been reviewing Hawaiian language newspapers, and translating native historical accounts. Also, in the last five years, the author has compiled a variety of ethnographic and oral historical records for the Ka'upulehu-Kekaha area. Many of the narratives cited in this study, were either written by, or spoken by, individuals who lived in Ka'upulehu or a neighboring land in the Kekaha region. Also, as a part of this study, valuable historical survey records from the 1880s were located for the land in Ka'upulehu and Kekaha. Thus, the historical - archival documentary research reported in is study will supplement the records of earlier ethnographic studies and the archaeological work previously conducted in the study area. The historical records cited in this study provide readers with detailed narratives that describe the cultural landscape (which in this context, also includes the natural environment) of the Ka`upulehu study area. By way of the traditional Hawaiian system of land management by ahupua'a (a native land division based on traditional knowledge of the landscape and ecosystems management practices) the study also provides readers with an overview of native accounts that describe the relationship between coastal Ka'upulehu (the study area) and the larger ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu. Archival Research The historical and archival documentary research reported in this study is the result of more than five years of background work. Literary resources included both published and manuscript Hawaiian accounts (both in Hawaiian and English); land use records, including Hawaiian Land Commission Award (LCA) records from the Mahele (Land Division) of 1848 (Indices of Awards, 1929); and Boundary Commission Testimonies and Survey records of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii (c. 1873-1905); D. Malo (1951); John Papa I'i (1959); S. Kamakau (1961, 1968, 1976, and 1991); Wm. Ellis (1963); A. Fomander (1917-1919 and 1973); Stokes and Dye (1991); E. Maguire 1926; Henke (1929); Reinecke (ms. 1930); J. W. Counter (1931); M. Beckwith (1919, 1970); Handy and Handy with Pukui (1972); Kelly (1971 & 1983); Springer (1989 and 1992); and various archaeological studies. The study also incorporates native Hawaiian accounts and historical records authored by J. Ka'elemakule, J.W.H.1. Kihe, and J. Wise, compiled and translated from Hawaiian to English, by the author. Archival resources were located in the collections of the Hawai'i State Archives, Land Management Division, Survey Division, and Bureau of Conveyances; the Kamehameha Schools -Bishop Estate; Bishop Museum; University of Hawai'i-Hilo Mo'okini Library; and private collections. The documentation cited here -in was compiled primarily between December 1997 to April 1998. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 3 Mav 1998 Oral Historical Research As a part of the present study, the author conducted oral history interviews—including a site visit and interview in the vicinity of P3hakuokahae-Kalaeman6. The interviewees included kUpuna (elders) and representatives of native families with generational residency ties to the land of Ka`upulehu and the Kekaha region. Oral history interviews conducted specifically as a part of this study were recorded between February 196' to May 206', 1998. The oral history section of the study also includes interviews from several oral history studies conducted or transcribed by the author (interview records in this study cover the period from c. 1980 to 1998). As a result, this study includes documentation from 17 interviews with 15 participants. The primary focus of the interviews was to elicit information from knowledgeable individuals regarding traditional Hawaiian lore and practices (both past and those that are on-going), spiritual beliefs, the presence of traditional sites, land and resource use, and on-going subsistence practices in the study area. Interviewees were also encouraged to offer recommendations for long-term protection and interpretation of the cultural and natural resources of Ka`upulehu Ahupua`a, including the immediate study area. Study Organization As noted above, this study includes documentation that has been collected from two primary resources. Volume I—the first chapters of the study report on documentation gathered from literature and archival resources. This information is generally cited in the chronological order of original publication. Subsequent chapters introduce the oral history study, present an overview of the methodology of the oral history interview process, and provide a summary of the documentation collected as a result of the oral history interviews. Volume H --presents the complete interview transcripts, as released by interview participants, including the personal release of interview record forts. The interviews are the result of both formal, tape recorded interviews and informal interviews for which hand written notes were taken and later expanded. All interview narratives (recorded and written) were reviewed by the interviewees for accuracy and context. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates IftKaupu-16 (051098) 4 May 1998 11. KA`OPOLEHU MA KA AiNA KAHA — KA`OPOLEHU, LAND IN THE ARID COASTAL REGION The information presented in this section of the study provides readerswith a general overview of Hawaiian colonization, population expansion, and land management practice on Hawaii, and includes site-specific discussions for Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. A more detailed discussion on settlement, based on archaeological evidence is presented in the final report on the "Archaeological Inventory Survey, Ka`upulehu Makai — Lot 4; Land of Ka`upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii" (Bead et al., 1995). That report should be read for further site-specific details. An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement and Land Management Practices It is generally believed that Polynesian settlement voyages between Hawaii and Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) occurred in two major periods, AD 300 to 600 and AD 1100 to 1250. The ancestors of the indigenous Hawaiian population are believed to have come primarily from the Marquesas and Society Islands (Emory in Tatar 1982:16-18). For generations following initial settlement, communities were clustered along the windward (ko olau) shores of the Hawaiian Islands, where fresh water was available, agricultural production could become established, and fishing was good. Small bays generally had clusters of houses where families lived and engaged in agricultural and fishing practices (Handy and Handy 1972:287). Only after the best areas became populated and perhaps crowded (ca. 800 to 1000 AD), did the Hawaiians begin settling the more remote trona (leeward) sides of the islands. Based on historical accounts and archaeological studies (cf. Ellis 1963, Fornander 1973, Stokes and Dye 1991, Reinecke Ms. 1930, Handy and Handy with Pukui 1972, Kelly 1971 and 1983, and Tomonari-Tuggle 1985), a general model characterizing major land use and settlement expansion to the leeward region of Hawaii Island in the prehistoric period can be proposed This model extends from c. AD 1000 to AD 1778, when Captain James Cook arrived in Hawaiian waters - 1 - In the period from pre -AD 1000 to the 1300s, the sheltered bays of Kona (which were also supplied by fresh water sources) were settled. The early settlers brought with them many things which were necessary for their survival. These included dry - and wet -land taros, sweet potatoes, yams, gourds, breadfruit, coconuts awa, sugar cane, and wauke etc. Also, as a result of the Hawaiian place- and environment -based religious system, the ancient settlers also brought with them their gods and goddesses, as "they were in their minds and souls..." (M.K. Pukui Ms.:2). In this early time, the primary livelihood focused near -residence agriculture, and on the collection of marine resources. 2- In the second period from around the 14te century selected areas in the uplands to around the 3000 foot elevation were being cultivated, and an ohana (extended family) system of social, religious, political, and economic values linked coastal and inland inhabitants. 3- In the third period, generally the 1&-18* centuries, there evolved a greater separation between the ali Y, or chiefly class and the makanirvana (commoners). Concurrently, as the Hawaiian population grew, land use practices expanded and became further formalized. In Kona and the leeward districts of the Hawaiian Islands, residences began expanding away from sheltered and watered bays. There was developed in the uplands, an extensive and formalized dryland agricultural field system. With the continued growth of the native population, there also developed a Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 5 May 1998 need to inhabit more and lands, thus, the people begin establishing permanent settlements in the region that came to be known as Kekaha—within which Ka'fipulehu is situated Also, in this time, the native system of land management by district, smaller land divisions, and land units became formalized. The land provided the fruits and vegetables for the diet, and the ocean provided most of the protein. This system of land management also set the basis of Hawaiian land use and distribution through the early 19' century. As the ancient Hawaiian population grew, land use and resource management practices evolved as well. The moku puri or islands were subdivided into land units of varying sizes. The largest division was the moku-o-loko (district–literally: interior island). It is recorded by the ca. 16' century, in the time of the chief 'Umi-a-Liloa, the island of Hawai'i was formally divided into six major districts (Fomander 1973–Vol. H:100-102). On Hawaii, the district of Kona is one of six major moku-o-loko within the island. The district of Kona itself, extends from the shore across the entire volcanic mountain of HualAlai, and continues to the summit of Mauna Loa, where Kona is joined by the districts of Ka'0, Hilo, and Hamilm (Figure 2). One traditional reference to the northern and southem-most coastal boundaries of Kona tells us that the district extended: Mai Ke-ahu-a-Lono i Au a o Kani-ku, a ho ea i ka Wei kolo o Manuka i Kaulanamauna a pili aku i Ka'u! — From Keahualono [the Kona-Kohala boundary] on the rocky flats of Kanikt3, to Kaulanamauna next to the crawling (tangled growth of) 'ulei bushes at Manukii, where Kona clings to Ka`u! (Ka'ao Ho oniva Pu'uwai no Ka-ATki in Ka Hoke. o Hawaii, September 13, 1917; Maly translator). Kona, like other large districts on Hawaii, was further divided into 'okana or kalana (regions smaller than the moku-o-loko, yet comprising several other units of land). In the region now known as Kona 'akau (North Kona), there were at least two ancient regions (kalana) as well. The southern portion of North Kona was known as "Kona kW opua" (interpretively translated as: Kona of the distant horizon clouds above the ocean), and included the area extending from Lamhau (the present- day vicinity of Kailua Town) to Pu'uohau. The northem-most portion of North Kona was called "Kekaha" (descriptive of an and coastal place). Native residents of the region affectionately referred to their home as "Kekaha-wai-`ole o nes Kona" (Waterless Kekaha of the Kona district), or simply as the " aina kaha." The boundaries of Kekaha (see Figure 2), within which we find Ka'apalehu, are described by the following saying: O Htkuhia i ka uka o Na pu'u a me Kekahawat ole, mai Ke-ahu-a-Lono i lo' a o Kaniku a ho'ea i Au Auld o Kanoenoe i ka pu u o Pu u-o-Kaloa. — [Kekaha extends from] the uplands of Hikuhia, which is in the uplands of Ni1pu`ur and the waterless Kekaha; and extend from Keahualono on the rocky plain of Kanik% to the hill of Pu'uokaloa [at Keahuolu]. (Ka ao Ho oniva Pu'uwai no Ka-Miki in Ka Hoku o Hawai'i, October 18, 1917; Maly translator). Ahupua`a A Hawaiian Resources Management Unit The sub -districts of Kona, like Kekaha (described above) were fiuther divided into manageable units of land, that were tended to by the maks ainana (people of the land). Of all the land divisions, perhaps the most significant land division was the ahupua a. These are subdivisions of land that were usually marked by an altar with an image or representation of a pig placed upon it (thus the name ahu pua a or pig altar). Ahupua a may be compared to pie -shaped wedges of land that extended from the mountain peaks to the ocean fisheries fronting the land unit; and their boundaries were generally defined by cycles and patterns of natural resources occurring within the lands (cf. Lyons, 1875). Z Napu'u is a general name for the hills and region between Pu'u Anahulu and Pu'uwa'awa'a, is also called Na- pu'u-pu' alu or Na-pu`u-p3' alu-kinikini. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 6 May 1998 Region of Kekaha PrpN. e/V. rf( "'u U Nr.Mrtr �` 1Qv� /LM/.MP4y l r•+ Pe N 4e o wn.n ey 3 L rt'-'Ir .Nh \` h Lrwrwrc. Y .•�MOyAU 21 OII[5i 11 � �-� -�� a Nl 6 M1 A, Ni rAl ( V � HONOKUA� Figure 2. Portion of the Island of Hawaii; Detail of North Kona and Region of Kekaha (State Survey Division, 1928) Kaupulehu Developments HiKaupu-16 (051098) 7 Kum Pono Associates May 1998 ahr.m., K 0 L rt'-'Ir .Nh \` h Lrwrwrc. Y .•�MOyAU 21 OII[5i 11 � �-� -�� a Nl 6 M1 A, Ni rAl ( V � HONOKUA� Figure 2. Portion of the Island of Hawaii; Detail of North Kona and Region of Kekaha (State Survey Division, 1928) Kaupulehu Developments HiKaupu-16 (051098) 7 Kum Pono Associates May 1998 Like the larger district, the ahupua a were also divided into smaller, manageable parcels in which cultivated resources could be grown and natural resources harvested. As long as sufficient tribute was offered to the alit, kapu (restrictions) were observed, and responsibility for the care and use of the resources was exercised, the common people, who lived in a given ahupua'a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. Entire ahupua a, or portions of the land were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or lesser chief -landlords, who answered to an aG`i-`ai-ahupua`a (chief who controlled the ahupua a resources). The ali'i- ai-ahupua'a in tum answered to an aGY ai moku (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus, ahupua a resources supported not only the maks ainana and ohana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms. This fort of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management planning. It is in this setting of Kekaha wai ole o na Kona that we find the project area in the ahupua a of Ka`upalehu. The Ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu It is worthy to mention that Ka`upulehu is one of twenty-three ancient ahupua a within the okana of Kekaha-wai-'ole. And as described by the Boundary Commission of the Kingdom of Hawai'i (c. 1874-1885), Ka.'upulehu includes approximately 23,545 acres of land (Figure 3. `Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu" J.M. Alexander, Surveyor, 1885 — at end of study). Legendary and historic literature, and oral historical accounts tell us that the ahupua a of Ka`tipfllehu was one of the favored lands in Kekaha. The protected bay at Kahuwait; numerous springs and water caves; the sheltered canoe landings, rich ocean and near -shore fisheries; a clustering of small fishponds near the shore; an important salt making resource; the inland agricultural field systems; and diverse forest and mountain resources, attracted native residents to the area, and sustained them on the land. The ahupua a of Ka`upfdehu crosses a wide range of environmental zones that are generally called "wao" in the Hawaiian language. These environmental zones include the near -shore fisheries and shoreline strand (kahakm) and the kula kai-kala uka (shoreward and inland plains). The kola region of Ka`upUlehu-Kekaha is now likened to a volcanic desert— The lower kula lands receive only about 15-20 inches of rainfall annually, and it is because of their dryness, the larger region of which Ka`upolehu is a part, is known as "Kekaha." While on the surface, there appears to be little or no potable water to be found, the very lava flows which cover the land contain many underground streams that are channeled through subterranean lava tubes. It will be seen later in this study (cf. Sections III, IV & V in this study), that lava and water are two significant factors in the histories of Keupulehu and the larger Keksha region. Continuing along the kula uka (inland slopes), the environment changes as elevation increases. In the wao kanaka and wao nahele regions where rainfall increases to 30 or 40 inches annually, forest growth occurred — This region provided native residents with shelter for residential and agricultural uses, and a wide range of natural resources which were of importance for religious, domestic, and economic purposes. In KeUpalehu, this region is generally above the present-day Mamalahoa Highway (also the basic alignment of an ancient ala loa, or foot trail that was part of a regional trail system) at the c. 2,000 foot elevation. Continuing further inland, Ka`upulehu ascends and encompasses the slopes and peaks of the volcanic mountain, Hualalai, which reaches an elevation 8,271 feet. On this inland slope between the c. 4,000 to 7000 foot elevation, we find the wao ma ulasle (a rain forest -like environment) and the wao akua, a It is possible that another sheltered cove or two, may have existed along the Ka'upOlehu shoreline prior to the 1800-1801 lava flows of Hualalai. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates ffiKaupu-16 (052098) 8 May 1998 literally translated as the "region or zone of deities." The wao akua is so named because of the pattern of cloud cover and precipitation which settles upon the mountain slope—this covering was interpreted as concealing from view the activities of the deity (cf. David Malo 1959:16-18; and M.K. Pukui, pers comm. 1975). Once passing the summit of Hualalai, the ahupua a of Ka'upulehu continues inland, descending to the pu `u (hill) Mailehahei at the 5,631 foot elevation. It is there, that the land of Ka'upulehu is cut off by the ahupua a of Keauhou (also apart of the Ali'itrust lands of Bishop Estate). Early native historians and old kerma aina to the lands of Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region shared a deep cultural attachment with their environment—their customs, beliefs, practices, and history was place based. The ancient Hawaiians saw (as do many Hawaiians today) all things within their environment as being interrelated. That which was in the uplands shared a relationship with that which was in the lowlands, coastal region, and even in the sea. This relationship and identity with place worked in reverse as well, and the ahupua a as a land unit was the thread which bound all things together in Hawaiian life. One of the famous sayings of this land describes the sense of attachment that the native residents of the Ka'upfflehu-Kekaha region shared with the land. While the saying may seem simple to those who are unfamiliar with the natural environment of the land, its depth touches the heart of the Hawaiian relationship with the natural environment — Ola aku la ka aina kaha, ua pua ka lehua i ke ?-ai — The natives of the Kaha lands have life, the lehua blossoms are upon the sea! (John Whalley Hermosa Isaac Kihe in Ka Haku o Hawaii, February 21, 1928) This saying describes the seasonal practice of natives of the Kekaha region, who during the winter planting season, lived in the uplands, where they cultivated their crops under the shelter of Ute lehua trees. Then when the fishing season arrived with the warmer weather, the natives would travel to the shore, where the fishing canoe fleets could be seen floating upon the sea like lehua blossoms. It was as a result of this knowledge of seasons, and the relationship between land, ocean, and community, that the residents of Ka'upulehu and greater Kekaha were sustained by the land. In an earlier account written by Kihe (In Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 1914-1917), with contributions by John Wise and Steven Desha Sr., the significance of the dry season in Kekaha and the custom of the people departing from the uplands for the coastal region is further described. Of the dry season, Kihe et al., wrote: ... 'Oia ka wa a nee ana ka Id is Komi, bele a mato o ka aina i ka ai kupakupa Ya e ka la, a o na kanaka, na ft i o Komi, puke a aku la a noho i kahakai kahi o ka wai e ola ai na knnaka – It was during the season, when the sun moved over Kona, drying and devouring the land, that the chiefs and people fled from the uplands to dwell along the shore where water could be found to give life to the people. (April 5, 1917) As recorded in oral history interviews in this study, the custom of traveling between the mauka arid makai regions remained important in the lives of the families of Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region through the early 20' century. While life upon the land has changed dramatically since the 1930s, the interviews demonstrate that the native families of Ka'upulehu-Kekaha are still very "place based." Place names, native traditions, and historic accounts of the land—connecting the uplands to the shore—are intricately bound together with the features of the landscape and environment of Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 9 May 1998 Ka`upulehu (see native legendary accounts below and the oral history section of this study for detailed narratives on this place based, cultural attachment). Inoa `Rina (Place Names) There are many place names in Ka`upulehu and Kekaha which demonstrate the broad relationship of natural landscape to the culture and practices of the people. Coulter (1935) observed that Hawaiians had place names for all manner of feature, ranging from "outstanding cliffs" to what he described as "trivial land marks" (Coulter 1935:10). History tells us that named locations were significant in past times, and it has been observed that "Names would not have been given to [or remembered if they were] mere worthless pieces of topography" (Handy and Handy with Pukui, 1972:412). In ancient times, named localities served a variety of functions, including — (1) triangulation points such as ko a (land markers for fishing grounds and specific offshore fishing localities); (2) residences; areas of planting; (3) water sources; (4) trails and trail side resting places (o Yo ina), such as a rock shelter or tree shaded spot; (5) heiau or other features of ceremonial importance; (6) may have been the source of a particular natural resource or any number of other features; or (7) the names may record a particular event that occurred in a given ares. In 1902, W.D. Alexander, former Surveyor General of the Kingdom (and later Government) of Hawaii, wrote and account of "Hawaiian Geographic Names" (1902). Under the heading "Meaning of Hawaiian Geographic Names" he observed: It is very difficult, if not impossible, to translate most of these names, on account of their great antiquity and the changes of which many of them have evidently undergone. It often happens that a word may be translated in different ways by dividing it differently. Many names of places in these islands are common to other groups of islands in the South Pacific, and were probably brought here with the earliest colonists. They have been used for centuries without any thought of their original meaning... (Alexander 1902:395) Table 1 is a list of selected place names that have been recorded for sites and features in the ahupua a of Ka`upulehu, between sea level and the 3200 foot elevation (also including selected Hualalai summit names). Most locations referenced in Table I are shown on Figure 44 (at end of study); additionally, many of the locations referenced in traditional accounts and cited in the study may be located on Figure 4 as well. Where possible, the author has included either literal or interpretive translations for place names that lend themselves to such interpretations. It is noted here, that some place names are easily translated, being either a single word, or a compound of two or more words that remain in common usage. Such names are generally descriptive of a landscape or event. Between 1975-1977, the author discussed place names and their interpretations with kupuna, Dr. Mary Kswena Pukui (T(itu Kawena). In those conversations, TWO Kawena shared with the author her opinion that where obvious translations could be made --ones for which traditional interpretations existed, or which were made up of words that remained in common use in the language)—place names could be given "literal" translations. For other names, generally, a compound of two or more words that lent themselves to various translations, "interpretive translations" might be given. In such cases, it is important to make it clear that the translations are "interpretive." And for some names, it is inappropriate to offer translations, as the possible meaning is too obscure (pens comm. M.K. Pukui). Figure 4 is a compilation of historical documentation recorded Reg. Map 1278; BE Maps 116 and 2212; and recorded in oral testimonies and interviews (annotated map prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 10 May 1998 Table 1. Selected Place Names of Ka`upulehu (fishery to approximately 3,200 foot elevation) Location Place Name Meaning (L -Literal; I -Interpretive) and Source (Coastal Zone) Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates B,Kaupu-16 (052098) 11 May 1998 Canoe landing at Ke-awa-iki The -small -landing (L); Boundary Commission. boundary of Ka'upulehu and Kuki'o. Shoreline waterhole, Wai-ulu Rising -water ; Oral History. southern Ka'- ulehu. Point and surf, southern Kumu-kea White -source descriptive of surf Archival. Ka'u ulehu. Brackish water fishpond, Wai-a-Kauhi Water [pond] -made by-(of)-Kauhi (L); Oral History. on southern end of Kahuwai Bay. Southern portion of Ka -pilau The -stench • Informant in 1882 Survey. Kahuwai Bay. Line of small ponds run- ning south from near the Wai-puna-lei Garland -[of] -springs (1), descriptive of a series of small present-day boundary of ponds near the shore, and extending towards Waiakauhi; Kona Village and Hua - Oral History. Ialai resorts; on the shore, it is the site of ku'ula cared for by Mahiko. Near shore, behind Ka-imu-a-Kane The -oven -of -Kane • Archival Kawaiakine. The -water -made -by -Kane (L); Archival & Oral History A spring, situated just Ka-wai-a-Kane (also called Waiokane, Kawaihuakane, and Waiawili). off -shore in Kahuwai Bay. Northern portion of bay, Kahu-wai Water -guardian (L); Survey & Oral History (also fronting old Ka'upulehu pronounced "Kahuawai"). village. The canoe landing on the northern side of Broken (L); Oral History (also the name of a strong Kahuwai Bay, between Mumuku wind of the Kekaha region). the old village and lava flow that forms Mahewalu Point. Northern point forming Kahuwai Bay. Marker of Mahewalu Unknown; Survey & Oral History (Also pronounced an ancient ko a 'opelu "Maheawalu'). (dedicated 'opelu fishery). Black -sand beach Ke-one-nui The -big -sandy -area (big beach) (L); Survey & Oral between Mahewalu and History. (also called One-'ele'ele) Pbhakuokahae, formed by the 1800 lava flow. Three areas in the ahu- pua'a of Ka'upi lehu: 1 — a deep-sea fishing station (ko'a); Kolo-mu'o Creeping -leaf -bud (1); Survey, Boundary Commission, 2 — a point and ko'a & Archival. shore based triangulation point on the 1800 lava flow; and continued on next page) Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates B,Kaupu-16 (052098) 11 May 1998 Table 1. (continued) Location Place Name Meaning (L=Literal; I=Interpretive) and Source (Coastal Zone) Kolomu'o (cont'd.) 3 — a place just below Ke-ahu-kau-pua`a The -altar -on -which -a pig -is -placed (L); Boundary Puhi-a-Pele. All Commission & Survey. locations named for the sister who's breadfruit was not offered to Pele Paaniau (Pani -au) Closed -current (L); perhaps descriptive of a feature in see Palrinahina . the lava flow. Boundary Commission. A crevice on the ocean Nuku-me'ome'o Swollen -point (L); Survey. front of the 1800 lava 'Owe'nW6 Rustling (L); perhaps descriptive of a breeze blowing flow-, next to Kolomu'o. through the plant growth Boundary Commission & Shoreward boundary Maku-aka-hae Stone -of -the -banner (or flag) (L); Boundary between Ka'iiprilehu and "Pohakuokahai" Commission & Survey. Pu'uwa'awa'a An open pdhoehoe and Ka-lae-mann The -point -[of the] -shark (L), interpretively meaning sandy area in southern Hikuhia The -house -of -the -shark; Boundary Commission, Survey Pu'uwa'awa'a. Valued & Oral History. as a salt making area and associated with a family deity. Also an important off -shore ko a 'ii elu. Location (Inland Northern Boundary ) Location (Inland (Southern Boundary) At approximately the Pu'u-po'opo'o-mino Hill -[with] -dimpled -hollows (1); descriptive of the hill's 400 foot elevation, on topography. Boundary Commission, Survey & Archival. the boundary of Ka'upiilehu and Kuki'o- iki Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 12 May 1998 At approximately the Ke-ahu-kau-pua`a The -altar -on -which -a pig -is -placed (L); Boundary 500 foot elevation, Commission & Survey. makai of the old mauki- makii trail Kealaehu. The area in which the Paaniau (Pani -au) Closed -current (L); perhaps descriptive of a feature in ahu called Keahukau- the lava flow. Boundary Commission. 'a is located. Near the 1800 foot ele 'Owe'nW6 Rustling (L); perhaps descriptive of a breeze blowing vation, makii of the through the plant growth Boundary Commission & Mamalahoa Highway; an Survey. old cultivating area. A dryland forest and agricultural area near the Unknown. Thought to be associated with Hiku-i-ka- Ka'Wlehu and Pu'u- Hikuhia nahele, grandson of KU and Hina; who was raised on the wa'awa'a boundary, at summit slopes of Hualalai. Survey & Archival. approximately the 3000 foot elevation. Line of 1800 lava flow from source to area near The -ridge -of -Pete (L); descriptive of the lava flow line, 'Owa'owe (Alexander Ka-iwi-o-Pele also compared to the bones (iwi) of Pele. 1885). Also identified as an The name is also written as "Na-iwi-o-Pele." Boundary area on the southern Commission, Survey & Archival. boundary of Ka'upalehu, mauki of Moanuiahea. Location (Inland (Southern Boundary) At approximately the Pu'u-po'opo'o-mino Hill -[with] -dimpled -hollows (1); descriptive of the hill's 400 foot elevation, on topography. Boundary Commission, Survey & Archival. the boundary of Ka'upiilehu and Kuki'o- iki Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 12 May 1998 Table 1. (continued) Place Name Meaning (L—Literal, ]=Interpretive) and Source Location (Inland Southern Boundary) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Porro Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 13 May 1998 At approximately the 600 foot elevation, on Pu'u-o-kai Shoreward -hill (L); Boundary Commission & Survey. the boundary of Ka'Opfilehu and KOki'o- iki; the top of Pupule's Grant No. 2121. At approximately the 1100 foot elevation, to Grassy -hill (L); Boundary Commission, Survey, south of Pu'ukolekole. Pu'u-mau'u Archival & Oral History. Thepu'u was a source of "lepo" used for 'opelu bait balls. At approximately the 1400 foot elevation, to Pu'unahihi Broken open -hill (L); Boundary Commission, Survey, south of Pu'umau'u. The Archival & Oral History. pu'u was a source of "lepo" used for 'opelu bait balls. The den of robbers was: between the Pu'umau'u Ka -pips The -trail -side (L); Survey & Archival. One particular and Pu'u-nihiha area on area of this trail side was noted for its' den of robbers; the Ka'upulehu-K%vi'o and is the site of many remains. side of the ahu ua'a. An area just below Puhiapele, former residence of Pihinahina, Pa-hinahma Hinahina-enclosure (1); Archival. the young girl who offered her breadfruit to Pele. The lava flow -covered area next to Pihinahina; Kolomu'o (see coastal place name description) named for Kolomu'o who was killed by Pele. At approximately the Puhi-a-Pele Spouting (or spewing)-made-by-Pele (L); descriptive of 1550 foot elevation; the the lava cone. Boundary Commission, Survey & crater is on the Archival. boundary of Ka'upOlehu and Kuki'o. An ancient 'ulu grove, Kimeha'ikana Named for the earth -goddess, who also took the form of on the mauka side of the 'ulu readfruit tree. Archival. Puhi-a-Pele. At approximately the Mauna-kilo-wa'a Mountain -for observing -canoes (L); Boundary 2000 foot elevation, Commission. situated just mauka of the old government road. Interpretive — Round -opening, as of a basket; perhaps At approximately the Kileo descriptive of the crater opening 2200 foot elevation. At approximately the Pu'u-ka-'ai-alalaua Hill-[where]-the-alalaua-[fish]-were-eaten (L); Survey. 2500 foot elevation in Ka'-alehu At approximately the Named for a deity who became associated with 2500-3000 foot eleva- Pahulu nightmares; Boundary Commission, Survey & Archival. tion in Ka'upulehu, near the southern boundary. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Porro Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 13 May 1998 Table 1. (continued) Location (Inland Place Name Meaning (L -Literal; I Interpretive) and Source (Southern Boundary) Pu'u-moa-nui-a-hea Hill-fof--the]-great-rooster-of-Hea (1). Noted as "a hill where they [natives] used to worship." Boundary Commission, Survey,Archival & Oral H cry. At approximately the 3100 foot elevation. One -hill (L); Boundary Commission, Survey, Archival At the 2237 foot & Oral History. elevation. A prominent pu'u of legendary and 'Akahi-pu'u Though not within the land of Ka'OpOlehu, 'Akahipu'u cultural landscape is near the boundary of the land, and some testimony to significance to the the Boundary Commission placed thepu'u on the people of coastal southern bounds of Ka'0 ulehu. Ka'- ulehu and Kekaha. On the Ka'Opulehu Makalei Named for the finder of the ana wai (water cave); boundary—side of Boundary Commission,Archival & Oral History. 'Akahi u'u. Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pond Associates MzKaupu-16 (052098) 14 May 1998 Ill. KA`OPOLEHU A ME KEKAHA —HE WAHI MO`OLELO `AINA (WO-POLEHU AND KEKAHA-SELECTED TRADITIONS OF THE LAND) This section of the study provides readers with a review of 19f° and early 20' century Hawaiian historical records (narratives written by both native and foreign historians) that document some of the site specific history and customs of the land and people of Ka'upulehu. Because there are limitations to the extent of site specific historic narratives, the cited documentation also extends beyond the ahupua'a of Ka'Optllehu to describe the environmental and cultural context of Ka'tipalehu in the larger region of Kekaha. From such narratives we begin to understand how this land shaped the lives and practices of the native inhabitants of Ka'upulehu and vicinity in ancient times. When one ponders the dramatic changes in the natural landscape --a result of the 1800 and 1801 lava flows of Hualalai—it is significant that any native accounts survived. The lava flows not only covered large tracts of land in Kekaha, but they also erased significant features in the natural and cultural landscapes. Another factor that contributed to diminishing historical records is the fact that by the beginning of the 19' century, the native population was also in decline. As a result, many of the people who could tell the stories were gone before detailed written accounts could be recorded. Given the lack of historical narratives in many other places, the survival of early native accounts in this region is a testimony to the depth of attachment that the native residents felt for their land. A: Mo`olelo - Traditional and Early Historic Accounts (written or collected between ca. 1860 to 1885) The Hawaiian traditions cited in this section of the study, come from written accounts written in the mid 19' century. The narratives are generally set in chronological order, by time period of occurrence. As noted earlier in this study, initial settlement of Kona appears to have occurred first along the sheltered and watered bays in the region extending south from Kailua. Only atter the population increased and there developed a need to inhabit more and lands, did the people begin establishing permanent settlements in Kekahs. One of the recurring themes of the native and early historic narratives of Kekaha, is the wealth of the fisheries—those of the deep sea, near -shore, and inland fishponds—of the region. The native account of Punia (also written Puniaiki – cf. Kamakau 1968), is perhaps among the earliest accounts of the Kekaha area, and in it is found a native explanation for the late settlement of Kekaha. The following narratives are paraphrased from Fornander's "Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore (Fomander 1959): Punia: A Tale of Sharks and Ghosts of Kekaha Punia was born in the district of Kohala, and was one of the children of Hina One day, Punia desired to get lobster for his mother to eat, but she warned him of Kai'ale'ale and his hoards of sharks who guarded the caves in which lobster were found. These sharks were greatly feared by all who lived near, and fished the shores of Kohala; for many people had been killed by the sharks. Heeding his mother's warning, Punia observed the habits of the sharks and devised a plan by which to kill each of the sharks. Setting his plan in motion, Punia brought about the deaths of all the subordinate sharks, leaving only Kai'ale'ale behind Punia tricked Kai'ale'ale into swallowing him whole. Once inside Kai'ale'ale, Punia rubbed two sticks together to make a fire to cook the sweet potatoes he had brought with him. He also scraped the insides of Kai'ale'ale, causing great pain to the shark. In his weakened Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 15 May 1998 state, Kai'ale'ale swam south along the coast of Kekaha, and finally beached himself at Alula, north of Lae-o-Kaiwi in the land of Kealakehe. Hearing Punia call out from within the shark, the people of Alula, cut open Kai'ale'ale, thus releasing Punia. At that time Alula was the only place in all of Kekaha where people could live, for all the rest of the area was inhabited by ghosts. When Punia was released from the shark, he began walking along the shore line trail, to return to Kohala. While on this walk, he saw several ghosts with nets all busy tying stones for sinkers to the bottom of the nets. It was the custom of these ghosts (akua) to kill any people who attempted traveling through Kekaha, so Punia devised a plan to trick the akua. Punia called out in a chant — Auwe no hoi kuu makuakane o keia kaha e! Alas, O my father of these coasts! Elua wale no maua lawaia o keia wahi. We were the only two fishermen of Owau no o ko u makuakane, E hoowili aku ai maua i ka is o ianei, O kala, o ka uhu, o ka palant O ka is ku o ua wahi nei la, Ua hele wale is no a maua keia kai la! Pau na kuuna, na lua, na puka ia. Make ko`u makuakane, koe au. this place (kaha). Myself and my father, Where we used to twist the fish up in the nets, The kala, the uhu, the polani, The transient fish of this place. We have traveled over all these seas, All the different place, the holes, the runs. Since you are dead, father, I am the only one left Hearing Punia's wailing, the akua said among themselves, "Our nets will be of some use now, since here comes a man who is acquainted with this place and we will not be letting down our nets in the wrong place." They then called out to Punia, "Come here." When Punia went to the ghosts, he explained to them, the reason for his lamenting; "I am crying because of my father, this is the place where we used to fish. When I saw the lava rocks, I thought of him." Thinking to trick Punia and learn where all the ku una (net fishing grounds) were, the akua told Punia that they would work under him. Punia went into the ocean, and one -by -one and two -by -two, he called the ghosts into the water with him, instructing them to dive below the surface. As each akua dove into the water, Punia twisted the net causing them to become entangling in the mesh. This was done until all but one of the ghosts had been killed. That akua fled and Kekaha became safe for human habitation (Fornander 1959:9-17). The place where the akua were disposed ot; is generally believed to have been the place now called "Ku'una-a-ke-akua," on the shore of Makalawena, a short distance south of Ka'upfrlehu (see Rgune 2). Kekaha In the Time of `Umi-a-Uloo (ca. 16'h century) One of the earliest narratives that mentions the Kekaha region (and by reference to the fishery includes the ocean fronting Ka'upulehu), for which a time period may be set, comes from the mud 16' century after the chief 'Umi-a-Liloa unified the island of Hawaii under his rule. Writing in the 1860s, native historian, Samuel Miinaiakalani Kamakau (1961) tells us: 'Umi-a-Liloa did two things with his own hands, farming and fishing ... and farming was done on all the lands. Much of this was done in Kona He was noted for his skill in fishing and was called Pu 1pu i a ka lawai a (a stalwart fisherman). Aku fishing was his favorite occupation, and it often took him to the beaches (Kekaha) from Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Porro Associates H,Kaupu-16 (051098) 16 May 1998 Kalahuipua'a to Makaulals]. He also fished for 'ahi and kala. He was accompanied by famed fishermen such as Pae, Kahuna, and all of the chiefs of his kingdom. He set apart fishing, farming and other practices... (Kamakau 1961:19-20) Kekaha: ca. 1740 to 1801 From the time of 'Umi until the 181h century, there appear to be only a few other early written accounts of the larger Kekaha region, and none which mention Ka'Gpulehu have been located. When Kamakau (1961) writes once again about the lands of Kekaha, we find ourselves in the middle 18' century. His narrative tells us that Alapa'i-nui, who had secured all of Hawaii under his rule, was attacked by the forces of Kekaulike from Maui. The circumstances of the battle, and their impact on the native residents of Kekaha are recorded thus: ...Ke-kau-like so delighted in war that he sailed to attack Hawaii. The fighting began with Alapa'i at Kona. Both side threw all their forces into the fight. Ke-kau-like cut down all of the coconut trees throughout the land of Kona Obliged to flee by canoe before Alapa'i, Kekaulike shamefully treated the commoners of Kekaha At Kawaihae, he also cut down all the coconut trees. He slaughtered the commoners of Kohala, seized their possessions and returned to Maui (Kamakau — Ku '(5ko a October 20, 1866; and 1961:66). Kamakau tells us that Alapa'i-nui died in 1754, and his son Keawe'6pala was chosen as his successor (Kamakau 1961:78). Leading up to that time, the young chief Kalani'bpu'u, had been challenging Alapa'i's rule, and after a short reign, Keawe'6pala was killed and Kalani'6pu'u secured his rule over Hawaii. Kamakau also reports that in ca. 1780, as a result of their valor and counsel Kalani'6pu'u granted "estate lands" in Kekaha to the twin chiefs (uncles of Kamehameha) Kame'eiamoku and Kamanawa (ibid.:310). Kamakau also records, that at the time of Kalani'6pu'u's death, Kame'eiamoku was living at Ka'upulehu, and his twin, Kamanawa was living at Kiholo, Pu'uwa'awa'a (ibid:118). Later, while in residence at Ka'ilpulehu, Kame'eiamoku initiated an action that is one of the most famous in early events between Hawaiians and foreigners. In 1790, Kame'eiamoku captured the ship, Fair American as it sailed off of Ka'upulehu. As a result of the capture, Kame'eiamoku and his followers acquired foreign arms, including a cannon which carne to be called "Lopaka," and the ship's Captain, Isaac Davis. Taken before Kamehameha, Davis and another "captured" foreigner, John Young, became friends and advisors of Kamehameha I (ibid.:147). By 1797, Kamehameha I fully secured his kingdom on the island of Hawaii. In return for their loyal service and continued council, these uncles of Kamehameha's retained their estate lands in Kekaha As such, Kame'eiamoku retained the ahupua a of Ka'tipiilehu (ibid.:175). Kamakau also reports that "the land of Kekaha was held by the kahuna class of Ka-uahi and Nahulu" (ibid. 231); to which the twin chiefs are believed to have belonged. Ka Huaka`I Pete (The Joumey of Pele) In 1800 and 1801, two events which were perhaps the most significant in the native history of Kekaha occurred: the eruption of c. 1800 that was the source of the Ka'upulehu lava flow the inundated the project area; and the Puhi-a-Pele eruption, that was the source of the c. 1801 lava flow that inundated the southern portion of KeEkpolehu at its boundary with Kuki`o. As viewed today, these lava flows seem to embrace the land of Ka%ptllehu. As the pele (eruption) poured across the land, it consumed native settlements, agricultural field systems, sheltered coves, fresh water sources, and numerous sites of significance in the cultural and natural landscapes of Kekaha (for further native descriptions of this event (written in the early 2& century), see additional historic narratives cited Kalahuipua'a is situated in the district of Kohala, bounding the northern side of Pu'u Anahulu in Kekaba. Maka'ula is situated several ahupua'a south of Ka'upulehu, to the north of Kalaoa. Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 17 May 1998 later in this section of the study). Among the most significant of the resources covered by the lava flow was an extensive complex of fishponds. These fishponds included those between Ka'upulehu and Kulri'o, and the great pond Pa'aiea (lar lolm o Pa aiea) which extended from Ka'elehuluhulu in Kaulana, to at least as far as Keahole in the land of Kalaoa (see Figure 2). Indeed, the loko o Pa'afea was famous for its vast expanse, and is recalled in the Hawaiian proverb: O na ho" o ka lani lura, o Pa aiea ko lalo — The stars are above, Pa'aiea is below. Referring to: "Kamehameha's great fishpond Pa'aiea, in Kona... Its great size led to this saying—the small islets that dotted its interior were compared to the stars that dot the sky..." (Pukui 1986:275 — 2515) In his accounts, Kamakau (1961) provides readers with an early written description of the eruptions and their impact on the people of Ka'Gptllehu and the larger Kekaha region — One of the amazing things that happened after the battle called Kaipalaoa, in the fourth year of Kamehameha's Wile, was the lava flow which started at Hu'ehu'e in North Kona and flowed to Mahai'ula, Ka'upulehu, and Kiholo. The people believed that this earth -consuming flame came because of Pele's desire for awa fish from the fishponds of Kiholo and Ka'upulehu and alar fish from Ka'elehuluhulu; or because of her jealousy of Kamehameha's assuming wealth and honor for himself and giving her only those things which were worthless; or because of his refusing her the tabu breadfruit (ulu) of Kameha'ikana6 which grew in the uplands of Hu'ehu'e where the flow started... Kamehameha was in distress over the destruction of his land and the threatened wiping -out of his fishponds. None of the kahuna, orators, or diviners were able to check the fire with all their skill. Everything they did was in vain. Kamehameha finally sent for Pele's seer (kaula), named Ka-maks-o-ke-akua, and asked what he must do to appease her anger. "You must offer the proper sacrifices," said the seer. '"Take and offer them," replied the chief. "Not so! Troubles and afflictions which befall the nation require that the Wiling chief himself offer the propitiatory sacrifice, not a seer or a kahuna." 'But I am afraid lest Pele kill me." "You will not be killed," the seer promised. Kamehameha made ready the sacrifice and set sail for Kekaha at Mahai'uht. When Ka-'ahu-manu and Ka-heihei-malie heard that the chief was going to appease Pele they resolved to accompany him... Ulu-lani also went with them because some of the seers had said, "That consuming fire is a person; it is the child of Ulu-lani, Keawe-o-kahikona, who has caused the flow," and she was sent for to accompany them to Kekaha.t Other chiefs also took the trip to see the flow extinguished. From Keahole Point the lava was to be seen flowing down like a river in a stream of fire extending from the northern edge of Hualalai westward straight toward Ka'elehuluhulu and the sweet -tasting alai fish of Hale'ohi'u. There was one stream whose flames shot up the highest and which was the most brilliant in the bubbling mass as it ran from place to place. "Who is that brightest flame?" Asked Ulu-lani of the seer. 'That is your son," he answered Then Ulu-lani recited a love chant composed in honor of her first-born child as his form was seen to stand before her ... The flow had been destroying houses, toppling over coconut trees, filling fishponds, and causing devastation everywhere. Upon the arrival of Kamehameha and the seer and their offering of sacrifices and gifts, the flow ceased; the goddess had accepted the offering. The reasons given for the flow may be summed up as: s nineha'ikana, one of the many name used for the earth -mother, goddess Haumea; symbolic of her many descendants. In her form as Kimeha'ikana, Haumea is associated with the 'ulu (breadfruit), also a form she took to save her husband Ku from his captors (cf. Kamakau 1991:11-13) t John Wise (personal communication) says, 'The Hawaiians believe that the foes of Pele are dead persons who have worshipped the goddess and become transformed into the likeness of her body." Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates IfKaupu-16 (052098) 18 May 1998 first, Pele's wanting the aku of Hale'ohi'u and the awa fish of Kiholo; second, her anger at being denied the Wit (breadfruit) of Kameha'ikana in upper Hu'ehu'e; third, her wrath because Kamehameha was devoting himself to Ka-beihei-malie and neglecting Ka-'ahu-manu. It was said that Pele herself was seen in the body of a woman leading a procession composed of a multitude of goddesses in human form dancing the hula and chanting... (Kamakau in Ku 'Oko a, July 13-20, 1867 and 1961:184-186) John Papa I'i, a native historian and companion of the Kamehamehas, adds to the historical record of the fishpond Pa'aiea which was destroyed by the 1801 lava flows. I'i reports that because of his exceptional abilities at canoe racing, Kepa'alani "became a favorite of the king, and it was thus that he received [stewardship of] the whole of Puuwaawaa and the fishponds Paaiea in Makaula and Kaulana in Kekaha" (I'i 1959:132). Kekaha: 1812 to 1841 As a child in ca. 1812, Hawaiian historian John Papa I'i passed along the shores of Kekaha in a sailing ship, as a part of the procession of Kamehameha I, bound for Kailua, Kona. In his narratives, I'i described the shiny lava flows and fishing canoe fleets of the "Kaha" (Kekaha) lands: ...the ship arrived outside of Kaelehuluhulu, where the fleet for aku fishing had been since the early morning hours. The sustenance of those lands was fish. When the sun was rather high, the boy [I'i] exclaimed, "How beautiful that flowing water is!" Those who recognized it, however, said, "That is not water, but pahoehoe. When the sun strikes it, it glistens, and you mistake it for water..." Soon the fishing canoes from Kawaihae, the Kaha lands, and Ooma drew close to the ship to trade for the pa Vai (hard pot) carred on board, and shortly a great quantity of aku lay silvery -hued on the deck. The fishes were cut into pieces and mashed; and all those aboard fell to and ate, the women by themselves. The gentle Eka sea breeze of the land was blowing when the ship sailed past the lands of the Mahaiulas, Awalua, Haleohiu, Kalaoas, Hoona, on to Oomas, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokohaus, and Kealakehe, then around the cape of Hiiakanoholae... (I'i 1959:109-110). Kamakau also wrote that in the last years of Kamehameha's life (ca. 1812 to 1819), "fishing was his occupation" (Kamakau 1961:203): ...[Kamehameha] would often go out with his fishermen to Kekaha off Ka'elehuluhulu and when there had been a great catch of aku or ahi fish he would give it away to the chiefs and people, the cultivators and canoe makers (ibid.:203). 19' Century Accounts of Foreign Visitors The Journal of Wflliarn Ellis (1828) Following the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, the Hawaiian religious and political systems began undergoing radical change. Just moments after his death, Ka'ahumanu proclaimed herself "Kuhina nui" (Prime Minister), and within six months the ancient kapu system was overthrown. Less than a year after Kamehameha's death, Protestant missionaries arrived from America (cf. I'i 1959, Kamakau 1961, and Fornander 1973). In 1823, British missionary William Ellis and members of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) toured the island of Hawaii seeking out communities in which to establish church centers for the growing Calvinist mission. Ellis' writings (1963) generally offer readers important glimpses into the nature of native communities and history as spoken at the time. Ellis and his party offer a few specific references to Ka'upulehu, and importantly, they provide us with descriptions residences and practices in the larger Kekaha region (much of which is applicable to Ka'tlpulehu). Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pono Associates HXpu-16 (052098) 19 May 1998 Departing on ship from John Young's residence in Kawaihae, Ellis reports that the sea breeze: ... carried us along a rugged and barren shore of lava towards Kainra, which is distant from Towaihae about thirty miles... In the evening we were opposite Lae Mano (Shark's Point), but strong westerly currents prevented our making much progress (Ellis 1963:58). While in Kailua, Ellis and his companions learned of an eruption of Hualalai which had occurred about 23 years (c. 1800-1801) before their visit. In describing the eruption, Ellis recorded that the flows — ...inundated several villages, destroyed a number of plantations and extensive fish- ponds, filled up a deep bay twenty [this should perhaps be two] miles in length, and formed the present coast. An Englishman [John Young], who has resided thirty-eight years in the islands, and who witnessed the above eruption, has frequently told us he was astonished at the irresistible impetuosity of the torrent. Stone walls, trees, and houses, all gave way before it; even large masses or rocks of ancient lava, when surrounded by the fiery stream, soon split into small fragments, and falling into the burning mass, appeared to melt again, as borne by it down the mountain's side. Numerous offerings were presented, and many hogs thrown alive into the stream, to appease the anger of the gods, by whom they supposed it was directed, and to stay its devastating course. All seemed unavailing, until one day the king Tamehameha went, attended by a large retinue of chiefs and priests, and, as the most valuable offering he could make, cut off part of his own hair, which was always considered sacred, and threw it into the torrent. A day or two after, the lava ceased to flow. The gods, it was thought, were satisfied... (Ellis 1963:30-31) Following the tour around the island, member: of the Ellis party returned to Kawaihae, and traveled by canoe back to Kailua. On this trip Ellis visited coastal villages between Kapalaoa (near the northern boundary of Kona) and Kailua (see Figure 2). At that time, Kapalaoa was a village of approximately 22 houses. Departing Kapalaoa, Ellis boarded his canoe and sailed to Wainanali`i, a village and fishpond complex at the northern end of Kekaha. Ellis recorded that Kiholo was "a straggling village, inhabited primarily by fishermed' (ibid.:294). Among Ellis' comments on the landscape at Klholo, is a description of the fishpond of that area The pond at Kiholo was constructed at the order of Kamehameha I in ca. 1810. It is likely that at one time, predating the lava flows of 1800-1801, that ponds in the land of Ka`upulehu may have been similarly managed. Thus, Ellis' description of Kiholo is included here: This village exhibits another monument of the genius of Tamehameha. A small bay, perhaps half a mile across, runs inland a considerable distance. From one side of this bay, Tamehameha built a strong stone wall, six feet high in some places, and twenty feet wide, by which he had an excellent fish -pond, not less than two miles in circumference. There were several arches in the wall, which were guarded by strong stakes driven into the ground so far apart as to admit the water of the sea; yet sufficiently close to prevent the fish from escaping. It was well stocked with fish, and water -fowl were seen swimming on its surface (ibid.). Departing from Kiholo, Ellis passed Ka -Lae -Mang, "a point of land formed by the last eruption of the great crater on Mouna-Huararai" (ibid.). He reports that he landed at the village of Ka`tilpulehu at night, and that the residents were all asleep. From Ka`upiilehu, Ellis sailed directly to Kailua (ibid.). Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiiKaupu-16 (052098) 20 May 1998 The Wilkes Expedition (1840-41) In 1840-41, Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition traveled through the Kekaha region. Wilkes' narratives offer readers a brief description of agricultural activities in coastal communities and also document the continued importance of fishing and salt making to the people who dwelt in Kekaha: ...A considerable trade is kept up between the south and north end of the district. The inhabitants of the barren portion of the latter [i.e., Kekaha] are principally occupied in fishing and the manufacture of salt, which articles are bartered with those who live in the more fertile regions of the south [i.e. Kailua-Keauhou], for food and clothing... (Wilkes 1845:4, 95-97). The practice of inter -regional trade of salt and other articles described by Wilkes above, was based on traditional customs (cf. Malo 1951 & Kamakau 1961), and remained important to the livelihood of Kekaha through the ca. 1930s (see oral history interview in Volume 11). The Wilkes account reminds us of the regional interrelationship among ahupua a in both pre- and post -contact eras. The Journal of Cochran Forbes (1841) Cochran Forbes was a member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), who served at Keawaloa and Kealakekua between c. 1832 to 1845. In those years, Forbes traveled to various missions on Hawaii, and in his journal (Forbes 1984), we find the following reference to Kekaha and Ka'upulehu. Describing the affects of a tidal wave at Kekaha, Forbes observed: On the 7' [November 1837] . about 7oclk at night the sea at this place receded a number of feet, leaving the shore dry far below low water mark. The phenomenon produced great excitement among the natives & fish. The cause was unknown as we had no earthquake nor any sensible cause. The evening was perfectly calm & pleasant. The moon was in her first quarter. At Kekaha where the shore is low the return of the sea, tho' very gentle swelled far above high water mark and swept away some houses, tho' no lives were lost. At Hilo the return of the sea was very violent... and did great damage as many of the people there lived on the shore Eleven or twelve souls were suddenly swept into eternity and multitudes of others carried, by the receding waves far, from land... (Forbes 1984:59) On January 29, 1841, Forbes and party paid a visit to Ka'upulehu village, and care given them by Kuakahela' at a house of the late Governor Kuakini. Having departed from Kawaihae, Forbes wrote:: ...Before noon ... the wind shifted around and the sea again grew rough before we reached Lae mann. It was now near noon so we kept on till we reached Kaupulehu. Here we put in and found a kind reception the old head man Kuahahela [sic] led us to a house of the Gov. well furnished with mats where we spent the remainder of the day & that night very comfortably. Poor old man he cannot renounce his tobacco pipe, it seemed almost his idol. He formerly was a priest and one of a vanquished party, by which he came near his death. He escaped only by creeping under the mats in a house while his enemies in pursuit of him passed by. He said he had no hopes for his life.— (ibid.:93; Kamakau 1968:7,15 gives a detailed account of Kuakahela's role as a kahuna, and his narrow escape from Pu'ukohola; in c. 1793). In another account (Kom 1958) from 1861, Lady Franklin and Sophia Cracroft from England visited the Hawaiian Kingdom, writing numerous letters home, by which they described their visit. On May ' Great, great grandfather of Arthur M. Mahi, who participated in oral history interviews cited in this study. Kmpulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associate MKaupu-16 (052098) 21 May 1998 16, 1861, the party took a canoe trip from Kailua to Kawaihae, and at "About midday we stopped at a very small village, lying on a sandy cove with a few coconuts, named Kapulehu [Kaupulehu]. Here we rested for about an hour and a half while the men sucked up their poi, under the stimulus of which they pulled or paddled more vigorously..." (Kom 1958:75). B. Mo`olelo - Traditional and Historic Accounts (collected or written between ca. 1890 to 1930) In the region of Kekaha, at places like Ka'Up0lehu (also at Kiholo, Kmd'o, Makalawena, and Mahai'ula), where natural resources were favorable, families in small communities maintained residence into the later 1916- and early 20'" -centuries. From some of the descendants of these families we are provided a unique historical record—at least two of the "sons" of Kekaha (bom in the early 1850s) were prolific writers. In the period from ca. 1907 to 1929, JW.H. Isaac Kihe (who also wrote under the penname "Ka-'ohu-ha'aheo-i-na-kuahiwi-'ekolu') and John Ka'elemakule, who independently and in partnership with Reverend Steven Desha and John Wises, wrote detailed historical accounts in Hawaiian language newspapers. The narratives below, provide readers with first hand accounts by native residents, some not previously translated from Hawaiian to English'. To the greatest extent possible, all native accounts which make specific reference to the ahupua a of Ka'Upulehu have been included here. Other selected narratives which describe the customs, practices and beliefs of native residents of Kekaha- wai-`ole-o-na-Kona, are included when they can help interpret historic resources of the land and the lifeways of the residents. The historical records are generally presented in sections by date of occurrence—the period of the events described—and generally from the earliest written accounts to the most recent ones. Historical Overview Contemporary researchers have varying opinions and theories pertaining to the history of Kekaha, residency patterns, and practices of the people who called Kekaha-wai-'ole-o-na-Kona home. For the most part, our interpretations are limited by the fragmented nature of the physical remains and historical records, and by a lack of familiarity with the diverse qualities of the land. As a result, most of us only see the shadows of what once was, and it is difficult at times, to comprehend how anyone could have carried on a satisfactory existence in such a rugged land. Through the work of two native residents of Kekaha—J.W.H.I. Kihe and J. Ka'elemakule—(recently translated from the original Hawaiian texts), we are given the opportunity to share in the history of the land and sense the depth of attachment that native residents felt for Ka'Upalehu and the larger region of Kekaha wai-' ole -o -riff -Kona. The primary author of the narratives cited in this section of the study is: John Whalley Hermosa Isaac Kihe (aka. Ka-'ohu-ha'aheo-i-na-kuahiwi-'ekolu). Born in 1853, his parents came from families of Honok6hau and Kaloko. During his life, Kihe: (1) taught at various schools in the Kekaha region; (2) served as legal counsel to native residents applying for homestead lands; (3) worked as a translator on the Hawaiian Antiquities collections of A. Fornander; (4) and was a prolific writer. In the later years of his life, Kihe lived at Pu'u Anahulu, and he is fondly remembered by elder members of the Pu'u Anahulu-Ka'Upulehu area Kihe, who died in 1929, was also one of the primary informants to Eliza Davis Low-Maguire— the second wife of John Maguire, of Hu'ehu'e Ranch—who translated portions of the Kihe and Wise also worked on the translations of Abraham Fomander's " Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore" (1917-1919). ' In preparation of this study, the author had the opportunity to complete further translations of the original texts_, As a result, there is documentation here, which has not been previously available in English. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 22 May 1998 writings of Kihe, publishing them in abbreviated form in her book "Kona Legends" (1926). The original narratives cited below, were printed in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Hoa o Hawaii, published in Hilo between 1906 to 1948. In its columns, the writers, who lived on the land and who were intimately acquainted with its resources, share some of their history—the traditional accounts handed down from their kupuna, and the historic events of their own lifetimes. Several of the articles were published in serial form and ran anywhere from a few weeks at a time, to as long as four years. The selected narratives include descriptions of the ancient and historic communities of Kekaha. The translations, presenting the key documentation and summaries of the full records, were prepared by the author of this study. "Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Mlkl" (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka -Mild) The story of Ka-Miki is a long and complex account, that was published over a period of four years (1914-1917) in the weekly Hawaiian -language newspaper Ka Hoa o Hawai7. The narratives were primarily recorded for the paper by Hawaiian historians John Wise and J.W.H.I. Kihe. While "Ka - Mild" is not an ancient account, the authors used a mixture of local stories, tales, and family traditions in association with place names to tie together fragments of site specific history that had been handed down over the generations. While the personification of individuals and their associated place names may not be "ancient," the site documentation within the "story of Ka-Miki" is of both cultural and historical value. The English translations below, are a synopsis of the Hawaiian texts, with emphasis upon the main events of the narratives. Also, when the meaning was clear, diacritical marks have been added to help with pronunciation of the Hawaiian. This mo `olelo is an account of two supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki (The quick, or adept, one) and Maka-'iole (Rat [squinting] eyes), who traveled around the island of Hawaii along the ancient ala loa and ala hele (trails and paths) that encircled the island. During their journey, the brothers competed alongside the trails they traveled, and in famed kahua (contest fields) and royal courts, against olohe (experts skilled in fighting or in other competitions, such as running, fishing, debating, or solving riddles, that were practiced by the ancient Hawaiians). They also challenged priests whose dishonorable conduct offended "the gods of ancient Hawaii. The narratives include discussion on approximately 800 place names of the island of Hawaii. The excerpts below, are presented as associated with specific place names of interest to this study. Selected References Ka -Mild and MaWlole were reared by their ancestress, Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i- • Kalama'ula uka (The great entangled growth of utuhe fern which spreads across the uplands) • Hualalai sites at Kalama'ula on the heights of HuaShi. Ka-uluhe was one Incarnation of the goddess Haumea, also known as Papa and Hina (the goddess who gave birth to the islands, a creative force of nature). In this account, Ka-uluhe was also the foremast goddesses called upon by priests and people who experts in fighting and competitions. Ka-uluhe and Kanakaloa, another elder relative of the brothers, instructed them in them in the uses of their supernatural powers, and all manner of competition skills which they would need to take a journey around the island of Hawai'i. (January 8 to March 12, 1914)... Makalawena Haring completed their training, Ka-uluhe was prepared for the 'awa and ailoto (graduation) ceremonies of Ka -Mid and Maka-'hole in the uplands of Kahma'ula. The 'awa had been taken from the ghost -god king Luanu'u-a-nu u -pis ele-ka-po, Kmpulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates MK4upu-16 (052098) 23 May 1998 Pahulu (a land area in also called Pahulu. Outraged by this, Pahulu and his ghost hordes arrived at Ka'upulehu named for the Kaukahoku. Ka -Milo quickly ensnared the ghost god and his companions in the God Pahulu or Luanu u supernatural net called Halekumuka'aha (also called Ku`uku'u). Ka -Milo pulled the net so tightly that Luanu'u's eyes bulged out and were used by Ka-uluhe for the pupa 'awa (awn drink relish) in the 'ailolo-completion of training ceremonies performed for Ka -Milo and Maka-'iole at Kaukah5ku (March 12, 1914). Following the ceremony. Ka -Milo took the net filled with the bodies of the defeated ghost king and his followers and released them at a place between Kapu'uali'i10 and Kaulu" along the shore of Makalawena. The site at which this Ku'unaa-keakua occurred is now called Ku una-a-ke-akua (Releasing, or setting down of the and shoreline sites at ghosts). Hie, a guardian and messenger of Luanu u-a-nu'u-po'ele-ka-po was one Kapu'uali i of the few ghosts to escape, thus he wanders Kekaha to this day. Because of this Kaulu event, there is a kapu (restriction) which is observed while fishing along the Points of Kekaha— A 'oia ke kapu o keia mau makalae i na pole lawai'a upena o ko po, able e kama'dio a hele ana i ke upena ku'u. A pela hoti ka kuna o ka pa, a'ole e kamailio a koi alu a hele kakou; a ke hele be a hoti rile ana 'be i ke kula o Malama, o'ohe mea loo'd is oe, a like ana 'be i ka weli o ke kai a lalapa one e la'a no 'oe o ka uwrla — This is the restriction to be observed along these Malama (the kula or plain land) shores; the night net fishermen, do not speak of going to set nets, nor do of Inland Makalawena the torch fishermen speak of torching, or urge others to go along, because if -Kekaha you do go, you will return empty handed to the plain of Malama, you will get nothing but the wrath of the sea striking at you like lightning. Fishing custom Those who wish to fish here should say: E pili kakou i u ka i kula pa'a kokea, i kula 'uaki, i ka fee o ka manu — Let us ascend the plain to which the ka-ken sugar cane is held fast, the plain upon which sweet pobtces are planted, and where the voices of tate birds are heard. Perhaps then you will not meet with any strange occurrences when you go net fishing and such. To this day, when someone eats the heads of the anoe, uoa, weke b o, and the palani-maha- 6 (fish which are among the body forms of Luanu'u-a-nu'u-p5'ek m-po and his companions) they see strange things. To Pahulu Prevent this, the bones of the fish should be tossed back and the diner should say—Eia kau wahi a Pahulu (Here is your portion o Pahulu)... (March 19, 1914) While being instructed in nou pohaku (sling stone fighting techniques), the boys learned about their elder Kanakaloa, and sites in Manini'owali, Kuki'o, and Ka'upulehu that were associated with him: Selected References Kanaka-loa (Long man) On the hill of Muhe'enui in Kuki'o. • Kanaka-loa Muhe'e-nui (Large cuttlefish) In the land of Ku -Ido, named for the wife of • Mhe'e-nui Karuikaloa 10 Ka-pu'u-ali'i (The chiefs hill or mound; Pu'u-ali'i or One-o-pu'u-ali'i). Kapu`uali'i is a sand dune along the shore of Makalawena. " Ka-ulu (The ledge or plateau) describes a sand dune formation, which is opposite of Kapu'uali`i, with Ku'unaakeakua lying between the dunes; this place name is written as "Kil'ula" in the Ke Au Hou version of the legend. Kmpulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 24 May 1998 • Ka-ho'owaha Ka-ho'owaha (To carry something on one's back cf. Emerson in this study) In the land of Manini'owali. The place called Kanakaloa was named for the deed sling stone fighting master, • Kanakaloa and brother of Ku-mua-a-laua-hanahana, husband of Ka-uluhe-nun-hihi-kolo-i- • Muhe'enui uka. Near the boundary of Kaupillehu and KuW'o, is the hill Muhe'enud, also called Ka -6 -make o-o-Muhe'enul. On the ridge of the hill is a long stone like no • The ko a of Kanakaloa other, which is the form of Kanakakia. The Kanaka-loa stone is one of the ko a triangulation stations for deep sea canoe fishermen, who used the kola Iawaia kukaula (deep sea hand line fishing grounds) of Kaho'owaha. Another one of the • The ko'a Kaho'owaha markers is the hill called Kaho'owaha in Manini'owali. Kanakaloa was the fierce warrior (fighting bonito) of the Pu'uhinuhinu and Sites in Ka'upulehu 'Ua'upo'o'ole hills in the 'ulei covered region of Hikuhda. Kanakaloa was skilled in -Pu'uhinuhinu,'Ua'upo'o'ole, wresting, bone breaking and sling stone fighting, no one could compete with and Kapipi etc. him. The region around Hdkuhia, associated with Pu'u-hinuhinu-o-'Ua u-po'o-'ole, a furrowed hill, and the lands named Kapfpi (above Pu'unihW-A and Pu umau'u) were once famed for kimopo powa (thieves and robbers) who waylaid travelers along the trail which led to Mauna-Wbhana, (towards Mauna Kea) from Ka'upulehu; the bones of many of their victims were left along the trail. Kanakaloa rid the region of time thieves and robbers... (June 18, 1914) As the account draws near to its conclusion, Ka-Miki has completed his circuit of the island of Hawaii, returning to Kona, he sets out to secure a place of honor and favor in the court of the chief Pili -a- Ka'aiea. Following a series of events, Ka-Miki became a favorite of the chief Pili-a-Ka'aiea. The narratives include rich descriptions of practices, fisheries, and sites in Kekaha that were important to fishermen of the region (sites referenced include Ka'upulehu, Hale'ohi'u, Awahta, Kaulana, Mahai'ula, Makalawena, and Kilki'o). Selected References to Places and Events- • Aku fishing with the sacred lure Kadakeakua • Kumukea-Kihuli-Kalani, the sacred aku brought from Kahiki by Pa'ao (it is noted here that in other traditions cited below, the southern point of Ka'upulehu is Kumukea. Thus the name could be associated with fishing customs). Fishing customs of Kekaha ...Desiring to go fishing, Ka -Mild asked if Pili had a pa (mother of pearl lure) for aku fishing. Pill called his priest Ku'eho'opi okara (of Ahu'ena) asking for the royal lures. After belong at, and rejecting several of the lures. Ku'eho'opd'okali brought out the sacred lure Kaiakeakua, which was the inheritance of Pill. The chief then told Ka-Mikd, "My beloved son here is the pa kauoha (lure inheritance) of my ancestors." Ka -Mild looked at the lure and told Pill, "This Is the lure that Will Catch Kumukeo-Kahu1i-Kalani12" ...Ka -Mild arose when the star Kauapae (Sirius) appeared [3 am], for this was the time when canoe fleets made ready to depart for the fishing grounds of Kekaha. The fishermen of those days were industrious, but if there was one who over slept, that one would be remembered by the saying. O moe lea ke kane, o nano wale ka wahine, o ki ei wale ke keilcd — When the husband sleeps king, the wife is left looking on, and the child peers about [When a lazy man does not care for his family, they are left looking for a means of survival) (October 4, 1917). With his companions seated in the Canoe, Ka -Mild gave one push to the canoe and it was beyond the shoreward waves. With two dips of the paddle, they 'Z When the Priest Pi'ao came to Hawai'i, brought with him the schools of aku and '6pelu fish (cf. Kamakau; Ku 'Oko a -December 29, 1866). In this account, Kumukea-Kdihuli-Kalani was the name of lead aku that came to Hawaii with Pi'ao. Kmpulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 25 May 1998 Kekaha regional sites and passed Kaiwi Point (at Keahuolu). Upon reaching Ahuloa Ka -Mild opened the fishing grounds hakeo pa hi aku (bonito lure container) in which the supernatural lure Kaiwi Point Kalakeakua was kept Ka -Mild then commanded that Uhalale and Uhalali paddle Ahuloa the canoe. Though these two paddled with all their might, the canoe only moved The shark god Nihoeleki a little. Ka -Mild than chanted out to his shark aumakua Niho eleki — mete aumakua, mete knvaYa: I Tahiti ka pa a Niho'eleki Niho'eleki is from ancient Kahiki, I hang ka pa a Niho'eleki Niho'eleki is founded in antiquity Lawalawa ka pit a Niho'eleki Niho'eleki is bound in antiquity Makaukau ka wa'a la a Niho'eleki Niho'eleki has made the canoe ready O ke ka o ka wa'a'ia a Niho'eleki The canoe bailer is Niho eleki's O naa hoe a Ka -Mild The paddlers are Ka-Miki's O Uhalali a me Uhalale They are Uhalali and Uhalalb O ka pa hi aku o Kaiakeakua The aku lure is Kaiakeakua Akua na hana a ke Aku i keia la It is a gods work of securing the aku on this day He 'ilio nahumaka 'ai kepakepa [Fish] Uke a fattened dog to be chewed to pieces 'Ai humuhumu, 'ai kukuku Consumed voraciously - noisily Ku'i ka pihe, he pihe aku The din of voices spread, carried about O ke aku mua kau It is the first caught oku 'O'ili Uhl, paalua, p'akolu Y.'hich appears once, twice, three times greater than the rest O ke aku ho'olili la The aku which ripples across the ocean's surface O ke aku ka'awili The aku which twists in the water O ke kumu o ke aku la It is the lead aku o Kumukea-Kahull-Kalani Kumukea-Uhuli-Kalani Ke au Mull net, kahuli aku The current which turns here and turns there A ku ka imu puha i ke ko a It looks as if steam from the Imu rises above the fishing station (kola) A wala au ka manu he i'a o lalo And the birds announce that the fish is below E ala a ka ho'olili Arise one who stirs up the waters E ala a ke Kahuli Arise o Kahuli (the who brings change) E ala a Kumukea-Kahuli-Kalani Arise o Kumukea-Kahuli-Kalani O ka 'anohi o ko maka 'aina la Cherished one of the land Lele mal ho'okahi One leaps forth I pili mai ka lua The second is close at hand Kamau mai ke kolu The third follows A pau kauna i ka w5a ho'okahi All are in place at one time 'Oia, a lele ka'u pa o Kalakeakua And so it is that my lure flies, it is Kaiakeakua When Ka-Miki finished his chant, the aku began to strike at the canoe, and Ka- • Fishing ko a of Kekaha Mill told Uhalale' ma to take the first caught and place it in a gourd container. After this the aku rose like biting dogs, tearing at the water, and Ka -Mild moved • Kaka'i like a swift wind. In no time the canoe was filled with more ttan 400 aku. An • Kanahalhd amazing thing is that though Pills fishermen and all the fishermen of Kekaha • Kaha(Kahuwai) Kapapu pu were fishing at KaWi, Kan -ah" (Hale'ohi'u), die entire ocean from the kolaof• Kapapu (Kei0tole vicinity) to Katawai (ac Ka'up0lehu); none of them caught any fish at all. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 26 May 1998 Pao'o (Pao o-a-ka-nuku-hale) The oku school was at the ko o of P'ao'o, also known by the names Ka-nuku-hale Kaulana and IpWo-a-Kanukuhale; the bonito lure fishing grounds which extended from Ho'oni Kaulana to Ho'onk fronting Kea'hole, which is the source of the [supernatural] The supernatural ocean currents Keauka, Keaukanal and Keaumiki. These are the currents of that land currents of Ho'oni where fish are cherished like the lei halo (pandanus len) worn close to the breast, Honokahau the fish cherished by Mlildlei. Ka -Mild then turned the canoe and landed at Na Hono 'FJuo (the two bays) also called Na Honokohau (Honokohau), Ka-Miki divided the fish between the family of the chiefess Paehala and people of those lands... (October 11, 1917). Ka imu a Kane (The Underground Oven of Kane) The region of Kekaha receives an average annual rainfall of 20 inches. As the ancient names Kekaha or Kekaha-wai-'ole imply, the land was one in which potable water resources were limited. Indeed, many of the traditions of the land that have been preserved through time, are those which speak of water—the lack of it, or the great care that was taken of it. In a series of articles written by J.W.H.I. Kihe, in which he shared the history of Kekaha, readers were told about a spring at the shore of Ka'irptllehu, in the bay of Kahuwai. Selected References In very ancient times, there were many people Irving upon these lands, in the - Kumukea-Kalanl (chiefess of various 'okana, ahupua'a and agricultural land divisions of Kekaha. The chlefess Ka'upulehu) Kumukea-Kalani, her lesser chiefs and many people lived in the land now called Ka'-uprilehu, and this chiefess was the sister of the god Kine. During the rule of this chiefess there was an abundance of food grown upon the land. Then one A drought in Kekaha time, for an unknown reason, a period of drought and famine fell upon the land and people. All of the resources from the mountain ridges to the shore were used, and the people were hungry. All of the chiefess' prayers had no effect, and Kumukea-Kalani told her people to go and search out someplace else where they might live, "Do not think about nip, for I am only one, and If I should die of hunger, that is how it will be. My attendarnts can conceal my bones." The people told their chiefess that they Kane (brother of Kumukea and would not leave her alone, that k was best that they all stayed and died together. the god• water, Healing, a a It came to pass that the people became so weak that they could riot move, and agriculture and light) that they only slept each day. One day, Kumukea-Kalani rose and stood at the entrance of her compound. Glancing to the uplands, she saw a man upon the slopes. Calling to one of her attendants, she asked if he too saw a man • Pu umau u descending the slopes, there by Pu'u-Mau'u. While they were talking, this man appeared at the chiefess' compound, and she realized that it was her elder brother Kine [a god of water, healing, life agriculture and light]. Kane inquired of Kumukea, "How is life upon this land?" Kumukea responded by • Kane Instructs the people to telling him of the sore condition of her people and the land. Kine then told build and Imu (underground Kumukea to have a great imu prepared and lit Though the people could not oven) understand the nature of this command, the imu was made ready. Kine then • Kane is placed in the imu, and stood at the edge of the imu and told the people to spread a covering of when it is uncovered it is filled 'afwliculi, pahuehue, and makaloa upon the hot imu. Kine then laid upon the imu with food and had the people close it In a short time, the people saw Kane rise up from the shore and approach the imu. He commanded that the imu be uncovered, and • Kine rises out of the ocean and the people found all manner of foods; taros, sweet potatoes, yams, bread fruit, the spring "Ka -wad -a -Kane' is bananas, pigs, dogs, chickens and such, cooked within the imu (this is haw a site formed; the spring is noted as came to be called Ka-imu-a-Kane). The chiefess, her retainers, and people all ate a place of healing and regained their health. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates Ht-Kaupu-16 (052098) 27 May 1998 Ka Loko o Paaiea (The fishpond of Pa`aiea) The tradition of "Ka-loko-o-Pa aiea" (The fishpond of Pa'aiea) was written by J.W.H.I. Kihe, and printed in Ka Hiiku o Hawai i in 1914 and 1924. The narratives describe traditional life and practices in various ahupua a, of the Kekaha region including Ka'0pulehu, Kaulana, and Mahai'ula. The story specifically describes the ancient fishpond Pa'aiea, and provides details of the villages along the coast and in the uplands. It is important to note that the presence of major fishponds in this region is an indicator of Kekaha's substantial population and it's importance in supporting the larger "royal" community around the area now identified as Kailua. Selected References At the site where Kine appeared on the shore, a cool fresh water spring also • The fishponds and fish of poured forth. To this day the spring is called Ka-wai-a-Kine [The water of Pa'alea, Kiholo and Wainanali'i Kane"]. Because this spring was made by Kane, it was a place of healing. Sick • Pa'aisa and the King's people who bathed in this water were cured of their ailments". From that time compounds described on Kumukea-Kalani and her people lived out their lives in health and abundance. The surf of Ka'upulehu is named The surf of Ka'upulehu is named Kumukea for the chiefess (this name is also Kumukea (also identified by commemorated as the point Kumukea, near the Ka'upulehu-Kuki'o boundary; Informants in 1882 as the point the name was erroneously written as "Kumukehu" on USGS maps beginning c. between Ka'upulehu and 1930]. And because of this event, in which the god Kane was baked in an imu, Kuki'o) the district came to be Bled Kao-p0lehu-imu-akuo (God placed in an oven and cooked), which was later shortened to KeOpulehu O.W.H.I. Kihe in Ko Haki7 o Hawaiti, April 2, 1914). Ka Loko o Paaiea (The fishpond of Pa`aiea) The tradition of "Ka-loko-o-Pa aiea" (The fishpond of Pa'aiea) was written by J.W.H.I. Kihe, and printed in Ka Hiiku o Hawai i in 1914 and 1924. The narratives describe traditional life and practices in various ahupua a, of the Kekaha region including Ka'0pulehu, Kaulana, and Mahai'ula. The story specifically describes the ancient fishpond Pa'aiea, and provides details of the villages along the coast and in the uplands. It is important to note that the presence of major fishponds in this region is an indicator of Kekaha's substantial population and it's importance in supporting the larger "royal" community around the area now identified as Kailua. Selected References • Pa'alea In the correct and true story of this pond, we see that its boundaries extended • Ka'elehuluhulu from KaeWwluhulu on the north, and on the south, to the place called • Wawaloli Wawaloll" (in the vicinity of'Voma). The pond was more than three miles long and one and a half miles wide, and today, within these boundaries, one can still see many water holes. • Pele visks the region of Kekaha; While traveling in the form of an oil woman, Pele visited the Kekaha region of Meets with Kepa'alani the Kona, bedecked in garlands of the kooko'olau (&dens spp.). Upon reaching Pa aiea " Portions of this account are told in the oral history interviews with kupuna Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani- Perreira, Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole, and Joseph Pu'ipu'i "Wainuke" Maka'ai. 14 In August 1883, surveyor, J.S. Emerson collected another name for Wai-o-Kine from the aged Kauai, a chief who lived at Kiholo; "Waiawiti in Kaupulehu, the kahunas order their sick to bathe there" (Bishop Museum HEN I:473). 's Maguire's account of Pa'aiea (1929:14-17), indicates that the pond extended as far as Keahole. This description fits in with the extent of the 1801 lava flows of Hualilai. It will be noted that the pond would have extended beyond Keahole if canoes traveling on it were to pass inland of the point (see also Kamakau 1961:184-186). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 28 May 1998 Pa'aiea was a great fishpond, something like the ponds of Wainanali i and Kiholo, • The fishponds and fish of in ancient times. At that time the high chiefs lived on the land, and these ponds Pa'alea, Kiholo and Wainanali'i were filled with fat awa, 'an ae, chole, and all kinds of fish that swam inside. It is • Pa'aisa and the King's this pond that was filled by the lava fkmm and turned into pahoehoe, that is compounds described written of here. At that time, at Ho'ona. There was a Konohki (overseer), Kepa alani, who was In dirge of the houses (hale papa a) in which the valuables of the King [Kamehameha I]were kept He was in charge of the King's food • The fishpond guardian houses supplies, the fish, the halou (king houses) in which the fishing canoes were kept, were situated at Ka'elehuluhulu the fishing nets and all things. It was from there that the Kings fishermen and the and Ho'ona retainers were provisioned. The houses of the pond guardians and Konohild were situated at Ka'elehuluhulu and Ho one. • Pa'alea In the correct and true story of this pond, we see that its boundaries extended • Ka'elehuluhulu from KaeWwluhulu on the north, and on the south, to the place called • Wawaloli Wawaloll" (in the vicinity of'Voma). The pond was more than three miles long and one and a half miles wide, and today, within these boundaries, one can still see many water holes. • Pele visks the region of Kekaha; While traveling in the form of an oil woman, Pele visited the Kekaha region of Meets with Kepa'alani the Kona, bedecked in garlands of the kooko'olau (&dens spp.). Upon reaching Pa aiea " Portions of this account are told in the oral history interviews with kupuna Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani- Perreira, Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole, and Joseph Pu'ipu'i "Wainuke" Maka'ai. 14 In August 1883, surveyor, J.S. Emerson collected another name for Wai-o-Kine from the aged Kauai, a chief who lived at Kiholo; "Waiawiti in Kaupulehu, the kahunas order their sick to bathe there" (Bishop Museum HEN I:473). 's Maguire's account of Pa'aiea (1929:14-17), indicates that the pond extended as far as Keahole. This description fits in with the extent of the 1801 lava flows of Hualilai. It will be noted that the pond would have extended beyond Keahole if canoes traveling on it were to pass inland of the point (see also Kamakau 1961:184-186). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 28 May 1998 Overseer of Pa'aiea, at Hoon! at Ho'ona, Pale inquired if she might perhaps have an 'amaama, young aholehok, Ka'upulehu and meets with P!- or a few '" (shrimp) to take home with her. Kepaalani, refused, "they are Pele departs from Hoong and kapu, for the King." Pale then stood and walked along the kuapa (ocean side Travels along the kuapa to wall) of Pa'aiea till she reached Ka'elehuluhulu. There, some fishermen had Ka'elehuluhulu returned from aku fishing, and were carrying their canoes up onto the shore. Pale had now taken the form of a beautiful young woman, and she approached one of the houses at Ka'elehuluhulu, where she was greeted. Because it was seen The people of Ka'elehuluhulu that she was stranger to the place, one of the natives commented on this, and greet Pale and offer her food asked "Where is this journey that has brought you here, taking you?" Pele confirmed that she was indeed a visitor, and that she had come down to the place of the chief, to fetch some pa'akai (salt) with which to season their fish. Pele told them, "When I carne down here, I went before the Konohiki, and was told that the fish, the pale (fish relish), the young mullet, the chole, and the apse were all kapu (restricted). They were only for the King. Thus, I have arrived here before you:' When the natives of the village heard Pele's story, the woman who dwelt in the house that Pele was at, told her "Here, the fish is cooked, It has been steamed (hakul), let's eat Then when you've finished eating, you may continue your journey." Pelt joined the kama'aina of the place, and when she dipped her finger in the bowl, she took and ate all the fish to see if the people would deny her the food. But when she did this, the kama'aina set another bowl before her, not refusing her. . Pale tells the paople how to Pole then stood up, ready to leave and she told the people, "This evening set up protect Ka'elehuluhulu in the lepa (flags, boundary markers) at the corners of your land. One doesn't know H coming night - why Ka'ele- perhaps tonight, something good or bad might occur:' Then Pale departed from huluhulu and Mahai'ula were the place, and she disappeared from sight Startled, it was then that the people protected from the lava flows said among themselves, "This woman that visited our home must have been Pele-Honuamea (Pete of the red earth).' Pale travels to upland Manuahi, When Pete departed from the shore of I&elehuluhulu she arrived at the uplands Ka'upulehu and meets with P!- of Manuahi at KeorWell, the place that is known today as Kepuhiapele. It is an hinahina and Kolomu'o - the 'aa hill about 200 feet high, below the place where JA Maguire lives. At this account of how Ka-'ulu-polehu per, there was a village (kuMnakauhale) of marry people. At this quiet village, came to be named. Pele saw two girls, who were-pulshu lulu ona (broiling breadfruit); these girls were PlIhinah8n and Kolanu'o. All the other people of the village were away performing agricultural service for their chief. Peie approached the two girls and inquired about their tusks. When she asked who would receive the first offerings of this 'ulu, Kolonah'o said her goddess La'i would receive the offering for she was a powerful deity. Kolomu'o did not acknowledge Pele. P3hinahina replied that her goddess Pele-Honuamea would receive the first offering. Not knowing tut the old woman was Pale, the girls continued responding to Pele's comments about the paver of their goddesses. • The lava Flows and eruption When their conversation was completed, Pale told l ahinahina, "Our Vitt is described cooked; let us oat" Pele than instructed Pa-hinahina to mark the boundary between her and her family's dwellings and the dwelling of Kolomu'o with lepa (white kapa flags). She also told Piihinahima not to fear the events that would occur that night • Mauna Loa Well, that night, a white flash was seen to travel from Mauna Loa to Huaiaalai, • Hualllai regional sites and in a short time a red glow was seen at Ka-iwi-o-Pele [d Register Map No. • Noted for ua'u bird catching 1263]. The people along the coast thought that it was the fire of the bird catchers at Hono-(marw)-'ua'u. The light dimmed and then appeared at (pu'u) • Lava flow described Kileo where the shirr/ hills of black pahoehoe may be seen. Pale then went Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 29 May 1998 underground and appeared at Keone'eli where she caused deep fissures to open, and the kahea-wai (fire rivers) to flow. - Kolomu'o - marks an '8pelu Some of the houses were destroyed, and Kolomu o ma were consumed by the fishermen's kdo lava. As a result, the lava flats below Kepuhiapele and a shoreward 'opelu fishermen's kola (shrine) bear the name of Kolomu'o [cf. Register Map No. 1278; & Emerson's field note in this study]. The area where Pihinahina and her family lived was left untouched, and this open space bears the name of Pihinahina to this day. It is because of this event that the lands of Manuahi came to be called Ka-'ulu-pulehu (The Broiled Breadfruit), and this has been shortened to Ka'upulelw... - The pond of Pa'aiea is covered by the lava flows ...Now because Kepa'alani was stingy with the fishes of the pond FWaiea, and refused to give any fish to Pele, the fishpond Pa aiea and the houses of the King • When sailing south, the ancient were all destroyed by the lava flow. In ancient times, the canoe fleets would canoe fleets traveled in Pa aiea enter the pond and travel from Ka'elehuluhulu to Ho'onk at Ua u aloha, and then fishpond return to the sea and go to Kallua and the other places of Kona. Those who - Ka'elehuluhulu Ho'ona, Ua u aloha, and Ke-chole traveled in this manner would sail gently across the pond pushed forward by the Hoon 'Ela wind, and thus avoid the strong currents which pushed out from the point of Keahole The Keahole lighthouse marks It was at Ho ona that Kepaalani dwelt, that is where the houses in which the where some of the chiefs chiefs valuables (halt papas) were kept It was also one the canoe landings of the supply houses, and Kepa alan s place. Today, it Is where the light house of America is situated. Pelekine (in residences were Pu'ukala) Is where the houses of Kamehameha were located, near a stone Pelekane at Pu'ukala marks the mound that is partially covered by the pahoehoe of Pele. If this fishpond had not location of Kamehameha's been covered by the lava flows, it would surely be a thing of great wealth to the former residence. government today. Q.W.H.I. Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawaii; compiled from the narratives written February 5-26, 1914 and May I-15, 1924). Ka Pu`u o `Akohipu`u (The Hill of `Akohipu`u) In his series of traditions recorded, Kihe also relayed the account of how the menehune attempted to relocate the top of 'Akahipu'u from the uplands to the coast. Portions of 'Akahipu'u are situated in near the southern boundary of Ka'ttpulehu, where the ahupua a of Awake'e, Makalawena and Mahai'ula, draw together. 'Akahipu'u is an important inland reference point from Ka'upulehu and lands in the northern regions of Kekaha. In relaying the tradition, Kihe observed: This is a great hill, standing inland of the place of J.A. Maguire. The high point of this hill is called 'Akahipu'u. The ancient story of this hill is that the menehune desired to cut the top off and carry it, to set it atop the Kuili, which stands near the shore. Kihe's story continues, describing how the supernatural rooster, Moa-nui-a-hea, the pet of Kline, thwarted the menehune's efforts by crowing out. This causes the menehune to stop work as they believed sunrise was approaching. Eventually, the menehune killed the rooster, and baked him in the place now called "Ka-imu-moa," but Kine brought him back to life with the wai ola (water of life) of Kane. On their last try at relocating the hill, the menehune heard the rooster again, and gave up. (Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawaii May 22, 1924; see also E. Maguire 1926, for further details) Na Ho`onaneo o ka Manawa (A Pleasant Passing of Time) Following his series in which he described some of the "wahi pana" or storied places of the kahakai (shore zone) and kola (plains), Kihe turned to the inland region of Ka'upulehu and Kekaha. On May 29 -June 5, 1924, under the heading Na Hoonanea o ka Manawa," Kihe wrote about the region of Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates NrKaupu-16 (052098) 30 May 1998 Ka'upulehu that extended above Mamalahoa Highway, reaching to the summit of Hualalai. His narratives (translated by the author of this study) describe places of natural and cultural significance on the mountain landscape. In this two article series, Kihe provides readers with specific details for ten of the pu'u (hills) and lua (craters) which he identified as being some of the "wahi pana kaulana" (famous, storied places) of the land. Many of locations which he lists below, are mentioned in other accounts written by Kihe, and cited in this study. Na Ho`onanea o ka Manawa ...Here, we will list the wahi paha (famous and storied places) of these ahupua'a (land divisions ) beginning on the shoreward side, and continuing to the summit of the mountain of Hualalai [within the ahupua a of Ka'upulehu]; listed by their names as called by the ancient people: I. Ka-pu'u-o-Kileo; 2. Ka'al'alalalaua; 3. Kapu'ukao; 4. Pahulu; 5. Moanuiahea; 6. Pu'umamaki; 7. Pu'uiki; 8. Pu'ukoa; 9. Kaiwiopele; 10. Pu'uhinuhinu; 11. Kahuaiki; 12. Kamawae; 13. Hikuhia, in the uplands of Napu'u; 14. 'Ua'upo'o ole; 15. Na hale o Kaua; 16. Kipuka of 'Owe ow 4 Ka lua o Milu (The pit ofMilu) 17. Pualala; 18. Kawahapele; 19. Keone'eli; 20. Hinakapoula; 21. Kalulu; 22. Na-pu'u-o-Mahoe; 23. Kumu m'amane; 24. Kaluamakani; 25. Pohokinikini; 26. Hopuhopu; 27. Kipahe'e; 28. Hanakaumalu; 29. Kaunu o Honuaula; 30. Ka-pu'u-o-Hainoa; 31. The summit of Hualalai and the pit M11u; 32. Kipahe'e [repeated]; 33. Makanikiu Pu'u It is said that the pit of Milu is the crater from which Hikuikanahele fetched the chiefess Kawelu, who had been taken below to the stratum (platform) of Milu, king of the darkened nights. It is this round crater at the top of Hualalai, and it remains there to this day. It is truly a deep pit, and if you should throw a stone into the crater, you will not hear its echo when it reached the bottom. By my estimate, as I am familiar with these mountainous places, the measurement of the mouth of this crater is perhaps about 6 or 7 feet. Ka wai o 8ipahe'e (The water of Kipahe'e) The water of Kipahe`e is found in a crater which one descends to reach the place of the spring. This is not a true spring from which you would gather water, but is a water moss which you scoop up to fill your container with and return to the top. One will find that in trying to climb straight to the top of this treacherous pit, that it can't be done. Each attempt finds one sliding back down, until one needs to sit down from sheer exhaustion. The way you can easily reach the top is by ascending on a zigzag path, turning right and then left. That is how one can reach the top and end the trouble. [May 29, 1924]. Descending is done quickly, but climbing out is the trouble. But now, about this limu (water moss) that you have placed in your container, or cup; when you reach the top, you will see that it has turned completely into water. That water moss is like the Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 31 May 1998 hpalawai (Pithophora spp.), a fresh water algae, and when it disappears, it is just like cold fresh water. Amazing eh?... Hanakaumalu Is (named for) the grandmother (ancestress) of Hikuikanahele, and it is here, in that cave where she cared for him till he became skilled in all things he was instructed in. That cave remains there to this day. Ka Pu`u o Honua`uht (The hiUofHonua`ula) This is a great and high hill, which can be seen standing tall with majesty and honor. Behind this trill is— [Ed. note: this is not a typographical error, Kihe used this sentence to introduce the remainder of the narrative] Ka Pu'u o Hainoa (The MU ofHainoa) There at this hill is the house site of Ku and Hina, the parents of Hikuikanahele, the (stone) paved foundation of this house extends out from there in a beautiful and fine setting. There are many people that have been to this house site, and they have written their names out, placing them in many bottles and old wooden boxes that have been mounded up on the stone pavement. In the front of this platform, on the right side of Pu`u Honua`ula, is the place where the 'ohi a (Metrosideros polymorpha) tree, named Ku-ka-`ohi`a-Laka, grew! It is said that this ohi a is the body -form of Ku, the husband of Hina. This tree bears ohi a blossoms that are lehua 'uta (red lehua), and lehua kea (white lehua). This ohi a has one kino (body; i.e. trunk), yet, there are indeed two kinds of flowers, the red and white lehua. The ohi a tree has since dried up, and its body has been taken by those who visited the place. Even the roots have been dug up, so that now, all that remains where this ohi a form of Ku-ka-`ohi`a-Laky once stood, are many furrows and pits... Pohokinikini These are many large and deep craters, perhaps 500 feet deep, with a diameter of almost 400 feet. If you should go close to the edge of one of these craters, you will shudder and be filled with fear, that you may fall and lose your life. One of the amazing things that will cause you to think, is that there is the growth of small ohi a, ama uma u (Sadlerfa) and akolea (Athyriwn poiretiaman) ferns, and many other plants of the forest upon the walls of these craters. As far as one can see, from the edge to depths in the earth, the craters are adomed with green and verdant growth. It is some which is truly admired by those who travel along this mountainous region; it causes the visitors to give thanks to the one who created this verdant growth. Kaluamakani (77se wind craters) But that is not the only thing that causes the traveler to reflect. There is also the wind. There is a crater that is like a pathway for the wind which rises from the depths to the top, as if playing. If you should cast your hat into that crater, you will see it taken up by the wind. It will not fall to the bottom, but will be carred back up to you, so that you may once again wear your hat. The natives of this land call this crater Kaluarnakani, because of the winds in the crater. O readers of Ka Hoke o Hawai 7, to this day, the crater is called Kalusmakani. And so I've told you about some of the amazing things about these craters which cause one to shudder and stand in fear as one looks upon their features. Ladies and gentlemen, perhaps you ask, "Where does this wind, in the crater come from?" And it is a good question that you ask. Let us look back once again, for a short while to understand this. The wind does not come from within the crater, it is the wind that blows, and enters the crater from the top. The wind is caught and Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates If+Kaupu-16 (052098) 32 May 1998 trapped at the bottom, and there is no place for the wind to go, but to rise out. So like water in a deep pit, it goes around in a circle rising to the top, and pours out when it is full. That is how the crater came to be called Kaluamakani. It is not always like that, when the winds are calm, they don't blow out. But, when the winds blow wildly, that is when you will see what has been described here. Hopuhopu, Kipahe`e and Makanikiu pu'u There among these wind craters, is the hill named Hopuhopu, next to Kipahe'e, and then there is the pu'u kia i (guardian hill) of Hualftlai, named Makanikiu Pu'u. It is a hill for watching on Hualalai. It is a long hill, high and wondrous, situated in the front of Hualalai, on the side towards Kohala. 'There in the line of hills which encircle the mountain and overlook Kekaha wai'ole; the place that is also called "kaha kaweka." The meaning of name, as handed down from our kupuna (ancestors), is that it was a "land without water and without food" ( rina wai 'ole, a aina 'ai We). So these recollections are made known to the offspring, the youth of Hawaii. That these memories may be carried forward. If you should be strong and go to look for these famous wahi pana of my land; land where I have lived, where I am a native, and where I have traveled, you will know these stories... ... And here the author of these stories, a pleasant passing of time, rests; with great thanks to the editor for his patience... [June 5, 1924:c2] As demonstrated in oral history interviews and the writings of present-day residents of Kekaha, Kihe's desire for future generations to know the wahi pans of their native land has been given life. "He Mo`olelo no Makalei" (A Tradition of Makaiei) The story of Makalei describes how one of the most famous ana wai (water caves) of the Kekaha region came to be found, and provides readers with another legendary view of life in Ka'upulehu Mahai'ula, Kanlana and the Kekaha Region. Submitted to Ka Ho" o Hawai i by J.W.H.I. Kihe in 1928, the story is set around c. 1200 A.D. (by association with 'Olopana's reign on O'ahu). This story was briefly summarized by Eliza Maguire (1926) where it covered a few pages of her publication, Kihe's account actually ran in serial forst for eight months of the paper's publication. Through this legend, readers are offered a natives' perspective of settlement -habitation, and practices associated with water catelunent, agriculture, and fishing in the Kekaha region (the following narratives are selected excerpts from the lengthy account—an expanded translation is presented in a study prepared by the author in 1998 (Maly 1998a)). Selected References Narrative• to Plates and Events, Ko'a-mokumolmoHe efa (Ko'a) was the father and Ka-ua-pii ai-hala-o-Kahalu u The birth and genealogy of (Kana) was the mother. Born to them were the children; two daughters [Ke-kai- Mikalei ku'ioKeawehala and Ke-kai-ha'a-kulouoKahikl] and a son named Maildilei. The Keawehala name of Makalei was given by the command of his goddess -ancestress who was Hina-i-ka-mahmsol(Welo" (Hina in the season of Ka'elo), who was a wife of the god KC1- The fathers' occupation was that of a head fisherman with the lead fisherman for the chief 'Olopam. The lead fisherman's name was Kualm When Kualoa died, lWa left Koolau [O'ahu] and traveled to Hawaii with his family and all the those 16 Ka'elo (cf. 'elo - saturated) - a wet month in the Hawaiian calendar, January on Hawai'i; a season associated with short days when the sun is "below," or at its' southern extremity, and a time when a star of that name is seen to rise in the heavens. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 33 May 1998 things by which his livelihood as a fisherman was made_ After stopping at Moloka'd and Mwi, the family reached Kekaha, landing on the shore of • KaMuprilehu & Kekaha Ka'ulupulehu (Kauprilehu). M3kMei ma were greeted by Ke'awalena, a chief and skilled diviner of the Kekaha region. Because Ko a was an excellent fisherman and farmer, and because Ke'awalena sensed Ma"'Iialei's supernatural qualities, Ke'awalena ma welcomed the new family and encouraged them to stay and live with them. In time, Ko a saw that this land was a dry one, wWxKit quantities of food crops, though there was good fishing. Because he did not wish to burden the family of Ke'awalena, Kea asked that he be allowed to go to the uplands to care for some land and cultivate food so that everyone would have more to eat. Keawalera responded by saying that this is . Kekaha residency patterns the trouble with this land, there is little water. When the sun is above the land in dependent on weather patterns the la malo'odry season the crops are dried out, and the people move from the uplands to live along the shore where water is available.. . Ko'a then asked how the people in the uplands got water. Ke awalena told him that the water came only from the rains. When it mined the water ways [dry - Water catchment practices rivers]• the small and large water gourds, the stone catchments made by placing stones together, are all filled with water. The poo wai or dugout pits are filled with water and these are the places where water is stored. Additionally, some people have koulana wai (places where water rests) or ana wai (water caves) which they use when there is no other water. For those people who do not have kaulana wai, there is great tribulation, and they are the ones who return in the [dry] season to dwell on the shore. The water In the caves, is a water which kulu wai or drips from the rocks. Channels of banana stalks are set in place to direst the water into troughs of 'ohi'a and wiliwili wood... • Ka'ulupulehu Though he heard these words. Ko'a was not discouraged, and he and Ke awalena traveled to the uplands of Ka'ulupalehu. In all this area, there was no kihapai • Ku-ld o (garden area) or mo'o 'aina (arable strip of land) left uncultivated. The two then • Makalawena went to Kukro, and there also was no place left uncultivated, and it was the same at Makalawena. They then went to the hill of Ak3hipu u, the place where • Mahal'ula the house of Maguire now stands, that is called Hu'dw'e Ranch. All the good lands were cultivated and there was only one place left open, this was at Mahai'ula, on the side of Akahhiw'u. This place had been left because of its rocky, uneven surface with depressions and rocky mounds. It was here that Ko a told his companion, "this is a good land for cuklvation:' Ke awalena responded, 'This is a rocky uneven land with it depressions and rocky mounds, there is no soil and none of die natives of the area would try to cultivate crops here' Ko'a said, Though the land Is as you described, it is here that I will grow taro, bananas, sugar canes, sweet potatoes, and 'awa (Piper methysticum), there will be no and to the growth of these plants..:' Qanuary 3 I, 1928). The two compani" then went to the shore of Ka upolehu to gather things in preparation for their return to the uplands of Maha'tula. While the work was being done, the family would remain along the shore. When Kea returned to the uplands, he took his son Mlilaiei with him, for the child wished to see [die embodiments of] Ho tile-a-ka- uWu [another name for Mlildlei's ancestress, 'E Hina-iaw-malama o•Kra elo, pa'a 'a a peva kc id a kdLW (Hail Hina in the season of Ka'elo, secure and hold tight to the fish of ours). - Settlement and crop cultivation The first task was to build their house and enclose it. then they built the poo wai In the dry uplands (water catchment) for storing the waters which came from rains. The great task Kaupulehu Developments Kumar Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 34 May 1998 of the companion [Ke awalena], was to go to the farmers and collect planting stock of the pohuli mar a (banana sprouts), the lau 'ualo (sweet potato runners), the pulapula 'awa ('awa cuttings), seed sprouts of the ipu 'awa awa (bitter gourd), and all manner of cultivated plants. The local people Leased Ke'awalena, and ridiculed the stranger [Ko a] who would dwell upon this rocky land with Its uneven surface, depressions, and rocky mounds. They said it would be a waste of time to try cultivating such a place. Ke'awalena responded by saying that you have one knowledge, and this man has another knowledge. It is like the fisherman who have ways different than yours. Water catchment and crop Ko a took up residence and began farming the land; the companion [Ke'awalena] cultivation began setting out the hue wai (water gourds), the haono wai (water bowls), the 'olo (long gourd containers), and preparing the poo wai (water catchments). The rains then returned and filled the gourds with water. Ko a then planted the kalo (taro), sweet potatoes, bananas, sugar canes, and bitter gourds etc And as these plants began to grow, they grew more luxuriously than any plants which had been seen before. The rains also continued to fall filling all of the containers. Wild grasses began to grow around the mdkalua kalo (taro planting holes), and around all the things which had been planted. This grass was used as the kipulu (mulch) for all the other plants, and things grew even better, there was more cultivated food than had ever been available. Seasons and agricultural As the seasons changed from the days of the moon (winter) to the days of the practices sun (summer), the sun dried all the surface growth, but the taro, sweet potatoes. and different plants continued to growing because the was water below the surface in the rocks of the klMpoi (cultivated patches). When the sweet potatoes matured and were ready for harvest, the family returned to the uplands Ceremonial observances in for ten days. They baked a pig and offered chants and prayers in kahukahu agriculture ceremonies of the planter. When the taro, sweet potatoes, and foods were all prepared, Ko a called to all who passed by to come and eat and to even take food home. Now the people who had ridiculed Ko a, withdrew and ceased talking, they did not come forward. Their words and actions had been made as nothing, by the accomplishments of Ko a. But the work of the farmer continues even as the sun begins its descent, there Is no time to rest except for in the not The taro sent out shoots, the bananas ripened, the sugar canes laid upon the ground [bent over with their weight], and the 'awa was plentiful. Throughout this time. Mikilei was his fathers constant companion in cultivating the land. - The water cave of Mak3lel Is One day the child Ma�ciilel went to relieve himself along side a small depression discovered in the field and while excreting, he felt a breeze rising to him from below. Greatly startled, he carefully looked down and saw the opening of a dark whole from which the wind was blowing. Milik31ei stood up and went to call his father and told him about the wind blowing from under the ground, thinking that it was a wind cave which extended from the uplands. The father went to look at the opening and saw that the wind was indeed coming out of the cave. This is the place tat came to be called ke ana wai o Makalei (the water cave of M9kalel), named for the one that this story Is about On another day, after having completed his work, Ko a went to the place of this wind cave. After looking at the opening, he began to remove rocks from the cave mouth and made a round opening large enough for a roan to enter. Ko a than went to his house and took a kukui torch and returned to the cave. Upon entering the cave, he saw that it was a very large cavern with a high ceiling and wide expanse, and water was dripping down from the ceiling. When Koa Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 35 May 1998 returned to his house, he did not tell his wife or daughters about the cave, he kept his actions hidden and made as If the site of the cave opening was a place for refuse and relieving one's self (February 7, 1928). So now we see my reading companions that it was the thought of Ko'a no keep this place a secret, known only to Mikalei and himself. This was a kaulana wai puna (hidden resting [gathering] place of water), and indeed, no other person ever knew of the existence of the cave. The water cave remained hidden from everyone except Ko'a and his son Ma'lcilea. Even after MWIei traveled to Kauo'i- nufmoku-lehua-panee•luad•ke-kai (Kauai of the great lehua forests which appear Care for, and location of to travel by twos to the ocean), and when Kea died, no one knew about the the water cave of Makalel cave. This water cave remained a secret until Mikilei was near death, then he told his son Ka-lel$-I a'oa-o-Mikilei (Kalea) about the water cave, before Kalei made a journey from Kauai to the island of Hawaii to visit his relatives. It was Mik'alei s command that Kalei reveal the existence of this water cave to his surviving family and their descendants. It was In this same cave that Mr. ]A Maguire, deceased, bulk a water tank, and hid pipes to his house from within the cave. A wind mill was then used to pump the water from the cave; perhaps he [Maguire] was one of the last descendants of Milk31ei. After realizing the nature of the rave, Ko'a than set about at the large task of Water catchment in the carving canoes of 'ahia (Mefrosidetcs polymorphs), and wiliwili (Erythrina caves of Kekaha sandwicensis), which he did at night without being observed. He then took the wiz a wai (water canoes, or troughs) and placed them in the cave till there was no room for anything else. And when it was once again the season of the sun's return to this land, the sun drank all of the water which had been stored from the rains. The sun moved over head and the people once again relied on the koulana wai. For those people who did not have water the sun offered no compassion, and the people moved agar to the shore where water was not disputed over. But for them [die family of Kea] there was no problem in obtaining water. The ahi'a and wiliwili troughs where filled with water which rippled and overflowed upon the pili grass. As Miikilea grew, he matured Into a handsome young man and he enjoyed all the favorite pastimes of youths at the time. But, farming was MagWei s favorite Pahulu (In mid-Ka%pulehu) pastime, and as his father did, so did Ma'ka-lel. Their produce went to dose who Moanuiahea lived down by the place of the canoe fleets, to die uplands of Pahulu, and to the community at Moa-nun-a-hea. • Ko'a and Ke awalena teach One day Ko'a told Ma"ei, "It is now time for us [Ko'a and Ke awalena] to Mikalea different techniques of instruct you the skills of the fishermen. That way you will have no need to wait Fishing. on die skills of others to provide you with food to eat, and there will be no shame in waking on others to supply you. You will have your selection of that which you wish to cat" When the day arrived dot Ma-kilei was going to begin learning the skills of the fshemwv4 they descended to the shore where he was taught about hi (lure trolling) for aku, 'ahi, kahaia, ulna, and fishing for o uku'uku, 'opakapaka, and kaldmfe, etc The father also taught his son the techniques of fishing with all manner of nets, and Mlildilei embraced the knowledge of all the practices of the fishermen, and the cherished knowledge of the ancestors and Went generation- • KahaVulluhulu • Mahai'ula Now the daughters of Koa and Kaua took husbands who were also fishermen. •'Ohiki Their husbands were from the shores of Ka'elehuluhulu and Mahai'ula, and the • Hainm husbands tames were 'bhiki and Hakiaa. The daughters went to live with their husbands, while the parents lived with their one remaining child, Mi dki. Over • Mikalei is trained in various the next ten years, M&a-ilei teamed all manner of knowledge pertaining to the Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 36 May 1998 fors of fighting skills cultivation of crops and fishing. Makalel also learned the practices of fighting in the techniques of ism, ha'iha'i, and ku'ilaii etc [martial arts, bone breaking, and boxing], for these were greatly cherished by our kfipuna (ancestors) of those days, and this is how people of the Hawaiian race strengthened there bodies in those times. Kekaha called Kekaha-wai 'ole When the days of the aku fishing season arrived in Kekaha which is called Kekaha-wai 'ole (The waterless place) by its' native children, it is said —Ola aku la Saying used to describe ka aino kaha, Lia pua ka khua i ke kai (The natives of Kekaha have life when the residency patterns In Kekaha khua blossoms are upon the sea). It was in these days that the best trained fisherman of Kekaha-wai-'ole, exhibited their knowledge of hi aku fishing, this famous task of Kekaha and all Kona. Ka'elehuluhulu The husbands of Ko'as daughters were the head fishermen of Ka'elehuluhulu, and when they heard that the fish were running, they went and prepared to fill their canoes with aku. Hearing the news that the canoe fleet was being made ready, MMdlei called to his father, asking that he be allowed to go down to the shore of Ka'ele huluhulu to get some aku from his sisters. When MOW went to the shore, his sisters saw him, and he was carrying cooked taro and lengths of sugar cane longer than the span of a man's arm. Some taro and sugar cane was given to each sister. M3lcMei then said, "O my elder sisters, I have come down here because we have heard that the sea is filled with aku, and we desire to eat some aku:' Fishing customs described The sisters responded, "Wait until your brother -in-laws return with aku, for they have never missed in catching the fish; but, perhaps there will be none to ask for." MWIel responded, 'Perhaps this is not a day for the fish to run. Though there have been marry aku, this is a day In which the fish may be sleeping [la the depths] for this Is the time of Kulu, when It is said —'Kula ka pa, o Welehu ka malama, he la id ole MW (Kulu is the night, Wekhu is the month, this is a day of no fish).' The sister answered saying, 'Your brother -in-laws will not come back empty handed. How indeed shall the two foremost fishermen of the kaha (shore) return empty handed, when fishing is what they are famed fors.' Malrifiei then said, Look, die canoe fleet is returning, and the sun travels peering upon ka paepae kopu o ka hale o Uli (the sacred platform of the house of Uli; ie. the sun sits atop of the head, it is midday); there are not even ten canoes, and to people return. The canoe fleet does not return when the sun Is still rising above. Indeed - o ka hele la a kfiporo ka b i ka k,lo, a ohe no he '7i a 'ia aku o ka wad (when the sun rises and sits directly upon the brain [is directly overhead] the canoes are usually nowhere to be seen): MWdlel asked, 'Do you see the canoes returning? Perhaps what you have said [about your husbands fishing skills] is not true: MWIlei s sisters disagreed with his accounting of the returning canoes, and questioned whether he had an understanding of practices associated with fishing. Ma-killei then remanded his sisters that their father had been the lead fisherman under Kualoa len service of the chief 'Olopana at Koolau; 'Only after the death of Kualoa did we leave [O'ahu] and come to dwell here at Kona of the dark green mountain which sands in the talar -Kona mauna hauliuli kis palua i ka pohu: Upon finishing his comments, the sisters agreed that perhaps this brother of theirs was correct, "It may be that our father has aught our brother all manner Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Porto Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 37 May 1998 of fishing skills.' As the sun began to move away, the canoe fleet was seen to enter the landing. Mlildilei then quickly went down and stood at the bow of the canoe of his brother -in law 15hiki, who was one of the lead fishermen of MUM ridiculed by'ZShiki Ka'elehuluhulu (February 14, 1928). Seeing that Makalei held fast to the canoe bow, 'Ohiki spoke harshly, 'What is it that this child of the dangling genitals wants [a derogatory tern used to describe a youngster who doesn't even wear a mato], that he should hold so fast to the bow of the canoe with one eye [desire]; you are not ours you little lazy child.' Though he heard the spiteful words of his brother-in-law, Ma -kale! still took up Canoes laded at Ka'elehuiuhulu the Iona hvilWli (MliMli wood canoe rollers) and placed it below the canoe,so that the canoe could be taken up the shore. MWalei then departed and went back to his sister hone, and she asked, 'Are there many aku?' MM alei responded that there were only a few. The sister then asked, Were there no fish for the one who helped to take the canoe up on the shore?' MWIei responded, 'No, I told you this was the day of Kulu when the fish remained in the depths_' 'Akahipu'u Now when the other brother-in-law, Hainoa landed his canoe, Mak'alel went quickly to the shore and secured the Iona and carried the canoe up to the canoe stalls. Hainoa called to Malalei, chose three fish for you, but Ma'kalei took up only one fish and Hainoa encouraged Mak'alei to take more, but Ma'Italei declined saying this one was enough Hainoa then went and greeted Makake! with a kiss, and inquired about his parents who were living in the uplands... Upon returning to the uplands a litre below the hill of 'Akahipu'u, Kaua inquired of Makalei how his sisters were. Ma -Wel also described the circumstances of how he came to have the one large aku. Now when this fish had been consumed, Makalei returned to the coast, and like before, he took taro and sugar cane with him. When he arrived before his sisters, they inquired how their parents were and asked if there was water to be had In the uplands. The sisters thought that perhaps there would be no water for their parents and Mak'alel in the uplands. But MOkMe! told them, "We have no problem with the water, it is fish that we lack.' The sisters responded that they only had dried aku in the storage houses. Fishing customs MMcMei then told his sisters, "The canoe fleet will returning, but there will be no aku, for this is the day of Kiiloaaculua, a day when there is much traveling done to follow the swift moving aku, indeed, the canoes have traveled so far that the shoulders of the paddler are weary with their ask. Of days like this it is said, Ke pi o ke aku, a ohe po'e o ko pa (The aku are stingy, the lure attracts no people [fish]). This is a day when the aku take off, they do not say at the koa (fishing stations) for the sword -fish of the depths chases after them" (February 21, 1928). • Ka'slehuluhulu When It was afternoon, die canoe fleets returned to Ka'elehuluhulu, Mahai'ula, • Mahai'ula Makalawena, Ka'frpfikehu and beyond. Of all the canoes, only the canoe of • Makalawena Hakroa, the husband of Ma7cale!'s sister Ke-kai-ku'i-o-Keawehala (The staking • Ka'up(ilehu [rough] seas of Keawehala) had any fish. Taking up his five fish, Hainoa went up to his hone where he found that many people had gathered together. These people were the natives from the surround'mg lands, but foremost among them was the stranger [MM"l], who had brought and prepared large quantities of taro, sweet potatoes, sugar care, and barrancas, for them to eat, and Iowa for them to drink. Hakhoa dhen gave them four of the aku. In this way, Hainoa and Makalei ma became benefactors of those same people who had ridiculed Ko'a- mokumola-o-He ela for selecting the land on which he was cultivating these great quantities of food. iaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 38 May 1998 There were great quantities of food cultivated by Ko'a and Ma-k-aalei, there was no Practices of dryland cultivation end to the growth and nothing lacked for water. The plants grew as if they were Agriculturists valued in society in a dirt field and they grew wildly. In the makaluo (dug out mulched planting holes) the grasses were used as the kipulu (mulch), and the fields looked like the lol (wet pond fields) of the watered lands. Great were the cultivating skills of the father and his son, indeed it is said -do no W o na makua [the bones of the parents (ancestors) have life; said in praise of an accomplished descendant] - through the skills of MWIlei... Fishing fleets kept inshore ...When the time of the storms of the Kaha arrived, the winds rose up and the during stoney season canoes could no longer put out to sea, and the coral was tossed upon the shore by the waves. The ocean was whipped up and the Ho olua wind raged, turning towards the uplands.'Ohiki spoke to his wife Ke-kal-ha`a-kulou-o-Kahiki (Kekai), 'Perhaps you can go to the uplands and ask for some food for us that we may IW Kekai went to the uplands and upon arriving at her mothers house, the greeted one another with chants. When the greetings were offered, Kaua then asked, Why is It that you travel alone, where is your husband?' Kekai answered, 'I have come to ask for some food for us, we have nothing and we are troubled.' Kaua told her daughter that she would go speak to her father and young brother [Ko'a and Ma-k31e1] who were working in the plantation and bring back vegetables to prepare food for her. Upon reaching the planation, Ma7(alei inquired of his mother, "Who has arrived at our home that you have greeted with a chant?" Kaua responded, "It is your elder sister Kekai, and she is asking for some food to relieve her family of its' trouble" (February 28, 1928). MWIei said, We will give no food to my sister, tell her there is nothing for her Ka'elehuluhulu but the kalino (sweet potato vine runners): That evening when Kekai had returned to the coast at "elehuluhulu, Mllkmei explained to his parents about the way'Oh#d had shamed, ridiculed, and treated him in front of the paddlers and fishermen; and this was why he denied his sister's request. MOW did this to teach 'Ohiki a lesson. MlikMei then said, 'I have only one brother-in-law, Hainoa, he is a good man and for him there will be all the taro, sweet potatoes, sugar cute, bananas, and 'awa that he would like: Because of the difficulty of Many long days passed and the storms continued striking at Kekaha which is also life in Kekaha, the land was called Kaha*o*-eta [The hard (stingy) place], for this is a kaha 'tai 'ole (place also known as "Kaha-ka weka" without vegetable foods) and a kaha wai We (waterless place). One day both of MOdlei's sister traveled to the uplands to ask for food for their families. MOW inquired, 'And where are your strong husbands? They must come up to get the food for there is so much, that you two could only take a small portion.' Kaua prepared the uta greens for her daughters, who ate and then returned to the shore with some of the greens for their husbands. Keawehala told her Kekaha also know as "kaha'al husband Hainoa that he would need to go and get the sugar cane, bananas, and 'ale" (place without vegetable such for it would require great strength to carry all of the Items. Several days foods). passed, and as was the custom of the people along the shore, they ate only fish, for this was a place without vegetable foods (kaha lei 'We). The two brother -in-laws then went to the uplands, the house of their parent -in- laws and Mlik'alei. When MaMcMei saw'Ohiki and Hainoa, he knew that they were coming to ask for vegetable foods. Milkliei told his mother and father to let him do the speaking and that it would be him who would give them their food. The parents agreed to this and MWIei then went to the planation. Upon arriving at the house of his in-laws, Hainoa asked for M111". Haines was told, "He is there in the field, throughout the whole day he cultivates the crops until the setting of Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 39 May 1998 the sun. Some people perhaps work only half the day, but Mallei works until dark Agricultural resources covers the land, then he is done. All that is grown here is cultivated by your described young brother-in-law; the taro, sweet potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, and the awa are all grown by him. Indeed your small brother is the foremost farmer — hewo i ka wai ka 'ai [growth of the vegetables foods is as great as a body of water (vast or multitudinous)] — Moe ke ka a ala mai palaku ka mare iluna, ke kalo hele maka'ole a 'ulu ka limu, o ka 'uala kohu aa Kele a iluna ka 'uala, o ka 'awa ua hele o hua iluna — The sugar ane lays upon the ground with its' weight, the bananas are perfectly ripened upon the trees, the taro is without protuberances [unblemished] with mosses growing around it, The sweet potato rootless resemble the sweet potatoes above, and the 'awo bulges above:' Kaua then said, 'I will go and fetch Makalei' When Kaua reached her son, Ma"ei already had two large nets ready, one was filled with vegetables; the net for the disrespectful 'Child was a large io'a aha (wouke woven) net which was filled with aro, sweet potatoes, banana fruit stalks, sugar canes, and awa loos. While Hainoa s net was left for him to fill as he desired, and by what he would be able to carry. Milikalei did this so that'Child would see that he was more than just a little boy. 'Chiki and Hainoa were then led up to Makalei, and 'bhiki was shown his filled net MWIei told '25hiki, 'Here is the net filled with all manner of foods grown by me. H you can not carry this on your own, you will never ;get food again from MaOWei who you mistakenly compared to a little child' (March 6, 1928). 'Chili then remembered all the mean things he had spoken to this child whom he had not known was his brother-in-law. 'Ohiki took the net and departed with great difficulty for he could not get a good grasp upon the net and it veas ecceedingly heavy. MSltalei then went to Hainoa and explained that he could fill his net however he would like so that he could carry it home. Hainoa went to the woena (cultNamd fields) and saw the great extent of all that was grown there, and he then filled the net as he wanted. How Ahua-Lupua came to When Hainoa departed from the uplands, in a short time he reached the kula be named (flat lands) and tame upon 'Child at the place called Ahu-a-Lhlpua. 'Chili was laying on the ground with his face up, exhausted because of the great weight of his net Hainoa then spoke to $hili suggesting that he leave the large portion of the food where it was so that the people of the coast could come and get what they had need of. 'Chili agreed and left most of die food and then continued down to the shore where he told the people to go and get the food divide: it evenly between the households. The place where 'Child left the food is one of the famed places of this land. It: is a cliff area from which one an look out to the shore of Maharula and Keelehuluhulu. A stone mound was build along the trail there for the chiefess Lfnpua and so the site tame to be called Ahu-a-L-upua. Now because so marry people went gather up the foods which 'Child had left behind, the fame of the cultivated crops of Mal Iel and Ko'a spread throughout the area. Because 'Child had promised that he would not go to the uplands and ask for food if he couldn't take the net MaM(Mei had given him, he remained on the shore; only his wife went to get vegetable foods. As time passed MaWlers extraordinary nature became known and his body matured. When the calm returned to this place, it was once again the time for fishing, and as was their custom, the fishermen returned to their fishing practices... Kaupulehu Developments Kum Porro Associates BiKaupu-16 (052098) 40 May 1998 [The account provides readers with a lengthy description of fishing customs of Kek", some of the information is similar to other narratives cited here, and is not repeated (d. Maly 1998a for full texts).] Each time MMdki fished, he would call out in prayer to his ancestress, Hina-i-ka. • Prayers offered to fishing deity malamao.Ka eks. Closing the prayer, he called — E ho'oalu i ka ?a a piha ka wa a o kakou i ke oku (Cause the fish to rise and fill our canoe). When he finished speaking these words, the oku began quivering about the canoe and M'akalei began taking the oku. When he was finished fishing, the fish stopped gathering in their school and Mlik-ales ma returned to the shore of Kseelehuluhulu. Landing on • Customs of sharing the catch the shore, MaWdilei took one aku and told his kaohi "Divide the fish equally among yourselves, don't one of you be greedy, but divide them equally. And if there are fish left over, give them to the people dwelling in the houses as has been done before, and this is how it should always be done. Do not mutter, or grumble within yourselves, nor should you speak boisterously (loudly), stating that you are giving fish to those people who have none. Listen and heed my words, for the 'aumakua knvar a have all hearing ears, they hear our muttering and the grumbling. And it is them [the aumakua] who honor the head Aumakua present, customs fishermen and the chid fisherman. Do not speak of these things to the women of caring for fishing equipment or those who do not observe time things. For the 'aumakua have departed from them and that is why they have fish sometimes, and at other times they have none. Now wash our canoe and clean it so that it is not left dirty, because it is upon the canoe which the 'aumakua lawar a dwells; and as the house is clean so shall the fish fill the canoe. It is like our own homes — ke ma'ema a no ko hale, nui ko pole kipa mai a nui ka maholo 'ia ola hale no ka ma ema'e (when the house is clean there are many who come and visit, and that house is greatly honored for its cleanness):' Malidlei than departed and went up to the cave at which he regularly left his puniu pa (lure and line container) and where he dried his fishing line. Malalei's How the cave in Kaulana, came fishing lore was called Kolomfldmiki, and to this day, the cave In which M!Wei to be called Kolomikhmiki dried his line and stored his lure is called Kolomikimiki - He ana waiho kanako la no na pole a pau o kala wahi i k"eia manawa (Koksmikimiki is a burial cave, used by the people of this place [Kekaha], at this time). When Ma -Inial arrived at the home of his parents, he told them about the great catch of aku, and told them that he had given the aku to his kaohi. 'Indeed it is good to give without muttering and grumbling, in that way your canoe will be During the stormy seasons, the exceedingly phi. This is the way to care for the people who work for you, and people went to the uplands to this is how you cane to get fish and good paddlers.' Now as the days passed, the cultivate crops season of fishing ended and the stormy days of Kekaha returned. The waves were stirred up by the wind and storms upon the ocean, and the canoes could no longer depart from the shore. This was the time when one's face turned to the uplands for the livelihood [agricukural pursuits]... (March 27, 1928") As the legend continues, readers are provide with descriptions of 'ahi fishing in Kekaha, and then told of a journey that Miikalei took to Kekaha, Kauai. MAMei's journey took him to through the district of Kohala, to the islands of Lftna`1 and Oahu, and on to Kauai, where he and Piilawai arrive at Ke-kaha-o-Miina. Miikiilei's fame grows through his actions on Kauai, and he marries the " The paper published on March 27, 1928 was not available during the microfilming of other issues of the paper carrying this legend. Following a search of various collections, the paper published on March 27' was located in a box at the Hawaii Historical Society. A copy of this paper was provided through the courtesy of Barbara Dunn, Head Librarian. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associairs HiKaupu-16 (052098) 41 May 1998 chiefess, Ka-wai-li'ula-o-Mana (The mirage forming waters of Mans). From this union one son is born, who is named Ka-lei-a-Pa'oa-o-Makalei (Kalei). As Kalei grew up, he learned all of the farming and fishing skills at which his father excelled. He was also taught fighting skills such as lua and ha liha'i etc. Lua fighting is one of the things for which Kauai was famous, it was unsurpassed in the fighting technique called 'pahtpalu a lima fki' (June 19, 1928). Rejoining the narratives, we learn of Kalei's trip to Kekaha, Kona, and how the ana wai [water cave] Maki lei was revealed to the people of Kekaha. ... Kalei told his father,'9 want to go and travel to Hawaii, for you have told me about my grandparents, aunts, and their families and I desire to see them at the land of the koho wai'ok' (waterless shore):' M&a-lei then told his son about the various places which he must visit, and people who he should meet while on his • Kekaha-wai-'ole journey. Ma-kAW told Kalei, 'When you reach Kekaha-wai-'ole and land at the • Ka'ulupulehu place called Ka-'ulu-pllehu, ask for Keawalena He is a native of those shores, - and he Is also an elder of yours. He Is the 'aikane (companion) of your grandfather Ko'a-mokumoku-o-He eia. At his house, you will find food, shelter, a •'Akahipu u place to rest, and a place for the paddle of Kapa'a-i-lung From there, you will . Hu shu a then ascend to the uplands where you will come to a hill above the alahele (pathway). 'Aka-hipu'u is the name of this hill. Ascending from the north side of Hu'ehu'e, turn and you will see Kona, and to the other side will be Kohala (June 26, 1928). When you arrive at the hill, on the Kona side, there you will see the house of your grandfather and grandmother. It Is the house at which I was a native before coming to Kauai where 1 took your mother as my beloved wife. When you stand before your grandmother, tell her that your name is Kaleiapa oa, and tell her that you are the son of Ma-kalei, born on Kwa i; also tell them of my great love for them. Now B you arrive and your grandfather has passed away, but the family remains dwelling in the house, tell them you are the son of Milcilei and they will welcome you. Now if they are dwelling In the uplands and you see that there is trouble with the family because It is a waterless place and all the other native residents have How to find the water cave of departed to live along the shore, you are not to depart as well. For there is Mika -lei water within the cave which is named Ma'ka-lei, it is filled with water and no other person has knowledge of it Your grandfather and myself kept it hidden; we two, and now you are the only ones who know about this water rave (ana wai). It is for you to make this place famous for all the generations to come. It [the water cave] Is In a place where there is a depression which we made look Mikilei water cave described as If It was a refuse pit On the opposite side of the refuse is a large stone which coven the opening, remove It and you may then enter the rave. Because we discarded our plant waste there, no one knew that at this site was a water cave. There are three wo'o wai (water troughs; iogs hollowed like canoes) stored in the cave; a wa a koo (koa wood trough), wa'a Shia ('chi a wood trough), a wai a wilMdli (wdhWi wood trough), and hoona (water scoopers). This is a hidden cave, it is wide and high enough so that you may enter it and stand all. The water flows to those three water troughs and probably overflows onto the surrounding area. Kekaha-wai= ole If you learn that your grandfather has died and the sun has remained upon the land (symbolic of a dry period) of Kekaha-wai-ole, and the families are dwelling in difficulty, you may get the water [reveal It] so that all of the people of Kekaha may know about it Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiiKaupu-16 (052098) 42 May 1996' Now here is Hale'uki, the hokeo aho hi aku (bonito fishing line gourd) of your grandfather, it is an inheritance from your ancestress Hina-i-ka-malama o-KWelo and 'Akani-a-kolea-i-Kahitl, the cordage is for you. And this pa hi aku (mother of pearl bonito lure) named Kokrmikimiki is also an inheritance for you, for you are my only son and you have taken up the practices and skills of the fisherman... Quly 3, 1928). ...On his journey from Kauai to Hawai i, Kaleh oa stopped at lanai, Hane'o o • Kaleiap-a'oa travels to Kekaha and Hina, Maui—places previously visited by his father. Landing at Kohala, Kalei was welcomed by the chief Hrena (who had also hosted his father. Mikalei, when he made his journey to Kaua'i). After spending three months with Wena, Kalei prepared to continue his journey to Kekaha-wai'ole. Wena asked, "Where • Ka-'ulu-palehu in Kekaha will you land your canoe?' Kalei answered, "At Ka'ulupulehu:' Hr ena then asked, "Who is the native that will welcome you there?' Kalei answered, "Keawalena, the companion of my grandfather, Ko'amokumoku-o-He eia H'a'ena said, "Yes he is a good native, I have seen him, and he is skilled at discerning omens (kilokilo 'auh), and determining the success of various undertakings... Departing from Hr ena, Kalei then traveled past Kai 5pae, and the sea opened up before him as he passed Kawaihae, and rippling sands of Kaunaoa. Passing Kauna'oa, he met the 'olauniu breezes of Puakn, which carried his canoe past Kiholo Waim'a and Kaiahuipua'a. He then passed 'Anaeho'omalu and Kapalaoa, and went Ka-lae-o-ka-man6 down to Kiholo, where he arrived at Ka-he-o-ka-mina. There, he met with two Koa'opelu of Mahevralu 'opelu fishermen, who were fishing at the kola 'opelu o Mahewalu (the 'apelu fishing grounds of Mahewalu). Kalei asked them, "What is this place?" They answered, 'This is Ka'Upulehu:' Then natives then observed, "So you are perhaps a stranger here?" To which Kale! answered, "Yes:' they then inquired, "From where?" And Kalei answered, From Kaua'!, Liina'i, Hane o o, Him, and Ha ena, Kohala. From Kohala, I have come to Ka up'ulehu and met with the two of you. it Is here that my father on Kauai, directed me to seek out a native of this land:' The fishermen asked, "What is the name of the native?" Kalei said, "Keawalena:' The fishermen exclaimed, "He is our father-in-law, for his daughters are our wives. (August 7, 1928) ...The 'opelu fishermen took Ka-lei-a-Paoa-a-Mikiiel to see his foster Keana-walo-M3k31ei is grandfather, Ke'awalena, who greeted him warmly. Kalei learned that his revealed to the people of grandfather Ko'a-mokumoku-o-He e!a had died, but was told that his Kekaha grandmother Ka-ua pa'ai-hala-o-Kahalu u still lived at their residence in the uplands. Indeed, life for his grandmother and family was difficult because of the lack of water, and it was at that time, as instructed by his father, that Kalei revealed the water cave of Mikilei (Ke ana wai o Makalei) to the people of Kekaha. (August 21, 1928) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates HXpu-16 (052098) 43 May 1998 IV. WO-POLEHU: LAND TENURE Overview In pre -western contact Hawaii, all land and natural resources were held in trust by the high chiefs (ali 7 'ai ahupua a or ali 7 'ai moku). The use of these lands and resources were given to the hoa aina (native tenants), at the prerogative of the ah'i and their representatives or land agents (konohiki), who were generally lesser chiefs as well. This practice of land division is demonstrated at Ka'upulehu, and was tamed through the period of 1848, when Hawaiian land tenure was radically altered by the Mahele Aina (Division of Land). The Mahele defined the land interests of Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs, and the konohiki. As a result of the Whole, all land in the Kingdom of Hawaii came to be placed in one of three categories: (1) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne); (2) Government Lands; and (3) Konohiki Lands (Chinn 1958:vii and Chinon 1961:13). As noted earlier, in c. 1780, Kalani'6pu'u gave Kame'eimnoku the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu (Kamakau 1961:147, 307). When Kamehameha rose to power with the help of his "Kona unlces" of whom Kame'eiamoku was one, Kame'eiamoku's right to the land Ka'upulehu was retained (ibid.:175). Subsequently, in c. 1803, Kame'eiamoku's son, Ulumaheibei Hoapili, inherited both Ka'upulehu and his father's role as counselor to the King (ibid.:188, 190). When Ulumaheihei Hoapili died in 1840, his lands (including Ka'upulehu) were inherited by his Mnai (adopted son), Lots Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V) (Kame'eleihiwa 1992:100). In 1848, when Kamehameha III entered into the Whole (a division of land between the King, chiefs, government and people), Lots Kapuiiiwa's ownership of the ahupua a of Ka'upulehu was confirmed in Land Commission Award 7715, Portion 10 (Foreign and Native Testimony Book 10:622). When Lots Kapui iwa (Kamehameha V) died on December 11, 1872, his half-sister, Ruth Ke'elik6lani, inherited his lands (including Ka'upfrlehu) (cf. Probate No. 2412). Upon Ruth Ke'elik6lani's passing in 1883, her cousin, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, inherited all of the lands that Ke'elik6lani had been awarded or acquired (cf. Probate No. 2009). The passing of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a year and a half later, saw the placing of all her lands (including Ka'upulehu) in a trust to support education of Hawaiian youth—now, the Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate (cf. MacKenzie 1991 and Kame'eleihiwa 1992). The Mahele of 1848 Laws in the period of the Miihele record that ownership rights to all lands in the kingdom were "subject to the rights of the native tenants;" those who lived on the land and worked it for their subsistence and the welfare of the chiefs (Kanawai Hoopai Karaima... (Penal Code) 1850:22). The 1850 resolutions in "Kanawai Hoopai Karaima no ko Hawaii Pae Aina," authorized the newly forted Land Commission to award fee -simple title to all native tenants who occupied and improved any portion of Crown, Government, or Konobiki lands. These awards were to be free of commutation except for house lots located in the districts of Honolulu, Lahaina, and Hilo (cf. Penal Code, 1850:123-124; and Chinon 1958:29). In order to receive their awards from the Land Commission, the hoa'aina (native tenants) were required to prove that they cultivated the land for a living. They were not permitted to acquire "wastelands" (e.g. fishponds) or lands which they cultivated "with the seeming intention of enlarging their lots." Once a claim was confirmed, a survey was required before the Land Commission was authorized to issue any award. The lands awarded to the hoa aina became known as "Kuleana Lands." All of the claims and awards were numbered (Land Commission Awards or LCA), and the LCA numbers remain in use today to identify the original owners of lands in Hawaii. By the time of its closure on March 31, 1855, the Land Commission issued only 8,421 kuleana claims, equaling only 28,658 acres of land to the native tenants (Kame'eleihiwa 1992:295). Because the hoa aina were required to present documentation of their residency and cultivation of Kaupulehu Developments Kuru Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 44 May 1998 the parcels they claimed, a series of books which "register" the claims and subsequently record "testimony" supporting the claims were compiled. The documentation collected between 1848-1855, can be a valuable source of historic land use and residency records. Today, the primary reference to kuleana claims and awards of the Miihele is the "Indices of Awards...," published in 1929 by the office of the Commissioner of Public Lands. Unfortunately, a review of the Indices lists only one claim in the ahupua a of Ka`upulehu (that of Lots Kapurdwa, LCA 7715, Portion 10). Over the years, the author has been conducting a review of the original Mahele records, but to -date, no unawarded claims for land in Ka`upulehu have been located. Thus, no documentation regarding native tenants, residency, and subsistence practices appears to available for this period. Another requirement of the establishment of the Miihele property rights was that Konohiki such as L. Kapuaiwa were required to declare the "i a ho'omalu" (protected, or kapu fish) of lands they received (Law of 1851). This was done in order to allow the Konohiki to receive benefits of the fisheries, and protect native tenants who were otherwise allowed gain sustenance from the fisheries fronting ahupua a in which they lived1B (cf. Kosaki, Legislative Report No. 1; 1954). To -date, the author has been unable to locate any document that identifies the "i a ho'ornalu" of Ka`upillehu, but communications by Princess Ruth Ke`elik6lani and in the Boundary Commission proceedings record that the Ka'ilptilehu fishery extended out into the sea (cf. Sections IV & V in this study). Land of Ka`upulehu: Described before the Boundary Commission (ca. 1874-1886) In 1862, a Commission of Boundaries (the Boundary Commission) was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua'a that had been awarded as a part of the M Thele. Subsequently, in 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them (W.D. Alexander in Thrum 1891:117-118). The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the area being discussed. The boundary testimonies for the ahupua a of Ka`upulehu were collected between ca. 1873 to 1885. The native witnesses generally spoke in Hawaiian, which was translated into English and transcribed as the proceedings occurred (thus, the texts at times are difficult to follow). In 1885, J.M. Alexander conducted the survey that certified the boundaries and produced a map for the estate of B. Paushi Bishop (Figure 3). The narratives below are excerpts from the testimonies either given by native residents of Pu`uwa`awea, Ka`upulehu and neighboring lands of Kekaha, or the individuals who conducted the surveys for the said lands. It will be seen that not all of the witnesses provided the same descriptions of the boundaries—most notably, there are discrepancies in the location of the shoreline boundary on the northern side of Ka`Qpiilehu. Thus, depending on the witness, both P6hakuokahae and Kalaeman6 were referenced as the boundary between Ka`0pulehu and Pu`uwa`awa`a (it appears that all elder witnesses used P6hakuokahae as the reference point). Final disposition of the boundary settled on P6hakuokahae as the coastal, northern boundary (see Boundary Certificate No. 160; June 1886). Not all of the documentation provided by each witness, is repeated below, as it is covered by other cited testimonies, or is survey coordinates. References to place names, features, practices, and who the informants were are all cited in at least their first usage. Underlining and square bracketing of selected references in the texts below, are the authors, and draw attention to points of interest: 18 Bishop Estate Leases 268, 292, 763, 763A, and 4746 record that the Ka`upulehu fishery was maintained as a traditional "Konohiki" fishery through Sept. 6, 1940, when the Supreme Court ruled against Bishop Estate in its case to adjudicate the fisheries of Ka`upulehu and Makalawena (cf. 35 Haw. 608 [1940]). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 45 May 1998 Testimony for the Ahupua`a of Puawoo [Pu'uwa'awa'a], at Whole Aoa k Sworn: (Vol. A:2S3) I was born at Puawaa North Kona Hawaii, at the time of Keoua i" [c. 1793]. Lived there till a few months ago when I moved to the adjoining land Puuanahulu... The land of Puawaa is bounded on the south side by Kaupulehu and mauka by the same. On the north side by the land of Puuanahulu, and makai by the sea. The ancient fishing rights of the land extend out to the sea. The boundary at the sea shore between Puawaa and Kaupulehu is Pohakuokahai [Pohakuokahae], a rocky point in the aa, on the lava flow of 1801: the flow from Hualalai to the sea I think it is the third point from Kiholo, in the flows as you go towards Kona Thence the boundary between these lands runs mauka on as to Keahupuaa [Keahukaupuaa] a pile of stones a short distance makai of the Government Road, on a spot of old lava in the new flow, thence mauka to Oweowe, hill covered with trees, said hill being surrounded by the flow. The kipuka pili [area of pili grass growth] to the south is on Kaupulehu. Thence mauka to Mawae an a narrow strip of aa, in the middle of the flow, with wider branches of the flow on each side of this strip thence mauka where the as toms towards Kona as you go up Hualalai. Then the boundary follows up the east side of the flow to Puuakowai, a water hole in the pukeawe trees, on the old trail from Kainaliu to Puanahulu, above the woods. There the boundary of these lands turns towards Kohala, along the old trail to Waikulukulu, a cave with water dripping from the sides, a little above the woods. Thence along the trail to Puunahaha a hill with cracks naming along the top, this is above the large hill at the base of Hualalai, mauka of here. It can be seen from here [Kiholo] when the mountain is clear. This hill is the comer of Puawaa where Kaupulehu and Puanahulu unite and cut it off... Kellihonapule' Sworn Testimony for the Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu, at Henry Cooper's Store, Kailua (Rather a young man) (Vol. &247-249) I was bom at Kiholo, do not know when. I now live at Kohanaiki and know the land of Kaupulehu and its makai [shoreward] boundaries. My Kupuna told them to me. Bounded on the north side by Puawaa [Puuwaawaa], Kalaemano is the boundary at sea shore79 between these two lands: a place where they make salt. Thence passing through the middle of Kalaemano to a mawae [fracture or fissure] called Paaniau at the Government road There is a pile of stones just mauka [upland] of the alamd [road]. Thence to a kihanai [usually a small cultivated area of land] called Hikuhia thence to Puuki, a hill where Kaupulehu joins Puanahulu [Puuanahulu]. Thence along the land of Puanahuhi to Puualala. Puawaa bounds it to Puuakowai, thence along Puanahulu to Ahuakamalii, a spot on the lava flow of 1859. This is as far as I know on that side. Bounded on the South side by Kukio owned by Papule; the boundary at shore is in the middle of a place called Keaw ' '. The land had ancient fishing rights extending out to sea From Keawaiki to Papaomino [Puupoopoomino] a pile of stones at the comer of Pupule's land, thence along said land to Keonehehee, 19 Ka-lae-mann (the -shark -point) — It will be seen that the testimony of older natives of the region placed the boundary at P6hakuokahae ("Pohakuokahai"), south of Kalaemano. It is also worthy to note that the tradition of salt making in the vicinity has remained important over the generations. Oral history interviews cited in this study identify the Kalaeman3 area as one of the primary salt making places in the Kekaha region. Also, as the name indicates, mono or shark(s) were associated with the area, and as recorded in interviews in this study, the mann was both god and family member. A note recorded by J.S. Emerson, and found in the Hawaiian Ethnological Notes (HEN) of the Bishop Museum, tells us: "Kolo-pulepule (spotted creeper) is the shark of the coast between Lae Marto in Puuwaawaa and Kalaoa, North Kona. February 20,1888" (HEN I:584). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Paw Associates 1fKaupu-16 (052098) 46 May 1998 a kihapai. Thence to Puuokai the mauka comer of Pupule's land. Thence along the Government portion of Kukio turning towards Kona and tanning mauki side of Puhiapele, a large Ahu as [rock caim], makai of this hill, the boundary turns and runs mauka over this hill, thence to Maunakilowaa a [trail side] resting place where you look towards Kona and Kohala, thence mauka to Kauakahiapaoa. This is the mauka comer of Kukio; and there is a large hole there. Thence along the land of Mahaiula to Pahulu mauka corner of Mahaiula. One half of this place belongs to Kaupulehu. Thence along the land of Kaulana to a kihapai called Kauaiki. This is an old kihapai belonging to Kaupulehu. Thence along Kaulana 2" to Moanuiahm a hill where they used to worship, where the land called Kau joins Kaupulehu. Thence along Kau to Kaimuki, a place where the used to catch uwau [petrels], below the Koa woods. Thence along the land of Kaloko to Puualala a punawai [spring]. This is as far as I have been told the boundary of Kaupulehu. I do not know where Kaupulehu joins Keauhou. C.X.d I do not know a place called Pohakuokahai. The place where they make salt at the sea shore, is on the Puna side of the lava flow; the place I call Mawae is at the Government road. The place called Puuoweoweo is on Kaupulehu, and not on the boundary at the point where the as turns towards Kona, as you go up the mountain. The boundary runs straight up. I do not know a place along here called Waikulukulu or Puuohaha. Puuohaha is an Ahua as [stone calm or mound] in the middle of Kmpulehu. I do not know where Puulehu is. Kahueai Sworn. (VoL &-249-250) I was born here at Kailua at the time of building the heiau [perhaps a reference to Keikipu'ipu'i c. 1812]. Am a kamaaina of Kona and now live at Puawaa. Know the land of Kaupulehu, my kupuna (now dead) told me the boundaries, he was an old bird catcher. The boundary on the Kohala side at shore is a spot of sand called Kaloon the south side of Kalaemano, thence to Keanaowaea at the Government road, way towards the aa. Thence to Hikuhia, crossing at the aa, thence to Oweowe a cave. Thence to Pualala [Puualala] a koa grove, thence to Pualalaiki [Puunlalaiki] a second koa grove, there the boundary tuning towards Kona runs to a crater called Pohokinikini, thence to Kalulu a cave. Thence to Puuakowai, a water hole. There the boundary turns towards Mauna Kea, and runs to Kolekole. Thence to Puuiki, thence to a strip of as opposite a hill called Mailehahei where Keauhou cuts Kaupulehu off. The sand on the mauka side of the as is Keauhou. Thence to Ihuanu, a place on Keauhou. The boundary is below here running along the foot of the pah [cliff]. Thence to Napuumahoe, the boundary running between these two hills. Thence to Kinahee a crater and water hole, thence to a hill called Hualalai on the mountain. The boundary passing on the Kau side of this hill. Thence to Kaluariakani. I do not know whether Keauhou joins Kaupulehu here or not, but this is the boundary of Kaupulehu. There are two craters at Kalusmakani belonging to Kaupulehu. Thence along Lanihau to Kumumamani, a cave on the mauka comer of Kaloko a little towards the woods. Thence to the top of Hina-a-kWoula a hill with a crater on top. Kaloko is on the side of this hill. Thence along to as where the boundary leaves Kaloko. Thence along the heads of the Kalaoas to Kaiwiopele, thence to Moanuiahea, a hill, thence to Makalei an anawai [water cave]. ahulu is in the middle of Kaupulehu.) Thence to the further slope of Akahi ill [Akahipuu] where the boundary turns toward Kohala. Thence mauai along Kukio to Maunakilowaa, at the Government road. Thence to Puhiapele, thence to some hills mauai. I do not '0 Kalomo — as noted throughout these texts, the transcriber had difficulty with the spelling of place names; Kalomo may actually have been the name "Kolomu'o' which is one of the "wahi pana" or storied places of Ka'GpUlehu. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 47 May 1998 know the names. Thence along Pupule's land to shore. Bounded makai by the sea - Ancient fishing rights extending out to sea. C.X.d The mountain used to be called Hainoa but is now called Hualalai. The top is called Kalalakaukolu. I can go mauka and point out all these boundaries. Nahinalii k. Sworn (Witness on Puawaa [Pu`uwa`awa`a]) (Vol. &-2S1) I was bom here at the time of the building of Kiholo [reconstruction of Kiholo occurred in c. 1810]. I lived here till 1865 when I moved to Kawaihae. Keopu, an old kvnaaina (now dead) told me some of the boundaries and afterwards I went and saw them. Pohakukahai is the boundary at shore between Puawaa and Kauoulehu from this point the boundaries between these two lands run mauka to Keahukanouaa. Panisu is the name of the place where the Ahu stands. Thence mauka to Oweowe, which is as far as I know... D.H. Hitchcock k Sworn (Witness on Puawaa) (Vol. 8.428 — June 14, 1876) I surveyed Puawaa taking Aoa for my lamuraina. I found no dispute as to boundary between Puawaa and Pusnahulu. On the boundary between KAWulehu and Puawaa there is a dispute. The witness Kahueai of Kaupulehu, I found was dead. Commencing on the beach at a place called Laemano, old salt works. I took it at an some distance off on the north side. Thence we surveyed to Alm at Mawae a short distance below road, as Aoa pointed out to me. The other kamaaina pointed out towards Kona taking old cultivating ground Oweowe, that Aoa said always belonged to Kaupulehu. The Abu Aoa pointed out is near a cave. Thence I ran mauka to a point of as running down into a Idpuka, thence I ran a straight line to Puuakowai. I found the witness of Puawaa 8a Kaupulehu all meet at Puuakowai, but Keliihanapule's evidence cropped the land of Puawaa to Puuiki and then back to Puuakowai... Punihaole was with me when I surveyed Puawaa on the Puuanabulu side, and said he was satisfied with the survey. He is the lessee of Puawaa. Cxd... J.M. Alexander—Sworn (Vol. D No. 5.30, June IS, 1886) During the year 1885, I surveyed the land of Kaupulehu, mauls it joins Puwaawaa. The Kamminas, Luahine and others, shewed me the boundaries. lkaaka of Kanpulehu kai was the guide, makai. Mr. Hitchcock had surveyed this land formerly, but never made a map. On our surveying tour, we often came to piles of stones "Keahukaupuaa." below the Government Road, was a pile of stones, and Hitchcock's flag pole. Above that to Oweowe, Ikaaka and Luahine were the guides, and to Puluohia they told me the boundaries went on to "Puakowai" water hole. Punihaole and Keanini sent Keanini a guide who went with Hitchcock to point out the places, Puakowai, Puupohaku etc. We found the water hole as was said. Keanini, Kalamakini, and some other old men at Kanpulehu kai described the mauka boundary to me, and sent Aalona to show me the boundary at "Mailehahee" Where we found the pile and mark that Aalona said Hitchcock put up when surveying. Kalamakini told me the boundary from Mailehahee to East of Hualalai, and we went there, to the Government Trig. Station. At Puunahaha Keauhou 2° joins Kaupulehu Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 48 May 1998 and they run along together to the top of Honuaula, the West Trig. Station, where is an Iron pin in the ground, and marks on rocks. Then on to a koa grove, and on in woods, adjoining sundry lands. We marked all the corners of this land with large piles of stones and marked rocks. Kalamakini also went on, adjoining Kaloko, to place near Palahalaha, then to Kawaiokalaepuni, and to Pulehu. Hopulaau and son showed the rest of the boundary on to Moanuiahea and on to "Puhiapele," and on to head of Kukio 1", survey by J. Fuller, Grant 2121 to Kukulii [sic — Pupule]. I took the boundaries as per, said Grant, from there to the sea. This is the Map [Figure 3] and notes of survey I made. I surveyed along the sea shore, but do notivg a the bearings as the sea is the boundary. Some of the witnesses are too far off, or too feeble to come here today. The land is much of it lava.. _. I have brought Aalona and Kalamakini as witnesses. Kalamakini — S. I now live at Kahaluu, have lived formerly at Kaupulehu, and know that land well to Puuwaswaa. At Puakowai, I began to shew the boundary to Alexander... No. 160 Certificate of Boundaries of the land of Kaupulehu. District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii. Third Judicial Circuit, F.L. Lyman Esq. Commissioner; In the matter of the boundaries of the land of Kaupulehu... Judgement An application to decide and certify the Boundaries of the land of Kau�ulehu, District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii having been filed with me on the 13 day of May, A.D. 1886, by J.M. Alexander, for and in behalf of Mrs. Bernice Pauahi Bishop's Estate, in accordance with the provisions of an Act to facilitate the settlement of Boundaries etc., approved on the 22' day of June, A.D. 1886; now therefore, having duly received and heard all the testimony offered in reference to the said boundaries, and having endeavored otherwise to obtain all information possible to enable me to arrive at a just decision, which will more fully appear by reference to the records of this matter by me kept in Book No. 5, page 30, and it appearing to my satisfaction that the true and lawful and equitable boundaries, are as follows, viz. Beginning at the S W comer of Pun Waawaa at the seaward extremity of the ledge called Pohakuokahae, whence the Gov't. trig. Station on Akshipuu is S. 2"31'43"W (True) 36137 feet; thence the boundaries run by the true meridian to comers marked by ahus over rectangles cut in rock with crosses cut on the surrounding rocks as follows.... Area 23545 Acres... Alexander's Field Book, Register No. 559 was viewed in the collection of the State Survey Division. His is description of the northern boundary of Ka'upulehu, contains a few comments of interest and is given here: Reg. No. 559.77-78 (March 2S, 1885) The Boundary of Kaupulehu begins on the N. side at a high rock rifted along the top & jutting into the ocean, called Pohakuokahai; & is marked on the top of this rock by a rectangle with a hole in the center, cutting through the rock, & by +s on the rocks near by. Thence it runs to the shin a little below the public road called Keahukaupuaa, passing two ahus in this line marked like the boundary comers. Thence to a point on the W. side of a lava flow on an elevated spot in the region called Oweowe; thence to a point in the lave flow of very friable lava, the furthest East of the lava flows in the region called Puluohia; thence to the NW side of a waterhole, N of Kalulu, called Puakowai. Thence to a small knoll a little SE of the forest called Pohakuloa; thence Kaupulehu D—dopments Kum Pow Associates itKaupu-16 (052098) 49 May 1998 to a similar knoll, similarly situated, called Mawae. Thence to a hill far distant on the edge of the forest, a hill riven through the center called Puu Nahaha. Thence to the last rim of the third crater of a hill called Mailehahei on the Mauna Loa side of the mountain called Hainoa, & named by J.S.E., E. Hualalai. Thence to the Govt. Trig. Station on Honuaula called by J.S.E. W. Hualalai. Thence to a knoll of rocks a little above the woods there. Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pono Associates HiiKaupu-16 (052098) 50 May 1998 V. RESIDENCY AND LAND USE fCA. 1850 TO 1930) Historic Land Documents in Archival Collections The records below, provide readers with general overview of several aspects of land history, as recorded by government and church agents, land owners and lessees, and native tenants. The topics visited include: who the native residents were and where they lived; descriptions of land use practices; transitions in ownership; and historic features -primarily recorded through the efforts of native residents and government surveyors. Because almost all of the ahupua a of Ka'upulehu has been held by a single owner since the inception of private land ownership in Hawaii, the Government records are limited. Some documentation pertaining to 19" and early 20'h century lease- hold agreement for Ka'upulehu have been located, and are cited below. Additionally, a few references to neighboring lands are included below, as they help describe the general pattern of lazed use in the region, or make specific reference to families or features of Ka'upulehu, in association with other- locations. Ka`upulehu and Vicinity: Residency Records Based on missionary calculations (partially a result of the Ellis Tour cited above), the population on the island of Hawaii was estimated at 85,000 individuals in 1823 (Schmitt 1973:8). By 1850, the population on the island had dropped down to 25,864 (ibid.). In 1835, population records for the region of Kekaha (Kapalaoa to Kealakehe-the present study area included), placed the population at 1,233 individuals. The total population of Kona in 1831 was 6,649, and in 1835, it was 5,957 individuals, a four year decline of 692 persons (ibid.:31). Historical accounts recording the continued decline of the native population in the period from ca. 1850 to 1920, as written by native writers, are cited later, in this section of the study. The decline of remote area populations is partially explained by the missionary's efforts at converting the Hawaiian people to Christianity. Logically, churches were placed first in the areas of larger native communities, and where chiefly support could be easily maintained. In this way, the missionaries got the most out of the limited number of ministers, and large groups of natives could live under the watchful eyes of church leaders, close to churches, and in `civilized" villages and towns. Overall, the historic record documents the significant effect that western settlement practices had on Hawaiians throughout the islands. Drawing people from isolated native communities into selected village parishes and Hawaiian ports -of -call had a dramatic, and perhaps unforeseen impact on native residency patterns, health, and social and political affairs (cf. I'i 1959, Kamakau 1961, Doyle 19531 and McEldowney 1979). The earliest records identified during this study, that give us names of native residents at Ka%pulebu come from Government taxation journals. The 'Auhau Poalua" (Tuesday Tax) was collected to help pay for government services--e.g. public service projects and the educational program. The Auhau Po alua was paid by native tenants in labor services, goods, or financial compensation. On January 1, 1849, Samuels Ha'anio, Tax Assessor (District II, Island of Hawai'i) submitted a report titled'Inoa o na kanaka auhaulpoalua ma Kona Alrau mai Puuanahulu a Honuaino-483 kanaka" (Names of people who come under the Poalua Tax Laws in North Kona, from Puuanahulu to Honuaino-483 people). The records identify seven residents of Ka'upulehu, and name residents of neighboring lands. Because of the close relationship between these families, Table 2 includes the names of individuals from Pu'u Anahulu to Kaulana. Several of the individuals cited below, are recalled today in this study, by their descendants (see interviews in this study). In 1848, Kingdom records also tells about schools in the Kekaha region. Interestingly, there is no record of there ever having been a school at Ka'upulehu. What we do find is that there were schools Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates XiKaupu-16 (052098) 51 May 1998 Table 2. Auhau Poalua Ahu uaa Name of Tax PaWM Residents Kepookoaloku, Kualwa, Paka, Katwehena, Kuakahela, Puuanahulu Kalawaia Puuwaawaa Pinamu, Palaualelo, Kauo, Napunielua, Kainoa, Kauai, Kanaina, Naalohelo, Psaluht Kaihumanumanu, Kalaehoa, Wainee, Aeae, Kanaina, Kau ulehu Nauha, Wahapuu Kukio: Kau, Nakulua, Malua Koaliiole, Kahaialii, Kapehe, Mamae, Kausonuuanu, Kanaina, Kaiakoili, Makalawena: Kauhalu, Nauele Pahia, Kahewahewauhi, Kailieleele, Namahlai, Kapeb, Kahan, Katkaula, Mahaiula: Noaai, Mana Paace , Puluole, Napala, Kialoa, Naopii Kaulana Hawaii State Archives; Series 262, Hawaii - 1849 at the following locations: Wainanali'i (Pu'u Anahulu)`Kalua was the teacher, and there were 18 students; at Kiholo (Pu'u Anahulu)-Punihaole was the teacher and there were 21 students; at Ka'elehuluhulu (Kaulana)—Punobu was the teacher and there were 27 students. (Hawai'i State Archives Series 262 -box 2, General Reports, January -December 1848). By 1861 The Wainanali'i =hool was no loner in existence (presumably a result of the 1859 Mauna Loa lava flow to the shore at Pu'u Anahulur ), and the Kiholo School had a total of 23 students and Punihaole was still the instructor. The school at Ka'elehuluhulu had 21 students, then under the instruction of Kaualii (Hawai'i State Archives Series 262 -box 2, 1861 Reports). By 1873, the school at Ka'elehuluhulu had been moved to Makalawena, where 16 students were under the instruction of Kahan (Hawai'i State Archives Series 262, 1873:2-3 Reports); and by 1881, the school at Kiholo had 11 students under the instruction of Kaonohi (ibid. Reports 1881). Records through the 1890s document the continued decline of students and eventual closing of the school at Kiholo by c. 1900 (State Archives, Pub. Inst. Files, June 1905). This was also the case at the Makalswena School, though it remained in use till c. 1919 (Bureau of Conveyances and oral history interviews). Of interest to this brief discussion of native residents in the north Kekaha region, we see that the population of Ka'upulehu must already have experienced a significant decline—perhaps even prior to Ellis' visit in 1823. As such, individuals may have made claims to the Land Commission for kuleana in other locations. Also, based on the customs of families in the early 1900s (as recorded in oral history interviews in this study), it safe to suggest that in the period following 1848, any student from the Ka'upulehu area most likely went to school either in the Kiholo vicinity or at Ka'elehuluhulu- Makalawena. Tenancy and Land Use Records of the Bishop Estate For the period between ca. 1884 to 1915, historical records in the collection of the Kamehame.ha Schools -Bishop Estate provide us with some of the most important sources of documentation of native residents and land use at Ka'upulehu. The following documentation, provided through the Z' Wainanali'i — On March 11, 1859, Isaac Y. Davis wrote (to the Minister of Interior) from Waimea, he reported: ...There is nothing now, but, your Wahine makaulaula (red eyed woman; i.e., Pele) is flowing once again, causing damage to the land of the King. It is here at the uplands above Puuwaawaa, descending perhaps to damage the places that remain (undamaged), like at Wairumalii. Won't you command your woman, Pele, not to come again, and not to damage the land of my King, or your two might be fetched here... (Hawaii State Archives, Interior Department Letters Mar. 11, 1859; Maly translator). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates XiKaupu-16 (052098) 52 May 1998 historical facts. In the documentation is found the names of families who resided at the Kahuwai Village; the rights of tenancy which Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop (and subsequently Chas. R. Bishop and the Trustees of Bishop Estate) granted to native Hawaiian families of Ka'0pulehu; and that the all `i set up a mechanism for the protection of resources necessary for sustaining the native inhabitants'. Many of the native tenant named below, are referenced in other sections of this study and are the laspuna of several of the individuals interviewed in this study. LEASE No. 268 This Indenture of Lease made and entered into this ninth day of August, A.D. Eighteen Hundred and Eighty four. WITNESSETH: That B. Pauahi Bishop and Chas. R. Bishop her husband of Honolulu... do hereby demise and let unto Henry N. Greenwell of Kalukalu, S. Kona, Hawaii, that certain tract of land known as the ahupuaa of Kaupulehu in North Kona, Island of Hawaii. According to its ancient boundaries, excepting the Sea -fishery, and the sand beach where the natives live, together with the lauhala and cocoanut trees growing thereon. TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu, for the term of twenty (20) years from the 1" day of June, A.D. 1884 the said H.N. Greenwell yielding and paying therefor the rent of Three hundred & fifty Dollars, per annum... ...And, further more, that he will not himself, or allow others to cut any of the timber now growing upon said land without the written consent of the parties of the first part, excepting such as may be necessary for the purpose of fencing upon said land or for domestic use... Signed Bernice Pauahi Bishop Chas. R. Bishop H.N. Greenwell (Permission is granted to assign this lease to John McGuire of Kohala on the same terms and conditions — Honolulu Feby. 8, 1888.) BISHOP ESTATE LEASE 292 Charles R. Bishop et al. Trustees To D.P. Keoahu et al Dated Sept. I" 1885 (TRANSLATION) THIS INDENTURE OF LEASE made this fust day of September, A.D. 1885, between Charles R. Bishop, Charles M. Hyde and Samuel M. Damon of Honolulu, Island of Oahu, Trustees under the Will of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, of the fust part, and D.P. Keoahu, D.R. Lonoakai, W. Kamuoha, Kaolelo, G. Palapala, O. Paapu, Luahine, W. Maihui, Kahele, Pahukula and Kaailuwale, of North Kona, Island of Hawaii, of the second part: WITNESSETH: That the parties of the first part hereby give and grant by way of ' Archival records document that Princess Ke'elikolani set a precedent for protection of coastal and fishery resources at Ka'upulehu as early as 1873 (cf. Interior Department Land File Letter, May 12, 1873 — below). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiiKaupu-16 (051098) 53 May 1998 lease unto the parties of the second part that piece of land situate at Kaupulehu, in said North Kona, being that portion of the Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu adjoining the seashore where the houses of the tenants now stand and which portion is not comprised in the lease from the parties of the first part to H.N. Greenwell executed on the 9'h day of August, M.H. 1885, together with the sea fishery of the Ahupuaa of said Kaupulehu. TO HAVE AND TO HOLD this land together with the hala and cocoanut trees thereon and all the right and interest thereto appertaining unto the parties of the second part and their executors, administrators and assigns for the term of ten (10) years from the first day of September, A.D. 1885, at a rental of Fifty Dollars per annum, payable on the fust day of September of each and every year without demand... And the parties of the second part for themselves, and for their executors, hereby covenant and agree with the parties of the first part and their heirs and assigns, to duly pay the first part and their heirs and assigns, to duly pay the rent in aforesaid; to Pay all taxes and assessments of every nature that may properly be imposed upon this property; to build and maintain at their own expense all fences; not to sell or assign this lease nor to underlet said premises or a portion thereof for any term without the consent in writing to the parties of the first part or their representatives; to live peaceably and not to impound the animals of those leasing the Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu when trespassing upon the premises hereby demised... Witness T.W. Simeona Signed Chas. R. Bishop C.M. Hyde Sml. Damon D.P. Keoahu" D.R- Lonoakai W. Kamauoha Kaolelo x G. Palapala O. Paapu x Luahine x W. Maihui Kahele x Pahukula J. Kaailuwale z3 Family Documentation Regarding Selected Residents. (documentation from archival- and Kea"kealani family genealogical -resources) D.P. Keoahu (written as "Kaoalu ' by Hawaiian Government Surveyor, J. S. Emerson in 1882) was recorded as having a residence at "Kaupulehu Village" in 1882; Paapu — an Interior Department letter identifies "Papu' as a resident -rancher with a registered brand, at Kaupulehu (Oct. 16, 1855); survey records of 1882 identify a house on the beach at KQki'o 1, as belonging to Paapu; Luahine was one of the informants for the survey of boundaries for Ka'upulehu conducted by J.M. Alexander. Kamauoha descended from Kamauoha wahine, sister of Ka'ilihiwa-nui, grandfather of the elder members of the Keakealani family; Kaailuwale (also written Kauluwale), was one of the husbands of Kahiko, from them are descended Maka'ai- nui, and Uncle J. Pu'ipu'i Maka'ai. Native records report that in the ca. 1860s -1870s, Ka'ailuwale was also a teacher at Kiholo. Following Kauluwale's death, Kahiko married two or three times again, her last husband was Mahik6, and together, they raised Robert K. Keiikealani Sr., J.P. Maka'ai, and Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani. (Keola Na'aho, who later married Keakealani, was born at Kahuwai in 1894, her son Robert K. Keakealani was also born at Kahuwai in 1914). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HtKaupu-16 (052098) 54 May 1998 (Sept. 1", 1895 — Lease extended for ten years to Sept. 1, 1905. Sept. 1, 1905 Lease Expired. From Dec. 1, 1906 to Dec. 1, 1909 Tenancy to John A. Maguire; thence see Lease 763a) Bishop Estate Lease 763 THIS INDENTURE OF LEASE made this 28te day of 1899 by and between JOSEPH O. CARTER, WILLIAM F. ALLEN, WILLIAM O. SMITH and SAMUEL M. DAMON all of Honolulu Island of Oahu Hawaiian Islands Trustees under the will of B.P. Bishop late of Honolulu deceased hereinafter called the "Lessors" of the first part and JOHN A. MAGUIRE of Huehue North Kona Island of Hawaii hereinafter called the "Lessee" of the second part WITNESSETH: That the Lessors in consideration of the rent hereinafter reserved and of the covenants herein contained and on the part of the Lessee to be observed and performed do hereby demise and lease unto the Lessee. ALL that tract or parcel of land situate in North Kona Island of Hawaii and (mown as the ahupuaa of Kaupulehu excepting the sea fishery the sand beach where the natives live and the lauhala and cocoanut trees growing upon the said tract or parcel of land TO HAVE AND TO HOLD together with all rights and privileges and appurtenances unto the Lessee from the 1" day of December 1899 for the term of Ten (10) Years... Bishop Estate Lease 763a May 14, 1907 THIS INDENTURE OF LEASE, made this le day of May 1907, by and between JOSEPH O. CARTER, WILLIAM O. SMITH, SAMUEL M. DAMON, ALFRED W. CARTER and E. FAXON BISHOP, all of Honolulu, Island of Oahu, territory of Hawaii, Trustees under the Will and of the Estate of Bernice P. Bishop, deceased, hereinafter called the "Lessors", of the first part, and JOHN A. MAGUIRE, of Huehue, North Kona, Island and Territory of Hawaii, hereinafter called the "lessee', of the second part... All of the Ahupuaa of Kaupulehu, containing an area of 23,545 acres, more or less, situate in North Kona aforesaid, being Apana 10 of the land mentioned or described in Royal Patent No. 7843, Land Commission Award 7715 issued to Lot Kamehameha, together with the Sea -fishery and fishing rights appurtenant to said premises; EXCEPT, HOWEVER, the lot sold and conveyed by the Lessors to Matthewman by deed dated February, 17, 1906; all kuleanas within the boundaries of the said Ahupuaa not the property of the Lessors; all rights and easements appurtenant to such kuleanas; and EXCEPT ALSO and always reserving to the Lessors: such portions of the said Ahupuaa as the Lessors may require or in their discretion think necessary for roads and/or trails on, over or across the said Ahupuaa... [including] ...All antiquities, including specimens of Hawaiian or other ancient art, manufacture or handicraft to be found on the said Ahupuaa... Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates MKaupu-16 (052098) 55 May 1998' (extended to Feb. 1932; incorporated into Lease 4746 on March 1, 1932) Ka Hana Pa`akai ma Kalaeman6 (Soft Making at Kalaemano): Familial Associations The record of family names—in conjunction with oral historical records cited later in this study -- perhaps explains some, sense of the long-term relationship certain families maintained with the loko pa'akai (salt ponds) and kaheka (natural tidal pool -salt beds), in the area called Kalaeman6. It is noted here, that the place name, Kalaeman6, is a traditional locality in Pu`uwa`awa`a (cf. Section Ii), near the Pu`uwa`awa'a-Ka`upulehu boundary. Today, the name is used by elder native residents of the region to identify the salt works between branches of the Ka`npnlehu flow of 1800, thus use of the name, Kalaeman6 indicates an area situated within the ahupua a of Pu`uwa`awa`a and Ka'upulehu. It is likely that the childhood salt making experiences—that kupuna today recall with such fondness—are rooted in earlier practices and residency patterns of their kupuna. Several interviewees speak of the journeys regularly made by members of the Punihaole family to work the salt pans and harvest the pa akai (salt) made there. The above cited records note that (Iosepa) Punihaole was teaching at Kr -holo as early as 1847. We know that he eventually moved to Kohanaiki, and that his hanai (adopted) son, Jack Punihaole, moved to Makalawena where he married Kapahukela, the daughter of Kauaonu`uanu' and Ka`ahu`ula. While there were salt making resources in the Makalawena-Ka`upalehu vicinity, it is conceivable that the family's continued custom of returning to the Kalaeman6 area for pa akai, was rooted in their elder's former residence at Kiholo. Interview records document that families of the Kiholo vicinity regularly traveled to Kalaeman6 to make and harvest salt. Descendants of those families still visit the area for salt to this day. Also, ethnographic and oral historical records (e.g., Kelly 1971 and Springer 1985, 1989, 1992) document that in the larger Kekaha region, it was at Ka`apulehu, Makalawena, Mahai`ula, Kuki`o, and Kiholo, where natural resources were favorable, that a few families in small communities, were able to maintain residences into the later 19*- and early 20m -centuries (cf. Maly 1998a and in this study). Thus, areas that were familiar, continued to be visited, even after families had relocated. As noted in Section IV, and above, the kaheka and loko pa'akai have been, and for some families, still remain, resources of great importance (used either for the actual practice of slat making, or in the traditions of families and their relationship to the land). The following brief description of the importance of pa akai, or sea salt in the Hawaiian diet, and how it was made was recorded in the 1840s, by native historian, David Malo (1951): Salt was one of the necessaries and was a condiment used with fish and meat, also as a relish with fresh food Salt was manufactured only in certain places. The women brought sea water in calabashes or conducted it in ditches to natural holes, hollows, and shallow ponds (kaheka) on the sea coast, where it soon became strong brine from evaporation. Thence it was transferred to another hollow, or shallow vat, where crystallization into salt was completed. [Malo 1951:123] Oral historical accounts cited later in this study describe the customs and practices of families who processed and gathered pa akai at Kalaeman6 up to c- 50 years ago. Historic Ranching Operations Cattle, goats, and sheep had been introduced to the islands in the latter part of the 18' century and had grown at alarming rates. Handy, Handy, and Pukui (1972) observe that after their introduction, the cattle rapidly multiplied and invaded the uplands. In dry seasons, these animals even "browsed on 24 Auhau Po'alua records cited above, identify Kauaonu'uanu ma as residents of Makalawena as early as 1848. Kauptdehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 56 May 1998 the grass -thatched houses of the natives" (Handy, Handy and Pukui 1972:18; see also Kelly 1983, and Clark and Kirch 1983). It is also reported that goats came to be "the most destructive of all introduced grazing animals (Handy, Handy and Pukui 1972:18). Indeed, by 1815, shortly after his return to Kona from Oahu, Kamehameha hired a few people to shoot cattle. The reproductive capacity of the cattle was alarming, and it is estimated that by 1851 there were c. 20,000 cattle on the island of Hawai i, approximately 12,000 of them wild (Henke 1929:22). In 1855, the King signed a law requiring all livestock owners on Hawaii to register their brands between April I -September 30, 1855, or else the animals would be considered government properly. By October 16, 1855, thirteen individuals had complied. One of the respondents was from the Kekaha region, Papu25 of Ka`upulehu; his brand recorded on October 12, 1855 (Oct. 16, 1855; State Archive, Interior Department files). Evidence of some form of early ranching in the vicinity of the study area is found in a letter dated May 28, 1861. In the letter, J.H. Kapaiki, Maiai, and Kanaina (residents of Ka`upulehu), wrote to Lot Kapuaiwa (later, Kamehameha V), owner of Kaupulehu reporting that the population of goats in Ka`OpOlehu, which had been formerly tended, had increased and moved into the uplands. The residents wrote: ...The opportunity has come to your servant living on the land of Ksupulehu, to write to you about the trouble that has come to us now. As follows: We have some goats living on your land of Kaupulehu, the number of these goats are hundreds in number. We have lived together with the goats about five years. But, thereafter, the goat herder was found guilty of some crime done by him, then the goats went and lived in the mountain of Kaupulehu, they were one year staying in the mountain. On the 23' day of April, the agent who had charge of the Government remnants, with others, quite a number, went up to the mountain sightseeing. And they saw these hundreds of goats running on the mountain of Kaupulehu, then said lung directed that they go after the goats and slaughter them, and one hundred or more were killed. When the natives were catching the goats, they noticed that they were goats which had been marked, and one of them told the agent that these were domesticated goats, and that they were all marked. The agent said, "those goats belong to the Government," because these goats are on the Government's portion ... what is right in regard to this taking of our property naming on the mountain belonging to Kaupulehu, and not on the outside land...? (Hawai`i Sate Archives -Interior Department files May 28, 1861) Facilitated by the privatization of land ownership, the economic opportunities of ranching drew great interest from a number of the Konohiki class and a larger group of foreign businessmen. In the Kekaha region, cattle ranching primarily took place in the uplands and on the kola (open plain lands), while goats roamed the entire district from sea to mountains. As noted in historic records cited in this section of the study, Hawaiian residents of the Kekaha region relied on goats for some of their income and subsistence. But, the formal staking out of ranch land boundaries led to access problems for the native tenants who remained on the land. By the 1840s upland agricultural fields that had been of particular importance to residents of Kekaha were being impacted by grazing cattle. Many such fields were eventually abandoned as a result of cattle depredation (cf. Morgan 1948:128). Thus, residency that had been supported by seasonal subsistence agriculture and fishing was becoming dependent upon ranching and a western monetary system. zs J.S. Emerson's survey records from 1882, place a house belonging to "Paapu" in Kuki`o 1; on the shore of Uluweuweu Bay. Kaupulehu Developments Kama Pom Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 57 May 1998 As ranching operations became established, leases on government and private lands were also entered into. In the 1870s and 1880s, a number of individuals, including John Broad, H. Cooper, H.N. Greenwell, J. Dowsett. A.S. Cleghom, J. Maguire, and King Kal3kaua applied for leases on large tracts of land in Kekaha (including portions of the Ka'upulehu study area). As a result, large portions of the private- and leased -lands were dedicated to ranching operations. The land file records of the Hawaii State Archives also contain a few correspondence records pertaining to Ka'upulehu. Among those communications are: INT. DEPT. MATTERS Oct. 10, 1861 R. Keelikolani to Lot Kamehameha, informing him of the receipt of Birds of Kaupulehu from Maiain), his hoaaina, forty in number, that 20 went to his younger brother (Alexander Liholiho—Kamehameha IV), 5 to herself, and the remaining 15 are his. INT DEPT. Dec. 18, 1867 In letter by Charles Wall stating that he has heard that some natives have gone to Honolulu for the purpose of leasing the above land—Desires that the same be leased to him. INT. DEPT. May 3, 1873 In letter from John Broad (a dairyman rancher) to John Dominis (administrator of Ke'elikolani's properties) applying to lease the ahupuaa of Kaupulehu at $200 a year, for a term of 10 years. In the matter of this lease, Princess R. Ke'elikolani, who had inherited Ka'upulehu from the estate of her half-brother, L. Kapuaiwa (Kamehameha V), wrote to J. Dominis and his wife "Lidia" (Lili'uokalani) on May 12, 1873: Ua loaa mai nei ia'u ka olua palapala, a ua ike au i ko olua manao a pili ana no ka hoohmalima ana 'ku is Kaupulehu & Keauhou, ua pono no ia. Aka, he mau mea ka'u i manao ai a waiho ae ma waho o ka hoolimalima ana o Kaupulehu, oia keia, o ka lauhala a pau a ulu nei ma Kaupulehu, a me na pono lawaia, oia ke kai a pau, a me ka ulu niu, a me ka honua malalo a o kahakai no a pau o Kaupulehu... [Land File, Kaupulehu May 12, 1873] I received your letter, and I understand your thoughts regarding the leasing of Kaupulehu & Keauhou, it is all right. But, there are several things which I have a mind to withhold front the leasing of Kaupulehu; they are, all of the pandanus that is growing at Kaupulehu; and the fishing rights, that is the entire ocean [fronting the land]; the coconut grove; and the flats below, on the entire shore of Kaupulehu... [translated by the author] The above excerpts from Ke'elikolani's letter give us insight into historic values associated with the land of Ka'upulehu. In the letter, we learn of — Ke'elikolani's specific interest in the fishing rights of Ka'upulehu; and of the presence of coastal resources, including the groves of niu and halo (coconut and pandanus trees). As indicated, the fishing rights are those of the entire land (from Kumukea Point to Pohakuokahae). As reported in oral history interviews describing the Ka'upulehu environment early this century, it is likely that the niu, halo, and flat land resources, mentioned above, are those in the vicinity of Kahuwai Bay (generally from Mabewalu Point to the area fronting Waiakauhi Pond). Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 58 May 1998 The lease between Broad and Ke`elik6lani was entered into, and on April 6 & 12, 1875, Broad, addressed letters from his residence in Ka'upulehu, to the Minister of Interior, asking for the lease on Governments lands situated between Ka`upulehu to Honua'ula (Interior Dept. communications). By ca. 1886, John A. Maguire founded Hu'ehu'e, or Maguire Ranch, which extended "from sea level to about 6,000 feet, with most of the lands above 1,600 feet elevation" (Henke 1929:28). The early ranch was founded on land in the ahupua a of Kuki'o (Grant 2121 to Pupule), which had been handed down through the genealogy of Luka Hopula'au, Maguire's wife (pers. comm. V. Ako and H. Springer). As noted earlier in this section of the study ("Land Tenure'), H.N. Greenwell secured a lease on the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu for ranching, in 1884 (Bishop Lease No. 268). In 1888, the lease was transferred to John Maguire of Hu'ehu'e; subsequent Bishop Estate Leases No.'s 763, 763x, and 4746, granted to Maguire and/or his estate, extended the lease through ca. 1960. Maguire also added lands in the Manini`6wali-Kaulana area lands further south, to the Hu'ehu'e Ranch operations, by lease and purchase in succeeding years. Henke (1929) reports that at one time, Hu'ehu'e had almost: ...40,000 acres, only about 12,000 of which have any great value as grazing lands. Fifteen thousand acres are held in fee simple and the balance is leased from private owners. Huehue Ranch has no government lands. The ranch carries about 2,000 grade Herefords, twenty purebred cows and some twenty purebred Hereford bulls. About 350-400 head are marketed annually... The ranch has seven miles of pipe line which lead from tanks near a natural spring to various parts of the ranch. Huehue Ranch is fairly well supplied with fences and paddocks. Large areas of the ranch are overgrown with ferns and lantana and lava flows have rendered much of the land useless... [Henke 1929:28] By the tum of the century, the impact of goats on Hawaiian forests and lands valued by ranchers lbr economic purposes was causing alarm among land officials. On October 12, 1922, Charles Judd, Superintendent of Forestry in the Territory of Hawaii forwarded a communication to Governor Farrington describing conditions in the KeOpulehu-Ki3rolo region. He observed: Not only are thousands of acres robbed of valuable forage grasses which should properly go to cattle for the meat supply of this Territory but the undergrowth of bushes, ferns, and herbaceous plants which form valuable ground cover is being consumed or destroyed by goats and the trees which form the complement in the scheme of water conservation are being barked and killed by this voracious pest. At Kiholo in North Kona almost every algaroba tree, established in this dry region with great difficulty and most valuable here for the production of forage beans has been girdled by the wild goats... Senator R. Hind of Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, is one who has felt, probably the most seriously , losses from an over -population of wild goats and in addition has suffered much loss of forage for cattle from wild sheep... He has, therefore, undertaken, on his own initiative, active measures to relieve his ranch of this pest and on June 26 and 27, 1922 conducted a drive which resulted in ridding his ranch of 7,000 wild goats... [Hawaii State Archives Territorial Fish and Game Commission; Com -2, Box 15] It was estimated at that time, that there was one goat on every five acres of land, and Judd reported that at Pu'uwa`awa'a and Pu'u Anahulu, which comprised 105,000 acres, that there were 21,000 wild goats. The lands of Ka'upolehu and Kealakekua were combined, totaling 40,000 acres, meaning the goat population was estimated at 8,000 head (ibid.). The presence of goats through out Ka'upnlehu and the large goat drives, are among the recollections shared by kupuna in oral history interviews cited later in this study. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 59 May 1998 Hawaiian Government Survey Records (ca. 1882-1889) One of the most significant collections of historic records of the later 19' century, in regards to documentation of Hawaiian history and the cultural landscape of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha, are the Field Note Books of government surveyor, Joseph Swift Emerson. These fragile notebooks are housed in the collection of the DLNR-Survey Division. The Emerson field books contain maps (showing residences, trails, and various features of the cultural and natural landscape of the study area), place name locations, and accounts collected by Emerson from native residents he met while in the field. Emerson was bom in Hawaii and had the ability to converse in Hawaiian as well, thus his notebooks are culturally richer than those of many other surveyors. Another unique facet of the Emerson field note books is that his assistant, J. Perryman was a good artist; his work helps bring to life much of the history recorded by Emerson. In a letter to W.D. Alexander, Surveyor General, Emerson (brother of historian, N.B. Emerson), described his methods and wrote that he took readings off of ...every visible hill, cape, bay, or point of interest in the district, recording its local name, and the name of the Ahupuaa in which it is situated Every item of local historical, mythological or geological interest has been carefully sought & noted. Perryman has embellished the pages of the field book with twenty four neatly executed views & sketches from the various trig stations we have occupied... (Emerson to Alexander, May 21, 1882, Hawaii State archives) In his field communications (letter series to W.D. Alexander), Emerson comments on, and identifies some of his native informants and field guides. While describing the process of setting up triangulation stations from Puako to Kaloko, Emerson reported that the "two native men are extra good. I could not have found two better men by searching the island a year." (State Archives, HGS DAGS 6, Box 1; February 15, 1882). We learn later, that the primary native guides for the Pu`u Anahulu-Ka`Opalehu region were Iakopa and Ka`ilihiwa—kUpuna of the Kelikealani family (State Archives, HGS DAGS 6, Box 1; May 5, and August 30, 1882). Discussing the field books Emerson also commented that "Perryman is just laying himself out in the matter of topography. His sketches deserve the highest praise..." (ibid.:May 5, 1882). While describing the inland region of Ka` ipulehu, in the vicinity of the `Akahipu`u station, Emerson also commented: our animals enjoyed the richest pasture, such as they will not see again during this campaign. The country about there appears to be in its primitive freshness without the curse of cattle, horses, and goats. Pohas were very abundant and luscious... (ibid.:June 7, 1882) Field Notebooks The following documentation is excerpted from the Field Note Books of J.S. Emerson. ''.Che numbered sites and place names coincide with maps that are cited as figures in text (some documentation on sites or features outside of the study area is also included here). Because the original books are in poor condition—highly acidic paper that has darkened, making the pencil written and drawn records hard to read—the copies have been carefully darkened to enhance readability. Figure 5, and previously cited Figures 3 and 4 identify the locations of many of the place names discussed in the texts below. Kaupulehu Developments Kw= Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 60 May 1998 Q 04 G x 9 � F ro k 9 Il b Z N v .c / p a p 1l✓ oY��1/�✓�i�' / < i'z�', try C,{/ A� �/♦ �t / ��( v� °�,e. / , d �v i� c 1 �1 ��.� qi j �.Y ,[ ��?�� ob !���:d; �. ,��1 Yy" .G l ./�� l✓ �_�� 7l� d� 'v° !. � A� 7779 °Yl� _ / - _' n ti 1 an 4 �r ori M � S J.S. Emerson 1882 Vol. 11 Reg No. 252 West Hawaii Primary Triangulation, Kona District April 24, 1882 (Puu Waawaa points spotted from Puu Anahulu Station) ...Lae o Mano; tangent to extreme point of small cape which is situated in the ahupuaa of Puu Waawaa. Kapanlau; Iiitchcock's boundary point on Gov't. Road between ahupuaa of P. Waawaa & Kaupulehu. [Reg. No. 252:33] Site It and Comment. (see Figure 6 for locations discussed below) 1— Lae o Kawili 2 — Lae o Awakee... 3 — Bay this side of cape 4 — Lae o Kukio iki... 5 — Larger rock in sea 6— Kukio iki Bay 7 — Lae o Kukio nui... 8 — End of reef 9 — Kukio nui Bay 10 — Kaoahu's house in Kaupulehu Village... 11— this side of house 12 — Bay; tangent to head 13 — Lae o Kolomuo (extremity in Kaupulehu) 14 — Nukumeomeo rock (opposite cape) 15 — Pohakuokahae. By authority of Kailihiwa — Boundary point between the ilis of Kaupulehu and Kiholo. 16 — small inlet 17 — small cape 18 — small bay 19 — Lae o Nawaikulua 20 — Small inlet 21— Keawawamano 22 — Waiaelepi 23 — Lauhala Grove... [Book 252:67-69] Kuili Station, May 19,1882 (see Figure 7 for locations discussed below) Site # and Comment: 29 — Paapu's new Lauhala house; in Kukio Village, Kukio nui 30 — Uluweuweu bay, in Kukio nui 31— Kumukea; from the white surf [boundary of] Kukio nui 32 — Kapilau bay; head of bay, Kaupulehu 33 — Lae o Mahewalu 34 — Keonenui Bay; long black sand beach 35 — Lae o Nukumeomeo 36 — Kiholo Bay... [Book 252:131] May 20, 1882 Kapipa. In Kaupulehu. A former den of robbers; they attacked a chief of Kamehameha's, named Kuhaupio who slaughtered them. The road was transferred further up the mountain. [ibid.:135] Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HXupu-16 (052098) 62 May 1998 Figure 6. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 252:47 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 63 May 1998 'I IP. � a _ �Id ii i( , yVkN r Y r V f •q ,� �Qf'. y j. o • o• .t •L _ � +f Figure 6. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 252:47 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 63 May 1998 'I IP. - i( , yVkN f •q ,� �Qf'. y j. o 4 Figure 6. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 252:47 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 63 May 1998 I( t4 0 T, rigure /. J.5. t:merson, Heid Note Book Map — Book 251:1 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 64 May 1998 _.. ,.. 14 C M t{l � � F 1 � S L 53 v rigure /. J.5. t:merson, Heid Note Book Map — Book 251:1 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 64 May 1998 _.. ,.. �w L 53 v W 'V I aryl F r� rigure /. J.5. t:merson, Heid Note Book Map — Book 251:1 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 64 May 1998 Kaalalalaua. Place where the alalaua fish were eaten in great quantities, it being the "kale" of "Kalaekueiwa" the chief of Kaupulehu under Kamehameha. Moanulahea, from the rooster "ahea" that was probably the one that came from Auwaiakeakua on the slope of Mauna Kea. A rock resembling a rooster is to be found there. Pohakuokahae. Between Pun Waawaa and Kaupulehu... [ibid.:1371 J.S. Emerson 1882 Vol. 111 Reg. No. 2S3 West Hawaii Primary Triangulation, Kona District Kuill Station (S1Qhting on Hualalai) (May 24-2S, 1882; see Figure 8 for locations discussed below) Site # and Comment: 1— Hualalai Peak. Highest point 2 — No Name 3 — Kalua Makani 4 — Hinakapoula 5 — No Name... [253:13-15] [also shown: `Akahipu`u and Puhi-a-Pele] May 29, 1882 Site # and Comment: (see Figure 9 for locations discussed below) 66 — Pohakuokeawe, in Kukio nui 67 — Lae o Kumukea, near boundary 68 — Kahuwai Bay, in Kaupulehu 69 — Mahewalu Cape, in Kaupulehu 70 — Inlet cape 71 — Keoneaui 72 — Lae o Nukumeomeo 1— Kiholo meeting house, Waawaa... [ibid.:39] May 30, 1882 Puhi a Pele 1— Kahoowahapuu in Maniniowali 2 — Puu Papapa in Kukio 3 — Muheenui in Kukio 4 — Puu Nahaha in Kaupulehu Putt Mauu 5 — Poopoomino in Kaupulehu Kaaialalaua Puu in Kaupulehu Kileo Crater Puu Kau 6 — Kahaunaele's Frame House, in Kaulana. The owner is a Leper under the treatment of an old heathen "Kahuna" in Kona— name of Kalua, now at Kainaliu 7 — Puu lo, in Kaulana Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates If:Kaupu-16 (052098) 65 May 1998 E Figure 8. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 253:7 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments 1!Kaupu-16 (052098) 66 Kumu Pono Associates May 1998 Figure 9. J.S. Emerson, Field Note Book Map — Book 253:27 (State Survey Division) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 67 May 1998 8 – Puu Kala Grass Sch. House. Not used in Puukala Puu Kala, covered with Ohia trees Moanuiahea, in Awalua Palaha hill, in Kaupulehu Puuki. Below this hill is the Palaha spring, near which are two ahus on the road. They are on the division between Kaupulehu & Kaloko. Puuki, in Kaupulehu Kaiwi o Pole, in Kaupulehu Puu Alala, in Kaupulehu Kalulu Peak, in Kaupulehu Puu Mahoe, in Kaupulehu Hinakapoula, in Kaupulehu Kalua Makani, in Kaupulehu Puu Kolikoli [Kolekole], in Kaupulehu Puu o Kai, in Kaupulebu... [Book 253: 39-41] Papawai (goat pen). 5 – Entrance to goat pen on boundary between Kaupulehu and Kukio-nui 1 – The N. slope of Papamilo is on the boundary between Kaupulehu and Kukio-nui. 2 – The S. base of Puu o Kai is also on the boundary between Kaupulehu and Kukio-nui; Kolomuo. an "ahu" – makW of which is a pile of stones; 3 – also on boundary between Kaupulehu and Kukio-nui [near Puhi-a-pele] Boundary Pt. Sharp peak at "makai" end of the 4 – "Puhi a Pele" ridge Hale ahl. N.E. Comer–between Kaupulehu and Kukio-nui._. [ibid.:43] Kekaha—Kaeupulehu and Makalawena: An Extended Community As evidenced in this study, historic records and oral history interviews with ki puna, document that the families of Ka`upitlehu shared an intimate relationship with the ohana (families) of the neighboring lands--c.g., Kapalaoa, Napu`u, Klholo, Kuki`o, and Makalawena. It was perhaps the nature of the landscape of Kekaha-wai-`ole, that brought the families together; not only within individual ahupua a, but on a regional level as well. By living and working within the ohana, or extended family units, a wide variety of skills could be brought together, and resources—those purposefully cultivated and those collected from the natural environment—from the uplands to the fisheries, could be pooled together to support the extended communities. Early in this study, there was a brief description of the ahupua a management system; one which defined access to natural resources—and their management—within specific land divisions. In well watered districts with rich soils, it appears that that system remained generally intact through the 19A century. In Ka`Gpulebu and the larger Kekaha region, historic documentation indicates that the strengths and limitations of the natural environment served as a catalyst that drew families from various ahupua a together. Most of the historic documentation describes a system of caring for and sharing regional resources, rather than simply relying on the resources of single ahupua a. It may never be known if this pattern of regional access to resources (as described in historic texts and interviews), was ancient, or a reflection of changing times and diminishing populations. Whatever the reason, we see that following the formalization of ownership of Ka`upulehu under one royal owner, that no large community was documented at Ka`upulehu. By the late 19' century, the Kaupulehu Developmeyas Kumu Pow Assn ales HiKaupu-16 (052098) 68 May 1998 coastal community of Ka'upulehu was made up of only a few households. Thus, depending on family ties and weather conditions, by ca. 1868, families relied on the larger communities of Makalawena, Kiholo, or Pu'u Anahulu for schooling, church, and other functions. As recorded in interviews with kupuna cited later in this study, we see that Makalawena was the last large coastal community in this region (see also Kelly 1971 and Springer 1985, 1989, 1992). Historic narratives record that by the 1870s, Reverend George P. Ka'6nohimaka assumed pastorship for the field of Kekaha, and through his efforts, at least six churches in the Kekaha region were established. The "Statistical Table of the Hawaiian Churches for 1877" identified G.P. Ka'6nohimaka as the Pastor of the Kekaha Church, with a total of 174 members in good standing (Hawaii State Archives, Lyons' Collection; M-96). Writing in Ka Hdku o Hawaii, in 1926, Reverend Steven Desha, told readers about the churches of Kekaha and work Reverend Ka'6nohimaka did in various communities—including Ka`upulehu—in the region. Desha noted that the period he was writing about was ca 1889, when he was the minister of the churches at Kealakekua and Lanakila. The following excerpts, translated by the author come from the August 17, 1926 issue of Ka Hoku o Hawaii. During the tenure of Rev. G.P. Kaonohimaka, as Minister of the Churches of Kekaha, he worked with true patience. He traveled the "kihapai laula" (broad field or expansive parish) on his donkey, keeping his work in the various sections of the kingW laula. There were times when he would begin his journey by going to the section of the "Hills", that is Puuanahulu and Puuwaawaa. Then when he was done there, he would go down to Kapalaoa, at the place known as Anaehoomalu. When he was finished there, he would travel to the various places, being Keawaiki, Kiholo, Kaupulehu, Kukio, Makalawena, Mahaiula, and Honokohau and Kaloko. Kaonohimaka would then return to the uplands of Kohanaiki and Kalaoa. He would be gone for several weeks at a time till he returned once again to his home. He would sleep as a guest in the homes of the brethren. There were many Church Elders (Luna Ekalasia) in these places where the people dwelt. In these various places, there were many residents, and the Prayer services would be held in the homes of some of the people, if there was no school house or meeting house at certain places... (Desha in Ka Hoku o Hawai 7, August 17,1926:3) By the tum of the century, we find records that describe conditions of the Kekaha schools and churches. In one account, E.H. Gibson wrote to Dr. C.T. Rodgers of the Department of Public Instruction reporting: I have visited all the schools in this District — N. Kona. Two of them, Kiholo and Makalawena, are reached by a ride of three hours over as and pahoehoe... Makalawena has 9 houses and 32 children. In both places school is held in the church... At Makalawena the church is a bare wooden shanty, 16 x 24, with a few old pews. Both teachers do as good work as could be expected of them... (State Archives, Public Instruction File; October 6, 1898) In June 1905, Reverend A. S. Baker wrote to Mr. Davis, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Baker reveals that a decline in the population had caused the abandonment of some of Kekaha churches and communities: ...at Makalawena and Puuanahulu the public school is held in the chapels. All these were built for chapels, and have services at state intervals... In the past we also had stations at Kiholo and Kapalaoa, but as the inhabitants moved away, we abandoned these locations... (State Archives, Public Instruction File) On May 10, 1906, the Superintendent of Public Instruction wrote the trustees of Bishop Estate asking Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 69 May 1998 that they deed the present school lot and teacher's lot at Makalawena, an area of .97 acres, to the Department (State Archives, Public Instruction File). On July 7, 1907, the trustees of the Bishop Estate conveyed a 0.97 acre school lot at Makalawena to the Hawaii Department of Public Instruction (Liber 280:391-393). Government records from a file dated 1907-1911, reporting on the inventory of school lands on Hawaii described the Makalawena school as: One building – Church and school building, T&G shingled roof; new 1 room N.W. iron roof, frame bldg. in process of erection (Series 261–All Islands 1907-1911:3) On November 18, 1908, the trustees of the Bishop Estate conveyed a 10,000 square foot lot at Makalawena to the Hawaiian Evangelical Association (Liber 311:205-207), and on December 11, 1909, Reverend A.S. Baker dedicated the new church, Kaikalaia, at Makalawena. The church and school remained in use for approximately ten years. In c. 1919-1920, both the Makalawena school and church were damaged by a waterspout, blown off of the ocean (pers comm. R. Ka'iwa Punihaole; Apr. 1, and May 9, 1998). In 1920, as a result of the damage caused by the waterspout and the steady departure of families from the coastal settlements of Makalawena and Ka'upfilehu, the Makalawena School and Kaikalaia Church were not rebuilt. Lumber from both the school and church was carried mauka to Kalaoa by donkey. The school house lumber was used to make one of the mauka homes of the Punihaole family (on the land of Grant 1607), and the lumber from the church was combined with lumber from the Kekaha Church of Kohanaiki, to make Mauna Ziona Protestant Church (ibid.). Kekaha and Ka upulehu: Native Accounts of Transitions in the Community In the columns of Ka Hoku o HawaiY, J.W.H.I. Kihe and J. Ka'elemakule presented readers with powerful and moving descriptions of their community—how it was and how it had changed -- between ca. 1860 to 1930. Excerpts from the narratives are presented below; some of the narratives are general to Kekaha and various sites in the region, while others make specific references to the lands and/or families of Ka'ilpalehu. Na Ho`omano'o o ko Manawo (Reflections of Past Times) In 1924, while Ka Hoku o Hawai7 was publishing a variety of traditional accounts of Kekaha, penned by J.W.H.I. Kihe, he also submitted an article reflecting on the changes he'd seen in the days of his life. The following excerpts (translated by the author), insight into the historic community of Kekaha (ca. 1860 to 1924). In the two part series, he shared his gut feelings about the changes which had occurred in this area—the demise of the families, and the abandonment of the coastal lands of Kekaha. Kihe tells us who the families were, that lived in Kaulana, Mahai'ula, Makalawena, Awake'e, and Kaki'o. And it will be seen that a number of the names he mentions, are those that have been mentioned in other historical documents cited in this study. Selected References Nartrthre; to Places and Events: There has arisen in the mind of the author, some questions and thoughts about the nature, condition, living, traveling, and various things that bring pleasure and joy. Thinking about the various families and the many homes with there children, going to play and strengthening their bodies. . Honokahau In the year 1870, when I was a young man at the age of 17 years old, I went to serve as the substitute teacher at the school of Honokohau. I was teaching under William G. KanalWole who had suffered an illness (mai-bb, a stroke). In those days at the Hawaiian Government Schools, the teachers were all - Hawaiian language spoken in Hawaiian and taught in the Hawaiian language. In those days, the students were the schools of Kekaha all Hawaiian as well, and the books were In Hawaiian. The student were all Hawaiian... There were marry. many Hawaiian students in the schools, no Japanese, Portuguese, or people of other nationalities. Everyone was Hawaiian or Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 70 May 1998 part Hawaiian, and there were only a few part Hawaiians. Kiholo The schools included the school house at K-oholo where Joseph W, Keala taught, Makalawena and later J.K. Ka'ailuwale taught there. At the school of Makalawena, J. Ka'ekutmkule Sr, who now resides in Kailua, was the teacher. At the Kalaca Kalaoa School, J.U. Keawe'ake was the teacher. There were also others here, including Kaloko myself for four years, J. Kainuku, and J.H. Olohia who was the last one to teach in the Hawaiian language. At Kaloko, Miss Ka'aimahu'i was the last teacher Honokiihau before the Kaloko school was combined as one with the Honokohau school where W.G. Kanaka'ole was the teacher. I taught there for two years as well... [Kihe includes additional descriptions on the schools of Kona] It was when they stopped teaching in Hawaiian, and began instructing in English, • When the schools were that big changes began among our children. Some of them became puffed up and required to stop teaching in gypped listening to their parents. The children spoke gibberish (English) and the Hawaiian, and start teaching in parents couldn't uncle, staind (na keiki namu). Before that time, the Hawaiians English, Hawaiian families and weren't marrying too of other races. The children and their education began to deteriorate nY many parents dwelt together in peace with the children and parents speaking together... [June 5, 1924] ...Now perhaps there are some who will not agree with what I am saying, but these are my true thoughts. Things which I have seen with my own eyes, and know to be true ... In the year 1870 when 1 was substitute teaching at • Honok5hau Honok5hau for W.G. Kanaka'ole, 1 taught more than 80 students. There were both boys and girls, and this school had the highest enrollment of students studying in Hawaiian at that time [in Kekaha]. And the students then were all • Most of the people of Kekaha knowledgeable' all knew how to read and write. Now the majority of those are now dead people are all dead. Of those things remembered and thought of by the people who yet remain from that time In 1870; dose who are here 53 years later, we can not forget the many families who lived in the various (apana) land sections of Kekaha. Families lived in all the lands of From the lands of HonokShau, Kaloko, Kohanaiki, the lands of 'Obma, Kalaoa, Kekaha, from Honokiikau to Hale'ohl'u, Maka'uh, Kai], Pu'ukala-'bhiki, Awalua, the lands of Kaulana, Pu'uwaawa a Mahai'ula, Makalawena, Awake'e, the lands of KUld o, Ka'up0lehu, Kyholo, Keawaiki, Kapalaoa, Pu'uanahulu, and Pu'uwaawa'a. These many lands were filled with people in those days. There were men, women, and children, the houses were filled with large families. Truly there were many people [in Kekaha]. I would travel around with the young men and women in those days, and we would stay together, travel together, eat together, and spend the nights in homes filled with aloha. Honokohau The lands of Honokahau were filled with people in those days, there were many women and children_ Today [ 1924], the families are lost, the land Is quiet There are no people, only the rocks and trees remain, and only occasionally does one meet with a man today. Kaloko Is like that place mentioned above, It is a land Kaloko without people at this time. The men, women, and children have all passed away. The only one who remains is J.W. Ha au, he Is the only native descendant upon the land. • Kohanaikl At Kohanaiki, there were many people on this land between 1870 and 1878. These were happy years with the families there. In those years Kahkolli was the haku 'aina (land overseer)_ Now the land is desolate, there are no people, the houses are quiet Only the houses remain standing, places simply to be counted. I dwelt here with the families of these homes. Indeed it was here that I dwelt with my kahu hanai (guardian). the one who raised me. All these families were closely Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 71 May 1998 related to me by blood, while on my fathers' side, I was tied to the families of Kaloko. I am a native of these lands. 'O'cma, Kalaoa' The lands of 'O'oma, and Kalaoa, and all the way to Kaulana and Mahal ula were Kaulana and Mahai'ula also places of many people in those days, but today there are no people. At Mahal'ula noted for k's great Mahar ula is where the great fishermen of that day dwelt Among the fishermen fishermen (families named) were Po'oko'ai ma, FWao'ao senior, Ka`ao ma, Kai a ma, Ka -511 mia ma, P ihia ma, and John Ka'elemakule Sr., who now dwells at Kailua. Ka'elemakule family members Ka'elemakule moved from this place [Mahai'ula] to Kailua where he prospered, buried near their home but his family It buried there along that beloved shore (kapakai aloha). He is the Makalawena also noted for only one who remains alive today... At Makalawena, there were many people, great fishermen men, women , and their children. It was here that some of the great fishermen of those days lived as well. There were many people, and now, they are all gone, lost for all time. • Families of Makalawena-Awake'e Those who have passed away are Kaha'iali i ma, Mama a ma, Kapehe ma, named Kauaionu'uanu ma, HopuWau ma, Kaihermlawalu ma, Kaomi, Keoni Aihaole ma, and Pahukula ma. They are all gone, there only remains the son4n-law of Kauaionu'uanu, J.H. Mahik8, and Jack Punihaole, along with their children, living in the place where Kauaionu uanu and AN once lived. - Kuki'o and Ka'uplilehu, now At Ku -Ido, not one person remains alive on that land, all are gone, only the 'a a without people remains. It is the same at Ka'GpOlehu, the old people are all gone, and it is all quiet... Dune 12, 1924] Ko Keoni Ka`elemokule Mo`olelo Pono John Ka`elemakule's Own Story (Kakou Pono i `la mai no a is — Actually written by him") In a two year period between 1928 to 1930, John Ka`elemakule Sr., a native resident of Kaulana- Mahai'ula, wrote a series of article that were published in serial form in Ka Holas o Hawaii. Ka`elemakule's story provides readers with rich accounts of life in the Kekaha region, focusing on the area from Kaulana to Ka`upi lehu in the period from ca. 1854 to 1900. Ka'elemakule's texts introduce us to the native residents of Kekaha, and include descriptions of the practices and customs of the families who resided there. His narratives also provide us with important documentation of the aloha that people had for their aina kaha, and specific discussions on sites of traditional and historic importance there -in. Selected References - Family background of John I (I(aelernakule) was born in the uplands of Kaumalumalu, at the place called Ka'elemakuie "Makapiko." It Is rather high up on the land, and from there, one can tum and look out across ke kat ma'ok'ioki o na Kona (the streaked sea of Kona). My mother was Keaka (Ke-aka-o-nS-Ali'i), who was a close relative of the chief Kinimaka. It was he who attempted to construct the road that runs straight behind, the road that runs between the three mountains of Hawaii, to reach Hilo. At that time, my mother lived and ate in the presence of the chief • Born in 1854, just after an Kinimaka... I was born in the month of January, in the year 1854, shortly after epidemic had killed many the end of the restriction on the island of Hawaii, that had been in place as a Hawailans result of the small-pwc (matt hebem) epidemic; the epidemic was perhaps around 16 This account was published in serial form in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii, from May 29, 1928 to March 18, 1930. The translated excerpts in this section of the study include narratives that reference the land, resources, or families of Ka'upr7lehu, or which include important documentation on regional customs, practices, and ceremonial observances. Most of the article has been translated, and has been published in an ethnographic study for the Kekaha Kai State Park Master Plan and EIS (Maly 1998). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HrKaupu-16 (052098) 72 May 1998 Goods and supplies exchanged It was from these various practices of fishing that the natives of these villages of between residents of the coast the shores of Kekaha gained their livelihood. The residents of these shores lived and uplands. (goods traded from as far as Kohala, by fishing and drying the fish. Then when people from the mountain came, they Waimanu and MauQ traded the fish for bundles of pal ai (partially pounded pa), trading also with those who came from Maul, Walpi'o, Waimanu, and sometimes with those who came from North Kohala. Pa 'ai traded for dried 'bpelu, 'ahi, aku, and other fish This is indeed a land of hunger, and only with patience could one survive In good times, boats and sail ships would arrive, bringing the bundles of pal 'ai to trade for dried fish. The dried aku,'apelu, and diced 'chi were good to dry. There were also the different fish of the sea, like the ulaula, the 'apakapaka, the kahala, and the various other fish like that Fishing canoes couldn't put out In the time when the scorns returned to the ' Aina Kaha," the boats could not to sea during the stormy season bring the pal 'ai, and the fishermen of Kekaha could not go out to the sea. It was then that there were times of desperate hunger while dwelling on this land... At the time when the storms returned to the coastal lands of Kekaha, the winds blew with great strength and the ocean was whitened by the waves. Greet waves covered the points along shoreline of that land that was beloved by the elders... • During the stormy season, 1852 to 1853. In 1854, the restriction of travel between the islands was ended, provisions were furnished from and this great tribulation that had been upon the Hawaiian nation passed. In the the uplands height of this epidemic, thousands of Hawaiians were killed. I arrived just as this • Mahal ula — it was the custom passed over our people, and the days of hope returned to our Hawaiian people of the families to share food and land. [May 29, 1928:41 Given to Kaaikaula and Poke, to Sbc months after my birth, I was given in adoption to Kaaikaula and his wife Poke, be raised at Mahal'ula and they took me to their home at Maha'iula, one of the villages [or hamlets] of Kekaha Kekaha. It was fishing village next to Makalawena, about 12 miles distant from Makahawena Kailua, North Kora. There are several fishing villages along the length of shore Fishing the main work of those of Kekaha wai ole 'o na Kona [the waterless Kekaha of the Kora lands]. And the who lived at Kekaha mi We main work of the residents of this "aina Kaha' (arid coastal land) was fishing, all manner of fishing. Goods and supplies exchanged It was from these various practices of fishing that the natives of these villages of between residents of the coast the shores of Kekaha gained their livelihood. The residents of these shores lived and uplands. (goods traded from as far as Kohala, by fishing and drying the fish. Then when people from the mountain came, they Waimanu and MauQ traded the fish for bundles of pal ai (partially pounded pa), trading also with those who came from Maul, Walpi'o, Waimanu, and sometimes with those who came from North Kohala. Pa 'ai traded for dried 'bpelu, 'ahi, aku, and other fish This is indeed a land of hunger, and only with patience could one survive In good times, boats and sail ships would arrive, bringing the bundles of pal 'ai to trade for dried fish. The dried aku,'apelu, and diced 'chi were good to dry. There were also the different fish of the sea, like the ulaula, the 'apakapaka, the kahala, and the various other fish like that Fishing canoes couldn't put out In the time when the scorns returned to the ' Aina Kaha," the boats could not to sea during the stormy season bring the pal 'ai, and the fishermen of Kekaha could not go out to the sea. It was then that there were times of desperate hunger while dwelling on this land... At the time when the storms returned to the coastal lands of Kekaha, the winds blew with great strength and the ocean was whitened by the waves. Greet waves covered the points along shoreline of that land that was beloved by the elders... • During the stormy season, In those swmhy days, when the ocean was whitened by the strong Saks, and the provisions were furnished from waves covered the coastal points of Kekaha, the fishermen no longer looked to the uplands the sea, for they knew that the storm was upon the land. We hungry children, • Mahal ula — it was the custom would climb up the great kou trees and tum our eyes to the uplands desiring to of the families to share food see the friends from inland, descending with bundles of 'uwala (sweet potatoes), ka (sugar cane), mai a (bananas), and other things which we hungry people of the • Large kou tree once grew at beloved coast could eat These kou trees, were from the time of the ancient Mahai'ula people, and in the days of my youth when I traveled around Mahai'ula, there Kaupulehu Developments were 19 great kou trees growing. Two people could not encircle the trunk of HiKaupu-16 (052098) one of those trees that had perhaps been planted in the ancient times of the chiefs of our land... [June 5, 1928:4] ...Upon the arrival of those friends of the uplands, from various places inland of Kekaha, they would visit the houses of their companions, bringing bundles of • Kekaha pounded uwala (sweet potato) wrapped in "omao-IaP' (bundles of ti leaves), and • Mahal ula — it was the custom other times they brought bundles of partially pounded poi. When terse goods of the families to share food reached one of the houses at Mahai'ula, as was the custom of those who lived on the coast in days gone by, the goods were divided up among the various households. They were not greedy (anunu), the provisions were divided among the households of the radve fishermen of the waterless shore of Kona... Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 73 May 1998 When I grew older and it was time to go to school, I entered the Hawaiian school. Indeed, in those days there were many boys and girls who dwelt along • When he was a youth there this coast, and the school room was filled with students. It was in a meeting were many children along the house built by the Father Thurston (Makua Kakina). The missionary had the coast • Reverend Thurston had the meeting house bulk and It also served as the school ... It was at that time in my meeting house built youth when I was living with my foster parents, that I first saw Mr. Thurston. He • Ka'elehuluhulu was the landing Traveled on a canoe on Saturday and landed at Ka'elehuluhulu and stayed at the • Po'okoai hosted Thurston, place of Pookoal, who was the church leader of this place... Following the arrival and was the church leader of Mr. Thurston, many people came on canoes the next morning, they were our • families came to Kaulana from relatives from Ka'BpBlehu, KUld o, and Makalawena ... In the church where Mr. Ka upulehu, Kuki'o, and Thurston held the prayer service, long koa benches were placed along the walls, Makalawena to attend services and in the center of the church, the makaloa sedge had been spread on the floor. The makakna was obtained from what remained of the famous pond that was covered by the eruption. It was the pond Pa'aiea, a portion of which remains at • Makaloa obtained from remnant Kieelehuluhulu to this day. That Is what remains of the great pond that was of the Pa'aiea pond, a portion several miles ksng, but is now covered by the stone plain that spreads across is still seen at Ka'elehuluhulu Kekaha... [June 12, 1928:4] [Describing the community at Mahai'ula and in the larger region of Kekaha]: • Huaralai The majestic mountain. Hual'alai was inland, and the vast expanse of the sea was • ' Xauniu was the evening In front. The sun appeared in the east and set in the west. In the evening the breeze 'blouniu breeze blew from Inland, gently across the land. (There were many drinking breezes which made living at Kekaha comfortable.) The fishermen of this land • any Residences and temporary houses of Mahai'empo ul made temporary houses on store platforms under the kou trees (papal kou described hate). These were often very close to the shore along the white sands of the canoe landing... [August 20, 1929:31 Mahal ula, is a land of fish. Not only Mahal ula, but all of the lands of Kekaha. That is perhaps the reason that the ancient people called this land "Kekaha." If • Mahai'ula and all of Kekaha one wants fish quickly, the fire Is lit first, then the fish come together in a school. known for Bshing There are marry ku uta upend (net fishing stations) right in front of the village. The manta, wake la's, and 'anae, are the fish which are found in these net fishing stations. The fire does not burn long before the fish quiver on the flame. It was • Names fish which are caught also along these seaward points, that in our youth, we found much pleasure in kanmaka (pole fishing), getting marry fish. And if you like the po'opa a fish, there among the little Inlets and fissures, the poopaa can be found. [August 22, 19293] There are multitudes of fish that can be caught with the pole along the shores of this land. Among them are the moi, moara, 'wawa, kupipi, weke, and all manner of fish. If you desire the wane, they can be gotten from the depths to the shallow waters. If you like the ina, they too can be gotten to fulfill your desire.... Kekaha is a land without rain, there are perhaps no more than ten times in one year that it rains. The reason for this is that there are not many trees growing • Kekaha, a land without rain on the land of Kekaha. The trees are the thing that pull the rain from the clouds. The drinking water of this land, the water in which to bathe, and the water for doing various tasks, is the water that is partially saky. It is called by the name wai kai (brackish water), and It Is a water that causes trouble for the visitors to this • Brackish water used for land. drinking It is perhaps appropriate for me to describe the tame given to this problem, "ka wai ops nut' (the water of the big stomach). Ka wai apfi nui is the name that is given to the visitors. They come to the land of Kekaha and are invited in to eat, • Visitors to Kekaha had difficulty by the natives of the villages. And because of the deliciousness of fish of this land, drinking the brackish water the visitors eat large quantities. Then after this, they ask for water to drink. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu l ono Associates HXt pu-16 (052098) 74 May 1998 Upon drinking the water, the visitor's thirst is not satisfied, and shortly there after, more water is asked for. And because of the continuous drinking, the stomach is filled. That's why the visitors to Kekaha are called ka wai opu nui. So this is a description of the fisherman's land, in which I was reared by my foster parents. [September 3, 1929:3] While we dwelt in the shelter of our house, Kalahikiola, fishing was the When running the fish business, occupation undertaken. I also continued selling the fish of the fishermen, taking the fish were taken to Kawaihae them to Kawalhae and sending them to Honolulu. So every Friday. I would go to and then shipped to Honolulu Kawalhae. Then I met with Nawahie, who dwelt in the uplands of Kawaihae with whom I went into the business of selling pal ai (partially pounded pa), from Maui. On Saturdays, I took the pai ai along the coast of Kekaha to the fishermen Villages of Kekaha mentioned of Ka upfrkdhu, KOld o, Makalawena, and Mahai'ula. The fishermen paid in fish, which we in turn took back to Kawaihae, for delivery to the market at Karopihi, Kohala. We carried on this partnership for some time, and it was this which caused me to think of making my own store. ...The kupuna had very strict kapu (restrictions) on these water caves. A woman who had her menstrual cycle could not enter the caves. The ancient people kept • Strict kapu observed for Kekaha Well Ole o na Kona (Waterless Kekaha of Kona) water sources We have seen the name "Kekaha wai ole o rm Kona' since the early part of my story in Ka Hiik6 o Hawaii, and we have also seen it in the beautiful legend of • Importance of water Makalei. An account of the boy who dwelt in the uplands of Kekaha wai 'ole, that Legend of MiUlei was told by Ka-'ohu-haaheo-i-na-kuahiwi-'ekolu [the penname used by ).W.H.1. • Kane was god of water Kihe]. I think that certain people may wart to know the reason and meaning of this name. So it is perhaps a good thing for me to explain how It came about The source of it Is that In this land of Kekaha even in the uplands, between • Explains how the name Kaulana in the north and'O'oma in the south, there was no water found even in Kekaha-wai-'ole came about the ancient times. For a little while, I lived in the uplands of Kaulana, and I saw • Kaulana that this land of Kekaha was indeed waterless. • 'O'oma The water for bathing, washing ones hands or feet, was the water of the banana • Water sources stump (wai pumas). The pumara was grated and squeezed into balls to get the Kaupulehu Developments juice. The problem with this water is that It makes one itchy, and one does not MKmtpu-16 (052098) get really clean. There were not marry water holes, and the water the accumulated from rain dried up quickly. Also there would be weeks in which no rain fell ... The water which the people who lived in the uplands of Kekaha drank, was found in caves. There are marry caves from which the people of the uplands got water... [September 17, 1929:3] ...The kupuna had very strict kapu (restrictions) on these water caves. A woman who had her menstrual cycle could not enter the caves. The ancient people kept • Strict kapu observed for this as a sacred kopu from past generations. If a woman did not know that her water sources time was coming and she entered the water cave, the water would die, that is, it would dry up. The water would stop dripping. This was a sign that the kapu of Kiane of the water of life had been desecrated. Through this, we learn that the ancient people of Kekaha believed that Kane was the one who made the water • Kane was god of water drip from within the earth, even the water the entered the sea from the caves. This is what the ancient people of Kekaha wai We believed, and there were people who were kia i (guardians) who watched over and cleaned the caves, the • Kiwi watched over water caves house of Kane... [September 24, 1929:3] When the kapu of the water cave had been broken, the priest was called to perform a ceremony and make offerings. The offerings were a small black pig;; a • Ceremonies observed if kopu white fish, and aholdnole; young taro leaves; and awo. When the offering was of water sources broken prepared. the priest would chant to Kane: Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates MKmtpu-16 (052098) 75 May 1998 E Kane i uka, a Kane i kai, O Kane in the uplands, O Kane at the shore, E Kane i ka wai, eia ka pua'a, O Kane in the water, here is the pig, Do ka 'awa, eia ka luau, Here is the awa, here are the taro greens, Do ka i`a kea. Here is the white fish. Prayer to Kane for purification Then all those people of the uplands and coast joined together in this offering, of water sources saying: He mahai not keia is 'oe a Kane, a kala i ka hewa o ke kanaka i hong ai, a e hooma'ema e i ka hale wai, a e ho'onui mai i ka wai o ka hale, i ola na kanaka, na 'ahua o kea Gina wai 'ole. Amama. — This is a request offering to you o Kane, forgive the transgression done by man, clean the water house, cause the water to increase in the house, that the people may live, those who are dependent on this waterless land. It is finished... [October I, 1929:3] In closing his story, the elder, John Ka'elemakule notes that he that he was 77 years old. In bidding the readers aloha he said: Ka elemakule says farewell I have written this story of my life, and I am now ready to take my own journey... Before going, I wish to give my great aloha and thanks to all of you, who have read this little story in the newspaper, Ka HaW o Hawaii, and to the editors -Aloha oukou a you loa (love to all of you). In ending my time with you, I have prepared a small song, an adornment for Kona kai 'apua, the land of my birth... ...E Kona, ku`u 'aina hanau, 'aina maikai. Nou keia weiriwehi, A`ohe na he mea like me Kona Kai 'Opus, Ka u'1, ka nani, a me ka maika i Ka Hopena O Kona, land of my birth, a good land. This adornment (song) is for you, There is none other like Kona with its billowy clouds on the horizon, So beautiful, splendid, and fine. (the end) [March 18, 1930:3] Kaupulehu Developments K=u Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 76 May 1998 VI. KA`OPOLEHU AND VICINITY— AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED HISTORICAL STUDIES (From ca. 1926 to present) Overview By 1900, a growing interest in recording information on the presence, features, and history of Hawaiian sites had developed. The earliest of these studies was printed by Thomas Thrum (1908), who provided readers with an annotated list of heiau on the island of Hawai'i. Unfortunately, Thrum did not provide documentation of any sites between the lands of 'buli (Kohala), to Keahuolu (Kona). In 1906-1907, J.F.G. Stokes conducted a detailed survey of heiau on the island of Hawaii (Stokes and Dye 1991). Stokes recorded the presence of two sites in the land of Pu'u Anahulu, and then proceeded south to Kealakehe. Thus, he too passed Ka'upulehu without any mention of heiau or possible ceremonial sites. In 1926, Eliza Davis Low -Maguire (wife of John Maguire, of Hu'ehu'e Ranch) published "Kona Legends" (1926)', providing readers with some of the earliest documentation of Hawaiian sites in Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. Kekaha was Maguires' home, and as she wrote in her introduction, the writings of Kihe, along with her own interest in other stories she had heard, caused her to put some of the accounts in English so they would not be lost (Maguire 1926:3-4). The narratives, like those of Kihe, include general documentation of Hawaiian cultural sites and practices. Since its publication in 1926, Kona Legends has been the primary source that many researchers used in citing traditional accounts of the region. Archaeology of Kona, Hawaii (Reinecke ms. 1930) The fust detailed recording of Hawaiian sites in Ka'upulehu was done by John Reinecke (ms. 1930). During his study, Reinecke traveled along the shore of Kekaha, documenting near -shore sites. Where he could, he spoke with the few native residents he encountered Among his general descriptions of sites and Kekaha, Reinecke observed: This coast formerly was the seat of a large population. Only a few years ago Keawaiki, now the permanent residence of one couple, was inhabited by about thirty- five Hawaiians. Kawaihae and Puako were the seat of several thousands, and smaller places numbered their inhabitants by the hundreds. Now there are perhaps fifty permanent inhabitants between Kailua and Kawaihae -certainly not over seventy-five. When the economy of Hawaii was based on fishing... this was a fairly desirable coast; the Fishing is good; there is a fairly abundant water supply of brackish water, some of it nearly fresh and very pleasant to the taste; and while there was no opportunity for agriculture on the beach, the more energetic Hawaiians could do some cultivation at a considerable distance mauls... [Reinecke ms. 1930:1-2] Reinecke also observes that he recorded only a limited number of sites in the region; his study field was generally within site of the shore (ibid.:2), and he wrote: The coast is for the most part low and storm -swept, so that the most desirable building locations, on the coral beaches, have been repeatedly swept ever and covered with loose coral and lava fragments, which have obscured hundreds of platforms and no doubt destroyed hundreds more ... many of the dwellings must have been built directly on the sand, as are those of the family at Kaupulehu, and when the " Knowledge of the existence of the full Hawaiian texts, presented in the preceding sections of this study, was limited. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-76 (052098) 77 May 1998 posts have been pulled up, leave no trace after a very few years... [ibid.] Reinecke recorded the following information for sites of Ka'upulehu (the locational information has been added by the author of this study): [Ka'upulehu-Kuki'o lava flow] Site 118. Walled but site; the stones about a caved -in lava bubble may mark another but site. Walled shelter, pen. Large pen adjoining the a -a flow on Kaupulehu land. Dwelling site on a -a above it. A few graves on the edge of a -a flow. [Waiakauhi] Site 119. At Waiakuhi [Waiakauhi] a reef makes practically a fishpond in front of the sand dune. There is kiawe growth here and a sizable marsh. [Waipunalei vicinity, near boundary between Kona Village and the Four Seasons] Site 120. Very small pen on sand. [Kahuwai residences] Site 121. Remains at Kaupulehu hamlet. There is a belt of kiawe which probably hides some house sites. At the south end are some low uselessly -walled enclosures. One contains four house platforms, all but one paved with iliili. Two more house sites hard by. Under the kiawe farther north is a lot with a large house platform. There seem to be others, perhaps four or five. I regret not having followed up the extension of the kiawe inland behind the a -a, which should contain several sites and perhaps wells of brackish water. I did not see the famous Ka Wai Hue a Kane, [legend cited in appendix]... On the lava beach north is a very small platform. [Pohakuokahae to Kalaemano] Site 122. After crossing the abominable Kaupulehu Flow, west branch, one reaches a pahoehoe flat about 1 '/s x '/x mile in extent I have divided it, for purposes of description, into seven areas, but it should be understood that the ruins are practically continuous, if sometimes buried under the sand. The whole area is the most interesting on this coast, for several reasons: 1. The great number and continuity of the remains. 2. The apparent considerable age of many of the ruins. 3. The apparent lack of a water supply even barely adequate. 4. The large number of a localized form of storage cupboard, a well-built box -like form at the back of walled sites, due no doubt to the very hard, solid pahoehoe offering no handy little caves. 5. The large number of native salt pans. These were sometimes built directly on the pahoehoe as a floor; sometimes the base was built of carefully arranged flat rocks. As the sun's rays had to strike the pan directly, the walls were usually about 8-12" high, built of carefully selected stones. Sometimes the pan was rectangular, but oftener rounded or circular, about 8 to 10 feet across. The floor and the case of the wall were cemented with a hard native cement of good quality, which still clings to scattered stones and to patches of pahoehoe floor where there are now no walls. Salt is still gathered here, but from natural pockets. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates BiiKaupu-16 (052098) 78 May 1998 At the western end of the flat: (a) remains of pen; (b) remains of walled dwelling site with "cupboard"; (c) shelter site, walls and cupboard; (d) remains of three shelters; (e) pebble covered ruins of about six platforms—a usual feature of these coarse sand beaches; (f) shelter, walls and cupboard; (g) sundry traces of old enclosures; (h) sand -drifted walled shelter. Site 123. (a) Ruins of a walled site; (b) at an interval of some 500', the remains of an enclosure, two shelters, and a cave. At this spot are several petroglyphs of unusual type... Site 124. (a) Platform c. 30x6x4, like part of a wall. Shelter attached and recent ahu on it. May possibly be a fishing heiau. (b) Two good papamu, 13x10, 11x10. (c) Trace of large platform adjacent to a. (d) First of salt pans: a group of three about a heap of stones. Four other pans near. (e) Walls of yard and trace of house platform; traces of walls and platform north of it. (f) Two modem shelters by kiawe mauka. (g) A spring with faintly brackish water; traces of ruins in hollow to north. (This is the only water supply noted.) (h) A large platform on the beach; remains of two smaller ones and an enclosure past it. (i) Mauka of it, a shelter pen with cupboard and four more salt pans, with traces of cement on pahoehoe. 0) Walled site, cupboard, caim in front. (k) Pen and three shelters, apparently. (1) Several small areas marked off by rows of stones in the sand. (m) Whitened patches on pahoehoe marking sites of salt pans. A salt pan with walls 2' high; four others with very well-built walls 1-3' high - - unusual. (n) Two modem shelter pens. Site 125. (a) Isolated shelter pen. (b) Three shelter pens together. (c) Shelter pen with piece of wall. All these are about a prominent site on a knoll (d) which may be taken as the starting point for #125: It consists of a house site and two carefully walled enclosures, all used for dwelling; cupboard. (e) Usual traces along the beach. (i) A number of salt pans. (g) Ruins of walled site on beach. (h) Ruins of several house sites on coast... [Reinecke Ms. 1930:22-24] It was not until 1963, that a more detailed survey of Hawaiian sites was conducted in Ka'upi3lehu. That study, conducted for Bishop Estate, by Lloyd Soehren of B.P. Bishop Museum, focused on the area of Kahuwai Bay, the present location of the Kona Village Resort. Other than identifying the coastal trail from Kahuwai t Kiholo, Soehrens' work did not include the present study area (1963:5). Po'ako —The Ka`upu/ehu Salt Works Since Soehrens' study was conducted in 1963, several archaeological and ethnographic studies have been conducted in Ka'Uipalehu and the larger, neighboring Kekaha region. Among the most culturally detailed studies are those done by Marion Kelly (1971) and Hannah Kihalani Springer 1989. Both authors offer readers insightful documentation on the significance of the natural landscape to the living culture of the native residents of the land, and H. Kihalani Springer is herself, kwna'dfna (native to the land). Of particular importance to the present study area, Springer (1989:26-27) includes discussions on the practices associated with making pa akai (salt) in the area now generally referred to as Kalaemano. As documented by Springer and in oral history interviews in this study, the modified and natural - formed salt making ponds (loko pa `akai and kVwka) were resources of regional importance. In the preceding sections of this study, it has been found that the specific point called Kalaeman6 is situated in the ahupua a of Pu'uwa'awa'a. But, as recorded in oral history interviews with native residents of Ka'tipnlehu and other neighboring ahupua a (e.g., David Keakealani, Joseph Maka'ai, Caroline Keakealani-Perreira, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, Marjorie Kaholo-Kailianu, Robert Punihaole, and Kaupulehu Developments Kuru Pow Associates MKaupu-16 (052098) 79 May 1998 Valentine Aka); we find that since at least the early 1900s, the name Kalaemano has been used to describe the larger area of the shoreline between the two branches of the Ka'upulehu flow (c. 1800). This area of open pahoehoe includes: (1) numerous archaeological features (e.g., hale -residential features, walls, platforms, enclosures, caves, salt beds, and mounds etc.); (2) a sand dune between the shore and inland lava flows; and extends from Kolomu'o, to Pohakuokahae (the boundary of Ka'upulehu and Pu'uwa'awa'a), and beyond Ka'upulehu, past the point called Lae Mano in Pu'uwa'awa'a (Figure 5). Thus today, when interviewees speak of the significance of Kalaemano (both as a salt making resource and as a place of personal family ceremonial importance), they are describing an area that includes portions of the shore line of both Ka'upulehu and Pu'uwa'awa'a. Interviewees speak of Kalaemano (the coastal region described above) as being important in the history of the families of the land. And specifically, the birthing place of the deified shark(s) was "kapu," a sacred place for which restrictions were observed. Key topics of discussion include, but are not limited to: First—the area was the home of a mano (shark) who according to some interviewees was a kupua (deity capable of changing its body from; in this case from that of a shark to a human). In some accounts, the mano is also a guardian of the coastal region, and a deified family member. Some of the kupuna were carefully instructed about not walking over a particular place—a cave which the shark entered from the sea—as it was kapu to walk over the head of the shark. Because the landscape has changed so much in the last 70 years (believed to be a result of the tsunami of c. 1946 and 1960; as discussed on a site visit on April 1, 1998), the exact location of the sharks' cave may not be relocated. Kupuna Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani-Perreira was careful to point out to the author, that some of the stories she'd repeated about the mano—its ability to change body forms, and coming on land at Kalaemano to give birth—are things that she learned from her kahu hanai (guardians) Kahiko and Mahiko. They occurred before her time, and were not things that she had seen personally (pers comm. April 1, 1998 and interview of same date). Second—based on a site visit with kupuna Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani-Perreira, Rose Pilipi-Maeda, and Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole on April 1", 1998, it is believed that the formal salt works which were used by the interviewees and their elders up to 60 to 70 years ago, are along the Ka'upulehu shoreline, between Pohakuokahae and the southern branch of the Ka'upulehu lava flow (Figure70). Detailed accounts of the salt making process and importance of the salt—generally made and harvested between December to April, each year—to the families of the Kekaha region are recorded in the oral history interviews in this study. The April I" site visit, also recorded that when the kupuna were children (ca. 1920s -1930s), the shoreward pahoehoe flats in which the loko pa'akai and kaheka were situated, were clear and kept clean. The loose rocks and sand which now cover the area were not previously there. The kupuna believe that their elders cleaned the salt making area, resetting stones on earlier features, and keeping the sand from building up in the salt making area. The pa'akai was graded with the pure white ("white as snow") salt being kept for table use, and the slightly discolored salt being used for preserving `opelu and other fish and meats (see oral history interviews in this study). Also, all of the elder interviewees note that by their life times, there were no permanent residents in the Kalaemano area. By the 1920s, families would travel to the salt works and stay for extended periods of up to three weeks, but no one remained there year-round. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 80 Mav 1998 Pohakuokahae Waterhol Primary Salt Works c. 1915-1930s Kalaemano A e Today, the practices and customs of making and collecting pa'akai from the Ka1aeman6 area remain important to descendants of the families of Ka'upulehu and Kekaha. Just as their kgmma did, (cf. Wilkes 1845; Boundary Commission Vol. 13:247-249, 428; and Reinecke, 1930: Sites 122, 124, 125) members of the Ka'ilihiwa Kuehu-Keakealani and Stillman -Springer families regularly make pilgrimages to Kalaeman6. The oral historical accounts recorded in the following section of this study, provide readers with insight into the significance of the Ka'upulehu salt works to the natives of Ka'upulehu and the larger region of Kekaha. Without the pa akai, life would have been very difficult and many foods which could only be gathered seasonally would have been in short supply. One native saying about the use of salt, demonstrates not only the importance of pa'akai as a preservative, but also its value in wise use of resources: E `al kekahi, a kepi kekahi. Eat some, salt some. Said to young people: eat some now and save some for another time. (Pukui 1983:31, No. 252) Archaeological Inventory Survey (1995) The most recent work in the present study area was conducted in 1993, and reported by Jim Head, then with Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (1995). The field work identified 193 sites with 660 features (Head et al. 1995:41). Functional interpretations for the sites include, but are not limited to: possible permanent -and temporary -habitation sites; land and fishery markers; agricultural features; burials features; ceremonial features; and trails. Of the 193 identified sites, the report concluded by identifying 56 sites that are "no longer significant;" 69 sites that are "significant for their information content;" and 68 sites that are "significant under multiple criteria of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places (for detailed information on study fording, see Head et al., 1995). The 1995 survey work was reviewed by the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), which agreed with the significance evaluations, and concluded that 64 of the total number of sites would "undergo preservation" (DLNR-SHPD letter, Hibbard to Rosendahl; February 2, 1996). Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 82 May 1998 VII. HE WAHI MO`OLELO MAI NA KUPA O KA `AINA— HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS FROM THE NATIVES OF THE LAND (Oral History Interviews, ca. 1980-1998) Overview Through oral history interviews one seeks to record information from individuals who possess personal knowledge about particular aspects of history. This knowledge may cover a wide variety of topics, including, but not limited to: documenting land -use practices; who early native families and area residents were; the locations and uses of traditional and historic sites; the customs and practices of families associated with a particular landscape; and to record traditional values, experiences, and events in the lives of both native Hawaiian residents and other individuals who are familiar with an area being investigated. Such personal, land-based knowledge is often overlooked when doing strictly academic studies. As a result, important knowledge about natural resources, sites, practices, and the significance of the land to its residents—people who have benefited from generations of familiarity with the land—frequently goes unrecorded. This section of the study presents readers with an introduction to interview participants and overview of documentation found in oral history interviews. The interviewees have all lived upon the land of Ka'upulehu or in neighboring lands of Kekaha, and include individuals who have frequented Ka%pulehu from ca. 1914 to the present-day. The interviews demonstrate that traditions of the land have been handed down through time, from generation to generation. They also provide both present and future generations with an opportunity to understand the relationships—cultural attachment— shared between people and their natural and cultural environments. In the course of conducting the interviews, the author also sought to document examples of the relationship of the coastal resources to the practices, beliefs, and customs of native residents (both former and present) and natural resources of the ahupua a of Ka'0ptllehu and the larger Kekaha region. The interviewees were also asked to record their concerns and recommendations for long-term protection of the cultural and natural resources of Ka'0ptilehu. Readers are asked to keep in mind, that while this component of the study records a depth of cultural and historical knowledge of Ka'tlpulehu ahupua a and Kekaha, this record is incomplete. In the process of conducting oral history interviews, it is impossible to record all the knowledge or information that the interviewees possess. Regretfully, some historical knowledge has also been lost with the passing away of older members of generations of native residents. Thus, the oral historical records provide us only with glimpses into the stories being told, and of the lives of the interview participants. The author/interviewer has made every effort to accurately relay the recollections, thoughts and recommendations of the people who shared their mo olelo pond I (personal histories) in this study. As would be expected, participants in oral history interviews sometimes have different recollections for the same location or events of a particular period. The differences may be the result of varying values assigned to an area or occurrence during an interviewees formative years, or they may reflect localized or familial interpretations of the particular history being conveyed. Also, with the passing of many years, sometimes that which was heard from elders during one's childhood 70 or more years ago, may transform into that which the interviewee recalls having actually experienced. It is noted here, that the few differences of recollections raised in the cited interviews are minor. If anything, they help direct us to questions which may be answered through additional archival research, or in some cases, pose questions which may never be answered The diversity in the stories told, should be seen as something which will enhance preservation and interpretive opportunities at Ka'fipillehu. Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pond Associates BiKaupu-16 (052098) 83 May 1998 Interview Methodology The primary oral history documentation reported in this study comes from two periods: the first, from 1996 to late 1997 as a part of various work completed by the author for Ka'rapulehu and the larger Kekaha region; and the second, from February 19th to May 2&, 1998, conducted specifically for the present study. Additionally, the interview records include excerpts from interviews conducted with Robert K. Kehkealani Sr. (from the personal collections of LeirWala and Shirley Keakealani), between ca. 1980 to 1987, and transcribed by the author. In preparing to conduct the various oral history interviews that are cited in this study, the author followed several standard criteria for selection of who would be most knowledgeable about the study area. Among the criteria were: a. The potential interviewee's genealogical ties to lands of the study area (i.e., descent from families awarded land in the Michele of 1848, or from recipients of Land Grants from the Kingdom or Territory of Hawai'i); b. Age—the older the informant, the more likely the individual is to have had personal communications or first-hand experiences with even older, now deceased Hawaiians and area residents; c. An individuals' identity in the community as being someone possessing specific knowledge of lore or historical wisdom pertaining to the lands, families, practices, and land use and subsistence activities in the study area; and d. Recommendations from community members. The primary focus of the interviews was to elicit traditional information (i.e. knowledge handed down in families from generation to generation), and to document traditional values and practices that are still retained in the lives of Hawaiian families associated with the land of the Ka'Opolehu study area. The interviews were also to seek out information on other sites or features identified by the interviewees as being associated with families and cultural practices, and to collect information so as to form an overview of community concerns and recommendations for long-term protection of the various resources of Ka'hpUlebm During the course of conducting the interviews, several historical maps were referred to (figures cited in the preceding sections of the study), and when appropriate, site names or locations were marked on the maps. Figure 4 (at the end of this study) is an annotated interview map, including approximate locations of many of the place names, natural features, and trails as recorded in the oral history interviews and other historical documentation. In order to facilitate collection of oral historical data, lists of basic interview questions were developed in conjunction with studies being conducted (Figure 11-4s the basic questionnaire format followed in all the interviews). As various potential interviewees were contacted, they were told about the nature of the studies being undertaken, and asked if they had knowledge of traditional sites or practices associated with Ka'uptilehu, and if they would be willing to share their knowledge. In total, interview narratives from 15 individuals (aged 46 to 83) in 17 interviews, are included in this study. Interviews conducted by the author, were recorded on a Sony TCM -R3 cassette recorder, using TDK D90 High Output standard cassette tapes. Copies of draft interview transcripts were returned to the interviewees, for their review and input on corrections, modifications, and additions. Follow up discussions were then held with all of the interviewees. This process resulted in the recording of additional hand written narratives with several interviewees. The hand written notes were expanded, and requested modification made to the original interview transcripts. The modified transcripts were then returned to the interviewees for their review and approval. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates IfX"pu-16 (052098) 84 May 1998 General Question Outline for Oral History Interviews Land of Ka`upulehu and Neighboring Region of Kekaha The following questions are meant to provide a basic format for the oral history interviews. The interviewee's personal knowledge and experiences will provide direction for the formulation of other detailed questions, determine the need for site visits, and/or other forms of documentation which maybe be necessary. Also, for discussion, would be the time period in which various events and/or customs occurred. Interviewee -Family Backeround: Name: and other family background information...: Additional family background pertinent to the Ka'upulehu-Kekaha study area — e.g., generations of family residency in area...? Kinds of information leamed/activities participated in, and how learned...? Detailed Information: • Naming of the ahupua'a, and features (e.g., pu I4 'aina pele, kipuka, lua wai, kahakai, ko'a kai...) that are of particular significance in the history of the land and native residents ...? • Ka'upulehu - Ka'ulupulehu • Kalaeman6 (Pdhakuokahae) • Kolomu'o • Kumukea etc. • Relationship of sites (e.g., pu'u, kipuka, lae etc.) to one another on the landscape — mauka-makai viewplanes ... ? • Heiau—Ceremonial sites or practices? — land based ko'a (cross ahupua'a) — ocean based ko a; locations and types of fish? (e.g., ku'ula, 'ilina... )? Names of heiau and ka'a etc.? • Burial sites, practices, beliefs, and areas or sites of concern (ancient unmarked, historic marked/unmarked, family)...? • Fishing, fishponds, and salt making resources — describe practices, where occurred, and types of fish...? • Practices and customs associated with salt making at Kalaemano ...? • Village or house sites - church - stores - community activities — Names of native and resident families...? • Who were the other families that came to Ka'upMehu-kai, and protocols observed in the care oC and collection ofpa'akai, fish, and other coastal resources...? • Gathering plant materials or traditional accesses? (what was growing in coastal region during youth? was the kiawe present?) Figure 11. Ka upulehu Oral History Interview Questionnaire Outline Kaupulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 85 May 1998 Shore line and mauka-makai trail accesses? Trails on the 1800-1801 lava flows? Agricultural activities – sites and practices (where and what kind of crops)...? Water resources? Relationships with neighboring ahupua a and residence locations (e.g., Pu`u Anahulu, Pu`uwa`awa`a, Kfiki`o to Makalawena, and Mahai`ula... )? Ranching activities...? Comments and recommendations on long-term management and care for Hawaiian cultural resources and changes to the cultural and natural landscapes...? Do you have some particular areas of concern or recommendations—cultural resources and site protection needs—regarding development at Ka`upulehu? Figure 11. Ka'upulehu Oral History Interview Questionnaire Outline (contd.) Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 86 May 1998 Following completion of the interview and consultation process, draft interview transcripts were typed out and the interviewees were given their transcripts to review. The interviewees were asked to make notes, comments, and/or corrections as they found necessary. Follow-up meetings between the interviewees and the author then took place, during which time interviewees made generally minor clarifications, or added further details to particular narratives. Upon completion of the transcript review process, all of the primary interview participants signed a "Personal Release of Interview Records" form, or otherwise granted the author permission to share their narratives with the public (Volume II). It is noted here, that only the final released transcripts from the interviews may be made available for public review. Also, readers are asked to respect the interviewees—Reference oral history narratives in their context as spoken, not selectively so as to make a point that was not the interviewee's intention. Data Repository and Access Each of the interviewees received copies of their individual transcripts and when completed, they will be provided a copy of the full historical -archival and oral historical study for the Ka`upulehu study area. With the exception of those interview records with restrictions (see Personal Release of Interview Records in Volume H of this study), the released interview, copies of the tapes, and photographs will be curated for reference use in the collections of Kepa Maly (Kumu Pono Associates, Hilo), KSBE, Kaupulehu Developments, and the Kona Historical Society. Overview of Selected Information and Recommendations Recorded in Oral History Interviews The documentation in this section of the study provides readers with an introduction to each of the interviewees and an overview of selected information shared during the interviews. Pertinent excerpts from previously released transcripts (reported in Maly and Rosendahl 1997) and full transcripts from recently recorded and released interviews are presented in Volume II of this study. As expected, the records from the combined interviews provide readers with a rich and varied picture of life upon the lands of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha. The interviewees also discussed a number of areas of cultural significance within the project area and larger ahupua'a of Ka`upulehu. These resources fall into several categories, including but not limited to: (a) the cultural -geographic landscape (e.g. Kalaemano--an area described as the coastal pahoehoe lava shelf extending between two lobes of the 1800 Ka'upulehu lava flow, which includes the northern portion of the Ka`upulehu coastline and southern portion of the Pu'uwa'awa'a coastline; and numerous topographic features extending from the shore to the mountains); (b) sites associated with native Hawaiian religious and ceremonial practices (e.g., the ko'a at Kolomu'o, and the birthing place of sharks—family deity); (c) ala Ion and ala hele (regional and inner ahupua'a trail systems; (d) sites associated with temporary and long- term habitation activities; (e) kaheka and loko pa `akai (natural and modified salt making ponds); (f) boundary markers; (g) near shore and ocean fisheries and marine resources collection areas; and (h) ilina 'ohana or family burial sites (those for which interviewees had knowledge, are situated on the south side of the 1800 lava flow, inland of Mahewalu Point and further south). As noted at the beginning of this study, the interviewees discussed several areas of concern and recommendations for long-term protection and management of cultural and natural resources in the Ka'upulehu study area. The recommendations, compiled from all interview participants may help set the foundation for further preservation and interpretive planning to be done in subsequent phases of work as a part of the Kaupulehu Developments' project. Specific details of long-term management planning should be developed in consultation with members of native families with generational Ivies to Ka`upulehu, KSBE. and Ka'upulehu lessees. Primary comments and recommendations by interviewees included the following topics: Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 87 May 1998 I - Protect the Kalaemano area. Kalaemano is identified by interviewees as the pahoehoe and sandy shelf fronting the ocean, extending across the older Ka'upulehu lava flows in the lands of Ka'upulehu and Pu`uwa`awa`a (between branches of the 1800 Ka'upulehu flow). The area includes the "house" and "birthing" place of deified sharks; a cave and spring site; the ancient salt works; temporary and long-term habitation features; and other cultural -historic sites. Of particular importance to the members of the Keakealani and Maka'ai families was the birthing place and home of the family shark deity—that location was sacred to the po e kahiko (ancient people) of Ka'upulehu and Kekaha, and it remains so today. 2- Interpret the cultural and natural resources of Kalaemano to help ensure respectful use and visitation to the area, and make the information from the archival and oral historical interviews available to those who visit the land; 3- Ensure that the quality of the kaheka and loko pa'akai (salt works) is protected from pollution and runoff development inland; 4- Ensure that the near -shore fisheries of Ka'upulehu are managed and preserved for future generations; 5- Develop a plan for restoration and management of the salt works and ko'a (dedicated off -shore fishing grounds) and larger fisheries of Ka'upulehu; 6- Respect the 'ilina (burials), kahua hale (residential features), ala hele (trails), kaho pohaku (petroglyphs), and other sites within the Ka'upulehu project area; 7- Work with the families who are descended from the po'e kahiko (ancient people) of Ka'upulehu in determining proper treatment of 'ilina and other cultural sites and resources; 8- Develop interpretive and educational programs (e.g., caring for and making pa `akai; fishing customs and fisheries management; and historical tours etc.) for Hawai'i's youth and other visitors to Ka'upulehu; 9- Interpret the broader relationship of coastal resources to inland resources and their importance to native residents of the ahupua'a of Ka`dpulehu; and 10 -Encourage cultural stewardship and "wise use" on behalf of all who visit Ka'upulehu and use its resources. Table 3 below, provides readers with a quick reference to selected general topics of cultural and historical importance recorded by individual interviewees (the interviewees are listed in alphabetical order). The cited documentation focuses on that information for which interviewees have personal knowledge—i.e., have either personally experienced, or learned from their kupuna when the interviewees themselves were young. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 88 May 1998 Table 3. Overview of Selected References to Sites, Practices, and Recommendation made by interviewees Interviewee: V K G M D RK CK R US A) 8 RP RK H A H K K K K P K K M M P M P S Sites and/or Practices: Expresses deep alohaKultural attachment for the land and place names of Ka'upGlehu ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ J ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ J ✓ J and the Kekaha region Has knowledge of pre -20"' century traditions and customs of the land ✓ ✓ J ✓ J J J ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ J J ✓ J Describes the relationship between coastal and upland families and the exchange of J J ✓ ✓ J ✓ J ✓ J ✓ ✓ ✓ J J J resources Has working knowledge of management customs associated with ko'a (offshore ✓ ✓ ✓ 0 ✓ J ❑ ✓ 0 ✓ ✓ ❑ 0 ✓ 0 fishing grounds)of Ka'G Glehu Associates fisheries with on -land ko a or triangulation references ✓ ✓ J 0 ✓ J J ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ❑ 0 ✓ J Has personal knowledge of general fishery resources, and practices associated with ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ J ✓ J ✓ ✓ J ✓ J ✓ collection of marine resources Has knowledge of personal family burial sites at Kau -lehu 0 ❑ 0 0 I V J✓ J 0✓0 0 0 11 Has knowledge of personal family deity (ceremonial significance) along the J o ✓ J J✓ JV a✓ a o o > Kalaemano coastal zone Has personal knowledge practices associated with the Kalaemano salt works ✓ ✓ J ✓ ✓ J J ✓ ✓ J J ✓ J ✓ J Has knowledge of ancient and/or historic residences along coastal Ka'Oprilehu (uses J ✓ ✓ J J ✓ ✓ ✓ J J ✓ J J J ✓ including both long-term and tem ra Has personal knowledge of historic residents and regional cross-ahupuaa travel J✓✓ J J J ✓ J J J✓ J J ✓ J Places high value on respectful use of natural and cultural resources, and long- ✓ ✓ J ✓ ✓ J J ✓ ✓ J J J ✓ ✓ J term protection of those resources Recommends protection of the Kalaemano salt works and associated features ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ J n/a ✓ J ✓ ✓ n/ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ a Supports efforts to restore the ko a opelu of Ka'GpGlehu J J J J J n/a ✓ ✓ J J nl ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ a Recommends development of long-term preservation and interpretive/educational ✓ ✓ ✓ n/a n/ n/a ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ n/ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ programs in consultation with native families a a of the land Initial and Symbol Key: VA=Valentine Ako; KH=Karin Haleamau; GK=George Kahananui; MK --Marjorie Kaholo-Kallianu; DK=David Ke5kealani; RKK=Robert K. Ke9kealani Sr.; CKP=Caroline Keskealani-Ferreira; RK=Robert'Sonny" Ke5kealani; USK=Leina^ala and Shirley Keiikealani; AM=Arthur Mahi; JM=Joseph Maka'al; RPM=Rose Pillpi-Maeda; RKP=Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole; HS=Hannah Kihalani Springer; ✓ = Yes; 0 = Not applicable o = Knows of the shark association with Kalaemano; n/a = Not asked (interviewee deceased or otherwise unavailable). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates BiiKaupu-16 (032098) 89 May 1998 Robert k Keakealani Sr. April 3, 1980 to March 1986 Excerpts from Conversational Interviews Recorded by Shirley Kau`i Keakealani and Leina`ala Keakealani-Lightner (transcribed by Kepo Maly) Robert K. Keakealani (Tutu Lopaka) was born at Kahuwai Village on the shore of Ka`upulehu in 19168. Family traditions of shark deity and events leading up to his birth, caused his parents to leave him under the protection of KW Kahiko and Mahik6 at Kahuwai. Tutu Lopaka did not leave Ka`upulehu-kai to rejoin his parents and siblings (two of whom were bom after his own birth) until he was around six years old. For many generations, Tutu Lopaka's family has lived in the Kekaha region, with residency extending from Ka`upulehu (Kahuwai) to Pu`u Anahulu (Kapalaoa). In the mid to late 1800s, kgvuna (elders) on the Ka`ilihiwa-Keakealani side of the family were among the primary informants to early surveyors who recorded the boundaries and topography of the lands from Ka'upulehu to Pu`u Anahulu. Archival records (cited earlier in this study) also record that these native informants provided surveyors with important historical data about sites and features of the natural and cultural landscapes. Tutu Lopaka's mother, Keola Na`aho, was herself born at Kahuwai in 1894. Though the Na`aho line resided primarily at Kahalu`u, as a mo opuna of Kahiko's line, she had ties to both Kahalu`u and Ka`upfilehu. As a result Keola Na`aho was also raised at Ka`upulehu for a part of her life. In 1913, Keola Na`aho married Keakealani (who had been bom at Kiholo) and they resided at Pu'u Anahulu- uka, with seasonal residences at Kahuwai, Kiholo, Keawaiki, and Kapalaoa until their passing away (1925 and 1931 respectively). As a youth, Tutu Lopaka traveled the lands of Ka` ipulehu-Pu`u Anahulu and the larger Kekaha region with his ktpuna, Ka'ilihiwa-nui and others. His travels took him from the shore to the mountains, and along the way significant natural resource and cultural features (including many family sites) were pointed out to him. Later, as a cowboy working with his father Keakealani, and other elders and cousins (among whom were Hawks, Alapa`i, Kapehe, Naluahine, and Kiliona), he traveled the land from Kawaihae (Kohala) to Kahuku (Ka`fm). It was in this way that he learned about the histories and native sites of the land. Today, the tradition and attachment to residency upon the ancestral lands remains strong among the Keakealani children. From their earliest days, their papa instilled in them a deep aloha, respect, and sense of stewardship for their native lands and the heritage of their family upon those lands. As a result of his instruction, his daughters Kau`i and Leina`ala recorded a number of their historical conversations with their father. Their foresight is fortunate, as Tutu Lopaka passed away in 1990. The Keakealani family generously allowed the author to transcribe several of the tapes they'd recorded with their father. Thus, through those recordings, we are able to share some of the history of Ka'upulehu and Kekaha that would have otherwise been lost. The narratives are in Tutu Lopaka's own words, and document that which he personally experienced or was told by his elders. Of particular interest to the immediate study area, Tutu Lopaka discusses the use of the Kalaeman6 salt works, and the continued practice of making salt beds when he was a youth. He also speaks of the significance of the salt making resource to the families of Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. On a more personal level, Tutu also shares stories of the family's shark associations. His discussion, along with those of his brother and sister (David K. Keakealani and Caroline K. Keakealani-Perreira) and his cousin (Joseph P. Maka`ai), are of significant cultural and spiritual importance. za An older brother David Ka`6nohi Keakealani, and a younger sister, Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira have also participated in oral history interviews cited in this study. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Porro Associates BXaupu-16 (052098) 90 May 1998 Joseph Pu`ipu`i "Wainuke" Maka`al ca. 1985—limited interview for the State Foundation on Culture and the Arts and Interview with elder family members at Ka`upulehu-kai December 7eh, 1996 with Kepa Maly Joseph Pu`ipu'i Maka'ai, affectionately called "Wainuke" by his Tutu Mahiko and cousins, was bom in 1917 at Pu'u Anahulu. Shortly after his birth he was given to his kupuna Kahikol "�, and her husband Mahiko tk>, as a keiki hanai (adopted child). For about the first eleven years of his life, Uncle Joe was raised at Kahuwai, Ka'upulehu. It was from his kupuna that he learned about the customs and practices of the native families of Kekaha. The limited interview recorded by the State Foundation on Culture and the Arts (transcribed from tape by the author of this study) provides readers with an overview of Uncle Joe's recollections of life and practices at Ka'upulehu in his early years. The subsequent interview conducted with Uncle Joe and several of his elder cousins on December 7', 1996, adds significant details to the ca. 1985 interview. Of particular interest to the present study, Uncle Joe's discussion with his cousins, David K Keakealani, Caroline K. Keakealani-Perreira, and Rose Pilipi-Maeda (see the interview record of December 7", 1996), adds rich documentation to the accounts of residency at Kahuwai, salt making at Kalaemano, and 'opelu fishing at Ka`upulehu. Uncle's narratives also include significant accounts of the family's shark deity and the importance of Kalaemano as a place of cultural and family ceremonial observances. Uncle urges that places like Kalaemano, the `ilina 'ohana (family burial sites), and other places of the po `e kahiko (ancient people) be respected. He also feels strongly that it is important to share the history of the land with people so that they can respect and appreciate that land. Valentine K. Ako Oral History Interviews of January 8", December 7th, 1996, November 8", 1997, and April 28", 1998 —with Kepd Maly Valentine K. Ako (Uncle Val) was born at Holualoa, North Kona, Hawai'i in 1926. His family has lived in North Kona for many generations. On his father's side of the family (from James Ako Sr ) Uncle Val is descended from the Ka`ilivaua-Napu`upahe`e lines. His mother's line (Lily Keahi'aloa Kanoholani) is descended from the Kanoholani-Kaiamakini lines, which is also descended from the line of Kame'eiamoku. Through that connection, Uncle Val's family is directly tied to the ancient residents of Ka'ulupulehu (Ka'upulehu). As a child and teenager, Uncle Val spent a great deal of time with his kupuna, away from his parents and siblings. In those years, he learned many of the customs and practices of his kupuna. With his elders, he fished from Keauhou to Kiholo—with many visits to Ka'ulupulehu—fishing the deep-sea ko'a; protected inshore waters; and gathered 'opae 'ula from ponds like Maka'eo at Keahuolu; Kaulana, in the land of Kaulana; and Waiakauhi at Ka'ulupulehu. He was taught about the ko'a (fishing stations and triangulation marks), and various resources of the land that were, and remain important, to the natives of Kona. With his kupuna in the 1930s, Uncle also regularly traveled to the coastal lava flats of Kalaemano, where they gathered and dried pa'akai (sea salt) for salting their fish and home use. The personal interview documentation shared by Uncle Val, was recorded over the period of three years. Released excerpts (permission granted April 28, 1998) from those interviews are included in Volume II of this study. Of particular interest to the present study—the Kalaemano area—Uncle Val shared that like the kupuna of the Keakealani and Maka'ai families, his kupuna taught him that Kalaemano (as the house of the shark) was sacred. His family respected the mano (shark) guardian of the region. His family tradition holds that the shark is of the niuhi (great white shark) type. His kupuna told him Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 91 Ma_v 1998 that the niuhi was the guardian of the ko'a 'opelu ('opelu fishery) of Kalaemano, and that when enough 'opelu had been taken in a particular day the niuhi would draw near the canoe. Uncle Val also gathered pa'akai from Kalaemano, which he describes as the finest quality salt to be obtained. Uncle expresses the hope that: The people that will be working at, and living on the land there need to respect of the salt making area and fishery of Kalaemano. There should be no development in the salt works area, and people who visit the Kalaemano area need to know how sacred the place was to our kupuna, and how important it is to us today. I would like to see the ko'a 'opelu of Kalaemano and other fisheries of Ka'upulehu restored. If the families of the land learn about the ko `a once again, and begin to take care of them, the `opelu will return. It is the same for the salt works, if the families can return to the area and care for the kaheka, the pa'akai will become abundant. In order to do this, the people who develop above the salt works will need to ensure that they are not putting things into the land that can contaminate the pa `akai and the fishery of Ka'upulehu (pers comm. April 28, 1998). William Johnson Hawawakaleoonamanuonakanahele Paris April 24, 1996—Interview with Kepa Maly William Johnson Hawawakaleoonamanuonakanahele Paris (Uncle Billy) was born in 1922, at the Honolulu, O'ahu home of his maternal grandfather, Robert Hind. When he was three weeks old he was brought home to the Paris homestead at Ka`awaloa, South Kona. Uncle Billy is descended from several prominent Hawaiian and Caucasian families that have generations of residency in Kona and Kohala, and spent some of his youth in the lands of Pu`u Anahulu, Pu'uwa`awa'a, and Ka`upulehu. Various lines of his family have been active in ranching in Hawaii since at least the 1830s. Uncle Billy himself has been ranching his entire life, and worked the lands of the Pu'u Anahulu-Ka`upulehu and greater Kekaha region. As a result, Uncle Billy is quite familiar with various features on the landscape and history of the area. In discussing Ka`upulehu, Uncle Billy first points out that while he has traveled the land, he is not a kerma aina (native descendant) of Ka`apulehu, and he defers to the families with generational ties to the land. Of interest to the present study, Uncle Billy discuses family outings to fish along the shores of Ka`upulehu (Kahuwai to Kalaemano), salt gathering at Kalaemano, and the old families of Robert Keakealani Sr. and Joe Maka'ai ma residing at Kahuwai. Uncle's narratives also describe travel along the coastal and mauka-makni trails, and his recollections of having seen one of the sharks of Kallaemano. He feels that it is very important to preserve significant aspects of the Hawaiian cultural landscape. Arthur `Aka" M. Mahi Interviews of April 23`", and December 7`% 1996—with Kepa Maly Arthur Mahi (Uncle Aka) was born at Laupahoehoe, North Hilo, on July 5, 1933. His father, Mikeele Mahi, a descendant of the royal line of Mahi, was a native of Waipi`o. His mother, Lily Kahuawai" Keau Kuakahela, was a native of North Kona, who had been raised at Hale'ohi'u and Ka -la -ba (Uncle Arthur says that "Ka-la-'oa" is how the place name Kalaoa should be pronounced). Uncle Aka's maternal great, great grandfather was Kuakahela, who served as the konohiki of the ahupua'a of Ka'upulehu during the governorship of Kuakini (c. 1830-1840; cf. page 21 in this study). Shortly after birth, Uncle Aka was given to his maternal grandfather, Kean Kuakahela, in the Hawaiian custom of hanai. Keau Kuakahela, born around 1870, was deeply committed to his Hawaiian way of Uncle Aka's mother's name, Kahuawai commemorates the family's tie to the bay of Kahuawai (now written Kahawai or Kahuwai), that fronts Ka'upulehu. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates H1Kaupu-16 (052098) 92 May 1998 life, and he passed his knowledge of cultural practices, beliefs, and customs on to his mo'opuna, Aka. Uncle's first language was Hawaiian, and for most of his youth he lived with his kupuna and lived a Hawaiian way of life that was quickly disappearing in other parts of Hawaii. As a laaiki punahele (chosen child) Uncle Aka was afforded an opportunity to learn much about the land of Kekaha that he dearly loves. This interview was conducted because there of a growing concern in the Hawaiian community about the proposed development of swimming ponds on the reef flats fronting the Four Seasons development at Ka`upulehu—the topic of which was discussed in detail in the interview. The recorded narratives also include further discussion about other areas -- both makai and mauka—in Ka`upi lehu and the interactions between families of the larger Kekaha region and Ka`upulehu. Of interest to the present study, the interview with Uncle Arthur includes discussions on salt making at Kalaemano; the association of a mano with the Kalaemano area; the Ka'upulehu fisheries; and the importance of caring -for and respecting the cultural and natural resources of Hawaii. On December 7, 1996, Uncle Arthur also joined together with descendents of the Keakealani, MaIWai, Kinoulu-Pilipi, and Ako families for an interview at Ka'upulehu-kai (see the interview of that date for further documentation). Uncle Aka is active in the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club, and has been an active participant in efforts to ensure protection of the cultural and natural resources of Ka'upulehu. Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira Interviews of November 7' and December 7'", 1996, November 8, 1997, and April 1, 1998—with Kepa Maly Tutu Kiniha'a was born at Pu'u Anahulu in 1919. Her father was Keakealani (descended from the Ka`ilihiwa and Kuehn lines – Tutu records that her part of the family took Keakealani as its last name), and her mother was Keola Na`aho (see the introduction to interviews with Robert Keakealani Sr. for further details). Around 1923, Tutu Kiniha`a was taken to live with her kupuna, Kahiko (w) and Mahik6 (k), and her cousin Wainuke (Joe Maka'ai), at Kahuwai on the shore of Ka'upulehu. It is Tutu's recollection that she resided until about 1928. Upon reviewing the following interview, Tutu recalled: When cousin Joe and I were discussing the time we moved away from the beach at Ka'upulehu, we figured it out by when Tutu Mahik6 passed away; I was nine years old [1928], I know I wasn't eight. Etwa makahiki o u i ka'u ha alele ana is Ka'upulehu, o wau pa me Wainuke. Ha ule o Mahiko, a kanu za iloko o 1w ana, a ho i makou me Kahiko i uka [I was nine years old when I left Ka'uptilehu, Wainuke, and I. Mahik6 died, and was buried in the cave, and we returned with Kahiko to the uplands]. (Pers comm., February 20, 1997) In the interviews, Tutu expresses a deep aloha for the land of Ka`upulehu. She tells stories of residing on the shore, family activities, traveling the land, fishing, gathering opae at Waiakauhi, gathering salt at Kalaemano, and of the occasional processions of night marchers that marched from the uplands to the shore near Waiakauhi. Respect of the land and ocean were instilled in her from her elders. Tutu Mahik6 still cared for a ku ula at Waipunalei, near the present-day boundary of the Kona Village and Four Seasons. As a child, she was taught to always respect the fresh water ponds and shoreline, and to take care when traveling at Waiakauhi, Waipunalei, and Kalaemano, where there were certain places that one had to walk around, not over. Tutu observed: When we were young, living at the beach at Ka`upulehu, we were always told to respect the burial places, and about how kapu Kalaemano was." Especially Tutu Mahiko, he said, "Mai hele 'oukou maluna o ka ilina, kapu kela wahi... [Don't you Kau ulehu Developments Kum Pow Associates HMpu-16 (052098) 93 May 1998 walk on top of the burials, those places are taboo). (Pers comm., February 20, 1997) In each of her interviews, Tutu Kiniha'a speaks of the great value of Kalaemano, and observes that the birth place of the shark was sacred to her kupuna, and remains so to her family. The salt making resources also gave her family and other families of Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region life by the production of the pa `akai (see the interviews of the above referenced dates for further narratives of Tutu Kiniha'a's recollections and recommendations regarding development at Ka'upulehu). Tutu Kiniha'a's niece, Leina'ala Keakealani-Lightner, helped to make the initial arrangements for these interviews. David Ka`anohi Keakealani Interviews of November 17' and December 7`", 1996—with Kepa Maly David Ka'onohi Keakealani was born at Pu'u Anahulu in 1914. He is the son of Keakealani and Keola Na'aho (he is the older brother of Tutu Lopaka and Tutu Kiniha'a). During his youth, he lived at both Pu`u Anahulu and Kahuwai, Ka'upulehu. In his younger years, Tutu Ka`onohi worked as a paniolo (cowboy) with Pu'uwa'awa'a Ranch. His work area covered several of the lands of Kekaha and the area between Kailua and Kahalu'u-Keauhou. Later, he worked as a cantoneer with the Territorial road crew, working in the road section between Kalaoa to Waimea. In this interview (and in the group interview of December 7, 1996, with his sister and cousins), Tutu Ka'onohi shares some of his recollections of the Ka'upulehu-Kahuwai community, its families, the houses and other structures, and the customs of the residents. His mo'olelo (history) is like that of the other kupuna—former residents of Kahuwai. He expresses a great love for the land and ocean of Ka'upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. His narratives speak of the Kalaemano area as important for its association with the shark deity and salt works, and like his elder relatives, he looks upon the changes that have occurred to the land with tears in his eyes. Tutu Ka'onohi's niece, Leina'ala Keakealani-Lightner, helped to make the initial arrangements for these interviews. Marjorie (Margie) U`ilani Kaholo-Kailianu (with daughters Raynett and Zelda) December 2' & 7`", 1996—Interview with Kepa Maly Aunty Marjorie (Margie) was bom at Pu'u Anahulu in 1926. Her mother, Lizzie Alapa'i, was a native of the land of Pu'u Anahulu. Her father, Joseph "Sonny" Kaholo, was born at Kama'oa, Ka'u, and moved to Pu'u Anahulu to work for the ranch. As a child, Aunty Margie and her siblings lived with several of their kupuna, and it was with the elders and their parents, that they regularly traveled along the coast between Kapalaoa and Ka'upulehu. In the interview, Aunty tells stories of how the family made salt beds and gathered salt at Kalaemano, how they gathered lau hala at Ka'upulehu. She also observes that resources were shared between the families of the shore and the families of the uplands. In her youth, she witnessed some of her kupuna feed and care for the sharks of Kiholo and Kalaemano, and she was taught how important it was to respect both the land and ocean. When speaking of the changes to the land of Ka'upulehu, Aunty Margie recalled When that her Tutu Kaniho and Makahuki had told her, "Hiki mai ana ka la, a loll ana ka 'aina" (The day is coming that the land will be changed), and in those early years the kupuna continually instructed the children in how important it was to care for the land. Aunty recommends that the shoreline be left alone, she even suggests that hotels shouldn't be built along the shore, but that they be built inland, so that the shore and Kaupulehu Developments Kama Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 94 May 1998 ocean and access to the resources can be preserved. On December 7, 1996, Aunty Margie participated in the group interview at Ka`upulehu with other elder members (cousins) of her family. The interview adds further details and site documentation for Ka`upulehu and the larger Kekaha region. Val k Ako, Margie Kaholo-Kailianu, David Keakealani30, Rose Pilipi-Moeda, Arthur "Aka" Mahi, Joseph Pu`ipu`i Maka'ai, Caroline Keakealani-Perreira, and family members at Ka`upulehu (Oral History Interview with Kepa Maly December 7, 1996) This interview was conducted at Ka`upulehu-kai, near Kumukea, overlooking the pond of Waiakauhi pond. The interview was conducted as a part of an ethnographic study to identify traditional cultural properties along the coast of Ka`upilehu-specifically for the area fronting Waiakauhi Pond and extending towards the old Kahuwai Village site (presently the area of the Four Seasons and Kona Village resorts) (Maly and Rosendahl 1997). Six of the seven interview participants have been introduced above, the seventh, Aunty Rose "Luke" Pilipi-Maeda, is introduced here: Rase -Loke "Pilipi Maeda Interviews of Deceinber 7, 1996 and April 1,1998 Rose Pilipi-Maeda (Tutu Loke) was born in 1919, in Kohala. Her father was a native of Kohala, and her mother was a native of the Pu`ukala area of Kekaha, North Kona. When she was about two years old, TOM Lake was given, in the custom of hanai, to her maternal great grandparents to be raised at Pu`ukala. Within a few years Kir a wahine passed away, but Tuta Loke remained with her great grandfather Daniel Kinoulu and other elder members of her mother's family. Titta Kinoulu was a native Hawaiian planter and fisherman, and it was while with him, that Tutt Loke learned the customs and practices of her kapuna. In those early years. Tutu Loke regularly visited Kahuwai Village, and lived at the home of Kahiko and Mahiko, and their hanai "Wainuke" (Joseph Maka`ai). (The December 7' interview marked the first reunion between Tutu Loke and Tutu Wainuke in nearly 70 years.) Tutu Kinoulu and Tntu Mahiko were opelu fishing partners, thus some of Tutu Loke's most outstanding memories of their trips to Ka`npillehu-kai are those associated with fishing for opelu, making pa akai at Kalaeman6, preparing and salting the opelu for market, and the frequent journeys made between the uplands and shore. On April 1`, 1998 Tutu Loke visited Kalaemano with Tutu Kiniha`a, Tutu Robert Ka`iwa Punihaole, and participated in a detailed interview, further documenting the customs of salt making at Kalaemand, and other practices of the families who lived at, and visited Ka`npalehu (see the interview of that date later in this study). Together, all of the participants in the December 7, 1996 interview shared personal memories of past events, family relations, and practices of the early residents of Ka`upulehu. The interview records the uniform consensus of the kupuna, that the shoreline should be left as it is naturally; as they said ` waiho make" (leave it be). As children, the elder interviewees who resided at Ka`upulehu were instilled with a sense of awe for the land and ocean, with areas at Waiakaubi, Waipunalei, and Kalaemano being called kapu. There is also a common concern about the protection of Hawaiian sites, history and practices, and they all lament the changes to the land. 30 Uncle David's daughters Lehua Kihe, Lanihau Akau, Keala Tagavilla, and Maile Rapoza accompanied him to the interview. Additionally, his niece Shirley Keakealani and grand -niece Ku'ulei sat in on the interview. Kaupulehu Developments Ku= Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 95 May 1998 Hannah Kihalani Springer Interviews of January 20, 1997, February 3, 1998 & May 20, 1998 — with Kepa Maly Born in 1952, Hannah Kihalani Springer is a native resident of upland Ka`upulehu, residing at her family home, Kukui'ohiwai, on the shoreward facing slope of Pu'u 'Alalauwa. In historic times., the relationship of Hannah's family to Ka'upulehu can be traced back to 1888, when her great grandfather John Avery Maguire leased the entire ahupua'a (except for a 15 acre parcel on the coast– Kahuwai Village–which was retained for native tenants of the land) from the estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (Lease No. 268). Purchase of the Kukui'ohiwai parcel of Ka'upulehu, totaling c. 32 acres in fee simple, was begun around 1906. Also, John A. Maguire's first wife, Luka Hopula'au, was a native of Kuki`o and Kaulana, with a genealogical connection to Kame'eiamoku, and is thus tied to the land of Ka'upulehu. In recounting her relationship to the lands of Kekaha, Hannah observes she was bom at Ka'upulehu, and she is "'he kama o ka 'aina" (a child of the land). In the years that she was raised at Ka'apulehu, she was reminded each day, of this relationship, noting that her deep love of this land was instilled in her from her mother. She recalls that from an early age, looking from the heights of Kukui'ohiwai, down the lava plains to the shore and out to the sea, she was filled awe and respect for the land and who she is, as a result of her heritage. Hannah shares that the history and native accounts of the land embody the power of the creative forces of nature, and the place of these natural forces in the lives of the people of the land. During the May 20th, 1998 interview which was conducted to specifically discuss the proposed Kaupulehu Developments project, Hannah shared a number of specific comments and recommendations for interim and long-term management of the natural and cultural resources of Ka'upulehu. A paraphrased summary of several of Hannah's comments and recommendations is presented here (see the complete interview transcript for full details and context of the discussion): Lava flows and Landscape In discussing the Ka'upulehu lava flows that demarcate the region of Kalaemano, Hannah shares that — All of the landscapes of the pae 'aina Hawaii net (the Hawaiian Archipelago) are cultural landscapes. The absence of our ancestor's signature upon the landscape speaks as clearly as the presence of their signature upon the land—thus likening the flows to a place of the gods. There may be different expressions of culture and greater or lesser values in those all encompassing landscapes, but that is an important thing to recognize. Not only in landscapes, but in seascapes as well; that the world view is all encompassing. Culture is Alive and Value of Resources is On-going There are still those of us who came to Kalaemano in our youth, and who continue to do so in our maturity, the culture is on-going, not in the past tense. The practice of salt making, being prayerful, and being responsible for traveling upon that land is not just something that our parents and elders practiced, but it is something that is being actively practiced today and taught to our children as well. Monitor Water Quality and Inland Activities to Ensure Quality of Salt and Fishery Resources Hannah urges that the landowner and lessees carefully monitor and establish guidelines for activities on the golf course and in the individual yards so that what is put on them does not move and mix into the waters that are a habitat, and the source salt. Hannah also observed that it is important that the quality of the salt gathered at Kalaemano, endure. Since the early 1970s, going out to gather pa'akai, Hannah ma have noticed that there has been an increase in the particulate matter within the salt. There may be a number of Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 96 May 1998 reasons for this, but among them are the increased vehicular and pedestrian traffics. People that are visiting the area don't understand the value of the salt works. Developing a system for respectful access and fostering stewardship and awareness of the resources is very important. Landscape and Visitation Impacts Hannah also shared that while the significance of the salt works has been well documented, there are other aspects of the cultural and natural landscapes that are of importance to the well-being of the landscape and culture. The geological features are of significance to the landscape. Of particular beauty are the features known as homitos— small vent -like features that are formed like lava trees on the surface of the flows. Those which occur on the shoreward side of the flows in the Kalaemano region have been significantly impacted by people who take the stone for use while camping. The 'aa flow defines the area of Kalaemano. It remains profound to us. To get to Kalaemano, you walk through the 'a'a flow. To get to this resource that you are going to harvest, you pass through a zone of distinct transition, that doesn't have the signature of our ancestors upon it, except for that very narrow trail that winds its way through the lava. Even the bare lava flow is imbued with characteristics that are deserving of recognition. Other specific recommendations include, but are not limited to: 1 - Kamehameha Schools -Bishop Estate which claims the mo'oku'auhau ali'i and role of konohiki (royal genealogy and responsibility) for Ka`upulehu, needs to step forward and demonstrate the responsibility and understanding of how the things of the land and the things of the people—the beneficiaries—are one. That when they look at the land and the future, they look at all of its components—the entire ahupua'a—and the relationship of all resources from mountain to sea. 2- Today, the kiawe growth along the shore serves a purpose. Treatment of it must be carefully thought out. The plant buffer can help to protect the integrity of place and buffer practitioners from the development that occurs inland. 3 - When grading occurs, it would be appropriate to be creative in the dozing—to retain some of the uniqueness of the natural landscape—see the natural topography as an asset. Hannah notes that it is very hurtful to see the levels of impact on the Puhiapele lava flow fringe (on the Four Seasons-Koki`o side of Ka`upulehu). The development there is being placed on the very edge of the lava flow, looking down on all that is below. 4- It would be appropriate to keep buildings away from the Kalaemano facing front of the flow, so as not to impact the mauka viewplane. Keep the development a respectful distance inland of the trail system that crosses the Ka`upulehu flow. 5 - Be considerate in the use of lighting on the coastal flats. Light -free zones could be established to minimize impacts on night fishermen, those who go there for times of prayerfulness, and for star gazing. 6- Consider extension of the proposed fishery management zone to the area of Kalaemano. Provide the people who will work on the development of the land, and those who will work and/or live within the completed project and community with orientation to the significance of the cultural landscape and history of the area. Now that we have all of this archival and oral historical documentation gathered, what will be done with it? How will KSBE, the lessee and community work to apply what we know so that there will evolve an active management and stewardship of the resources? In closing, she poses the question, "How can we work together to ensure that what needs to be done, will be done?" Kaupulehu Developments Kama Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 97 May 1998 Karin Kawiliau Haleamau Oral History Interview of January 22, 1997—with Kepa Maly Karin Haleamau was bom in 1940 and raised at Hale`ohi`u. Uncle's family has many ties to the lands of the Kekaha region. His mother, Ka`ula Hao was from Pu'u Anahulu but was also raised by her kupuna at Kohanaiki and later lived at Pu`ukala. Uncle's father, Herman Haleamau, was from the Hamanamana-Hale`ohi`u area. As a youth, Karin was close to his kapuna, often living with them for extended periods of time. It was during those years that the Hawaiian sense of stewardship and caring for the land, ocean, and resources was instilled in him. He was particularly close to his Tutu Annie Punihaole-Una, and it was while with her that he walked the length of the Kekaha shoreline, visiting the lands of Kohanaiki, Mahai`ula, Makalawena, Kuki`o, and Ka`upulehu. In the interview, Karin describes a number of the native customs that he observed being practiced by his elders. He describes the stewardship of resources that families practiced. Recalling how they made salt, traded resources between inland and shoreward residents, how they made imu (stone mounds) in the shallow waters to trap fish. From the abundance of their catch, his kupuna would let fish go, stocking the brackish ponds with fish for seasons when it was too rough to go out to the ocean. Uncle records that while walking along the entire coast, Tutu Annie would: ...take care the area, go around, malama [take care], make all the pohaku [stones] right. I watched Tutu do all that --- all the kind [stones] that hane a down, fall down, she'd go there and put them all back...! Karin believes strongly in the need to respect the old Hawaiian places. And states that the coastal resources and marine fisheries are still important to his family and others of the Kekaha region. He and many others regularly fish Ka'upulehu and vicinity. He urges that the shore be left in its natural state, and observes that: That's the 'aina of the family... Hey, that's the 'aina going feed people over there. L,o'a kaukau [get food] over there, gee, got to malama [take care]...! Valentine Kolaniho'okaho Ako, George Kinoulu Kahananui, Caroline Kiniha`a Keakealani-Perreira, Leina'ala Keakeoloni-Lightner, Violet Lei (Ku`uleikeonaona) Lincoln-Ka`elemakule Collins, and family members November 8, 1997, at MahaVula — with Kepa Maly This interview was conducted by the author as a part of a study prepared for the lands of Kaulana, Mahai`ula, Makalawena, Awake`e, Manini`owali, and Kuki`o, in conjunction with preservation and interpretive planning for the Kekaha Kai State Park (Maly 1998a). Several of the interviewees have been previously introduced in this study, Violet Lei Ka`elemakule-Collins and George Kinoulu Kahananui are introduced here: Violet Ku'uleikeonoono (Lei) Ka'elemakule-Collins Violet Ku`uleikeonaona (Aunty Lei) Collins was born in 1913, at Ke`ei, South Kona. Her father George Kawaiho`olana Lincoln was an heir to the Lincoln family lands at Keawewai-Kawaihae-uka, Kohala. Aunty Lei's mother was Jane Kalikokalani Haiti -Lincoln, was a descendant of the Keanu- Haili families of Ke`ei, South Kona. In the 1920s, Aunty Lei became close with the family of John Ka`elemakule Sr., and she eventually married Joseph Ka`elemakule. As a result of the Ka`elemakule family tie to the lands of Kaulana-Mahai`ula, Aunty Lei became familiar with some of the families and customs of those families in the Kekaha region. Aunty Lei has been a life-long advocate of education about, and protection of Hawaiian cultural and natural resources. She has been an active Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (051098) 98 May 1998 supporter and participant in past actions of the Kona Hawaiian Civic Club in its' efforts to ensure respectful use of the land and resources of Ka'upulehu and other areas of Kona. Though not directly familiar with native families and customs of Ka'upulehu, Aunty Lei's discussions about practices at Kaulana-Mahai'ula led into the discussions of Ka'upulehu by other aupuna in this interview. George Kinoulu Kahananui George Kinoulu Kahananui (Uncle Kino) was born in 1925 at Holualoa, North Kona. His birth parents were James Ako Sr. and Lily K. Kanoholani-Ako, but at birth, he given in the custom of hanai to relatives of his mother's, Joseph Kinoulu Kahananui and Haleaka Kahananui (he is the older brother of Uncle Val Ako). He was raised in the land of Kalaoa, overlooking Kekaha. Being raised by the elder Kahananuis, Uncle Kino's first language was Hawaiian. From his earliest days, he was hearing stories of the lands of Kekaha, and he traveled the entire region from the uplands to the shore. Also, his first job was with Hu'ehu`e Ranch, so even after growing up he continued to travel through Ka'upulehu and the other paha lands. In the interview, Uncle Kino shared his recollections of salt making at Kalaemano, and specifically discusses the annual stewardship—cleaning of the salt beds and preparing for the salt harvest—that Annie Punihaole-Una Keala'ula exercised. He also expressed concern about the need to use the appropriate Hawaiian names for land areas. He observed that these names are "sacred," and they must be preserved. In his discussion of place names, Uncle also shared an account he had heard from Tutu Palakiko Kamaka, that describes how the boundaries of the various ahupua'a of Kona themselves were determined. The perpetuation of these types of mo'olelo, and protection of Hawaiian cultural sites is important to Uncle Kino, and he feels that the youth need to have these things protected so that they can know their history. Uncle Val Ako, Tutu Caroline Kiniha'a Keakealani-Perreira, and Leina'ala Keakealani-Lightner all add further documentation and support to Uncle Kino's recollections of the lands of Ka'upulehu. Robert "Sonny" Keakealani Jr. Interview at Kiholo Bay, Pu'uwa'awa'a February 19, 1998 (with Kepa Maly) Robert "Sonny" Keakealani Jr. is the son of Robert K. Keakealani Sr. and Margaret Keanu Maunu- Keakealani. Sonny was born in 1943, and in his early years to his teens, he had the benefit of being with several elder members of his family, traveling the land from Kapalaoa to Kalaemano and the uplands of Pu'u Anahulu and Pu'uwa'awa'a. Growing up, Sonny saw, heard, and experienced many things, pertaining to the history of the land, areas of cultural significance, and customs and practices of his kupuna. Sonny himself is a good story teller, and he is proud of his family's heritage and relationship to the lands of Pu'u Anahulu, Pu'uwa'awa'a, and Ka'upulehu. of particular importance to the present study, Sonny discusses some aspects of the family's association with the shark deity in the ocean from Kalaemano to Kapalaoa. He also describes the practices of salt making at Kalaemano and Mula (Waia'elepi, in the ahupua'a of Pu'uwa'awa'a), which was continued by some elder members of his family till their passing away in the 1970s -1980s. His discussion also describes the relationship of families between coastal and inland settlements, the use of trails, the importance of the landscape in the native traditions of Kekaha, and he shares insights on historic ranching activities. Sonny's interview, along with those of his elders (cited above), adds significantly to the recordation of the history of Ka'upulehu and the neighboring lands of Kekaha. Kaupulehu Developments Kama Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 99 May 1998 Caroline Kiniha'a Keakeoloni-Perreira (CK -P) Rose "Loke" Pilipi-Maeda (RP -M) Robert Ko'iwo Punihaole (RP) and family members Interview at Ka`upulehu (Kalaemano-Pohakuokahae vicinity) April 1, 1998 (with Kepa Maly) This interview was conducted at the area the kupuna identified as Kalaemano (Figure 10). The three elder interview participants each personally traveled to the area with their elders and gathered pa'akai (salt from the extensive kaheka (natural tidal pools and salt beds) and loko pa `akai (man -modified salt ponds) of Kalaemano. Tutu Kiniha`a and Tutu Loke have both participated in interviews as introduced above, had not been back to Kalaemano for some 70 years, since the passing away of their kupuna. Uncle Robert Ka`iwa Punihaole had not been back to Kalaemano for some 50 years. It had been hoped that Tutu Kiniha`a's cousin, Joseph Pu`ipu`i "Wainuke" Maka`ai—with whom she traveled to Kalaemano as a child—could also join us in the interview, but he was unable to. Robert Ka'iwa Punihaole Uncle Robert Ka`iwa Punihaole was born in 1923 at Kalaoa. His mother was a descendant of the Punihaole line with generations of residency in the lands from Makalawena to Pu`uwa'awa`a since before 1847. His father was a descendant of the Kalolo-Kamalu lines of Holualoa. Throughout his childhood, Uncle Robert traveled between uplands Kalaoa and Hu`ehu`e (the Punihaole line tied him to the family of Thelma Stillman -Springer) and the ancestral home of Makalawena-kai. While on the shore of Makalawena, Uncle took many journeys with his elder aunts and uncles and kupuna to Ka`upulehu and the Kalaemano salt works. Uncle Robert is an animated story teller, and his memory of the mo `olelo 'aina (traditions of the land), place names, and the practices and customs of the kupuna e.g., fishing, salt making, and care for the land and ocean—is rich. In the interview, he introduces the accounts of Ka-imu-pulehu-a-ke- akua, and Puhi-a-Pete in the naming of the land of Ka`upulehu, and the significance of the lava flows on the larger Kekaha community. His narratives help bring further life to the accounts of the native families of the land. In this interview, Uncle Robert, Tutu Kiniha`a and Tutu Loke provide in depth descriptions of the salt making practices of families of Kekaha at Kalaemano. The narratives describe both local and regional care for, and use of the salt ponds. The pa'akai, generally made for a three month period from—varying with seasons—from late December to April, was extremely important to the well-being of each of the families who made use of the salt works. Everyone took responsibility for care and maintenance of the Kalaemano salt works in order to ensure continued access to the pa `akai. The kupuna also document that significant changes in the coastal landscape—salt works area—have occurred since their last visits. In their youth, the shoreward pahoehoe flats in which the loko pa'akai and kaheka were situated, were clear and kept clean. The loose rocks and sand which now cover the area were not previously there. The kupuna believe that their elders cleaned the salt making area, resetting stones on earlier features, and keeping the sand from building up in the salt making area. The pa'akai was graded with the pure white ("white as snow") salt being kept for table use, and the slightly discolored salt being used for preserving 'opelu and other fish and meats. The traditions regarding the sacredness of the shark's house and birthing place at Kalaemano, and family accounts of the shark deity of the area are further explained as well. Tutu Kiniha`a, and other elder members of her family were carefully instructed about not walking over a particular place —a cave which the shark entered from the sea— as it was kapu to walk over the head of the shark. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 100 May 1998 The kupuna emphasize the need to be respectful of Kalaemano and the Hawaiian sites of Ka'upulehu. They also urge that Bishop Estate and the developer work to take care of the salt making area, and that they respect the kapu of Kalaemano and other sites like burials and places made by the po e kahiko (ancient people). They also urge KSBE and the lessees to make the historical records of interviews and archival research available so that the history will be remembered and perpetuated. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pono Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 101 May 1998 VIII. MANA'O PANT (CLOSING THOUGHTS The archival -historical documentation and oral history interviews cited in this study provide readers with access to detailed descriptions of the natural and cultural landscapes of Ka`upulehu (much of it not previously available). The documentation—particularly the concerns and recommendations of the native families of the land—should be acknowledged and used to help plan for the long-term protection and interpretation of the varied cultural and natural resources of Ka`upulehu. It has been suggested—and work is already underway—that Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate (in its role as steward of the estate of Chiefess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, and Konohiki of those resources), work with its' lessees; representatives of native families of Ka'upulehu (individuals with generational attachments to the land); current residents and those who will become residents of Ka`upulehu; and other individuals and parties interested in the future of the natural and cultural resources of Ka'upulehu, in the development of the long-term site and resource preservation and conservation program. KSBE has initiated work on an Ahupua'a Plan that is meant to establish guidelines for an "ecosystems" approach to stewardship and sustainability at Ka`upulehu. KSBE has also committed itself to the establishment of a foundation, made up of a cross-section of participants (such as those referenced above) to provide guidance in accomplishing the goals and objectives of the larger Ahupua a Plan and cultural site preservation and interpretive plans. The old Hawaiian saying `I ka lokahi ko kakou o1a ail" (Our well-being is in unity!) provides us with the foundation—lbkahiwith which to succeed at Ka`upulehu. Indeed, the archival and oral historical documentation provides readers with numerous examples of how members of the early community of Ka`upulehu and Kekaha worked to together in stewardship of the natural resources of the land. In recognizing the inter -relatedness (ho oku 7kahi) of the natural and human resources on an ahupua'a and regional level, the families of the land were sustained at Ka`upulehu through the first decades of this century. In taking responsibility for the "wise use" and stewardship of the resources of Ka`upulehu, KSBE, lessees, and the families of the land can ensure the continued viability of the land and sea for future generations. O ka mea maika`i, malama; o ka mea maika`i We, kapae `ial Kaupulehu De elopmenls Kumu Pow Associates HiiKaupu-16 (052098) 102 May 1998 REFERENCES CITED Alexander, W.D. 1902 Hawaiian Geographic Names. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Washington. Government Printing Office. Beckwith, M. 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Board of Commissioners 1929 Indices of Awards Made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: Star Bulletin Publishing. Boundary Commission Testimony 1873-1905 Microfihn Collection of the University of Hawaii at Hilo, Mo`okini Library. Chinen, J.J. 1958 The Great Mahele: Hawaii's Land Division of 1848. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii. Honolulu: privately published. Coulter, J.W. 1931 Population and Utilization of Land and Sea in Hawaii, 1853. Bishop Museum Bulletin 88. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 1935 A Gazetteer of the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu. Doyle, E.L. 1945 Makua Laiana: The Story of Lorenzo Lyons. Compiled from the manuscript journals, 1832- 1886. Honolulu Star -Bulletin. Ellis, W. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd. Emerson, J.S. 1882 Field Note Books No. 251, 252, & 253. Hawaii State Survey Office. 1882-1888 Field Letters (Emerson to Alexander). Hawaii State Archives. Forbes, C. 1984 The Journals of Cochran Forbes, Missionary to Hawaii 1831-1864. Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, Honolulu. Fornander, A. 1917- Fomander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore. (9 vols.). Honolulu: 1919 Bishop Museum Press. 1973 An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc. Handy, E.S.C., E.G. Handy, with M.K. Pukui 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii, Ther Life, Lore, and Environment. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. B.P. Bishop Museum Press. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pond Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 103 May 1998 Head, James et al. 1995 Archaeological Inventory Survey: Ka'upulehu Makai — Lot 4; Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (Volume 1). P.H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. Hilo, Hawaii. (PHRI Report 1397-083195). Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments, c/o Belt Collins Hawaii. Henke, L.A. 1929 A Survey of Livestock in Hawaii. University of Hawaii. Research Publication, No. 5 I'l, J.P. 1959 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kamakau, S.M. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. 1968 Ka Po'e Kahiko: The People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 51. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1976 The Works of the People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1991 Tales and Traditions of the People of Old, Na Mo'olelo a ka Po'e Kahiko. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kame'eleihiwa, L. 1992 Native Land, and Foreign Desires. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kelly, M. 1971 Kekaha: Aina Malo'o. A Survey of the Background and History of Kaloko and Kukio, North Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 71-2. Dept. Anthro., B. P. Bishop Museum. 1983 Na Mala O Kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 83-2. Dept. Anthro., B. P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for the Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii. Kent, J. 1995 Cultural Attachment: Assessment of Impacts to Living Culture. Prepared for Woodward - Clyde Consultants; APCo 756 kv Transmission Line EIS. James Kent Associates. Aspen Colorado. (Appendix M; September 1995). Kingdom of Hawai'l 1850 Kanawai Hoopai Karaima no ko Hawaii Pae Aina [Penal Code]. Maguire, E.D. 1926 Kona Legends. Honolulu: Paradise of the Pacific Press. Malo, D. 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. Honolulu, B.P. Bishop Museum. Maly, Kepi 1998a "Kekaha Wai 'Ole o na Kona" — A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research, and Oral History Interviews for Kekaha Kai State Park. Ahupua a of Kaulana, Mahai'ula, Makalawena, Awake'e, Manini`6wali, and Kuki'o, District of North Kona, Island of Hawai i. Prepared for George Atta, Group 70 International, Honolulu, Hawaii. Kunio Pow Associates, Hilo, Hawaii (KPA Report: HiKe10-030498). Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiAoupu-16 (052098) 104 May 1998 Maly, Kepa (translator) 1992-1998 Ka'ao Ho'oniva Pu'uwai no Ka-Miki (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki). A translation of a legendary account of people and places of the island of Hawaii. published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoke o Hawaii; January 8, 1914 - December 6, 1917. Ka Loko o Paaiea (The Pond of Patsies). A translation of the writings of J.W.H.I Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoke o Hawaii; February 5- 26, 1914. Ka Imu a Kane (The Oven of Kane). A translation of the writings of J.W.H.I Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka H6ku o Hawaii; April 2, 1914. Ka Lae o Keahole (The Point of Keahole). A translation of the writings of J.W.H.I Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii; October 11 & 18, 1923. Maniniowali. A translation of the writings of J.W.111 Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoka o Hawaii; November 8 & 22, 1923. Na Hoomanao o ka Manawa (Reflections of Past Times). A translation of the writings of J.W.H.I Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii; June 5 & 12, 1924. He Moolelo no Makalei (A Legend about Makalei). A translation of the writings of J.W.H.I Kihe, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii; January 31 - August 21, 1928. Ko Keoni Kaelemakule Moolelo Ponoi (The True Story of John Kaelemakule). A translation of the writings of J. Ka'elemakule, published in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawai `i; May 29, 1928 t0 March 18, 1930. Additional excerpts of translated articles cited in text. Maly, Kepi and P.H. Rosendahl 1997 Identification of Traditional Cultural Properties Beach Safety Improvements at Hualalai Resort. Land Of Ka'upalehu North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Volume I Traditional Cultural Properties Documentation Report; Volume II Appendices (Oral History Component). Army Corps of Engineers Permit No. 950030004, Section 106 (NHPA 1966) Review. PH U Report 1733-043197. Prepared for Hualalai Development Company. McEldowney, H. 1979 Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design: Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawaii. BPBM Report, Honolulu. Morgan, T. 1948 Hawaii: A Century of Economic Change, 1778-1876. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press. Pukui, M.K. 1983 Olelo Noeau. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Relnecke, J. Ms. 1930 Survey of Hawaiian Sites, 1929-1930. Manuscript in Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Schmitt, R.C. 1973 The Missionary Censuses of Hawai'i. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 20. Department of Anthropology, Bishop Museum. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates HiKaupu-16 (052098) 105 May 1998 Soehren, L. 1963 Archaeology and History in Kaupulehu and Makalawena, Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. B.P. Bishop Museum. Honolulu. Springer, H.K. 1989 Appendix B: Regional Notes from Kekaha: Kuki`o. IN Full Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kukio Resort Development Project Area. Land of Kukio 1". North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 167-090385. Prepared for Phillips, Brandt, Reddick & Associates and Huehue Ranch. (also 1985 and December 1992) State of Hawaii Ms. Files cited in text from the collections of the: Hawaii State Archives Department of Land and Natural Resources — Bureau of Conveyances Department of Land and Natural Resources — Division of State Parks Department of Land and Natural Resources — Land Management Division Department of Land and Natural Resources — State Survey Division Stokes, J.F.G., and T. Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Tatar, E. 1982 Nineteenth Century Hawaiian Chant. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 33. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Thrum, T. 1908 Heiaus and Heiau Sites Throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Island of Hawaii. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1909. Honolulu: T.G. Thrum. Tomonarl-Tuggle 1985 Cultural Resource Management Plan, Cultural Resource Management at the Keauhou Resort. PHRI Report 89-060185. Prepared for Kamehameha Investment Corp. Wilkes, C. 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838-1842, Under the Command of C. Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: Loa and Blanchard. Kaupulehu Developments Kumu Pow Associates MKaupu-16 (032098) 106 May 1998 Appendix B: Assessment of Biotic Resources of the Intertidal and Subtidal Environments off the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ASSESSMENT OF BIOTIC RESOURCES OF THE INTERTIDAL and SUBTIDAL ENVIRONMENTS OFF THE KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION ASSESSMENT OF BIOTIC RESOURCES OF THE INTERTIDAL and SUBTIDAL ENVIRONMENTS OFF THE KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION Prepared for: Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 by: Marine Research Consultants 4467 Sierra Dr. Honolulu, HI 96816 March 25, 1998 INTRODUCTION and PURPOSE Planning is underway for development of Lot 4 of the parcel owned by Kaupulehu Land Company (KLC), located in the North Kona District on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. While the project plans have not yet been finalized, it is apparent that there will be resort development, including two golf courses along the coastal region. While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the existing nature of the marine environment, it is nevertheless important to address any potential impacts that may be associated with the planned project. The concern for preventing impacts to the nearshore marine environment, including fishery resources, is critical for the west coast of Hawaii owing to the nearly pristine nature of the coastal ocean, and the importance of the nearshore area as a recreational and subsistence resource. For this purpose, a baseline survey was conducted to evaluate the existing condition of the intertidal and nearshore marine environment prior to any shoreline development. This baseline survey is intended to provide information for development of a fishery management plan that will be prepared as part of the planning process for the project. Presented below are methods, results and conclusions of the baseline assessment of biotic resources offshore of the proposed Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site. METHODS The methodological approach for the assessment included an initial meeting with local fishermen and users of the nearshore environment to identify what is considered the areas of particular concern. Subsequent to the meetings, reconnaissance surveys of the nearshore areas were conducted to identify shoreline habitats, and dominant biota. At the areas where local residents identified specific fishery potential, it was planned to conduct quantitative surveys to document the abundance of particular species. However, during the meetings with residents, no such areas of particular use were identified. As a result, the assessment of the resources consists of a general discussion of the entire nearshore area of the development parcel. RESULTS Resource Management Subzones Figure I is map of the shoreline of the Kaupulehu development parcel showing the boundaries of the subzones of land use activities that have been established as part of the Resource Management Plan. Subzones Aand BI consists of the sandflat-tidepool area as well as the inland on the northeastern side of the a'a flow. Subzone A consists of approximately 104 acres extending along approximately 4,000 feet of shoreline. Except for limited public access improvements such as pedestrian paths, it is anticipated that all development would be prohibited in this area. Because this area is highly valued as a traditional fishing and food gathering area, it is proposed as a Sustainable Resource Subzone. Management of this area will focus on sustaining resources including fish, shellfish, limu and salt, and preserving several significant archaeological sites situated along the coastline. Subzone B2 traverses approximately 3,900 feet of coastline from the edge of the 1800- 1801 Kaupulehu flow, and includes all of the land from the certified shoreline to the 24 - foot elevation contour. With respect to biotic resources, uses of Subzone B2 are limited gathering and shoreline fishing. Subzone B3 consists of approximately 49 acres that form the northern boundary of the Kona Village Resort property. Biotic resource usage of this area is similar to Subzone B2. Subzone C consists of approximately 37 acres inland of the shoreline. This subzone has been set aside as a archaeological preserve, and with no contact to the shoreline should have no biotic marine resource usage. Intertidal Habitats As indicated in the resource management subzone designations, the nearshore area of the Kaupulehu parcel is composed of two major habitat types. The southern half of the property is composed of a'a lava of the 1800-1801 Kaupulehu flow, and is essentially barren of all terrestrial vegetation. The shoreline in this area is composed of steep vertical lava cliffs and boulder -black sand beaches. A series of cusp -shaped embayments are bounded by outcrops of lava that extend seaward. Figure 2 shows several views of cliffed lava shorelines which include finger-like promontories that extend from the shoreline up to 50 meters offshore. Figure 3 shows several views of boulder and black sand beaches that occur along the southern portion of the property at the seaward boundary of the 1800-1801 lava flow. It can be seen in Figures 2 and 3 that the entire nearshore area fronting the lava flow can be considered a very high energy zone during periods of north and west swell. During periods of breaking waves along the lava cliffs and on the boulder -black sand beaches entry into the nearshore zone from the shoreline is essentially impossible. The nearshore area of northern section of the property beyond the edge of the 1800- 1801 flow is substantially different than the southern sector. At the juncture of the lava flow, the intertidal region consists of a wide (-50 m) expanse of basaltic boulders bounded on the shoreline side by a pahoehoe lava bench. The seaward edge of the boulder field (which can be defined as the actual shoreline) grades into a low, flat lava. bench that creates a series of small scalloped embayments. The sides of the lava bench are nearly vertical and extend several meters underwater (Figure 4). As in the southern sector, breaking waves from north and west swells result in an extremely high energy environment in the nearshore zone, making ocean access difficult or impossible. Moving northward past the boundary of the lava flow to the northern property boundary, the boulder shoreline grades into a wide (-100 m) pahoehoe lava flat covered in large part by white -grey beach sand. A large fraction of the sand is inhabited by creeping vines of beach morning glory. The sand flat is bounded on the landward side by a portion of the 1800-1801 lava flow. The boundary between the lava flow and the sand flat is marked by a zone of kiawe trees and bushes. While there was extensive kiawe vegetation in the boundary zone, there was no indication of exposed groundwater or anchialine ponds. Inspection of photographs of the area as it presently exists by workers who assessed the area prior to Hurricanes Iwa (1982) and Iniki (1992) suggest that the amount of sand in the back -beach area has increased substantially since the hurricanes (R. Brock, personal communication). The composition (largely calcium carbonate) of the sand on the lava flat suggest that the origin is likely from deposition of marine material from large storm waves that appear to impact the area. Rippling of the sand as far landward as the lava flow boundary suggests that the area is periodically covered by ocean water from wave wash associated with storm surges, and possibly periodic (but predictable) high tides. The occurrence of standing sea water in low areas in the most landward portions of the flat also indicate regular innundation of the flat by waves and tides (Figure 5). The flat platform also has been identified as a area where salt has been harvested from evaporation of seawater in shallow depressions on the lava platform. Standing water in shallow sand -filled pools near the landward boundary of the pahoehoe flat appeared to be large devoid of marine life, possibly as a result of the temporary nature, and possibly because of the high temperatures resulting from low exchange with the ocean and high solar radiation (Figure 6). Biotic Resources of the Intertidal Region Cliff -Boulder Zone As described above, the nearshore habitat of the southern half of the Kaupulehu property is composed of vertical cliffs, and boulder -black sand beaches. As a result of the virtual absence of tidepools, the intertidal zone is composed of vertical basalt faces and a narrow strip of cobble -sand beaches. The predominant resource in this region is the limpets or opihi (Ceiiana spp.), which occur on the basalt cliffs in the spray zone. The larger yellow -foot opihi (Ceiiana sandwicensis) occurs higher in the splash zone than the smaller, black -foot variety (Ceiiana exarata) The other inhabitant of this area is the helmet sea urchin, or ha'ukiuki, (Coiobocentrotus arratus) which are also able to withstand the concussive force of breaking waves. Within the cobble and black sand beach habitats, the only organisms of potential fishery value that were observed were the a'ama (Grapsus spp.) Virtually no edible marine algae (limu) was observed in this area, likely as a result of the substantial wave energy that prevents algal attachment and growth. Basalt Platform Zone The intertidal area of the northern portion of the property is characterized predominantly by a low, flat pahoehoe bench. As a result of the low elevation and flat of configuration of the bench, tidepools occur. In addition to the a'ama crabs mentioned above, several fish were observed in the tidepools. These included the ala'ihi (Sargocentron punctatssimum), sharpnose mullet, or uouoa (Neomyxus leuciscus), kupipi (Adudefdufsordidus), manini (Acanthurus triostegus) and aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis), and two species of blenny or pao'o, the marbled blenny (Entomacrodus marmoratus) and the zebra blenny (lsteblenniuszebra). All fish were small in size and limited to several individuals, except for the zebra blenny, which were quite abundant. Other invertebrates commonly found in the tidepools included several mollusks; the periwinkle (Littorina pintado), pipipi (Nerita Picea), and the two species of opihi described above (Ce/lana spp.). The ha dki (Colobocentrotus atratus) also occurred commonly in the tidepools. Several species of macroalgae were also observed, including limu kala (Sarpssum spp.) and sea lettuce (Ulva spp.). The basalt boulder -sand zone at the northern boundary of the shoreline sea cliffs appeared to be a potential habitat for the mollusk known as kupe'e (Nerita polita). These mollusks live beneath the surface of the sand among boulders at the high -tide line. Seldom seen during the day, the snails emerge at night, plowing through the sand' to feed on algae covering the rocks. While the animals are used as food, the multi -colored shells are prized as items of adornment (Kay 1979). However, surveys of the area at night revealed no kupe'e. It is likely that the absence of these mollusks is a result of the lack of tidal flow to the boulder area over parts of the year when surf is small. Inspection of the pools of standing water in the back -beach area of the pahoehoe flat revealed virtually no fauna or flora of fishery resource value. Subtidal Habitats The seaward edge of the lava shoreline is composed of either basaltic boulder fields, or vertical sea cliffs 2-3 m in height. Beyond the shoreline, the structure of the offshore environment off of Kaupulehu Lot 4 generally conforms to the pattern that has been documented as characterizing much of the west coast of the Island of Hawaii (Dollar 1975, 1982, Dollar and Tribble 1993). The zonation scheme consists of three predominant regions. Beginning at the shoreline and moving seaward, the shallowest zone beyond the shoreline is comprised of a seaward extension of the basaltic shoreline bench, along with scattered basaltic boulders that have entered the ocean after breaking off from the shoreline. Pocillopora meandrina, a sturdy hemispherical coral is the dominant colonizer of the nearshore area. This species is able to flourish in areas that are physically too harsh for most other species, particularly due to wave stress. Seaward of the nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed predominantly of a gently sloping reef bench composed of basalt, interspersed with lava extrusions and sand channels. In some areas, the bench is characterized by high relief in the form of undercut ledges and basaltic pinnacles. Fine-grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of bottom cover. Water depth in this mid -reef zone ranges from about 7- 15 m. As wave stress in this region is substantially less than in the shallower areas, and suitable hard substrata abound, the area provides an ideal locale for colonization by attached benthos, particularly reef corals, and generally the widest assortment of species and growth forms are encountered in this region. The seaward edge of the reef platform (at a depth of about 15 m) is marked by an increase in slope to an angle of approximately 20-30 degrees. In the deep slope zone, substratum changes from the solid continuation of the island mass to an aggregate of generally unconsolidated sand and rubble. The predominant coral cover in the slope zone is typically interconnected mats of "finger coral" (Porites compressa), which grow laterally over unconsolidated substrata. In many areas of west Hawaii, the intensity of recent storm activity is apparent by the extent of rubble created from breakage of P. compressa branches (Dollar 1982, Dollar and Tribble 1993). Moving down the reef slope, coral settlement and growth cease at a depth of approximately 25 m; beyond this depth the bottom consists mostly of sand, with occasional basaltic outcrops. Biotic Resources of the Subtidal Region While the intertidal region of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property is somewhat impoverished with respect to fishery resources, predominantly as a result of physical limitation, the nearshore Subtidal area is rich in resource potential primarily as a result of abundant fish communities. The reef fish community off Kaupulehu Lot 4 is typical of that found along most of the Kona Coast, as described by Hobson (1974), and Walsh (1984). Reef fish community structure was largely determined by the topography and composition of the benthos. Fish community structure can be divided into six general categories: juveniles, planktivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwelling fish, swarming tetrodonts, and surge -zone fish. Juvenile fish belonged mostly to the family Acanthuridae (surgeonfish), with representatives from the families Labridae (wrasses), Mullidae (goatfish) and Chaetodontidae (butterfly fish). juveniles were most abundant on the deepest transects of the reef slope zone in areas dominated by finger coral (P. compressa), or basalt boulders. The complex habitat created by the spreading growth form of P. compressa provides shelter for small fish. The mats of finger coral in the deep slope zone off Kaupulehu Lot 4 appeared to provide a very favorable shelter zone for juvenile fish. However, even in areas where mats of finger coral are virtually destroyed by storm damage, fish communities continue to populate the rubble zones. It appears that fish abundance is not related directly to composition of intact living coral, but rather to the degree of shelter afforded by coralline structures, whether alive or dead. Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) were the most abundant family of fish. The most common species were the yellow tang (lau'i-pals, Zebrasoma Aavescens) and the goldring surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus). On the shallower reef terrace, adult whitebar surgeonfish (maikoiko, Acanthurus leucopareius), orangeband surgeonfish (na'ena'e, A. olivaceus), and parrotfish (uhu, Scares spp.) were also common. Planktivorous damselfish, principally of the genus Chromis were abundant in all areas surveyed. In areas where coral rubble was abundant, common fish included potters angelfish (Centropyge potters), and several species of wrasses, notably fourline wrasse (Psuedochilinus tetrataenia), eightline wrasse (P. octotaenia), and yellowtail wrasse (aki-lolo, Corisgaimara). The surge zone near the base of the shoreline cliffs supported a large number of fish„ principally herbivores such as rudderfish (nenue, Kyphosus bigibbus), surgeonfish (Acanthurus spp.), and unicornfish (mostly umaumalei, Naso lituratus). Saddle wrasse (hinalea lau-wili, Thallassoma trilobatum) and surge wrasse (hou, T. purpureum) were also abundant in the surge zone. Few juvenile fish were seen inhabiting the boulder zone environment. Black durgeon (humuhumu-ele'ele, Melanichthys nigei) and pinktail durgeon (humuhumu-hi'u-kole, M. vidula) were also observed congregating in the water column over the reef platform. Several common species taken by subsistence and/or recreational fishermen were observed during the survey. Schools of several hundred individuals of goatfish (weke, Mulloidichthys flavolinearus), Hawaiian mackerel (opelu, Decapterus macarellus), and blue -lined snapper (taape, Lutianus kasmira) were observed while diving. Numerous grand -eyed porgeys (mu, Monotaxisgrandoculis) were also observed. Rocky ledges and large coral heads sheltered fair numbers of squirrelfish (u'u, Myripristes berndti). Other food fishes included parrotfish (uhu, Scarus spp.), goatfish (moana kea and malu, Parupaneus cyclostomus and P. Masciatus), jacks (papio, Caranx melamphygus), and grouper (roi, Cephalopholus argus). None of these species were particularly abundant. Orange -eyed surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus), while abundant, were generally not large enough to be considered suitable as "food fish". Overall, subtidal fish community structure at Kaupulehu Lot 4 appeared fairly typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments. The presence of large schools of some food fish indicates that the area has probably been subjected to only low to moderate amounts of fishing pressure by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. No extensive growth of limu was observed in the subtidal region. REFERENCES Dollar, S. J. 1975. Zonation of reef corals off the Kona Coast of Hawaii. M.S. Thesis in Oceanography, University of Hawaii. 183 p. Dollar, S. J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81. Dollar, S. J. and G. W. Tribble. 1993. Recurrent storm disturbance and recovery: a long-term study of coral communities in Hawaii. Coral Reefs. Kay, E. A. 1979. Hawaiian marine shells, reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 4: Mollusca. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64(4). a' U A \ q Qo N 'a +i ` W p ' _ _ •. " •• 3 Y C N = In a y ! Cc c E m d n= N a� W W N C E O Q Y N L O LL. L Z 3 E �9a N > >c0 L ri i �s n = a- 75 In m Z r + c0 a n Y 0 J ' ' I 1ell m d In v m CL � d CL` a' U A \ q Qo N 'a +i ` W p ' _ _ •. " •• 3 FIGURE 2. Cliffed basaltic shoreline that typifies the southern portion of the Kaupulehu Resort Development. FIGURE 3. Black sand and cobble beaches along the southern portion of the Kaupulehu Resort Development. Aft 4 OW FIGURE 4. Expanse of basaltic boulders and pahoehoe lava bench that comprise the shoreline at the northern coastal boundary of the 1800-1801 lava flow. E ��,�/ f' ` eta` (i,'"•'"�,��".k�;�{L,'`� 1 � ,�,st�-a"2 • , /':� r Wil+ _� # � �r '��"�i1�1 fes_ � .`d 'r l Lj.A •li, 7'i-AL,� e - - - - z _alp IM- FIGURE 6. Shallow sand -filled pools of standing water at the landward edge of the basaltic flat at the northern area of the Kaupulehu Resort Development. 1VCIL COPY L., kNOT REMOVE Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement Prepared for: 1 j A KaupulEhu DEVELOPMENTS Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii, September 1994 ATTACH. C-1051 (13-332) Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Final Environmental Impact Statement Prepared for: 10 KaupulEhu DEVELOPMENTS Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii, September 1994 Submitted to: State Land Use Commission Submitted by: James R. Bell, Chairman Belt Collins Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii L • • ITABLE OF CONTENTS ' CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1.7.3 Phasing of Development ............................................ 1-3 1.8 Summary of Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures .................. 1.3 1.8.1 Significant Short -Term Impacts ...................................... 1.3 ' 1.8.2 Significant Long -Term Impacts ...................................... 1-3 1.8.3 Summary of Key Mitigation Measures ................................. 1.4 1.9 Summary of Alternatives Considered .................................. 1.5 1.1 Overview........................................................ 1-1 1.2 Identification of Applicant .......................................... 1-1 1.3 Requested Government Action ....................................... 1-1 ' 1.4 Purpose and Need for Action ......................................... 1-1 2.1 2.2 1.5 Statement of Objectives ............................................. 1-1 2.3 1.6 Project Setting ................................................ I....1-1 2.4 2.5 1.7 Project Description ................................................. 1.3 2.6 1.7.1 Proposed Development .............................................. 1-3 2.6.1 2.6.2 1.7.2 Proposed Infrastructure .............................................. 1-3 1.7.3 Phasing of Development ............................................ 1-3 1.8 Summary of Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures .................. 1.3 1.8.1 Significant Short -Term Impacts ...................................... 1.3 ' 1.8.2 Significant Long -Term Impacts ...................................... 1-3 1.8.3 Summary of Key Mitigation Measures ................................. 1.4 1.9 Summary of Alternatives Considered .................................. 1.5 1 3.2.1 Proposed Action: Development of Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ........... 3-1 I 1.10 Summary of Unresolved Issues ........................................ 1-5 1.11 Summary of Compatibility with Land Use Plans and Policies ............. 1-5 1.12 Necessary Approvals and Permits ..................................... 1.6 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 2.1 2.2 Overview and Regional Setting ...................................... Existing and Surrounding Uses ....................................... 2-1 2.1 2.3 Project Background and Need ........................................ 2-2 2.4 2.5 Statement of Objectives ............................................. Development Concept .............................................. 2-5 2-5 2.6 Project Description ................................................. 2-5 2.6.1 2.6.2 Golf Course ....................................................... Residential Lots and Units ........................................... 2-6 2-6 2.6.3 Commercial Land Uses ............................................. 2.6 2.6.4 Infrastructure Development .......................................... 2.7 2.6.5 Recreational Facilities .............................................. 2-7 2.6.6 Public Access ..................................................... 2-7 2.6.7 Preservation Areas ................................................. 2-7 2.6.8 Development Schedule and Construction Cost .......................... 2.7 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES 3.1 Introduction....................................................... 3-1 3.2 Alternatives....................................................... 3-1 1 3.2.1 Proposed Action: Development of Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ........... 3-1 I 0 0 a9i akewmamm., 3.2.2 "No Action" Alternative 1 .......................................... 34 3.2.3 "No Action" Alternative 2 .......................................... 3-2 3.2.4 Higher Density Development ........................................ 3-2 3.3 Evaluation of Alternatives ........................................... 3.2 CHAPTER 4 EXISTING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL ' CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 Overview of the Environmental Setting ............................... 4-1 4.2 Climate and Meteorology ........................................... 4-1 4.3 Topography, Geology, and Soils ...................................... 4-1 4.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 4-1 4.3.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 4-7 4.3.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 4-7 4.4 Agricultural Potential .............................................. 4-8 4.4.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 4-8 4.4.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 4.8 4.4.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 4-8 4.5 Drainage........................................................ 4.8 4.5.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 4-8 4.5.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 4-9 4.5.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 4-9 4.6 Groundwater Resources ............................................. 4-9 4.6.1 Resource Description ............................................... 4.9 4.6.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-11 4.6.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-12 4.7 Natural Hazards ................................................... 4-13 4.7.1 Flooding....................................................... 4-13 4.7.1.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-13 4.7.1.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4.14 4.7.1.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-14 4.7.2 Tsunamis....................................................... 4-14 4.7.2.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-14 4.7.2.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4.15 4.7.2.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-15 4.7.3 Volcanic Eruptions ................................................ 4-15 4.7.3.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-15 4.7.3.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-16 4.7.3.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-16 4.7.4 Earthquakes...................................................... 4-16 4.7.4.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-16 4.7.4.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4.17 4.7.4.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-18 ii t , • • [1 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) ' 4.8 Marine Environment .............................................. 4-18 4.8.1 4.8.1.1 Physical Composition and Coral Communities ........................ Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-18 4-18 4.8.1.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-19 4.8.1.3 4.8.1.4 Cumulative Impacts ............................................... Proposed Mitigation...............................................4-22 4-21 4.8.2 Nearshore Water Quality ..........................................4-23 4:8.2.1 4.8.2.2 Existing Conditions .............................................. • Potential Impacts .. . 4-23 4-23 4.8.2.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-23 4.8.3 4.8.3.1 Marine Biota ..................................................... Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-23 4-24 4.8.3.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-25 4.8.3.3 4.9 • Air Quality .. Proposed Mitigation........ 4-25 4-26 4.9.1 4.9.2 • • .. • • ..... • ............ • .............. Existing Conditions ............................................... Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-26 4-29 4.9.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-30 4.10 Noise Characteristics .............................................. 4-31 4.10.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-31 4.10.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-31 4.10.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-32 4.11 Flora ....................................................... 4-33 4.11.1 4.11.2 Existing Conditions ... • ... • • • . • • .. • ...... • ....... • ......... • ... • . • Potential Impacts .. . 4.33 4-34 4.11.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-34 4.12 Fauna ....................................................... 4-35 4.12.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 4-35 4.12.2 4.12.3 4.13 Potential Impacts ................................................. Proposed Mitigation ........ • .... • • .... • . • ........ • . • ..... • • ..... • • Archaeology .. .. 4-38 4-38 4-39 4.13.1 4.13.2 4.13.3 Existing Conditions ............................................... Potential Impacts ................................................. Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-39 4.40 4-41 4.14 Visual Characteristics ............................................. 4-42 4.14.1 4.14.2 Existing Conditions ............................................... Potential Impacts ................................................. 4-42 4-44 4.14.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 4-44 [1 iii 15 .1 RZO)WOUR. CHAPTER 5 EXISTING SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Socioeconomic Environment ........................................ 5-1 5.1.1 Population........................................................ 5-1 5.1.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 5-1 5.1.1.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 5-2 5.1.1.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 5.3 5.1.2 Employment and Income ............................................ 5.3 5.1.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 5.3 5.1.2.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 5.4 5.1.3 Market Demand ................................................... 5-6 5.1.3.1 The General Sector ................................................ 5-6 5.1.3.2 The Primary Economic Sector ....................................... 5-6 5.1.3.3 Regional Land Use Plans ............................................ 5-7 5.1.3.4 The West Hawaii Housing Market .................................... 5-8 5.1.3.5 Statewide Resort/Residential Homesite Sector Market Demand ........... 5-9 5.1.3.6 Statewide Resort/Residential Condominium Market Demand ............ 5-10 5.1.3.7 West Hawaii Golf Course Market Demand ............................ 5-11 5.1.3.8 Neighborhood Commercial Market Demand .......................... 5-11 5.1.4 Housing....................................................... 5.12 5.1.4.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 5-12 5.1.4.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 5-13 5.2 Projected Public Facility Costs and Benefits ........................... 5-13 5.2.1 Public Costs ...................................................... 5-14 5.2.2 Public Benefits ................................................... 5.15 5.2.2.1 Real Property Taxes ............................................... 5-15 5.2.2.2 State Income Tax ................................................. 5-15 5.2.2.3 State Conveyance Tax ............................................. 5.16 5.2.2.4 State General Excise Tax .......................................... 5-16 5.2.2.5 Total Public Benefits .............................................. 5-16 5.2.2.6 Correlation of Costs and Benefits .................................... 5.17 5.3 Indirect Economic Impacts ......................................... 5-17 5.4 Total Economic Impacts ........................................... 5-18 5.5 Social Impacts .................................................... 5-18 5.5.1 Social Impacts on the Kona Village Resort ............................ 5-18 5.5.2 Measures to Mitigate Social Impacts on the Kona Village Resort ......... 5-19 5.5.3 Social Impacts on Property Users .................................... 5-19 5.5.4 Measures to Mitigate Social Impacts on Users of the Project Area's Coastal Resources ................................................. 5-20 5.6 Social Impacts on Neighboring Kaupulehu Resort ...................... 5.21 5.7 Secondary and Cumulative Social Impacts ............................ 5.21 iv t - • I I CHAPTER 6 I i I I I I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) EMSTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SERVICES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Infrastructure...................................................... 64 6.1.1 Roads and Traffic .................................................. 6-1 6.1.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 6-1 6.1.1.2 Potential Impacts ......................................... I........ 6-1 6.1.1.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 6-6 6.1.2 Harbors........................................................ 6-7 6.1.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 6-7 6.1.2.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 6-7 6.1.2.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 6-8 6.1.3 Airports........................................................ 6-8 6.1.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 6-8 6.1.3.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 6-8 6.1.3.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 6-8 6.1.4 Potable and Non -Potable Water ...................................... 6-8 6.1.4.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 6-8 6.1.4.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 6-9 6.1.4.3 Proposed Mitigation ................................................ 6-9 6.1.5 Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal ....................... 6-9 6.1.5.1 Existing Conditions ................................................ 6-9 6.1.5.2 Potential Impacts .................................................. 6-9 6.1.5.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6-10 6.1.6 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal ................................. 6-10 6.1.6.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6-10 6.1.6.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 6-10 6.1.6.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6-10 6.1.7 Electrical Power and Communications ............................... 6-10 6.1.7.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6-10 6.1.7.2 Potential Impacts ....................................... I......... 6-I1 6.1.7.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6-11 6.2 Public Services ................................................... 6-12 6.2.1 Police and Fire Protection .......................................... 6.12 6.2.1.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6-12 6.2.1.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 6.12 6.2.1.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6-12 6.2.2 Health Care ...................................................... 6.12 6.2.2.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6-12 6.2.2.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 6-12 6.2.2.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6.13 v 0 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 6.2.3 Schools ..................................................... 6.2.3.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6.2.3.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 6.2.3.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6.2.4 Parks and Recreation .............................................. 6.2.4.1 Existing Conditions ............................................... 6.2.4.2 Potential Impacts ................................................. 6.2.4.3 Proposed Mitigation ............................................... 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6.13 6-14 6-14 CHAPTER 7 CONSISTENCY WITH LAND USE POLICIES, PLANS, AND CONTROLS 7.1 State Land Use Policies and Plans .................................... 7-1 7.1.1 Hawaii State Plan .................................................. 7-1 7.1.2 State Functional Plans ............................................. 7-11 7.1.2.1 Agricultural Functional Plan (1985) ................................. 7-11 7.1.2.2 Conservation Functional Plan (1991) ................................ 7-11 7.1.2.3 Educational Functional Plan (1989) .................................. 7-12 7.1.2.4 Higher Educational Functional Plan (1984) ........................ • • • 7-12 7.1.2.5 Employment Functional Plan (1989) ................................. 7.12 7.1.2.6 Energy Functional Plan (1991) ...................................... 7-12 7.1.2.7 Health Functional Plan (1989) ...................................... 7-12 7.1.2.8 Historic Preservation Functional Plan (1991) .......................... 7-13 7.1.2.9 Housing Functional Plan (1989) ..................................... 7-13 7.1.2.10 Human Services Functional Plan (1989) .............................. 7-13 7.1.2.11 Recreation Functional Plan (1991) .................................. 7-13 7.1.2.12 Tourism Functional Plan (1991) ..................................... 7-14 7.1.2.13 Transportation Functional Plan (1991) ............................... 7-14 7.1.2.14 Water Resources Development Functional Plan (1985) ................. 7-14 7.1.3 State Land Use Law ............................................... 7-14 7.1.4 Coastal Zone Management Act (Chapter 205-A, HRS) ................. 7-15 7.1.5 Hawaii Water Code ............................................... 7-15 7.1.6 State Water Plan ................................................. 7-15 7.1.7 Department of Health Conditions Applicable to New Golf Course Development .......................................... 7-18 7.1.7.1 Baseline Requirements ............................................. 7-18 7.1.7.2 Groundwater Monitoring ........................................... 7-19 7.1.7.3 Mitigation of Groundwater Contamination ........................... 7-19 7.1.7.4 Wastewater Disposal ............................................... 7-19 7.1.7.5 Effluent Reuse .................................................... 7-19 7.1.7.6 Underground Storage Tanks ........................................ 7-19 vi 0 0 I vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 7.1.7.7 Fertilizer and Pesticide Storage ...................................... 7-19 7.1.7.8 7.1.7.9 Best Management Practices ........................................ Noise Mitigation ............ • .... • • . • . • .. 7-20 7-20 7.1.7.10 Solid Waste Disposal .............................................. 7-20 7.1.7.11 7.1.7.12 Fugitive Dust Control .............................................. Soil Runoff ....................................................... 7-20 7-20 7.1.8 Environmental Impact Statement Requirements ....................... 7-20 7.2 West Hawaii Regional Plan ........................................ 7.21 7.3 County Land Use Policies and Plans .... • ... • ...... • • ...... • . • • • .. • . 7-23 7.3.1 Hawaii County General Plan ....................................... 7-23 7.3.1.1 Economic Element ...... 7-23 7.3.1.2 • ........ • ..... • ..... • ... • • ........ • ...... Environmental Quality . 7.23 7.3.1.3 Flood Control and Drainage ......... 7.24 7.3.1.4 Historic Sites.....................................................7-24 7.3.1.5 Housing Element ................................................. 7.24 7.3.1.6 • ......... •................................. Natural Beauty .. . 7.24 7.3.1.7 Natural Resources and Shoreline .................................... 7-27 7.3.1.8 Public Facilities .................................................. 7.27 7.3.1.9 Public Utilities ................................................... 7.27 7.3.1.10 Recreation....................................................... 7.28 7.3.1.11 7.3.1.12 Transportation.................................................... Land Use ....................................................... 7-28 7-28 7.3.2 Northwest Hawaii Open Space and Community Development Plan (Draft) 7-28 7.3.3 Hawaii County Zoning ................... 7-29 7.3.4 Special Management Area Regulations .............................. 7-29 7.3.4.1 Recreational Resources ............................................ 7-29 7.3.4.2 Historic Resources ................................................. 7-29 ` 7.3.4.3 Scenic and Open Space Resources ................................... 7.29 7.3.4.4 Coastal Ecosystems ................................................ 7-30 7.3.4.5 Economic Uses ................................................... 7-30 7.3.4.6 Coastal Hazards ................................................... 7-30 7.3.4.7 Managing Development ........................................... 7.30 7.3.4.8 Guidelines for Approval ........................ 7-30 ' 7.4 Summary of Major Permits ........................ • . • • .. • . • .. • ...... 7-33 CHAPTER 8 OTHER TOPICAL ISSUES 8.1 Relationship Between Short -Term Uses and Maintenance of Long -Term + Productivity....................................................... 8-1 I 8.2 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources ................. 8-1 8.3 Offsetting Considerations of Governmental Policies ..................... 8-1 ` r 8.4 Unresolved Issues .................................................. 8-2 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued CHAPTER 9 CONSULTED PARTIES AND COMMENTS ON THE EIS PREPARATION NOTICE 9.1 Consulted Parties .................................................. 9.1 CHAPTER 10 ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE ' PREPARATION OF THE EIS 10.1 ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ASSISTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIS ...................................... 10-1 CHAPTER 11 REFERENCES ......................................... 11.1 CHAPTER 12 COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS ...................... 12.1 LIST OF FIGURES 1-1: Tax Map ............................... ...................... 1-3 2.1: Concept Plan ........................................................ 2.3 3.1: April 1986 Concept Plan ................................................ 3-3 4-1: Project Location........................................................ 4-2 4-2: Surrounding Uses ....................................................... 4-3 4-3: Topography........................................................ 4-5 4-4: Soil Associations....................................................... 4.6 4-5: Flood Insurance Rate Map ............................................... 4-10 4-6: Air Quality Monitoring - 5/25/94 ......................................... 4-27 4-7: Air Quality Monitoring - 5/26/94 ............................ • ....... • • • • • 4-28 4.8: Endangered Plant Buffer ................................................ 4.36 4-9: Archaeological Sites Proposed for Preservation ............................. 4-43 6-1: Existing AM and PM Peak Hour Traffic .................................... 6.2 6-2: AM and PM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project ............................. 6-4 6-3: AM and PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project ................................ 6-5 7-1: Existing State Land Use District Boundaries ............................... 7-16 7-2: Proposed State Land Use District Boundaries ............................... 7.17 7-3: West Hawaii Regional Plan ............................................. 7.22 7-4: County General Plan .................................................. 7-25 LIST OF TABLES 2-1: Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Land Use Table ............................... 2-6 2.2: Project Development/Sales............................................... 2-8 4-1: Estimates of Annual Emissions due to Electrical Generation ................. 4-30 4-2: Avifauna Identified Onsite ............................................. 4-37 viii t + • • TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) t5.1: Population Impacts ..................................................... 5-2 5-2: Employee Job Count by Development Year ................................. 5-5 ' 5.3: Housing Unit Projections 1995-2010 ...................................... 5-13 6.1: Trip Generation Summary ............................................... 6-3 6.2: Projected Water Demand ................................................ 6.9 LIST OF APPENDICES [Ed. Note: The formal name of the project has evolved as the project concept has been refined. Thus, what was originally referred to as "Lot 4" became "Phase 2", then "Phase II", and finally "Kaupulehu Resort Expansion". All the reports identified below were prepared specifically for this EIS.] A Assessment of the Potential Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides to be Used on the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Golf Course, Charles L. Murdoch, Ph. D. and Richard E. Green, Ph.D., 1994. B Marine Baseline/Monitoring Reports, Marine Research Consultants, 1993 and 1994: • Baseline Marine Assessment, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Water Chemistry Report 1-93. • Baseline Marine Assessment, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Marine Biota, 1993. • Marine Monitoring, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Water Chemistry Report] -94. C Air Quality Impact Report (AQIR), Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, J.W. Morrow & Associates, 1994. D Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, The Traffic Management Consultant, 1994. E Acoustic Study for Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii, Y. Ebisu & Associates, 1994. F Botanical Survey, Kaupulehu Phase 2 Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, Char & Associates, 1994. G Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Survey of Kaupulehu Phase 2 Expansion Project, North Kona, Hawaii, Phillip L. Bruner, 1994. H Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4, Land of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph. D., Inc., 1993; and Addendum to Archaeological Inventory Survey (1994), Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph. D., Inc. I ix 9 0 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) I Market Study of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii, The Hallstrom Group, Inc., 1994. J Economic Impact Analysis and Public Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, The Hallstrom Group, Inc., 1994. X 0 s 0 Chapter 1 Introduction and Summary u I I I I I I I I I I I CHAPTERI 1.1 Overview INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY This Environmental Impact Statement addresses the identified environmental impacts that will result from the development of a 1,120 -acre area as a recreation/ residential community. The project is hereinafter referred to as the Kaupulehu Resort expansion. However, it should be understood at the outset that the proposed project does not include any hotel development. Rather, it represents the recreation/residential expansion component of the adjacent Kaupulehu Resort and will include dwelling units, commercial development, and recreational uses. It is envisioned that the project will become part of the Kaupulehu Resort destination community. 1.2 Identification of Applicant The Applicant is KAUPULEHU DEVELOPMENTS (hereinafter "the applicant" or "the Petitioner"), a Hawaii general partnership that leases the subject property from the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. 1.3 Requested Government Action The requested government action is an amendment of the Land Use Commission's district classification for 1,010 acres of the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District. It should be noted that the development area contains a total of 1,120 acres. However, only 1,010 acres are proposed for reclassification to the Urban District. Of the 1,120 acres comprising the development area, 65 acres are already classified as Urban District. Another 45 acres, identified as archaeological preserve, will retain their Conservation District classification. 1.4 Purpose and Need for Action Development in the project area dates back to 1959 when Johnno Jackson leased land adjacent to Kahuwai Bay from the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop to construct the Kona Village Resort. A detailed history of development on Kaupulehu lands is contained in the 1986 Kaupulehu Resort EIS, prepared as part of Kaupulehu Development's petition to the State Land Use Commission, which ultimately approved a land use designation change from Conservation to Urban and Urban to Conservation. That boundary amendment allowed for the development of the 624 -acre Kaupulehu Resort and an additional 54 units at Kona Village Resort. Since the 1986 State land use boundary changes, new visitor units have been built at Kona Village Resort, and the developer of Kaupulehu Resort has obtained the necessary government permits and approvals and is proceeding with the construction of that portion of Kaupulehu Resort. The approvals include County zoning changes, Special Management Area Use Permits, a Shoreline Setback Variance, State Conservation District Use Permits 1-1 • 0 (for offsite infrastructure), Plan Approval and various grading permits. Kaupulehu Land Company, a general partner of the entity developing the 624 -acre area previously reclassified, has recently received approval from the Hawaii County Council for a zoning adjustment to accommodate its revised master plan for that portion of Kaupulehu Resort being developed as a planned resort/residential destination. The first of two planned golf courses, a Jack Nicklaus designed championship course, is under construction, as are the 250 -unit Four Seasons Hotel and resort infrastructure. In addition to the second golf course, a variety of resort/residential units are planned, most in the high quality to luxury category. At the time of the 1986 State land use change, Kaupulehu Developments presented a conceptual plan for urban development (condominiums and a marina) and another golf course between Kona Village Resort and the northwest property, to be built once development of Kaupulehu Resort was underway. The plan for the expansion area has since been refined to adapt to the projected market and to complement the portion under construction. The current Petition proposes a land use change that will accommodate this refined plan as shown in this EIS document. A market study was prepared by The Hallstrom Group to address demand for residential, golf course, and commercial uses within a recreation/residential expansion of Kaupulehu Resort. The study concluded that there exists a demand for the project, as described below, within a 20 -year absorption schedule. The infrastructure would be essentially constructed within the first 5 years of project development. Market demand is further detailed in Section 5.1.3 of Chapter 5 of this EIS. 1.5 Statement of Objectives The primary objective of the proposed project is to accommodate, with a viable master plan and common infrastructure, future growth of the Kaupulehu Resort community by offering complementary products to those planned at the portion of the resort now under construction. The Kaupulehu Resort expansion project is intended to enhance the economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community and contribute to the long- term viability of the West Hawaii region. 1.6 Project Setting The Petition Area consists of approximately 1,010 acres and is generally described as an irregular crescent-shaped parcel which extends from a point adjacent to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the ocean and then curves to the northeast along the ocean until it reaches the eastern boundary of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a. The property is located in the North Kona District of the Island of Hawaii. It is identified as Tax Map Key 7-2-03: portion 1 (see Figure 1-1). It is situated within the makai (seaward) portion of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a about six miles northeast of Keahole Airport (see Figure 4-1 in Chapter 4). 1-2 I I I I I I I L _•` ! 1 l "r>%merit r ar�.a l'A� / rAb • ' % _ F,_....�.--' � `- -•_� ,,�- -'—'..rte-�." �� �<_P,., R+,w +�' � i' , c KAUPULEHU MAUKA r ■{ ] ti J -' 7-2-03:03'-' i -Vhisf ltank , a KeshumN,��r�'Er Pacific Ocean 1-3 jKAUPULEHU-! ss f - ej RE$ FIT K N kv 2 03:06 b ` xukn PPOnt LL w. KVmukeOu POM KONA VILLAGE RESORT 7-2-03:02 Figure 1-1 TAX MAP Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kone, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 ® 0 2000 4000 • VT a Bouun ry0l �`- t Anwntlhin� ' PROJECT �� LOCATION -. r,.m1. Pacific Ocean 1-3 jKAUPULEHU-! ss f - ej RE$ FIT K N kv 2 03:06 b ` xukn PPOnt LL w. KVmukeOu POM KONA VILLAGE RESORT 7-2-03:02 Figure 1-1 TAX MAP Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kone, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 ® 0 2000 4000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET Pacific Ocean 1-3 jKAUPULEHU-! ss f - ej RE$ FIT K N kv 2 03:06 b ` xukn PPOnt LL w. KVmukeOu POM KONA VILLAGE RESORT 7-2-03:02 Figure 1-1 TAX MAP Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kone, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 • 0 The Petition Area is situated within the State Conservation District. It surrounds a 65 -acre area classified as Urban District which fronts the shoreline about 1,500 feet from the Petition Area's eastern boundary (see Figure 7-1 in Chapter 7). The Petition Area also abuts the Kona Village Resort and the under -construction portion of Kaupulehu Resort, both of which are situated within the Urban District. The Petition Area is included by the Office of State Planning as part of the West Hawaii Regional Plan's "Kaupulehu Resort Destination Node" (see Figure 7-3 in Chapter 7). The Petition Area is designated as Urban Expansion and Open in the Hawaii County General Plan (see Figure 7-4 in Chapter 7). The entire Petition Area is zoned by Hawaii County as Open and is situated within the County's Special Management Area (SMA). 1.7 Project Description 1.7.1 Proposed Development The Kaupulehu Resort expansion area consists of approximately 1,120 acres, 1,010 of which are the subject of the current petition. It will include 65 acres of existing Urban classified land and approximately 45 acres of land to remain in the Conservation District. Within this latter district will be two areas containing groupings of significant archaeological sites recommended for preservation by the consulting archaeologist. The overall density of the residential development, both single-family lots and multifamily units, will be far below the level approved for other projects in the market study area. Each development pod will have direct golf course frontage and the project will include some 50 oceanfront homesites. Commercial development will be within a neighborhood commercial village and a residents club will provide residents a water - oriented amenity. Although new on-site infrastructure will have to be developed for the project, significant savings will be realized by sharing off-site infrastructure with the initial portion of Kaupulehu Resort. By doing so, the proposed expansion project will enhance its competitive position and be able to offer oceanfront lots in the less than luxury range, a product not now readily available in West Hawaii. Following is a discussion of the specific project components identified in Figure 2-1 in Chapter 2. 1.7.1.1 Golf Course A championship 36 -hole golf course (sequentially developed as two 18 -hole golf courses) is planned on 415 acres, with a clubhouse which will serve as an entryway facility to the resort expansion community. The golf facilities are expected to attract both residents and visitors, including those staying at the adjacent Kona Village Resort. The golf clubhouse will constitute a secondary retail, restaurant and service complex for the resort expansion area. 1-4 1.7.1.2 Residential Lots and Units Single-family development will be on 530 planned homesites on 220 acres, with approximately 50 having ocean frontage. The remaining sites will have golf frontage. ' There ultimately will be 500 multifamily units on 94 acres in low-density, low-rise projects spread across interior golf course fronting sites. 1.7.1.3 Commercial Land Uses An 11 -acre neighborhood commercial center will offer products and services oriented toward the resident in facilities spanning 45,000 square feet of leasable space. It is anticipated that destination restaurants and shops will also attract some off-site patrons. 1.7.1.4 Recreational Facilities A 3 -acre area is set aside as a club which will serve as a water -oriented recreational amenity for project residents, members and guests. A 70 -acre recreation area adjacent to State lands will serve both resort residents and the general public. Although the plan for the expansion area is still in the concept stage, it is envisioned that the recreation area will have facilities such as picnic and active recreation areas in a shoreline park setting. 1.7.1.5 Public Access Public facilities will include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas within the 70 -acre recreation area. It is expected that details of a public access plan will be presented to and approved by the County during future project permitting at the County level. Preliminary discussions with staff of the State Parks Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources suggest the possibility of partnering with the State in providing public facilities at the recreation area which would serve those using the shoreline trail all along the West Hawaii coast. Existing shoreline access along the ' shoreline of the subject property will be maintained by the developer. 1.7.1.6 Preservation Areas Several significant archaeological sites have been recommended for preservation by the consulting archaeologist. These recommendations will be reviewed by the Historic Preservation Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. The Petitioner intends to preserve these sites with the appropriate treatment and buffers. Clusters of significant sites will be preserved within two archaeological preserves. ' 1.7.2 Proposed Infrastructure ' All the necessary on-site infrastructure, including roadways, water and wastewater 1-5 0 0 treatment and transmission facilities, will be privately developed as project components. Off-site infrastructure, where feasible, will be developed and shared with the area of the resort complex presently under construction. A Resort Service Area is included as a possible site for facilities such as a plant nursery, golf maintenance area, and wastewater treatment plant. 1.7.3 Phasing of Development The Kaupulehu Resort expansion project will be master planned and implemented by a developer team, including the Petitioner. Substantial infrastructure improvements are expected to be provided during the initial five years once the required government approvals have been secured. Initial sales are also expected during this period. Full buildout of the project is projected over 20 years, generally according to Table 2-2 in Chapter 2. 1.8 Summary of Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Impacts to the physical and social environment will result from development of the proposed project. Potential significant adverse impacts will be mitigated. Following is a summary of identified significant short- and long-term adverse impacts, as well as recommendations for mitigation measures. 1.8.1 Potential Significant Short -Term Adverse Impacts • Increases in air -borne particulate matter (fugitive dust) and exhaust emissions from onsite construction activity. • Increases in noise during construction activity. • Increases in surface water runoff and drainage due to replacement of existing lava with soil. • Presence of construction activity adjacent to the Kona Village Resort will result in the loss of the "remote" character and theme that the resort formerly experienced. 1.8.2 Potential Significant Long -Term Adverse Impacts • Permanent changes to the topography due to grading and site improvements. • Increases in storm runoff to the increase of impermeable surfaces. • Changes in the visual character of the site from that of a barren lava field to a landscaped low-density residential community situated within a 36 -hole golf course. 1-6 ' • Loss of existing vegetation due to grading and introduction of exotic and indigenous plant species. • Loss of some archaeological sites after implementation of archaeological mitigation plan. • Increases in public access to the shoreline and a potential loss of marine biota I popular among subsistence food gatherers; limu, crab, and opihi. • Potential biological resource depletion resulting from increased fishing ' activities resulting from increased public access. • Increases in vehicular traffic. • Consumption of potable water resources. • Utilization of non -potable water resources • Increased consumption of electrical energy to serve new development. • Operation of resort/residential and recreational activities adjacent to the Kona Village Resort will result in a loss of the "remoteness" and exclusivity the resort formerly experienced. 1.8.3. Summary of Key Mitigation Measures ' Mitigation measures to reduce potential adverse environmental and social impacts include the following: ' • Performance of construction activities (clearing, grading and grubbing) in compliance with applicable air and noise quality regulations to minimize fugitive dust and noise impacts on adjacent developed areas. ' • Implementation of grading plan to prevent short- and long-term increases in surface runoff from impacting coastal waters. • Adherence to appropriate building codes and standards and the inclusion of evacuation routes and a civil defense warning system to address natural hazard ' concerns. • Preparation and implementation of a shoreline management plan and public access plan to mitigate the loss of marine biota resulting from increased public access to and use of the project's coastal resources. t 17 • • Use of native plants in landscaping and retention of natural areas wherever practicable. • Compliance with federal, state and county archaeological, historical and cultural features preservation laws, rules and regulations, and adherence to the recommendations of consulting archaeologists. • Creation of a protective buffer around an identified endangered 'ohai plant. • Private funding and development of on-site infrastructure including wastewater collection and treatment, drainage systems, and roadways. • Private funding and development of source wells for potable and non -potable water within the Kaupulehu ahupua'a. • Compliance with Department of Health conditions for new golf course development. • Utilization of treated effluent to supplement irrigation water demand on the proposed 36 -hole golf course. • Encouragement of the utilization of energy saving devices in residential units. • Development setbacks and generous open space corridors in golf or other open space uses will buffer the adjacent Kona Village Resort from potential impacts due to the expansion project. 1.9 Summary of Alternatives Considered The primary project objective is to accommodate, with a viable master plan and common infrastructure, future growth of the Kaupulehu Resort community by offering complementary products to those planned at the portion of the resort now under construction. The action should allow the economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community to be enhanced and contribute to the long-term viability of the West Hawaii region. Of the alternatives considered, the proposed action best meets the project objectives. A "no -action" alternative is to not seek a land use designation change from the State Land Use Commission and to not develop the 65 -acre existing Urban parcel. Under this alternative, no additional financial benefits would accrue to the Petitioner or government. No new employment opportunities would be created, natural and historic resources would not be enhanced and protected, and public access would not be improved. However, marine food sources would not be depleted as quickly as under the preferred alternative. This alternative does not meet the project objectives. 1.8 I ' • ' A variation of this alternative is also to not seek a land use designation change from the State Land Use Commission. However, it would entail developing land currently designated Urban according to the expansion concept as originally planned in the mid 1980s. Figure 3-1, April 1986 Concept Plan, from the 1986 Kaupulehu Resort EIS shows an ' 18 -hole golf course and a marina and condominium development in the existing 65 -acre Urban District. ' The marina/condominium alternative would complement the portion of Kaupulehu Resort now under construction. However, this earlier concept, before its refinement into the current proposed plan, does not meet current and projected market demand and might not be financially viable without an expanded golf course and single-family residential product. In addition, the environmental impacts of marina construction and operations are potentially more severe than those without the marina. A higher density development with essentially the same types of facilities and amenities proposed in the preferred alternative would contribute additional product to the resort under construction. However, a more dense expansion project would not be as ' compatible with the low-density Kaupulehu Resort, a portion of which is under construction. Nor would it be compatible with the neighboring Kona Village Resort, upon which it would have greater impact. With a more disparate resort expansion, the objective ' of economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community, and in tum its contribution toward the long-term viability of the West Hawaii region, would not be met as effectively. More jobs would be created and higher revenues would accrue to the State ' and County, but these benefits would most likely be offset by increased government spending for services, additional impacts to the environment, increased traffic, and a potentially lower return for the developer. ' Of the alternatives considered, the proposed action best meets the project objectives. It allows for a measured approach to long-range planning and development of ' Kaupulehu Resort, while meeting projected market demand. Fewer adverse environmental and public cost impacts would be associated with the preferred alternative, as opposed to the marina concept or the higher density alternative. 1.10 Summary of Unresolved Issues ' The Queen Kaahumanu Highway is planned for widening to four lanes by the State DOT. At the writing of this EIS, the actual date of implementation of this project is unknown. In a similar vein, the timing of other government capital improvement projects in West Hawaii may impact the proposed project. However, the extent to which this may occur is presently unknown. The proposed project could have a negative impact upon the availability of boat slips at public small boat harbors in West Hawaii because it may contribute to the already existing demand for the limited supply of slips. This issue cannot be resolved by the applicant. The future provision of public boat slips to satisfy demand is ultimately a capital 1-9 • improvement issue that must be addressed by the State Legislature. The provision of affordable housing in conjunction with the project is also , unresolved. As of the writing of this document, both the State and County are reviewing their affordable housing policies. Consequently, the specific affordable housing requirements that they each will enact are not yet known. The applicant is, however, , committed to compliance with applicable affordable housing requirements. 1.11 Summary of Compatibility with Land Use Plans and Policies , The proposed project is consistent with all applicable state and county plans and land use policies, including the Hawaii State Plan and Functional Plans, the West Hawaii , Regional Plan, the Hawaii County General Plan, and Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, pertaining to the Special Management Area. 1.12 Necessary Approvals and Permits Following is a list of major approvals and permits required for implementation of the proposed project. Additional permits and approvals will be necessary but are too numerous to mention here. Land Use Boundary Amendment Change of Zone Special Management Area Permit Subdivision Approval Building and Grading Permits NPDES Permit Potable Water System Approval Underground Injection Control Line Water Master Plan Approval Drainage Master Plan Well Construction Permits Pump Installation Permits 1-10 State Land Use Commission Hawaii County Council Hawaii County Planning Commission Hawaii County Planning Department Hawaii County Department of Public Works State Department of Health State Department of Health State Department of Health County Department of Water Supply County Public Works Department State Commission on Water Resource Management State Commission on Water Resource Management 1` i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I A Ll Chapter 2 Description of the Proposed Action F ' • • ' CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 2.1 Overview and Regional Setting The Kaupulehu Resort expansion area is a 1,120 -acre portion, or about half of a 2,200 -acre parcel (Lot 4) adjacent to the Kaupulehu Resort (now under construction) and to the established Kona Village Resort. The Petition Area constitutes approximately 1,010 acres of the project area; 65 acres of the project property are currently classified as Urban District and approximately 45 acres will remain as archaeological preservation areas within the Conservation District. The project area is located within the ahupua'a of Kaupulehu in the North Kona District of the Island of Hawaii. It is identified as Tax Map Key 7-2-03: portion of 1, Third Division. Situated approximately 6 miles northeast of Keahole Airport, the project area is ' an irregular crescent shaped parcel, extending from a point adjacent to Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the ocean, then curving to the northeast along the ocean until it reaches the eastern boundary of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a (see Figure 2-1: Concept Plan). The Petition Area is included in the area designated by the Office of State Planning as the "Kaupulehu Resort Destination Node" in the West Hawaii Regional Plan. ' It is generally designated as Urban Expansion and Open in the Hawaii County General Plan. The entire Petition Area is zoned Open by the County and is situated within the Special Management Area (SMA). The district of North Kona encompasses the coastal and inland area from just south of Keauhou Resort to the south, to the South Kohala District boundary at the Waikoloa ' Beach Resort to the north. About 12 miles south of the Petition Area is the major population and commercial center of the district, the town of Kailua-Kona. The Petition Area is situated roughly halfway between Kailua-Kona and Waikoloa. I I 1 I The North Kona and South Kohala Districts continue to thrive as the center of resort activity and residential population. The coastal portions of these abutting districts have long been designated by the State and County of Hawaii in various plans as a resort destination region. As such, it has benefitted from substantial public and private expenditures for the infrastructure necessary to support such resort and associated residential and commercial development. Vehicular access to the major developed areas along the coast, and those under development, is mainly via the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which opened in 1975 and connects Kailua-Kona with Kawaihae, the only deep water harbor in West Hawaii. 2.2 Existing and Surrounding Uses To the northwest of the project site are undeveloped State of Hawaii lands which are designated in long-range State plans for park or recreational use. The area proposed for Kaupulehu Resort expansion is currently undeveloped and generally unused. Occasional 2-1 recreational fishermen and others reach the shoreline area by walking from the Kona Village Resort's public access area or sometimes by traversing a portion of the site by four- wheel drive. The Kona Village access road was recently constructed and put into operation, pursuant to a Conservation District Use Permit, as part of the development plan for the portion of Kaupulehu Resort under construction. This new roadway crosses the site in its southwestern portion and passes near a Kona Village Resort water tank which is located in the project area. 2.3 Project Background and Need I The 2,200 -acre portion of the Kaupulehu makai lands in which the Petition Area is located, as described above, is leased by Kaupulehu Developments from the Estate of , Bernice Pauahi Bishop, the fee simple owner of the property. Development in the area dates back to 1959 when Johnno Jackson leased land adjacent to Kahuwai Bay from the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop to construct the Kona Village Resort. A detailed history of development on Kaupulehu lands is contained in the 1986 Kaupulehu Resort EIS, prepared as part of Kaupulehu Development's petition to the State Land Use Commission, which ultimately approved a land use designation change from Conservation to Urban and Urban to Conservation. That boundary amendment allowed for the development of the 624 -acre Kaupulehu Resort and an additional 54 units at Kona Village Resort. Since the 1986 State land use boundary changes, new visitor units have been built at Kona Village Resort, and the developer of Kaupulehu Resort has obtained the necessary government permits and approvals and is proceeding with the construction of that portion of Kaupulehu Resort. The approvals include County zoning changes, Special Management Area Use Permits, a Shoreline Setback Variance, State Conservation District Use Permits (for offsite infrastructure), Plan Approval and various grading permits. Kaupulehu Land Company, a general partner of the entity developing the 624 -acre area previously reclassified, has recently received approval from the Hawaii County Council for a zoning adjustment to accommodate its revised master plan for that portion of Kaupulehu Resort being developed as a planned resort/residential destination. The first of two planned golf courses, a Jack Nicklaus designed championship course, is under construction, as are the 250 -unit Four Seasons Hotel and resort infrastructure. In addition to the second golf course, a variety of resort/residential units are planned, most in the high quality to luxury category. At the time of the 1986 State land use change, Kaupulehu Developments presented a conceptual plan for urban development (condominiums and a marina) and another golf course between Kona Village Resort and the northwest property, to be built once development of Kaupulehu Resort was underway. The plan for the expansion area has since been refined to adapt to the projected market and to complement the portion under construction. The current Petition proposes a land use change that will accommodate this refined plan as shown in this EIS document. 2-2 QUEEN KAAHUMANU411GHWAY iMF I � I .. SF I - - ' '` T '4 KAVL ' _. BOUNDARY AA rtOVPROPOSE �\ Ji l AMENDMENT SF i STATE OF HAWAII I , ' - - KAUPULEHU RESORT - -' '...i SF i 8 - SERVIC_ E AREA PROPOSED ' I '• ARCHAEOLOGICAL 4 PRESERVE l Kukio Kikeua °Bey t Poin I _ PROPOSED ARCHAEOLOGICAL ` MF PRESERVE / io '�"I ACTIC �. N e SF KONA VILLAGE ----'1 �--� SRA �! s �I SF �RESORT-�Kumukehu \. RESORT ­ Point ,.. ' • SF "� �'o Point a � u � s I Kahuwai � •- .. _.._.._"� -.. SF <� Bay rRECREATIC AREA s \ t ,`.. ,> _ _ i' Mahewalu Q; i ��i) Jj�" SF \ Point - LSHORELINE TRAIL J SURVEYED SHORELINE "`� RESIDENTS' CLUB \--=PUBLIC SHOR�LWE - COMMERCIAL/ Figure 2-1 ACCESS DAYACTIVITY CONCEPT PLAN ® 0 1000 2000 Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN FEET Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, August 1994 • • A market study was prepared by The Hallstrom Group to address demand for ' residential, golf course, and commercial uses within a recreation/residential expansion of Kaupulehu Resort. The study concluded that there exists a demand for the project, as described below, within a 20 -year absorption schedule. The infrastructure would be ' essentially constructed within the first 5 years of project development. Market demand is further detailed in Section 5.1.3 of Chapter 5 of this EIS. ' 2.4 Statement of Objectives The primary objective of the proposed project is to accommodate, with a viable master plan and common infrastructure, future growth of the Kaupulehu Resort community by offering complementary products to those planned at the portion of the resort now under construction. The Kaupulehu Resort expansion project is intended to enhance the economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community and contribute to the long- term viability of the West Hawaii region. 2.5 Development Concept As presented in Figure 2-1, the Kaupulehu Resort expansion project is envisioned as a recreation/residential oriented development which will complement the uses at the ' resort/residential oriented portion of Kaupulehu Resort under construction. A low-keyed atmosphere will be maintained within a low density residential development focused on golf and the shoreline area. The expansion project would share infrastructure, but have a separate, complementary identity from the portion of the resort complex under construction. The target market of the expansion project is the moderate- to high-quality residential segment, as opposed to the high-quality to luxury market envisioned for the initial portion of Kaupulehu Resort development. ' Development setbacks and generous open space corridors in golf or other open space uses will buffer the adjacent Kona Village Resort from potential impacts due to the expansion project. 2.6 Project Description ' The Kaupulehu Resort expansion area consists of approximately 1,120 acres, 1,010 of which are the subject of the current petition. It will include 65 acres of existing Urban classified land and approximately 45 acres of land to remain in the Conservation District. ' Within this latter district will be two areas containing groupings of significant archaeological sites recommended for preservation by the consulting archaeologist. ' The land uses, by acreage, are presented in Table 2-1. The overall density of the residential development, both single-family lots and multifamily units, will be far below the level approved for other projects in the market study area. Each development pod will fhave direct golf course frontage and the project will include some 50 oceanfront homesites. 2-5 • 0 Commercial development will be within a neighborhood commercial village and a club facility will provide residents a water -oriented amenity. Table 2-1: Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Land Use Table Single-family residential Multifamily residential 36 -hole golf course Golf clubhouse Commercial Residents' club Recreation area and public beach access Roads/open spacelbuffers Total 220 530 94 500 415 12 11 3 70 1,121 1,030 Although new on-site infrastructure will have to be developed for the project, significant savings will be realized by sharing off-site infrastructure with the initial portion of Kaupulehu Resort. By doing so, the proposed expansion project will enhance its competitive position and be able to offer ocean -front lots in the less than luxury range, a product not now readily available in West Hawaii. 2.6.1 Golf Course A championship 36 -hole golf course (developed sequentially as two 18 -hole courses) is planned on 415 acres, with a clubhouse which will serve as an entryway facility to the resort expansion community. The golf facilities are expected to attract both residents and visitors, including those staying at the adjacent Kona Village Resort. The golf clubhouse will constitute a secondary retail, restaurant and service complex for the resort expansion area. 2.6.2 Residential Lots and Units Single-family development will be on 530 planned homesites on 220 acres, with approximately 50 having ocean frontage. The remaining sites will have golf frontage. There ultimately will be 500 multifamily units on 94 acres in low-density, low-rise projects spread across interior golf course fronting sites. 2.6.3 Commercial Land Uses An 11 -acre neighborhood commercial center will offer products and services oriented toward the resident in facilities spanning 45,000 sf of leasable space. It is anticipated that destination restaurants and shops will also attract some off-site patrons. 2-6 ' 2.6.4 Infrastructure Development All the necessary on-site infrastructure, including roadways, water and wastewater treatment and transmission facilities, will be privately developed as project components. ' Off-site infrastructure, where feasible, will be developed and shared with the area of the resort complex presently under construction. A Resort Service Area is included as a possible site for facilities such as a plant nursery, golf maintenance area, and wastewater ' treatment plant. 2.6.5 Recreational Facilities A 3 -acre area is set aside as a club which will serve as a water -oriented recreational amenity for project residents, members and guests. A large 70 -acre recreation area adjacent to State lands will serve both resort residents and the general public. Although ' the plan for the expansion area is still in the concept stage, it is envisioned that the recreation area will have facilities such as picnic and active recreation areas in a shoreline park setting. 2.6.6 Public Access ' Public facilities will include pedestrian shoreline access, parking, restrooms, showers and picnic areas within the 70 -acre recreation area. It is expected that details of a public access plan will be presented to and approved by the County during future project permitting at the County level. Preliminary discussions with staff of the State Parks Division of the State ' Department of Land and Natural Resources suggest the possibility of partnering with the State in providing public facilities at the recreation area which would serve those using the shoreline trail all along the West Hawaii coast. Existing shoreline access along the ' shoreline of the subject property will be maintained by the developer. 2.6.7 Preservation Areas Several significant archaeological sites have been recommended for preservation by the consulting archaeologist. These recommendations will be reviewed by the Historic Preservation Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. The Petitioner intends to preserve these sites with the appropriate treatment and buffers. Clusters of significant sites will be preserved within two archaeological preserves. ' 2.6.8 Development Schedule and Construction Cost The Kaupulehu Resort expansion project will be master planned and implemented by a developer team, including the Petitioner. Substantial infrastructure improvements are expected to be provided during the initial five years once the required government approvals have been secured. Initial sales are also expected during this period. Full buildout of the project is projected over 20 years, generally according to the schedule in 1 2-7 Table 2-2. The project construction cost is expected to exceed $100 -million in 1994 dollars. Table 2-2: Project Development/Sales Number of Multifamily Units Sold Number of Single Family Units Sold (1) Other Ynat Resident gym 1yMI Resident gys Oceanfront Tora1 Components 1 (2) 2 3 6 9 15 5 5 6 16 (3) 4 7 12 19 7 8 8 23 5 7 15 22 7 15 10 32 (4) 6 7 20 27 7 20 10 37 7 7 23 30 7 22 10 39 (5) 8 7 23 30 7 22 6 35 9 7 23 30 7 22 29 (6) 10 7 23 30 7 22 29 11 7 23 30 7 22 29 12 7 23 30 7 22 29 13 7 23 30 7 22 29 14 7 23 30 7 22 29 15 7 23 30 7 22 29 16 7 23 30 7 22 29 17 7 23 30 7 22 29 (7) 18 7 23 30 7 22 29 19 7 23 30 7 22 29 20 7 20 27 7 22 29 (1) Purchasers are shown divided between "residents", or buyers from the West Hawaii area and elsewhere on the island who would consider the unit their full-time or primary family home; and "resort", or buyers/investors who select the subject unit from among statewide resort/residential alternatives and who would consider their unit as a second/vacation home, rental unit or long-term investment. (2) Project permitting will take place during first two project years followed by construction of infrastructure. Unit construction will not begin until year 3. (3) First 18 -hole golf course and clubhouse open. (4) Second 18 -hole golf course opens. (5) Development of infrastructure for entire project area is completed. (6) Initial phase of shopping village opens. (7) Final phase of shopping village opens. Source: The Hallstrom Group, Inc. 1994 and Belt Collins Hawaii, 1994. 2-8 1' 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 • Chapter 3 Description of Alternatives ' CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES ' 3.1 Introduction ' The provisions of Title 11, Department of Health, Chapter 200, Environmental Impact Statement Rules, Section 11.200-17(f), require that known alternatives which could feasibly attain the objectives of the action be examined. These include alternatives ' that might enhance environmental quality or those that reduce or eliminate environmental risks or costs. In compliance with the applicable rules, the alternatives have been evaluated relative to their capacity to meet these requirements. As stated in Chapter 2 of this document, the primary project objective is to accommodate, with a viable master plan and common infrastructure, future growth of the Kaupulehu Resort community by offering complementary products to those planned at the ' portion of the resort now under construction. The action should allow the economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community to be enhanced and contribute to the long-term viability of the West Hawaii region. Of the alternatives considered, the proposed action best meets the project objectives. ' 3.2 Alternatives 3.2.1 Proposed Action: Development of Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ' The proposed project is a low-density recreation/residential development with a 36 - hole golf course and clubhouse, 530 single-family lots, 500 multifamily units, a commercial neighborhood center, a residents club, a 70 -acre recreation area for picnic and active recreational use, archaeological preserves, public access, and associated infrastructure. With its moderate to high-quality residences and low-keyed open space recreational ' character, the Kaupulehu Resort expansion will complement yet add different products to the hotel and other resort facilities at Kaupulehu Resort now under construction, making the entire resort more competitive within its market segment. ' In addition to meeting the project objectives, the proposed action is expected to result in beneficial environmental and socioeconomic effects. Significant archaeological ' resources have been identified in an extensive archaeological survey and study and are planned for preservation within the resort expansion plan. The on-site candidate endangered species, Sesbania tomentosa (`ohai), has been identified and will be buffered ' and preserved. Under this plan, public shoreline access will be enhanced and new public amenities such as rest rooms and parking provided. New jobs will be created and additional revenues will accrue to both the County and State. ' 3.2.2 "No -Action" Alternative 1 1 This "no -action" alternative is to not seek a land use designation change from the 3-1 State Land Use Commission and to not develop the 65 -acre existing Urban parcel. Under this alternative, no additional financial benefits would accrue to the Petitioner or government. No new employment opportunities would be created, natural and historic resources would not be enhanced and protected, and public access would not be improved. However, marine food sources would not be depleted as quickly as under the preferred alternative. This alternative does not meet the project objectives, as stated above. 3.2.3 "No -Action" Alternative 2 This "no -action' alternative is also to not seek a land use designation change from the State Land Use Commission. However, it would entail developing land currently designated Urban according to the expansion concept as originally planned in the mid 1980s. Figure 3-1, April 1986 Concept Plan, from the 1986 Kaupulehu Resort EIS shows an 18 -hole golf course and a marina and condominium development in the existing 65 -acre Urban District. The marina/condominium alternative would complement the portion of Kaupulehu Resort now under construction. However, this earlier concept, before its refinement into the current proposed plan, does not meet current and projected market demand and might not be financially viable without an expanded golf course and single-family residential product. In addition, the environmental impacts of marina construction and operations are potentially more severe than those without the marina. 3.2.4 Higher Density Development A higher density development with essentially the same types of facilities and amenities proposed in the preferred alternative would contribute additional product to the resort under construction. However, a more dense expansion project would not be as compatible with the low-density Kaupulehu Resort, a portion of which is under construction. Nor would it be compatible with the neighboring Kona Village Resort, upon which it would have greater impact. With a more disparate resort expansion, the objective of economic viability of the entire Kaupulehu Resort community, and in turn its contribution toward the long-term viability of the West Hawaii region, would not be met as effectively. More jobs would be created and higher revenues would accrue to the State and County, but these benefits would most likely be offset by increased government spending for services, additional impacts to the environment, increased traffic, and a potentially lower return for the developer. 3.3 Evaluation of Alternatives Of the alternatives considered, the proposed action best meets the project objectives. It allows for a measured approach to long-range planning and development of 3.2 1' I• 1 I I 1 1 I I f I 1 1 I I I 1 r 3-3 1 40 3-3 0 • Kaupulehu Resort, while meeting projected market demand. The low-density character of the resort expansion and its breadth contribute toward making the entire resort more competitive with other West Hawaii coastal resorts, which are larger than the 624 -acre portion now in its initial stages of construction. As opposed tc the "no action" alternative 2, the added residential acreage makes the resort expansion a more economically viable development. More acreage is available for recreational uses (70 -acre recreation area and another 18 holes of golf), and opportunities exist for sharing infrastructure costs. Fewer adverse environmental and public cost impacts would be associated with the preferred alternative, as opposed to the marina concept or the higher density alternative. 3.4 1' 1• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 0 • Chapter q' Existing hysical Conditions, nvironmental Consequences, and Mitigation Measures ' A • • CHAPTER 4 EXISTING PHYSICAL CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL t CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 Overview of the Environmental Setting The 2,123 acre property is located in the North Kona District of the Island of Hawaii. It is situated within the makai (seaward) portion of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a about six miles northeast of Keahole Airport (see Figure 4.1). The Petition Area consists of approximately 1,010 acres and is generally described ' as an irregular crescent-shaped parcel, which extends from a point adjacent to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the ocean and then curves to the northeast along the ocean until it reaches the eastern boundary of the ahupua'a. The Petition Area measures about 14,000 feet in length and is about 5,500 feet wide at its widest point. It is bounded by the ' Kaupulehu Resort and Kona Village Resort to the west, the ocean to the north, the vacant state-owned Puuwaawaa ahupua'a to the east, and the vacant Kaupulehu ahupua'a to the southeast and south (see Figure 4-2). 4.2 Climate and Meteorology The State of Hawaii is located at the edge of the Tropical Zone within the belt of cooling northeasterly trade winds. Its climate is mild throughout the year. Northeasterly trade winds prevail approximately 80 percent of the year, particularly from February to ' November. Moderate to strong southerly (Kona) winds associated with low-pressure fronts originating to the west of the state occur more frequently between November and March. In well -exposed areas, the trade winds average under 15 miles an hour. They are slightly ' stronger in summer than in winter. A speed of 31 miles an hour is exceeded only about 2 percent of the time by the trades and 3 percent of the time by winds from other directions. ' The seaward portion of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a receives less than 20 inches of precipitation annually. The mean annual temperature is about 78° F, with relatively small daily and seasonal fluctuations. Daytime temperatures above 88°F or nighttime ' temperatures below 63°F are rare. Daytime temperatures along the Kona coast range from 80° to 90°F, although at surface level the barren lava flows of Kaupulehu are often warmer. ' 4.3 Topography, Geology, and Soils 4.3.1 Existing Conditions The Petition Area is situated at the base of the western slope of Hualalai and ' generally consists of sparsely vegetated pahoehoe lava flows and a barren a'a lava flow. The pahoehoe flows ages are up to about 3,000 years before present while the a'a flow is approximately 190 years old. The geologic base of the entire site is comprised of lava from ' the Hualalai Volcanic Series. The Petition Area is generally flat and rises gently from sea level to an elevation of 1 t 4-1 1332001P02=i-1 • •' Upau Airport HAWI Pacific Ocean Mahukona Harbor --- --NO °ALA Lapakehl x 1., ISLAND OF state Historic -- '• HAWAII & ', 1 - .ark RAN ;Kohala klountains, 1 Kewaihae Harbor- - -- HONOK Puukohola Helau National Historic Site Samuel Sperxxr Park KAWAIHAE MAUNA KEA RESORT �- - KawtilttaeRoad WAIMEA Hapuna Beach State Park Puako MAUNA LAN[ RESORT HQMM& - WAIKOLOABEACHRESORT fWAIKOLOA VILLAGE' ----- _...... .. ...... .. KAUPULEHU RESORT \ EXPANSION KONA -Mauna Kea VILLAGE KAUPULEHU RESORT Keshole Airport--- ..._ , j Honokohau Small Hualalai - - -------" ' Boat Harbor •\ Beach Perk` ., ., - -. _ •\ - / MOO M MULD 'N Oaw KOM DIva= KAILUA-KONA KEALAKEKUABaum CSS Mauna Loa CJCC t COMM Figure 4-1 PROJECT LOCATION Kaupulehu Resort Expansion 0 3.5 7 Kaupulehu Developments ® Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii ' NORTH SCALE IN MILES Prepared By: Be@ Collins Hawaii, June 1994 4-2 ' • 113 2001P02/002 2 . _ �'� ¢11(To Kellua Kone To Waimea _ 4,rMem N'°"w°y (" �' /r• •4 h �/ \ f �' • ki .�i+tea- - ' rsaa ' r PLANNED KAUPULEHU �� �1�� �y ._ yr MAUKA am _ a DEVELOtiPMtNT �...� % • / t 7 ' STATEOF, ;; r� r dP ff k k HAWAII y. Is Naaalkulua Pont • I Boundary of nniProposed / '-KAUPULEHLI '— �' RESORT • EXPANSION ' I � b iIf op _:-e, IAV! �`gRE$I, r KAUPULEHU RESORT` " *(Under COnSinlGwr1� �a e CWnakuk , �T•trk� i , - Kumr Point Np Pt otos_ FUTURE MAAINIOWp ' 'DEV— aty P Pont Kilu is Point Pacific Ocean Figure 4-2 SURROUNDING USES ® Keupulehu Resort Expansion U 2® Keupulehu Developments Keupulehu, North Kone,ona, Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN FEET Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 4-3 a_ Tank .. r r�,. UTURE F v.roo"poomYwt.—",v, k, -. KUKIO: i ' ESORI " - _., ventral' y •� � 7_7r..L" G Is Naaalkulua Pont • I Boundary of nniProposed / '-KAUPULEHLI '— �' RESORT • EXPANSION ' I � b iIf op _:-e, IAV! �`gRE$I, r KAUPULEHU RESORT` " *(Under COnSinlGwr1� �a e CWnakuk , �T•trk� i , - Kumr Point Np Pt otos_ FUTURE MAAINIOWp ' 'DEV— aty P Pont Kilu is Point Pacific Ocean Figure 4-2 SURROUNDING USES ® Keupulehu Resort Expansion U 2® Keupulehu Developments Keupulehu, North Kone,ona, Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN FEET Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 4-3 • • about 220 feet above mean sea level at the property boundary closest to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. It has an overall average slope of about 4%. The topography of the Petition Area is dominated by a branch of the 1800-1801 historic Kaupulehu Lava Flow (see Figure 4-3). This a'a flow extends through the center of the Petition Area to the ocean and constitutes about half of its total area. The a'a rubble rises from 10 to 20 feet above the older pahoehoe lava flows on either side of it. The a'a flow covers the entire western half of the Petition Area's shoreline; creating a relatively steep and rocky coast. The seaward -facing cliff at the shoreline is pock -marked with several caves and exposed lava tubes. The eastern half of the shoreline is a tidal pool shelf consisting of a broad expanse of pahoehoe strewn with a'a clinkers and coral rubble, and covered in some areas with up to about 5 inches of sand. According to the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, four soil associations are represented within the Petition Area (see Figure 4-4)• These are summarized as follows: (1) A'a Lava Flows (rLV). This lava has practically no soil cover and is generally bare of vegetation. The surfaces of a'a flows are masses of clinkery, hard, sharp pieces piled in tumbled heaps that are difficult to traverse on foot. It has been demonstrated that the clinkery a'a surface can be easily moved and crushed by bulldozers into relatively smooth surface cobbles one to four inches in size. At the Petition Area, a'a lava flows constitute about 60% of the site (50% attributable to the 1800-1801 historic flow and an additional 10% consisting of other a'a flows). (2) Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW). Pahoehoe lava flows, similar to the a'a flows, are a miscellaneous land type with meager soil covering. The surface of pahoehoe lava is generally much smoother than the a'a lava. The only soil in this land type is found in cracks and depressions, having been transported there by wind and storm runoff. At the Petition Area, pahoehoe lava flows constitute about 30% of the site. There is practically no soil cover on the lava flows and the a'a flows are bare of vegetation. Portions of the pahoehoe flows are covered with sparse scrub vegetation. Both types of lava are highly porous and surface water percolates through them rapidly. (3) Rock Land (rR0). Rock land is another miscellaneous land type that consists of pahoehoe bedrock covered in places with a thin layer of transported soil. The little soil that is present is generally confined to holes and cracks in the bedrock. Lava outcrops are exposed over 50 to 90 percent of the surface. At the Petition Area, rock land lava flows constitute about 2% of the site. 4-4 4-5 3 3 J 3 J T L 3 f-� Q > J 4-6 0 m L � m J r Q m O z uj J 3 m ¢ > J 4-6 (4) Beach Land (BH). Beach land is a typically long, narrow, sloping ' area of sand and gravel along the coastline of the island. The sand and gravel vary in color according to the material from which they formed. Yellowish or white sand forms from coral and sea ' shells, black sand forms from lava rocks, and green sand forms from olivine. At the Petition Area, beach land constitutes about 8% of the site. ' 4.3.2 Potential Impacts ' Construction of the proposed project will not impact the geology of the project site or its topography. Grading and some cut and fill will be necessary to prepare development sites and roadways; however, it will not significantly alter the topographical character of the area. Because no development is proposed seaward of the shoreline setback area or I certified shoreline, caves and lava tube openings identified in the shoreline cliffs will not be impacted. ' Existing soil classifications will be impacted by the importation of top soil which is necessary for the golf courses and landscaped areas of the project. Portions of existing soil types will be buried beneath the imported soil. During construction, the grading and contouring of imported top soil for the golf course and landscaped areas may have a short-term impact on air quality in the area and ' offshore water quality by generating increased levels of dust (wind transport). Increased amounts of soil in surface runoff could occur during grading and construction and before golf course turf has taken root. This could result in an increase to the turbidity of the ' coastal areas; constituting a secondary impact. Coastal waters could also be impacted by infiltration to groundwater resulting in increased sedimentation, nutrient enrichment, and the introduction of biocides. ' Potential impacts to the ocean resulting from sedimentation, runoff, and biocide contamination are also discussed in detail in Section 4.8.1.2 below. 4.3.3 Proposed Mitigation Although the source of the top soil to be imported has not yet been identified, it will likely come from a location on the Island of Hawaii. Imported soil would, therefore, be transported to the site by truck. Trucks will be covered to minimize soil loss during transportation. During dumping, stockpiling, and grading, imported soil will be regularly sprayed with water to control dust and particulate emissions. Erosion from surface runoff will be minimized by ensuring that development sites are graded in a manner that would prevent off-site runoff and retain runoff on site. This measure will prevent the degradation of coastal waters from increased levels of turbidity and nutrients. However, because of the area's characteristically low levels of annual 4-7 rainfall, surface runoff is not anticipated to be a significant concern. Coastal degradation from particulate and nutrient bearing groundwater will be prevented through the proper preparation of development sites. By layering development sites with decreasing sized aggregate rock, soil will be prevented from working itself down to the water table and being transported to the shoreline where it is extruded. Moreover, the application of biocides on the proposed golf courses will be carefully regulated and monitored to prevent biocides from entering the groundwater. 4.4 Agricultural Potential 4.4.1 Existing Conditions Important agricultural lands in the State of Hawaii are identified and classified by the Department of Agriculture using a system called Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH). This system identifies three classes of agriculturally important lands: (1) Prime Agricultural Land; (2) Unique Agricultural Land; (3) Other Important Agricultural Land. Due to a lack of soil, a lack of potable water, and an overall unsuitability for agricultural use, none of the land within the project site is classified in the ALISH system. The state also utilizes a land classification system devised in the early 1970s at the University of Hawaii's Land Study Bureau to identify valued soils. This system uses an alpha -beta code to label soil types of diminishing quality (A - best, E - worst). Soils at the project site are all coded as "E" under this system and are, therefore, considered to be of no practical value for agriculture. 4.4.2 Potential Impacts Because of the site's lack of agricultural potential, the project will have no negative impact upon agricultural productivity. A secondary impact of the project will involve its impact upon population growth in the region. The provision of up to 1,030 housing units will result in a potential increase in demand for local agricultural products which will, in turn, expand the market for products grown in the agricultural areas of the Big Island and increase revenues for island farmers. 4.4.3 Proposed Mitigation No mitigation measures are warranted. 4.5 Drainage 4.5.1 Existing Conditions Due to the site's relatively flat topography and the highly porous character of the lava, no defined drainage ways exist on site. The area is characterized as being well drained. There are no streams, ponds, anchialine ponds, or surface water bodies within the Petition Area. With the exception of a strip along the coastline approximately 50 -feet 4.8 wide which is designated as Zone VE (Coastal flood area with velocity hazard elevation ' determined at 9 feet) the entire property is designated as Zone X (areas determined to be outside of the 500 -year flood plain) according to the Federal Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The FIRM flood boundaries are presented in Figure 4.5. ' 4.5.2 Potential Impacts ' As the proposed project is developed, the lava flows will be altered to support the construction of residential subdivisions, roadways, parking areas, commercial centers, and two 18 -hole golf courses. The addition of topsoil and the development of impermeable ' surfaces will significantly alter the surface drainage flow from the site. Surface water runoff will increase and there will be a greater potential for surface water to impact coastal waters. ' 4.5.3 Proposed Mitigation To mitigate the potential impact of surface water runoff and drainage, including storm drainage, on coastal resources, all components of the proposed development will be designed to retain surface drainage on-site consistent with all applicable county standards. Direct discharge to the ocean will be minimized or avoided. 4.6 Groundwater Resources 4.6.1 Resource Description The general character of the groundwater in the Kona region may be classified in three types: basal groundwater, brackish basal groundwater, and dike -impounded perched ' groundwater. Rainfall in the region recharges the basal aquifer, which extends from the upper slopes of Hualalai to the shoreline. Seawater intrusion near the shoreline creates brackish water. The extent of brackish groundwater inland is dependent upon the rainfall I patterns, specific terrain, and geological formations. However, due to the proximity of the petition lands to the ocean, no potable water sources are present on-site. ' The Kaupulehu region can be divided into three hydrological sectors. Sector 1 lies between the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the coast. Sector 3 lies within the Hualalai rift zone in the upper elevations of the ahupua'a. Sector 2 lies between Sectors 1 and 3. ' Groundwater in Sectors 1 and 2 is brackish and groundwater in Sector 3 is potable. The groundwater in Sector 3 is restrained and its flow is impeded by geologic I structures associated with the rift zone. This causes the groundwater level to build up, creating a fresh water core in the basal lens. The sustainable yield in Sector 3 is estimated at 3.4 million gallons per day (GPD). In Sectors 1 and 2, the groundwater is unrestrained, and the head (or buildup) is low. The rate of groundwater extrusion along the Kaupulehu coastline is estimated to be about two and a half million gallons per day per coastal mile. 4-9 4-10 The basal lens in Sector 1 (under the Petition Area) consists of brackish groundwater with a maximum head of about two feet near the highway and average of one to two feet within the sector. The resource is a continuation of the basal lens in Sector 2 but receives virtually no recharge from the scanty local rainfall. Groundwater flux passing ' into Sector 1 under natural conditions is on the order of 6 million gallons per day. The aquifer is highly permeable and the brackish lens is thin. A total of five wells are presently situated within the ahupua'a. Two of them are non -potable wells and are located about three miles inland at about 850 feet above mean sea level. These wells are capable of producing brackish water which is of acceptable quality for irrigation use. Two potable water wells have also been drilled at the 1,400 foot elevation within the Kaupulehu ahupua'a. The fifth well is an exploratory well which has recently been completed within the Kaupulehu Resort's Urban District near the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. In Sector 3, the recommended total draft from the two existing wells is 1.3 mgd. As discussed above, the estimated sustainable yield of this sector is 3.4 mgd, leaving a 2.1 mgd ' surplus. Additional wells would have to be drilled to take advantage of this surplus. In Sectors 1 and 2, brackish groundwater can be developed for non -potable purposes. As a general rule, the degree of brackishness diminishes with distance inland, but beyond a mile ' or so little change takes place until the head rises high enough to sustain a fresh water core in the lens. Kona Village Resort currently acquires its water from two non -potable wells situated at an elevation of about 850 feet above mean sea level and two potable wells at 1,400 feet above mean sea level. These wells provide approximately 100,000 gpd to the resort. A portion of the water from these wells is treated by electrodialysis for potable consumption. Potential average water demand for the 624 -acre Kaupulehu Resort is estimated to be approximately 836,243 gpd for potable water. The resort's potential demand for non - potable water has not yet been determined. Once the resort's golf course design plans are completed, demand for non -potable irrigation water can be calculated. 4.6.2 Potential Impacts The proposed project will require potable water for consumption and non -potable water for irrigation. The groundwater resources with the Kaupulehu ahupua'a are considered to be adequate to meet the demand of the proposed project. This takes into account the existing demand of the Kona Village Resort and the project demand of the Kaupulehu Resort. The potable and non -potable requirements of the proposed project are presented in Section 6.1.4. An assessment of the potential impacts of fertilizers and pesticides to be used on the proposed 36 -hole golf course was conducted by Charles Murdoch, Ph.D. and Richard Green, Ph.D in January 1994, and is attached to this EIS as Appendix A and summarized here. 4-11 • Dr. Murdoch and Dr. Green noted that the only surface water subject to contamination at the project site is the coastal water. They stated that the absence of significant runoff most of the year and the dynamic mixing of turbulent shoreline water by wave action preclude any adverse effect of chemical use on the project if adequate care is taken in irrigation and in fertilizer and pesticide practices. Likewise, according to their report, groundwater quality will not be adversely affected if recommended chemical application and irrigation practices are followed. Given the brackish nature of the groundwater at the site, the groundwater quality is of concern only as it impacts coastal water quality. The combined goals of water conservation and sustained coastal water quality will be well served by careful control of the amounts of irrigation and agricultural chemicals required. 4.6.3 Proposed Mitigation With regard to water supply, the proposed water wells will be limited to a daily pumpage of approximately 400 gallons per minute. These yields are based upon the calculated sustainable yield of the area's groundwater resources. Conservation will be emphasized at the proposed project as a means of limiting demand for both potable and non -potable water. Potable water can be conserved in the proposed residential units by utilizing water conservation devices such as low-volume shower heads and by minimizing its use for irrigation purposes. The principal method for non -potable water conservation will be to utilize treated effluent from the Kaupulehu Wastewater Treatment Plant to supplement irrigation water intended for use on the 36 - hole golf course. The average volume of effluent projected to be available to supplement irrigation requirements is 0.404 million gpd, with a maximum flow of 1.571 mgd and a peak flow of 1.996 mgd. In addition to the use of treated effluent for golf course irrigation, salt - tolerant species of turf grass are being considered for use on the proposed golf courses. The use of such turf grass will enable relatively high saline content brackish water to be utilized for irrigation. Dr. Green and Dr. Murdoch indicate in their report that irrigation practices may have a large influence on the movement of soluble nitrogen fertilizers in the soil. If excessive irrigation water is applied soon, after the application of soluble nitrogen sources, the likelihood of runoff or leaching of nitrogen below the root zone is increased. Basing irrigation scheduling on water use rates and leaching requirements will result in large savings of water and also reduce the likelihood of chemicals being leached from the root zone. Fertilizer applications should, therefore, be scheduled so that additional water is not applied soon after soluble nitrogen fertilizers are applied. Use of only slow-release nitrogen sources will ensure minimum nitrogen leaching. Potential pesticide contamination of the groundwater is not considered to be a problem because actual pesticide use is projected to be very low, given the climatic conditions at the Petition Area. Pesticide use may be reduced by utilizing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to pest control. The IPM approach involves applying 4-12 pesticides only when pest populations reach levels which are causing unacceptable damage. It includes monitoring for pest populations and determining the level of individual pests required to produce unacceptable damage. All known methods of pest control are utilized, including selection of turf grass cultivars resistant to pests, cultural practices which decrease susceptibility to pests, applying the most effective pesticide and timing applications to improve pesticide efficiency, etc. According to Murdoch and Green, properly utilized IPM reduces, but does not eliminate, the use of pesticides. According to Green and Murdoch, mitigation of adverse coastal water quality effects due to applied nutrients and pesticides can be accomplished by insuring an adequate depth of surface soil in any areas planted to turf, use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers (or light applications of soluble ones), selection of pesticides which are effective against the pests but which are not likely to move from the site of application, and implementation of integrated pest management. Normal precautions in the use of pesticides registered for turf will also preclude negative impacts on wildlife (particularly birds) and air quality. The importance of good management requires the expertise of a well qualified Golf Course Superintendent. The Petitioner concurs with the recommendations of Murdoch and Green. 4.7 Natural Hazards The proposed project area may be potentially impacted by four principal forms of natural hazards: flooding from storm wave inundation, tsunami inundation, lava flow inundation, and seismic activity. 4.7.1 Flooding 4.7.1.1 Existing Conditions As discussed in Section 4.5, the Petition Area is generally not subjected to flood conditions. However, because the Petition Area extends along approximately 8,400 linear feet of coastline, the seaward portions of the property are occasionally subjected to wave runup. Under normal climatic conditions, the natural topography of the site prevents ocean waves and swells from impacting land inland of the certified shoreline. The relatively steep face of the a'a lava flow that covers nearly half of the Petition Area has been eroded by wave action and stands up to twenty feet above mean sea level in some areas. However, along the coastal strand which fronts the property on both sides of the 65 - acre Urban parcel, there are no sea cliffs and a wide expanse of pahoehoe tidal pool shelf rises only a few feet above mean sea level. Within a small portion of the Urban area, wave runup associated with normal ocean swells occasionally results in a ponding of ocean water in a depression about 200 feet inland behind the beach. During storm conditions, wave heights of 8 or more feet can occur. These higher waves are capable of washing over the flat coastal strand and increasing the volume of seawater ponded behind the tidal pools. Tropical storm and/or hurricane conditions could result in significant storm surge that not only impacts the coastal strand area with runup 4-13 but is also capable of depositing coral rubble and debris on the shelf above the certified shoreline, and at the same time, removing accumulated sand. 4.7.1.2 Potential Impacts Although the proposed development will cause a significant increase in the impermeable surface area at the site, resulting from the construction of roads, sidewalks, driveways, and parking lots, it is not likely that this will create a significant flooding hazard. The porous character of the lava ensures virtually no off-site runoff and on-site runoff will be dispersed into undeveloped lava fields where it will be absorbed before it can reach coastal waters. With regard to flooding generated by storm wave run-up, development situated near, but mauka of the certified shoreline could potentially be impacted. Such conditions could result in localized flooding to individual structures. It should be noted, however, that no habitable structures are presently proposed in areas that may potentially be impacted by storm water runup. Thus, development that may be impacted would be limited to landscaped areas, coastal access trails, and golf course fairways. 4.7.1.3 Proposed Mitigation A storm drainage system will be installed as part of the development project to prevent the accumulation of water within roadways and parking areas. The drainage system will be designed to contain all runoff within the Petition Area and prevent it from. impacting surrounding properties and land uses. To minimize the impacts of storm wave runup, the foundations of any development proposed near the certified shoreline boundary will be elevated sufficiently to prevent flooding. It should be noted, however, that no habitable structures are presently proposed in areas that may be subjected to potential storm water runup. 4.7.2 Tsunamis 4.7.2.1 Existing Conditions Tsunamis may be characterized by two types: those that are generated anywhere within the Pacific Rim and those that are generated locally. The significance of this distinction is associated with the length of warning time following a tsunami generating event. A tsunami generated by an earthquake in Chile may take up to 15 hours to reach Hawaii, while a local tsunami generated by an earthquake can be almost instantaneous. A tsunami inundation area has been defined for the shoreline of the Petition Area. The determination of the size of the potential inundation area is based upon historical occurrences and topographic limitations. The identification of a tsunami inundation area is utilized for informative purposes as a means to alert area residents to the potential risk. The actual occurrence of a tsunami cannot be predicted. Once a tsunami is 4-14 generated anywhere in the Pacific Rim, its height can be monitored as it approaches land masses. However, the actual height of tsunami at landfall will vary, based upon specific differences in the topography of the shoreline and the depth of the near shore waters. 4.7.2.2 Potential Impacts As the result of their unpredictability, the actual impacts of a tsunami cannot be estimated beyond the fact that large tsunami waves can cause considerable damage. The ability of a structure to withstand the destructive force of a tsunami is dependent upon a combination of factors including: the size of the wave, the number of waves, the type of structure impacted, the structure's distance from the shoreline, the topography of the impacted area, and the amount of debris suspended in the waves impacting the structure. 4.7.2.3 Proposed Mitigation To assure that future area residents of the entire project area are alerted to the destructive potential of tsunamis, a number of measures can be undertaken. First, all prospective homeowners within the general vicinity of the coastline will be provided with informative material at the time they purchase their home. Second, an evacuation plan will be prepared to identify the location of evacuation routes, evacuation procedures, and the location of emergency shelters. Third, a tsunami warning siren system will be installed within the proposed project as a means of informing area residents of an impending threat. The warning system will be linked to the statewide civil defense system and will be activated directly by the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency. 4.7.3 Volcanic Eruptions 4.7.3.1 Existing Conditions Because the Petition Area is situated at the base of the western slope of Hualalai, the mountain serves as a barrier protecting the project site from potential lava flow inundation generated by Mauna Loa. Nevertheless, the project area could suffer from lava flow inundation, tephra falls, volcanic gas emissions, or some combination of the three. Although Hualalai is much older than Mauna Loa, it is still considered to be an active volcano. However, its eruptions occur much less frequently than Mauna Loa or Kilauea. About 25% of the mountain is covered by flows less than 1,000 years old. For comparative purposes, over 40% of Mauna Loa's surface is covered by lava flows less than 1,000 years old. Hualalai last erupted in 1800-1801 from several vents along the northwestern rift zone. One of the flows generated during this eruptive series crossed the Petition Area and constitutes about 50% of the total project site. Utilizing a hazard zone scale from 1 to 9 (where 1 represents the greatest hazard and is associated with rift zones and active vents), the United States Geological Service (USGS) identifies the entire Hualalai mountain as Zone 4. According to the USGS, "the flanks of [Hualalai] do not have a distinctively lower hazard than its rift zones because the distance from the vents to the coast is short and the slopes are steep." (USGS, 1990) 4-15 4.7.3.2 Potential Impacts The potential impacts of lava flow inundation are usually catastrophic and irreversible. Structures that lie in the direct path of flow are either destroyed by fire or partially or completely covered with molten rock. Impacted areas require several weeks or longer for the lava to cool to the point where the area is accessible. In addition, a'a lava flows can be quite massive in size and height and completely alter the existing topography of an area. However, in Hawaii the loss of life due directly to lava flow inundation is extremely rare. This is due to the fact that there is usually adequate warning of an impending threat to allow the evacuation of an area. Although the loss of residential structures is a considerable hardship, an additional consequence of lava flow inundation is the potential disruption of infrastructure. In the case of the project area, it is possible that a lava flow could inundate the project's wells and water transmission lines or the Queen Kaahumanu Highway (all of which are located mauka of the Petition Area) without directly impacting the project site. Due to the relative proximity of the project site to the summit and northwest rift zone of Hualalai, in the event of an eruption, the Petition Area could also possibly be impacted by tephra falls (falling ash and lava projectiles) and/or volcanic gas emissions. 4.7.3.3 Proposed Mitigation As is the case with tsunamis, due to the uncertainty of volcanic eruptions, the most practical mitigative measure is the provision of a early warning alert system that will wam area residents of an impending threat. Together with a comprehensive evacuation plan, a warning system will be implemented to ensure that loss of life does not occur. The evacuation plan will be submitted to the county for approval. 4.7.4 Earthquakes 4.7.4.1 Existing Conditions The Island of Hawaii experiences thousands of earthquakes each year—most are so small that they can only be detected by instruments, but some are strong enough to be felt by people and a few cause minor to moderate damage. Most of the island's earthquakes are directly related to volcanic activity concentrated beneath Kilauea and Mauna Loa, particularly beneath the south flanks of both volcanoes and the Koiki region between them. Although originating in the volcanically active areas, these earthquakes can have widespread damaging effects. A few earthquakes are less directly related to volcanism and originate in zones of structural weakness at the base of the volcanoes or deep within the earth beneath the island. (USGS, 1990) Seismic tremors associated with volcanic activity on the island of Hawaii are known as basal slip quakes. These tremors are relatively shallow in depth and tend to be focused in the vicinity of the rift zones of Hawaii's active volcanoes. They are believed to 4-16 be capable of generating localized tsunamis. Lithospheric quakes occur at much greater depths below the earth's surface than basal slip quakes and are believed to be the result of the earth's crust sagging and shifting under the weight of Hawaii's volcanoes. These quakes are generally not associated with tsunamis. The largest earthquake recorded during historical times in the vicinity of the project was situated beneath Puuwaawaa on the north facing slope of Hualalai, about 10 miles east -south-east of the Petition Area. It occurred on October 5, 1929 and its intensity is estimated to have been about 6.5 on the Richter scale. This earthquake was believe to be a lithospheric quake and did not generate a tsunami. However, during the period from September 21, 1929 to October 16, 1929, over 6,000 tremors occurring at Hualalai were recorded at the Hawaii Volcanic Observatory at Kilauea. (Personal Communication; Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory, 1994) 4.7.4.2 Potential Impacts The (Uniform) Building Code designates the entire Island of Hawaii in Earthquake Zone 3 and contains certain structural requirements to address the relative seismic hazards. Since the majority of the structures to be built at the project area will not exceed two stories in height, there are no special concerns associated with falling debris during a major seismic event. However, during a major earthquake (7+ on the Richter scale), significant property damage could occur, including the destruction of building foundations and disruption of infrastructure such as sewer and water transmission lines. In addition, the impacts of an earthquake are determined to some extent by the character of an area's surface and subsurface. Loose soils or fills are known to "liquefy", shift, or slide during a moderate to severe earthquake. This can result in significant damage to foundations, roads, and transmission lines. A major earthquake is also capable of generating a localized tsunami, especially if shoreline subsidence or collapse occurs in direct response to the event. The extent of impact of a local tsunami upon the Petition Area is entirely dependent upon the size of the earthquake and the extent of any subsidence associated with it. 4.7.4.3 Proposed Mitigation Because the entire project area consists of a'a and pahoehoe lava, loose soils and fill would not present a significant problem during an earthquake. To minimize structural damage, all structures will be built to comply with the uniform building code to ensure that they are able to withstand a moderate earthquake event. 4-17 0 • 4.8 Marine Environment Marine waters off Kaupulehu's coastline are classified as open coastal, Class AA according to Title 11 Chap. 54, State DOH, Water Quality Standards. Class AA waters must remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible. Uses to be protected in Class AA are oceanographic research, support and propagation of shellfish and other marine life, conservation of coral reefs, compatible recreation, and aesthetic enjoyment. In mid-September 1993, Dr. Steven Dollar of Marine Research Consultants conducted a baseline marine assessment of the Petition Area's coastal resources. Reconnaissance surveys were conducted from the coastline out to the limits of coral reef formation. Based upon initial observations made during the reconnaissance surveys, four quantitative transect sites were selected offshore of the development area to inventory marine biota and collect water chemistry samples. Full descriptions of the methodologies employed and the findings for the marine biota analysis and water chemistry monitoring are presented as Appendix B in this document. The results are summarized below. 4.8.1 Physical Composition and Coral Communities 4.8.1.1 Existing Conditions Beyond the shoreline of the Petition Area, the structure of the offshore environment generally conforms to the physical characteristics of much of the coast of west Hawaii. It consists of three predominant zones. Beginning at the shoreline and moving seaward to a depth of about 20 feet, the shallowest zone is comprised of a seaward extension of a basaltic ledge of pahoehoe lava and scattered basaltic boulders that have entered the ocean after breaking off from the shoreline. Pocillopora meandrina, a sturdy hemispherical coral, is the dominant colonizer of this nearshore zone. This species is able to flourish in areas that are physically too harsh for most other species, particularly due to wave stress. Other common species in this zone are PocilLopora lobata, Montiporra vemicosa, and Pavona varians. Seaward of the nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed of a gently sloping basalt reef bench interspersed with lava extrusions and sand channels. Fine- grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of the bottom cover. Water depth in this mid -reef zone ranges from about 20 to 50 feet. Because wave stress in this zone is considerably less than in shallower areas, and suitable hard substrata abound, the area provides an ideal locale for colonization by attached benthos, particularly reef corals. Dominant coral species include P. lobata and Pontes compressa. P. lobata occurs in various growth forms including flat encrustations and large dome-shaped colonies. The seaward edge of the reef platform (at a depth of about 50 feet) is marked by an increase in slope to an angle of approximately 20 to 30 degrees. In this deep slope zone, substratum changes from the solid continuation of the island mass to an aggregate of unconsolidated sand and rubble. The predominant coral cover in this zone is typically interconnected mats of "finger coral" (Pontes compressa), which grow laterally over 4.18 unconsolidated substrata. Unlike many areas of West Hawaii, however, the predominant cover consists of living coral colonies. This indicates that the area has not been subjected to the force of destructive storm waves that have occurred in many other areas of West Hawaii in the past decade. Coral settlement and growth ceases at a depth of approximately 80 feet. Beyond this depth, the bottom consists mostly of sand, with occasional basaltic outcrops. In general, coral diversity is highest in the shallow or mid -depth zone and lowest in the deep slope zone. In total, twelve species of "stony' corals and two "soft" corals were observed throughout the study area. P. lobata accounted for about 52% of total coral cover, and about 29% of all bottom cover. The second and third most abundant species, Pontes compressa and Pocillopora meandrina accounted for about 39% and 4% of coral cover, and 22% and 2% of total bottom cover, respectively. Thus, these three species comprised about 95% of living coral cover and 53% of all bottom cover. In total, living coral cover accounted for about 66% of all bottom cover. 4.8.1.2 Potential Impacts Implementation of the proposed project will involve changes to the existing environment on land, including grading, vegetation removal, and new construction. The project includes no proposals or plans for alteration of the shoreline or offshore areas. Therefore, potential impacts to the marine environment can only be considered from activities on land that may result in the delivery of materials to the ocean through infiltration to groundwater, changes in surface runoff, and wind transport. A potential mechanism for negative impact to marine systems is increased sedimentation from wind or runoff. However, at the study area, the potential for negative impact is considered to be low, due to the existing character of the offshore area. Large regions of sand cover in mid -reef zone and deep slope zones indicate that the coral communities are presently adapted to extremes in sediment stress from natural conditions. According to Dr. Dollar, corals and other reef organisms are capable of removing sediment suspended by natural phenomena, up to threshold levels of deposition where cleaning mechanisms are overwhelmed and organisms become buried. Organisms in the study area are therefore capable of withstanding the stress associated with large natural sediment loads. In comparison to the frequent natural sediment resuspension within the study area, any additional input from land resulting from construction activity would probably not have the potential to accumulate to the point where organisms could be buried. As with sedimentation, it is not expected that runoff during construction would provide any negative stimulus to the marine environment. The climate of the North Kona district is one of the driest in the Hawaiian Islands; therefore substantial rainfall causing sheet flow to the ocean during construction is unlikely. Even in the event of heavy rainfall, the porous nature of the lava and soil ground cover is such that sheet flow carrying 4.19 suspended sediment toward the ocean would be absorbed rapidly. Thus, most rainwater that would enter the ocean as runoff would do so following percolation through the surface rock layers to the water table, followed by groundwater extrusion at the shoreline. I Normal volumes of groundwater extrusion in the Kaupulehu area are estimated to be f in the range of 3-6 million gallons per day (mgd) per mile. Results of water chemistry ■1 surveys conducted in the study area have shown that a surface layer of low salinity, high nutrient groundwater occurs in the nearshore area (within 50 meters of the shoreline) as a result of groundwater efflux. An increase in the volume of groundwater extrusion and resulting change in water chemistry owing to changes resulting from land development is likely to be insignificant. As an example, a study of development at Waikoloa (about 10 miles up the coast from the study area) estimated the annual discharge of stormwater runoff was roughly equivalent to the amount of groundwater which enters the ocean lily (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985). i Use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation of the proposed golf course, as well as use of fertilizers and pesticides could possibly impact the aquatic ecosystem. When subjected to substantial increases in nutrients, the response of some marine and freshwater systems is termed "eutrophication" and consists of increased growth of a portion of the community (phytoplankton) that is able to directly utilize the nutrients, generally at the expense of normal community integrity. No such impacts, however, are anticipated at the study area for several reasons. Most importantly, the unrestricted circulation of the offshore zone by tidal and wind -driven currents, meso -scale eddies, and wave action promotes rapid dilution and water exchange. Residence time of a parcel of water fronting the development is probably on the order of hours, so buildup of any nutrient is unlikely. In addition, much of the nutrient load provided in effluent and fertilizers is taken up by vegetation on the golf course. Chang and Young (1977) reported that on a golf course on Oahu irrigated with treated sewage effluent, 98% of the total nitrogen and 100% of the total phosphorus was taken up by the soil -plant surface layer. While the underlying substrata on the Oahu course may differ from the substrata at Kaupulehu, the soil mantle, where most of the chemical uptake and absorption occurs, should be similar at the two locations. Murdoch and Green (1987) also investigated the influence of golf course irrigation and pesticide application to nearshore marine waters. After 23 years of operation, material used to fertilize the golf course at the Mauna Kea Resort could not be detected in the ocean. The secondary level of sewage treatment commonly used by resort developments is an additional factor to be considered. Studies done at several ocean discharges on Oahu (Dollar 1987) show that intentional discharges of greater volumes of secondary -treated sewage into marine environments caused no detrimental effects whatsoever. It should, therefore, be noted that wastewater at the project is proposed for treatment to the secondary level. 4-20 0 • As discussed in section 4.6.2 above, the potential for negative alteration to marine ecosystems owing to pesticides and herbicides also seems to be nil. Golf courses in Hawaii typically do not utilize substantial quantities of pesticides, and only very small applications of herbicides are periodically made to the greens. Such small quantities do not appear to be of a magnitude great enough to leach through the soil and lava, be carried to the ocean via groundwater extrusions, and then accumulate to the point of producing a noticeable effect. To date, there have been no substantiated instances of detection of golf course biocides in any marine biota in Hawaii. 4.8.1.3 Cumulative Impacts Protection and preservation of the marine ecosystem is of particular importance to the Petitioner, especially in light of the various developments planned at Kaupulehu. In addition to the 36 -hole golf course and 1,030 residential units proposed at the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, the adjacent Kaupulehu Resort is allowed under its current zoning to construct 250 hotel units, two golf courses, and up to 1,000 resort/residential units. The Kona Village Resort is permitted a maximum of 150 units. Thus, full buildout of the projects currently proposed for the makai lands of Kaupulehu will result in a total of 400 hotel units, 4 golf courses, and about 2,000 residential units. Therefore, the cumulative impact of full buildout must be considered. Four existing factors suggest that cumulative development will not result in a significant negative impact upon the biological performance of the marine ecosystem. First, of the three separate projects, none include substantial or significant alterations to the shoreline or coastal resources. The only offshore work planned is a public safety and beach improvement project fronting Kaupulehu Resort. Four small beach areas along the shoreline will be impacted in order to make the beach areas safer for swimmers. The work will involve the mechanical removal of lava rock boulders from the beach and the near shore waters. No blasting is proposed and no coral reef structure will be removed. The depth of the swimming area between the beach and the landward edge of the coral reef will be increased by approximately two feet (from a depth of two feet to a new depth of four feet). These safety improvements have been mandated by Hawaii County as a condition of a Special Management Area permit. The low level of coastal alteration ensures that the natural off -shore conditions will not be physically altered or compromised. Water residence times will remain unchanged. Wave action will not be altered. Bottom -disturbing activities which could result in the destruction of coral and increased turbidity will not occur. Second, the existing wave regime and healthy coral community together indicate that increased runoff and sedimentation is likely to have no significant impact upon marine conditions. Nutrient loading is unlikely given the low residence time of water along the Kaupulehu coast. In addition, the existing coral communities are already adapted to wave stress and currently high levels of groundwater extrusion (and subsequently, the nutrients it contains). Any cumulative increases resulting from the three 4-21 development areas are still within the "acceptable" range when considering the dynamics of the natural system. Third, the naturally dry climate of the region and general lack of rainfall, combined with the flat topography of the area will greatly reduce the propensity for increased sheet flow and runoff, regardless of the cumulative area of hardscape surfaces proposed in the three development areas. Fourth, modem golf course management is much more sophisticated than in times past. Pesticides and herbicides are used sparingly, and only by licensed personnel, as discussed in the analysis by Murdoch and Green (see section 4.6.2). Wastewater from all three projects will be treated to a secondary level at a single treatment plant and the treated effluent will be combined with brackish water to irrigate all four proposed golf courses. The new golf courses will be constructed to prevent excessive drainage and maximize the efficient uptake of irrigation water by turf and plants. This is accomplished through the careful layering of aggregate under the greens, tees, and fairways. In addition, the installation of lysimeters during golf course construction will ensure that irrigation is controlled to prevent excessive use of water and increased runoff. Lysimeters also provide mechanism for monitoring biocide and fertilizer application to prevent excessive use and possible negative impacts upon the groundwater and marine ecosystem. For these reasons, no negative cumulative impacts upon the biology of the marine ecosystem are anticipated. However, the cumulative impact of population expansion at Kaupulehu may have a significant negative impact upon the populations of marine biota popular among subsistence gatherers; limu, opihi, and crab. This will be the result of increased public access to the Kaupulehu shoreline. Because access to the coastal area is presently limited by a lack of public roadways, Kaupulehu is presently not subjected to the same level of exploitation as other more accessible coastal areas. Based on the experience of other West Hawaii resort areas, this may change with the implementation of the Kaupulehu Resort project and the subject project. Public shoreline accesses will be provided, as required by State and County policy, and human activity in the coastal area will increase. The result may be a significant depletion of limu, crab, opihi, and fish. Increased fishing from the shoreline could also deplete offshore fish populations. 4.8.1.4 Proposed Mitigation As implied above, mitigation measures to prevent significant negative impacts upon the physical marine environment are generally systemic by nature. In other words, the various attributes of the proposed project, including project design and layout, grading plans, construction techniques, drainage systems, wastewater treatment, golf course operation and maintenance, and a commitment to resource monitoring all combine to ensure that negative impacts to the physical marine environment are minimized. To address the impacts of greater public access, the Petitioner will prepare a shoreline management plan in an effort to mitigate biological resource depletion. 4-22 • E Specific provisions of the plan will be coordinated with the zoning and Special Management Area permit processes. 4.8.2 Nearshore Water Quality 4.8.2.1 Existing Conditions A phased monitoring program for water chemistry was begun in August 1993 offshore from the Petition Area. Its findings indicate that water chemistry constituents that are found in high concentration in groundwater (silicone, nitrate, and phosphate) were substantially elevated in samples collected within 50 meters of the shoreline. Beyond this distance, mixing of groundwater and ocean water was sufficient to dilute all groundwater nutrients to near background concentrations. This suggests a substantial amount of groundwater extrusion. A buoyant surface lens consisting of elevated groundwater nutrients and decreased salinity was also apparent in the area out to a distance of 50 meters from shore. Water chemistry parameters such as turbidity, chlorophyll, and temperature displayed no distinct patterns. In general, the concentrations of these constituents showed no patterns with respect to shoreline or vertical gradients. Also, no nitrate, phosphorus, or ammonia is being added to nearshore waters as the result of activities on land. Based upon comparisons of measurements of water chemistry parameters to Department of Health standards, it has been determined that the natural input of nitrate (in groundwater) can result in concentrations exceeding DOH limits, especially in areas near the shoreline. The results of monitoring six months later (January 1994) revealed no substantial change in water chemistry, with two minor exceptions. First, comparing samples of the two surveys indicated that substantially more mixing of the entire water column occurs during the winter than during the summer. Calm conditions that occurred during the summer sampling resulted in substantially greater horizontal and vertical gradients of chemical materials that enter the ocean at the shoreline through groundwater efflux. Second, DOH standards for nitrate were exceeded again in January 1994, but not as frequently as during the previous August. 4.8.2.2 Potential Impacts The impacts of the proposed project upon the water chemistry of ocean waters fronting the Petition Area are addressed above in sections 4.8.1.2 and 4.8.1.3. 4.8.2.3 Proposed Mitigation See section 4.8.1.4 for a discussion of mitigation measures. 4.8.3 Marine Biota Section 4.8.1.1 addressed the physical composition of the Petition Area's marine 4-23 resources, and included a discussion of coral communities. This discussion focuses on other benthic macroinvertibrates, the reef fish community, endangered and threatened species. 4.8.3.1 Existing Conditions Aside from the coral communities, the dominant group of macroinvertibrates are sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). The most common urchin are Echinometra matheai, which occur in all three reef zones. E. matheai are small urchins that are generally found within interstitial spaces bored into basaltic and limestone substrata. E. matheai are most abundant in the study area at the mid -reef zone and are least abundant in the slope zone where solid substrata is not common. Tripneustes gradlla and Heterocentrotus mammillatus are other species of urchins that occur commonly on reef surfaces in many regions of the study area. Sea cucumbers (Holothurians) observed during the survey included three species, Holothuria atra, H. nobilis, and Actinopyga obesa. Individuals of these species were distributed sporadically across the mid -reef and deep reef zones. The most common starfish observed on the reef surface were Unckia spp. Several crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) were observed feeding on colonies of Pocillopora meandrina and Montipora verrucosa. Numerous sponges were also observed on the reef surface, often under ledges and in interstitial spaces. Frondose benthic algal zonation was not apparent at the study area. However, encrusting red calcareous algae (Porolithon spp., Peysonellia rubra, and Hydrolithon spp.) were common on the boulders and exposed rocks throughout the study area. These algae were also abundant on bared limestone surfaces, and on the non -living parts of coral colonies. Frondosa algae observed on the reef included Varlonia spp., Lyngbya majuscula. Halimeda spp., Sargassum spp., and Galauxura spp. All of these plants occurred sporadically, and did not constitute a major component of the benthic biota. Also observed was an as of yet unidentified benthic organism that may be chains of benthic diatoms. These organisms appear as stringy yellow-brown wisps that are delicately attached to the bottom. Only slight water motion is sufficient to dislodge the mats and scatter the wispy material in the water column. Mats of these organisms are often observed in west Hawaii growing in areas of bared substratum in calm water. The design of the reef survey was such that no cryptic organisms or species living within interstitial spaces of the reef surface were enumerated. Since this is the habitat of the majority of mollusks and crustacea, detailed species counts were not included in the survey. No dominant communities of these classes of biota were observed during the reef survey. With regard to the reef fish community, a total of 1,719 individuals representing 89 species were recorded during the survey. No significant pattern is evident, however, with respect to distribution of fish species, number and diversity by depth or location. The reef fish community is typical of that found along most of the Kona coast. 4.24 0 • Three species of marine animals that occur in Hawaiian waters have been declared threatened or endangered by Federal jurisdiction. The threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurs commonly along the Kona coast and is known to feed on selected species of macroalgae. The endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is seen infrequently in the waters off the Kona coast. Several green sea turtles were sighted on the surface and underwater during the baseline survey. Populations of endangered humpback whale (Megaptera movaeangliae) are known to winter in the Hawaiian Islands from December to April. The baseline survey was conducted in September, when whales are not present in Hawaiian waters. 4.8.3.2 Potential Impacts Because there is no plan for any work in the nearshore region of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Area, there is no potential for blasting or excavation that might affect behavior of whales and other marine animals. Short-term changes in water quality resulting from construction would also not be of a magnitude great enough to affect the behavior of sea turtles that might inhabit the reefs off the Petition Area. Increased access to the shoreline, once development is underway, might affect resident turtles because these animals often do not remain in areas frequented by humans. However, the potential for impact is considered to be very slight, especially because of the rocky character of the coastline and the lack of swimming areas. The potential for impacts to marine communities as a result of development activities appears to be minimal. None of the development activities will have the potential to induce long-term changes in physio -chemical water quality parameters of a magnitude sufficient to cause changes in biological community structure. Marine environments are routinely subjected to naturally occurring stresses that can be much more destructive than the incremental changes related to development activity. If some unexpected event related to development activity does occur, the resulting alterations to marine community structure would probably be reversible and recovery rapid once the stress factor is mitigated. Tolerance to such changes appears to already be part of the physiological range of the community. However, as discussed in section 4.8.1.3, the project may have a significant impact as well as a cumulative impact upon marine biota that are popular with subsistence gatherers. Increased public access to the coastal area may result in the significant depletion of certain types of marine biota, including limu, crab, and opihi. 4.8.3.3 Proposed Mitigation As long as reasonable steps are taken in construction practices, and operational procedures for near shore projects do not involve substantial changes in material delivery to the nearshore ocean, there should be no adverse impacts to the marine environment. 4-25 Y However, regardless of how unlikely, there is always the potential for an unexpected event. Consequently, the development will include a time -course monitoring program. If any development activities cause changes in physical -chemical parameters which lead to changes in environmental integrity, these effects could be quantified through time -series monitoring surveys. Such changes in water quality would be indicative of potential changes to marine community structure. Thus, any changes in water quality owing to shoreline development would trigger mitigative action, hopefully at a level below that capable of inducing change in biotic structure. As discussed in section 4.8.1.4, impacts to marine biota resulting from the provision of greater public access to the shoreline will be mitigated through the preparation of a shoreline management plan in conjunction with the project's zoning and Special Management Area permit processes. 4.9 Air Quality 1 An Air Quality Impact Report was prepared for the proposed project by J.W. Morrow and is attached to this EIS as Appendix C. Following is a summary of its findings. 4.9.1 Existing Conditions Since 1985 when the State Department of Health reduced its monitoring network on the neighbor islands, there has been no permanent monitoring of regulated pollutants (particulate matter [PMIO], total suspended particulate matter [TSP], sulfur dioxide [SO2], carbon monoxide [CO], and ozone [031) in Hilo or West Hawaii. However, due to public concern about volcanic air pollution (VOG), a special monitoring study was conducted during the 1985-86 period in Kailua-Kona. The results of that study indicate very low levels of TSP and SO2. Both State and Federal air quality standards appear to be met. Unfortunately, and despite growing population in Kona, the principal mobile source pollutants, CO and NO2 are not routinely monitored in West Hawaii. The worst air pollution episodes experienced in Hawaii County are infrequent and unpredictable volcanic eruptions. While volcanic eruptions are somewhat variable and have not been fully characterized, it is well known that visibility is affected by the presence of fine particulates resulting directly from volcanic activity as well as secondarily from forest fires caused by lava flows. due to the In conjunction with the current study, air sampling was conducted in May 1994 along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the Kaupulehu area. The sampling site was within 10 meters of the road edge on the mauka (east) side. A continuous carbon monoxide (CO) instrument was set up and operated during the AM and PM peak traffic hours. An anemometer and vane were installed to record onsite surface winds during the air sampling. A simultaneous manual count of traffic was also performed. The variability of each of the parameters measured during the peak hours is clearly seen in Figures 4-6 and 4-7 4-26 13AW1PO?/OW-1 P.M. PEAK HOUR CONDITIONS QUEEN KAAHUMANU.HIGHWAY 25 MAY 1994 ao -- Wind SppBed (mi/hr) 20 1• se so s 0 Wind Direction 70 .0 (deg) •e 1G 0 ,G V Co (mg/m') 6 6 3 1 0 100 60 ao i ^ so �� '0 TrOtfic 3 (S -min counts) 20 10 0 3146 3:60 3.66 ..00 .,06 ..30 .,16 a,20 .:26 4130 ..36 .,a0 a 46 LOCAL TIME Source: J.W. Morrow, Air Ouality Impact Report IAOIR) Kaupulehu, Resort - Phase 2, June 13, 1994 Figure 4-6 AIR OUALITY MONITORING — 5/25/94 Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Bek Collins Hawaii, June 1994 4-27 133.2o01P02/0OB-2 Wind Speed (mi/hr) Wind Direction (deg) co (mg/m) TroNlc (5 -min counts) A.M. PEAK HOUR CONDITIONS QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 26 MAY 1994 Source: J.W. Morrow, Air Quality Impact Report (AOIR) Kaupulehu, Resort - Phase Z June 13, 1994 LOCAL TIME 4-28 il Figure 4-7 AIR QUALITY MONITORING — 5/26/94 Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Bell Collins Hawaii, June 1994 0 • Onsite weather conditions during the afternoon of May 25th were strong northeasterly winds with a neutral atmosphere. Traffic counts were somewhat lower than the peak volumes reported in the Traffic Impact Analysis conducted for the project (see Appendix D). Carbon Monoxide concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as computer -predicted concentrations conducted for the analysis. On the morning of May 26th, winds were less than 5 mph and generally southerly in direction. Atmospheric stability was neutral throughout most of the time, but gradually became slightly unstable as the sun rose. Traffic counts were again comparable to the Traffic Impact Analysis and the CO level was low 4.9.2 Potential Impacts The principal source of short-term air quality impact will be construction activity. Construction vehicle activity will increase automotive pollutant concentrations along Queen Kaahumanu Highway as well as in the vicinity of the project site itself. Because of the moderate level of existing traffic volumes, the additional construction vehicle traffic will not likely exceed road capacities, although the presence of large trucks can reduce a roadway's capacity as well as lower average travel speeds. Site preparation and earth moving will create particulate emissions as will building and onsite road construction. Construction vehicles' movement on unpaved onsite roads will also generate particulate emissions. EPA studies on fugitive dust emissions from construction sites indicate that about 1.2 tons/acre per month of activity may be expected under conditions of medium activity, moderate soil silt content (30%), and a precipitation evaporation (P/E) index of 50 [Ed. note: the site's P/E is rated at 12 - arid.]. Since the site is currently lava covered with little or no exposed soil, soil will be brought to the site. Some of these soils are likely to have silt contents greater than the 30% cited above. In conjunction with the and local climate, this suggests a potential for somewhat greater fugitive dust emissions. In addition to the onsite impacts attributable to construction activity, there will also be offsite impacts due to the operation of concrete and asphalt concrete batching plants needed for construction. It is too early, however, to identify the specific facilities that will be providing these materials, and thus, the discussion of these air quality impacts is somewhat generic. It was possible, however, to estimate ambient air impact using design and operating features of a typical concrete batching plant capable of producing up to 100 cubic yards of concrete per hour. Assuming 8 hours/day operation and published EPA emission factors for both direct plant emissions and fugitive dust emissions, estimates of worst case ambient impact were derived using the PTPLU screening model. Assuming that the plant would be located near the project site, existing data from the Kailua-Kona site were considered. Adding the second highest TSP concentration from the 1985-86 DOH data, the yield of the plant was below State and Federal 24-hour PMIo standards. 4.29 4 Design and operating data for a typical asphalt concrete batch plant with a production capacity of 186 tons/hour were also obtained and reviewed. The estimated TSP and SO2 concentrations were well below State and Federal standards. The Traffic Impact Analysis referred to above served as the basis for a mobile source impact analysis. Automotive emissions factors for CO were generated for calendar years 1994 and 2015. Modeling was performed for the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona Village Access Road (with and without the project). The results of the modeling indicate an increase over time in ambient CO levels close to the highway but demonstrate existing and future compliance with State and Federal standards for both 1 -hour concentrations and 8 -hour concentrations. Table 44: Estimates of Annual Emissions due to Electrical Generation Pollutant Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulfur oxides (SO.) Total hydrocarbons (THC) Particulate matter (PM) Emissions Percent of 1980 (Tons/Year) Emissions Inventory 158 2.75 41 0.06 18.9 0.42 4.1 0.06 1.5 0.25 Finally, in view of the project's electrical energy requirements, a review of annual emissions due to electrical generation was conducted. Because of anticipated growth in the region, the Hawaii Electric Light Company has already applied to the Public Utilities Commission to expand its Keahole Station by 56 megawatts. The estimated emissions resulting from fuel burned to provide the power needed by the Kaupulehu project are presented in Table 4.1 above. The estimated emissions represent relatively small increases over the latest available county emissions inventory. 4.9.3 Proposed Mitigation Since there is a potential for fugitive dust due to the dry climate and fine soils, adequate dust control measures will be employed during the construction period. Dust control measures will include frequent watering of unpaved roads and areas of exposed soil. Soil transported to the site will be contained in covered trucks to minimize fugitive dust during transportation. The phased grading of areas will reduce the amount of exposed soil and landscaping will be implemented in completed areas as soon as it is practicable. Due to the lack of significant impacts, no mitigation measures are warranted for vehicular emissions. Until other nonpolluting means of generating electricity are developed or higher efficiency control technologies are applied, such increases in emissions are inevitable. 4-30 Electrical demand, fuel consumption, and emissions can be reduced by energy conservation measures such as the use of solar water heaters, heat pumps, proper design of buildings to reduce air conditioning needs, and the use of low-energy light fixtures. The HELCO facility providing the power must demonstrate compliance with all applicable ambient air quality standards and control regulations in order to retain its operating permit. 4.10 Noise Characteristics An Acoustic Study for the proposed project was conducted by Y. Ebisu and Associates and is presented as Appendix E to this EIS. Following is a summary of the consultant's findings. 4.10.1 Existing Conditions The existing noise environment of the Petition Area consists of ambient noise levels controlled by wind and foliage, surf, birds, and intermittent flyby events of helicopters and aircraft. Measured background ambient noise levels in vacant interior areas ranged from 40 to 50 weighted decibelst (dBA). At 100 feet from the edge of the surf, measured ambient noise levels ranged from 50 to 65 dBA for one- to three-foot waves. These levels are in the "Minimum Exposure, Unconditionally Acceptable" category (with the high surf noise levels excluded). Helicopter and light aircraft flyby events (no overflights observed) ranged from 55 to 70 dBA. Distant jet aircraft noise (probably from aircraft operating to and from Keahole Airport ranged from 45 to 55 dBA. The only significant impacts upon the ambient noise environment result from traffic along Queen Kaahumanu Highway and activities at the Kona Village Resort. Existing traffic noise levels are in the "Minimal Exposure, Unconditionally Acceptable" category, with traffic noise below 55 Day -Night Sound Level (Ldn) at approximately 150 feet or greater setback distances from the highway's center line. Estimated background noise levels in the populated areas of the Kona Village Resort probably range from 50 to 55 Ldn. 4.10.2 Potential Impacts Future traffic noise levels along the primary access roadways to the proposed project were calculated for the year 2015 following build -out of the proposed development. Along Queen Kaahumanu Highway, traffic noise levels are expected to increase by approximately 1 Decibels (dB) are an absolute measurement of sound. However, the human ability to detect sound varies from person to person. Weighted decibels (dBA) are used to transform the sound measurement to a uniform scale. 4.31 0 • 5.8 to 6.2 dB above existing noise levels between 1994 and 2015. Due to its relatively low volume when compared to existing non -project related traffic along the highway, project ' traffic is predicted to cause an insignificant portion (0.3 to 0.6 dB) of the total increases in traffic noise along the highway. Due to setbacks integrated into the proposed development plan, noise levels at the project's housing units should not exceed the 65 Ldn FHA/HUD noise standard, and are expected to be approximately 55 Ldn or less. The proposed development would increase the existing background ambient noise levels in the environs of the project due to the proposed urbanization of presently vacant lands. This increase in background ambient noise levels may result from golf course maintenance activities, as well as from normal residential activities at the project's housing units. These increases are unavoidable. Therefore, administrative controls (such as noise curfews) may be required to minimize their impact on noise sensitive receptors. A potential for complaints regarding audible sounds from the Kona Village Resort luau show does exist due to the planned location of new single family residences near the northeast boundary of the Kona Village Resort. The golf course should provide about 300 to 400 feet of buffer space, but amplified music and crowd noise from the luau may still be audible at the planned residences due to the low nighttime background ambient noise levels in the project area. Temporary noise impacts may occur during construction of the proposed project and are considered to be unavoidable. The quality of the acoustic environment may be degraded to unacceptable levels during periods of construction. 4.10.3 Proposed Mitigation Mitigation measures to reduce construction noise to inaudible levels may not be practical in all cases. Therefore, construction activities are predicted to be audible at the adjoining Kona Village Resort, some portions of the neighboring Kaupulehu Resort project, and at surrounding residences during later development phases of the proposed project. To minimize construction noise impacts, the use of quiet equipment and construction curfew periods, as required under the State Department of Health noise regulations on the island of O'ahu, will be considered. The early phasing of the landscaped buffers and berms between noise sensitive receptors and the job sites of later construction phases will also be considered as a mitigation measure. Prospective clientele of both the existing Kona Village Resort and the proposed project will be advised of any ongoing construction activity within audible distances. With regard to potential complaints concerning the sound levels generated by the Kona Village luau show, adequate disclosure of the music or other sounds emanating from entertainment activities at the Kona Village Resort will be provided to prospective tenants of the project's dwelling units. 4-32 0 4.11 Flora • A field study to assess the botanical resources of the Petition Area was conducted by Char 6t Associates in February 1994. The primary objectives of the field study were to: 1) provide a general description of the major vegetation types; 2) inventory the flora; 3) search for threatened, endangered, rare, and vulnerable plants; and 4) identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns and propose appropriate mitigation measures. Following is a summary of the final report of the field study, which is attached to this EIS as Appendix F. 4.11 .1 Existing Conditions Scrub vegetation covers approximately half of the Petition Area. Vegetation coverage occurs generally on the pahoehoe lava flows and on rock -land (mapped as "rLW" and "rRO" respectively in Figure 4-4). The Kaupulehu lava flow of 1800 ("rLV") which covers the remaining half of the Petition Area is barren except along its edges where there is sparse scrub vegetation. Where the 1800 lava flow meets the sea, there are barren, jagged, heaps of a'a lava rubble with small pockets of beach. Along the coastline, there is a narrow band of coastal strand vegetation on areas with pahoehoe lava flow. For purposes of analysis, vegetation in the Petition Area can be divided into two groups: coastal strand vegetation and scrub vegetation. Of a total of 44 species inventoried in the Petition Area, 28 (64%) are introduced or alien species; 2 (4%) are originally of Polynesian introduction; and 14 (32%) are native. Of the native plants, half are native only to the Hawaiian Islands (endemic), and half are native to the Hawaiian Islands and also elsewhere (indigenous). Coastal Strand Vegetation: Along the entire coastline where the 1800 lava flow meets the sea, there is one small patch of beach morning glory vine or pohuehue (Ipomoea pes- caprae). It is located on the black sand beach closest to the Kona Village Resort side of the flow. Aside from this area, the remainder of the coastal strand vegetation is situated along the northern portion of the coast extending from the edge of the 1800 lava flow to the Petition Area boundary. Within this area, the substrata is 3,000 to 5,000 year old pahoehoe lava flows. The flat sandy areas are covered with low, tangled mats of beach morning glory. Also found in these areas are plants of pluchea (Pluchea symphytifolia), 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), 'aheahea (Chenopodium murale), neva or kipukai (Heliotropium curassaoicum), and 'ilima (Sida faUax). A few trees of tree heliotrope (Tourneforthia argentea) also occur here. Behind the coastal strand, there is a dense thicket of kiawe trees (Prosopis pallida). These trees stand up to 25 feet in height. Although there is no ground cover beneath them, there is a thick layer of organic material consisting of decayed leaves. It should be noted that the majority of kiawe tree thicket is situated within the 65 -acre parcel that is classified as Urban District, and is, therefore, technically not part of the Petition Area. 4-33 ,I Scrub Vegetation: This vegetation type consists of scattered patches of plants on pahoehoe ' lava flows. Fountain grass is the most abundant of the grasses, although in low-lying places ' or swales Natal redtop grass (Rhynchelytrum repens) may be locally common. Two native subshrubs, 'ilima and 'uhaloa, are abundant. Other shrubs found here occasionally include pluchea, noni (Morinda cirrifolia), indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa), and nehe (Lipochaeta ' lavarum). A'ali'i shrubs (Dodonaea viscosa) are less frequently noted and occur on the mauka most portion of the Petition Area. Scattered trees of kiawe are of short -stature (6-12 feet tall) and form only about 3-5% of the vegetative cover. Smaller herbaceous material ' found among the scrub vegetation include Portulaca pilosa, coatbuttons (Tridax procumbens), hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), Eragrostis tenella, and threadstem carpetweed (Molluga cerviana). A small, annual, endemic grass, Panicum pellitum, is uncommon in the Petition Area. According to the botanist, most of the vegetation shows browsing damage from feral donkeys and goats. Donkey droppings are a common sight. One plant of the 'ohai (Sesbania tomenrosa), a proposed endangered species, occurs ' on the project site at about the 120 foot elevation, approximately 600 feet north of the Kona Village Resort water tanks, on a weathered pahoehoe lava flow with open scrub and scattered kiawe trees. This single plant was found during a survey conducted in 1985, but no seedlings or saplings were observed. During the current survey, the single plant was once again identified. An intensive search was made of the Petition Area, with special attention to areas with similar aged pahoehoe lava flows, but no other 'ohai plants were J found. Again, no seedlings or young plants were observed, although it produces fruit j readily. Mature fruits were collected for distribution later to the National Tropical Botanical Garden. A main branch of the plant appeared to have fallen over since 1985, but in general the plant appeared to be healthy and was flowering. Two Category 2 candidate endangered species were also found in the Petition Area. Category 2 plants are species for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. The native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) was found mauka of the Kaupulehu landing strip. A few plants of Fimbristylis hawaiiensis were found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation. No other listed, proposed, or candidate threatened or endangered species were found during the field study. 4.11.2 Potential Impacts Development of the Petition Area for residential, commercial, and recreational uses will result in the loss of existing vegetation. However, because the existing vegetation is primarily composed of wide -spread species, the proposed development is not expected to have a significant negative impact on these botanical resources. The existing 'ohai plant will be preserved and, therefore, will not be impacted by development. 4.11.3 Proposed Mitigation As recommended by the botanist, the size of a buffer area to be established around 4-34 the 'ohai plant will be determined as the result of consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service. Figure 4-8 presents the location of the 'ohai plant. Dust screens will be utilized if necessary during construction to ensure that the plant is not impacted by construction vehicle -generated dust. In addition, a management/horticultural plan will be prepared for the propagation of additional 'ohai plants and maiapilo plants. These cultivated plants could be used for landscaping. 4.12 Fauna 4.12.1 Existing Conditions A two-day bird and mammal survey was conducted on the property in early February, 1994 by Phillip Bruner. The results of the survey are included in this EIS as Appendix G and are summarized below. The objectives of the survey were to: • Document what bird and mammal species occur on the property or may likely be found there given the type of habitats available; • Provide some baseline data on the relative (estimated) abundance of each species; • Determine the presence or likely occurrence of any native birds, particularly any that are listed as "Endangered" or "Threatened"; and • Identify any sites or habitat that may be unique or of special importance to native wildlife. According to Bruner, no endemic (native to the Hawaiian Islands) birds were observed during the survey. Due to the absence of wetland in the area, no resident waterbirds or seabirds were observed. Four species of migratory shorebirds were observed; all common migrants to the Pacific. Thirteen species of exotic birds were identified during the survey. Relative abundance data for these species were comparable to that gathered on nearby lands during surveys conducted by Bruner from 1989 to 1992. Table 4-2 summarizes Bruner's survey of avifauna at the property. With regard to feral mammals, small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) were observed on site. Skeletal remains and scats of feral goats (Capra hircus) were noted throughout the mauka sections of the property. Feral donkeys (Equus asinus) were seen on both survey days, with one particular herd containing over 20 animals. No rats, mice, or cats were observed during the survey but likely do occur on or near the project site. Although no Hawaiian Hoary Bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) were seen on the survey, an employee of the Kona Village Resort reported seeing a bat emerge from a lava tube near the petroglyph field just mauka of the village about one year ago. No particularly special or unique bird or mammal habitats were discovered on the subject property during the course of Bruner's survey. 4.35 IT °D¢o��� V LLLLc m m �Sc Cl m Lu i A LLF �a Yc Z 3 � a! zo d r � z c C n�mC3 W � 5 R z W � Y z m zz m W m a rl 4-36 t\ri �• \ j ��� j °D¢o��� V LLLLc m m �Sc Cl m Lu i A LLF �a Yc Z 3 � a! zo d r � z c C n�mC3 W � 5 R z W � Y z m zz m W m a rl 4-36 E COMMON NAME (Resident Endemic) Short -eared Owl/Pueo Hawaiian Hawk/I'o (Migratory Indigenous) Pacific Golden Plover Ruddy Tournstone Wandering Tattler Sanderling (Resident Waterbirds) None (Exotic) Gray Francolin Spotted Dove Zebra Dove Common Myna Northern Cardinal Yellow -billed Cardinal Japanese White -Eye Yellow -fronted Canary Nutmeg Mannikin Warbling Silverbill Saffron Finch House Finch House Sparrow Barn Owl Ring-necked Pheasant Black Francolin Northern Mockingbird Lavender Waxbill • Table 4-2: Avifauna Identified Onsite SCIENTIFIC NAME Asio f lammeus sandwichensis Buteo solitarius Pluvialis fulva Arenaria interpres Heteroscelus incanus Calidris alba Francolinus pondicerianus Streptopelia chinensis Geopelia striata Acridotheres tristis Cardinalis cardinahs Paroaria capitata Zosterops japonicus Serinus mozabicus Lonchura punctulata Lonchura malabarica Sicalis flaveola Carpodacus mexicanus Passer domesticus Tyto alba Phasianus colchicus Francolinus francohnus Mimus polyglottus Estrilda caerulescens RELATIVE ABUNDANCE* R=15 R=4 R=10 R-1 U=4 R=3 C=9 C=8 R=4 C=6 C=7 R=8 A=12 C=9 R=2 U-4 R=3 0 0 0 0 0 *Relative Abundance = The number of times observed during surveys or average number on eight -minute counts in appropriate habitat. A = abundant (average 10+) U - uncommon (average less than 5) C = common (average 5-10) 0 = not seen, but presence likely due to character of area R - recorded (seen or heard at times other than on 8 -minute counts or on one count only). Number which follows is total number seen or heard over duration of survey. 4-37 4.12.2 Potential Impacts Due to the apparent absence of significant wildlife habitats within the Petition ' Area, development of residential areas and golf courses is not expected to result in negative impacts to most area fauna. Although existing populations may be temporarily displaced as construction of individual project elements begins, this is considered to be a short-term impact with no significant adverse consequences. The identified bird and mammal populations are considered to be resilient species and will be able to endure short- ' term displacement. From a long-term perspective, development of the proposed project will replace a relatively barren lava field with a variety of new habitat opportunities, especially for avifauna. In addition, landscaping associated with the proposed residential and recreational land uses will have a positive impact upon avifauna by providing new foraging areas. The size of avifaunal populations, especially the exotic species, will likely increase as trees and lawns within the project area mature. Avifauna could also be impacted by the improper use of pesticides upon the proposed golf courses and from misuse by homeowners on residential properties. Goats and donkeys will be permanently displaced by the proposed development. This is considered to be an unavoidable consequence of the project. However, because neither of these imported species are considered to be endangered and both constitute a nuisance from the perspective of their continuing threat to native plant life, displacement does not constitute a significant negative impact. 4.12.3 Proposed Mitigation Fences will likely be constructed to ensure that goats and donkeys are prevented from grazing in residential areas and on the proposed golf course. Cattle crossings may also be installed on certain roadways to prevent these animals from entering residential areas. Because both species are characteristically wary of humans and human activity, they will not likely be endangered by the increased volume of vehicular traffic associated with the proposed development. It is expected that they will generally avoid roadways. To minimize the potential impact of pesticides on the avifaunal population of the area, the use of pesticides on the proposed golf course will be minimized wherever and whenever practicable (see Appendix A). In addition, when the use of pesticides is determined to be necessary, they will be applied according to their labeled specifications and their application will be restricted to maintenance employees who are properly certified by the State Department of Agriculture to engage in such activity. However, similar requirements and precautions cannot be made applicable to private homeowners. Consequently, any adverse impacts resulting from the misuse of pesticides by private homeowners cannot be mitigated. 4-38 • 4.13 Archaeology An archaeological inventory survey of the subject property was conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) in two phases between 1991 and 1994. The survey covered approximately 2,184 acres at Kaupulehu and generally consisted of all the land within the ahupua'a of Kaupulehu, makai of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, that is presently contained within the Conservation District. Phase I of the survey (Smith and Rosendahl, 1991) consisted of an initial identification process to locate any existing archaeological sites. Phase II (Head and Rosendahl, 1994) evaluated the potential significance of all identified sites and defined the general scope of subsequent mitigation work that may be needed. Because the findings of the Phase I survey are contained in the Phase II report, the Phase I report is not presented as a part of the document but is available for review upon request. The main body of the Phase II report is included in this environmental impact statement as Appendix H. Three appendices (A, B, and C) attached to the Phase 11 report are not included in this document due to their size (299 pages total). However, the Phase II report appendices are available for review upon request and are available for review at the Hawaii County Planning Department, the Hilo Regional Library, the Kailua-Kona Library, Hamilton Library at the University of Hawaii- Manoa, and the State Historic Preservation Division of the DLNR. Following is a summary of the Phase 11 report. 4.13.1 Existing Conditions A total of 185 sites, consisting of 633 discrete features, were recorded during the survey. Of these sites, 45 are located outside of the Petition Area, and two of the 45 are located just outside the property boundary of Kaupulehu. None of the sites identified within the Petition Area are located on the Kaupulehu flow of 1800. The archaeological sites consist of both multiple and single component sites, and their physical condition ranges from poor to good. Formal feature types identified in the survey included petroglyph, shaped wall, cairn, enclosure, mound, modified lava tube with utilization, pahoehoe excavation, lava tube with cultural material, modified outcrop, terrace, modified lava tube, trail, and modified depression. Feature types have also been assigned probable functions by the archaeologists. The most common functional types are temporary habitation, indeterminate (sites for which a definite function could not be determined), marker, communication (petroglyphs), transportation (trails), and long-term habitations. Other less common functional types include agriculture, recreation, burial, storage, ceremonial, and multi -function sites. Based upon radiocarbon age determinations taken during the current survey, initial occupation of the makai Kaupulehu area is believed to have occurred as early as AD 1441. However, the results of a 1988 study conducted by Walker and Rosendahl at a coastal site near the Petition Area indicated initial occupation occurred at Kaupulehu between AD 1030 and AD 1290. The most permanent settlement of the area is believed to have occurred near the coast because of the ocean and coastal resources that were available. 4.39 0 • ,I Twenty-one probable radiocarbon age determinations taken during four separate studies in I the makai area indicate the most common occupation ranging from 1580 to 1784. This ' corresponds to the general theory of population expansion on the island. Initial occupation of West Hawaii remained fairly stable and low until about AD 1200, when population pressures forced generally uneven increases at favored locations through AD 1600. M Based upon what has been discovered at Kaupulehu, it is believed that there was a substantial population in the area in the late 16th century. Inhabitants probably lived at least semi -permanently along the coast and were primarily engaged in marine exploitation and small-scale gardening. Population pressures also forced people into the upland areas and a considerable movement occurred between these two population centers as cultivated crops and products were exchanged for ocean resources. Consistent with this theory, the midland areas between the coastal region and the upland areas are relatively devoid of long-term habitations but are frequently occupied by trails, temporary habitations and the related functions that would typically accompany them. Rosendahl hypothesizes that Kaupulehu and its surrounding area is relatively unique because of the impacts that geologic events had upon the traditional use of the land. The areas covered by the Kaupulehu lava flow from Hualalai in 1800, the Hualalai flow of 1801 to the south, and the Pu'uanahulu flow of 1959 from Mauna Loa all became essentially uninhabitable when large areas of vegetation were buried. As a result, occupation of the area declined dramatically in the 1800s. It is also theorized by Handy and Handy that the lands (and corresponding usage) of Kaupulehu and the surrounding area were considerably different before they were inundated with lava and vegetation was depleted by cattle introduced in the 1800s. As a result of these events, the climate may have become much drier. Without a vegetative ' cover on the lower slopes of Hualalai, heat is reflected from the lava flows back and dries the air above, reducing rainfall. Less vegetation also results in windier conditions. Thus, the area that is today viewed as a barren, inhospitable wasteland may once have been I capable of sustaining a considerable population. Based upon settlement and density patterns observed during the present survey, it is believed that the Kaupulehu flow of 1800 left only a part of what Kaupulehu must have looked like before the natural disaster occurred and the remaining forests were subsequently degraded by grazing animals. This does not suggest, however, that the makai portions of Kaupulehu were probably ever a "garden". Rather, legendary accounts indicate that Kaupulehu may have been once used as an oasis and sanctuary for canoe travelers. The uplands were more likely heavily cultivated and the oceans provided ample resources which provided the basis for a healthy economic system of trade. 4.13.2 Potential Impacts Grading of the project area for development of the project's residential, commercial and recreational components will result in the reshaping of the natural topography. This will 4.40 result in the displacement of certain mitigated archaeological sites not identified for preservation. Those archaeological sites identified for preservation may be impacted as a result of increased access by the general public. This impact is offset to some degree by the opportunities for cultural and educational enrichment that accompany site preservation. If the importance and significance of preserved sites are appropriately identified for the public, the likelihood of adverse impacts resulting from public access are reduced to some degree. 4.13.3 Proposed Mitigation In order to mitigate the potential negative impact of development upon the identified archaeological sites, the general significance of all identified sites has been determined as part of the inventory survey. PHRI has evaluated the sites under guidelines prepared by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACNP) utilizing three value modes: Research value, Interpretive value, and Cultural value. Research value refers to the potential of archaeological resources for producing information useful for understanding culture history, past lifeways, and cultural processes at the local, regional, and inter- regional levels of organization. Interpretive value refers to the potential of archaeological resources for public education and recreation. Cultural value refers to the potential of archaeological resources to preserve and promote cultural and ethnic identity and values. Based on these federal criteria, of the 187 sites identified in the study area (2,184 acres), 75 are recommended for no further work. It has been determined that these sites lack cultural deposits and portable remains; they have been measured, described, and photographed, and their locations have been plotted. The data collected from them during the present survey are considered sufficient recovery of significant information. Of the 112 remaining, fifty-two sites are assessed as significant solely for information content and are recommended for further data collection. Of the remaining 60 significant for multiple criteria, one site is significant for information and cultural values and is recommended for data collection only. The remaining 59 sites have been recommended for some form of preservation. Forty-one of these sites were assessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of site types. These 41 sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive development. However, with regard to site1489-2, should further data collection reveal the presence of human remains, the site will be recommended as signficant for cultural value and preservation "as is" with no interpretive development. Eight sites were assessed as significant for information value and for cultural value. They are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation "as is". Seven of these eight are multi-component sites and have assessments based on the presence of identified human burials at specific features within overall site complexes. Other features within the complexes warrant additional data collection and data recovery work, based on the presence of accumulated midden and the need for more detailed mapping and other recording. The eighth site has been included in this category based on the presence of a possible shrine or other ceremonial feature. 4.41 JI Five sites were assessed as significant for information content and for cultural value but +' are recommended for preservation "as is" only. These are single -component sites that were identified as containing human burials. Because they have been mapped, recorded, photographed, and their locations accurately plotted, no further work is recommended. Three sites were assessed as significant for information content, as excellent , examples of site types, and as having cultural value. They are recommended for further data collection, to be followed by preservation "as is". The assessment of cultural value and ' recommendation for preservation "as is" are based on the presence of identified human burials or human skeletal remains at specific features within the site complexes. Two trail sites (19124 and 19193) are major trails and are also assessed as signficant for information, site type, and cultural values. Site 19193, the coastal trail, is recommended for preservation with interpretive development. Preservation with interpretitive development is also recommended for site 19124, but not for the entire trail. This trail will not be preserved for access purposes, but portions would be preserved because the trail is a good example of a probable prehistoric trail thought to have been used until the incursion of the AD 1800 Kaupulehu lava flow. It is recommended that distinctive portions of this mauka-makai trail be preserved (e.g. segments in especially good physical condition, as well as those portions of the trail clearly associated with other preservation sites and areas). Exactly which segments of the trail are to be preserved will be determined as the development concept is refined and revised, and moves to the actual design stage. The actual segments to be preserved will be specified later in the detailed Archaeological Mitigation Plan that is anticipated will be required as part of the regulatory review and permitting process. The final site (#1138/1141) is assessed as significant for information and cultural values, but is recommended for further data collection only. This site is a short trail segment across the AD 1800 Kaupulehu Lava Flow. Of the 59 sites recommended for preservation, 38 are wholly contained within a designated preserve area (see Figure 4.9) which will be approximately 34 acres in size. Five more are situated outside of the preserve area but within the Petition Area. One of these five is Site 19124, the trail discussed above. Two sites are recommended for inclusion in the designated preserve. The remaining 14 of the 57 sites recommended for preservation are located outside of the Petition Area. A complete listing of all site numbers and corresponding significance evaluation is presented in Table 12 of the inventory survey report which is attached to this environmental impact statement as Appendix H. Some additional sites will be considered for inclusion into development landscaping. 4.14 Visual Characteristics 4.14.1 Existing Conditions From the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the Petition Area appears as a relatively 4-42 v Y 0 0 U 79 mC ma BE Lo E VE ME j -S j 02 o oU 4-43 0 0 flat lava field extending from the highway to the sea. The dominant visual feature is the I Kaupulehu lava flow of 1800, which covers approximately half of the site. As discussed above, the lava is sparsely vegetated with grasses, shrubs, and small kiawe trees. The general visual impression is that of a barren, and lava field. There are no distinguishing lava formations or topographic features within the Petition Area. 4.14.2 Potential Impacts Due to the flat topography of the Petition Area, the proposed development project will be visible to motorists approaching from the east or west along the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The project will appear as a broad landscaped area within the lava field. The golf courses will be visible, as will many single-family and multifamily residential units. The most prominent features on the horizon will be coconut palms and other trees utilized to landscape the Petition Area. At night, low intensity street lights will illuminate the residential areas. No lights are proposed for the golf courses. At full buildout of the proposed project and the adjacent Kaupulehu Resort, the makai area of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a will appear as a continuous low-density urbanized area. Views of the proposed project from the existing Kona Village Resort property will be generally limited to visitors and employees utilizing the resort's tennis court facilities, the parking area, the coastal trail along the eastern end of the resort property, and to vehicles utilizing the Kona Village Access Road. From these areas, the proposed project will appear as a landscaped area. Some residential structures may be visible, as will portions of the proposed 36 -hole golf course. 4.14.3 Proposed Mitigation The visual impact of the proposed project must be evaluated in a larger context. Because it is located adjacent to an existing Urban district, the proposed project will ultimately appear as an extension of the Kaupulehu Resort development, rather than as an intrusion into an otherwise pristine landscape. The cumulative visual impact of the two developments will change the appearance of the area. Whether the proposed project will, however, create a negative visual impact or a positive impact is entirely subjective. For those who value the appearance of the barren lava fields, the project could appear as a visual intrusion and a reminder of continued population expansion in the North Kona region. For those who desire to live in this area or who value the economic benefits of population growth, the project could appear as a landscaped residential community with no significant negative visual impact. From a purely technical perspective, views of the entire project from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway could be obscured by planting a large hedge along the makai side of the highway from the crest of the highway near Kiholo to the Kailua-side of Kaupulehu ahupua'a. Or, as an alternative, a lava berm could be constructed. The same could be done to mitigate visual impacts on the Kona Village Resort. However, either of these 4-44 E mitigation measures would also result in the loss of ocean views from the highway and mountain views from the Kona Village Resort. Thus, no specific measures are recommended to mitigate the project's visual impact. However, in the case of the Kona Village, development setbacks and generous open space corridors in golf or other open space uses will aid in buffering from some visual impacts due to the expansion project. 4.45 0 • Chapter J Existing gnomic Conditions, :cts and Mitigation Measures E • CHAPTER 5 EXISTING SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 Socioeconomic Environment The Petition Area is located within the northern half of Census Tract 215.01, one of five census tracts comprising the North Kona district. Census Tract 215.01 is the second largest tract in North Kona in terms of 1990 population (6,486) households (2,166) and overall size, and includes the area makai of Mamalahoa Highway extending generally from Honokohau Harbor to Kiholo Bay. With the exception of the Kona Village Resort and a few homes located along Mamalahoa Highway however, the northern half of the census tract is virtually uninhabited. Population in the southern half of the census tract consists mainly of three residential subdivisions situated between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway: Kalaoa, Kona Palisade Estates, and Kona Hills Estates. The Office of State Planning has identified the Kaupulehu area of North Kona as one of four "resort destination nodes" in West Hawaii. Thus, although existing resort development at Kaupulehu is presently limited to the 115 -unit Kona Village Resort, it is planned for eventual development on the scale of the resort destination nodes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Lani/Waikoloa. The initial development of the Kaupulehu Resort, situated on 624 acres abutting the Petition Area, represents the focus of the Kaupulehu resort destination node. The following discussion concerning existing conditions of population, employment, and housing is quoted from a report entitled Kail ua-Kona Master Plan: Summary of Inventory. Research. and Analysis prepared by R. M. Towill for the County of Hawaii Planning Department in June 1992. Discussions of impacts are derived from a market study and economic impact analysis conducted by The Hallstrom Group for the project. The Hallstrom reports are presented as Appendices I and J, respectively. 5.1.1 Population 5.1.1.1 Existing Conditions "[Hawaii County's population] has grown rapidly since 1970. In the ten-year period between 1970 and 1980, the resident populations [sic] increased by 45 percent from 63,470 to 92,050. This growth has continued into the 1980s with further growth of 30.7 percent from 1980s to 1990. In 1990 the resident population for the County was 120,317 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Population growth in the West Hawaii Region is largely responsible for this increase. The population of the region increased by 156 percent from 1970 to 1986. The North Kona district, the most populous place on the island after the South Hilo District experienced a 308 percent increase between 1970 and 1986. Population there was estimated at 19,700 in 1986 (West Hawaii Regional Plan, Office of State Planning, 1989). Between 1986 and 1990, North Kona's resident population increased another 13 percent, with the population in 1990 estimated at 22,284 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Kailua 5-1 Village's population in 1990 was 9,126 (ibid). The County of Hawaii projects that this population trend in West Hawaii will continue. According to the County Planning Department's projections[,] by the year 2010 the North Kona district population is expected to exceed 52,600. This represents a projected 136 percent increase, and comprising [sic] approximately 25.5 percent of the entire island's resident population. Kailua Village is projected to have a population of 20,637, which represents a predicted 126 percent increase over the next 18 to 20 years." (R. M. Towill, 1992, p.17) 5.1.1.2 Potential Impacts Actual occupancy of residential units at the project will occur in year 3 of the 20 year project, with the first two years being devoted to construction. However, because the project will be phased, as shown in Table 5-1, the full impact of development will not manifest until the twentieth year. Table 5-1: Population Impacts Cumulative Residential Unit Development Year Single Family Multi -Family Total 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cumulative De facto Resident/Guest Population Res. Single Family Multi -Family Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 15 31 25 22 47 39 34 73 60 50 110 71 56 127 110 82 192 108 83 191 167 122 289 147 113 260 228 166 394 182 143 325 282 218 492 211 173 384 327 254 581 240 203 443 372 298 670 269 233 502 417 342 759 298 263 561 462 386 847 327 293 620 507 430 936 356 323 679 552 474 1,025 385 353 738 596 518 1,114 414 383 797 641 562 1,203 443 413 856 686 606 1,292 472 443 915 731 650 1,381 501 473 974 776 694 1,470 530 500 1,030 821 733 1,555 * Resident Population means Full -Time Residents only. 5.2 23 55 96 145 197 246 290 335 379 424 468 513 557 601 646 690 735 777 0 • Upon full build -out (assuming 100 percent occupancy), the residential components of the project could generate a population of 2,743, based on typical household sizes of 3.1 persons for single family homes and 2.2 persons for multi -family units. The population will be made up of a combination of full-time residents and part-time residents (second home purchasers) and their guests. 5.1.1.3 Proposed Mitigation The daily population of the proposed project at build -out will be mitigated, to a large extent, by the percentage of part-time residents and non-resident unit purchasers. It is estimated that 25 percent of the 530 single-family units, or about 133 homes, will be occupied by full-time residents. The remaining homes will be occupied by part-time (second home) residents approximately one-third of the time. With regard to the multi -family units, 33 percent of the units are projected to be occupied by full-time residents, and 67 percent will be occupied by part-time (second home) residents approximately 50 percent of the time. Non-resident purchasers are unlikely to occupy their homes for more than a few months each year. It is conservatively estimated that they will represent approximately 6 to 8 percent of the total unit purchasers at the proposed project. The sum effect will be a substantially lower average daily census at full build -out than what could occur if the project were oriented entirely to owner occupants. It is projected that the average daily de facto population of the project will be 1,555 at full build -out (as opposed to 2,743 at 100 percent occupancy), with residents totalling 777 persons. 5.1.2 Employment and Income 5.1.2.1 Existing Conditions "Employment trends in the County generally parallel population growth. The county -wide annual job count increased by 62 percent between 1970 and 1987. Between 1980s and 1987, the job count increased by 21 percent from 38,200 to 46,050. Jobs in the service and retail sectors have contributed substantially to the increased overall job count. The service sector jobs increased by 35 percent and retail sector jobs increased by 49 percent between 1980 and 1987 ("West Hawaii Regional Plan", Office of State Planning, 1989). The 1989 lislandwide] job count totalled 56,900 with an average unemployment rate of 3.9 percent. The sources of income were as follows: finance, insurance, real estate, hotels, land] other services (14,550), wholesale retail trade (11,400), government (8,000), agriculture (5,850), manufacturing (2,350), and construction (2,400) (County Planning Department). The service and retail sectors are dominated by lower wage jobs. Per capita personal income for the County increased 19 percent between 1980 and 1986, from $9,682 to 5.3 $11,553. During the same period, the per capita personal income for the State increased 38 I percent. The slower rate of increase in the County is due primarily to rapid population growth and relatively fewer numbers of higher paying jobs (ibid). The median family income in the County of Hawaii in 1990 was $32,000 (for family of four) (County of I Hawaii Department of Housing and Community Development). Patterns of population settlement and growth are defined primarily by an area's economic opportunities. In this respect, the West Hawaii region already has the foundation for providing an economic base as diverse as the island's environmental and climatic conditions. The region has many opportunities to sustain a stable and diversified economy supported by energy resources, high technology research and development, aquaculture, diversified agriculture, commercial and sport fishing, seafood marketing and ocean research. Expansion in these areas will increase job choice and the availability of higher paying jobs. In North Kona, the visitor industry provides the major source of economic activity and is expected to expand at a rapid rate. According to the County of Hawaii General Plan (1989), the expansion of the visitor industry in this district has been occurring primarily in Kailua Village. There are now more than 4,500 hotel and condominium visitor units in the district. In fact, as of 1989, there were 4,748 visitor units." (R. M. Towill, 1992, p.19) 5.1.2.2 Potential Impacts Table 5-2 summarizes the on-site employment created by the proposed project and presents them as full-time equivalent jobs. In addition, the table identifies the number of off-site jobs generated by the project. As indicated in the table, significant off-site employment will be created by on-site construction and maintenance workers. A multiplier of 1.75 off-site jobs per on-site position was used in the Economic Impact Analysis to determine the number of off-site jobs. During the 20 -year projection period covering the 1,120 acre project, the number of full-time equivalent jobs directly created on, and offsite varies from 165 to 1,209 positions annually. The total number of worker -years generated during the development time -frame is 16,547. On a stabilized basis after completion of construction, the project will generate some 1,103 permanent employment opportunities; 333 on-site and 770 elsewhere on the island. A description of the formulae used in making these job estimates and the source of the data used for the individual assumptions is presented in the Economic Impact Analysis. According to the Economic Impact Analysis, during the first increments of the project, the labor force required to construct and operate improvements would be drawn from the existing West Hawaii and (to a lesser degree) islandwide worker pool. Due to the steep decline in construction activity over the past three years, the number of contract construction jobs on the Big Island has decreased by more than 23 percent since the peak of 1989-90. As a result, existing construction workers will strongly benefit from the near- to mid-term opportunities arising from the infrastructure and unit development at the project. 5-4 • Table 5-2: Employee job Count by Development Year Over time, as the project matures, additional workers would be obtained through apprenticeship of younger, entry-level tradesmen and the re-training of displaced agricultural employees. As the regional economy recovers later in the decade, and construction activity increases at the many existing and proposed projects around the island, including Kaupulehu, workers will again become in high demand and the availability of jobs will attract laborers from off- island (in conjunction with the quality of lifestyle of the region). At first, most will likely in -migrate from the neighbor islands, followed by mainland individuals. This movement is in keeping with the employment and population trends projected in state and county plans for the region over the past decade. From a geographic 5-5 ,,,,,,,,,„,,,Construction---,--------- ,-,------„,Operation,,,,,-----„ Infra- Golf Golf Off -Site TOTAL Y= structure Elm hffU Course Comm. Course Comm. Maint. lsbs LOBS 1 30 30 105 165 2 30 30 105 165 3 20 36 23 20 60 3 282 443 4 10 52 29 15 60 6 300 471 5 72 33 5 85 10 359 565 6 83 41 85 5 374 588 7 88 45 13 85 11 422 663 8 79 45 5 85 60 16 508 798 9 65 45 85 100 21 553 870 10 65 45 85 100 26 562 883 11 65 45 85 100 31 570 896 12 65 45 85 100 35 579 910 13 65 45 10 85 100 40 605 950 14 65 45 4 85 140 45 673 1,058 15 65 45 85 180 45 736 1,156 16 65 45 85 180 50 744 1,169 17 65 45 85 180 55 753 1,183 18 65 45 85 180 60 761 1,196 19 65 45 85 180 64 769 1,209 20 65 41 85 180 69 770 1,209 Stabilized 85 180 69 770 1,103 1. All job counts are expressed as "full-time” equivalent positions. Notes: 2. The columns labeled "Golf Course" includes both golf courses with clubhouse and tennis center, and a beach oriented clubhouse. 3. The column labeled "Off -Site jobs" includes all off-site jobs created by work efforts at the project; direct and indirect. Over time, as the project matures, additional workers would be obtained through apprenticeship of younger, entry-level tradesmen and the re-training of displaced agricultural employees. As the regional economy recovers later in the decade, and construction activity increases at the many existing and proposed projects around the island, including Kaupulehu, workers will again become in high demand and the availability of jobs will attract laborers from off- island (in conjunction with the quality of lifestyle of the region). At first, most will likely in -migrate from the neighbor islands, followed by mainland individuals. This movement is in keeping with the employment and population trends projected in state and county plans for the region over the past decade. From a geographic 5-5 perspective, it is anticipated that workers in the initial phases would be drawn from a triangular area defined by Captain Cook, Honokaa, and Hawi, or within a 40 -mile radius of the project. As the Kailua-Kona region continues its multi -decade infilling process, a smaller radius of community workers would be expected. 5.1.3 Market Demand Following is a summary of the findings of the Market Study prepared by The Hallstrom Group. Refer to Appendix I for a description of the study's methodology and detailed explanations of its findings. 5.1.3.1 The General Sector During the 1980s, West Hawaii was the focus of a bulk land investment, development and planning surge unprecedented in the State of Hawaii. As the regional and worldwide economies recovered from the recession of 1980-82, the Kona and Kohala districts of the Big Island, typified by vast raw lava and bunch grass holdings became the "gold coast" long envisioned by public and private planners. Tens of thousands of acres were transacted at rapidly appreciating prices, the subject of master planning, entitlement and/or active development efforts between 1984 and 1991. Although founded on a quality climate and solid transportation systems (as well as a scarcity of quality lands elsewhere in the neighbor islands), the surge was primarily a coalescence of external factors, notably the explosion of Pacific tourism and the Japanese economy. Virtually every major landholding in the region was the topic of some activity across the user -type spectrum. The resort, residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial sectors all increased in size dramatically during the period, laying the groundwork for development in West Hawaii until the mid -21st century. Since the onset of global recession in late 1990, the market has slumped significantly, although recovery is anticipated to be underway by mid -decade. Few analysts anticipated the hyper -appreciation and wide-ranging opportunities associated with the "feeding frenzy" of the last decade to be repeated in West Hawaii in the short term. However, the mid- to long-term prospects for the region remain fundamentally strong. 5.1.3.2 The Primary Economic Sector The 28 mile coastal corridor extending from Kailua-Kona to Kawaihae, stretching from the shoreline inland to about the 3,000 -foot elevation, has been the crux of investor and planning attention. Prior to 1980, the area had only two hotels (housing 410 total rooms), a single destination resort, fewer than 5,000 residents, and minimal long-range residential expansion plans outside of the Waikoloa Village lands. By the end of 1993, six hotels with 3,122 rooms were in operation (with two more under construction), six resort projects were in development or approved, the resident population had doubled, and major mixed-use communities were proposed at Keahuolu, Kealakehe, Kaloko, Puako, Kawaihae, and elsewhere. More than 30,000 resort units 5-6 0 • (hotels, condominium, and resort/residential) were proposed from the mid-1970s through 1990, of which about two-thirds have been approved. Some 25,000 residential units were proposed during that period; most of which have received approvals. More than 20 golf courses were developed or announced, and upwards of 400 acres were master planned for commercial and industrial development. Further, the escalation in the real estate market created demand vectors previously unseen on the leeward side of the Big Island. Gentlemen/equestrian estates, gated subdivisions, modem shopping centers, technology parks, and extensive golf course construction bore evidence of an evolutionary movement in the greater West Hawaii economy. The resulting lifestyles have move away from the area's agrarian past towards a tourism/service based future. 5.1.3.3 Regional Land Use Plans In response to the emerging development pressures, governmental planning agencies expended considerable effort in attempting to formulate workable plans setting forth development guidelines and implementing strategies. The Office of State Planning's West Hawaii Regional Plan (1989) was the definitive document, calling for the establishment of four resort destination "nodes" along the Kona/Kohala coastline (one of which is centered at Kaupulehu), containing up to 28,233 visitor -oriented units, and a series of support and general residential communities encompassing up to 15,000 housing units. The State's Plan affirmed the then -considered highly aggressive Hawaii County General Plan (drafted in 1986, adopted in 1989), which forecast a three -fold increase in the area's economy as a result of tourism and population growth over the ensuing two decades. The County's General Plan designates the Kaupulehu node as an intermediate resort and urban expansion area. judging the lands just north of Kailua-Kona to be the central resident serving expansion area, the County completed the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan in 1989, covering 17,000 acres between Kailua and the Keahole airport. According to the "K to K" plan, by 2010 there would be a resident population of 16,800 persons, a 200 -acre regional civic and commercial center, 200 acres of industrial development, 575 acres of parks and recreational facilities, and 280 acres of educational institutions in the area beginning eight miles south of the Petition Area. A 1991 study undertaken for the State Land Use Commission as part of a periodic District Boundary Review cited the need for 3,658 (net) acres of additional residential development in West Hawaii by the year 2010 beyond those developed and approved at the time. It also identified the need for up to 334 more acres for commercial uses, 239 acres of new industrial lots, and 968 acres of resort lands. This visionary stance of state and county agencies was unparalleled for the neighbor islands and matched only by the Ewa/Kapolei regional planning efforts on urbanized O'ahu. Community and landowner support was strong for the most part, and investment capital flowed into West Hawaii based on the land use base being created. 5-7 0 5.1.3.4 The West Hawaii Housing Market Although the construction surge of the last decade coupled with the recession of recent years has served to lessen the historically chronic and severe undersupply of housing units available for West Hawaii residents, mid- to long-term forecasts still project the need for an exceptional number of new units to be constructed over the next two decades if the anticipated demand created by a growing local residential market is to be reasonably met. In order to achieve stability in the sector, a wide spectrum of inventory types must be made available, ranging from affordable rental units to upscale estate opportunities. This diversity is necessary for the housing base to efficiently reflect and service the evolving West Hawaii economic and population structure. Should the market fail to service one or more of the pronounced regional demand segments, the dysfunctions seen in the past will rise again; specifically a shortage of units, an erratic pricing structure, and the domination of the local housing market by non-resident purchasers. Using the standard housing unit demand formulae, it is estimated that West Hawaii will require an additional 25,214 to 31,231 new housing units by the year 2015 if a healthy market status is to be achieved with sufficient allowances made for vacancies, aging/dilapidated units, and the unavoidable incursion of non-residential purchasers into the general market place. These forecasts are extrapolations consistent with published state and county projections made to years 2005 and 2010. Of the demand, approximately 54 percent will fall into a bracket having a current price of less than $250,000, with the remainder being focused towards "market" priced units. At present, there are some 25,700 total units under construction or approved in West Hawaii, with up to 3,000 others being considered in long-range plans. These units will provide a broad range of model and pricing types, with a significant number oriented towards the moderate to lower end of the price spectrum. However, it is highly unlikely that all of these homes will be built in a timely manner. Many of the major developments (Waikoloa Village, Puako Residential Golf Community, Parker 2020 and others) have development time -frames which extend far beyond the projection period. Others are experiencing severe financial difficulties and the likelihood of their actualization is minimal. Further, many of the approved "residential" units are actually in resorts (notably Waikoloa Beach, Mauna Lani, and Mauna Kea Beach) not significantly oriented towards local resident purchase. The final densities achieved in most developments will undoubtedly be less than the total approved. Therefore, it is concluded that fewer than 80 percent of the total number of housing units approved for West Hawaii, or less than 21,000, have a reasonable chance of being constructed during the next 22 years. This will be insufficient, by 4,000 to more than 10,000 units, to fully service the regional market needs over the study period. By offering a low -intensity, moderately priced, near shoreline, amenitied setting, it is believed that the proposed project will prove desirable to a pronounced segment of regional households to a far greater degree (by design and default) than other West Hawaii ocean front communities. 5.8 0 • 5.1.3.5 Statewide Resort/Residential Homesite Sector Market Demand The resort/residential homesite sector was among the fastest growing of any use -type in Hawaii over the past decade, with inventory expanding nearly three -fold since the mid- 1980s. A variety of factors, notably the 1986 Income Tax Reform Act, contributed to the golf course subdivision movement which soon became a focal point of destination community construction throughout the state. At present, there are some 1,859 subdivided lots in the eight existing major neighbor island resort projects and golf course developments, of which more than 95 percent have been successfully marketed. Current prices range from a low of $120,000 for an interior lot at Princeville to a maximum of $4 million -plus along the shoreline at Mauna Lani. Most parcels are priced from $275,000 to $500,000. At the peak of the market in 1988-89, sales activity among all properties totalled about 400 original and resale transactions annually. However, over the past 15 recessionary months, sales have slumped by more than 70 percent. With the exception of selected lots being discounted for sale by owners under duress, prices have not shown significant abatement from the strong years, although selling prices as a ratio of list price have dropped nominally, and some programs offering lots for original sale are readily discounting prices by three to five percent. It is anticipated that it will take several more years (or until mid -decade) for this market segment to begin notable recovery, increasing strongly thereafter until stabilization of demand is reached shortly after the tum of the century. The Market Study's projections call for cumulative demand for 6,700 additional new resort/residential lots throughout the neighbor islands by the year 2015. Of this demand, about 55 percent, or 3,700 lots, are forecasted to be oriented towards West Hawaii. Currently, there are some 10,073 new competitive lots being proposed at neighbor island locales, or more than double the number needed to satisfy demand levels. But, many of these are in unproven locations (Molokai and Lanai), are in projects currently experiencing severe financial difficulties or not yet under construction (Kohanaiki, Kukio Beach, and others), or within developments anticipated to extend well beyond the projection time frame (Mauna Lani, Mauna Kea Beach, and Princeville). About 46 percent of the proposed inventory, or 4,617 homesites, is planned for leeward Hawaii at the present time. However, it is believed that it will be highly unlikely that more than 50 percent (or about 2,700 units) will be manifest during the study time frame. Mauna Kea Beach is notably conservative in its development speed, and along with Mauna Lani, has consistently sought much lower densities than permitted. Further, several of the projects will lack ocean front, amenities and comprehensive support services, which will decrease their competitive appeal. Many developments are additionally having difficulty "breaking ground" and moving towards inventory offering. It is therefore concluded that, despite the recent downturn in the sector, the mid- to long-term prospects for the Petition Area under its proposed development plan remain favorable. The actual competitive inventory likely to be built in the highly desirable 5.9 0 0 West Hawaii vacation area over the next two decades will be limited despite the gross level of regional inventory proposed. It is unlikely sufficient lots will be developed to service all demand sectors, particularly for moderately priced lots (with current average non -ocean front prices of about $325,000). Single family lots in the Petition Area will allow the expanded Kaupulehu Resort community to offer a comprehensive diversity of residential product. 5.1.3.6 Statewide Resort/Residential Condominium Market Demand Following meteoric growth in the mid- to late -1970s, the resort condominium sector underwent fundamental change during the past decade, with major evolutions in design and marketing thrust. Yet, with the exception of a brief high activity period at the peak of the recent boom market, development interest, construction levels, and price appreciation (although strong) never sufficiently recovered to move this sector back into the dominating position it once held in the industry; a status lost to the resort homesite sector. The evolution in condominium design was predicated by a scarcity of quality beach front sites (which historically were the most favored locations), major changes in the tax code, the focusing of investor/speculator capital into other resort products, and the stabilization of the condominium versus hotel transient rental populations. Today's Hawaii resort condominium is typically on the interior of the destination community, fronting a golf course, in low-rise, low-density buildings, with larger units and a distinct "residential feel". The more spacious, better appointed, higher amenitied town homes generally came with prices previously reserved for on -water projects. At present, there are some 6,387 finished condominium units in the eight major neighbor island resorts, of which 93 percent have been absorbed to date. Only about 65 percent of those developed over the last five years have been successfully closed (Waikoloa Beach having the largest segment of unsold inventory). Over the last four years, prices for units ranged from a low of $120,000 for an older, studio unit at Keauhou to $2,000,000 -plus for a 3,000 square -foot residence at Mauna Lani or Wailea. Most newer units range in size from 1,300 to 2,000 square feet and achieve prices from $275,000 to $600,000. In the late 1970s, sales of resort multifamily units (original and resales) averaged more than 1,400 units per year. During the early to mid-1980s, transactions declined by about 80 percent, until regaining momentum by late decade to reach an average of some 506 unit sales annually since 1987. Over the past 15 months, activity has once again slowed, and sales have occurred at the cumulative rate of about 125 units per year. The number of units being sold on a duress basis appears to be greater than the homesite sector, and commensurately, there have been greater price fluctuations for resales. Asking prices for original (new) units have softened considerably during the last 30 months. It is forecast that the total demand for resort condominium units will reach 8,900 units over the next 22 years, the vast majority (74 percent) occurring after the turn of the century. While this demand figure is higher on a gross basis than the forecast demand for homesites, the condominium demand figure represents slightly more than a doubting of the 5-10 0 • existing inventory, while the lot demand projection is more than a tripling of the in-place inventory. Of the total condominium unit demand to the year 2015, it is projected that about 4,500 units will be directed towards West Hawaii (50 percent of the total). There are up to 15,647 total additional competitive neighbor island resort units proposed/approved, of which upwards of 8,000 to 10,000 are envisioned for construction during the period of 1994 to 2010. As with resort homesites, it would appear the gross level of supply will outpace demand quotients. Again, however, it is doubtful if all the projects will be built, or built to approved density limits, or be competitive in the market. Therefore, it is concluded that if actualized as low-density units, the Petition Area's inventory will prove successful in the regional market, particularly as the amount of alternative supply in the area which will actually be available to meet this price -sensitive demand is questionable at this time. 5.1.3.7 West Hawaii Golf Course Market Demand Golf courses are considered a vital amenity for resort and master planned community development, offering recreational opportunities and desirable frontage attributes. Historically, they were considered as a necessary "loss leader"; a concept which changed with the meteoric rise in market demand during the later years of the 1980s. With the economic downturn, the market has essentially reverted to its original form. At present there are eleven operating golf courses in West Hawaii, or a slight to moderate oversupply relative to quantified demand levels which place current market requirements at about 9.5 courses. This conclusion is supported by the operational experience of the existing facilities. An additional 23 courses are proposed and have some level of approval, most as part of destination resort or master planned developments. It is anticipated that the oversupply condition will continue in the short to mid- term, until the visitor market recovers and resort and residential unit construction resumes a more vibrant pace. As retiree and "white-collar" sectors expand in the region, demand by residents will increase substantially, and the need for additional courses will be created. From a tourism perspective, more courses mean an enhanced standing in the market place, particularly among Japanese/Asian visitors who seek a disproportionally high number of golfing opportunities, and course experiences. Given the vast expanses of raw land, scarcity of quality sand beaches, and minimalist support communities, golf will be a vital contributor to the visitor plant amenity base. The analysis indicates that a total of 37 courses will be required by the year 2015, or three more than the current level of existing, under -construction, and proposed/approved supply. As with the residential projects, it is highly unlikely all of these courses will be built as planned in the foreseeable future. 5.1.3.8 Neighborhood Commercial Market Demand The Petition Area's master plan contains approximately 11 acres (gross) of 5-11 • 0 commercial lands, well located at the hub of the community along the neighborhood's I major entryway. The site could support upwards of 120,000 square feet of finished floor space, if developed at typical construction standards, using conservative floor -area ratios. However, in keeping with the low density nature of the Kaupulehu Expansion area master ' plan, the developer proposes a significantly smaller center having some 45,000 square feet of floor space within a highly amenitied, easily accessible shopping village. The designated commercial parcel, which enjoys favorable access and exposure ' characteristics, would be used for development of a neighborhood retail/service center meeting the daily household shopping needs of Kaupulehu community residents (primary ' and second -home owners) and guests, and tourists visiting the Four Seasons complex. Additional consumer demand at the Petition Area's shopping village would be ' provided by golfers at Kaupulehu courses and guests/users/residents of the other regional resort developments, as well as future expansions of the greater coastal corridor community. Tertiary demand groups would include Queen Kaahumanu Highway passersby and workers or others employed at or using Kaupulehu community facilities. Demand for this subject component can be best quantified as a function of per capita spatial levels associated with the resident population of the effective neighborhood being serviced (Kaupulehu Resort) and for secondary center patrons. Based on this method, which provides for resident shopping/service needs outside of neighborhood businesses and the capture of only a portion of on-site visitor expenditures, it is estimated that use by the greater Kaupulehu population, community workers/visitors, by-pass travelers and regional residents would create demand for 45,000 -plus square feet over the coming two decades. This is more than adequate to fill the effective gross leasable center space proposed. A two -phased center development plan would appear most reasonable, with an initial increment of 25,000 square feet by the fifth or sixth year of subject inventory sale, which is a balance between the desire to have the amenity immediately available for servicing the first residential offerings and the need to have an established nucleus of consumers in order to support commercial tenants. The second phase of 20,000 -plus square feet (in accordance with community needs) would follow about eight years later. 5.1.4 Housing 5.1.4.1 Existing Conditions "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 9,990 housing units in the North Kona district in 1990 (see Table 5-3). Assuming a population of 9,126 in Kailua Village alone, and 2.8 persons per unit average, there were 3,259 housing units in [Kailua Village]. The County of Hawaii Planning Department has estimated that by the year 2010, Kailua Village will have a housing inventory of 8,286 units -- this is expected to account for about 41 percent of the North Kona district housing inventory of 20,344 units (Draft projections, County Planning Department, 7/17/89). 5-12 Ll u Table 5.3: Housing Unit Projections 1990 - 2010 Place .1224 122 2M 2010 North Kona district 9,990 11,266 13,957 20,344 Kailua Village 3,259 4,281 5,420 8,286 Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2/91, and County of Hawaii Planning Dept., 7/89. In 1990, the median house value in North Kona was $113,000 and the median rental unit price was $428.00 (County of Hawaii Department of Housing & Community Development." (R. M. Towill, 1992, p.18) 5.1.4.2 Potential Impacts The proposed project will add 1,030 units at build -out to the West Hawaii housing inventory. The project will be composed of 530 single family homesites and 500 multifamily units. The single family homesites will be situated on 220 net acres of land, with approximately 50 homesites having direct ocean frontage and virtually all of the remainder having golf course frontage. The multifamily units will be distributed among 94 acres in low density projects spread across the interior golf course -fronting sites. The overall density ratio of the project averages about .93 units per acre over the entire project site. The finished site density ratio is well below regional market standards, with subdivided single family lots averaging 2.33 units per acre and multifamily units averaging 5.26 units per acre. 5.2 Projected Public Facility Costs and Benefits The following discussion is presented in The Hallstrom Group's Economic Impact Analysis which is attached to this EIS as an appendix. The purpose of this section is to delineate the areas in which the proposed project will potentially impact public agency resources, and to quantify (where possible) the costs of providing expanded services to the project, versus the economic benefits that accrue to the community through an increase in tax revenues and fee payments. Some cost/benefit issues are considered to be off -setting, as the cost of the services to the government is theoretically directly reimbursed in the form of user fees. Building permits and utility hook-up fees are two prime examples. Such items are excluded from consideration here. A major concern of this analysis is the integration of the Petition Area into the overall West Hawaii regional plan. The 1,030 units of the Petition Area, while seemingly a large number, represent a minor component of the entire existing and proposed regional inventory. Given the vast number of units approved in leeward Hawaii, it is difficult to say 5.13 that of themselves the subject homes will create the need for significant amounts of ' expanded public services. However, the need for enhancing services is a cumulative effect, each project adding to the community base until a "need threshold" is reached. In regards to some services, the effective impact from a cost perspective may not be I readily apparent, but merely creates greater stress on existing agencies and facilities. In order to realistically depict the true cost, a moderate perspective is taken: the subject ' development should be a proportionate contributor to the needed regional public service and facility net, including expansion costs which may or may not be actually incurred. 5.2.1 Public Costs Potential costs to governmental agencies and programs include police protection, ' fire protection, emergency and long-term public health services, recreational demands, educational needs, public facility costs, and various other services and financial commitments. Public costs also include capital improvements for new infrastructure. Governmental costs assessments are based on the per capita expenditures incurred by the State of Hawaii and County of Hawaii in accordance with the de facto population of the area. According to the Tax Foundation of Hawaii, the state spent a total of $4,459,808,000 on services, salaries, infrastructure and financing in 1991 (the most recent year data was available), up more than 12 percent from 1990. The total de facto population in the state on an average daily basis in 1991 was 1, 277,600 persons, including residents, visitors and military personnel. The per capita expenditure by the state was thus $3,490 in 1991, an increase of 19.03 percent from the 1990 figure of $3,184 per person. From 1979 to 1991, costs increased at the range of 7.5 percent annually compounded. It could be argued that there should be a division of costs between full-time residents and visitor populations; however, this would be considered to be highly speculative. While visitors may not avail themselves of every government service, they enjoy the benefits of the services and infrastructure which are provided to the general community. Escalating the 1991 costs forward to year-end 1993 at a rate of six percent yearly compounded, the per capita state expenditure as of the study date would be some $3,925 (rounded). This figure is then multiplied by the estimated population of the Petition Area. In the first year of occupancy (third project year), state costs would be $183,659, increasing to a level of $6,101,684 by build -out in year 20 of the project life span. Similarly, the County of Hawaii spend a total of $103,791,000 in 1991, also representative of a major increase of 32.16 percent from the 1990 levels. The de facto population for those two years on the Big Island was at 138,000 and 147,300 respectively. The resulting net per capita county expenditure was therefore $705 in 1991, a substantial jump from the $569 figure for 1990. 5-14 From 1984 through 1991, county expenditures grew at a compounded annual rate of just over four percent. Application of a five percent compounded growth rate to the 1991 total results in an estimated per capita expense of $775 in 1993. The total county cost, on a constant dollar basis, associated with the Petition Area would be $36,264 in year 3, escalating to $1,204,791 by the end of the study period. Based on this analysis, the reasonable gross annual cost to the public from the proposed subject project, expressed in 1993 dollars, would range from $219,922 effective in year 3 (at the commencement of residential occupancy) to $7,306,475 by the end of the study period. Over the two decade development time frame (from the beginning of infrastructure emplacement until all homes are built), the entire direct cost to the public purse resulting from implementation of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion area master plan would be $67,477,840. 5.2.2 Public Benefits Tax benefits to the state and county coffers will flow from four major sources: real property taxes, gross excise tax receipts, state income taxes, and sales conveyance taxes. 5.2.2.1 Real Property Taxes Property taxes paid by landowners in the subject project were calculated using the 1993-94 tax rates for both land and buildings, improved and unimproved. Assessed values are based on the estimated average sales cost for the single family ($700,000 per home) and multifamily ($325,000 per unit) components. The commercial product assessment is based on its reproduction cost and each golf course is valued at $50 million. The taxes are applied against the developed units effective as of the date of sale, which is anticipated to be commensurate with their completion date. Prior to the development and/or sale of the components, the entire 751 acre usable subject holding area (all lands except open space and set -asides) is assumed to be assessed at an approximate market value of $50,000 per acre, or $37,550,000 overall. The size of the base holding and its assessment diminishes as it decreases in area subject to development of the various project phases. All real property value of the subject holding is assumed to be vested in the subdivided sites, with no assessment placed against open spaces, parks, or other community systems. The total real property tax paid to the County of Hawaii in 1993 dollars ranges from $375,000 in Year 1 to $11,019,315 at build -out. The aggregate sum of taxes paid over the study time frame is $120,778,523. 5.2.2.2 State Income Tax The state will receive income taxes from three sources: 5-15 0 0 the wages of the workers associated with the construction, operation and maintenance of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion master plan components; the household income of the development's full-time residents; and the corporate profits from contractors and suppliers serving the construction phase of the development, and the operating businesses and facilities in the completed project. The effective tax rate for the personal income (wages) generated by the project is estimated at 5.0 percent of gross wages. The effective tax rate for the corporate income is estimated at 7.5 percent of gross operating profits, which is assumed to be ten percent of the forecasted gross revenues. The total income tax revenues received by the state are projected at $597,366 in year 1 of development, increasing to a maximum level of $3.63 million. Over the study period, the cumulative income taxes paid are estimated at $49.87 million. It should be noted that corporate income or other taxes will be paid by the development venture or commercial tenant businesses. 5.2.2.3 State Conveyance Tax A conveyance tax of one dollar ($1.00) per $2,000 of the estimated unit purchase prices were allocated for this revenue item. Over the 18 year residential product absorption period, this fee will total $187,250. The maximum annual amount will be $10,675. 5.2.2.4 State General Excise Tax A four percent expenditures tax was applied against the total estimated construction costs, the golf facility commercial tenant operation revenues, and the discretionary expenditures of the resident population of the Petition Area. The state excise tax receipts arising from development of the Petition Area range from an estimated $320,000 to a peak of $6,291,644 towards the end of the projection time -frame. Over the study period, the receipts total $61.57 million. Not included in this figure are any excise tax revenues associated with "multiplier effect" expenditures throughout the Big Island. 5.2.2.5 Total Public Benefits In 1993 dollars, the aggregate annual tax revenues flowing from the subject development will range from: $375,000 to $11,019,315 per year for the County of Hawaii, totalling $120,778,523 over the projection time -frame. $917,366 to $8,931,064 annually for the State of Hawaii, cumulatively at $111,629,700 over the two decade build -out period. 5-16 • 0 $1,292,866 to $19,950,379 per year total tax receipts (county and state), totalling $232.4 million during the study time frame. 5.2.2.6 Correlation of Costs and Benefits The net aggregate benefit to local governmental agencies is estimated to be $109.65 million for the County of Hawaii and $55.27 million for the State of Hawaii, with a cumulative "profit" figure of $164,930,383. 5.3 Indirect Economic Impacts These figures are somewhat problematic to quantify due to their nature, but will undoubtedly be substantial. There are three basic types of indirect economic impacts: household income flowing to the full-time residents of the development, generally in the form of wages; discretionary expenditures by the de facto population of the project; and the capital multiplier effect in the community as these introduced funds pass through various businesses on the island. An issue in quantifying expenditures of the resident and guest/consumer population of the Petition Area is whether these monies would be spend on the Big Island if the project master plan was not implemented; i.e., if the project was not pursued, would these dollars flow to other regional developments or go elsewhere in Hawaii, or outside the state? As the purchasers of the Petition Area's units would be of the middle- to high- income sectors, the amount of discretionary expenditures would be high relative to the number of units built. Conservative extrapolation of studies indicates the average resident in a moderate to upscale community on the Big Island spends some 60 percent of total net wages in discretionary funds for food, beverages, services, recreation and goods. Full-time project resident incomes were estimated at $110,000 annually per household in year-end 1993 dollars. These totals equate to three times the median Big Island household income for 1993, placing these households in the upper 20 to 25 percent of island families which is the target market. The de facto population of the Petition Area will be made up of a combination of full-time residents and part-time second home purchasers and their guests. The average number of persons daily residing in the community would increase from an estimated 47 by the end of the third year of development, to 1,555 persons by the end of the projection period. Roughly, 47 percent would be in the multifamily units and 53 percent in the single family homes. In year-end 1993 dollars, the total annual discretionary expenditures from this population would range from a low of $770,664 to $25,603,756 by the end of the study period. The average full-time resident household income would reach a yearly level of $21,330,023 by the end of the project build -out. 5.17 The capital multiplier effect of all the direct and indirect expenditures as they flow through the Big Island and statewide economies cannot be precisely quantified, as a myriad of unknown factors must be considered. However, First Hawaiian Bank studies indicate the multiplier for resident consumer dollars in Hawaii ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 times in accordance with community structure. It is believed that a multiplier effect rate of 2.0 times the base expenditures is appropriate for the Petition Area. These base expenditures include the total wages, contractors' and suppliers' profits, and subject population discretionary expenditures. 5.4 Total Economic Impacts The various economic impacts which will flow to the effective market region as a result of the proposed project are presented in Table 4 of the Economic Impact Analysis. The total base economic impact increases from $14,447,320 in the first year of construction to a high of $123.15 million (in 1993 dollars). Fueled by the household income levels, the estimated stabilized annual on-site impact after completion of development would be more than $31 million. Over the 20 -year study period, the total base impact is $791.4 million. Application of the multiplier effect ratio results in a total overall economic impact of $28.9 million in the first year of the project, increasing to a maximum of $123.15 million development in year 20 and stabilizing thereafter at over $60 million. 5.5 Social Impacts Because the coastal region makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway extending north from Keahole Airport to Kiholo is uninhabited, there is no existing community that would be directly impacted by the proposed project. However, the Kaupulehu property is not devoid of human activity. As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, the Kona Village Resort, adjacent to the Petition Area, has existed as a secluded resort destination for over 30 years. In addition, the kiawe thicket area that corresponds to the existing 65 -acre Urban classification fronting the shoreline within the subject property is also visited by fishermen, campers, and food -gatherers who access the area on foot or using a 4 -wheel drive to traverse the property from Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The following discussion is, therefore, divided into two parts corresponding to the two principal social "groups" that will be impacted by the proposed project. 5.5.1 Social Impacts on the Kona Village Resort The presence of the Kona Village Resort adjacent to the Petition Area creates the potential for negative impacts resulting from construction and operation of the proposed project. In the past, Kona Village Resort has capitalized on the theme and ambiance of a remote Hawaiian village. Development of the proposed project could impact this theme and ambiance. Instead of driving through a barren lava field to an "oasis" of thatched bungalows, future Kona Village Resort guests will pass by portions of a landscaped golf course and residential area. The feeling of remoteness could be compromised. In addition, as discussed in previous sections of this EIS, ambient noise levels, night -lighting, and views 5-18 • 0 of the proposed project will all serve as subtle reminders of the presence of a neighboring community. 5.5.2 Measures to Mitigate Social Impacts on the Kona Village Resort Representatives of the Petitioner and Kona Village Resort have together reviewed the project's initial concept plans and have discussed issues and concerns pertinent to Kona Village Resort. Based upon such discussion, the project's conceptual plans have been revised to provide for certain development setbacks next to Kona Village Resort and its access road. Similar joint efforts and agreements occurred in conjunction with the 1986 boundary amendment proceeding which established the Urban District for the first portion of Kaupulehu Resort which is now under construction. The Petitioner anticipates that further joint planning with Kona Village Resort will occur as plans continue to be refined. 5.5.3. Social Impacts on Property Users In an effort to identify potential social impacts on current or future users of the subject property's coastal area that might arise from implementation of the proposed project, employees of the Kona Village Resort, fishermen, campers, and people raised in the area prior to its abandonment in the late 1940s, were interviewed during June 1994. Following is a summary of the concerns raised. At the request of the interviewees, names have been withheld to protect their privacy: Person's Affiliation Comments Kona Casting Club The Kiawe thicket area is used by weekend campers and the entire coastline is used by fishermen, and commercial and subsistence food gatherers. Concerned about impact of project upon availability of ocean resources. Ocean resources could be impacted by chemical runoff. Increased access will deplete the fishing grounds and limu, opihi, and crab resources unless an effective management program could be implemented. Kaupulehu Kupuna Ka Lae Mano was used extensively for certain types of food gathering and specifically for the gathering of salt. The coastal trail was part of the mauka access from Kaupulehu to Puuanahulu. Travelers hiked from Kaupulehu to Kiholo and Puuanahulu. People had to carry their water because the few water holes in the area have been covered by sand. The Kiawe stand is one of the last places where the Kona Nightingales (donkeys) can get feed makai. The ocean resources need to be managed. The resources are currently being depleted because people are harvesting to sell, not for subsistence. if the area is made more accessible, it would encourage more pressure on the ocean resources. Possible negative impacts could include chemicals from the project causing Ciguatera, and collapse of underwater caves due to development. 5-19 0 • Kona Village Resort The area is used for traditional salt, limu, and opihi gathering, fishing, and teaching family values and cultural beach living. Recalls as a child, watching his/her parents hunt donkey and goats. Kona Resident Prior to the 1940s large quantities of salt were gathered and bagged for community residents both shoreline and mauka. Today, a road over the lava has been established by the local fishermen that is accessible by 4 -wheel drive only. Fishermen with boats also access the area. Resources of the area include salt (puakai), tea (hina- hina, at one time), seaweed (limu), and coral (ina, medicine used for bums). Concerned that development will impose limitations on access, on marine life quality, shoreline structure, and ocean water quality. Former Kaupulehu Resident Area was used traditionally for salt gathering and hunting. The area was frequented during winter months. Supplies were left at shoreline cave (called 'anal and camp was made. Recalls riding donkeys to Kalaemono for salt gathering. Development will not benefit the people in Kona. It will allow the public to "misuse its traditions and natural resources". Kona Resident Area used for fishing and opihi gathering. A positive impact of the development will be to open up the shoreline area more. Increased access could be bad if not properly managed and controlled. Area should be preserved in pristine state as much as possible. Restrooms would be okay, but no showers. Gravel road would be okay. Don't care about the tourists; if no 4 -wheel drive to go down, tough! Concerned about burials in the area. It would be ideal if they could be preserved in place. Burials need protection and good management. 5.5.4 Measures to Mitigate Social Impacts on Users of Project Area's Coastal Resources The comments of the persons interviewed are generally consistent in the concern for the project's impact upon coastal resources. The matter of how increased public access to the coastal area resulting from the proposed development (as well as implementation of already approved development plans for surrounding areas) is a significant concern to those who presently use the shoreline. These impacts have been addressed in section 4.8.1.3. To mitigate concerns about increased public access, the Petitioner will prepare a shoreline management plan in conjunction with the zoning and Special Management Area permit processes. With regard to the concerns about feral donkeys, sections 4.12.2 and 4.12.3 address the project's impacts upon them and proposed mitigation measures. 5-20 0 • 5.6 Social Impacts on Neighboring Kaupulehu Resort As discussed in Chapters 1, 2, and 3, as the proposed project is implemented, it will become a part of the Kaupulehu Resort Destination community. Because it will contain resort/residential and recreational uses that will complement the hotel now under construction, it will generally appear as an integral part of the overall development. Thus, social impacts on the neighboring resort development will be generally limited to those specific physical impacts resulting from the phased construction of project components and the corresponding increase of the residential population. 5.7 Secondary and Cumulative Social Impacts Development of the Petition Area will occur within the context of major population growth in West Hawaii over the next twenty years. It may be said that this growth is the result of a statewide policies implemented over 30 years ago to redirect growth from O'ahu to the neighbor islands. With West Hawaii being now identified by the State as a key growth area and the lands of Kaupulehu as a resort destination node, those 30 -year old policies are manifesting their impacts in West Hawaii. The transformation of West Hawaii over the coming years will undoubtedly change the social character of the area, just as it will change the physical environment. At a regional level, as populations increase, land use densities and traffic increase. Familiar land uses are often replaced and buildings are renovated or replaced, resulting in a noticeable change of appearance or character. As a matter of cumulative impacts to the region, the ability of existing community members and neighbors to know everyone living around them is complicated. The loss of personalized relationships with neighbors, and the resulting increase of anonymity in the community, seems to undermine the general feeling of "neighborhood" or "community". Where neighbors used to watch out for other neighbors and collectively monitor the neighborhood children, rapid population increases makes this difficult and often impractical. Community safety concerns increase. Because strangers are harder to identify in the community (as opposed to recent arrivals), acts of social non-conformance and crime are not as easily regulated by social mores. Homogenous communities become heterogenous and familiar traditions begin to disappear. As populations increase, historical uses of vacant properties are restricted or regulated and long-time residents experience a loss of freedoms. The sum result is the natural process of community evolution. The proposed project will contribute to this ongoing change. 5-21 U m�. • Chapter V -4xisting Infrastructure and Public Services, Environmental Consequences, and Mitigation Measures • CHAPTER 6 E2(ISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SERVICES, ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES, AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Infrastructure 6.1.1 Roads and Traffic A traffic impact analysis was conducted for the proposed project by TMC in March 1994 and is attached to this EIS as Appendix D. Following are the findings of this analysis. It should be noted that for the purpose of the analysis, access to the Petition Area is assumed to be provided by a signalized, at -grade intersection on Queen Kaahumanu Highway at or near the existing intersection of the Kona Village Resort access road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Furthermore, the analysis assumes the future existence of a mauka-makai roadway planned by Kaupulehu Resort to link Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Mamalahoa Highway, beginning at the project access intersection and extending mauka through the Kaupulehu ahupua'a to Mamalahoa Highway. Although this mauka- makai roadway is not part of the proposed project, its future existence will impact traffic conditions along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. For this reason, it is included in the analysis. 6.1.1.1 Existing Conditions Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the primary arterial highway in the region. It is a high quality, two-lane, two-way State Highway connecting Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona. The highway is situated approximately 600 feet inland of the furthest inland portion of the Petition Area. Mamalahoa Highway is a two-lane, two-way County highway located approximately 3.5 miles inland and up slope from Queen Kaahumanu Highway and is aligned roughly parallel to it. The only existing mauka-makai corridors between the two highways in the general region of the Petition Area are located at Waikoloa and Keahole. The AM peak hour of traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the vicinity of the Petition Area occurs between 7:00 AM and 8:00 AM. The PM peak hour of traffic occurs between 3:30 PM and 4:30 PM. Figure 6-1 shows the existing peak hour traffic and results of the capacity analysis. 6.1.1.2 Potential Impacts The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 571 vehicles per hour (vph) during the AM peak hour of traffic; 326 vph entering the site and 245 vph exiting the site. During the PM peak hour of traffic, the project is expected to generate a total 705 vph; 374 entering the site and 331 vph exiting the site. Table 6-1 summarizes the project's trip generation characteristics. 6-1 133.2001P02A)09-3m PRIVATE ROAD WEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 0 29S f-- e TO KA LUA WEEN KAA/IUMANU HIGHWAY LOS B LOS S VIC-0.x3 VIC-0.23 TO "W KAWAIHAE 3�x 253 B i e KONA VILLAGE RESOFR EXISTING AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC PRIVATE ROAD O� 0 y0 J D i" QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 0 LEGEND eo I\ - TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME M" 7 ; I UNE CONTROL //T 1� N I �\,IY © LEVEL OF SERVICE IUNSKaNAUZED) KAAHUMANU LDS LEVEL OF SETMCEUWD-LME HWY) Vic VOLUME•TOCAPACRY RATIO (TWO-LANE HWY) PRIVATE ROAD O� 0 y0 J D i" QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 0 I\ - 7 ; I KALUA WEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY LOS C LOS C VTC-O.N y' V/C.O.3O — TO Q / 0 KAWAIHAE T� 31 STS e S KONA WLLAGE RESORT EXISTING PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC Source: TfeTraffic Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Figure 6-1 Analysis Report, June 6, 1994 EXISTING AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 6-2 0 • The impact of the proposed project is determined by comparing the projected traffic conditions for the area with and without the project. The year 2015 was selected as the planning horizon because it corresponds with full build -out of the project. The State Department of Transportation (DOT) and the County of Hawaii projected in their 1991 "Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan a 7.24% average annual growth rate in traffic for the region. This average annual rate includes traffic impacts projected in 1991 by the DOT for both Kaupulehu and Kukio. In addition to the DOT's projections, the current analysis also utilizes traffic projections developed in 1991 for the Maniniowali residential community. At year 2015 without the project, AM peak hour traffic at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at near -capacity conditions under signalized conditions. The highway would operate at Level of Service "F" with a volume -to -capacity (v/c) ratio of 1.02. During the PM peak hour period, the intersection would operate at over -capacity conditions under signalized conditions. Level of Service would remain at "F' with a v/c ratio of 1.10. Figure 6-2 shows the year 2015 AM and PM peak hour traffic movements and capacity analysis without the project. At year 2015 with the project, assuming that Queen Kaahumanu Highway is widened to a four -lane divided highway by the State DOT to mitigate project Level of Service "F' conditions without the project, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu and 6-3 Table 64: Trip Generation Summary AM Peak Hour Traffic PM Peak Hour Traffic No. of (vph) (vph) Land Use liaLla Enter Exit Total Enter ExitTotal Single Family Residential 133 27 76 103 91 49 140 Multi -Family Residential 165 13 63 76 62 32 94 Recreational Homes 732 78 39 117 78 112 190 Golf Course (Holes) 36 144 29 173 64 59 123 Retail (1,000 GSF*) 45 fA M im U U lid Total Trips 326 245 571 374 331 705 The impact of the proposed project is determined by comparing the projected traffic conditions for the area with and without the project. The year 2015 was selected as the planning horizon because it corresponds with full build -out of the project. The State Department of Transportation (DOT) and the County of Hawaii projected in their 1991 "Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan a 7.24% average annual growth rate in traffic for the region. This average annual rate includes traffic impacts projected in 1991 by the DOT for both Kaupulehu and Kukio. In addition to the DOT's projections, the current analysis also utilizes traffic projections developed in 1991 for the Maniniowali residential community. At year 2015 without the project, AM peak hour traffic at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at near -capacity conditions under signalized conditions. The highway would operate at Level of Service "F" with a volume -to -capacity (v/c) ratio of 1.02. During the PM peak hour period, the intersection would operate at over -capacity conditions under signalized conditions. Level of Service would remain at "F' with a v/c ratio of 1.10. Figure 6-2 shows the year 2015 AM and PM peak hour traffic movements and capacity analysis without the project. At year 2015 with the project, assuming that Queen Kaahumanu Highway is widened to a four -lane divided highway by the State DOT to mitigate project Level of Service "F' conditions without the project, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu and 6-3 IW2001P02/0DS-4m f"VATE ROAD 70 CFF I I 141 �L 0 OUEEN KAAHUMANU LOSE HIGHWAY— — V/C-O.w F TO ` KAWHNAE� 2 18a !pp KAILUA WEEN a— KAAHUMANU — —N II WAY — LOS F Y VIC-1.02 I I � C I F F C I YEAR 2015 AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC W/O PROJECT Source: ThsTrsffic Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Figure 6-2 Analysis Report, June 6, 1994 AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 6-4 LEGEND pp TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME M" LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNAUZED) ® CAPACITY ANALYSIS (SIGNALIZED( Q -UNDER CAPACITY CN 1 / ® - NEAR CAPACITY ® -OVER CAPACITY LOS LEVEL OF SERVICE (TWO-LANE HWV) Vic VOLUME -TO -CAPACITY RATIO (TWO4ANE PRNATE ROAD 1p 1071 (JT 30 I I J % I 2W TOUA � — — — — WEEN — Q --- KAAHUNANU WEEN 4— HIGHWAY KAAHUMANU LOS HIGHWAY—�_ — — LOS V/C-1.04 ._ To —5-— ` V/C-1.10 KAWAIHAEWl�f 1 pt1p8 1077 FfF Fl 102 KALIPULEHU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC W/O PROJECT Source: ThsTrsffic Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Figure 6-2 Analysis Report, June 6, 1994 AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 6-4 ,33.M, -5m PRIVATE ROAD I I ro�yy1�1 I f LOS B V?C-0.59 QUEEN -{ KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY To R KAWAIHAE = 759 IN _. NO U 161 w9F an TO J IUIILUA QUEEN - KAAHUMANU 4- HIGHWAY - - - - LOS e VA: -0M I I 133 �282 I YEAR 2015 AM PEAK NOLA TRAFFIC W/PRQ,ECT LEGEND 90 p TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME M" LANE CONTROL ® CAPACITY ANALYSIS (SIGNALUMD) ® - UNDENEAR CAPACITY ® -NEAR CAPACITY N ® - OVER CAPACITY LOS LEVELOF SERVICE (MLULTHANE HVVY) Vic VOLUME.T°{.APACITV MM (MULTAANE HWY) PRIVATE ROAD 90r �J II I �w I 191 // � Q/ I J. 19 �- - - - - LOS B 1071 ® Vic 0.42 � � QUEEN KAII.TUAO _. QUEEN - -J> KAAHUMANU Q- HIGHWAY Source: TtaTdk Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Analysis Report, June 6, 1994 Figure 6-3 AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 6.5 �- - - - - LOS B ® Vic 0.42 � � QUEEN _. - KAAHUMANU - -J> - - - MVAV V/C1�0.08 ro �I lel 1(NWAIMAE J I 174 k� 384 —.fon I I I -7), I I 198 KAl1PULENU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VV/PROJECT Source: TtaTdk Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Analysis Report, June 6, 1994 Figure 6-3 AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 6.5 Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at under -capacity conditions during the AM peak hour. Northbound traffic on the highway would operate at Level of Service `B" with a volume -to -capacity (v/c) ratio of 0.50. During the PM peak hour period, the intersection would operate at near -capacity conditions. Northbound traffic on the highway would operate at Level of Service "B" with a v/c ratio of 0.42. Figure 6-3 shows the year 2015 AM and PM peak hour traffic movements and capacity analysis with the project. 6.1.1.3 Proposed Mitigation Based on the traffic analysis for the project, the following improvements should be considered to accommodate year 2015 highway deficiencies that will exist without the proiect: a. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road should be upgraded to a fully channelized intersection, providing exclusive left - tum storage lanes and right -tum deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway in both the northbound and southbound directions. Kaupulehu Resort is in the process of implementing this improvement. b. Queen Kaahumanu Highway should be widened to provide a four -lane, divided highway, as proposed in the State DOT Long Range Highway Plan. c. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road should be signalized, when warranted. d. Kaupulehu Access Road and the mauka-makai road should include separate right -tum, through, and left -tum lanes. Together, these improvements will provide sufficient capacity to mitigate the traffic impacts of the proposed project. With the implementation of these improvements, the proposed project should not have any significant impacts on traffic within the planning horizon. An at -grade, traffic - signalized, fully channelized intersection should accommodate the project's access needs through the year 2015. It is anticipated that Queen Kaahumanu Highway would initially be widened to a four -lane, divided highway with at -grade signalized intersections at warranted locations. As traffic continues to increase, grade -separated interchange facilities and a frontage road system would be constructed as warranted. An interchange is expected to be located at the access to Kaupulehu Resort, which would also provide access to nearby developments such as Kukio and Maniniowali, via a frontage road system. The preliminary engineering study for the highway, conducted by the DOT, is expected to determine the access requirements for each of the proposed projects that would provide direct access via an interchange or connect to the frontage road system leading to the nearest interchange. The study should also determine how the frontage road system would collect and distribute traffic to and from the interchanges. 6.6 0 • 6.1.2 Harbors 6.1.2.1 Existing Conditions There are four harbors serving West Hawaii: Kailua-Kona harbor, about 15 miles south of the Petition Area, Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, about 8 miles south, and Kawaihae Harbor, about 16 miles north, which includes a small boat harbor and commercial harbor. The former three are primarily recreational boat harbors, while the latter is the only deep draft harbor serving West Hawaii. In 1989, Kawaihae Commercial Harbor received over 732,000 short tons of freight (excluding military cargo). This represented a 12 percent increase over the previous year and a 39 percent increase over 1985. Cargo transhipping through the harbor included building materials, consumer goods, large equipment and machinery, household effects, and provisions and supplies to service the resort industry in West Hawaii. The Harbors Division of the State Department of Transportation has developed a long-range master plan to guide improvements to the Kawaihae Harbor facilities. These include an Army Corps of Engineers plan for the extension of the existing small boat harbor breakwater and construction of an additional breakwater at the small boat harbor, and the State's plan for the relocation of the existing Young Bros. interisland barge operation from the northern end to the southern end of the commercial harbor basin. The Harbors Division is also reconvening its harbor task force to, among other things, reevaluate the Kawaihae Harbor master plan in light of the continuing reduction of sugar cultivation on the Big Island. The eventual elimination of bulk sugar storage facilities at the harbor could free space up for other harbor -related uses. With regard to the exist small boat harbors, improvements proposed at Kawaihae may result in the greater availability of boat slips. Honokohau small boat harbor is also proposed for expansion to accommodate approximately 450 new boat slips. The actual timetable for completion of these improvements is unknown. 6.1.2.2 Potential Impacts The proposed project will contribute to the demand for building materials and consumer goods in the North Kona region. Because the Kawaihae deep draft harbor is the principal harbor serving West Hawaii, development of the proposed project will have an indirect impact upon harbor operations in the form of increased volumes of cargo arrivals. However, in light of the DOT's long-range plans for harbor improvements, it is anticipated that the increased activity generated by the proposed project will be easily accommodated at the harbor. Therefore, the projected impact is not considered to be significant. The project could also impact recreational harbor facilities in West Hawaii in the form of increased demand for boat slips and charter services. Because demand for private slips has historically exceeded supply, the proposed project results in a negative impact because it may exacerbate the already existing demand. The extent of this potential 6-7 • 0 impact cannot be easily quantified because there is no means available to determine how many potential occupants of the development will choose to purchase recreational boats and want to berth them at public small boat harbors. Nor is it possible at this point to determine whether existing and future demand for boat slips will be fully accommodated by the State's harbor expansion plans. Consequently, the matter cannot be resolved. 6.1.2.3 Proposed Mitigation No specific measures to mitigate the potential impact of the project upon harbor facilities are warranted. 6.1.3 Airports 6.1.3.1 Existing Conditions Passenger and cargo air service facilities for West Hawaii are located at Keahole Airport, about 8 miles south of the Petition Area. This State-owned facility had over 56,000 operations (includes arrivals and departures of air carriers, air taxis, general aviation, and military flights) in 1991. Nearly half of these operations were air carriers. In 1991, 134,000 overseas passengers deplaned at Keahole, along with 914,795 interisland passengers. The Keahole runway was recently increased by 4,500 feet in length (for a total length of 11,000 feet) in order to accommodate intercontinental air service. The State is also planning to expand terminal facilities at the airport. 6.1.3.2 Potential Impacts The proposed project represents a consequence of continuing visitor industry growth in West Hawaii. Because it is located within in an area identified by the State as a Resort Destination Node, the provision of state services such as expanded airport facilities to support projected growth is presently the subject of long-range planning activities by the Airports Division of the State DOT. Project related impacts at the Keahole Airport will likely take the form of increased passenger arrivals and departures (both intercontinental and interisland) and increased volumes of cargo arrivals and departures. Such increases will be easily accommodated by the State's airport facility expansion plans. Therefore, any impacts related to the project are not considered to be significant. 6.1.3.3 Proposed Mitigation No mitigation measures are warranted. 6.1.4 Potable and Non -Potable Water 6.1.4.1 Existing Conditions The Petition Area is not presently serviced by a potable water system. 6.1.4.2 Potential Impacts At full build -out of the 1,030 unit project, demand for potable water will total approximately .82 mgd and demand for non -potable water for irrigation will total about 1.6 mgd. Table 6-2 provides a detailed explanation of these figures. Table 6-2: Projected Water Demand Water Demand Average Average Proposed Number Per Unit Potable Water Non -Potable Water Land of Units Jg%U Demand (gpd) Demand (gpd) Low -Density Residential 530 600 382,800 49,194 Multi -Family Residential 500 600 349,800 58,125 Commercial Center 45,000 sf* 33,000 3,220 Recreation Area 6,749 sf 7,000 3,492 Ocean Club 14,134 sf 9,000 1,070 Golf Club House 57,802 sf 36,000 42,692 Golf Courses 2 1,245,000 Landscape Irrigation 211.583 TOTAL: 817,600 1,614,376 *leasable portion of 11 acre Commercial Center site. To address this demand, a total of three new potable water wells and four non - potable wells will be required. With regard to the potable wells, two will be sufficient to address a maximum daily demand of 1.2 million gallons and the third is required by the County as a back-up well. 6.1.4.3 Proposed Mitigation See discussion in section 4.6.3. 6.1.5 Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal 6.1.5.1 Existing Conditions The Petition Area is not presently serviced by a wastewater collection and treatment system. 6.1.5.2 Potential Impacts At build -out, the proposed project will generate a total of 544,500 gallons of wastewater per day, assuming 100 percent occupancy. Approximately 94 percent of this volume can be attributed to the proposed low-density and multi -family residential units. The remainder can be attributed to the proposed recreational uses. • 0 6.1.5.3 Proposed Mitigation Wastewater will collected and transmitted to a privately -funded and developed wastewater treatment plant, which will serve the proposed development as well as the adjacent Kaupulehu Resort and the Kona Village Resort. The secondary -level treatment facility will be located in a Resort Service Area that includes sufficient land to accommodate facility expansion to serve the cumulative Kaupulehu developments. Effluent from the treatment facility will be utilized to supplement non -potable irrigation water at the proposed project's 36 -hole golf course. 6.1.6 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 6.1.6.1 Existing Conditions The Petition Area is not presently serviced by a solid waste collection and disposal system. Solid waste collected throughout the West Hawaii area is disposed of at the County's West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill at Puuanahulu. 6.1.6.2 Potential Impacts At full build -out, the proposed project will have a daily de facto census of approximately 1,555 people, plus about 333 employees, as well as golfers, and temporary visitors. Utilizing the County's planning standard of 6 pounds per capita per day, it is projected that solid waste production by the project's population and facilities will be approximately 5.7 tons per day, or 2,067 tons per year. Based upon the County's projections for West Hawaii solid waste generation, in the year 2000 this volume would constitute just under 2.5 percent of the total annual volume of solid waste generated in West Hawaii, and about 1.3 percent of the total annual volume generated in West Hawaii in the year 2010 (West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill, Final EIS, July 1989). The project's impact upon the operation of the County landfill is believed to be insignificant. 6.1.6.3 Proposed Mitigation Because the project is being constructed on a relatively barren lava field, very little green waste will be generated during the construction phase. During the operation phase, the mulching of yard trimmings and golf course green waste will help to reduce the volume of solid waste that must be sent to the County's landfill. 6.1.7 Electrical Power and Communications 6.1.7.1 Existing Conditions The Keahole Generating Station is owned and operated by Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) and is located just mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, about 8 miles south of the Petition Area. This facility has a current generating capacity of 30.25 megawatts (MW). According to a 1993 Revised Draft EIS submitted by HELCO to support its application for the expansion of the Keahole station by an additional 56 MW, "...the 6-10 demand for electric service has increased significantly in the West Hawaii area in particular. HELCO's 1991 application to the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) reported that, between 1990 and 1994, more than half of HELCO's forecasted demand is expected to occur in West Hawaii" (HELCO, RDEIS, July 1993, p. 1.6). The Kaupulehu ahupua'a is presently traversed by overhead 69 kv electrical transmission lines about 3,000 feet inland from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway at an elevation of about 425 feet above mean sea level. These lines generally parallel the alignment of the highway and link the Keahole Generating Station to the Waimea station, approximately 40 miles north east of Keahole. Hawaiian Telephone Company provides telephone service to the North Kona area. Cable television service is provided in North Kona by a private company. 6.1.7.2 Potential Impacts The total electrical demand for the proposed project at build -out is projected to be approximately 8,575 Kilowatts. This demand would constitute roughly 10 percent of the total future generating capacity of the Keahole Generating Station, if the current application for facility expansion is approved. Under present conditions, the project's demand would constitute approximately 30 percent of the Keahole Generating Station's existing capacity. With regard to telephone service, the proposed project will require approximately 1,500 units. 6.1.7.3 Proposed Mitigation According to the Office of State Planning's West Hawaii Regional Plan, "the impact of the proposed West Hawaii developments on the County's energy mix will be severe ... To meet the increasing future demands of the region, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc., is planning to construct additional power plants, all to be fueled by petroleum and/or coal. The utility expects the need to generate an additional 200 megawatts of power generation capacity by the year 2007. (OSP, p. 63). To assist in the reduction of electrical energy consumption, a number of conservation measures can be implemented at the proposed project. The energy-efficient design of homes and the strategic use of landscaping to shade homes will help to minimize the use of air conditioning units: a major consumer of electrical energy. The installation of low energy lamps and lighting fixtures, as well as room occupancy sensors will also be encouraged. The installation of solar water heaters will be recommended for homes. buried. All utility lines, including electrical, telephone, and cable television, will be 6-11 6.2 Public Services 6.2.1 Police and Fire Protection 6.2.1.1 Existing Conditions Police protection for the North Kona area is provided by approximately 60 police officers stationed at the County Satellite Police Station at Kealakehe, approximately 10 miles south of the Petition Area. Fire protection services are provided by the County's Kailua Fire Station, located on Palani road just mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately 15 miles south of the Petition Area. In 1993, the station had a staff of 33 and the following equipment: one ladder truck, one fire engine, one tanker, one rescue boat, and one ambulance unit. 6.2.1.2 Potential Impacts Development of the 1,030 proposed residential units will probably require an expansion of emergency services in the West Hawaii area. As discussed in the previous chapter, the increased real property revenues generated by the proposed project will help to ' offset the County's expenses for general expansion of its emergency services to serve West Hawaii. 6.2.1.3 Proposed Mitigation No specific mitigation measures are proposed. 6.2.2 Health Care 6.2.2.1 Existing Conditions The State's Kona Hospital is located in Kealakekua, approximately 24 miles south of the Petition Area, and serves the entire western side of the Big Island. According to the County Planning Department, "It is a 75 -bed acute care facility that provides a range of services including long-term care, skilled and interim nursing care, obstetrical, pediatrics, laboratory, cat scan, physio- and occupational therapy, chemotherapy, and a 24-hour emergency room" (R.M. Towill, 1992). Construction of a new health care facility, the North Hawaii Community Hospital (NHCH), has recently begun in Waimea. The 75,000 square foot facility is planned to open in late 1995. 6.2.2.2 Potential Impacts With a projected de facto population at build -out of approximately 1,555 persons, the proposed project will impact health care services in the West Hawaii area. However, considerable attention is being devoted to the issue of improved health care services by the State and the County. Therefore, it is believed that by the time the project is 6-12 • implemented, health care services will be sufficient to accommodate the increased demand. 6.2.2.3 Proposed Mitigation No specific mitigation measures are warranted. 6.2.3 Schools 6.2.3.1 Existing Conditions Public educational facilities in the region include Kahakai (grades k to 5), Kealakehe (k to 5 and 6 to 8), Konawaena at Kealakekua (7 to 12), and a new high school proposed at Kealakehe. Private schools in the area include University of Nations (with preschool), Creative Day Preschool, Kona Baptist Church, and Mokuaikaua church/Nursery. Additional private schools are located in Kamuela, Kapaau, Houaloa, and Honaunau. The State of Hawaii is also proposing a West Hawaii University campus be located somewhere between Kailua-Kona and Keahole. 6.2.3.2 Potential Impacts Due to the occupancy characteristics of the proposed units, it is unlikely that project residents will have a significant impact upon the public and private schools of West Hawaii. It is more likely that project -generated employment will impact the school system. Approximately 333 employees will be required to fill jobs created by the proposed project: golf course club house and maintenance crews, commercial center retail staff, and common area maintenance crews. The Petitioner projects that if all 333 employees are new arrivals to the area, they could generate approximately 67 elementary school students, 30 intermediate school students, and 27 high school students. However, at least a portion of the jobs will be filled by existing residents of the West Hawaii area, which would result in a reduced impact on the potential number of new students. Therefore, the project's potential impact upon West Hawaii schools is not considered to be significant. 6.2.3.3 Proposed Mitigation No specific mitigation measures are warranted. 6.2.4 Parks and Recreation 6.2.4.1 Existing Conditions The nearest existing park is the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park which is operated by the National Park Service and is located adjacent to Honokohau Harbor, about 10 miles south of the Petition Area. The park boundaries include the 20 -acre Aimakapa Fishpond, a brackish water pond and wetland providing habitat for endangered Hawaiian 6-13 waterbirds, waterfowl, and shorebirds. The National Park Service improvement plans for the park include a parking area for up to 250 cars and buses, an orientation structure, and an administrative office building. In its West Hawaii Regional Plan, the Office of State Planning includes recommendations for new state parks to be located at Kapalaoa-Kiholo and Maniniowali. The Kapalaoa-Kiholo area is situated makai of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway within the State-owned lands of Puuwaawaa, which abut the northeastern property boundary of the Kaupulehu ahupua'a and are adjacent to the Petition Area. The Maniniowali area is situated immediately south of the Kukio resort property, about two miles south of the Petition Area. The State Parks division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources indicates that these two areas will likely be retained as natural resource areas and there are no current plans for improvements. However, the division is presently preparing plans for the Makalawena-Mahaiula State Park which will be located along the coastline about mid -way between the Petition Area and Honokohau Harbor. Existing State parks include the Hulihee Palace (operated by the Daughters of Hawaii) in Kailua, the Old Kona Airport State Recreation area (117 acres), and various facilities located at public school sites. The Old Kona Airport park includes a beach park, pavilion, sports fields, tennis facilities, a gym under construction, and a canoe storage project. Existing County parks are generally situated in the Kailua-Kona area and include Hale Halawai (3.2 acres), Hillcrest Neighborhood Park (1.63 acres), the Kailua Community Park (the old Kona Airport area: 34.85 acres) within the State Recreation Area, Ones Bay (0.53 acre right-of-way), Kailua parking lot (0.3 acre landscaping), Kailua Pier (0.1 acre rest rooms), Palani Road (0.1 acre medial landscape), and other regional beach parks. The County's Keahole to Kailua Development Plan recommends the development of a 1.5 acre Waterfront Park, regional sports complex (10 acres), a district park (10 acres), and a municipal golf course adjacent to the former Kealakehe landfill. 6.2.4.2 Potential Impacts Given the character of the proposed project and the recreational amenities it includes, it is not anticipated that its residents will have a significant adverse impact upon public recreational facilities and parks in the West Hawaii area. With regard to public access to the project's coastal area, a large recreation area is proposed at the shoreline abutting the state property. The recreation area will include public parking and comfort station, and will provide public beach access to the historic coastal trail and shoreline. 6.2.4.3 Proposed Mitigation No specific mitigation measures are warranted. 6-14 0 • Chapter 7 Consistency with Land Use Policies, 'lans, and Controls • • CHAPTER 7 CONSISTENCY WITH LAND USE POLICIES, PLANS, AND CONTROLS 7.1 State Land Use Policies and Plans 7.1.1 Hawaii State Plan The Hawaii State Plan as set forth in Chapter 226, Hawaii Revised Statutes, serves as a guide for future long-range development of the State. Specific goals, objectives, policies, and priority guidelines of the State Plan, which most directly relate to the proposed project, are presented and discussed below: Part I. Overall Theme, Goals, Objectives and Policies SEC. 226-4 State goals. In order to guarantee, for present and future generations, those elements of choice and mobility that insure that individuals and groups may approach their desired levels of self-reliance and self-determination, it shall be the goals of the State to achieve: (1) A strong, viable economy, characterized by stability, diversity, and growth, that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawaii's present and future generations. (2) A desired physical environment, characterized by beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable natural systems, and uniqueriess, that enhances the mental and physical well-being of the people. (3) Physical, social, economic well-being, for individuals and families in Hawaii, that nourishes a sense of community responsibility, of caring, and of participation in community life. Discussion: The proposed project will contribute to the attainment of the "elements of choice and mobility" for Hawaii's people which are embodied in the three goals. The provision of up to 1,030 residential units, and the jobs created to construct and maintain them will contribute to the economy of the area and the social well being of the community. The low density character of the proposed project will create a complementary expansion of the Kaupulehu Resort. SEC. 226-5 Objective and policies for population. (a) It shall be the objective in planning for the State's population to guide population growth to be consistent with the achievement of physical, economic, and social objectives contained in this chapter. (b) To achieve the population objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Manage population growth statewide in a manner that provides increased opportunities for Hawaii's people to pursue their physical, social, and economic aspirations while recognizing the unique needs of each county. 7-1 (7) Plan the development and availability of land and water resources in a coordinated manner - so as to provide for the desired levels of growth in each geographic area. Discussion: Development of the proposed project is consistent with the state's population growth and distribution policies which identify West Hawaii as a major visitor destination I area, as well as a dynamic resident growth center. The project will satisfy market demand for resort/residential units, which will in tum, benefit the economy of the region. The entire project will be constructed over a twenty year period and supportive infrastructure will be developed to accommodate the project phasing. SEC. 226-6 Objectives and policies for the economy -in general. (a) Planning for the State's economy in general shall be directed toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) Increased and diversified employment opportunities to achieve full employment, increased income and job choice, and improved living standards for Hawaii's people. (2) A steadily growing and diversified economic base that is not overly dependent on a few industries. (b) To achieve the general economic objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: !J (2) Promote Hawaii as an attractive market for environmentally and socially sound investment 1 activities that benefit Hawaii's people. (10) Stimulate the development and expansion of economic activities which will benefit areas with substantial or expected employment problems. (11) Maintain acceptable working conditions and standards for Hawaii's workers. (12) Provide equal employment opportunities for all segments of Hawaii's population through affirmative action and non-discrimination measures. (13) Encourage businesses that have favorable financial multiplier effects within Hawaii's economy. Discussion: The proposed project will strengthen the visitor industry in West Hawaii by providing resort/residential opportunities for the Kaupulehu Resort destination node. The Concept Plan for the project will complement the development character of the neighboring Kaupulehu Resort. The transformation of Kailua-Kona area from an agricultural based economy to a visitor/service based economy will benefit the existing and future population by contributing to the diversification of employment opportunities. As discussed in the project's market report, development of the project will result in a multiplier effect of 2.0 for the West Hawaii economy: at build -out, the project will generate over 330 onsite jobs and over 700 offsite jobs. 7-2 • SEC. 226-10 Objectives and policies for the economy - potential growth activities. (a) Planning for the State's economy with regard to potential growth activities shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of development and expansion of potential growth activities that serve to increase and diversify Hawaii's economic base. (b) To achieve the potential growth activity objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (6) Provide public incentives and encourage private initiative to attract new industries that best support Hawaii's social, economic, physical, and environmental objectives. Discussion: The proposed project will contribute to the fulfillment of the State's vision for the West Hawaii visitor destination area, as set forth in the West Hawaii Regional Plan. Development of the Kaupulehu Resort destination node will generate new demand for business and services throughout region, thereby attracting new visitor -industry activities. SEC. 226.11 Objectives and policies for the physical environment -land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land-based, shoreline, and marine resources shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (1) Prudent use of Hawaii's land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. (2) Effective protection of Hawaii's unique and fragile environmental resources. (b) To achieve the land-based, shoreline, and marine resources objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Exercise an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's natural resources. (2) Ensure compatibility between land-based and water-based activities and natural resources and ecological systems. (3) Take into account the physical attributes of areas when planning and designing activities and facilities. (4) Manage natural resources and environs to encourage their beneficial and multiple use without generating costly or irreparable environmental damage. (5) Consider multiple uses in watershed areas, provided such uses do not detrimentally affect water quality and recharge functions. (6) Encourage the protection of rare or endangered plant and animal species and habitats native to Hawaii. (8) Pursue compatible relationships among activities, facilities, and natural resources. 7-3 (9) Promote increased accessibility and prudent use of inland and shoreline areas for public recreational, educational, and scientific purposes. Discussion: The proposed project is to be developed on otherwise unusable lava flows. The shoreline and coastal region of the Petition Area will be preserved in its natural form. f No development is proposed makai of the certified shoreline. A large public -oriented recreation area is proposed to facilitate public access to the coastal area. An existing historic trail along the shoreline will be preserved for public access. Public parking and comfort stations at the recreation area will enable the public to use the trail as a pedestrian route along the shoreline of the adjacent state property to Kiholo Bay and beyond, as envisioned by the State Parks Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. The proposed development will compliment the natural environment by maintaining a low-density character. The inclusion of a 36 -hole golf course in the project will ensure the preservation of open space. An endangered plant identified on the subject property will be preserved through the creation of a special buffer area. SEC. 226.12 Objective and policies for the physical environment --scenic, natural beauty, and historic resources. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of enhancement of Hawaii's scenic assets, natural beauty, and multicultural/ historical resources. (b) To achieve the scenic, natural beauty, and historic resources objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources. (3) Promote the preservation of views and vistas to enhance the visual and aesthetic enjoyment of mountains, ocean, scenic landscapes, and other natural features. (4) Protect those special areas, structures, and elements that are an integral and functional part of Hawaii's ethnic and cultural heritage. (5) Encourage the design of developments and activities that complement the natural beauty of the islands. Discussion: A detailed Archaeological Inventory has been conducted for the entire property and 57 significant historic sites have been identified for preservation. The low - profile, low-density character of the proposed development is consistent with the policy to preserve views and vistas of the ocean and mountains. The shoreline trail discussed above will be preserved and restored. SEC. 226.13 Objectives and policies for the physical environment --land, air, and water quality. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land, air, and water quality shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (1) Maintenance and pursuit of improved quality in Hawaii's land, air, and water resources 7-4 • • (2) Greater public awareness and appreciation of Hawaii's environmental resources. (b) To achieve the land, air, and water quality objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (2) Promote the proper management of Hawaii's land and water resources. (3) Promote effective measures to achieve desired quality in Hawaii's surface, ground, and coastal waters. (4) Encourage actions to maintain or improve aural and air quality levels, to enhance the health and well-being of Hawaii's people. (5) Reduce the threat to life and property from erosion, flooding, tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other natural or man -induced hazards and disasters. (6) Encourage design and construction practices that enhance the physical qualities of Hawaii's communities. Discussion: Planning and design of the proposed project is supportive of Federal, State and County environmental regulations and controls. Conservation will be emphasized at the proposed project as a means of limiting demand for both potable and non -potable water. Potable water can be conserved in the proposed residential units by utilizing water conservation devices such as low-volume shower heads and by minimizing its use for irrigation purposes. The principal method for non -potable water conservation will be to utilize treated effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to supplement irrigation water intended for use on the 36 -hole golf course. To mitigate the potential impact of surface water runoff and drainage, including storm drainage, on coastal resources, all components of the proposed development will be designed to retain surface drainage on-site. Direct discharge to the ocean will be minimized or avoided. This will be accomplished by grading development areas to direct surface runoff away from the ocean. No habitable structures are presently proposed in areas that may be subjected to potential storm water runup. With regard to tsunami hazards, a number of measures can be undertaken. First, all prospective homeowners within the general vicinity of the coastline will be provided with informative material at the time they purchase their home. Second, an evacuation plan will be prepared to identify the location of evacuation routes, evacuation procedures, and the location of emergency shelters. Third, a tsunami warning siren system will be installed within the proposed project as a means of informing area residents of an impending threat. The warning system will be linked to the statewide civil defense system and will be activated directly by the Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency. As is the case with tsunamis, due to the uncertainty of volcanic eruptions, the most practical mitigative measure is the provision of a early warning alert system that will warn area residents of an impending threat. Together with a comprehensive evacuation plan, a warning system will be implemented to ensure that loss of life does not occur. The evacuation plan will be submitted to the county for approval. 7-5 SEC. 226.14 Objective and policies for facility systems --in general. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems in general shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of ' water, transportation, waste disposal, and energy and telecommunication systems that support statewide social, economic, and physical objectives. (3) Ensure that required facility systems can be supported within resource capacities and at r reasonable cost to the user. Discussion: The proposed project will be serviced by a privately -developed wastewater treatment plant and private access roads. SEC. 226-15 Objectives and policies for facility systems - solid and liquid wastes. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to solid and liquid wastes shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives: (1) Maintenance of basic public health and sanitation standards relating to treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. (2) Provision of adequate sewerage facilities for physical and economic activities that alleviate problems in housing, employment, mobility and other areas. (b) To achieve solid and liquid waste objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Encourage the adequate development of sewerage facilities that complement planned growth. (2) Promote re -use and recycling to reduce solid and liquid wastes and employ a conservation ethic. (3) Promote research to develop more efficient and economical treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Discussion: Wastewater will collected by a privately -developed wastewater collection system and transmitted to the wastewater treatment plant. The privately developed treatment facility will serve the Kaupulehu Resort, the Kona Village Resort, and the proposed project. With regard to solid waste, because the project is being constructed on a relatively barren lava field, very little green waste will be generated during the construction phase. During the operation phase, the mulching of yard trimmings and golf course green waste will help to reduce the volume of solid waste that must be sent to the County's landfill. SEC. 226.16 Objective and policies for facility systems- water. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to water shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of the provision of water to adequately accommodate domestic, agricultural, commercial, industrial, recreational, and other needs within resource capacities. 7-6 • • (1) Coordinate development of land use activities with existing and potential water supply. (3) Reclaim and encourage the productive use of runoff water and waste water discharges. (6) Promote water conservation programs and practices in government, private industry, and the general public to help ensure adequate water to meet long-term needs. Discussion: With regard to water supply, the proposed water wells will be limited to a daily pumpage of approximately 400 gallons per minute. These yields are based upon the calculated sustainable yield of the area's groundwater resources. Conservation will be emphasized at the proposed project as a means of limiting demand for both potable and non -potable water. Potable water can be conserved in the proposed residential units by utilizing water conservation devices such as low-volume shower heads and by minimizing its use for irrigation purposes. The principal method for non -potable water conservation will be to utilize treated effluent from the wastewater treatment plant to supplement irrigation water intended for use on the 36 -hole golf course. The average volume of effluent projected to be available to supplement irrigation requirements is estimated to be 0.404 million gpd. In addition to the use of treated effluent for irrigation, salt -tolerant species of turf grass are being considered for use on the proposed golf courses. This will enable relatively high saline content brackish water to be utilized for irrigation. SEC.226.18 Objectives and policies for facility systems - energy/ telecommunications. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to energy/telecommunication shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives: (2) Increased energy self-sufficiency. Discussion: To assist in the reduction of electrical energy consumption, a number of conservation measures can be implemented at the proposed project. The energy-efficient design of homes and the strategic use of landscaping to shade homes will help to minimize the use of air conditioning units: a major consumer of electrical energy. The installation of low energy lamps and lighting fixtures, as well as room occupancy sensors will also be encouraged. The installation of solar water heaters will be recommended for homes. All utility lines, including electrical, telephone, and cable television, will be buried. SEC.226-19 Objectives and policies for socio -cultural advancement - housing. (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to housing shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (1) Greater opportunities for Hawaii's people to secure reasonably priced, safe, sanitary, livable homes located in suitable environments that satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. (2) The orderly development of residential areas sensitive to community needs and other land uses. 7-7 (b) To achieve the housing objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Effectively accommodate the housing needs of Hawaii's people. (3) Increase home ownership and rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, location, cost, densities, style, and size of housing. (5) Promote design and location of housing developments taking into account the physical setting, accessibility to public facilities and services, and other concerns of existing communities and surrounding areas. (6) Facilitate the use of available vacant, developable, and underutilized urban lands for housing. I Discussion: The development of up to 1,030 residential units will provide new housing opportunities to satisfy demand for market -priced homes in West Hawaii. The low-density character of the project will be compatible with the Kaupulehu Resort and will strengthen it as a resort destination node and an economically beneficial use of the land. SEC. 226-20 Objectives and policies for socio -cultural advancement - health. (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to health shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (2) Maintenance of sanitary and environmentally healthful conditions in Hawaii's communities. (b) To achieve the health objectives, it shall be the policy of this State: (5) Provide programs, services, and activities that ensure environmentally healthful and sanitary conditions. Discussion: The provision of a sanitary wastewater collection and treatment system will ensure environmentally healthful conditions. SEC. 226.23 Objective and policies for socio -cultural advancement - leisure. (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to leisure shall be directed towards the achievement of the objective of the adequate provision of resources to accommodate diverse cultural, artistic, and recreational needs for present and future generations. (b) To achieve the leisure objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (3) Enhance the enjoyment of recreational experiences through safety and security measures, ' educational opportunities, and improved facility design and maintenance. (4) Promote the recreational and educational potential of natural resources having scenic, open space, cultural, historical, geological, or biological values while ensuring that their inherent values are preserved. 7-8 1 0 • (5) Ensure opportunities for everyone to use and enjoy Hawaii's recreational resources. (6) Assure the availability of sufficient resources to provide for future cultural, artistic, and recreational needs. Discussion: The provision of a recreational area at the project which will include public parking, comfort station, and shoreline access will enable the public to utilize the coastal region of state-owned property adjacent to Kaupulehu that is presently underutilized and largely inaccessible. In addition, the preservation of a coastal shoreline trail will provide opportunities for the enjoyment of recreational resources along the shoreline of the Petition Area. Priority Guidelines: The purpose of this part of the State Plan is to establish the overall priority guidelines to address areas of statewide concern. Section 226-102 of the Plan notes that the State shall strive to improve the quality of life for Hawaii's present and future population through the pursuit of desirable courses of action in five major areas of statewide concern which merit priority attention: economic development, population growth and resource management, affordable housing, crime and criminal justice, and quality education. The priority guidelines applicable to the proposed project are discussed below. SEC. 226-103 Economic priority guidelines. (a) Priority guidelines to stimulate economic growth and encourage business expansion and development to provide needed jobs for Hawaii's people and achieve a stable and diversified economy: (1) Seek a variety of means to increase the availability of investment capital for new and expanding enterprises. (8) Provide public incentives and encourage private initiative to develop and attract industries which promise long-term growth potentials and which have the following characteristics: (A) An industry that can take advantage of Hawaii's unique location and available physical and human resources. (B) A clean industry that would have minimal adverse effects on Hawaii's environment. (C) An industry that is willing to hire and train Hawaii's people to meet the industry's Labor needs. (D) An industry that would provide reasonable income and steady employment. Discussion: Development of the proposed project is consistent with the State's goal to focus visitor industry services at "destination nodes" in West Hawaii. At full build -out, the project will provide a combined total of more than a thousand onsite and offsite job opportunities, which will help to strengthen the economy of West Hawaii. 7-9 (e) Priority guidelines for water use and development: (1) Maintain and improve water conservation programs to reduce the overall water ' consumption rate. (2) Encourage the improvement of irrigation technology and promote the use of non -potable water for agricultural and landscaping purposes. Discussion: Potable water can be conserved in the proposed residential units by utilizing water conservation devices such as low-volume shower heads and by minimizing its use for irrigation purposes. Non -potable water will be utilized for irrigation of the proposed 36 - hole golf course and for landscape irrigation wherever practicable. (f) Priority guidelines for energy use and development: (2) Initiate, maintain, and improve energy conservation programs aimed at reducing energy waste and increasing public awareness of the need to conserve energy. (3) Provide incentives to encourage the use of energy conserving technology in residential, I industrial, and other buildings. Discussion: Solar -water heating and the use of low-energy electrical lights and energy- saving devices will be encouraged. SEC. 226.104 Population growth and land resources priority guidelines. (a) Priority guidelines to effect desired statewide growth and distribution. (b) Priority guidelines for regional growth distribution and land resource utilization: (9) Direct future urban development away from critical environmental areas or impose mitigating measures so that negative impacts on the environment would be minimized. (10) Identify critical environmental areas in Hawaii to include but not be limited to the following: watershed and recharge areas; wildlife habitats (on land and in the ocean); areas with endangered species of plants and wildlife; natural streams and water bodies; scenic and recreational shoreline resources; open space and natural areas; historic and cultural sites; areas particularly sensitive to reduction in water and air quality; and scenic resources. (12) Utilize Hawaii's limited land resources wisely, providing adequate land to accommodate projected population and economic growth needs while ensuring the protection of the environment and the availability of the shoreline, conservation lands, and other limited resources for future generations. (13) Protect and enhance Hawaii's shoreline, open spaces, and scenic resources. ' 7-10 • P Discussion: The proposed project is designed to support the protection and preservation of the shoreline. No development is proposed makai of the certified shoreline and all infrastructure systems at the project will be designed to ensure that the offshore water quality is not compromised. 7.1.2 State Functional Plans As set forth in Section 2 of the Hawaii State Plan, functional plans shall include "the policies, programs and projects designed to implement the objectives of a specific field of activity when such activity or program is proposed, administered, or funded by any agency of the State". The state's twelve functional plans were examined to determine the relationship of the proposed project to each of their administrative areas of responsibility. 7.1.2.1 Agricultural Functional Plan (1985) Because the Petition Area contains no agricultural lands, the objectives and policies of the State Agricultural Functional Plan area not applicable. 7.1.2.2 Conservation Functional Plan (1991) There are several objectives and policies in the State Conservation Functional Plan which pertain to the proposed project. These are identified below and followed by a discussion of how the proposed may assist in their implementation. Objective: Effective protection and prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. Policy: (Al) Exercise an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and significant natural resources of the State of Hawaii and controlling use of hazardous areas. Objective: Effective protection and management of open space, watersheds, and natural areas. Policy: (C3) Protect and manage the lands with historic or natural resources value. Objective: Promote sound management and development of Hawaii land and marine resources for potential economic benefit. Discussion: The utilization of barren lava fields for residential development (as opposed to agricultural lands) is a practical means of preserving critical and significant natural resources. By observing all County shoreline setbacks, the project will minimize impact on marine and coastal resources. Historical and archaeological resources identified as significant will be preserved. 7-11 7.1.2.3 Educational Functional Plan 0989) The State Education Functional Plan reflects the Department of Education's strategies to address the goals, policies and priority guidelines of the Hawaii State Plan and the goals of the State Board of Education. All of the actions are to be undertaken by the State Department of Education. The specific objectives and policies of the functional plan are not directly applicable to the proposed development. 7.1.2.4 Higher Educational Functional Plan (1984) There are no objectives, policies or implementing actions in this functional plan that are directly applicable to the proposed project. 7.1.2.5 Employment Functional Plan (1989) The State Employment Function Plan contains objectives, policies and implementing actions directed four major areas: Education and Preparation Services for Employment; job Placement; Quality of Work Life; and Employment Planning Information and Employment Coordination. The proposed project will provide new employment opportunities in the construction trades and in golf course operation and management to the existing and future residents of the region which will have a direct impact upon improving the quality of life in the region. At full build -out, over a thousand new jobs will be generated by the project. The proposed project complies with the State Employment Functional Plan in providing alternative sources of employment to the region. 7.1.2.6 Energy Functional Plan (1991) The Energy Functional Plan has three major strategies to achieve the objectives, policies and priority guidelines of the Hawaii State Plan. These involve reducing the state's dependency upon petroleum and other fossil fuels, developing an integrated approach for more effective energy development and management, and ensuring an adequate and timely supply of reserve petroleum in the event of disruption in petroleum supplies. The proposed project can assist in the implementation of the first strategy by ensuring that master planning promotes energy efficiency development techniques and energy conservation whenever possible. 7.1.2.7 Health Functional Plan (1989) The State Health Functional Plan includes objectives and policies relating to environmental health. The proposed project intends to comply with all applicable Department of Health rules and regulations. Environmental impacts on air quality are fully addressed within this EIS document. Drainage and runoff from the project, both during construction and long term maintenance of planned facilities will be minimized to ensure the protection of ground water quality and offshore ocean water quality. 7-12 .1 Infrastructure intended to accommodate the sewage generated by the project will be master planned to ensure its timely development and thereby minimize environmental impacts. 7.1.2.8 Historic Preservation Functional Plan (1991) Objectives, policies and implementing actions in the Historic Preservation Functional Plan are intended for implementation by the Department of Land and Natural Resources and affiliated State agencies. The project area has been extensively surveyed and a description of identified historic and archaeological sites is included in this EIS document. Recommendations are included for the disposition of the sites, including preservation of those sites identified as significant for cultural, scientific or educational value. Implementation of the proposed project will include the preparation of an Historic Sites Mitigation Plan to ensure conformance with all applicable state, county and federal regulations concerning historic sites. The property owner is committed to full compliance with all adopted regulations and policies pertaining to Historic Preservation. 7.1.2.9 Housing Functional Plan (1989) Policy: A(1)(b) Initiate the development of large scale, master planned residential communities on Oahu, Hawaii, Maui and Kauai which includes opportunities for owner builders. Policy: E(I) Promote the design and location of housing developments taking into account the physical setting, accessibility to public facilities and services, employment and other concerns of existing communities and surrounding areas. Discussion: The provision of recreational opportunities and commercial services within the proposed project will enhance the residential community and ensure that all needed services are provided. 7.1.2.10 Human Services Functional Plan (1989) Objectives and polices of this Functional Plan are directed specifically to State agencies including the Department of Human Services, the Department of Health, the Department of Education, the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, and the State Office of Children and Youth and Executive Office on Aging. The functional plan does not relate directly to the proposed project. 7.1.2.11 Recreation Functional Plan (1991) Policy: II -A(1) Plan and develop facilities and areas that feature the natural and historic/cultural resources of Hawaii. Develop interpretive programs for these areas. Policy: II -A(3) Proceed with planning, acquisition, and development of trails. Policy: II -C(1) Meet the demand for recreational opportunities in local communities. 7-13 Policy: III -A(1) Require land use permit applications to fully address the impact of their projects ' on trails and public access. Policy: III-C(I) Assure access to recreational areas in Forest Reserve lands. Policy: III -D(1) Give priority to acquiring public access to selected shoreline and mauka ' recreation areas. Policy: III -D(2) Provide adequate improvements at public accessways. ' Discussion: The preservation and restoration of the coastal trail and the provision of public access to it fully supports the policies of the Recreation Functional Plan. 7.1.2.12 Tourism Functional Plan (1991) The objectives and policies of the Tourism Functional Plan do not directly relate to I the proposed development because they are mainly targeted to governmental agencies. However, Action II.A.7.c., which calls for the acquisition and expansion of beach parks in areas including the region between `Anaeho'omalu Bay and Kaupulehu, is indirectly supported through the provision of the public recreation area at the proposed project and the restoration of the coastal trail. The promotion of greater public access to the State's coastal properties, and the provision of support services may assist the state in its own plans for coastal improvements in the area. 7.1.2.13 Transportation Functional Plan (1991) The objectives and policies of the Transportation Functional Plan relate primarily to the administration and implementation of transportation policy by the State Department of Transportation. For this reason, the functional plan does not directly relate to the proposed project. However, specific mitigation measures have been proposed to ' improve traffic circulation in the region and provide greater access to the project site. These improvements will enhance the functional plan's intent to promote the timely development of infrastructure to serve new development and to improve the quality of life for residents of the area. 7.1.2.14 Water Resources Development Functional Plan (1985) Objectives and policies of the Water Resources Development Functional Plan are directed primarily to State and County agencies responsible for the management of water ' resources and are not directly applicable to the proposed project. Implementation of water infrastructure will be done in cooperation with the appropriate State and County agencies. 7.1.3 State Land Use Law All lands in the State have been placed in one of four land use districts (Urban, 7.14 0 0 Agriculture, Conservation, or Rural) by the State Land Use Commission (SLUC). The administrative rules of the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Title 13, Chapter 2, govern land use within the conservation district and provide for four categories, or subzones. The subject property contains 2 subzones; Resource, along the shoreline, and General on the remainder of the property. The Petitioner is seeking reclassification of the Conservation designation for the subject area to Urban, consistent with the County General Plan designation of Urban Expansion and the State's policy promoting the development of Kaupulehu as a resort destination node. Figure 7-1 depicts the existing State Land Use District boundaries of the Kaupulehu property. Figure 7-2 presents the proposed Land Use District boundaries. 7.1.4 Coastal Zone Management Act (Chapter 205-A, HRS) The proposed project does not involve Federal lands or agencies, and therefore, does not require a coastal zone management federal consistency review. The specific objectives and polices of the CZM act are implemented through Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes, which establishes regulation of the Special Management Area (SMA). The project's compliance with SMA regulations is discussed below in section 7.2.5. 7.1.5 Hawaii Water Code Chapter 174C, Hawaii Revised Statutes, The State Water Code, was adopted by the State Legislature in 1987 to "protect, control, and regulate the use of Hawaii's water resources for the benefit of its people." The Water Code is administered by the Commission on Water Resources Management, Department of Land and Natural Resources. The Code's policies include protection of water resources, maintenance of ecological balance and scenic quality, improvement of water quality, and establishment of comprehensive water planning statewide. A major element of the State Water Code is the development of the Hawaii Water Plan discussed below. Discussion: Preparation of this environmental impact statement and the recommended mitigation measures contained herein represent the means for compliance with Water Code policies. 7.1.6 State Water Plan As adopted by the Commission on Water Resource Management in July, 1990, the State Water Plan contains five elements; A Water Quality Plan prepared by the Department of Health, a Water Projects Plan prepared by the DLNR, a Water Resource Protection Plan prepared by the DLNR, and two County Water Use and Development Plans (Hawaii and Kauai). The overall purpose of the Water Plan is set forth in section 174 C-31 (d): 7-15 1,34.ZUU I tUZJUU4 . ...... . CONSERVATION t 4(X ......... . A URBAN f jj 4' '.' le CONSERVATION V K Kukio uko Bay Bay (General Subzone 4 KO�A"-' VILLAGE Waiakuhi Kurnukehu Ku ukeh U Point Point 'J_ji� water jank URPAN,,'-,\ )ERVATION % t URBAN jj 4' '.' le CONSERVATION K Kukio uko Bay Bay (General Subzone 4 KO�A"-' VILLAGE Waiakuhi Kurnukehu Ku ukeh U Point Point 0 1000 2000 NORTH SCALE IN MILES CONSERVATION +4 Kahuivai Bay p{JRBA CONSERVATION Mahewalu Point CONSERVATION (Resource Subzone) URBAN Pacific Ocean Figure 7-1 EXISTING STATE LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 -1 , fON; f�KaUapa Bay Kikaua Point y y 133.2001P02/007-1 CONSERVATION :i BOUNDARY OF 1 PROPOSED AMEND A.�' • t� f' 1 x CONSERVATION :i ® 0 1000 2000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET 38 AC, t Pacific Ocean t Z J-1 tom' CONSERVATION ". A Kukio Bay Kakapa Bay Kikaua Point Waiduhi v / Pont kehu s=•:. h Kahuuai Bay LEGEND g ; KONA VILLAGE RESORT `Y ` Proposed Land Use Change: /Mahewalu Conservation to Urban Point SURVEYED SHORELINE Figure 7-2 PROPOSED STATE LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 BOUNDARY OF 1 PROPOSED AMEND f' 1 x PROPOSED CONSE �k TO URBAN i� 1,011AC.+ : c : _ y. URBAN ® 0 1000 2000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET 38 AC, t Pacific Ocean t Z J-1 tom' CONSERVATION ". A Kukio Bay Kakapa Bay Kikaua Point Waiduhi v / Pont kehu s=•:. h Kahuuai Bay LEGEND g ; KONA VILLAGE RESORT `Y ` Proposed Land Use Change: /Mahewalu Conservation to Urban Point SURVEYED SHORELINE Figure 7-2 PROPOSED STATE LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 • • , (1) The attainment of maximum reasonable -beneficial use of water for such purposes as those referred to in subsection (a); (2) The proper conservation and development of the waters of the State; (3) The control of waters of the State for such public purposes as navigation, drainage, sanitation, ' and flood control; (4) The attainment of adequate water quality as expressed in the state water protection and quality plan; and (5) The implementation of the water resources policies expressed in section 174C-2. This section, in turn, calls for "a program of comprehensive water resources planning" and "maximum beneficial use of the waters of the State" with adequate provision for the protection of "traditional and customary Hawaiian rights", fish and wildlife, and the maintenance of "proper ecological balance and scenic beauty". The proposed project will acquire potable water from existing and proposed wells within the Kaupulehu ahupua'a. The following objective and strategies are pertinent to the proposed action. Objective: (2) Maximize the utility of the State's water resources for all uses of water by both mankind and nature. Strategy: (2)(A) Maximize the efficient use of water and limit quantities of water use to the minimum required for efficient and economic utilization. Strategy: (2)(B) Maximize the efficient use of water and limit the quality of water used to the minimum required for efficient and economic utilization. Discussion: Development of potable and non -potable water resources at Kaupulehu and ' efforts to conserve its use are consistent with the intention of these strategies. The EIS includes a full and detailed discussion of how water resources will be conserved. 7.1.7 Department of Health Conditions Applicable to New Golf Course Development The State Department of Health (DOH) requires that all new golf courses comply with its conditions for development. As of the writing of this EIS, version 4 of the department's conditions are in effect (dated January, 1992). Following is a summary of how the project will comply with these conditions. 1 7.1.7.1 Baseline Requirements ' The DOH requires that a baseline of groundwater/vadose and/or, if appropriate, coastal water quality shall be established. The Petitioner has complied with this condition 7-18 • by initiating a monitoring program of coastal water conditions. The baseline report (dated November 1993) and monitoring studies conducted in 1993 and 1994 are included as appendices to this document. 7.1.7.2 Groundwater Monitoring The DOH requires a groundwater monitoring plan and system to be submitted to the DOH for approval and specifies the components that it shall contain. The Petitioner will comply with this condition. 7.1.7.3 Mitigation of Groundwater Contamination The DOH requires the project owner to take immediate action to mitigate any adverse effects caused by contamination of the groundwater detected during monitoring. The Petitioner shall comply with this condition as it pertains to the proposed project. If, however, groundwater contamination is detected by the proposed monitoring system but found not to be caused by actions occurring on the subject property, the Petitioner should not be considered responsible for mitigation. 7.1.7.4 Wastewater Disposal The DOH requires that sewage disposal for the clubhouse and other facilities be connected to a public sewer system or approved private treatment system. The Petitioner will comply with this condition by connecting the golf course facilities to the private wastewater collection and treatment system proposed at the project. The condition also states that the use of wastewater for irrigation will be generally encouraged. The Petitioner intends to utilize treated effluent to supplement non -potable irrigation water on the golf course, as discussed in section 4.6.4 of this EIS. 7.1.7.5 Effluent Reuse The DOH requires the development and implementation of an approved wastewater reuse plan and specifies provisions for compliance. The Petitioner will comply with this condition. 7.1.7.6 Underground Storage Tanks The DOH specifies the requirements for the use of underground storage tanks and states that they will be generally discouraged. The Petitioner will make every effort to avoid having to utilize underground tanks. However, if their use becomes unavoidable, the Petitioner will adhere to the provisions of this condition. 7.1.7.7 Fertilizer and Pesticide Storage The DOH specifies the manner in which pesticides and fertilizers shall be stored. 7-19 • • , The Petitioner shall comply with this condition. 7.1.7.8 Best Management Practices The DOH requires the establishment of a Best Management Practices for the use of fertilizers and biocides as well as for the golf course's irrigation schedule. The Petitioner will comply with this condition. 7.1.7.9 Noise Mitigation ' The DOH requires that noise generated by golf course operations shall be minimized. The Petitioner shall comply with this condition. 7.1.7.10 Solid Waste Disposal The DOH requires that solid waste disposal shall be managed so as to not create a nuisance. It also specifies that composting shall be used whenever possible and that it shall be confined to the golf course to minimize the necessity for offsite transport of raw or processed material. The Petitioner shall comply with this condition but may elect to utilize composting material at other locations within the subject property in addition to the golf course. 7.1.7.11 Fugitive Dust Control The DOH requires that fugitive dust generated during construction shall be controlled in accordance with administrative rules of the department. It also requires that pesticides and other agricultural chemicals be applied in a manner that precludes offsite 1 drift of spray material. The Petitioner shall comply with this condition. 7.1.7.12 Soil Runoff The DOH requires the Petitioner to consult with the Soil Conservation Service to assure that best management practices are used to prevent soil runoff during construction. The DOH also requires a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater permit application be submitted in accordance with Federal Clean Water Act requirements. The Petitioner shall comply with this condition. 7.1.8 Environmental Impact Statement Requirements The preparation of this EIS was determined to be necessary by the State Land Use Commission in conjunction with the Applicant's Petition for an Urban District boundary amendment. This EIS has been prepared and submitted pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) and rules promulgated thereunder. 7-20 7.2 West Hawaii Regional Plan Published in November 1989 by the Office of State Planning, the West Hawaii Regional Plan presents the State's vision for the future development of the North Kona and South Kohala districts of Hawaii. With regard to planning for resort development, the plan's principal strategy is to cluster resorts in `Resort Destination Nodes' in designated areas in West Hawaii, specifically including Kaupulehu. Figure 7-3 depicts the OSP's resort destination nodes. OSP's recommended actions include: • the development of these nodes as "employment centers'; • the identification of other ancillary activities and services which support the destination node concept; • the provision of economic incentives for private sector involvement in financing and development social and physical infrastructure systems; • the utilization of the defined nodes as a basis for developing State positions on land use petitions before the Land Use Commission; • the utilization of the defined nodes as a basis for the review of State Land Use District boundaries; • the study of cumulative fiscal, social, and environmental impacts of resorts to determine the optimal size of the nodes; • the encouragement of the County to maximize public benefits (infrastructure systems, day care, transportation, employment training, parks, etc.) for projects with nodes by utilizing zoning powers; and • the reduction of dependency on a single industry by encouraging diversification of the economy. The proposed project is fully supportive of the Resort Destination Node strategy and the above identified actions. The project will enhance the Kaupulehu node as an employment center by providing over a thousand new employment opportunities at full build -out. Ancillary services and activities will be made available through the provision of the 45,000 square foot (net) commercial center proposed in the project's concept plan. The development of privately funded roadway, wastewater collection and treatment, and drainage infrastructure will greatly reduce the need for public financial support in the area. The provision of new employment opportunities will assist in the continued diversification of the West Hawaii economy. The proposed project is also supportive of the West Hawaii Regional Plan's identification of a proposed park along the shoreline of state lands adjacent to Kaupulehu. 7-21 133.2001 P02/009 -6m " MAHUKONA ORESORT DESTINATION NODE EXISTING DEVELOPMENT KAHUA SHORES PROPOSED KOHALA MAKAI DEVELOPMENT Kawa i hoe MAUNAKEA� MAUNA LANI/WA/KOLOA,—'�' KONA VILLA( KUKIO BEACH RESORT OOMA KEAHOLE Hawi PUBLIC LANDS HAWAIIAN HOMELANDS Source: Office of the Governor Office of State Planning, Figure 7-3 West Hawaii Regional Plan, November 1989 WEST HAWAII REGIONAL PLAN ® Kaupulehu Resort Expansion 0 4 8 Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN MILES Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 0 The project's provision of a large public recreation area adjacent to the state's property promotes greater public access to the shoreline in the area. 7.3 County Land Use Policies and Plans 7.3.1 Hawaii County General Plan The Hawaii County General Plan is the policy document for the long range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides direction for balanced growth of the County. The Plan contains goal, policies, and standards concerning twelve functional areas as well as a series of land use maps referred to as General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Maps. The LUPAG map designations for the project area are Urban Expansion and Open (see Figure 7-4)• The development concept is consistent with the Urban Expansion designation which provides for residential uses. The Open designation corresponds to the shorefront of the property as well as that of the entire island. The Open designation reflects the policy of protecting recreational and other resources in the shoreline area and in other areas on the island. The project is consistent with the Open designation in light of its incorporation of open space and public access and recreational uses in the shoreline area. The proposed project is also consistent with the following policy elements of the General Plan. 7.3.1.1 Economic Element Economic goals for the County of Hawaii include the need to "strive for diversity and stability in its economic system" and to "provide an economic environment which allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's natural and social environment." Policies include an intent to "strive for an economic climate which provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation." Discussion: Implementation of the proposed project will provide significant new employment opportunities in the region which will, in turn, help to further diversify the economy of West Hawaii. 7.3.1.2 Environmental Quality A key attribute of the proposed project is its compliance with the County's policy to maintain the quality of the environment for residents and future residents. Discussion: The transformation of barren lava areas to a residential community and golf course represents an efficient and environmentally appropriate use of otherwise unusable lands. Preservation of the property's coastal resources and the provision of public access to them will benefit existing and future residents of the region. 7.23 • 7.3.1.3 Flood Control and Drainage The General Plan includes goals to conserve scenic and natural resources, prevent ' damage to manmade improvements, and to reduce surface water and sediment runoff. Policies include the intent that all development generated runoff be disposed of in a manner that is acceptable to the County's Department of Public Works. The private sector is seen as a partner to the government in maintaining and improving drainage systems and in building new drainage facilities. I Discussion: As discussed in this EIS, all infrastructure systems will be designed and constructed to comply with state and county policies and regulations to reduce surface water and sediment runoff. 7.3.1.4 Historic Sites The General Plan includes a goal to "protect and enhance the sites, buildings and objects of historic and cultural importance to Hawaii" and a policy that the County require "both public and private developers of land to provide a historic survey prior to the clearing and development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historic significance." Discussion: Significant archaeological sites will be preserved on the subject property as outlined in the Archaeological Inventory Survey conducted specifically for the proposed project. 7.3.1.5 Housing Element General Plan goals for housing include a desire to have a diverse housing mix throughout the island, maintaining a housing supply that allows choice and a policy to accommodate the housing requirements of special need groups, including those residents I living in rural areas. Discussion: The Market Study prepared for the proposed project demonstrates market support for the residential units to be developed. The provision of new employment opportunities during construction and operational phases of the development will strengthen the economy of the area and will help to provide the financial means for residents to address their housing needs. 7.3.1.6 Natural Beauty Goals concerning the scenic and natural beauty of Hawaii include the desire to preserve the quality of coastal scenic resources and to protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. The vast expanse of Kona's landscape is identified as the area's most striking feature. 7-24 133.2001 P021001-2 r� Bay ;If a LEGEND — HIGH DENSITY URBAN DEVELOPMENT _ MEDIUM DENSITY LOW DENSITY INDUSTRIAL F- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL Pauoa Bay Makaiwa Bay Honokoop• F F— -1 FYTFNCIVF Afa?ICI II TI ipm Anaehoomalu Bay HAWAII �J- — -- - -- - ORCHARDS RESORT T OPEN AREA 0 CONSERVATION FLOOD PLAIN URBAN EXPANSION1— . a IooEN, — UNIVERSITY USE Kihalo 017y � PROJECT LOCATION K O Figure 7-4 COUNTY GENERAL PLAN ® Kaupulehu Resort Expansion 0 1 2 Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN MILES Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawaii, June 1994 A primary goal of the General Plan is to "protect and conserve the natural resources of the County of Hawaii from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage". It is the County's policy that the shoreline be protected from the encroachment of manmade improvements and structures. It is also the County's policy to encourage the protection of unique habitats, wildlife species, and agricultural use of the land. Discussion: As discussed in this EIS, the property's coastal resources will be preserved. No development is proposed makai of the certified shoreline. 7.3.1.7 Natural Resources and Shoreline A primary goal of the General Plan is to "protect and conserve the natural resources of the County of Hawaii from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage". It is the County's policy that the shoreline be protected from the encroachment of manmade improvements and structures. It is also the County's policy to encourage the protection of unique habitats, wildlife species, and agricultural use of the land. Discussion: Other than the restoration of the coastal trail, no development is proposed to encroach upon the coastal area makai of the certified shoreline. 7.3.1.8 Public Facilities The General Plan identifies public facilities as schools, libraries, fire stations, police stations, detention and correction facilities, and refuse disposal areas. The County's overall goal is to improve public service through better facilities that are in keeping with the environmental and aesthetic concerns of the community. Discussion: As a resort/residential area, the proposed project's impact upon public facilities will not be excessive. Due to relatively low full-time occupancy rates and the "second home" character of the project community, impacts upon social services such as schools and libraries will be minimal. 7.3.1.9 Public Utilities The General Plan declares that public utilities, including water, telephone, electricity, gas, sewage treatment and disposal should complement adjacent land uses and be operated to avoid pollution or disturbance. The improvement of existing utility services is linked to demand for such services. Discussion: The proposed project would acquire its electrical power from the Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) system. It is anticipated that HELCO will have sufficient generating capacity to meet the electrical demands of the proposed project at the time of its implementation. 7-27 7.3.1.10 Recreation As resident population on the Big Island continues to grow and the visitor industry , continues to expand, demand for additional recreational resources is expected to increase. County polices include the intent to improve existing facilities, provide a broad range of recreational opportunities, and provide public access to the shoreline and shoreline resources. Discussion: The proposed project includes the provision of a public recreation area and ' public beach access to meet the needs of the community. 7.3.1.11 Transportation ' The General Plan includes policies to provide transportation facilities that promote the desired land use, improve transportation service, and plan for future needs. Discussion: All roadways within the project area will be privately developed. The low- density development will not have a significant impact upon regional transportation ' circulation. 7.3.1.12 Land Use The General Plan states a concern that areas identified for urban development should be adequately serviced by the appropriate infrastructure. Discussion: The concept plan for the proposed development includes the privately - funded development of all basic infrastructure needed to service the proposed resort/residential community. 7.3.2 Northwest Hawaii Open Space and Community Development Plan (Draft) The November 1992 public draft report of the County's Northwest Hawaii plan identifies the subject property for resort development. The proposed project will provide clarity and guidance to the plan, which presently states: "the only coastal property that does not yet have definite resort or State park plans is the "Conservation" zoned 2,000+ acre coastal parcel just north of the Kaupulehu Resort. This land is owned by Bishop Estate, and may eventually be proposed for resort development. The overall issue relative to these planned resorts is to ensure that they are developed according to the highest possible environmental and design standards to minimize adverse impacts on valuable coastal resources, and so that these resorts will further enhance the reputation of Hawaii's "gold coast"." (page 121) 7-28 0 • As demonstrated in this EIS, the proposed project is fully supportive of the County's desire to minimize adverse impacts on coastal resources. The proposed preservation and restoration of the coastal trail is supportive of the plan's intention to preserve open space areas and coastal resources. Furthermore, the low -densities planned for the project will complement the open space character of the area. 7.3.3 Hawaii County Zoning The subject property is presently zoned Open. If the requested Land Use boundary Petition is approved, the Petitioner will seek appropriate zoning classifications consistent with the existing General Plan designations for the property. 7.3.4 Special Management Area Regulations The subject property is situated within the Special Management Area. As described below, the proposed development is consistent with the County of Hawaii Special Management Area (SMA) policies and guidelines. 7.3.4.1 Recreational Resources Objective: Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public. Discussion: The preservation and restoration of the coastal trail and the provision of a public -oriented recreation area fulfills this objective. 7.3.4.2 Historic Resources Objective: Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore those natural and man made historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture. Discussion: All significant archaeological resources identified in the project area are proposed for preservation. 7.3.4.3 Scenic and Open Space Resources Objective: Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources. Discussion: The existing quality of the coastal scenic and open space resources of the area will be preserved by the project. The development of a low-density, golf course oriented community will not detract from the open space character of the region. 7-29 7.3.4.4 Coastal Ecosystems ' Objective: Protect valuable coastal ecosystems from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on I coastal ecosystems. Discussion: As discussed in this EIS, the proposed project seeks to minimize any potential ' adverse impacts to coastal ecosystems. The potential adverse impact upon marine biota resulting from increased public access will be mitigated through the implementation of a shoreline management plan, prepared in conjunction with the SMA permit process. I 7.3.4.5 Economic Uses Objective: Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. Discussion: Development of the subject property will assist the State in its implementation of the resort destination node strategy identified in the West Hawaii Regional Plan. ' 7.3.4.6 Coastal Hazards Objective: Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, I erosion, and subsidence. Discussion: The proposed project has been designed to reduce potential hazards I associated with coastal hazards, as discussed in Chapter 4 of this EIS. 7.3.4.7 Managing Development Objective: Improve the development review process, communication and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. Discussion: Preparation of this EIS provides the public with the opportunity to participate in the review of development proposals adjacent to coastal resources. 7.3.4.8 Guidelines for Approval As set forth in Section 9.7 of the Hawaii County Planning Commission's rules concerning decision making for SMA applications, the commission shall seek to minimize where reasonable: A]. Dredging, filling or otherwise altering any bay, estuary, salt marsh, river mouth, slough, or lagoon. Discussion: No dredging, filling, or alteration activities are proposed along the shoreline. 7-30 0 • A2. Any development which would reduce the size of any beach or other area usable for public recreation. Discussion: No development is proposed which would reduce the size of any beach or area usable for public recreation. A3. Any development which would reduce or impose restrictions upon public access to tidal and submerged lands, beaches, portions of rivers and streams within the Special Management Area and the mean high tide line where there is no beach. Discussion: The proposed project does not reduce or impose restrictions on public access to coastal resources. Through the provision of a recreation area and public access opportunities, it ensures that the public right to coastal access is preserved. A4• Any development which would substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight toward the sea from the State highway nearest the coast or from other scenic areas identified in the General Plan. Discussion: The project will not substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The low density character of the project will not inhibit coastal views. - AS. Any development which would adversely affect water quality, existing areas of open water free of visible structures, existing and potential fisheries and f Shing grounds, wildlife habitats, estuarine sanctuaries, potential or existing agricultural uses of land. Discussion: The proposed project will not adversely affect water quality, as demonstrated in this EIS. No fisheries or wildlife habitats will be negatively impacted. No agricultural lands are impacted by the development. No development shall be approved unless it is first found that: B1. The development will not have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public interest. Such adverse effect shall include, but not be limited to, the potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial effect and the elimination of planning options. Discussion: With the exception of the potential impacts to coastal resources resulting from increased public access, the project does not generally result in any significant negative environmental impacts. With regard to public access, a shoreline management plan will be prepared and implemented to mitigate the impacts of increased public access upon specific marine biota that are popular with subsistence gatherers; limu, opihi, crab, and fish. Section 4.8.1.3 of this EIS discusses the cumulative impacts of increased public access to the project's shoreline. 7.31 B2. The development is consistent with the objectives and policies as provided by Chapter ' 205A, HRS, and the Special Management Area guidelines as contained herein. ' Discussion: As demonstrated above, the proposed project is consistent with the objectives and policies of Chapter 205A. B3. The development is consistent with the County General Plan and zoning. Such a finding of consistency does not preclude concurrent processing when a general plan or zoning ' amendment may also be required. Discussion: The proposed development is consistent with the County General Plan's designations of Urban Expansion and Open for the subject property. All developments shall be subject to reasonable terms and conditions as necessary in order to ensure that: ' Cl. Adequate access, by dedication or other means, to publicly owned or used beaches, recreation areas, and natural reserves is provided to the extent consistent with sound 1 conservation principles. i Discussion: Public access to the coastline and to state-owned lands adjacent to the ' subject property will be provided and preserved. As discussed in section 4.8.1.4, a shoreline management plan will be prepared and implemented to mitigate the impacts of increased public access upon marine biota. ' C2. Adequate and properly located public recreation areas and wildlife preserves are reserved. Discussion: The project's concept plan includes the provision of a public recreation area. I C3. Provisions are made for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and management I which will minimize adverse effects upon Special Management Area resources. Discussion: As discussed in Chapters 4 and 6 of this EIS, adequate provisions are included for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and management to minimize adverse impacts on the Special Management Area's resources. C4. Alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, except crops, and construction of I structures shall cause minimum adverse effect to water resources and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the I event of an earthquake. Discussion: The grading necessary to construct the various components of the project will I not cause significant adverse effects on coastal resources, scenic resources, or recreational amenities. 7-32 0 E C5. Adverse environmental or ecological impacts are minimized to the extent practicable Discussion: As presented in section 4.8.1.4 of this EIS, a shoreline management plan will be prepared and implemented in conjunction with the SMA permit process to mitigate the potential adverse impact that increased public access to the project's coastal area may have upon marine biota. C6. The proposed development is consistent with the goals, policies, and standards of the General Plan. Discussion: As discussed in section 7.3.1 above, the project is consistent with the goals, policies, and standards of the Hawaii County General Plan. 7.4 Summary of Major Permits Following is a list of major approvals and permits required for implementation of the proposed project. Additional permits and approvals will be necessary but are too numerous to mention here. Land Use Boundary Amendment State Land Use Commission Change of Zone Hawaii County Council Special Management Area Permit Hawaii County Planning Commission Subdivision Approval Hawaii County Planning Department Building and Grading Permits Hawaii County Department of Public Works NPDES Permit State Department of Health Potable Water System Approval State Department of Health Underground Injection Control Line State Department of Health Water Master Plan Approval County Department of Water Supply Drainage Master Plan County Public Works Department Well Construction Permits State Commission on Water Resource Management Pump Installation Permits State Commission on Water Resource Management 7-33 ot ap u Chapter S Other Topical Issues 0 • CHAPTER 8 OTHER TOPICAL ISSUES 8.1 Relationship Between Short -Term Uses and Maintenance of Long -Term Productivity No short-term exploitation of resources that will have negative long-term consequences have been identified in this EIS. The proposed project, developed over a twenty-year period, will be designed to last for decades. As such, it will not only be a resort/residential community, but a valuable component of the larger West Hawaii visitor destination area. The principal long-term benefits of the project include the productive use of an otherwise unusable property and the provision of residential and employment opportunities. Increased economic opportunities for many segments of the West Hawaii region will be generated in the form of capital investment and economic multipliers. Thus, the potential long-term productivity of the property resulting from the proposed development is preferred over other short-term uses of the property which might otherwise occur. 8.2 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources The proposed project will require the irreversible and irretrievable commitment of a number of resources including land, building materials, capital, manpower, and energy to construct, operate, and maintain the development. Utilization of the subject property will eliminate its potential for development to alternative uses. Goods and services consumed by future residents of the project, as well as employees and visitors, must also be considered. These include combustible fuels for transportation. The impacts of using these resources must be weighed against the projected positive socioeconomic benefits to be derived from the project. The proposed project does not call for a substantial commitment of government supplied services or facilities that would not be required without the proposed project. 8.3 Offsetting Considerations of Governmental Policies As discussed in Chapter 7, the project is consistent with the goals and policies of the Hawaii State Plan and Functional Plans, the West Hawaii Regional Plan, the Hawaii County General Plan, and the Special Management Area regulations as set forth in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Together, the unified vision of these plans is to provide government support and incentives for the expansion of the visitor industry in West Hawaii consistent with the guidelines set forth. Because the subject property is identified by the State as a "resort destination node" and by the County as an urban expansion area, the proposed project is mutually supportive of state and county plans. The only significant offsetting consideration resulting from governmental policies pertains to the potential significant adverse impacts to marine biota resulting from State 01 and County provisions calling for the preservation of shoreline public access. Based on the experience of other resorts along the West Hawaii coastline, increased public access usually results in depletion of specific marine biota that are popular among subsistence gatherers: limu, opihi, crab, and fish. Undeveloped coastal areas with limited access are often characterized by a relative abundance of marine biotic resources. However, when these areas become more accessible to the general public, marine resources are often depleted by subsistence food gatherers and fishermen who previously could not access the area. Because species such as opihi are relatively slow to mature, their depletion resulting from increased public access becomes immediately evident to the gatherers who formerly enjoyed the benefits of the area's geographic seclusion. Thus, the balance between public access for the greater community and the traditional subsistence gathering practices of a specific group within that community is upset. In an attempt to restore balance among various user groups, the Petitioner will prepare a shoreline management plan in conjunction with the Special Management Area permit process. Provisions within the management plan pertaining to the issue of resource depletion will be coordinated with affected parties. 8.4 Unresolved Issues As discussed in section 6.1.1.3, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway is planned for widening to four lanes by the State DOT. At the writing of this EIS, the actual date of implementation of this project is unknown. In a similar vein, the timing of other government capital improvement projects in West Hawaii may impact the proposed project. However, the extent to which this may occur is presently unknown. As discussed in section 6.1.1.3, the proposed project could have a negative impact upon the availability of boat slips at public small boat harbors in West Hawaii because it may contribute to the already existing demand for the limited supply of slips. This issue cannot be resolved by the applicant. The future provision of public boat slips to satisfy demand is ultimately a capital improvement issue that must be addressed by the State Legislature. The provision of affordable housing is also unresolved. Based upon current information, a 60% State affordable housing policy exists, and if applied to the proposed project, the Petitioner will work with the Housing Finance Development Corporation (HFDC) to develop the program for implementation. The County of Hawaii is presently re-evaluating its affordable housing policy. Under current conditions and in light of substantial housing supply, it is difficult to project the construction timing and amount of units which will be necessary to meet demand. The Petitioner anticipates that the satisfaction of an affordable housing requirement within existing and growing communities will be pursued. These subjects will be discussed with the HFDC and the County with the objective of reaching a consensus on the appropriate manner of satisfying affordable housing requirements, which the Petitioner intends to develop. M • M • Chapter 9 Consulted Parties and Comments on the EIS Preparation Notice E • CHAPTER 9 CONSULTED PARTIES AND COMMENTS ON THE EIS PREPARATION NOTICE 9.1 Consulted Parties A Notice of Availability of the Environmental Assessment and EIS Preparation Notice for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project was published in the OEOC Bulletin by the Office of Environmental Quality Control on January 23, 1994. In addition, representatives of the applicant have personally met with a wide variety of public agencies, community organizations, elected officials, and private individuals to inform them of the proposed project. The agencies, organizations, and individuals consulted about the project are listed below. Those who commented on the Enviromental Assessment in writing and/or requested status as a Consulted Party are identified by an asterisk (*). Copies of the correspondence with them are reproduced in this chapter. 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'Nn wSECnMMISSION t,"L Sr I1&*All Man CB I 54 PP'91 Ll � N .0 1 kpy C4 6 Y N W Sy� x�VLq • F U Y W W 110 . .1 PM TqM✓ F $ ~4C1 000 N W W m a G O N Y ❑Md G9 U w U'O X MCO 0 w 00ry G0 Vij M O YN U aWrl N 100 W0m rai 10'1 alp m6. a a Y N� m.✓poI W 0✓ pppF��� � � M Y ✓ L b W 4� i GGGp~ k 1! i �YYMO✓ O Yq o O 4✓ Y M✓ 93 n OOY' Ymw Tm a �=.Yi qp UP � OOM Y U W A 0. Y W 0020 Lb MCG C� �O p O= ■ M d 0 m OX q Op YY Tq ti0 O ' S 90p�9 00✓ �a-I SO Y ACy U✓9vt m40 yiT OT � V M O m a W i Y✓ W. 0 �N.Oi M ggb X 0.0� PG I� WqW 4w N0 O UnpC O 9-33 fl • F U Y W W 6 0 ! $l4 J • • Chapter 10 Organizations and Individuals Involved in the bastion of the EIS CHAPTER 10 ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE EIS 10.1 ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ASSISTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIS This Environmental Impact Statement was prepared for Kaupulehu Developments by Belt Collins Hawaii with input provided by consultants. The following Belt Collins personnel and consultants were involved: Belt Collins Hawaii James Bell - Principal -in -Charge Anne Mapes - Project Manager and EIS Contributing Writer Lee Sichter - Planner and EIS Author Richard Van Hom Planner Trina Onuma - Civil Engineer Ed Kuniyoshi - Planner Karon Aoki - Graphics Designer Consultants Archaeological Impacts - Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. Air Quality Impacts - Jim Morrow & Associates Economic Impact Analysis - The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Fauna Impacts Phillip L. Bruner Flora Impacts Char & Associates Market Analysis The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Marine Impacts Marine Research Consultants Noise Impacts Y. Ebisu & Associates Pesticide/Fertilizer Impacts Murdoch and Green Traffic Impacts The Traffic Management Consultant, Inc. 10-1 • • Chapter I I References 0 0 CHAPTER 11 Baker, H.L., et.al. (1965). Detailed Land Classification, Island of Hawaii. L.S. Bulletin 6. Honolulu; Land Study Bureau, University of Hawaii. Belt Collins & Associates. 1985. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Revised Master Plan for Mauna Lani Resort, South Kohala, Hawaii. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Belt Collins & Associates. 1986. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Kaupulehu Resort, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. Belt Collins & Associates. 1987. Final Environmental Impact Statement, The Ritz-Carlton Mauna Lani, Mauna Lani Resort, South Kohala, Hawaii. Prepared for The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. Belt Collins & Associates. 1989. Draft Water Resource Management Plan for Kaupulehu Resorts. Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu. Belt Collins & Associates. 1990. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Liliuokalani Trust, Keahuolu Lands, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Liliuokalani Trust. Belt Collins & Associates. 1990. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Kealakehe Planned Community, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Housing Finance and Development Corporation. Brown, B. E. and L. S. Howard. 1985. Assessing the effects of "stress" on coral reefs. Adv. in Mar. Biol. 22:1-63. Bruner, P.L. (1994). Study of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Kaupulehu Property, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Belt Collins & Associates. Laie, Hawaii: Author. Char & Associates (1994). Botanical Survey, Kaupulehu Phase 2 Development. North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Belt Collins & Associates. Honolulu Hawaii. Charles L. Murdoch, Ph.D. and Richard E. Green, Ph. D. (1994). Assessment of the Potential Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides to be Used on the Proposed Kaupulehu Phase 2 Golf Course. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. 0 0 CH2MHill (1993). Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Keahole Generating Station Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company. Honolulu. Cox, D. C., F. F. Peterson, W. M. Adams, C. Lau, J. F. Campbell and R. D. Huber. 1969. Coastal evidence of groundwater conditions in the vicinity of Anaehoomalu and Lalamilo, South Kohala, Hawaii. Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Hawaii, Tech. Report No. 24. Decker, R.W. et.al. (1987). Volcanism in Hawaii. Volume 1. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Dollar, S. J. 1975. Zonation of reef corals off the Koan Coast of Hawaii. M.S. Thesis. University of Hawaii. Dollar, S. J. 1982. Wave Stress and Coral Community Structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81. Dollar, S. J. 1987. Effects to water quality and marine community structure from beach reconstruction at Makaiwa Bay, Mauna Lani Resort, South Kohala, Hawaii. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Donald Wolbrink and Associates (July 1975). Kona Community Development Plan. Prepared for Hawaii County Planning Department. Honolulu DWA. Economics Research Associates (1993). Economic and Fiscal Impacts of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort. Prepared for Kaupulehu Makai Venture. Honolulu Hawaii. Grigg, R. W. and S. J. Dollar. 1989. Natural and anthropogenic disturbance on coral reefs. In: Coral Reefs, Vol. 25. Z. Dubinsky, ed. In press. J.W. Morrow (1994)• Air Quality Impact Report, Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. Hawaii, County of (November 1989). The General Plan. Hilo, Hawaii. Hawaii, County of. Department of Public Works (1989) Final Environmental Impact Statement. West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill, Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii. Hawaii, County of. Planning Department (November 1983). Kona Regional Plan. Hilo, Hawaii. 11-2 0 0 Hawaii, Department of Agriculture (1977). Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (revised). Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Agriculture (1985). State Agriculture Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Education (1989). State Educational Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Education (1985). State Higher Educational Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Health (1989). State Health Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii Department of Health. (November 1982). "Chapter 59, Ambient Air Quality Standards". Title 11, Administrative Rules. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Labor and Industrial Relations (1989). State Employment Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Labor and Industrial Relations (1989). State Human Services Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1991). State Conservation Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1987). State Water Code. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1990). State Water Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (June 1991). State Historic Preservation Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1991). State Recreation Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1985). State Water Resources Development Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (1980). State Recreation Plan (State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan). Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (1991). State Energy Functional Plan. Honolulu. 11-3 Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (1991). State Tourism Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Planning and Economic Development (1984). Hawaii Population and Economic Projection and Simulation Model -- Updated State and County Forecasts. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Planning and Economic Development (1985). County Trends in Hawaii, 1975-1985. Statistical Report No. 181. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (1986). The Hawaii State Plan: Revised. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (1989). The State of Hawaii Data Book 1992. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Social Services and Housing (1989). State Housing Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Dept. of Transportation (1991). State Transportation Functional Plan. Honolulu. Hawaii, State of. Office of State Planning (November 1989). West Hawaii Regional Plan. Honolulu. Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Marine and Anchialine Pool Monitoring Program, Kaupulehu Makai Venture, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu. Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Marine Baseline Assessment, Water Chemistry. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu Marine Research Consultants (November 1993). Baseline Marine Assessment, Marine Biota. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu Marine Research Consultants (December 1993). Kaupulehu Anchialine Ponds and Wetland Monitoring and Management Program. Pond Biology and Management Recommendations. Report 2-93. KMV Resort Project, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu. Marine Research Consultants (February 1994). Marine Monitoring, Water Chemistry, Report 1.94. Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu. Menezes Tsukazaki Yeh & Moore, (1993). Petition for Land Use District Boundary Amendment, Verification, Certificate of Service, Exhibits 1-4 Inclusive. Hilo, Hawaii. 11-4 0 0 Mullineaux, D. R., D. W. Patterson and D. R. Crandell. 1987. Volcanic Hazards in the Hawaiian Islands. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper No. 1350. Murdoch, C. L. and R. E. Green. 1989. Environmental impact of fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide use. In: W. E. Wanket, Inc., Final Environmental Impact Statement, Royal Kunia Phase II, Hoaeae, Ewa, Oahu. PHRI (1990). Archaeological Resource Assessment: Kaupulehu Phase II Master Plan, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo. PHRI (1990). Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations: Kaupulehu Makai Resort Project Area, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo. PHRI (1992). Kaupulehu Makai Resort. Phased Archaeological Mitigation Program: Phase II: Archaeological Data Recovery. Lands of Kaupulehu, Nnrth Knna District. Island of Hawaii. Hilo. PHRI (1992). Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4. Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey: Phase 1: Site Identification. Lands of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo. PHRI (1993). Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4. Archaeological Inventory Survey. Lands of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo. PHRI (1993). Archaeological Inventory Survey: Kaupulehu Resort Irrigation Project, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hilo. R.M. Towill Corp. (September 1989). Keahole to Kailua Development Plan. Prepared for County of Hawaii Planning Department. Honolulu. R.M. Towill Corp. (June 1992). Kailua-Kona Master Plan: Summary of Inventory, Research and Analysis, A Working Paper. Prepared for County of Hawaii Planning Department. Honolulu. Stearns, H.T., and G.A. MacDonald (1946). Geology and Ground Water of the Island of Hawaii. Bulletin 9. Honolulu: Hawaii Div. of Hydrology. The Hallstrom Group, Inc. (1994)• Economic Impact Analysis and Public Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. The Hallstrom Group, Inc. (1994). Market Study of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. 11-5 0 • The Traffic Management Consultant (1994)• Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. Transportation Research Board (1985). Highway Capacity Manual. Special report 209. Washington, D.C.: TRB. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior). 1985. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered and threatened species; Notice of Review. Fed. Reg. 50(188): 39526.39.527 plus 57 pg. table of plants. U.S. Geological Survey. Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii. Washington, D.C. 1990. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance Administration, National Flood Insurance Program. Flood Insurance Rate Map Hawaii County. Y. Ebisu & Associates (1994). Acoustic Study for Kaupulehu Phase II Development. Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu Hawaii. 11-6 Pq 0 • Chapter 12 Comments on the Draft EIS CHAPTER 12 COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT EIS A Notice of Availability of the Draft EIS for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project was published in the OEQC Bulletin by the Office of Environmental Quality Control on July 8, 1994. The deadline for comments was August 22, 1994. The agencies, organizations, and individuals who commented on the Enviromental Assessment in writing and/or requested status as a Consulted Party are identified by an asterisk (*) and their letters, together with responses, are presented in Chapter 9. The 21 parties who commented on the Draft EIS are identified with a plus -sign (+) and their letters, together with responses, are reproduced in this chapter. Federal Agencies *+ Department of the Army * National Marine Fisheries Service *+ Geological Survey, Water Resources Division + Department of the Navy + Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service State Agencies *+ Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism * Department of Health *+ Department of Land and Natural Resources * Department of Transportation *+ Department of Budget and Finance (Housing Finance & Development Corp.) + Office of Environmental Quality Control * Office of State Planning + Environmental Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa + Department of Accounting and General Services, Public Works Division + State Land Use Commission + Department of Labor and Industrial Relations County Agencies * Department of Public Works + Planning Department *+ Department of Water Supply *+ Police Department * Civil Defense Agency *+ Fire Department * Department of Research & Development 12-1 • Organizations * Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference * PBR Hawaii * Na Ala Hele + Kona Hawaiian Civic Club + West Hawaii Sierra Club, Conservation Committee Private Individuals and Landowners * CJ Villa + J. Curtis Tyler, III (note: Mr. Tyler submitted a letter dated 4/22/94 and a revised letter dated 8/22/94. He advised the EIS author by phone on 8/22 that the date of the 4/22 was in error and that his 8/22 letter was intended to correct the error. Therefore, only the 8/22 letter is reproduced here.) + McCorriston Miho Miller Mukai + John P. Powell (note: Mr. Powell submitted a letter on 8/15/94 and a revised letter on 8/18/94, requesting that the 8/15 letter be replaced. Thus, a total of 23 letters were received (including two letters each from Mr. Tyler and Mr. Powell, but only 21 are reproduced here.) 12.2 r�II w 0 O w W c w a a W a U 4 N n w= - ✓ a w OLa a•.+ W-0 7 Mw yY L •� pYW L ✓ �✓ ✓ ✓ Ya q a dW ✓ a a Lc a> 0 0 O aa E p O no, M N q UD' D N > 0 wc O G.,w. a I W a p W 3 j w D 0 SON t•aa ✓ y 4 I ✓C 4N1b N N a MN 0, U y a'p1�cU IO -N N O 0.'~'1G p0 Oy . O ND 0✓ ti N.Yi^ dYtiO O Napo y T =m N E O c U y `. PA Ow q'aO D� d0d3 W'Wu C Nn vm O 0 W✓✓.y Y Wd a w �p 0> y d 0 I~ H y A N G .. 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E3n om ruc Lo°_y.� a �._E .v .gyp c'E niA — ncvna �nc -_ pp y�y� = Si'd 4 y O C 9 V a G a Cr c 'n ._ T n = VO 0Eu'S° EvawE nc�b'y"vv - U n O v n Q eot t K e� E o= 9 L Z � 9 @ � � ooh ... ii. „ „ v v acs a 3 o a y ,2 c 2 aP u a rv�� v EEn irvx Q 00 .� ni $& { �■� � ! % lV; } 2 its ;]!!f) ! ) f s) );!�!|°{!!! / y !f! z!!EI! ;� ■ `(\� k -� \ \ _ )/ Le ƒ/ V. k( \\ `\ ply: . °!|` \kk)|\)%�!§)In - )\)� ■f m % ; 0 || �| t D 0 0 \ � \ � « «mama \ 0 0 m- / :a0 /|_ - e \ \ 22 .! £! `` () \�;#$§ !/ ,% /um -a) §#\ .§ k§_- �\}ƒ— ! \�\� ! s .2 / ! }{!® !.QGx ! § \!§ B ! • Appendix A hent of the Potential Impact rtilizers and Pesticides to be on the Proposed Kaupulehu esort Expansion Golf Course • 11 ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES TO BE USED ON THE PROPOSED KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION GOLF COURSE A REPORT TO Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. June 1, 1994 PREPARED BY Charles L. Murdoch, Ph. D Richard E. Green, Ph. D 0 • I. INTRODUCTION This report address the potential environmental impact of fertilizer and pesticide application on the proposed 36 -hole golf course associated with the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. The focus is principally on the quality of groundwater and surface water in the vicinity of the project. The project site is located on the North Kona Coast at Kaupulehu, just northeast of the Kona Village Resort and adjacent to Kaupulehu Resort which is currently under construction. The total area of the Expansion is about 1000 acres, which will accommodate the golf course, residential lots and multifamily units, a supporting commercial center, archaeological preservation areas, and ocean club and recreational areas, including public park space and a large shoreline park (Belt Collins & Associates, 1993). The fertilizers and pesticides likely to be used on a golf course in this area are considered in regard to potential for adverse effects on water quality. The environmental behavior and toxicity of pesticides are considered in the analysis, as are soil, topographic and climatic factors which may impact on fertilizer and pesticide movement. Principles of good management of water and chemicals are discussed, and recommendations are made on the basis of these principles and site specific factors. II. APPROACH Key elements of the analysis are (1) identification of a likely array of chemicals that may be used on the golf course, (2) calculation of the likely quantities of applied chemicals which may be used throughout the year, including nitrogen in applied treated sewage effluent, (3) compilation of soil, geologic and climatic information which will aid in the assessment of chemical movement, (4) estimation of water balance from rainfall, irrigation and evapotranspiration, (5) compilation of pesticide properties which may be of environmental significance, and (6) computation of the Attenuation Factor for pesticides likely to be used, using properties of the chemicals and dominant soil in the area, in order to estimate the likelihood of chemical movement to groundwater. Background information about the proposed development was provided by Belt Collins & Associates. Soils information was obtained from the SCS -USDA soils publication for Hawaii island (Sato et al., 1973). The groundwater of the general area has been characterized by Mink and Lau (1993). Published rainfall and evaporation data in the area (Giambelluca et al., 1986; Ekern and Chang, 1985) provided an estimate of groundwater recharge from rainfall in the area. Anticipated use of pesticides in the development is based on an analysis of data from a recent study of pesticide use on golf courses in different regions of Hawaii (Brennan et al., 1992). Pesticide properties were obtained from Wauchope et al.(1992) and Hartley and Kid (1983). We visited the site in January 1994. III. ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IMPACTING ON CHEMICAL MOVEMENT A. Site Factors 1. Topography, geology and soils The topography can be characterized as slightly sloping in the mauka-makai direction (average slope about 3%). The project is situated on the western slope of Hualalai volcano. There have been two historical eruptions recorded along the northwest rift of Hualalai, the last being in 1800. The project site is located on pahoehoe and a'a lava flows from both historical eruptions. There is essentially no soil in the area because of the youthful geologic materials and the extremely dry climate. The soils map (Sato et al., 1973, Sheet Number 42) delineates four areas: A'a lava flows (rLV), Pahoehoe lava flows (rLW), Rockland (rRO), and Beaches (BH). The study area boundary is shown on a soils map in Figure 1 (adapted from Belt Collins & Assoc., 1993). 2. Rainfall, evapotranspiration and potential recharge The proposed project is located in one of the most and areas of the state. Although there are no weather stations nearby, maps of estimated rainfall for the area (Giambelluca et al., 1986) show that mean annual rainfall is only approximately 14 inches per year. Approximately 60 percent of the annual average occurs in November through March. Heaviest rainfall is in January, which averages approximately 2.75 inches. The months April through October average less than one inch total rainfall, with less than 0.4 inch in July and August. Ekem and Chang (1985) estimated annual pan evaporation for the area to be approximately 90 inches. Water balance can therefore be estimated on an annual basis with an evaporation deficit of approximately 76 inches annually. Thus pan evaporation greatly exceeds rainfall in all months of the year. Estimated average monthly rainfall for the Kaupulehu area is shown in Figure 2. Estimated average annual rainfall, estimated annual pan evaporation and estimated annual evaporation deficit are shown in Figure 3. From these data it is apparent that there is little potential for groundwater recharge from rainfall. 15 Ci � C Z e e Month d Figure 2. Mean monthly rainfall for the Kaupulehu area (Giambelluca et al., 1986). -2 100 0 80 W — `o � W 60 a"P W � W 40 L C � W a C a 20 3 r W arY 0 o W C CL L -20 o W 40 c c W -60 F W -80 -100 Annual Total Figure 3. Average annual rainfall, pan evaporation, and evaporation deficit (rainfall minus pan evaporation) for the Kaupulehu area (inches). Data from Ekem and Chang 1985). 3. Groundwater and surface water The groundwater aquifer has been classified by Mink and Lau (1993). The development site is included in Quadrangle H-6 of their map. The Aquifer Code for the entire area is 80902111. This Hualalai Aquifer Sector (09), includes the Kiholo Aquifer System (02), which includes three Aquifer Types (111, 213 and 212). The project considered here is within Aquifer Type 111, defined as basal, unconfined and flank (horizontally extensive lavas). The status code for this Aquifer Type is 11211, indicating that the aquifer is currently used for drinking water, has low salinity (250 - 1000 ug/L Cl-), is irreplaceable and vulnerable to contamination. Mink and Lau indicate that up to 4 miles inland the groundwater is basal and mostly brackish. Brackish basal springs drain at the coast. Thus the classification of the aquifer as low salinity must refer to the more mauka portions of the aquifer. The aquifer type in which the development site is located extends from the coast to about 2 miles above Kaahumanu Highway or about 3.5 miles mauka from the coast. They also note that high-level water has recently been discovered farther inland. The high level aquifers are unconfined with some dike influence. We conclude that the project site is located over brackish basal water. The water source for irrigation will likely be high quality water from higher elevations. There are no perennial streams passing through the project area, nor are there any surface fresh -water bodies. The shoreline is rocky and exposed to the surf and wave action from the open ocean. • • -4 B. Management Factors 1. Fertilizers Fertilizers are applied to golf courses to supply those essential nutrients which are used in large amounts and which are deficient in most soils. In typical soils, the elements which are normally applied in a turfgrass fertilization program are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Fertilizers are normally applied to only the greens, tees, fairways, and part of the roughs of a golf course. Typical areas in each of these types of turf for a 36 -hole golf course are estimated in the discussion below. The primary fertilizer elements of concern for contamination of ground and surface waters are nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus is attached very tightly to soil clays and moves little if any from the site of application. Phosphorus, therefore, should not cause any problem with contamination of drainage water. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4) likewise moves little in soils. Nitrogen applied in the ammonium form, however, is rapidly converted to the nitrate form (NO3) which is not bound to the soil and moves readily with water. Because of high nitrogen use rates by turfgrasses, however, nitrogen will be used rapidly after application. Only under conditions where rainfall or excessive irrigation occurs soon after application of a soluble nitrogen source would there be loss of significant amounts of nitrogen by surface runoff or by leaching below the root zone. Thus nitrogen movement can be mitigated by applying a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer in which the nitrogen is in an insoluble form when applied (Brown, et al., 1977) or by applying small amounts of soluble N and irrigating carefully to minimize the amount of water leached through the rootzone (Snyder, et al., 1984). Fertilizer use rates for the different golf course areas are shown in Table 1. Complete fertilizers (ones containing N, P, and K) are usually applied. Turfgrasses use much more N than other elements. Based on turfgrass clipping composition, it has been shown that the turfgrasses grown in Hawaii use about twice as much N as K and about 4 times as much N as P. Because ni- trogen is applied in larger quantities and also because it is the only fertilizer element likely to cause contamination of ground or surface waters, only nitrogen application rates are given. Table 1. Estimated fertilizer use for a typical 36 -hole golf course in Hawaii. Type of turf Area (acres) Fertilizer amount Application Total Greens 6.0 0.5 2 weeks 1.7 Tees 6.0 0.5 2 weeks 1.7 Fairways 100.0 1.0 4 weeks 26.1 Roughs 660,0 1.0 6 months 226 Total 172.0 32.1 Irrigation in excess of ET contributes recharge to groundwater, thus water management and the soil behavior of chemicals applied are important in limiting chemical movement. Nitrogen is the constituent in treated sewage effluent in Hawaii which is most likely to have a negative impact on ground water. Typical total N content of secondary sewage effluent in Hawaii is approximately 10 to 20 ppm. This amounts to approximately 80 to 160 pounds of N per million gallons of sewage effluent. Golf course superintendents should reduce total N fertilizer applications by the amount of N applied in sewage effluent irrigation. Table 2 below gives the amount of N supplied by sewage effluent containing 15 ppm total N. To illustrate the use of this table, if a superintendent is applying 2 inches of irrigation water per week and treated sewage effluent comprises 50% of the total irrigation water, then the total N supplied by sewage effluent would be 0.32 lb. N/1000 0 • square feet/month. As the recommended N application rate is generally 1.0 to 1.5 lb. N/1000 sq. ft./month, only 0.68 to 1.18 lb. N/1000 sq. ft. would be required from fertilizer. Table 2. Amount of total N supplied by different amounts of treated sewage effluent irrigation of turfgrasses. Sewage effluent use 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 (percent of total Amount of N supplied by sewage effluent irrigation water) Ob./1000 sq. ft./month)t 5 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 10 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 25 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 50 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.48 75 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 100 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 0.80 0.96 assuming total N content of sewage effluent of 15 ppm 2. Pesticides There are a number of weed, insect and disease pests of turfgrasses in Hawaii which sometimes require application of chemical pesticides. Pesticides are normally applied only in response to outbreaks of pests. There are few instances in which pesticides other than herbicides are applied in a regularly scheduled, preventative program. A survey of pesticide use on golf courses in Hawaii was recently completed (Brennen et al., 1992). In the survey, 37 representative golf courses were visited and the golf course superintendent interviewed about pesticide use. Data from the 37 golf courses were then projected to give an estimate of total use of pesticides on all golf courses in the state. This survey showed that 6 herbicides, 5 fungicides, and 2 insecticides accounted for over 90% of the total use in their respective categories. Average use of these 13 pesticides are given in Table 3. There are several chemicals which may be substituted for certain ones in this suggested program. Properties of the chemicals listed in Table 3, as well as those of most chemicals used in turf in Hawaii, are given in Appendix Tables 1 and 2. 5 Table 3. Use characteristics of the 13 pesticides most commonly used on golf courses in Hawaii (from Brennen et al., 1992). % of courses Areas % of area Common Application Lb. a.i. Total ann. Pesticide using treated* treated use rate no&ear acre/year use(lb. a.i)¥ Herbicides MSMA 97 FTRG 55 2.0 2-6 11.67 834 Metribuzin 70 FR 48 0.5 1-3 0.95 59 Dicamba 54 FR 48 2.0 1-3 0.94 59 2,4-D 54 FR 48 0.5 1-3 0.78 49 MCPP 43 FR 48 0.5 1-3 0.73 46 Oryzalin 40 F 41 2.0 2-4 4.71 251 Fungicides Metalaxyl 84 G 3 1.0 3-6 2.95 12 Chlorothalonil 76 G 3 7.0 3-7 23.80 93 Mancozeb 71 G 3 8.5 3-7 31.26 122 Iprodione 38 G 3 5.0 1-3 4.82 19 Cupric hydroxide 34 G 3 15.0 2-4 19.37 76 Insecticides Chlorpyrifos 76 G, Sp varies 1.0 1-3 3.02 varies arb 1 37 G. Sp varies 4.0 1-3 6.0 varies *F=fairways, T=tees, F=roughs, G=greens, Sp=spot treatments only of areas other than greens. t The most commonly used use rate in lb. active ingredient per acre. V Assuming 130 acres of maintained turf. In the survey of pesticide use on golf courses in Hawaii, the golf courses were grouped into three classes according to rainfall amounts. There were 16 golf courses in areas with less than 25 inches of rainfall annually, 13 golf courses with 26 to 50 inches, and 7 golf courses with more than 50 inches. Total pesticide use increased with increasing rainfall amounts. Golf courses in areas receiving less than 25 inches of rainfall annually used far less pesticide than the other two categories. Golf courses in areas receiving more than 50 inches of rainfall annually used much more fungicide than the other two categories. These results would be expected, as fungal diseases are known to be more prevalent in moist conditions. Data for pesticide use as influenced by rainfall amounts are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Pesticide use on golf courses in Hawaii with different annual rainfall amounts (from Brennen et al., 1992) . Type of pesticide Annual rainfall (in.) Herbicides Funeicides Insecticides Total pgsticide <25 (n=16) 951 ±777 153 ±167 54±78 1157 ±780 26-50 (n=13) 2060 ±1144 185 ±138 634±62 2308±1180 >50 (n=7) 1598 ±1200 1075 ±647 141 ±108 2814 ±1944 Since the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion is in an and region, pesticide use on the golf course will likely be relatively low. Herbicides are the pesticides used in largest amounts on golf courses in Hawaii. Golf courses in areas with less than 25 inches rainfall average less than one-half the total herbicide use of golf courses in wetter areas. Fungicide use on golf courses with over 50 -6 0 • inches of rainfall use over 7 times as much fungicide than those receiving less than 25 inches per year. There is little difference in fungicide use between golf courses receiving less than 25 inches and those receiving 26 to 50 inches. Although insecticide use is relatively low on golf courses in Hawaii, courses with over 50 inches rainfall annually apply more than twice the amount of insecticide as those in areas receiving less than 50 inches. Pesticide use in golf course management may be reduced by utilizing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to pest control. The IPM approach involves applying pesticides only when pest populations reach levels which are causing unacceptable damage. It includes monitoring for pest populations and determining the level of individual pests required to produce unacceptable damage. The amount of acceptable damage must be set by golf course management. It will vary from area to area, for example an acceptable level of damage in fairways might not be acceptable on greens. Likewise, an acceptable level of pest damage might be acceptable for daily play on a golf course, but would not be acceptable when important tournaments were scheduled. All known methods of pest control are utilized, including selection of turfgrass cultivars resistant to pests, cultural practices which decrease susceptibility to pests, applying the most effective pesticide and timing applications to improve pesticide efficiency, etc. Properly utilized, IPM reduces, but does not eliminate the use of pesticides. Many golf courses in Hawaii are practicing IPM to varying degrees at present. This is likely the reason for relatively low pesticide use reported in the survey of Brennen et al. (1992). Short et al. (1982) reported that experimental turfgrass IPM programs in selected urban areas in Florida reduced pesticide application by approximately 90% without sacrificing visual appearance of the turfgrass. In an IPM scouting program in residential lawns in Maryland, it was suggested that using pest resistant ornamental plants could eliminate 40 to 80% of the pest problems (Hellman et al. 1982). McCarty et al. (1990) used an experimental IPM program on 7 golf courses in North Carolina from 1984 to 1987. Some of their findings were: • Fungicide use was reduced by 30% by applying fungicides when weather conditions were favorable for disease development rather than on a calendar schedule. • Recommended fertility levels and soil reaction that promoted vigorous turf reduced nitrogen application by 35% with no sacrifice in turf quality. • Selective tree removal and recommended corrective soil drainage allowed better growth and pest resistance of turf. • Planting shade tolerant cultivars in heavily shaded areas prevented soil erosion and weed encroachment. 3. Irrigation Because the golf course is in a very and area, irrigation will be required throughout the year. As there will likely be little natural recharge, over -irrigation would be the factor which could cause leaching of chemicals applied to the golf course. Proper irrigation scheduling therefore is very important in this, as in all other golf course sites. Waste water from a sewage treatment plant on the development will be used to irrigate the golf course. The State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Wastewater branch (1993) has recently established guidelines for the treatment and use of reclaimed water. These guidelines are very specific and cover all phases of treatment and use of reclaimed water, including sewage effluent water. These guidelines will be followed in developing the sewage treatment plant and irrigation system for the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. High quality water from off site will be used for • potable water for the development. Once full development is reached, it is estimated that the sewage treatment plant will produce an average flow of 0.404 million gallons per day (mgd) with a maximum flow of 1.571 mgd and a peak flow of 1.996 mgd (data provided by Belt Collins Hawaii, 5/6/94). Warm season grasses will use water at approximately the same rate as pan evaporation if the soil moisture stress is small (Ekem, 1966). It has been demonstrated in several locations, however, that excellent quality bermudagrass turf can be maintained by using approximately 50% of pan evaporation (Handley and Black, 1984). From estimated pan evaporation data for the site (Ekern and Chang,1984) average daily pan evaporation is approximately 0.25 inches/day. Thus water requirements of bermudagrass turf for the estimated 172 acres of the 36 hole golf course which is irrigated will range from approximately 1.1 to 0.56 mgd. The higher figure is less than the estimated peak flow of the proposed sewage treatment plant, however other areas of the development such as common use areas, roadsides, etc. will be irrigated with sewage effluent also and will provide sufficient area to utilize the estimated peak flow when the development has reached the full proposed density. Until the sewage treatment plant is providing sufficient water to meet the needs of the turfgrass, however, either the high quality water from off site or brackish water from wells on site will be used to irrigate the golf course and mixed with sewage effluent water at various rates as development of the project continues. The sewage treatment process increases the salinity of the water used by approximately 300 ppm total soluble salts (0.47 mmhos/cm) (Jacobs, 1977). The salinity of the water used to irrigate the golf course will likely be changing as development proceeds. If brackish groundwater from on site is used in early development stages, a leaching fraction will be required to leach accumulated salts from the soil. The leaching fraction required to maintain a given salinity of the rootzone can be calculate by the formula, salinity of irrigation water / desired salinity of the rootzone.The salinity may be expressed in any units, but the units must be the same for irrigation water and rootzone. 100 F 90 _o 80 70 o 6 80 m Z 50 c C L ' 40 m c $_ 30 a 20 ca a= 10 0L 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 Electrical conductivity of Irrigation water (mmhos/cm) Figure 4. Leaching requirement to maintain various rootzone salinities when irrigating with waters of different salinities. a • • 9 IV. POTENTIAL FOR CHEMICAL MOVEMENT TO GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATERS A. Potential Impact on Surface Water Quality The only surface water to be considered at this location is the coastal water near the shoreline. Important considerations in evaluating impact of chemical use are (1) the low runoff anticipated for the area most of the year, and (2) the extensive dilution of any runoff waters from the development by the turbulent shoreline water. In view of these considerations, there is no reason to expect any adverse impact of chemicals on the quality of shoreline water. This conclusion is substantiated by the sustained high water quality for the past 30 years in the relatively quiet water of the bay at Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which receives some runoff and groundwater discharge from a large area, including both a golf course and the landscaped surroundings of the hotel. Dollar and Smith (1988) found increased nitrogen content of water in Keauhou Bay from over -irrigation with effluent during establishment of a new 9 -hole golf course. The Keauhou golf course, however, is very near the shoreline and Keauhou bay is enclosed and protected from vigorous wave action, reducing the mixing of nitrate. B. Potential Impact on Groundwater Quality 1. Nitrogen from fertilizer and treated sewage effluent irrigation Monitoring results on the Mauna Kea Resort Golf Course, located a few miles from the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion area, have shown no apparent increase in nitrogen levels of well water or near -shore waters in Kaunaoa Bay. This bay receives groundwater flow from an aquifer which lies immediately below the fertilized golf course; thus it would be a likely place to find nitrogen enrichment from leached nitrate if such enrichment were occurring. From the above it would appear that treated sewage effluent can be used to irrigate golf courses with no adverse environmental impact. Irrigation of golf courses with treated sewage effluent is considered a desirable method of waste water disposal by many ( e.g.. Chang and Young, 1977). Because sewage effluent contains relatively high levels of total N, however, caution should be exercised in thinking of the golf course as a place to dispose of unlimited amounts of treated sewage effluent. The likelihood of nitrate leaching to groundwater and being transported to ponds and shoreline water is increased when an excessive amount of sewage effluent water is applied. 2. Pesticides Given the array of pesticides that are most likely to be used on a golf course in Hawaii (Table 3) and the fact that most of the pesticide use in a dry area such as north Kona will consist primarily of herbicide application (Table 4), we can assume that many of the chemicals, especially the fungicides, listed in Table 3 will not be used in sufficient quantity to be a threat to groundwater. The pesticides in Table 3 which are most likely to move below the root zone are metribuzin, dicamba, 2,4-D, MCPP and metalaxyl. The relative mobility of these chemicals can be quantified by computation of the Attenuation Factor (AF) of each chemical for an appropriate set of conditions. Attenuation of chemical movement by the soil includes both retardation of movement due to sorption on soil organic matter and degradation in the soil by both biological and chemical pathways. The AF numerical index (Rao et al., 1985) has been evaluated (Khan and Liang, 1989; Loague et al., 1989) for use in an assessment methodology which the State of Hawaii will use in pesticide regulation. The AF index can have numerical values from AF = 0 (total attenuation) to AF = 1 (no attenuation). By definition, AF is the fraction of chemical remaining in the soil after a single application when the recharge is sufficient to carry the chemical to the bottom of a soil layer of a given depth (for example 30 cm). For soil and water recharge conditions of practical interest in Hawaii, AF values for the five chemicals which are most likely to move beyond a depth of 30 cm are shown in Table 5. The soil properties are different for greens and tees (G/T) and fairways; appropriate values are indicated in the footnote of Table 5. The AF values for these relatively mobile chemicals suggest that of the chemicals applied on greens and tees, only metalaxyl will leach below the root zone in any significant quantity but a substantial fraction of the herbicides metribuzin (24%), dicamba (12%), and MCPP (16%) that might be applied to fairways could leach below 30 cm with a hypothetically high rate of water movement (0.25 cm/day). Physical factors that contribute to these computed high mobilities are the relatively shallow soil depth that is assumed (30 cm), the assumed low organic carbon content of the soil (0.5%), and the high amount of water moving below the root zone. These conditions represent a worst case for the site. The development of sod will increase organic carbon content and thus increase sorption of the chemicals and reduce leaching. Another mitigating factor is the expected low total amount of the designated herbicides which will be applied: 46 to 59 pounds/year for the entire golf course (Table 3). Thus, given the present non -potability of the groundwater and the low vulnerability of shoreline waters to contamination by transport of pesticides in groundwater, there is no reason for concern about pesticide contamination of either groundwater or shoreline water. Table 5. Attenuation factors (AF)t for the most mobile pesticides used on golf courses in Hawaii. Metribuzin FR 0.24 Dicamba FR 0.12 2,4-D FR 0.02 MCPP FR 0.16 tBased on the following conditions; soil organic carbon content -0.5% (fairways), 2.5% (greens and tees); soil bulk density= 1. 1 g/cm3 (fairways), 1.4 g/cm3 (greens and tees); soil water content=30% by volume (fariways), 20% greens and tees; water recharge=0.25 cm/day; depth of penetration =30 cm. IF=fairway, R --rough, G=greens V. MITIGATION OF POSSIBLE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY. A. Irrigation Irrigation practices may have a large influence on the movement of soluble nitrogen fertilizers in soils. If excessive irrigation water is applied soon after application of soluble nitrogen sources, the likelihood of runoff or leaching of nitrogen below the root zone is increased. Basing irrigation scheduling on water use rates and leaching requirements will result in large savings of water and also reduce the likelihood of chemicals being leached from the rootzone. Fertilizer applications should always be scheduled so that additional water (leaching fraction) is not applied soon after soluble nitrogen fertilizers are applied. Use of only slow-release N sources will ensure minimum N leaching. B. Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications Likelihood of nitrate leaching can be reduced by either using slow-release nitrogen fertilizers or applying light, frequent applications of a soluble nitrogen source. Golf courses have used slow-release nitrogen fertilizers for many years, primarily to reduce "foliar burn" from over- application of soluble nitrogen fertilizers. There is also the added benefit of more uniform growth Y and color response of turfgrasses to slow-release nitrogen sources over time. Fertilizer suppliers in Hawaii indicate that the use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on golf courses is increasing, likely as a result of concern about nitrate leaching or runoff. It is estimated that 30% to 40% of the nitrogen applied to golf courses in Hawaii at present is some form of slow-release N (Carolyn Ambrose, Brewer Environmental, personal communication). The major obstacle to greater use of slow-release nitrogen sources is their relatively high cost in comparison to soluble nitrogen sources. Urea, which is the least expensive form of soluble nitrogen, costs less than $0.50 per pound of nitrogen. The least expensive form of slow-release N is sulfur coated urea (approximately $1.05/lb. N). IBDU and ureaformalehyde are frequently used in turfgrass fertilization programs. These are relatively expensive (over $1.50/lb. N) and therefore are used primarily on greens and tees. Natural organic nitrogen fertilizers are even more expensive (usually about $5.00/ib. N) and therefore can only be justified on small, intensively cultured areas such as greens. Researchers in Florida have shown that light, frequent application of a soluble N source through the irrigation system was more effective in reducing nitrate leaching than use of slow- release N fertilizers on sandy soils overlying a shallow water table, but only if irrigation was carefully applied to only replace water used by turfgrasses (Snyder, et al., 1984). Light, frequent applications of granular soluble nitrogen sources would also be an effective method of reducing nitrate leaching, but would require more labor. The cost effectiveness of light, frequent applications of a soluble nitrogen source versus less frequent applications of higher rates of slow- release nitrogen fertilizers must be weighed by the superintendent of the golf course in deciding which method is best suited for the particular situation. C. Pesticide movement Although contamination of groundwater or shoreline water by pesticides is not expected to be a problem, as discussed in Section IV.B.2, it is prudent to use pesticides in such a way that any adverse effects on the environment are avoided. For example, when alternative herbicides are available to control a given weed species, the one which is least likely to leach beyond the root zone (i.e. the one having the lowest AF value) should be chosen. Also, an IPM system should be implemented to prevent unneeded applications of pesticides. D. Responsibility of management Reduction of negative environmental impact from chemicals applied to the golf course ultimately depends on the goals of management related to the degree of pest control desired, and the competence of maintenance personnel in proper selection of pesticides and their application. For this reason, a well qualified Golf Course Superintendent should be retained to supervise maintenance of the golf course. VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion golf course is located along the coastline in North Kona, where the rainfall is about the lowest in the state (about 10 inches per year), the topography is characterized by slight slope (about 3%) toward the coast, and there is little or no soil due to youthful lava flows and the dry climate. Rough a'a and pahoehoe lavas cover the entire site. There are no perennial streams. The only surface water subject to contamination at this site is the coastal water. The absence of significant runoff most of the year and dynamic mixing of turbulent shoreline water by wave action preclude any adverse effect of chemical use on the project if adequate care is taken in 11 0 • U irrigation and in fertilizer and pesticide practices. Likewise, groundwater quality will not be - adversely affected if recommended chemical application and irrigation practices are followed. Given the brackish nature of the groundwater at the site, the groundwater quality is of concern only as it impacts coastal water quality. The combined goals of water conservation and sustained coastal water quality will be well served by careful control of the amounts of irrigation and agricultural chemicals required. Mitigation of adverse coastal water quality effects due to applied nutrients and pesticides can be accomplished by insuring an adequate depth of surface soil in any areas planted to turf, use of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers (or light applications of soluble ones), selection of pesticides which are effective against the pests but which are not likely to move from the site of application, and implementation of integrated pest management. Normal precautions in the use of pesticides registered for turf will also preclude negative impacts on wildlife (particularly birds) and air quality. The importance of good management requires the expertise of a well qualified Golf Course Superintendent. VII. LITERATURE CITED Belt Collins Hawaii. 1993. Kaupulehu Phase 2 Development: Environmental Assessment. A Report for Kaupulehu Developments. Dec. 13, 1993. Brennen, B. M., A. K. Higaki, and C. L. Murdoch. 1992. Estimated pesticide use on golf courses in Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii. Research Extension Series 137. 16pp. Brown, K. W., R. L. Duble, and J. C. Thomas. 1977. Influence of management and season on fate of N applied to golf greens. Agron. J. 69:667-671. Ekern, P. C., 1966. Evapotranspiration by bermudagrass sod, Cvnodon dactylon L. Pers., in Hawaii. Agron. J. 58:387-390. Ekem, P. C. and J. Chang. 1985. Pan evaporation: State of Hawaii, 1894-1983. Report R74. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development, State of Hawaii. 171 pp. Giambelluca, T. W., M. A. Nullet, and T. A. Schroeder. 1986. Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii. Report R76. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development, State of Hawaii. 276 pp. Hartley, Douglas and Hamish Kidd (Eds.). 1983. The Agrochemicals Handbook. Unwin Brothers, Ltd. Old Working, Surrey, England. Handreck, K. A. and N. D. Black. 1984. Growing Media For Ornamental Plants and Turf. New South Wales University Press. P. O. Box 1, Kensington NSW Australia 2033. p 252. Hellman, J. L., J. A. Davidson, and J. Holmes. 1982. Urban ornamental and turfgrass integrated pest management in Maryland. In: H. D. Niemczyk and B. G. Joyner (ed.) Advances in turfgrass entomology. Hammer Graphics, Piqua, OH. pp 31-38. Hofman, Vern, Henry Kucera and Mark Berge. 1986. Spray Equipment and Calibration. Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105. 13 AEng-5-3. 31 pp. Jarrett, Albert. 1985. Golf Course and Grounds Irrigation and Drainage. Reston Publishing Co. Inc. Reston, VA 22090. Khan, M. A. and Tung Liang. 1989. Mapping pesticide contamination potential. Environmental Management. 13: 233-242. Loague, K. M., R. S. Yost, R. E. Green and Tony C. Liang. 1989. Uncertainty in a pesticide leaching assessment for Hawaii. J. Contam. Hydrol. 4: 139-161. Miles, J. R. W., C. M. Tu, and C. R. Harris. 1979. Persistence of eight organophosphorus insecticides in sterile and non-sterile organic and mineral soils. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 312-318. Mink, J. F. and L. S. Lau. 1993. Aquifer identification and classification for the island of Hawaii: Groundwater protection strategy for Hawaii. Water Resour. Rews. Center Tech. Rept. 191. Murabayashi, Edwin T. 1989. Wastewater reuse by irrigation in Hawai'i. Water Resource 13 • 14 Research Center Special Report 09:00.88, University of Hawaii. 10 p. Murdoch, C. L. and R. E. Green. 1987. Environmental Impact of Fertilizer and Pesticide Use on the Proposed South Kohala Resort Development. A Report to Belt Collins and Associates for Mauna Kea Properties. 17 p. Rao, P. S. C., A. G. Hornsby, and R. E. Jessup. 1989. Indices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 44: 1-8. Sears, M. K., and R. A. Chapman. 1980. Persistence and movement of four insecticides applied to turfgrasses. In: H. D. Niemcyzk and B. G. Joyner (eds.) Advances in Turferass Entomology. pp. 57-50. Snyder, G. H., B. J. Augustin, and J. M. Davidson. 1984. Moisture sensor -controlled irrigation for reducing N leaching in bermudagrass turf. Agron. J. 76. 964-969. Soil Conservation Service, U. S. D. A. 1976. Soil survey laboratory data and description for some soils of Hawaii. Rept. No.. 29. 208 p. Tashiro, H. 1980. Distribution and persistence of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in soil when applied to turfgrass. In: H. D. Niemcyzk and B. G. Joyner (eds.) Advances in Turfgrass Entomology. pp. 53-56. Wauchope, R. D., A. G. Hornsby, P. W. M. Augustin -Becker, and J. P. Burt. 1992. The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 123:1-164. APPENDIX 0 Appendix Table 1. Pesticides labeled for use on golf courses in Hawaii and their mammalian toxicity* * There are other pesticides registered by EPA for application to turf in other states. ** Trade names selected for this Table are representative of pesticides used in Hawaii. Failure to mention other proprietary names is for brevity only and does not imply a preference of the authors of this document for any commercial product identified by a specific common name. tLD50 is the dose (milligrams of toxicant/kilogram of body weight) that kills 50% of the test animals. (LD50 values are from Agrochemical Handbook, 1987 ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Info. Services, Nottingham, England). § The test animals were rabbits. Representative >8,000 > 10,000 Common name Trade names* LD50(m>?6Wt— of Pesticide iprodione Acute oral Acute dermal Insecticides etridiazole Terrazole 35 WP 1,100 acephate Orthene 75 866-945 >2,000 carbaryl Sevin 80S 500-850 >7,000 trichlorfon Dylox 80 560-630 >2,000 fluvalinate Mavrik Aquaflow 261-282 >20,000 ethion Ethion 8EC 208 - chlorpyrifos Dursban 50W 135-163 500-2,000 bendiocarb Turcam 40-156 566-800 isofenphos Oftanol2E 28-38 >1,000 methomyl Lannate 17-24 >5,000 Fungicides 2,200 >20,000 dicamba benomyl Tersan 1991 >10,000 >10,000 chlorothalonil Daconil2787 >10,000 >10,000 mancozeb Dithane M-45, * There are other pesticides registered by EPA for application to turf in other states. ** Trade names selected for this Table are representative of pesticides used in Hawaii. Failure to mention other proprietary names is for brevity only and does not imply a preference of the authors of this document for any commercial product identified by a specific common name. tLD50 is the dose (milligrams of toxicant/kilogram of body weight) that kills 50% of the test animals. (LD50 values are from Agrochemical Handbook, 1987 ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Info. Services, Nottingham, England). § The test animals were rabbits. Fore >8,000 > 10,000 anilazine Dyrene >5,000 >5,000 iprodione Chipco 26019 3,500 >2,500 etridiazole Terrazole 35 WP 1,100 cupric hydroxide Blue Shield 1,000 metalaxyl Subdue 2 E 669 >3,100 triadimefon Bayleton 25 313-568 >1,000 Herbicides pronamide Kerb 5,620-8,350 >3,160§ glyphosate Roundup 5,600 >5,000§ simazine Princep, Drexel Simazine >5,000 >3,100 imazaquin Image >5,000 >2,000§ metribuzin Sencor, DuPont Lexon 2,200 >20,000 dicamba Banvel 1,707 >2,000§ MSMA Drexel MSMA, Weed Hoe, Clean Crop MSMA, Dal -E -Rad 120 900 2,4-D DMA -6 Weed Killer, Weedar 64, Clean Crop Amine, * There are other pesticides registered by EPA for application to turf in other states. ** Trade names selected for this Table are representative of pesticides used in Hawaii. Failure to mention other proprietary names is for brevity only and does not imply a preference of the authors of this document for any commercial product identified by a specific common name. tLD50 is the dose (milligrams of toxicant/kilogram of body weight) that kills 50% of the test animals. (LD50 values are from Agrochemical Handbook, 1987 ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Info. Services, Nottingham, England). § The test animals were rabbits. ..+ ,� �O � �° ~ L: �_- A E E°Y ��Len' 33333' 33 33 � 3�3 o L3 s o 0 E o 0 0 —00 0 o E o E.2 N ° a a r r C t3 'n tV cd 'O R c3 m cC c� cd 'C 'O cd cd bU0 bA bA bA W Eo EEEE EEEE EE EE N E E E E E ° a ca d a d �a•E -° u °a•Ea a0 '� cc b ca Gn 0 c a SW +� O C878WW W W O�NOO 00 W -in 00�� ' \c en OQ ooO-It cn K ^+ N O N N ^' N O�� g N V a c W C7 C7 ° M r-r� r 00 pO V) r-- b cE r NhM SN M NN M en N CO r00 7 � .--i BOO �C .p C 8 O r C., b h C7 p vi U .�. 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N b � � F�1 a I o Eos C "co � W � Q � cn �7z00a o �a G yQoca O u 'U a • _,g,^ P FI4Y0tp1 q D lS��liy bRk . fiJRB Appendix p C i10�j10Y a �1 1 Vt ea c `e rb Baseline Marine Assessment, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Water Chemistry Report I-93 Baseline Marine Assessment, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Marine Biota, 1993 Marine Monitoring, Kaupulehu Lot 4, North Kona, Hawaii, Water Chemistry Report I-94 F 0 • BASELINE MARINE ASSESSMENT, KALIPLILEHLI LOT 4, NORTH KONA, HAWAII WATER CHEMISTRY REPORT 1-93 MARINE RESEARCH CONSULTANTS • BASELINE MARINE ASSESSMENT, KAUPULEHU LOT 4, NORTH KONA, HAWAII WATER CHEMISTRY REPORT 1-93 Prepared for Belt, Collins & Assoc. 680 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 by Marine Research Consultants 4467 Sierra Drive Honolulu, HI 96816 November 29, 1993 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Planning is underway for development of Lot 4 of the parcel owned by Kaupulehu Land Company (KLC), located in the North Kona District on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. While the project plans have not yet been finalized, it is apparent that there will be resort development along the coastal region. While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the existing nature of the marine environment, it is nevertheless important to address any potential impacts that may be associated with the planned project. For this purpose, a baseline survey was conducted to evaluate the existing condition of the marine environment prior to any shoreline development. Presented below are methods and results of the baseline assessment of marine water chemistry offshore of the proposed Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site. METHODS Four locations fronting the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property were selected as sampling sites for the monitoring program. Site 1 lies at the northern end of the property; Sites 2 and 3 are approximately equally spaced between boundaries; Site 4 lies near the southern boundary at the juncture of the 1858 lava flow (see Figure 1). Water chemistry was evaluated along sampling transects at each site. Each transect was oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, and extends from the highest wash of waves across the intertidal and nearshore reef platform out to the open ocean, a distance of approximately 100 meters (m). Water samples were collected at six stations along each transect. Such sampling is intended to span the greatest range of salinity with respect to freshwater efflux at the shoreline. Sampling was more concentrated in the nearshore zone as this area is most likely to show the effects of shoreline modification. At each station a surface sample was collected within approximately 10 centimeters (cm) of the surface. With the exception of the stations located 0.1 and 2 m from the shoreline, a bottom sample was collected within 1 m of the sea floor. Surface water samples were collected by opening triple -rinsed, 1 -liter polyethylene bottles near the air-sea interface. Bottom samples were collected either by divers opening 1 -liter bottles, or by using a 1.8 -liter Niskin-type oceanographic sampling bottle. These bottles are lowered to the desired depth in an open position, where spring-loaded endcaps are triggered to close by a messenger released from the surface. Subsamples for nutrient analyses from both surface and deep samples were immediately placed in 125 -milliliter (ml) acid- Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 1 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring • • washed, triple rinsed, polyethylene bottles and stored on ice until returned to ` Honolulu. Water quality constituents that were measured include the specific criteria designated for open coastal waters in Chapter 11-54, Section 06 (Open Coastal waters) of the State of Hawaii, Department of Health (DOH) Water Quality Standards. These criteria include: total dissolved nitrogen (TON), nitrate + nitrite nitrogen (NO3" + NOZ , hereafter referred to as NO3 ), ammonium (NH 4+)' total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), chlorophyll a (Chl a), turbidity, temperature, pH and salinity. In addition, orthophosphate phosphorus (PO4 3) and silica (Si) are also reported because these parameters are sensitive indicators of biological activity and the degree of groundwater mixing, respectively. Analyses for NH4+, PO43and NO3 + NO2 are performed with a Technicon autoanalyzer using standard methods for seawater analysis (Strickland and Parsons 1968, Grasshoff 1983). Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were analyzed in a similar fashion following oxidative digestion. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were calculated as the difference between TDN and dissolved. inorganic N, and TDP and dissolved inorganic P, respectively. The level of detection for the dissolved nutrients is 0.2 NM for TDN and Si, 0.02 /iM for TDP, NO3 and NH4+, and 0.01 /vM for PO4s- Water for other analyses was subsampled from 1 -liter polyethylene bottles and kept chilled until analysis. Turbidity was determined on 60-m1 subsamples fixed with HgC12 to terminate biological activity. Fixed samples were kept refrigerated until turbidity is°measured on a Monitek Model 21 nephelometer, and reported in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Chi a was measured by filtering 300 ml of water through glass -fiber filters (GF/F); pigments on filters was extracted in 90% acetone in the dark at -5° C for 12-24 hours, and the fluorescence before and after acidification of the extract was measured with a Turner Designs fluorometer. Salinity was determined using an AGE Model 2100 laboratory salinometer with a precision of 0.00030/oo. In-situ field measurements included water temperature using a hand-held mercury thermometer with readability of 0.1° C., and pH using a millivolt field meter with a readability of 0.01 pH units. Continuous vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, depth and density were acquired using an Ocean Sensors Model 100 CTD. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 2 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring Nutrient, turbidity and salinity analyses were conducted by Marine Analytical Specialists (Honolulu, HI), while Chi a analyses were conducted by OI Consultants, Inc. (Waimanalo, HI). RESULTS OF WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS Environmental Conditions The first monitoring survey was conducted on August 29, 1993. Environmental conditions were sunny with light tradewinds (approximately 10 kt). No rainfall occurred during the sampling, nor had considerable rainfall occurred during the weeks preceding the survey. Ocean conditions consisted of calm seas with virtually no swell; sampling was conducted during flood tide. Over the course of sampling, the tidal level rose from a low of approximately 0.3 feet to a tidal level of approximately 0.9 feet above mean low water. Horizontal and Vertical Stratification Tables 1 and 2 show the results of all water chemistry analyses for samples collected off Kaupulehu Lot 4 on August 29, 1993. Table 1 shows dissolved nutrient concentrations in micromolar (,uM) units, while Table 2 shows concentrations in units of micrograms per liter (,ug/L). The concentrations of eight dissolved nutrient constituents in surface and deep samples are plotted as functions of distance from the shoreline in Figure 2. Values of salinity, turbidity, Chl a and temperature as functions of distance from shore are shown in Figure 3. At all four sites, the concentrations of several nutrients (Si, NO3 , P043-, TDP and TON) were elevated in surface samples collected from the stations within 10 m of the shoreline (Table 1, Figure 2). Salinity exhibits the opposite trend of sharply decreased salinity within 10 m of the shoreline (Figure 3). Beyond 10 m, the concentrations of dissolved nutrients continue to decline and salinity continues to increase with increasing distance offshore but at a more gradual rate than in the nearshore area. During the August 1993 survey, the strongest gradients existed at Sites 2 and 4. At these sites, the change in salinity between the shoreline and offshore surface samples was 2.20/oo and 2.4°/oo, respectively. At Sites 1 and 3, the horizontal gradients of salinity were 1.5°/oo and 1.10/00, respectively. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 3 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring The peak values of Si, NO3 , P043-, TON and TDP in combination with low salinity in the nearshore zone off of Kaupulehu Lot 4 indicates input of groundwater at the shoreline. Groundwater normally contains high concentrations of these nutrients and low salinity (see values for well water in Tables 1 and 2). It is also apparent in Figures 2 and 3 that the groundwater input is rapidly mixed to near background oceanic levels within 50 m of the shoreline; mixing of ocean water and groundwater by turbulent forces associated with waves, winds and currents effectively homogenizes the water column beyond approximately 50 m from the shoreline. Dissolved nutrients not present in high concentrations in groundwater relative to ocean water (NH4*, DON and DOP) do not show the same distinctive patterns with respect to distance from the shoreline. Concentrations of NH4+ in surface samples within 10 m of the shoreline at Sites 1, 2 and 3 were variable; beyond 10 m there was little variation at each sampling site (Figure 1). At Site 4, the concentration of NH4+ increased to a maximum at a distance of 5 m from the shoreline and then decreased with further distance offshore. During the August 1993 survey, the concentrations of NH4+ within 50 m of the shoreline were highest at Site 4 compared to the other three sites. With the exception of DOP at Site 1, concentrations of DOP and DON remain relatively constant across all transects. At Site 1, DOP concentrations were distinctly higher in the samples collected 0.1 and 2 m from the shoreline. Turbidity measurements were slightly higher in the samples collected within 10 m of the shoreline at Site 4 compared to the other sites (Figure 3). In general, turbidity showed no changes with distance from the shoreline during August 1993. Concentrations of Chi a were highest in samples collected at the shoreline from Sites 2 and 4. Beyond the shoreline, concentrations of Chi a showed no distinct patterns with distance offshore, and were equal in magnitude among the four sites (Figure 3). Temperature measurements varied by only 0.6°C among the four sites during August 1993, with slightly lower temperatures at Site 1 (Figure 3). Temperature showed no horizontal gradient; the maximum variation in temperature along any one transect was 0.4°C (Table 1 and Figure 3). Figures 2 and 3 also show patterns of water chemistry measurements from deep samples collected at stations beyond 2 m of the shoreline. As a result of lower density groundwater entering the ocean, a surface layer characterized by Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 4 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring high nutrient concentrations and low salinity often forms in areas of relatively calm nearshore water in west Hawaii. This surface lens extends seaward until mixed to background oceanic levels by turbulent processes, primarily wave and wind action. Deep water samples collected offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site during August 1993 had distinctly lower concentrations of Si, NO3 PO43 TDP and TON and higher salinity than surface samples. The vertical gradient was clearly evident out to a distance of 50 m from the shoreline at all the sites. There were no apparent vertical gradients in the other dissolved nutrients (NH 4+, DON and DOP), turbidity, Chi p or temperature during the August 1993 survey. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show continuous vertical profiles of salinity, temperature and sigma -t (density) recorded during the August 1993 survey. The profiles confirm the results from the discrete samplings. The presence of a distinct vertical gradient in salinity and density in the water column within 50 m of the shoreline is clearly evident (Figures 4 and 6). The gradients extended to a depth of approximately 1 m. Below 1 m, -the water column was homogeneous at all sites. -_ There was, however, virtually no vertical stratification of temperature at any of the survey sites (Figure 5). Conservative Mixing Analysis A useful treatment of water chemistry data for interpreting the extent of material inputs from land is application of a hydrographic mixing model. In the simplest form, such a model consists of plotting the concentration of a dissolved chemical species as a function of salinity. It is possible to evaluate the extent of nutrient input from sources other than groundwater efflux by plotting the concentration of the dissolved material as a function of salinity (Officer 1979, Smith and Atkinson 1992, Dollar and Atkinson 1992). Comparison of the curves produced by such plots with conservative mixing lines provides an indication of the origin and fate of the material in question. Figure 7 shows plots of concentrations of four constituents (Si, NO3 NH4+, P043-) as functions of salinity for the samples collected offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site in August 1993. Each graph also shows conservative mixing lines that are constructed by connecting the endmember concentrations of open ocean water and groundwater from a well that is used as a water source for the Kona Village Resort. The well is located upslope of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (see Table 1 for well water nutrient concentrations and salinity). Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 5 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring 0 • If the nutrient constituent in question displays purely conservative behavior " (no input or removal resulting from any process other than physical mixing), data points should fall on, or near, the conservative mixing line. If, however, external material is added to the system through processes such as leaching of fertilizer nutrients to groundwater, data points will fall above the mixing line. If material is being removed from the system by processes such as biological uptake, data points will fall below the mixing line. Dissolved Si represents a check on the model as this material is present in high concentration in groundwater, but is not a major component of fertilizer, and is not utilized rapidly within the nearshore environment by biological processes. Data points for Si from all four sites fall in a straight line on, or very near the conservative mixing line (Figure 7). The good linear relationship indicates that the mixing model provides a valid representation of the system under investigation. The plots of NO3 versus salinity for the August 1993 survey show patterns similar to that for dissolved Si (Figure 7). Data points from all four sites fall very close to the conservative mixing line indicating that there appears to be no input of . NO3 to the nearshore ocean environment from sources other than unaltered groundwater. Thus, there is no indication that human activities on land are causing any alteration to the concentrations of NO3 in groundwater. The distribution of the other form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, NH4 + shows no overall inverse relationship with respect to concentration and salinity for the present survey (Figure 7). Many of the highest concentrations are from samples with high salinity values. In addition, the conservative mixing line is essentially "flat" with similar concentrations in groundwater and open ocean water. These factors indicate that this material is not added to the ocean off the Kaupulehu Lot 4 site via input from land. As many of the measured NH 4+ concentrations fall above the mixing line, it appears that there is a natural input of this form of nitrogen from biological processes within the nearshore area. PO43" is also a major component of fertilizer but is usually not found to leach to groundwater to the extent of NO3-' owing to a high absorptive affinity of phosphorus in soils. Data points for P043" from Sites 1, 2 and 3 fall predominantly on or slightly above the mixing line (Figure 7). Data points from Site 4 fall predominantly below the mixing line. Such results indicate that there appears to be some factors responsible for different concentrations of P043_ at Site 4 relative to other sites. Such factors may be related to differential uptake of P043- in the Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 6 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring 0 • nearshore zone at Site 4, or different composition of groundwater entering the ocean at this site. Future surveys should provide clues as the reasons for the apparent differences in distribution of P043- data. While there is an apparent difference between sites, there does not appear to be substantial input of PO43" to the nearshore area from sources other than naturally occurring groundwater. Compliance with DOH Standards DOH standards include specific criteria that are not to be exceeded during either 10% or 2% of the time. With only one sample collected to date from each sampling station, comparison of the 10% or 2% criteria for any sampling station is not statistically meaningful. However, comparing sample concentrations to these criteria provide an indication of whether water quality is near the stated specific criteria. Tables 1 and 2 lists samples that exceed DOH water quality standards for open coastal waters under "wet" conditions. The criteria for wet conditions are applied to the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project area because this area probably receives at least 3 million gallons of groundwater input per mile per day. Comparing water chemistry results from the Kaupulehu Lot 4 samples to DOH criteria reveals that all surface samples within 100 m of the shoreline exceeded the 10% standards for NO3-. In addition, two surface samples of TON exceeded the 10% standards. No measurements of NH4+, TDP, turbidity or Chi .4 exceeded the DOH 10% water quality criteria. All of the samples with concentrations of NO3 and TDN that exceeded the DOH criteria were from stations near the shoreline where groundwater input was evident. As described in the sections above, NO3 is a natural component of groundwater. In areas that receive substantial input of groundwater there is typically a zone of mixing near the shoreline where NO3 concentrations may consistently exceed DOH criteria as long as salinity remains low. Thus it appears that natural processes can result in water quality that exceeds specified DOH limits. SIM 1. The first phase of water chemistry monitoring of the nearshore ocean offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project area was carried out on August 29, 1993. Forty water samples were collected along four transects running from the shoreline to Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 7 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring 0 0 the open ocean. Sampling transects were spaced along the length of the ' development parcel. Samples were analyzed for chemical criteria specified by DOH water quality standards. 2. Groundwater mixing with ocean water in the nearshore area was apparent during the August 1993 survey at all transect sites, with Sites 2 and 4 showing the strongest gradients. Water chemistry constituents that are found in high concentration in groundwater (Si, NO3, and P043-) were substantially elevated in samples collected within 50 m of the shoreline at all sites. Beyond approximately 50 m from the shoreline, mixing of groundwater and ocean water was sufficient to dilute all groundwater nutrients to near background oceanic concentrations. 3. A buoyant surface lens consisting of elevated groundwater nutrients and decreased salinity was apparent within the sampling regime out to a distance of 50 m from the shoreline. 4. Water chemistry constituents that do not occur in high concentrations in groundwater (NH4+, DOP and DON) did not display any distinct trends. Other water chemistry parameters, turbidity, Chl a, and temperature also showed no distinct patterns. In general, the concentrations of these constituents showed no patterns with respect to distance from the shoreline or vertical gradients. 5. Scaling nutrient concentrations to salinity indicates that there is presently no external input of NO3" or P043" to the marine environment. Mixing analyses indicate that NH4+ is not being added to nearshore waters from activities on land. 6. Comparing measurements of water chemistry parameters to DOH standards reveals that NO3- exceeded specified criteria during August 1993. It is evident that natural inputs of groundwater can result in concentrations exceeding DOH limits since most of the concentrations above specific criteria occurred at stations located near the shoreline where substantial groundwater input occurs. 7. The next phase of the Kaupulehu 4 water chemistry monitoring will be carried out in October -December quarter of 1993. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 8 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring • REFERENCES CITED • Dollar, S. J. and M. J. Atkinson. 1992. Effects of nutrient subsidies from groundwater to nearshore marine ecosystems off the Island of Hawaii. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 35. In press. Grasshoff, K. 1983. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 419 pp. Officer, C. B. 1979. Discussion of the behavior of nonconservative dissolved constituents in estuaries. Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 9:569-576. Smith, S. V. and M. J. Atkinson. Mass balance analysis of C, N, and P fluxes in coastal water bodies, including lagoons. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. In press. Strickland J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of sea -water analysis. Fisheries Research Bd. of Canada, Bull. 167. 311 p. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring Page 9 TABLE 1 0 Water chemistry measurements off Kaupulehu 4 lands collected August 29, 1993. Abbreviations as follows: S=surface; D=deep; DFS=distance from shore. Shaded values exceed DOH criteria for open coastal waters under "wet" conditions. Well data from freshwater well near the KI -4 area collected in March 1991. For sampling site locations, see Figure 1. TURB SALINITY CHL a TEMP H OR DFS PO4 NO3 NH4 Si DOP DOND DONT OP TON P SITE NO. (m) WM) (pm) (uM) (yM) (uM) (NM) (NM) (uM) (NTU) (o/oo) (/vg/L) (deg.C) KL4-1 JS 0.1 0.36 6;41 0.13 48.46 0.66 7.92 1.02 14.46 0.11 32.981 0.16 27.1 8.17 2S 2 0.27 ^'` 5:85 0.04 41.91 0.78 6.43 1.05 12.32 0.11 33.215 0.12 26.9 8.17 3S 5 0.17 ^' 2.89 0.05 21.01 0.29 6.48 0.46 9.42 0.12 33.897 0.10 27.0 8.18 3D 5 0.09 0.70 0.07 7.00 0.27 6.15 0.36 6.92 0.14 34.353 0.17 27.0 8.17 4S 10 0.33 '4 6,67' 0.13 49.13 0.23 6.53 0.56 13.23 0.10 33.026 0.14 26.9 8.17 4D 10 0.07 0.43 0.18 4.38 0.30 7.50 0.37 8.11 0.16 34.456 0.07 27.3 8.18 5S 50 0.12 v1y84' 0.07 13.27 0.31 6.59 0.43 8.50 0.09 34.160 0.11 27.3 8.18 5D 50 0.10 0.23 0.15 2.75 0.28 6.95 0.38 7.33 0.11 34.521 0.10 27.3 8.19 6S 100 0.07 0.20 0.08 3.30 0.24 6.56 0.31 6.84 0.11 34.485 0.12 27.2 8.19 6D 100 0.07 0.14 0.14 2.48 0.28 6.52 0.35 6.80 0.09 34.503 0.10 27.2 8.19 KL4-2 1S 0.1 0.51 I 1111,90 0.22 72.23 0.20 6.33 0.71 18.45 0.11 32.276 0.33 27.4 8.18 2S 2 0.36 6.85' 0.12 43.41 0.20 7.10 0.56 14.07 0.14 33.185 0.17 27.4 8.18 3S 5 0.27 . 3.12 0.20 20.99 0.13 5.93 0.40 9.25 0.12 33.901 0.14 27.4 8.18 3D 5 0.241 :i 3.33', 0.20 22.31 0.32 6.94 0.56 10.47 0.14 33.852 0.13 27.4 8.18 4S 10 0.26 �� 3.88 0.11 26.00 0.17 5.99 0.43 9.98 0.13 33.740 0.10 27.1 8.18 4D 10 0.13 0.41 0.11 3.42 0.18 5.59 0.31 6.11 0.10 34.477 0.08 27.3 8.18 5S 50 0.11 ,!..:,I',:,'1;(76': 0.11 8.30 0.19 5.55 0.30 6.72 0.14 34.323 0.08 27.1 8.18 5D 50 0.11 0.32 0.11 2.62 0.20 5.32 0.31 5.75 0.10 34.510 0.10 27.2 8.18 6S 100 0.08 0.32 0.10 3.66 0.21 6.34 0.29 6.76 0.10 34.474 0.11 27.4 8.18 6D 100 0.10 0.23 0.09 2.49 0.17 5.60 0.27 5.92 0.13 34.507 0.12 27.5 8.19 KL4-3 1S 0.1 0.29 "' 6.30 0.19 40.31 0.19 6.06 0.48 12.55 0.12 33.266 0.11 27.3 8.19 2S 2 0.25 „ ' ,4G 09 0.22 38.55 0.21 7.15 0.46 13.46 0.11 33.328 0.14 27.3 8.19 3S 5 0 15 ' 107 3 0.23 21.71 0.21 6.90 0.36 10.20 0.11 33.882 0.15 27.3 8.19 3D 5 0.14 .'1.69 0.27 19.46 0.21 6.29 0.35 9.25 0.13 33.952 0.11 27.3 8.18 4S 10 0.14 1.69' 0.27 12.91 0.20 7.91 0.34 9.87 0.10 34.177 0.08 27.3 8.18 4D 10 0.09 .4 03 0.20 4.30 0.18 6.02 0.27 6.65 0.10 34.456 0.11 27.4 8.19 5S 50 0.09 1.03 0.20 8.60 0.21 7.84 0.30 9.07 0.09 34.327 0.13 27.2 8.18 5D 50 0.15 0.19 0.17 2.23 0.13 6.67 0.28 7.03 0.08 34.519 0.10 27.3 8.19 6S 100 0.08 0.69 0.24 5.36 0.21 6.88 0.29 7.81 0.13 34.407 0.12 27.4 8.18 6D 100 0.07 0.19 0.19 2.77 0.19 5.85 0.26 6.23 0.10 34.511 0.10 27.4 8.19 KL4-4 1S 0.1 0.29 c' 9.91 0.26 70.08 0.19 6.38 0.48 16.55 0.17 32.023 0.28 27.3 8.30 2S 2 0.33 11.60 0.27 73.81 0.18 6.28 0.51 18:05 0.19 32.003 0.15 27.2 8.28 3S 5 0.28 8.74 0.41 58.29 0.15 5.96 0.43 15.11 0.22 32.525 0.19 27.2 8.27 3D 5 0.14 ,:'.:.3.22 0.30 24.98 0.19 5.89 0.33 9.41 0.19 33.637 0.09 27.2 8.26 4S 10 0.11 '.::..3:15 0.32 22.32 0.20 4.38 0.31 7.85 0.16 33.831 0.09 27.4 8.22 4D 10 0.08 0.71 0.20 6.25 0.16 4.67 0.24 5.58 0.17 34.362 0.10 27.5 8.22 5S 50 0.07 1.30 0.12 9.66 0.21 4.93 0.28 6.35 0.11 34.252 0.19 27.4 8.19 5D 50 0.07 0.38 0.11 2.51 0.17 4.28 0.24 4.77 0.11 34.499 0.11 27.3 8.19 6S 100 0.08 0.43 0.14 4.38 0.18 4.45 0.26 5.02 0.12 34.451 0.12 27.3 8.19 6D 100 0.05 0.26 0.30 1.89 0.23 5.70 0.28 6.26 0.10 34.509 0.09 27.3 8.20 WELL 5.26 140.40 0.21 1014 - - - - - 1.467 0.09 - - DOH WATER QUALITY STANDARDS NOT TO EXCEED 10% 1.00 0.61 1.29 17.86 1.25 0.90 NOT TO EXCEED 2% 1.78 1.07 1.93 25.00 2.00 1.75 TURB SALINITY CHL a TEMP H OR I: I' TABLE 2. Water chemistry measurements lin pg/L) off Kaupulehu 4 lands collected August 29, 1993. Abbreviations as follows: S=surface; D= deep; DFS=distance from shore. Shaded values exceed DOH criteria for open coastal waters I under "wet" conditions. Well data from freshwater well near the KI -4 area collected in March 1991. For sampling site locations, see Figure 1. DFS PO4 NO3 NH4 Si DOP DON TDP TDN TURB SALINITY CHL a TEMP pH SITE NO. (m) (NOW (!ig/L) (vg/L) (ug/l-) (vg/L) (vg/L) big/)-) (vg/L) (NTU) (o/oo) (vg/L) (deg.C) KL4-1 is 0.1 11 16 189.74 1.82 1361.7 20.46 110.88 31.62 202.4 0.11 32.981 0.16 27.1 8.17 2S 2 8.37 . !61.90 0.56 1177.7 24.18 90.02 32.55 172.5 0.11 33.215 0.12 26.9 8.17 3S 5 5,2 7 ;A0 4@ 0.70 590.4 8.99 9032 14-26 131.9 0.12 33.897 0.10 27.0 8.18 3D 5 2.79 : .. 9.80 0.98 196.7 8.37 86.10 11.16 96.9 0.14 34.353 0.17 27.0 8.17 4S 10 10.23 �n';91µ':1s; 1.82 1380.6 7.13 91.42 17.36 185.2 0.10 33.026 0.14 26.9 8.17 4D 10 2.17 6.02 2.52 123.1 9.30 105.00 11.47 113.5 0.16 34.456 0.07 27.3 8.18 5S 50 3.72 126176 0.98 372.9 9.61 92.26 13.33 119.0 0.09 34.160 0.11 27.3 8.18 5D 50 3.10 3.22 2.10 77.3 8.68 97.30 11.78 102.6 0.11 34.521 0.10 27.3 8.19 6S 100 2.17 2.80 1.12 92.7 7.44 91.84 9.61 95.8 0.11 34.485 0.12 27.2 8.19 60 100 2.17 1.96 1.96 69.7 8.68 91.28 10.85 95.2 0.09 34.503 0.10 27.2 8.19 KI -4-2 is 0.1 15.81 7:.66.60 3.08 2029.7 6.20 88.62 22.01 25$:3 0.11 32.276 0.33 27.4 8.18 2S 2 11 16 x.95 90 1.68 1219.8 6.20 99.40 17.36 197.0 0.14 33.185 0.17 27.4 8.18 3S 5 8.37 FiA166 2.80 589.8 4.03 83.02 12.40 129.5 0.12 33.901 0.14 27.4 8.18 3D 5 7.44 5M62 2.80 626.9 9.92 97.16 17.36 146.6 0.14 33.852 0.13 27.4 8.18 4S 10 8.06 • ,.:84.32: 1.54 730.6 5.27 83.86 13.33 139.7 0.13 33.740 0.10 27.1 8.18 4D 10 4.03 5.74 1.54 96.1 5.58 78.26 9.61 85.5 0.10 34.477 0.08 27.3 8.18 5S 50 3.41 1.54 233.2 5.89 77.70 9.30 94.1 0.14 34.323 0.08 27.1 8.18 5D 50 3.41 4.48 1.54 73.6 6.20 74.48 9.61 80.5 0.10 34.510 0.10 27.2 8.18 6S 100 2.48 4.48 1.40 102.8 6.51 88.76 8.99 94.6 0.10 34.474 0.11 27.4 8.18 6D 100 3.10 3.22 1.26 70.0 5.27 78.40 8.37 82.9 0.13 34.507 0.12 27.5 8.19 KI -4-3 1S 0.1 8.99 ,x:88120 2.66 1132.7 5.89 84.84 14.88 175.7 0.12 33.266 0.11 27.3 8.19 2S 2 7.75 .95"2$! 3.08 1083.3 6.51 100.10 14.26 188.4 0.11 33.328 0.14 27.3 8.19 3S 5 4.65 4.98: 3.22 610.1 6.51 96.60 11.16 142.8 0.11 33.882 0.15 27.3 8.19 3D 5 4.34. X7.66 ............. 3.78 546.8 6.51 88.06 10.85 129.5 0.13 33.952 0.11 27.3 8.18 4S 10 4.34 123.66 3.78 362.8 6.20 110.74 10.54 138.2 0.10 34.177 0.08 27.3 8.18 4D 10 2.79 .. 6.02 2.80 120.8 5.58 84.28 8.37 93.1 0.10 34.456 0.11 27.4 8.19 5S 50 2.79 ,'14.42: 2.80 241.7 6.51 109.76 9.30 127.0 0.09 34.327 0.13 27.2 8.18 5D 50 4.65 2.66 2.38 62.7 4.03 93.38 8.68 98.4 0.08 34.519 0.10 27.3 8.19 6S 100 2.48 9.66 3.36 150.6 6.51 96.32 8.99 109.3 0.13 34.407 0.12 27.4 8.18 6D 100 2.17 2.66 2.66 77.8 5.89 81.90 8.06 87.2 0.10 34.511 0.10 27.4 8.19 KI -4-4 is 0.1 8.99 1138:74 3.64 1969.2 5.89 89.32 14.88 231.7 0.17 32.023 0.28 27.3 8.30 2S 2 10.23 761.07, 3.78 2074.1 5.58 87.96 15.80:-262:$ 0.19 32.003 0.15 27.2 8.28 3S 5 8.68 E22.36 5.74 1637.9 4.65 83.44 13.33 211.5 0.22 32.525 0.19 27.2 8.27 3D 5 4.34 445.08 4.20 701.9 5.89 82.46 10.23 131.7 0.19 33.637 0.09 27.2 8.26 4S 10 3.41 44.10 4.48 627.2 6.20 61.32 9.61 109.9 0.16 33.831 0.09 27.4 8.22 4D 10 2.48 9.94 2.80 175.6 4.96 65.38 7.44 78.1 0.17 34.362 0.10 27.5 8.22 5S 50 2.17 -16.20 1.68 271.4 6.51 69.02 8.68 88.9 0.11 34.252 0.19 27.4 8.19 5D 50 2.17 8.32 1.54 70.5 5.27 59.92 7.44 66.8 0.11 34.499 0.11 27.3 8.19 6S 100 2.48 6.02 1.96 123.1 5.58 62.30 8.06 70.3 0.12 34.451 0.12 27.3 8.19 6D 100 1.55 3.64 4.20 53.1 7.13 79.80 8.68 87.6 0.10 34.509 0.09 27.3 8.20 WELL 163.06 1966 2.94 28493 - - - - - 1.467 0.09 - - DOH WATER QUALITY STANDARDS NOT TO EXCEED 10% 14.00 8.50 40.00 250.0 1.25 0.90 NOT TO EXCEED 2% 25.00 15.00 60.00 350.0 2.00 1.75 FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations for er c stry dine - plint, f —_ CONSERVATION Queen \ ,\ \\ \\\\\„\��. \�\\\`^a��e\�� . liklz�� \\ \h`�\ `H\ ,\\< ��,\ ;fit 4,�� r�, x n\ , \ � \ H\ a , ` :a;• mg 00, URBAN 65 AC. FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations for er c stry dine - plint, f —_ 80 60 2 1 40 V1 20 n 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 a o.2 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.8 1 0.6 p 0.4 0 0.2 0.0 11.2 Y �- 1.0 a W 0.8 J Q 0.6 f/1 0.4 Q 0.2 0.0 0 • N 58e 1-S 0-0 Site 1-D H Site 2-S 13-8 Site 2-0 " Site 3-S A -a Ste 3-D N Site 4-S 4-O Site 4-1) WEE V DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 12 10 i e I 6 n Z 4 2 A 0.5 0.4 0.3 = 0.2 z 0.1 Y z O 0.0 _ ----------- 0 __:__0 20 40 60 80 100 20 Y 80 10( DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 2. Plots of dissolved nutrient constituents collected from surface (S) and deep (D) samples off the Kaupulehu 4 project area in August 1993 as functions of distance from shore on sampling transects shown in Figure 1. 35 0 34 o_ 33 Z 32 to 31 0.5 0.4 • O -O Site 4—D f-4 Sit* 4—S A -A Site 3-0 •-A Site 3—S 13-E1 Site 2-0 N Site 2—S "Site I—D DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 0.25 0.20 0.15 O 0.10 Fn 0.05 0.00 27.6 u 27.4 0 27.2 7 r 27.0 a M F 26.6 I•VU 0 i — D 20 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 3. Plots of water chemistry constituents collected from surface (S) and deep (D) samples off the Kaupulehu 4 project area in August 1993 as functions of distance from shore on sampling transects shown in Figure 1. • 0 1 2 3 rrnn 4 v 5 x 3 6 7 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 is SALINITY (%.) 0 1 2 3 0 rn 4 i s x 3 6 `. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SALINITY (%.) SITE 3 3 E 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 s 10 11 12 13 14 15 • SALINITY (%.) 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 30 SITE 2 y— lam 0 FIGURE 4. Continuous vertical profiles of salinity from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on August 29, 1993. For site locations, see Figure 1. SALINITY (Y..) 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 0- 2- 23 SITE 4 3— 4- 5- s6791011 6- 7- 9- 10- 11 12- 213 13- 14 14 + b0dn —t nom 15 FIGURE 4. Continuous vertical profiles of salinity from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on August 29, 1993. For site locations, see Figure 1. TEMPERATURE ('C) TEMPERATURE ('C) 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 w 0JSITEI o 11 22- t 3— 3 3 SITE 2 m 4m 4 5= v 5 = 3 63 6- 7— 77 88- 99- 1010- 10— 0 1111- 11- 1 1212- 12- 2 13- 13 13 ' 14 14 t iam 15 15— TEMPERATURE (-C) TEMPERATURE(aC) TEMPERATURE(aC) , 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 0 0 1 1 SITE 3 SITE 4 3 3 4 4 1 'a M 4 S 5 = 5 3 6 3 6- 7— 7- 8— 8- 9— a- 10 10— 10- 11 11 1y 12- 13— —45 loom 13- 3 14�— 14 — eam 4 14— 15 15 is FIGURE 5. Continuous vertical profiles of temperature from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of , four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on August 29, 1993. For site locations, see Figure 1. SIGMA -t 23.0 24.0 25.0 a 0- r 2 SIGMA -t SITE 2 21.0 4 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 w 3 0 6 0- m 4— 1 8 = 2- 10- 1011 3 3 SITE 1 m 4 7- 7891011 v 8- = 5 to- 3 0 11 12- 213 13- 8 9— 14 14- to- 1011 15— 15 11 12 t eom 14 15 SIGMA -t 23.0 24.0 25.0 a 0- r 2 2- 23 SITE 2 4 SITE 3 3 0 6 m 4— 'a 8 = 5 10- 1011 3 6- 7- 7891011 8- 9— to- 11 12- 213 13- 14 14- 15— 15 0 M v x 3 • SIGMA -t 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 0 1 r 2 3 SITE 2 4 5 6 7 8 9- 10- 1011 11 12- 213 13- 14- 15 15 SIGMA -t 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 0 1tlil 23a56T881011 12 1314 15 FIGURE 6. Continuous vertical profiles of sigma -t from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on August 29, 1993. For site locations, see Figure 1. M 60 140 IN 20 M" 0.6 0.5 i 0.s I 0.3 n p 0.2 o_ 0.1 o.o C� • 'site 1 ■ Site 2 ♦ site 3 X site 4 ■ 31E ,•• 31 32 33 34 35 SALINITY (0/00) 12 10 2 6 Y I 6 n Z 2 n 0.5 0.4 Y 0.3 2 0.2 Z 0.1 0 i6 32 33 SALINITY (0/oo) FIGURE 7. Plots of dissolved nutrients from water samples collected in August 1993 at four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu project area as functions of salinity. Solid line is the conservative mixing line constructed by connecting endpoint concentrations of open ocean water and well water. w BASELINE MARINE ASSESSMENT, KAUPULEHU LOT 4, NORTH KONA, HAWAII MARINE BIOTA Prepared for ' Belt, Collins & Assoc. 680 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 ' by ' ` Marine Research Consultants Sierra Drive I4467 Honolulu, HI 96816 November 29, 1993 I• INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE ` Planning is underway for development of Lot 4 of the parcel owned by j Kaupulehu Land Company (KLC), located in the North Kona District on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. While the project plans have not yet been finalized, it is apparent that there will be resort development, including two golf courses along the coastal region. While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the existing nature of the marine environment, it is nevertheless important to address any potential impacts that may be associated f with the planned project. The concern for preventing impacts to the nearshore marine environment is critical for the west coast of Hawaii owing to the nearly pristine nature of the coastal ocean, and the importance of the nearshore area as a recreational resource. For this purpose, a baseline survey was conducted to evaluate the existing condition of the marine environment prior to any shoreline development. Presented below are methods, results and conclusions of the baseline assessment of biotic communities offshore of the proposed Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site. An important part of this investigation is to provide an evaluation of the degree of natural stresses (sedimentation, wave scour, freshwater input, etc.) that influence the nearshore marine environment in the area that could be potentially influenced by the proposed project. Typically, water quality and the composition of nearshore marine communities are intimately associated with the magnitude and frequency of these stresses, and any impacts caused by the proposed project may either be mitigated in large part, or amplified, by natural environmental factors. Therefore, evaluating the range of natural stress is a prerequisite for assessing the potential for additional change to the marine environment owing to shoreline modification. Marine community structure can be defined as the abundance, diversity, and distribution of stony and soft corals, motile benthos such as echinoderms, and pelagic species such as reef fish. In the context of time -series surveys (the most appropriate method to determine environmental changes caused by changes in land use), the most useful biological assemblages for direct evaluation of environmental impacts to the offshore marine environment are benthic (bottom -dwelling) communities. Because benthos are generally long-lived, immobile, and can be significantly affected by exogenous input of sediments and other potential pollutants, these organisms must either tolerate the surrounding conditions within the limits of adaptability or die. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 1 IMarine Biota II As members of the benthos, stony corals are of particular importance in nearshore Hawaiian environments. Corals compose a large portion of the reef biomass and their skeletal structures are vital in providing a complex of habitat space, shelter, and food for other species. Since corals serve in such a keystone function, coral community structure is considered the most "relevant" group in the use of reef community structure as a means of evaluating past and potential impacts associated with land development. For this reason, and because alterations in coral communities are easy to identify, observable change in coral population parameters is a practical and direct method for obtaining the information for determining the effects of stress in the marine environment. In addition, because they comprise a very visible component of the nearshore environment, detailed investigations of reef fish assemblages are presented. METHODS All fieldwork was carried out on September 18-19, 1993, and was conducted from a 18 -foot boat using SCUBA gear. Biotic structure of benthic (bottom dwelling) communities inhabiting the reef environment was evaluated by establishing a descriptive and quantitative baseline between the shoreline and the 20 meter (m) (-60 foot) depth contour. Initial qualitative reconnaissance surveys were conducted that covered the area off the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property from the shoreline out to the limits of coral reef formation. These reconnaissance surveys were useful in making relative comparisons between areas, identifying any unique or unusual biotic resources, and providing a general picture of the physiographic structure and benthic assemblages occurring throughout the region of study. Following the preliminary survey, four quantitative transect sites were selected offshore of the development area at the same sites where water quality was evaluated (see Figure 1)• Station I was located at the northern property boundary, Stations II and III were located in the central area, and Station IV was located near the southern boundary of the property. At each station, three transect sites were selected, one in each of the dominant reef zones. Each transect was oriented parallel to depth contours so as to bisect a single reef zone. Care was taken to place transects in random locations that were not biased toward either peak or low coral cover. In total, twelve quantitative transects were conducted. Quantitative benthic surveys were conducted by stretching a 50-m long surveying tape in a straight line over the reef surface. An quadrat frame with a Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 2 Marine Biota I. 0 Nikonos camera mounted to photograph a fixed field with dimensions of 1 m by 0.66 m, was sequentially placed over 10 random marks on the transect tape so that the tape bisected the long axis of the frame. At each quadrat location a color photograph recorded the segment of reef area enclosed by the quadrat frame. In addition, a diver knowledgeable in the taxonomy of resident species visually estimated the percent cover and occurrence of organisms and substratum type within the quadrat frame. No attempt was made to disturb substrata to observe organisms, and no attempt was made to identify and enumerate cryptic species dwelling within the reef framework. Only macrofaunal species greater than approximately 2 centimeters were noted. Following the period of fieldwork, quadrat photographs were projected onto a grid and units of bottom cover for each benthic faunal species and bottom type were recorded. Results of the photo -quadrats were combined with the in-situ cover estimates and community structure parameters (percent cover, species diversity) were calculated. The photo -quadrat transect method is a modification of the technique described in Kinzie and Snider (1978), and has been employed in numerous field studies of Hawaiian reef communities (e.g. Dollar 1979, Grigg and Maragos 1974), and has proven to be particularly useful for quantifying coverage of attached benthos such as corals and large epifauna (e.g., sea urchins, sea cucumbers). While this methodology is quantitative for the larger exposed fauna, many coral reef invertebrates are cryptic or nocturnal. Coupled with the generally small size of cryptic invertebrates, quantitative assessment of these groups requires methodologies that are beyond the scope of the present baseline assessment program. Quantitative assessment of reef fish community structure was conducted in conjunction with the benthic surveys. As the transect tape was being laid along the bottom, all fish observed within a band approximately 2 meters wide along the transect path were identified by species name and enumerated. Care was taken to conduct the fish surveys so that the minimum disturbance was created by divers, ensuring the least possible dispersal of fish. Only readily visible individuals were included in the census. No attempt was made to seek out cryptic species or individuals sheltered within coral. This transect method is an adaptation of techniques described in Hobson (1974). ` Kaupulehu lot 4 Page 3 Marine Biota • 0 -. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Structure The main structural feature of the approximately 1.5 mile of shoreline of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property is a basaltic ledge of pahoehoe lava. At the southern half of the property, the 1858 lava flow extends to the shoreline. Along the property frontage the shoreline is composed of a series of cusp -shaped embayments bounded by outcrops of lava that extend seaward. Along the northern half of the property, white sand beaches with scrub vegetation occur shoreward of the rocky , shoreline. At the southern end of the property, a black sand beaches occurs between the edge of the lava flow and the rocky shoreline. The origin of the white calcareous grains appears to be primarily fragments of stony corals that have been broken and tossed ashore by periodic storm activity. Because of the recent lava activity that is the constructional feature of the shoreline, there is virtually no intertidal area. The seaward edge of the lava shoreline is composed of either basaltic boulder fields, or vertical sea cliffs 5 to 10 r feet in height. Beyond the shoreline, the structure of the offshore environment off of Kaupulehu Lot 4 generally conforms to the pattern that has been documented as characterizing much of the west coast of the Island of Hawaii (Dollar 1975, 1982, Dollar and Tribble 1993). The zonation scheme consists of three predominant regions. Beginning at the shoreline and moving seaward, the shallowest zone beyond the shoreline is , comprised of a seaward extension of the basaltic shoreline bench, along with scattered basaltic boulders that have entered the ocean after breaking off from the shoreline. Pociiiopora meandrina, a sturdy hemispherical coral is the dominant , colonizer of the nearshore area. This species is able to flourish in areas that are physically too harsh for most other species, particularly due to wave stress. The shallow (15') transects conducted off Kaupulehu Lot 4 all traversed the Poci/iopora meandrina-boulder zone. Seaward of the nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed predominantly of a gently sloping reef bench composed of basalt, interspersed with , lava extrusions and sand channels. In some areas, the bench is characterized by high relief in the form of undercut ledges and basaltic pinnacles. Fine-grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of bottom cover. At Site 3, black 1 sand covered much of the bottom seaward of the boulder zone. Water depth in Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 4 Marine Biota this mid -reef zone ranges from about 20 to 50 feet. As wave stress in this region is substantially less than in the shallower areas, and suitable hard substrata abound, the area provides an ideal locale for colonization by attached benthos, particularly reef corals, and generally the widest assortment of species and growth forms are encountered in this region. The intermediate depth transects (30') at each survey station were located on the reef bench. The seaward edge of the reef platform (at a depth of about 50 feet) is marked by an increase in slope to an angle of approximately 20-30 degrees. In the deep slope zone, substratum changes from the solid continuation of the island mass to an aggregate of generally unconsolidated sand and rubble. The predominant coral cover in the slope zone is typically interconnected mats of "finger coral" (Porites compressa), which grow laterally over unconsolidated substrata. In many areas of west Hawaii, the intensity of recent storm activity is apparent by the extent of rubble created from breakage of P. compressa branches (Dollar 1982, Dollar and Tribble 1993). At all of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 study sites, however, there was little evidence of rubble production of the deep reef slope, with the predominant cover consisting of living coral colonies. Such community composition indicates that the area has not been subjected to the force of destructive storm waves that have occurred in many areas of west Hawaii in at least the past decade (Dollar and Tribble 1993). Moving down the reef slope, coral settlement and growth cease at a depth of approximately 80 feet; beyond this depth the bottom consists mostly of sand, with occasional basaltic outcrops. The deep transects (60') at each survey station were located on the upper portions of the reef slope. Biotic Community Structure Coral Communities Table 1 shows abundance estimates of, invertebrates observed throughout the region of study. The predominant taxon of macrobenthos (bottom -dwellers) throughout the reef zones off the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property are Scleractinian (reef - building) corals. Results of quantitative line transects conducted within the three dominant reef zones provide a data base characterizing coral community structure. Table 2 shows the quantitative summary of coral community structure from the 1993 transects, while Appendix A is comprised of individual quadrat results. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 5 Marine Biota • 0 '-1 In total, twelve species of "stony" corals, and two "soft corals" were observed throughout the region of study, while ten species of coral were , encountered on transects. The number of coral species on a single transect ranged from two to eight. Species of coral that were observed in the region but did not occur on transects included Porites brighami, Pocillopora eydouxi, Fungia scutaria, and Anthelia edmondsoni (see Tables 1 and 2). The dominant species on all of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 transects was Porites lobata, which accounted for about 52% of , total coral cover, and about 29% of all bottom cover. The second and third most abundant species, Porites compressa and Pocillopora meandrina, accounted for about 39% and 4% of coral cover, and 22% and 2%, of total bottom cover, , respectively. Thus, these three species comprised about 95% of living coral cover, and 53% of all bottom cover. In total, living coral cover accounted for 66% of bottom cover. , Figure 2 shows histograms of coral cover, coral species diversity, and number of species on each transect in the shallow, mid -depth, and deep zones at each survey site. With respect to coral cover, it can be seen that at all sites, there is a progressive increase in cover with depth. Such a pattern is largely a reflection , of the degree of wave stress that limits coral growth. The high percentage of living coral cover, and lack of abundant rubble fields at all of the deep transect stations is good evidence that the area has not been recently (within the last 10-20 years) subjected to damaging storm wave impact. On the shallow transects, coral cover is lower than in deeper water, presumably in response to the "normal" range of wave effects that limit settlement and growth of some species. With respect to zonation of coral cover, the most abundant species on the , shallow 15 -foot transects were P. lobata and P. meandrina. Other species that were common in the shallow boulder covered areas were Montipora verrucosa, M. patula and Pavona varians. The 30 -foot, mid -depth reef platform zone had the highest number of coral species at three of the four survey sites. In the mid -depth zone, dominant species were Porites lobata and Porites compressa. Porites lobata occurs in various growth forms including flat encrustations and large dome-shaped colonies, which are responsible for much of the true "reef" accumulation in the , mid -depth zones. The abundance of suitable solid surfaces for coral settlement and growth, as well as the reduced wave stress compared to the shallower boulder zones provides a suitable setting for a variety of smaller encrusting coral species. At the seaward edge of the reef bench, the slope of the bottom increases, , and the substratum consists primarily of unconsolidated rubble and sand. Along Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 6 Marine Biota I. 0 • much of the west Hawaii coastline, this region is generally covered by mats of P. I compressa, which assumes a spreading growth form that extends laterally over areas of unconsolidated substratum in a manner that is not possible by other species. Owing to a fragile skeletal growth form, however, this species is especially susceptible to breakage by storm waves. On the deep reef transects off Kaupulehu Lot 4, P. compressa accounted for the largest percentage of bottom cover (119- 53%) of any species at three of the four survey sites. At Site I, Porites lobata comprised the largest percentage of living coral (58%) on the deep reef slope. At each survey site, the number of coral species is highest on the shallow and mid -depth transects, and lowest on the deep transects (Figure 2). Histograms of coral species diversity also exhibited a generally repeatable pattern between Itransects at each sites (Figure 2). Diversity was generally highest in the shallow or mid -depth zone and lowest in the deep slope zone. As seen in the histograms of I coral cover (Figure 2), cover was lowest in the shallow zones where diversity is highest. Increased diversity in the shallow zones reflects the equitable distribution of coral cover between a relatively large number of component species. In the deep slope zone coral cover is highest, but domination of the community by two species results in lower equitability of distribution, hence reduced diversity. The observed pattern of diversity at Kaupulehu Lot 4 approximates the "typical" zonation pattern for West Hawaii (Dollar 1982). Other Benthic Macroinvertebrates The other dominant group of macroinvertebrates are the sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). Table 3 summarizes the occurrence of sea urchins at all of the survey stations. The most common urchin was Echinometra matheai, which occurred in all reef zones. E. matheai are small urchins that are generally found within interstitial spaces bored into basaltic and limestone substrata. E. matheai were most abundant at the mid -reef transects where the number of individuals ranged from 3 to 31. This species was least abundant on the reef slope transects where solid substrata was not common. Tripneustes gratilla, and Heterocentrotus mammillatus were other species of urchins that occurred, commonly on many transects. Both of these urchins occur as larger individuals (compared with E. matheai) that are generally found on the reef surface, rather than within interstitial spaces. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 7 Marine Biota • _/ Sea cucumbers (Holothurians) observed during the survey consisted of three w species, Hoiothuria atra, H. nobiiis, and Actinopyga obesa. Individuals of these , species were distributed sporadically across the mid -reef and deep reef zones (Table 1). The most common starfish (Asteroidea) observed on the reef surface were Linckia spp. Several crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster piano) were , observed feeding on colonies of Pociiiopora meandrina and Montipora verrucosa. Numerous sponges were also observed on the reef surface, often under ledges and , in interstitial spaces. Frondose benthic algal zonation was not apparent at the study area off of Kaupulehu Lot 4. However, encrusting red calcareous algae (Poroiithon spp., Peysoneiiia rubra, Hydroiithon spp.) were common on the boulders and exposed rocks throughout the study area. These algae were also abundant on bared limestone surfaces, and on the non -living parts of coral colonies. Frondose algae observed on the reef included Vaionia sp., Lyngbya majuscuia, Haiimeda spp., Sargassum spp. and Gaiauxura spp. All of these plants occurred sporadically, and did not constitute a major component of the benthic biota. Also observed was an as yet unidentified benthic organism that may be chains of benthic diatoms. These organisms appear as stringy yellow-brown wisps that are delicately attached to the bottom. Only slight water motion is sufficient to dislodge the mats and scatter the wispy material in the water column. Mats of these organisms are often observed in west Hawaii growing in area of bared substratum in calm water. The design of the reef survey was such that no cryptic organisms or species living within interstitial spaces of the reef surface were enumerated. Since this is the habitat of the majority of mollusks and crustacea, detailed species counts were not included in the transecting scheme. No dominant communities of these classes of biota were observed during the reef surveys at any of the study stations. Reef Fish Community Structure Reef fish community structure was largely determined by the topography and composition of the benthos. Transect results are presented in Table 4. On individual transects, the range of species diversity was 2.05 to 2.86, the range for number of species was 12 to 26, and the range in number of individuals was 116- 192. A total of 1719 individuals representing 89 species was recorded during transect surveys. It can be seen in Table 4 that no significant pattern is evident with respect to distribution of fish species, number and diversity with respect to depth, or station location. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 8 Marine Biota I: I. I The reef fish community off Kaupulehu Lot 4 is typical of that found along most of the Kona Coast, as described by Hobson (1974), and Walsh (1984). Fish community structure can be divided into six general categories: juveniles, I planktivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwelling fish, swarming tetrodonts, and surge -zone fish. Juvenile fish belonged mostly to the family Acanthuridae (surgeonfish), with representatives from the families Labridae (wrasses), Mullidae (goatfish) and Chaetodontidae (butterfly fish). Juveniles were most abundant on the deepest transects of the reef slope zone (60 feet) in areas dominated by finger coral (P. compressa), or basalt boulders. The complex habitat created by the spreading growth form of P. compressa provides shelter for small fish. The apparent absence of recent storm damage to the mats of finger coral in the deep slope zone off Kaupulehu Lot 4 appeared to provide a very favorable shelter zone for juvenile fish. However, even in areas where mats of finger coral are virtually destroyed by storm damage, fish communities continue to populate the rubble zones. It appears that fish abundance is not related directly to composition of intact living coral, but rather to the degree of shelter afforded by coralline structures, whether alive or dead. Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) were the most abundant family of fish. The most common species were the yellow tang (lau'i-pala, Zebrasoma flavescens) and the goldring surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus). On the shallower reef terrace, adult whitebar surgeonfish (maikoiko, Acanthurus leucopareius), orangeband surgeonfish (na'ena'e, A. olivaceus), and parrotfish (uhu, Scarus spp.) were also common. Planktivorous damselfish, principally of the genus Chromis were abundant in all areas surveyed. In areas where coral rubble was abundant, common fish included potters angelfish (Centropyge potterQ, and several species of wrasses, notably fourline wrasse (Psuedochilinus tetrataenia), eightline wrasse (P. octotaenia), and yellowtail wrasse (aki-lolo, Coris gaimard). Surge zone fish were not quantitatively assessed because of the difficulty in working on the wave -swept basalt terraces that these fish inhabit. Visual observations, however, revealed that this biotope supported a large number of fish, principally herbivores such as rudderfish (nenue, Kyphosus bigibbus), surgeonfish (Acanthurus spp.), and unicornfish (mostly umaumalei, Naso lituratus). Saddle wrasse (hinalea lau-wili, Thallassoma trilobatum) and surge wrasse (hou, T. purpureum) were also abundant in the surge zone. Few juvenile fish were seen Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 9 Marine Biota • inhabiting the boulder zone environment. Black durgeon (humuhumu-ele'ele, Melanichthys niger) and pinktail durgeon (humuhumu-hi'u-kole, M. vidula) were also observed congregating in the water column over the reef platform. Several species of "food fish" (taken by subsistence and/or recreational fishermen) were observed during the survey. Schools of several hundred individuals of goatfish (weke, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus), Hawaiian mackerel (opelu, Decapterus macarellus), and blue -lined snapper (taape, Lutjanus kasmira) were observed while diving. Numerous grand -eyed porgeys (mu, Monotaxis grandoculis) were also observed. Rocky ledges and large coral heads sheltered fair numbers of squirrelfish (u'u, Myripristes berndbl. Other food fishes included parrotfish (uhu, Scarus spp.), goatfish (moana kea and malu, Parupaneus cyclostomus and P. bifasciatus), jacks (papio, Caranx melamphygus), and grouper (roi, Cephalopholus argus). None of these species were particularly abundant. Orange -eyed surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus), while abundant, were generally not large enough to be considered suitable as "food fish". Overall, fish community structure at Kaupulehu Lot 4 appeared fairly typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments. The presence of large schools of some food fish indicates that the area has probably been subjected to only moderate amounts of fishing pressure, by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. Endangered and Protected Species Three species of marine animals that occur in Hawaiian waters have been declared threatened or endangered by Federal jurisdiction. The threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurs commonly along the Kona Coast, and is known to feed on selected species of macroalgae. The endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is known infrequently from waters off the Kona Coast. Several green sea turtles were sighted on the,surface and underwater during the baseline surveys off Kaupulehu Lot 4. Populations of the endangered humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known to winter in the Hawaiian Islands from December to April. The present survey was conducted in September, when whales are not present in Hawaiian waters. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 10 Marine Biota __ / .I I: • • I, CONCLUSIONS The ultimate purpose of baseline surveys is to estimate the potential for impact to environments from shoreline development. Implementation of the proposed plan for Kaupulehu Lot 4 would involve grading, vegetation removal, new construction and other changes to the existing environment on land. However, at present there are no plans for any alteration of the shoreline or offshore areas. Therefore, potential impacts to the marine environment can only be considered from activities on land that may result in delivery of materials to the ocean through infiltration to groundwater, changes in surface runoff, and wind transport. Presented below are considerations of potential impacts from sedimentation, nutrient enrichment and biocides that may are considerations for the planned project. Sedimentation A potential mechanism for negative impact to nearshore marine systems is increased sedimentation from wind or runoff as a consequence of grading and changes in land use. With respect to alteration to the marine community offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property from increased sedimentation, the existence of locally high regions of sand cover points to a low potential for impact. Corals and other reef organisms are capable of removing sediment suspended by natural phenomena, up to threshold levels of deposition where cleaning mechanisms are overwhelmed and organisms become buried. Community structure is presently adapted to extremes in sediment stress from natural conditions. Organisms that do occur in the region are therefore capable of withstanding the stress associated with large natural sediment loads. In comparison to the frequent natural sediment resuspension within the study area, any additional input from land resulting from construction activity would probably not have the potential to accumulate to the point were organisms could be buried. Several other scenarios around the Hawaiian Islands can also be drawn upon to estimate the potential for impact from sedimentation at Kaupulehu Lot 4. In particular, a study conducted at Princeville, Kauai (Grigg and Dollar, 1980) compared the reef environments off the completed phase of the resort with the environments off an area of pristine coastline. The hypothesis tested during this comparison was that increased sedimentation from exposure of soil during construction caused some modification of the coral reef environments offshore. Results of the survey showed that, if anything, the coral environments were better Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 1 1 Marine Biota • _1 developed off of the existing Princeville development that was potentially subjected - to increased runoff than off the unperturbed parcel. Even though the resort , construction might have temporarily increased suspended sediment loads, this increase would have been insignificant in comparison to the natural sediment loads to which the reef communities are already pre -adapted. Therefore, the hypothesis , was rejected that developmental alteration of land for Princeville construction, and by inference for similar developments such as the Kaupulehu Lot 4, could result in , offshore impacts to the marine environment. In addition, while it is generally accepted that sedimentation is a major , source of impact on coral reefs throughout the world, several studies show that Hawaiian reefs may be significantly more resistant to heavy sediment loads than ' other reef areas. Results of surveys conducted at French Frigate Shoals (Dollar and Grigg, 1981) following the inadvertent grounding of a freighter and subsequent dumping of 2000 tons of a fine-grained mineral clay indicated that there was no damage to the reef corals and associated communities except where the organisms were actually buried by clay deposits for greater than a two-week period. Another study, conducted in Hilo Bay where natural sediment loads are very high and water , is extremely turbid, reported that the dominant bottom cover consisted of nearly solid living coral --a condition rarely found under even the most "optimal" conditions , (Dollar 1985). Runoff As with sedimentation, it is not expected that runoff during construction , would provide any negative stimulus to the marine environment. The climate of the South Kohala-North Kona districts is one of the driest in the Hawaiian Islands; therefore substantial rainfall causing sheet flow to the ocean during construction is , rather unlikely. Even in the event of heavy rainfall, the porous nature of the lava and soil ground cover is such that sheet flow carrying suspended sediment toward , the ocean is highly unlikely. Rather, most rainwater that would enter the ocean as runoff would do so following percolation through the surface rock layers to the water table, followed by groundwater extrusion at the shoreline. , Normal volumes of groundwater extrusion in the Kaupulehu area are probably range in the neighborhood of 3-6 million gallons per day (mgd) per mile. Results of water chemistry surveys conducted at the same sites as the biotic surveys have shown that a surface layer of low salinity, high nutrient groundwater occurs in the nearshore area (within 50 m of the shoreline) as a result of efflux of groundwater. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 12 Marine Biota I� " The increase to the volume of groundwater extrusion and resulting change in water I chemistry owing to changes in shoreline characteristics is likely to be insignificant. For a development on the south Kohala coast at Waikoloa, it was estimated that the annual discharge of stormwater runoff is roughly equivalent to the amount of I groundwater which enters the ocean each day (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1985). Therefore, the only major effect of rain during the period of grading might be to significantly decrease the amount and distribution of airborne dust --a Icircumstance that would have to be considered a beneficial side effect. At this time no estimates exist of how drainage patterns might be changed as a result of the development plans. There appear to be no areas offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property where marine systems have been adversely affected by runoff to date. It is expected that this would remain the case. However, if analyses indicate that the proposed changes in land use and drainage patterns might result in substantial changes in water quality, additional field surveys will be conducted to determine the best location for the discharge of drainage and to assess the significance of expected water quality with respect to marine community structure. Golf Course Irrigation. Fertilization,ngnd Pest Control The Kaupulehu Lot 4 development plans call for construction of golf courses that might be irrigated and fertilized with treated sewage effluent, as well as commercial fertilizer mixes. The potential for impacts to the aquatic ecosystems owing to possible increases in rates of nutrient loading must be considered. When subjected to substantial increases in nutrients, the response of some marine and freshwater systems is termed "eutrophication," and consists of increased growth of a portion of the community that is able to directly utilize the nutrients (phytoplankton), generally at the expense of normal community integrity. The overall result of this process is usually a degradation of environmental quality. At the Kaupulehu Lot 4 site, it is anticipated that no such impacts will occur for several reasons. Most importantly, the unrestricted circulation of the offshore zone by tidal and wind -driven currents, meso -scale eddies, and wave action promotes rapid dilution and water exchange. Residence time of a parcel of water fronting the development is probably on the order of hours, so buildup of any nutrient is unlikely. Another reason that the marine environment will probably show no effects Kaupulehu Lot 4 Marine Biota Page 13 as a result of golf course irrigation is that much of the nutrient load is taken up by the vegetation on the golf course. Chang and Young (1977) report that on a golf course on Oahu irrigated with treated sewage effluent 98% of the total nitrogen and 100% of the total phosphorus was taken up by the soil -plant surface layer. Chemical processes that account for the uptake include incorporation into plant biomass, cation exchange, fixation and adsorption on the soil, biological oxidation and denitrification. The important aspect of the study conducted on the Oahu golf course is that essentially none of the nutrient load reached the marine environment through groundwater runoff. While the underlying substrata on the Oahu course may differ from substrata at the Kaupulehu Lot 4 site, the soil mantle, where most of the chemical uptake and adsorption takes place should be similar at the two locations. Murdoch and Green (1987) also investigated the influence of golf course irrigation and pesticide application to nearshore marine waters. After 23 years of operation, material used to fertilize the golf course at the Westin Mauna Kea Resort could not be detected in the ocean. Dollar and Atkinson (1992) modeled the input of golf course nutrients to the ocean downslope from two golf courses in West Hawaii over a four-year period. Results of the studies showed that at a location where fertilizer nutrients entered an embayment with restricted circulation relative to open coastal shorelines, nitrates increased by about 100% and phosphate increased by about 20% over natural input. However, because the nutrients were retained within a surface layer, there was no exposure to the benthos. Circulation within the embayment was also rapid enough to prevent phytoplankton blooms. These results indicated that even with long-term input of extremely high nutrient subsidies, there are situations where there are no negative effects to the receiving environment. Another factor that accounts for the lack of potential for impact is the secondary level of sewage treatment commonly used by resort developments for irrigants and fertilizers. Studies done at several of the ocean discharges on Oahu (Dollar 1987) show that intentional discharges of greater volumes of secondary sewage into marine environments caused no detrimental effects whatsoever. In fact, the impacts that have been reported all can be considered beneficial since they result in increased fish populations, apparently in response to increased particulate food and shelter due to the outfall structure. Coral communities have also been documented to increase near the outfalls because diffuser structures provide settling sites that appear to be superior to natural sites. A final consideration is the relatively high levels of nitrogen presently Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 14 Marine Biota .I entering the marine environment through groundwater extrusion. Marine communities are therefore pre -adapted to high nitrogen loads. More importantly, Ithe added nutrients are rapidly mixed during periods of intense water motion so virtually no buildup in nutrient concentration persists. In fact, there are currently no reports in the scientific literature of detrimental impacts to reef communities directly caused by increased nutrient loads. Based on these observations, it is probable that even if malfunctions in sewage plants cause temporary discharge directly into the ocean, there will be little or no effect to water quality or biotic communities. Potential for negative alteration to marine ecosystems owing to pesticides and herbicides also seems to be nil. It has not been found necessary to utilize substantial quantities of pesticides on golf courses in Hawaii, and only very small applications of herbicides are periodically made to the greens (N. Bustamente, Mauna Lani Resort, personal communication). Such small quantities do not appear to be of a magnitude great enough to leach through the soil and lava, be carried to the ocean via groundwater extrusions, and then bioaccumulate to the point of producing a noticeable effect. To date, there have been no substantiated instances of even detection of golf course biocides in any marine biota in Hawaii. Potential Effects SQ Protected Species As mentioned in the Results, there are several protected marine species that may inhabit the offshore environment. Because there is no plan for any work in the nearshore region, there is no potential for blasting or excavation that might affect behavior of whales and other marine mammals. Short term changes in water quality resulting from construction would also not be of a magnitude to affect the behavior of sea turtles that might inhabit the reefs off of Kaupulehu Lot 4. Thriving turtle populations have been documented off many of the existing resort projects in West Hawaii. Increased access to the shoreline, once the development is constructed, might affect resident turtles because these animals often do not remain in areas frequented by humans. However, because the beaches on the development area are presently being used as recreation sites on a regular basis, any human -induced effects to turtle populations have probably already occurred. The potential for additional impact must be considered very slight, especially because there is abundant habitat space along the Kona coast. IKaupulehu Lot 4 Page 15 IMarine Biota The potential for impacts to marine communities as a result of development of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project appear to be minimal. None of the developmental , activities appear to have the potential to induce long-term changes in physio- chemical water quality parameters of a magnitude sufficient to cause changes in biological community structure. Marine environments are routinely subjected to , stresses that can be much more destructive than the incremental changes that could result from any development activity. If some unexpected event related to development activities does occur, the resulting alterations to marine community e structure would probably be reversible and recovery rapid once the stress factor is mitigated. Tolerance to such changes appears to already be part of the , physiological range of the community. It can be concluded that as long as reasonable steps are taken in , construction practices, and operational procedures for the shoreline projects do not involve substantial changes in material delivery to the nearshore ocean, there should be no adverse impacts to the marine environment. However, regardless of how unlikely, there is always the potential for an unexpected event. It is recommended that the development plan includes a time -course monitoring program. If any development practices cause changes in physical -chemical parameters which lead to changes in environmental integrity, these effects could , be quantified through time -series monitoring surveys. Such changes in water quality would be indicative of potential changes to marine community structure. Thus, any changes in water quality owing to shoreline development would trigger mitigative action, hopefully at a level below that capable of inducing change in biotic structure. , SUMMARY 1. Assessment of the benthic and reef fish community structure off the proposed , Kaupulehu Lot 4 development was conducted, on September 18-19, 1993. Twelve transects were evaluated at four stations located offshore of the property. Transects were located at three depths (15, 30 and 60 feet) representing the three , major reef zones that typify much of the west Hawaii nearshore area. 2. Physical structure of the nearshore region consists predominantly of rocky basaltic shorelines that form the land -sea interface. The reef area is divided into three major zones; a shallow nearshore zone characterized by basaltic boulders and substantial water motion from breaking waves, a mid -reef zone which comprises Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 16 Marine Biota I: 0 • • the major "reef -building area", and a deep reef slope. Substrata on the shallow and I mid -reef consist predominantly of solid limestone and basalt, while substrata on the deep reef slope are predominantly sand and coral rubble. 3. In general, the coral communities off Kaupulehu Lot 4 are typical of the type that occurs throughout much of the west Hawaii coastline. Ten coral species were encountered on transects, and total coral cover was approximately 66% of bottom cover. The dominant coral species at all sites was Porites lobata which comprised 52% of total coral cover, and 29% of total bottom cover. The three dominant coral species accounted for 95% of coral cover in 1990, and 53% of total bottom cover. I4. Quantitative estimates indicate that coral cover ranges from about 18% to 81 % on individual transects. At all four study sites, coral cover increased with depth. It appeared that coral cover was highest in the deep slope zone owing to lack of recent storm damage to mats of delicate finger coral. In the shallow boulder zones, coral cover was relatively low, probably as a result of limits to settlement of many species as a result of normal water motion associated with wave action. 5. The other dominant benthic macrofauna encountered on survey transects were sea urchins. The most abundant urchin is Echinometra mathaei, which occurred predominantly in the shallow and mid -reef zones. 6. Reef fish community structure was fairly typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments, and was characterized by six general categories: juveniles, plantivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwellers, swarming tetrodonts, and surge -zone fishes. The presence of food fishes indicates that the area has been subjected to low to moderate amounts of fishing pressure, both by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. 7. Based on the body of scientific information on existing projects, it does not appear that the planned development at Kaupulehu Lot 4 has the potential to cause adverse impacts to the marine environment. Stresses from natural forces that are presently the dominant factors in influencing community structure appear to be substantially greater than those that could result from shoreline development. The absence of plans to modify the shoreline or nearshore environment eliminates the potential for direct alteration of ecosystems. Secondary impacts associated with runoff of materials associated with the development do not appear to present the potential for changes based on similar, existing projects, provided that proper Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 17 Marine Biota E management scenarios are employed. Continued monitoring during the course of , development will allow determination of potential impacts to marine communities at , levels where mitigative steps can be instituted prior to actual changes. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Marine Biota Page 18 REFERENCES CITED Dollar, S. J. 1975. Zonation of reef corals off the Kona Coast of Hawaii. M.S. Thesis in Oceanography, University of Hawaii. 183 p. Dollar, S. J. 1979. Ecological response to relaxation of sewage stress off Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii. Water Resources Research Center Tech. Rpt. No. 124. Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii. Dollar, S. J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81. Dollar, S. J. 1985. Environmental assessment of Hilo Bay: Marine biological community structure in the vicinity of the proposed Hilo sewage outfall extension. Prepared for M & E Pacific, Inc. Dollar, S. J. and G. W. Tribble. 1993. Recurrent storm disturbance and recovery: a long-term study of coral communities in Hawaii. Coral Reefs. Grigg, R. W. and S. J. Dollar. 1980. Environmental impact assessment of nearshore marine life at Princeville, Kauai, Hawaii. Prepared for Princeville Development Corporation. Grigg, R. W. and J. E. Maragos. 1974. Recolonization of hermatypic corals on submerged lava flows in Hawaii. Ecology 55:387-395. Hobson, E. S. 1974. Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii. Fishery Bull. 72:915-1031. Murdoch, C. L. and R. E. Green. 1987. Environmental impact of fertilizer and pesticide use on proposed South Kohala Resort Development. A report to Belt, Collins & Assoc. for Mauna Kea Properties, Inc. Kinzie, R. A. III and R. H. Snider. 1978. A simulation study of coral reef survey methods. In:Coral reefs: research methods. UNESCO, eds: D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 19 Marine Biota • U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1985. Final environmental impact statement, U. S. ' Department of the Army permit application, Waikoloa Beach Resort, Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. Walsh, W. J. 1984. Aspects of nocturnal shelter, habitat space, and juvenile recruitment in the Hawaiian coral reef fishes. PhD. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 475 pp. , Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 20 Marine Biota TABLE 1. Marine Invertebrate occurrence at transect stations in the vicinity of Kaupulehu Lot 4. For station locations, see Figure 1. Abundance code: 'R' - rare (0 - 5 individuals or colonies sited on station) 'O' - occasional (5 - 20 individuals or colonies sited on station) C' - common (more than 20 individuals or colonies sited on station) TRANSECT I I 1 II II II 111 III 111 IV IV IV 15' 30' 60' 15' W. 60' 15' W. 60' 15' W. 60' (Reef -Building Corals) Porites lobata C C C C C C C C C C C C Porites compressa C C O C C O C C O C C Porites brighami R R R R R Pocillopora meandrina C C R C C C C C C C C C Pocillopora eydouxi R O R R Montipota verrucosa C C O C C R C C R C C O Montipora patula C C O C C R O C R O O O Leptastrea purpurea O O O O O O O O Cyphastra ocellina R R R R O O O O R Pavona varians O O R R R R R R Pavona duardeni R R R R Fungla scutaria R ZOANTHINIARIA (Colonlal 'soft' corals) Palythoa tuberculosa O O R R R R R O R R O R ALCYONACEA (Colonial 'soft' corals) Anthella edmondsonf O O C O O C O O C O O C HOLOTHUROIDEA (Sea Cucumbers) Actinopyga obesa O R R R Holothuria atra R R R R O O O O R R O R Holothuria nobilis O O O O O O R R O R ECHINOIDEA (Sea Urchins) Diadema paucispinum R Echinothrbc diadema R C R R C R O C R O O R Echinothrix calamaris R R R Tripneusles gratilla C O O O� C C C C C O C C Echinometra mathaei C C O C C O C C O C C O Echinometra oblongs R R O C C C C Echinostrephus aciculatus C R R C R O R O R Heterocentrotus mammillatus C C O C C O C C O C C O Linckia multifora R R Linckia diplax R R R Acanthaster planci R R PORIFERA misc. sponges C C C C C C C C C C C • F TABLE 2 Coral species percent cover, non -coral substrata cover, and coral community statistics from transect surveys off Kaupulehu Lot 4 conducted in September 1993. For transect station locations, see Figure 1. CORAL COVER DIVERSITY 0.84 1.02 0.68 0.87 0.81 0.69 1.39 0.94 0.72 1.21 1.01 0.62 Limestone 1.6 21.0 17.8 5.6 23.9 14.8 5.5 35.8 17.7 3.2 224 19.5 Sand 20 0.6 0.4 26 1.6 7.2 0.6 0.5 Basalt 80.7 11.7 27 76.6 4.8 65.9 3.7 60.7 9.4 24 Rubble I I 1 II 11 11 III III III IV IV IV CORAL SPECIES 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' Porites lobata 13.6 27.0 57.8 13.3 44.0 29.8 122 35.3 38.0 16.7 34.0 24.3 Forties compressa 33.2 19.2 2.3 19.2 47.3 0.3 129 423 1.2 28.5 53.3 Pocillopora meandrina 23 1.8 0.9 1.0 0.1 5.4 1.0 0.2 14.1 26 Montipora patula 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 3.3 1.2 0.2 1.7 Montipora verrucosa 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.5 27 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.2 Pavona varlans 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.7 21 1.2 Leptastrea purpurea 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.5 Pavona duerdeni 1.7 Palythoa tuberculosa 0.1 0.3 0.1 Cyphastrea ocellina 0.1 TOTAL CORAL COVER 17.7 65.4 78.9 17.8 65.8 77.4 24.9 527 80.7 36.1 68.2 77.6 NUMBER OF SPECIES 7 8 4 5 8 4 7 7 4 8 6 2 CORAL COVER DIVERSITY 0.84 1.02 0.68 0.87 0.81 0.69 1.39 0.94 0.72 1.21 1.01 0.62 Limestone 1.6 21.0 17.8 5.6 23.9 14.8 5.5 35.8 17.7 3.2 224 19.5 Sand 20 0.6 0.4 26 1.6 7.2 0.6 0.5 Basalt 80.7 11.7 27 76.6 4.8 65.9 3.7 60.7 9.4 24 Rubble 5.1 5.1 21 6.0 TABLE 3. Sea urchin abundance on benthic transects ott Kaupulehu Lot 4. For transect station locations, see Figure 1. TRANSECT I I 1 II II 11 111 III 111 IV IV IV SEA URCHIN SPECIES 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' Echinometra matheai Echinostrephus aciculatus Heterocenlrotus mammillatus Tripneustes gratilla Echinothrur diadema TOTAL URCHIN COUNT 4 5 44 22 1 1 31 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 7 3 2 4 4 1 1 7 1 3 1 6 8 1 46 29 11 2 35 7 3 3 8 • • TABLE 4. Reef fish abundance on transects off Kaupulehu Lot 4. TRANSECT FAMILY 1 I 1 It II II 111 111 111 IV IV IV Species 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' CHANIDAE Chanos chanos 2 KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus bigibbus 12 4 4 CIRRHITIDAE Paracirrhites arcatus 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 MULLIDAE Mulloides flavolineatus 2 Parupeneus multifasciatus 7 6 8 3 4 5 6 7 3 7 5 7 P. bifasciatus 4 P. cyclostomus 2 3 SERRANIDAE Cephalopholis argue 1 1 MALACANTHIDAE Malacanthus hoedtii 2 LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus kasmira 4 Aphareusfurcatus 1 CHAETODONTIDAE C. quadrimaculatus 2 2 2 2 2 2 C. ornatissimus 2 2 C. multicinctus 6 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 Forcipiger flavissimus 3 3 2 2 3 3 POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge potted 3 0 • Table 4. continued. TRANSECT FAMILY I I 1 II II II 111 III III IV IV IV Species 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' 15' 30' 60' Abudefduf abdominalis A. sordidus Plectro. johnstonianus P. imparipennis Stegastes fasciolatus Chromis agilis C. hanui C. vanderbilti C. ovalis LABRIDAE Cheilinus unifasciatus Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Bodianus bilunulatus Coris gaimard C. venusta Anampses cuvier Thalassoma duperrey T. ballieui Gomphosus varius Labroides phthirophagus Stethojulis balteata Halichoeres ornatissimus Scarus sordidus S. perspicillatus S. psittacus S. rubroviolaceus juvenile Scarus ACANTHURIDAE Zebrasoma flavescens Acanthurus achilles A. leucopareius A. olivaceus A. blochii A. nigrofuscus Ctenochaetus strigosus C. hawaiiensis 4 2 2 3 1 2 1 4 13 14 4 13 7 2 19 12 8 12 1 6 4 2 3 3 1 1 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 17 3 7 3 3 8 16 8 6 12 2 12 25 13 12 48 37 15 49 8 35 2 8 2 26 18 25 3 17 2 2 3 2 3 2 24 12 12 1 8 1 2 12 2 12 4 2 2 3 1 2 1 7 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 14 23 = 6 3 1 14 4 13 7 2 19 23 7 23 6 4 2 3 3 1 1 8 1 2 2 17 4 7 21 10 8 16 8 6 12 6 12 25 13 48 37 49 24 1 2 24 2 26 18 25 3 17 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 7 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 14 23 = 6 3 23 14 4 13 7 2 19 23 7 23 18 13 23 14 26 13 7 8 19 23 7 23 6 4 2 3 8 8 8 2 3 1 2 25 13 48 37 49 24 2 24 40 26 18 25 42 17 41 29 43 36 43 2 2 0 • Table 4. continued. FAMILY Species I 15' I 30' 1 60' 11 15' II 30' TRANSECT II 111 III 60' 15' 30' 111 60' IV 15' IV 30' IV 60' ACANTHURIDAE Naso lituratus 3 3 10 5 4 1 3 3 6 3 N. unicornis 30 N.hexacanthus 8 ZANCLIDAE Zanclus comutus 2 2 2 1 1 BALISTIDAE Rhinecanthus rectangulus 1 1 Sufflamen bursa 3 4 2 4 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 Melichthys vidula 2 M. niger 6 12 7 4 3 7 3 NUMBER SPECIES 24 26 21 12 18 20 18 19 16 20 25 20 NUMBER INDIVIDUALS 192 140 145 162 162 116 122 127 121 164 144 164 SPECIES DIVERSITY 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.3 ng location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations feys. • • 1 t \ t \t N, f \ VY A. gyp;^<ke \\t:z\.ay�\i. ��\t;�\bar\\\\\\ r\a� • \nY;� ng location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations feys. 80 cc W O 60 U J Q or O 40 U Y y 1.2 ccW O W 0.8 U W CL Co < 0.4 0.0 10 Co 8 U W IL N 6 or 6 O U 4 U. O O 2 Z 0 • = SHALLOW ® AO -DEPTH B DEEP T 1 ■ tl IV TRANSECT STATION FIGURE 2. Histograms showing percent coral cover (top), coral species diversity (center), and number of coral species (bottom) on shallow, mid -depth, and deep transects at the four survey sites off of Kaupulehu Lot 4. Error bars represent standard error of coral cover. For transect site locations, see Figure 1. 0 • APPENDDI A-1 REEF CORAL TRANSBCI DATA SHEET TRANSBCT SITE: CAUPULEHU LOT 4 14EAN CORAL COVER 78.9 !< TRANSBCT ID A 1-60' STD. DEV. Sl'D. DEV. 13.3 8.7 21.4 DAT& 9/19/93 9/19/95 SPECS COUNT SPECIES COUNT SPECIES COUNT 4 8 SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.84E SPECIES DIVERSITY SPECIES 0.677 SPECIES QUADRAT SPECIES SPECIES QUADRAT 1 QUADRAT SPEC 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 10 TOTAL porilea lubata 41 72 67 78 86 61 63 41 41 28 576.0 Peru= eompwaaa 38 6 211 770.0 Pork" eonpmma 12 38 46 32 1910 Moutipsaa vmtuoem 72 21 3 I I 332.0 3 2 2 2 12.0 ►feelipom petwa 4 2 3 3 1 Momipom vem¢ean 3 7.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 79 81 88 79 89 65 75 81 89 63 789.0 Basalt 1 1 1.0 LO 0.0 Lbuu:rioan 12 16 12 17 11 31 25 16 9 29 178.0 Sand 1 57 72 86 57 9/ 8 2 2 3 6.0 Rubble 8 3 2 4 Saud 2 3 2 5 27.0 TRANSECT SITE: YAUPULEHU LOT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER 65.4 % TRANSECT ID !. 1-30' STD. DEV. STD. DEV. 13.3 21.4 9/19/93 DATE: 9/19/95 SPECS COUNT 7 SPECIES COUNT 8 SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.84E SPECIES SPBCMS DIVERSITY 1.071 QUADRAT SPECIES SPECIES 1 QUADRAT 3 4 5 6 7 1 SPBCBS IO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 IO TOTAL Pores lobam 21 2 26 14 46 2 3 41 M 31 770.0 Pork" eonpmma 61 87 18 22 22 72 21 6 11 12 332.0 podllopma memmirm 3 2 3 6 4 2 3 18.0 Momipom vem¢ean 3.0 2 3 3 1 9.0 Muodwma pmula pablbsa ubmeWom 1 1 1.0 LO Pavoan vuiur 25 4 7 34 43 28 14 13 2 177.0 Basalt 96 2.0 Pavom daeeimi 66 57 72 86 57 9/ 8 limt4t e 2 9 17.0 lepumee pmpuma 2 2 16.0 Saud 1 2 5.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 84 89 49 42 81 76 29 55 96 53 654.0 BMR 4 24 21 58 10 117.0 Lhoollan 12 11 27 37 19 24 13 37 4 26 210.0 Sand 8 12 2D.0 Rubble 0.0 TRANSBCT 5178 %AUPULEHU LOT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER 17.7 % TRANSBCT ID P. 1-15' STD. DEV. 13.3 DATE 9/19/93 SPECS COUNT 7 SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.84E SPECIES QUADRAT SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 9 IO TOTAL Poritsa lebata 21 4 32 36 24 6 10 3 136.0 PeeiBopsau meeedrid 2 1 3 1 2 4 4 5 1 23.0 Maulipms pabda 3 3.0 Momipma veneeoaa 2 3 2 7.0 Paver verity 3 3.0 LCrAMIlea PmPpuua 4 4.0 pablbsa ubmeWom 1 1.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 2 25 4 7 34 43 28 14 13 7 177.0 Basalt 96 75 14 93 66 57 72 86 57 9/ 807.0 limt4t e 2 12 2 16.0 Saud 0.0 Rubble 0.0 • • APPPNDDC A-1 REEF CORAL TRANSECT DATA SHEET TRANSECT SITE YAUPULEISU LOT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER MEAN CORAL COVER 77.4 % 65.8 x TRANSECT m P. 2-10' 2-30' L 9/19/93 SID. DEV. STD. DEV. 16.2 21.2 DATE 9/19/93 9/19193 SPECS COUNT SPECIES COUNT 4 a SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.674 SPECIE SPECIES DIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSE Y 0.692 0.812 SPECIES SPECIES SPECIE QUADRAT QUADRAT 3 SPECIES SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 TOTAL Pana loWm 46 41 M 38 13 6 41 21 34 14 299.0 poriw eampi 42 38 13 41 74 75 56 u 43 23 473.0 pwmopom nmbk m Poeilkpm memdrin 2 1 2 1 5 9.0 1.0 pavom vurl m Mao/lpm varuoom 2 2 2 2.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL u 79 S7 32 97 at 97 89 77 37 TWO Bumk Pav vuWo 14 3 1 32 17 2 2 0.0 Laelme I<pmWm Pmpmva 38 Is a is 3 11 23 35 149.0 and pa" m wmmulom 12 done 3 1 11 26.0 Rub6b 12 8 5 92 5 4 79 87 76 17 51.0 TRANSECT SITE IUUPULlM LOT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER STD. DEV. 65.8 x TRANSECT m t 2-30' L 9/19/93 STD. DEV. 21.2 DATE 9/19193 SPECIES COUNT a SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.674 SPECIE SPECIES DIVERSE Y 0.812 SPECIES SPECIE 1 QUADRAT 3 4 SPECIES 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 TOTAL Pailm I&A, 34 41 73 23 42 33 73 6t 31 22 440.0 PorBm eampm a 43 is is 31 46 12 2 14 2 192.0 Poeilkpm memdrin 2 1 2 1 5 9.0 2 10.0 Mao/lpm varuoom 2 2 3 5.0 Madipmn po6Jl 2 2 2 2.0 Pav vuWo 14 3 1 32 17 2 2 6 5.0 I<pmWm Pmpmva 86 97 73 69 a0 1 67 1.0 pa" m wmmulom 766.0 done 1 2 34 5 3.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 42 94 92 45 74 79 87 76 52 27 658.0 Bulk 3 0.0 a 22 23 42A limcda 34 16 8 35 26 21 13 24 26 36 239.0 Sind 4 4.0 Rdi61e 21 16 14 51.0 ISBCT m A 2-15' STD. DEV. 9.9 L 9/19/93 SPBCDS COUNT 5 SPECIES DIVERSITY 0.674 SPECIE QUADRAT SPECIE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 TOTAL 4 la6au 12 3 24 16 6 23 4 21 6 18 133.0 4 oompm 14 a 1 23.0 opom swan*= 2 1 2 1 3 9.0 pom pomlu 2 4 6.0 Pm vemmeu 2 3 2 7.0 D CORAL TOTAL 14 3 27 32 17 26 5 26 6 22 176.0 86 97 73 69 a0 40 90 67 87 79 766.0 done 3 34 5 7 7 56.0 0.0 a 0.0 . • • ' APPENDIX A-1 REEF CORAL TRANSECT DATA SIFT a TRANSECT S1T7i %AUPULEN IAT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER 90.7 S TRANSECT ID f 3fi0' L. 9/19/93 STD. DEV. 20.0 DATM 9/19/93 SPECIES COUNT 4 1.315 SPECIES SPECIES DTVEtSTTV QUADRAT 0.722 SPECIES SPECIES 1 2 QUADRAT 4 5 6 7 SPECIES 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 TOTAL Parkas lobe& 39 31 73 41 26 51 65 t 43 4 360.0 Parkes eomprere 47 62 21 46 56 29 23 78 42 I6 423.0 PaeiEapore masobisa 1 1 porn pa6da 5 1 1 6 3 2.0 Maoflpwa vemcaaa 2 33.0 2 1 14 3 3 2.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 67 94 94 89 83 79 a 86 6.5 22 107.0 Basalt 2 9.0 ■na pmpana 1 3 4 5 l 1 1 0.0 Ieryme 13 6 6 11 7 21 12 14 15 72 /77.0 Sand 38 71 43 76 76 32 38 37 32 6 6.0 Ru" 51 659.0 dace 13 21 16 3 25 0.0 TRANSECT SIT& IAUPULE U IAT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER 52.7 3X TRANSECT ID F. 3-30' L. 9/19/93 STD. DEV. 2D.1 DATE: 9/19M SPECIES COUNT 7 1.315 SPECIES SPECIES DIVERSITY QUADRAT 0.941 SPECIES SPECIES 1 2 QUADRAT 4 5 6 7 SPECIES 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t 9 10 TOTAL Parkes lobe& 32 65 36 14 61 26 24 26 21 46 353.0 Pmkm uopreeu 3 6 3 61 4 2 t 4 4 33 129.0 PmTllopme me.odrim 1 51.0 porn pa6da 5 24 1 6 3 10.0 ►ioolipon vmncor 2 33.0 2 1 14 3 3 5.0 Maalipma pe6da 2 27.0 r variana 12 2 12.0 Pevma varieee 2 9.0 ■na pmpana 1 3 4 5 l 1 1 17.0 Paly&m toberealoaa 1 1.0 D CORAL TOTAL 32 35 21 22 Z7 5 23 I.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 38 71 43 76 76 32 38 37 32 84 527.0 Bark 51 659.0 dace 13 21 16 3 25 37.0 Lkbc4wac 41 29 31 24 22 32 42 57 64 16 35VO Said 21 16.0 2D 2 15 4 6 4 72.0 Rabble 21 21A 6 6.0 TSBCI' ID t. 3-15' STD. DEV. 7.9 L. 9/19/93 SPECIES COUNT 7 SPECIES DIVERSITY 1.315 SPECIES QUADRAT SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t 9 10 TOTAL a lobe& 21 6 4 t 14 3 15 14 16 21 122.0 a aampew 3 3.0 opma maambroa 6 4 14 13 2 2 4 S 1 51.0 porn pa6da 5 24 2 2 33.0 Won vemcam 1 14 3 3 4 2 27.0 r variana 2 5 2 9.0 ■na pmpana 1 1.0 D CORAL TOTAL 32 35 21 22 Z7 5 23 26 30 21 249.0 t 55 65 79 62 70 A 77 67 63 51 659.0 dace 13 3 25 7 7 55.0 16 16.0 e 21 21A 0 • APPENDIX A-1 REEF CORAL TRANSECT DATA SEAT TRANSECT SITE BAUPULEHU IAT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER ME" CORAL COVER 69.2 77.6 % 4-30' TRANSECT ID A 4-60' L' 9/19/93 STD. DEV. STD. DEV. 14.1 22.9 9/19/93 DATE: 9/19/93 SPECS COUNT SPECIES COUNT 6 2 SPBCHM DIVERSITY 1.219 SPECIES SPBCM3 DIVPRSrrY SPECIES DIVE83II'Y SPS 0.621 SPECIES QUADRAT 1 QUADRAT 3 1 SPECIES 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 TOTAL PorRaa la6ala 14 20 5 1 40 62 4t 2 49 3 243.0 Porkm campwa 12 20 ao Is 42 L 38 95 43 90 533.0 QUAD CORAL TOTAL 26 40 as $6 82 90 36 97 91 93 776.0 Bmalt 24 1 1 Moetipaaa patuda 2.0 24.0 LMDeatmc 50 60 1s 14 Is 5 14 3 9 7 195.0 sad 2 3 1 9 2 s QUAD CORAL TOTAL AS 5.0 Rubble 76 74 33 49 58 51 AS Bank 0.0 TRANSECT SITE YAUPULEHU LOT 4 MEAN CORAL COVER 69.2 TRANSECT IDt 4-30' 14.6 L' 9/19/93 STD. DEV. 14.1 DATE 9/19/93 a SPECS COUNT 6 SPBCHM DIVERSITY 1.219 SPECIES SPBCM3 DIVPRSrrY 1.016 SPS QUADRAT QUADRAT 1 2 3 1 2 1 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 Petit" lobau 40 31 21 28 26 36 19 46 21 72 Par0aa campm 45 14 39 31 42 46 29 12 la 11 Poeillopma mea0bim Is 12 10 14 3 I 2 11 10 31 Ncotlpma vmmoom pm p60a 2 1 1 Moetipaaa patuda 2.0 pm vernceaa 17 1 2 a hvma varies 3 2 2 3 1 9 2 2 QUAD CORAL TOTAL AS 50 71 76 74 33 49 58 51 AS Bank 24 1 5.0 atrea occllim 24 45 L®amt a 15 26 29 24 26 17 51 19 4 IS Sad 39 29 62 32 31 34 361.0 t 71 45 340.0 295.0 26.0 2.0 17.0 12.0 692.0 94.0 224.0 0.0 0.0 ISBC[ ID L•: 4-15' STD. DEV. 14.6 L' 9/19/93 SPECS COUNT a SPBCHM DIVERSITY 1.219 SPECIES QUADRAT SPECIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 IO TOTAL a lo6au s 3 5 39 31 14 46 12 a 2 167.0 a eampretaa 12 12.0 opaa memdrim Is 12 3 14 6 12 14 11 20 31 141.0 pm p60a 1 1 2.0 pm vernceaa 1 2 a 1 12.0 a varum 2 a 1 9 1 1 21.0 4m papmea 1 1 1 2 5.0 atrea occllim 1 1.0 D CORAL TOTAL 29 36 9 60 39 29 62 32 31 34 361.0 t 71 45 91 40 61 70 26 69 69 66 607.0 done 19 1 12 32.0 0.0 e 0.0 9 • MARINE MONITORING, KAUPULEHU LOT 4, NORTH KONA, HAWAII WATER CHEMISTRY REPORT 1-94 0 • MARINE MONITORING, KAUPULEHU LOT 4, NORTH KONA, HAWAII WATER CHEMISTRY REPORT 1-94 Prepared for Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 by Marine Research Consultants 4467 Sierra Drive Honolulu, HI 96816 February 21, 1994 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Planning is underway for development of Lot 4 of the parcel owned by Kaupulehu Land Company (KLC), located in the North Kona District on the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. While the project plans have not yet been finalized, it is apparent that there will be resort development along the coastal region. While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the existing nature of the marine environment, it is nevertheless important to address any potential impacts that may be associated with the planned project. In order to evaluate the existing condition of the marine environment, as well as to assess the potential for impacts, a pre -construction baseline survey of the marine environment has been conducted. With respect to ocean water quality, two phases of sampling were included in the baseline; a summer sampling was conducted in August 1993, and a winter sampling was conducted in January 1994. The results of the August survey have been previously reported. Presented below are methods and results from the second increment of monitoring conducted in January 1994 offshore of the proposed Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site. METHODS Four locations fronting the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property were selected as sampling sites for the monitoring program. Site 1 lies at the northern end of the property; Sites 2 and 3 are approximately equally spaced between boundaries; Site 4 lies near the southern boundary at the juncture of the 1858 lava flow (see Figure 1). Water chemistry was evaluated along sampling transects at each site. Each transect was oriented perpendicular to the shoreline, and extended from the highest wash of waves across the intertidal and nearshore reef platform out to the open ocean, a distance of approximately 100 meters (m). Water samples were collected at six stations along each transect. Such sampling was intended to span the greatest range of salinity with respect to freshwater efflux at the shoreline. Sampling was more concentrated in the nearshore zone as this area is most likely to show the effects of shoreline modification. At each station a surface sample was collected within approximately 10 centimeters (cm) of the surface. With the exception of the stations located 0.1 and 2 m from the shoreline, a bottom sample was collected within 1 m of the sea floor. Surface water samples were collected by opening triple -rinsed, Miter polyethylene bottles near the air-sea interface. Bottom samples were collected either by divers opening 1 - liter bottles, or by using a 1.8 -liter Niskin-type oceanographic sampling bottle. These bottles were lowered to the desired depth in an open position, where spring-loaded endcaps were triggered to close by a messenger released from the surface. Subsamples for nutrient analyses Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page I Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 • • from both surface and deep samples were immediately placed in 125 -milliliter (ml) acid - washed, triple rinsed, polyethylene bottles and stored on ice until returned to Honolulu. Water quality constituents that were measured included the specific criteria designated for open coastal waters in Chapter 11-54, Section 06 (Open Coastal waters) of the State of Hawaii, Department of Health (DOH) Water Quality Standards. These criteria include: total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), nitrate + nitrite nitrogen (NO; + NOZ , hereafter referred to as NO,-), ammonium (NH 4')' total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), chlorophyll a (Ch1 a), turbidity, temperature, pH and salinity. In addition, orthophosphate phosphorus (PO 43) and silica (Si) are also reported because these parameters are sensitive indicators of biological activity and the degree of groundwater mixing, respectively. Analyses for NH4+, PO43 and NO3 + NO 2- were performed with a Technicon autoanalyzer using standard methods for seawater analysis (Strickland and Parsons 1968, Grasshoff 1983). Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were analyzed in a similar fashion following oxidative digestion. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were calculated as the difference between TDN and dissolved inorganic N, and TDP and dissolved inorganic P, respectively. The level of detection for the dissolved nutrients is 0.2 µM for TDN and Si, 0.02 µM for TDP, NO; and NH4+, and 0.01 µM for P043- Water for other analyses was subsampled from 1 -liter polyethylene bottles and kept chilled until analysis. Turbidity was determined on 60-m1 subsamples fixed with HgClz to terminate biological activity. Fixed samples were kept refrigerated until turbidity was measured on a Monitek Model 21 nephelometer, and reported in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Chi g was measured by filtering 300 ml of water through sub -micron glass -fiber filters (GF/F); pigments on filters were extracted in 90% acetone in the dark at -5° C for 12-24 hours, and the fluorescence before and after acidification of the extract was measured with a Turner Designs fluorometer. Salinity was determined using an AGE Model 2100 laboratory salinometer with a precision of 0.0003'/oo. In-situ field measurements included water temperature using a hand-held mercury thermometer with readability of 0.1° C. Continuous vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, depth and density were acquired using an Ocean Sensors Model 100 CTD. Nutrient, turbidity and salinity analyses were conducted by Marine Analytical Specialists (Honolulu, HI), while Chi a analyses were conducted by OI Consultants, Inc. (Waimanalo, HI). Both laboratories possess the required approval ratings for the analyses. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 2 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 RESULTS OF WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS Environmental Conditions The winter pre -construction baseline monitoring survey was conducted on January 16, 1994. Environmental conditions were sunny with light tradewinds (approximately 10 kt). Moderate rainfall occurred during the night previous to sampling, and was the first instance of any rainfall to the area in over five months. Ocean conditions consisted of a large NW swell (5-6 ft); sampling was conducted during ebb tide. Over the course of sampling, the tidal level fell from 1.5 feet to approximately 1.1 feet above mean low water. Northwest swells that occurred during the sampling are typical for the winter months. Horizontal and Vertical Stratification Tables 1 and 2 show the results of all water chemistry analyses for samples collected off Kaupulehu Lot 4 on January 16, 1994. Table 1 shows dissolved nutrient concentrations in micromolar (,uM) units, while Table 2 shows concentrations in units of micrograms per liter (µg/L). The concentrations of eight dissolved nutrient constituents in surface and deep samples are plotted as functions of distance from the shoreline in Figure 2. Values of salinity, turbidity, Ch1 g and temperature as functions of distance from shore are shown in Figure 3. At Site 3, the concentrations of several nutrients (Si, NO3-, PO43-, TDP and TDN) were elevated in surface samples collected from the stations within 10 in of the shoreline (Table 1, Figure 2). Salinity exhibits the opposite trend with sharply decreased values within 10 in of the shoreline (Figure 3). Beyond 10 in, the concentrations of dissolved nutrients continued to decline and salinity continued to increase with increasing distance offshore, but at a more gradual rate than in the nearshore area. During the January 1994 survey, no gradients in Si, NO3-, PO 3-, were observed at Sites 1, 2 or 4. . The peak values of Si, NO3 , PO43_, TDN and TDP in combination with low salinity in the nearshore zone off Site 3 suggest input of groundwater at the shoreline. Groundwater normally contains high concentrations of these nutrients and low salinity (see values for well water in Tables 1 and 2). It is also apparent in Figures 2 and 3 that groundwater entering the ocean near the shoreline is rapidly mixed to near background oceanic levels within 50 in of the shoreline. Mixing of ocean water and groundwater by turbulent forces associated with waves, winds and currents effectively homogenizes the water column beyond approximately 50 in from the shoreline. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 3 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 Dissolved nutrients not present in high concentrations in groundwater relative to ocean water (NH 4+, DON and DOP) do not show the same distinctive patterns with respect to distance from the shoreline. Concentrations of NH4+ fluctuated within 10 in of the shoreline at all sites, but the overall variation among all the stations at any one site was no greater than 0.18 µM (Tables 1 and 2, Figure 1). Concentrations of DOP and DON remained relatively constant across all transects and was of the same magnitude at all four sites. Turbidity measurements were slightly higher in the samples collected from Site 3 compared to the other three sites (Figure 3). In general, turbidity showed no changes with distance from the shoreline during January 1994. Concentrations of Ch1 a were highest in samples collected at the shoreline from Sites 1 and 3. Beyond the shoreline, concentrations of Ch1 a showed no distinct patterns with distance offshore, and were equal in magnitude among the four sites (Figure 3). Temperature measurements vaned by only 0.4°C among the four sites during January 1994, and showed no horizontal gradient (Figure 3). Figures 2 and 3 also show patterns of water chemistry measurements from deep samples collected at stations beyond 2 in of the shoreline. As a result of lower density groundwater entering the ocean, a surface layer characterized by high nutrient concentrations and low salinity often forms in areas of relatively calm nearshore water in west Hawaii. This surface lens extends seaward until mixed to background oceanic levels by turbulent processes, primarily wave and wind action. Deep water samples collected offshore of Site 3 during January 1994 had slightly lower concentrations of Si and NO3 , and higher salinity than surface samples. The vertical gradient was evident out to a distance beyond 50 in from the shoreline at this site. There were no apparent vertical gradients in the other dissolved nutrients (PO43-, TDN, and TDP) at Site 3. Sites 1, 2 and 4 showed no vertical gradients in any of the dissolved nutrients, turbidity, Ch1 a or temperature during the January 1994 survey. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show continuous vertical profiles of salinity, temperature and sigma - t (density) recorded during the January 1994 survey. The consistent vertical profiles confirm the lack of any distinct vertical gradients in the water column during this survey. Temporal Comparison of Monitoring Results Figures 7-14 show surface water concentrations of various chemical constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline for both of the monitoring surveys conducted to date Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 4 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 • 0 (August 1993 and January 1994). The concentrations of Si, N0; , and P043- at nearly all stations across each transect and at all four sites were higher during August 1993 as compared to January 1994 (Figures 7, 9, 11 and 13). Similarly, salinity was lower during August 1993 compared to the results of January 1994 (Figures 8, 10, 12 and 14). With respect to groundwater efflux near the shoreline at Site 3, horizontal gradients in groundwater nutrients and salinity tended to he steeper during August, while January results showed more gradual changes with distance offshore. Horizontal gradients in groundwater nutrients and salinity at Sites 1, 2 and 4 were evident only during the August 1993 survey. With a few exceptions, dissolved nutrients generally not associated with groundwater efflux (NH4', DOP, and DON) showed no distinct differences between the two surveys at any of the sites (Figures 7, 9, 11 and 13). At Site 1, the concentrations of DOP and DON were higher during August 1993 compared to January 1994 (Figure 7). At Site 3, concentrations of DON were also highest during August 1993 while the concentrations of DOP showed no differences between the two survey dates (Figure 11). At all four sites, turbidity and Chi g were lower during August 1993 compared to the results from January 1994 (Figures 8, 10, 12 and 14). A seasonal variation in temperature was evident with lower temperatures during January compared to August (Figures 8, 10, 12 and 14). At all four sites, temperatures were approximately 3°C lower during January than August. Conservative Mixing Analysis A useful treatment of water chemistry data for interpreting the extent of material inputs from land is application of a hydrographic mixing model. In the simplest form, such a model consists of plotting the concentration of a dissolved chemical species as a function of salinity. It is possible to evaluate the extent of nutrient input from sources other than groundwater efflux by plotting the concentration of the dissolved material as a function of salinity (Officer 1979, Smith and Atkinson 1992, Dollar and Atkinson 1992). Comparison of the curves produced by such plots with conservative mixing lines provides an indication of the origin and fate of the material in question. Figure 15 shows plots of concentrations of four constituents (Si, NO3-, NH4+, P043-) as functions of salinity for the samples collected offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project site in January 1994, while Figure 16 shows similar plots for both the August 1993 and January 1994 data. Each graph also shows conservative mixing lines that were constructed by connecting the endmember concentrations of open ocean water and groundwater from a well that is used as a water source for the Kona Village Resort. The well is located upslope of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (see Table 1 for well water nutrient concentrations and salinity). If the nutrient constituent in question displays purely conservative behavior (no input or removal resulting from any process other than physical mixing), data points should fall on, or Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 5 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 • • near, the conservative mixing line. If, however, external material is added to the system through processes such as leaching of fertilizer nutrients to groundwater, data points will fall above the mixing line. If material is being removed from the system by processes such as biological uptake, data points will fall below the mixing line. Dissolved Si represents a check on the model as this material is present in high concentration in groundwater, but is not a major component of fertilizer, and is not utilized rapidly within the nearshore environment by biological processes. Data points for Si from all four sites in January fall in a straight line on, or very near the conservative mixing line (Figure 15). When both summer and winter data are plotted, it can be seen that each array of data points falls on the respective mixing line in a linear distribution (Figure 16). The good linear relationship indicates that the mixing model provides a valid representation of the system under investigation. The plots of NO3 versus salinity for both the August 1993 and January 1994 surveys show patterns similar to that for dissolved Si (Figures 15 and 16). Data points from all four sites fall very close to the conservative mixing lines for each survey indicating that there appears to be no input of NO; to the nearshore ocean environment from sources other than unaltered groundwater. Thus, there is no indication that human activities on land are causing any alteration to the concentrations of NO3 in groundwater. The distribution of the other form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, NH4*, shows no overall inverse relationship with respect to concentration and salinity for the either the August or January surveys (Figures 15 and 16). Many of the highest concentrations are from samples with high salinity values. In addition, the conservative mixing line is essentially "flat" with similar concentrations in groundwater and open ocean water. These factors indicate that this material is not added to the ocean off the Kaupulehu Lot 4 site via input from land" As most of the measured NH4* concentrations fall above the mixing line, it appears that there is a natural input of this form of nitrogen from biological processes within the nearshore area. PO 3- is also a major component of fertilizer but is usually not found to leach to groundwater to the extent of NO3, owing to a high absorptive affinity of phosphorus in soils. During the January 1994 survey, data points for P043- from Sites 1 and 4 fall close to the mixing line, while data points for Sites 2 and 3 are substantially above the mixing line (Figure 15). Such results indicate that there appears to be some factors responsible for different concentrations of P043" at Sites 2 and 3 relative to Sites 1 and 4. Future surveys should provide clues as the reasons for the apparent differences in distribution of P043" data. Examination of the plots of PO43- in August 1993 reveals a more linear relationship with respect to salinity. Thus, even though the data points from the January survey deviate from the conservative Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 6 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 0 • mixing line, the concentrations are below many of the data points from the August survey, when data points were close to the conservative mixing lines. Compliance with DOH Standards DOH standards include specific criteria that are not to be exceeded during either 10% or 2% of the time, or as the geometric mean of the sampling set. With only two samples collected to date from each sampling station, comparison of the 10% or 2% criteria or the geometric mean criteria for any sampling station are not statistically meaningful. However, comparing sample concentrations to these criteria provide an indication of whether water quality is near the stated specific criteria. Tables I and 2 lists samples that exceed DOH water quality standards for open coastal waters under "wet" conditions. The criteria for wet conditions are applied to the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project area because this area probably receives at least 3 million gallons of groundwater input per mile per day. During the January 1994 monitoring survey, only one sample from the Kaupulehu Lot 4 samples exceeded the DOH 10% criteria. This sample was from surface water at the shoreline of Site 3, where groundwater input was detected. As described in the sections above, NO3 is a natural component of groundwater. In areas that receive substantial input of groundwater there is typically a zone of mixing near the shoreline where NO; concentrations may consistently exceed DOH criteria as long as salinity remains low. Thus it appears that natural processes can result in water quality that exceeds specified DOH limits. t 1. The winter phase of water chemistry monitoring of the nearshore ocean offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project area was carried out on January 16, 1994. Forty water samples were collected along four transects running from the shoreline to the open ocean. Sampling transects were spaced along the length of the development parcel. Samples were analyzed for chemical criteria specified by DOH water quality standards. 2. Groundwater mixing with ocean water in the nearshore area was apparent during the January 1994 survey only at Site 3. Water chemistry constituents that are found in high concentration in groundwater (Si, NO3 , and P043-) were substantially elevated in samples collected within 50 m of the shoreline at this site. Beyond approximately 50 m from the shoreline, mixing of groundwater and ocean water was sufficient to dilute all groundwater nutrients to near background oceanic concentrations. Kaupulehu Lot 4 Page 7 Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 3. A buoyant surface lens consisting of elevated groundwater nutrients and decreased salinity was apparent within the sampling regime out to a distance of 50 m from the shoreline at Site 3. No such lens was evident at the other sampling sites. 4. Water chemistry constituents that do not occur in high concentrations in groundwater (NH 4+, DOP and DON) did not display any distinct trends. Other water chemistry parameters, turbidity, Ch1 a, and temperature also showed no distinct patterns. In general, the concentrations of these constituents showed no patterns with respect to distance from the shoreline or vertical gradients. 5. Comparing patterns of marine water chemistry constituents between the summer (August) and winter (January) samplings indicates substantially more mixing of the entire water column during the winter. Calm conditions (mainly from lack of long -period swells and breaking surf) that occurred during the summer resulted in substantially greater horizontal and vertical gradients of chemical materials that enter the ocean at the shoreline through groundwater efflux. 6. Scaling nutrient concentrations to salinity indicates that there is presently no external input, of NO3 or PO43" to the marine environment. Mixing analyses indicate that NH4+ is not being added to nearshore waters from activities on land. 7. Comparing measurements of water chemistry parameters to DOH standards reveals that NO3 exceeded specified criteria during January 1994 in only one instance. It is evident that natural inputs of groundwater can result in concentrations exceeding DOH limits since most of the concentrations above specific criteria occur at stations located near the shoreline where substantial groundwater input occurs. Kaupulehu Lot 4 page g Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring January 1994 C: • 0 CITED Dollar, S. J. and M. J. Atkinson. 1992. Effects of nutrient subsidies from groundwater to nearshore marine ecosystems off the Island of Hawaii. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 35. In press. Grasshoff, K. 1983. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 419 pp. Officer, C. B. 1979. Discussion of the behavior of nonconservative dissolved constituents in estuaries. Est. Coast. Mar. Sci. 9:569-576. Smith, S. V. and M. J. Atkinson. Mass balance analysis of C, N, and P fluxes in coastal water bodies, including lagoons. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. In press. Strickland J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of sea -water analysis. Fisheries Research Bd. of Canada, Bull. 167. 311 p. Kaupulehu Lot 4 r Marine Water Chemistry Monitoring ` January 1994 Page 9 TABLE 1 . Water chemistry measurements off Kaupulehu 4 lands collected January 16, 1994. Abbreviations as follows: S=surface; D=deep; DFS=distance from shore. Shaded value exceeds DOH criteria for open coastal waters under "wet" conditions. Well data from freshwater well near the KL4 area collected in March 1991. For sampling site locations, see Figure 1. DFS PO4 NO3 NH4 Si DOP DON TDP TON TURB SALINITY CHL a TEMP SITE NO. (m) (pM) (uM) (uM) (uM) (uM) (uM) (YM) (uMl (NTU) (o/ool (ug/L) (deg.0 KL4-1 1S 0.1 0.13 0.22 0.08 2.71 0.18 5.17 0.31 5.47 0.19 34.827 0.35 24.8 2S 2 0.12 0.19 0.05 2.66 0.19 5.33 0.31 5.57 0.22 34.828 0.41 24.8 3S 5 0.11 0.16 0.05 2.47 0.20 5.48 0.31 5.69 0.20 34.836 0.23 24.8 3D 5 0.10 0.17 0.06 2.66 0.19 5.62 0.29 5.85 0.23 34.834 0.26 24.7 4S 10 0.16 0.21 0.13 2.40 0.16 5.68 0.32 6.02 0.21 34.845 0.24 24.8 40 10 0.11 0.20 0.13 3.06 0.17 5.82 0.28 6.15 0.20 34.825 0.22 24.8 5S 50 0.11 0.21 0.09 2.53 0.18 5.76 0.29 6.06 0.24 34.835 0.19 24.8 5D 50 0.12 0.18 0.10 2.73 0.17 5.61 0.29 5.89 0.17 34.835 0.17 24.8 6S 100 0.13 0.15 0.11 2.88 0.14 5.50 0.27 5.76 0.19 34.833 0.20 24.8 6D 100 0.12 0.02 0.10 1.72 0.15 5.48 0.27 5.60 0.16 34.859 0.17 24.8 KL4-2 is 0.1 0.16 0.28 0.12 3.38 0.16 5.47 0.32 5.87 0.21 34.820 0.20 24.9 2S 2 0.14 0.30 0.09 4.03 0.18 5.63 0.32 6.02 0.27 34.812 0.22 24.8 3S 5 0.12 0.20 0.10 6.27 0.18 5.87 0.30 6.17 0.22 34.835 0.20 24.9 3D 5 0.12 0.22 0.13 3.06 0.17 5.85 0.29 6.20 0.26 34.839 0.20 24.9 4S 10 0.14 0.21 0.15 2.83 0.16 5.76 0.30 6.12 0.22 34.844 0.19 24.9 4D 10 0.15 0.17 0.13 2.80 0.14 5.71 0.29 6.01 0.17 34.847 0.19 24.9 5S 50 0.19 0.20 0.19 3.15 0.14 5.58 0.33 5.97 0.20 34.860 0.18 24.9 5D 50 0.17 0.18 0.21 2.74 0.15 5.49 0.32 5.88 0.20 34.865 0.18 24.9 6S 100 0.17 0.10 0.14 2.82 0.16 5.49 0.33 5.73 0.18 34.867 0.19 24.8 6D 100 0.25 0.18 0.22 3.90 0.17 5.19 0.42 5.59 0.20 34.835 0.22 24.9 KL4-3 is 0.1 0.37 1.15 0.17 13.91 0.18 5.10 0.55 6.42 0.32 34.646 0.33 24.7 2S 2 0.16 0.94 0.20 9.76 0.16 5.19 0.32 6.33 0.31 34.703 0.32 24.9 3S 5 0.21 0.68 0.20 8.08 0.14 5.30 0.35 6.18 0.30 34.746 0.31 24.8 3D 5 0.17 0.63 0.17 7.66 0.13 5.46 0.30 6.26 0.32 34.753 0.35 24.7 4S 10 0.15 0.68 0.25 6.85 0.14 5.72 0.29 6.65 0.29 34.775 0.28 24.8 4D 10 0.26 0.52 0.31 5.50 0.16 5.86 0.42 6.69 0.23 34.810 0.26 24.9 5S 50 0.20 0.45 0.23 6.25 0.17 5.92 0.37 6.60 0.29 34.804 0.23 24.9 5D 50 0.19 0.19 0.27 3.20 0.18 5.83 0.37 6.29 0.21 34.883 0.24 24.9 6S 100 0.19 0.11 0.21 2.78 0.19 5.63 0.38 6.15 0.19 34.886 0.26 25.0 6D 100 0.14 0.09 0.32 2.10 0.18 5.26 0.32 5.67 0.17 34.911 0.23 24.9 KI -4-4 1S 0.1 0.11 0.22 0.15 3.65 0.17 5.61 0.28 5.98 0.22 34.842 0.24 24.8 2S 2 0.16 0.26 0.23 4.11 0.14 5.69 0.30 6.18 0.23 34.836 0.26 24.9 3S 5 0.13 0.17 0.26 3.14 0.12 5.82 0.25 6.25 0.26 34.868 0.29 24.9 3D 5 0.12 0.14 0.22 3.19 0.13 5.91 0.25 6.27 0.25 34.664 0.27 24.8 4S 10 0.11 0.22 0.20 3.33 0.15 5.86 0.26 6.28 0.22 34.867 0.25 24.9 4D 10 0.09 0.20 0.18 3.46 0.17 5.81 0.26 6.19 0.24 34.872 0.24 24.9 5S 50 0.09 0.34 0.30 4.17 0.17 5.62 0.26 6.26 0.27 34.850 0.25 24.9 5D 50 0.11 0.15 0.18 3.24 0.16 5.66 0.27 5.99 0.20 34.883 0.24 25.0 6S 100 0.08 0.09 0.26 2.51 0.15 5.50 0.23 5.85 0.18 34.894 0.30 25.1 6D 100 0.08 0.07 0.13 2.54 0.13 5.58 0.21 5.78 0.20 34.896 0.29 24.9 WELL 5.26 140.40 0.21 1014 - - - - - 1.467 0.09 - DOH WATER QUALITY STANDARDS NOT TO EXCEED 10% 1.00 0.61 1.29 17.86 1.25 0.90 NOT TO EXCEED 2% 1.78 1.07 1.93 25.00 2.00 1.75 6; • 0 ITABLE 2. Water chemistry measurements lin ug/L) off Kaupulehu 4 lands collected January 16, 1994. Abbreviations as follows: S=surface; D=deep; DFS=distance from shore. Shaded value exceeds DOH criteria for open coastal waters under "wet" conditions. Well data from freshwater well near the KI -4 area collected in March 1991. For sampling site locations, see Figure 1. DFS PO4 NO3 NH4 Si DOP DON TDP TON TURK SALINITY CHL a TEMP SITE NO. (m) WOW (ug/L) (ag/L) (ug/L) (/jg/L) (ug/L) (ug/L) (/jg/L) (NTU) (o/oo) Wg/L) (deg.C) KL4-1 is 0.1 4.03 3.08 1.12 76.2 5.58 72.38 9.61 76.6 0.19 34.827 0.35 24.8 2S 2 3.72 2.66 0.70 74.7 5.89 74.62 9.61 78.0 0.22 34.828 0.41 24.8 3S 5 3.41 2.24 0.70 69.4 6.20 76.72 9.61 79.7 0.20 34.836 0.23 24.8 3D 5 3.10 2.38 0.84 74.7 5.89 78.68 8.99 81.9 0.23 34.834 0.26 24.7 4S 10 4.96 2.94 1.82 67.4 4.96 79.52 9.92 84.3 0.21 34.845 0.24 24.8 4D 10 3.41 2.80 ' 1.82 86.0 5.27 81.48 8.68 86.1 0.20 34.825 0.22 24.8 5S 50 3.41 2.94 1.26 71.1 5.58 80.64 8.99 84.8 0.24 34.835 0.19 24.8 5D 50 3.72 2.52 1.40 76.7 5.27 78.54 8.99 82.5 0.17 34.835 0.17 24.8 6S 100 4.03 2.10 1.54 80.9 4.34 77.00 8.37 80.6 0.19 34.833 0.20 24.8 6D 100 3.72 0.28 1.40 48.3 4.65 76.72 8.37 78.4 0.16 34.859 0.17 24.8 KI -4-2 is 0.1 4.96 3.92 1.68 95.0 4.96 76.58 9.92 82.2 0.21 34.820 0.20 24.9 2S 2 4.34 4.20 1.26 113.2 5.58 78.82 9.92 84.3 0.27 34.812 0.22 24.8 3S 5 3.72 2.80 1.40 176.2 5.58 82.18 9.30 86.4 0.22 34.835 0.20 24.9 3D 5 3.72 3.08 1.82 86.0 5.27 81.90 8.99 86.8 0.26 34.839 0.20 24.9 4S 10 4.34 2.94 2.10 79.5 4.96 80.64 9.30 85.7 0.22 34.844 0.19 24.9 4D 10 4.65 2.38 1.82 78.7 4.34 79.94 8.99 84.1 0.17 34.847 0.19 24.9 5S 50 5.89 2.80 2.66 88.5 4.34 78.12 10.23 83.6 0.20 34.860 0.18 24.9 5D 50 5.27 2.52 2.94 77.0 4.65 76.86 9.92 82.3 0.20 34.865 0.18 24.9 6S 100 5.27 1.40 1.96 79.2 4.96 76.86 10.23 80.2 0.18 34.867 0.19 24.8 6D 100 7.75 2.52 3.08 109.6 5.27 72.66 13.02 78.3 0.20 34.835 0.22 24.9 KI -4-3 1S 0.1 11.47 1610 2.38 390.9 5.58 71.40 17.05 89.9 0.32 34.646 0.33 24.7 2S 2 4.96 13.16 2.80 274.3 4.96 72.66 9.92 88.6 0.31 34.703 0.32 24.9 3S 5 6.51 9.52 2.80 227.0 4.34 74.20 10.85 86.5 0.30 34.746 0.31 24.8 3D 5 5.27 8.82 2.38 215.2 4.03 76.44 9.30 87.6 0.32 34.753 0.35 24.7 4S 10 4.65 9.52 3.50 192.5 4.34 80.08 8.99 93.1 0.29 34.775 0.28 24.8 4D 10 8.06 7.28 4.34 154.6 4.96 82.04 13.02 93.7 0.23 34.810 0.26 24.9 5S 50 6.20 6.30 3.22 175.6 5.27 82.88 11.47 92.4 0.29 34.804 0.23 24.9 5D 50 5.89 2.66 3.78 89.9 5.58 81.62 11.47 88.1 0.21 34.883 0.24 24.9 6S 100 5.89 1.54 2.94 78.1 5.89 81.62 11.78 86.1 0.19 34.886 0.26 25.0 6D 100 4.34 1.26 4.48 59.0 5.58 73.64 9.92 79.4 0.17 34.911 0.23 24.9 KI -4-4 is 0.1 3.41 3.08 2.10 102.6 5.27 78.54 8.68 83.7 0.22 34.842 0.24 24.8 2S 2 4.96 3.64 3.22 115.5 4.34 79.69 9.29 86.6 0.23 34.836 0.26 24.9 3S 5 4.03 2.38 3.64 88.2 3.72 81.48 7.75 87.5 0.26 34.868 0.29 24.9 3D 5 3.72 1.96 3.08 89.6 4.03 82.74 7.75 87.8 0.25 34.864 0.27 24.8 4S 10 3.41 3.08 2.80 93.6 4.65 82.04 8.06 87.9 0.22 34.867 0.25 24.9 4D 10 2.79 2.80 2.52 97.2 5.27 81.34 8.06 86.7 0.24 34.872 0.24 24.9 5S 50 2.79 4.76 4.20 117.2 5.27 78.68 8.06 87.6 0.27 34.850 0.25 24.9 5D 50 3.41 2.10 2.52 91.0 4.96 79.24 8.37 83.9 0.20 34.883 0.24 25.0 6S 100 2.48 1.26 3.64 70.5 4.65 77.00 7.13 81.9 0.18 34.894 0.30 25.1 6D 100 2.48 0.98 1.82 71.4 4.03 78.12 6.51 80.9 0.20 34.896 0.29 24.9 WELL 163.06 1966 2.94 28493 - - - - - 1.467 0.09 - DOH WATER QUALITY STANDARDS NOT TO EXCEED 10% 14.00 8.50 40.00 250.0 1.25 0.90 NOT TO EXCEED 2% 25.00 15.00 60.00 350.0 2.00 1.75 FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations for water chemistry baseline sampling. • • , a \\\ , f\\a \�aC\ , i \ A • \ \ , �\\ \ as \ \ IN \ . 4-1 FIGURE 1. Map showing location of Kaupulehu Lot 4 property (shaded) and transect site locations for water chemistry baseline sampling. 20 15 3 10 ill 5 0.5 _ 0.4 0.3 a 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 N Ste 1-S Pe Site 1-0 H Site 2-S !3-0 Site 2-0 1 s" 3-5 G -A Site 3-D H Ste 4-S O -O Sle 4-D 0 20 40 60 60 100 -r- 20 20 0.6 0.5 CL 0 0.4 Ld JO 0.3 1n 0 0.2 D 0.1 0 0.0 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 7 0 1.5 1.2 Y 0.9 OM 0.6 z 0.3 0.0 r,n 8 6 4 z O O 2 —8 z 6 0 J 4 O N 2 J 0 O 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 2. Plots of dissolved nutrient constituents collected from surface (S) and deep (D) samples off the Kaupulehu 4 project area in January 1994 as functions of distance from shore on sampling transects shown in Figure 1. 35.0 0 34.8 0 34.6 Z 34.4 J a rn 34.2 34.0 11361 O -O Site 4-D N Site 4-S 6-G Site 3-D k-► Site 3-S 13-0 Site 2-D H Site 2-S O-0 Site 1-D all MN DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 0.5 0.0 25.4 0 25.2 24.6 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) II FIGURE 3. Plots of water chemistry constituents collected from surface (S) and deep (D) samples off the Kaupulehu 4 project area in January 1994 as functions of distance from shore on sampling transects shown in Figure 1. 0 1 2 3 m 4 v -4 s 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 0 M 4 v � 5 x 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 SALINITY (%.) 34.0 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35.0 SITE 1 SALINITY (%.) 34.0 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35.0 SITE 3 0 M V x 3 E SALINITY SALINITY (%.) 34.0 34.2 34A 34.6 a 1 2- SITE 2 3 4- 5- 567891213 6- 7- a- 9- 12- 13- 14 14— 15 is-- SALINITY (%.) 34.0 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35.0 0 1 2- 3 SITE 4 4- 5- a- 7- 9- 12- 13- 14— FIGURE 88791213 14 FIGURE 4. Continuous vertical profiles of salinity from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on January 16, 1994. For site locations, see Figure 1. TEMPERATURE (aC) 1 1 1 1 1 I --M— room t t som t tam c LY.V LY.f LY.Y TEMPERATURE (°C) 0- 24.0 24.2 24A 24.6 24.8 0— 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 2- 2s 0— I 3— SITE 1 M 4 2- SITE 3 2 5 � 4 = 3 6 v M 5 3 6- 8 3 7- 7891011 0 1 1 1 1 1 I --M— room t t som t tam c 0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 24.0 24.2 24A 24.6 24.8 0— 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 0— I I 2- SITE 3 s SITE 2 v m� 4 = 5 v M 5 3 6- 3 7- 7891011 8- 9- 10- 11 12- 21s 13- 14 14 14 14 t 10m 15 t ,om 0 TEMPERATURE (aC) 24.0 24.2 24A 24.6 24.8 25.0 0 1 s SITE 4 v m 4 = 5 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 17 14 1S FIGURE 5. Continuous vertical profiles of temperature from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on January 16, 1994. For site locations, see Figure 1. • TEMPERATURE ('C) 24.0 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 0— I 2- SITE 2 3— M 4 v M 5 Z 3 6- 7— 7881011 a- 9- 10- 11 12- 217 13- 14 14 t ,om 15 TEMPERATURE (aC) 24.0 24.2 24A 24.6 24.8 25.0 0 1 s SITE 4 v m 4 = 5 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 17 14 1S FIGURE 5. Continuous vertical profiles of temperature from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on January 16, 1994. For site locations, see Figure 1. 0 0 1 2 3 O m 4 v 2 3 6 _ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SIGMA -t 23.0 23.2 23A 23.6 23.8 24.0 SITE 3 E 23.0 0 1 SIGMA -t 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 SIGMA4 2- 23.0 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 0- SITE 2 0 1 rn 4 2- O M SITE 1 2 5- 3- 3SITE V rn 4 7- 791011 x � S x 3 6 11 12 8 13 9 10 14_ 11 15 12 14 1314 t a� f- eom 15 15 0 1 2 3 O m 4 v 2 3 6 _ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SIGMA -t 23.0 23.2 23A 23.6 23.8 24.0 SITE 3 E 23.0 0 1 SIGMA -t 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24.0 2- 3 SITE 2 0 SITE 4 rn 4 O M 2 5- V 3 6- 7- 791011 x 9- 10- 11 12 13 t som 14_ 15 SIGMA4 23.2 23A 23.6 23.8 24.0 FIGURE 6. Continuous vertical profiles of sigma -t from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on January 16, 1994. For site locations, see Figure 1. 0- 2- 23 SITE 4 3 O 4 V 5- x 6- 67a912 7- 8- 9- 12 13 14 15 FIGURE 6. Continuous vertical profiles of sigma -t from sampling stations 10 to 100 m from shore at each of four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area collected on January 16, 1994. For site locations, see Figure 1. 100 80 60 s 3 40 20 SITE 1 N AUG 93 " JAN 9{ 1.0 0.8 0.6 S o_ 0 0.4 0.2 00 20 15 3 1 10 n 0 2 5 .. 0 0.5 0.4 Y 0.3 a S 0.2 2 0.1 00 10 e x6 Z O 4 2 0 20 60 80 100 FIGURE 7. Plots of surface water dissolved nutrients as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 1 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 1, see Figure 1. 0 0 0 21 SITE • a O -O JAN 94 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURES. Plots of surface water chemistry constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 1 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 1, see Figure 1. IW 80 so N 40 20 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 a 0 0.4 0.2 0.0 a • SITE 2 N AUG 93 0-0 JAN 94 20 0 0.5 0.4 Y 0.3 Z 0.2 Z 0 0 0.1 I FIGURE 9. Plots of surface water dissolved nutrients as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 2 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 2, see Figure 1. 35 34 0 0 0 } 33 CZ M 31 0.5 0.4 pJ J 0.3 3 0.1 0.0 SITE 2 • a 0-0 AN 94 N AUG 93 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 0.5 0.4 a 0.1 0.0 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 10. Plots of surface water chemistry constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 2 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 2 see Figure 1. 6 • 1 S y SITE 3 1.0 0.6 0.5 I n 0* 0.4 a 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.6 j 0.6 i a $ 0.4 0.2 nn H AUG 93 O-0 JAN 94 20 0 1v e 6 4- 2- v 0 0 20 40 60 10 100 FIGURE 1 1 . Plots of surface water dissolved nutrients as functions of.distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 3 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 3, see Figure 1. 35 34 0 0 0 33 2 `J N 32 31 SITE 3 • a PO JAN 24 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) 27.5 27.0 o_ 26.5 W C 26.0 w 6 � 25.5 25.0 24.5 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 12. Plots of surface water chemistry constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 3 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 3, see Figure 1. too e0 60 J N 40 20 1.0 0.6 0.6 1 M p 0.4 M 0.2 0.0 0.2 n n 6 • 2 H AUG 93 O -O JAN 94 SITE 4 , I � M O Z —r 100 S 0 0 FIGURE 13. Plots of surface water dissolved nutrients as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 4 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 4, see Figure 1. 0 0 0 4 r� P, 0.5 0.4 J a 0.3 0 J 0.2 S U 0.1 0.0 SITE 4 0 0 O-0 ,NN 94 DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) DISTANCE FROM SHORE (m) FIGURE 14. Plots of surface water chemistry constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline for the monitoring surveys conducted since August 1993 at Site 4 offshore of the Kaupulehu 4 project area. For location of Site 4, see Figure 1. 20 15 10 iN A Site 4 5 ♦ Site 3 ■ Site 2 0 • Site 1 0.5 0.4 0.3 , 0 Ri 6 • T 34.6 SALINITY (0/0o) 1.5 1.2 2 Y O.s I O.f z 0._2 0.0 0.5 0.4 Y 0.3 0.2 z 0.1 0.0 �r Sl 'J {4.4 ♦♦A ♦)K 34.4 34.6 34.6 SALINITY (0/oo) FIGURE 15. Plots of dissolved nutrients from water samples collected in January 1994 at four sites offshore of the Kaupulehu project area as functions of salinity. Solid line is the conservative mixing line constructed by connecting endpoint concentrations of open ocean water and well water. ,5 • • AUG 93 • ❑ JAN 94 60 • 4 V1 0 0 0 20 0 31 32 33 34 35 0.5 0.5 OA Y 0.3 n 0 a 0.2 0.1 nn • + ❑ • • 31 32 33 34 35 SALINITY (0/oo) 12 10 OS 0.4 2 0.3 i 0.2 0.1 no • • 31 32 33 34 35 SALINITY (0/00) FIGURE 16. Plots of dissolved nutrients versus salinity for all water samples collected during summer (August 1993) and winter (January 1994) monitoring surveys offshore of the Kaupulehu Lot 4 project area. Straight lines are conservative mixing lines constructed by connecting endpoint concentrations of water from a well located upslope of the project area and ocean water collected in August (solid line) and January (dashed line). Appendix Air Quality Irr•,+xtet Report (AQIR), Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ff AIR QUALITY IMPACT REPORT (AQIR) XAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 June 1994 PREPARED FOR: Belt Collins Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii PREPARED BY: J. W. MORROW Environmental Management Consultant Honolulu, Hawaii r• AQIR: XAUPULEKU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JMM 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................ J 2. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ............................... 1 3. EXISTING AIR QUALITY ................................ 2 6.3 3.1 General.... .... ... ................. 2 6.5 3.2 Department of Health Monitoring ................ 3 3.3 Other Air Quality Data..... ................. 3 3.4 onsite Carbon Monoxide Sampling ................ 4 4. CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY ............................... 4 4.1 Temperature and Rainfall ....................... 4 4.2 Surface Winds .................................. 4 5. SHORT-TERM IMPACTS .................................. 4 5.1 Onsite Impacts ................................. 5 5.2 Offsite Impacts ................................ 5 6. MOBILE SOURCE IMPACT ................................ 6 6.1 Mobile Source Activity ......................... 6 6.2 Emission Factors ............................... 7 6.3 Modeling Methodology...... .................. 7 6.4 Results: 1 -Hour Concentrations ................ 7 6.5 Results: 8 -Hour Concentrations ................ 8 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .......................... 8 7.1 Short -Term Impacts ............................. 8 7.2 Mobile Source Impacts .......................... 9 REFERENCES TABLES FIGURES J. W. MORROW 1 0 0 AQIR: KAUPQLEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 J@1E 1994 LIST OF TABLES NUMBER TITLE PAGE 1 Summary of State and Federal Ambient Air 4 Quality Standards 2 PM10 and SO, Monitoring Data: Kailua-Kona, 7 Hawaii, 1985 - 1986 3 Typical Temperature and Rainfall Data 11 4 Estimates of Annual Emissions Due to 21 Electrical Generation J. W. MORROW 1 1 f L. AQIR; KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 2.5 JM4E 1994 LIST OF FIGURES NUMBE TITLE PAGE 1 Project Location 2 2 Existing Conditions, May 1994 3 3 A.M. Peak Hour Conditions, 9 Queen Kaahumanu Highway, 26 May 1994 4 P.M. Peak Hour Conditions 10 Queen Kaahumanu Highway, 25 May 1994 5 Annual Wind Rose, Old Kona Airport, 13 1973 6 January Wind Rose, Old Kona Airport, 14 1973 7 August Wind Rose, Old Kona Airport, 15 1973 8 Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the Vicinity 17 of the Kaupulehu Project, May 1994. 9 Estimates of Maximum 1 -Hour Carbon 19 Monoxide Concentrations: Queen Kaahumanu Highway, A.M. Peak Traffic Hour, 1994 - 2015 10 Estimates of Maximum 1 -Hour Carbon 20 Monoxide Concentrations: Queen Kaahumanu Highway, P.M. Peak Traffic Hour, 1994 - 2015 J. Y. MORROW iii 0 • AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 1. INTRODUCTION Kaupulehu Developments, a Hawaii general partnership, is proposing to expand its Kaupulehu Resort in North Kona on the island of Hawaii (Figure 1) with a second phase which will have a more residential focus than the original phase. The major elements of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion include: - two 18 -hole golf courses - 500 resort condominiums - 530 single family residential dwellings - 45,000 ftz of commercial space The site is currently undeveloped and largely covered with a'a lava from the 1800 eruption of Hualalai (Figure 2). The purpose of this report is to assess the impact of the proposed development on air quality on a local and regional basis. The overall project can be considered an "indirect source" of air pollution as defined in the federal Clean Air Act [1] since its primary association with air quality is due to its inherent generation of mobile source, i.e., motor vehicle, activity. Much of the focus of this analysis, therefore, is on the project's ability to generate traffic and the resultant impact on air quality. Air quality impact was evaluated for existing (1993) and future (2015) conditions. A project such as this also has offsite impacts due to increased demand for electrical energy which must be met by the combustion of some type of fuel. This combustion process results in pollutant emissions to the air which have been addressed in the report. Finally, during construction of the various buildings and facilities air pollutant emissions will be generated onsite and offsite due to vehicular movement, grading, concrete and asphalt batching, and general dust -generating construction activities. These impacts have also been addressed. 2. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A summary of State of Hawaii and national ambient air quality standards is presented in Table 1 [2, 3]. Note that Hawaii's standards are not divided into primary and secondary standards as are the federal standards. J. W. Morrow — 1 0 0 AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION FIGURE 1 PROJECT LOCATION 15 JUNE 1994 W �� rvOiltK SCALE Iry. MILES J. W. Morrow —2 r wAvn LI.4rFona Hrm. P a c// i c O c e a n surto of ���, IYWAY YyyyE SIW ' I4tPa :KOXALA ••. Pah � ........HOMOKY K.wrhr MarOw I:AylAlw.\E �' ..... Ka:aYlYa W wuuEA K". Baal Sulo P" . ii n.UKOLOA .' ........ _.. ... PROJECT SITE Kens wllaBa PMM Ma. K.. KWlau AIrPN Wwpkdlay •. IIarM/ KAILUAXONA '.'. .......................... KEALAKEKUA W �� rvOiltK SCALE Iry. MILES J. W. Morrow —2 r AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION Facing northwest across A'a lava from Queen Kaahumanu Highway FIGURE 2 EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS MAY 1994 15 JUNE 1994 Facing West From Queen Kaahumanu Highway -3 J. W. Morrow • AQIR: XAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF STATE OF HAWAII AND FEDERAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 15 JUNE 1994 KEY: TSP - total suspended particulate matter PM10 - particulate matter < 10 microns SO2 - sulfur dioxide NO2 - nitrogen dioxide CO - carbon monoxide O - ozone Pb - lead All concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter YLg/m3) except CO which is in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m ). J. Y. Morrow -4 SAMPLING NAAQS NAAQS STATE POLLUTANT PERIOD PRIMARY SECONDARY STANDARDS PM10 Annual 50 50 50 24 -hr 150 150 150 Annual 80 --- 80 SO2 24 -hr 365 --- 365 3 -hr --- 1,300 1,300 NO2 Annual 100 --- 70 CO 8 -hr 10 --- 5 40 --- 10 03 1 -hr 235 --- 100 H2S 1 -hr --- --- 35 Pb Calendar Quarter 1.5 KEY: TSP - total suspended particulate matter PM10 - particulate matter < 10 microns SO2 - sulfur dioxide NO2 - nitrogen dioxide CO - carbon monoxide O - ozone Pb - lead All concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter YLg/m3) except CO which is in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m ). J. Y. Morrow -4 0 0 AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 Primary standards are intended to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety while secondary standards are intended to protect public welfare through the prevention of damage to soils, water, vegetation, man-made materials, animals, wildlife, visibility, climate, and economic values [4]. Some of Hawaii's standards (CO, NO2, and 03) are clearly more stringent than their federal counterparts but, like their federal counterparts, may be exceeded once per year. It should also be noted that in November 1993, the Governor signed amendments to Chapter 59, Ambient Air Quality Standards [3], adopting the federal standard for particulate matter equal to or less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10). Since measurement data in Hawaii indicate that PM10 comprises about 50% of total suspended particulate matter (TSP), the adoption of that federal standard with a numerical value equal to the original state TSP standard of 150 µg/m3 represents a substantial relaxation of the standard (approximately doubling it). In the case of the automotive pollutants [carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and photochemical oxidants (Ox)], there are only primary standards. Until 1983, there was also a hydrocarbons standard which was based on the precursor role hydrocarbons play in the formation of photochemical oxidants rather than any unique toxicological effect they had at ambient levels. The hydrocarbons standard was formally eliminated in January, 1983 [5]. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is mandated by Congress to periodically review and re-evaluate the federal standards in light of new research findings [1]. The last review resulted in the relaxation of the oxidant standard from 160 to 235 micrograms/ cubic meter (ug/m3) [6]. The carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO ) standards have been reviewed, but no new standards were proposed. Finally, the State of Hawaii also has fugitive dust regulations for particulate matter (PM) emanating from construction activities [7]. There simply can be no visible emissions from fugitive dust sources. 3. EXISTING AIR QUALITY 3.1 General. The State Department of Health maintains a limited network of air monitoring stations around the state to gather data on the following regulated pollutants: o particulate matter < 10 microns (PM10) J. W. Morrow — 5 0 0 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 o total suspended particulate matter (TSP) o sulfur dioxide (SO2) o carbon monoxide (CO) 0 ozone (03 In the case of PM i and SO2, measurements are made on a 24-hour basis to correspond with the averaging period specified in State and Federal standards. Samples are collected once every six days in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Carbon monoxide and ozone, however, are measured on a continuous basis due to their short-term (1 -hour) standards. Lead concentrations are determined from the TSP samples which are sent to an EPA laboratory for analysis. It should also be noted that the majority of these pollutants are monitored only in Honolulu. 3.2 Department of Health Monitoring. Since 1985 when the State Department of Health reduced its monitoring network on the Neighbor Islands, there has been no permanent air monitoring of regulated pollutants in Hilo or West Hawaii. However, due to public concern about volcanic air pollution, i.e., VOG, a special monitoring study was conducted during the 1985 - 1986 period in Kailua-Kona. The results of that study are presented in Table 2 and indicate very low levels of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Both State and Federal air quality standards appear to be met. Unfortunately, and despite the growing population in Kona, the principal mobile source pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are not routinely monitored in West Hawaii. 3.3 Other Air Quality Data. Analysis of the airborne particulate matter during the 1983 eruption revealed some rather interesting results as unusually high concentrations of selenium, arsenic, indium, gold, and sulfur were found along with strikingly high concentrations of iridium (8). A more recent 12 -month study in West Hawaii has identified sulfates as the chief component of inhalable particles in the volcanic aerosol, comprising approximately 40%. Most metals were found at trace levels [9). As suggested by the above references to VOG, the worst air pollution episodes experienced in Hawaii County are due to the infrequent and unpredictable volcanic eruptions. While volcanic emissions are somewhat variable and have not been fully characterized, it is well known that visibility is affected by the J. W. Morrow — 6 • 0 AQIR: XAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION TABLE 2 PM10 AND SO2 MONITORING DATA KAILUA-BONA, HAWAII 1985 - 1986 15 JMfE 1994 Mo/Yr PM10 SO2 No. Min Max Mean No. Min Max Mean Sep 85 5 07 10 08 5 <5 <5 <5 Oct 85 5 07 20 14 5 <5 <5 <5 Nov 85 5 06 11 09 5 <5 <5 <5 Dec 85 5 06 18 12 5 <5 <5 <5 Jan 86 5 04 16 13 5 <5 <5 <5 Feb 86 5 06 26 15 5 <5 <5 <5 Mar 86 5 09 20 14 5 <5 <5 <5 Apr 86 4 10 15 13 4 <5 <5 <5 May 86 5 12 17 13 5 <5 <5 <5 Jun 86 5 12 20 15 5 <5 5 <5 Jul 86 5 13 25 18 5 <5 12 6 Aug 86 5 18 28 22 5 <5 <5 <5 ANNUAL 59 04 28 14 57 <5 12 <5 SOURCE: State of Hawaii Department of Health J. W. Morrow — 7 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 presence of fine particulates resulting directily from volcanic activity as well as secondarily from forest fires caused by lava flows. 3.4 Onsite Carbon Monoxide Sampling. In conjunction with this study, air sampling was conducted in May 1994, along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the Kaupulehu area. The sampling site was within 10 meters of the road edge on the mauka(east) side. A continuous carbon monoxide (CO) instrument was set up and operated during the a.m. and p.m. peak traffic hours. An anemometer and vane were installed to record onsite surface winds during the air sampling. A simultaneous manual count of traffic was also performed. The variability of each of the parameters measured during the peak hours is clearly seen in Figures 3 and 4. Onsite weather conditions during the afternoon of 25 May 1994 were strong northeasterly winds with a neutral atmosphere. Traffic counts were somewhat lower than the peak values reported in the latest traffic assessment [10). CO concentrations were of the same order of magnitude as the computer -predicted concentrations discussed in Section 6 of this report, i.e., < 10 mg/m3. On the morning of 26 May 1994, winds were less than 5 mph and generally southerly in direction. Atmospheric stability was neutral throughout most of the time but gradually became slightly unstable as the sun rose. Traffic counts were again comparable to the traffic assessment [10], and the CO level was again low, i.e., less than 5 mg/m3. 4. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 4.1 Temperature and Rainfall. The project area is typical of Hawaii's climate with little seasonal or diurnal temperature variation. Monthly temperature averages vary by only about 6 degrees from the warmest months (July and August) to the coolest (January and February) [11]. Table 3 provides typical temperature data. The 1991 precipitation data from nearby Keahole Point indicate a rather dry area with an annual rainfall less than 10 inches (Table 3). As in most of Hawaii, the winter months tend to be wet and summer months dry. With this temperature and rainfall profile, the area has a Thornwaite precipitation/ evaporation (P/E) index of about 10.6 [12] indicating an arid climate. It should be noted, however, that, according to the National Weather Service, rainfall in 1991 was 12.04 inches below the long-term norm. J. W. Morrow —8 n U AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION n U 15 JUNE 1994 FIGURE 3 A.M. PEAK HOUR CONDITIONS QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 26 MAY 1994 Wind Speed (ml/hr) ' Wind Direction SO (deg) CO (mg/m) 10 Traffic SO SO (5•min counts) SO LOCAL TIME J. W. Morrow —9 • AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION n U 15 JUNE 1994 FIGURE 4 P.M. PEAK HOUR CONDITIONS QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY 25 MAY 1994 Wind Speed (mi/hr) Wind Direction (deg) CO (mg/m) ,00 Traffic s ' �o (5 -min counts) a,.s a:.. .... .... ..o. .... ..i. .... .... .... .... .... .... LOCAL TIME J. W. Morrow —10 0 n U AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION TABLE 3 TYPICAL TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL DATA 15 JUNE 1994 Month Temperature (o F) Rainfall (inches) January 73.1 2.60 February 72.9 0.09 March 73.8 1.38 April 76.7 0.00 May 77.0 0.40 June 78.3 0.40 July 78.3 1.83 August 79.1 0.20 September 77.7 0.83 October 77.3 0.23 November 75.4 0.14 December 73.8 1.03 ANNUAL 76.1 9.13 Notes: 1. Temperature data based on a 1974 summary of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (11]. 2. Rainfall data from Keahole Point, Hawaii (1991) J. W. Morrow -11 s • • AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 4.2 Surface Winds. One year (1973) of surface wind observations from the old Kona Airport located several miles south of Kaupulehu had been previously collected and reduced to produce various wind roses (13). The annual wind rose (Figure 5) gives a clear indication of the dominance of onshore winds (SSW to WSW) whereas most other locations in Hawaii show a predominance of ENE trade winds. There also appears to be a seasonal variation with the winter months, typified by January, showing a greater diversity of wind direction (Figure 6) as compared to August where there is a greater frequency of the onshore SSW to WSW winds (Figure 7). 5. SHORT-TERM IMPACTS 5.1 Onsite Impacts. The principal source of short-term air quality impact will be construction activity. Construction vehicle activity will increase automotive pollutant concentrations along Queen Kaahumanu Highway as well as in the vicinity of the project site itself. Because of the moderate level of existing traffic volumes, the additional construction vehicle traffic should not exceed road capacities although the presence of large trucks can reduce a roadway's capacity as well as lower average travel speeds. The site preparation and earth moving will create particulate emissions as will building and onsite road construction. Construction vehicles movement on unpaved on-site roads will also generate particulate emissions. EPA studies on fugitive dust emissions from construction sites indicate that about 1.2 tons/acre per month of activity may be expected under conditions of medium activity, moderate soil silt content (30%), and a precipitation/ evaporation (P/E) index of 50 (1.2,14). Since the site is currently lava covered with little or no exposed soil, soil will be brought to the site. Some of these soils are likely to have silt contents greater than the 30% cited above. In conjunction with the arid local climate (P/E Index 12), this suggests a potential for somewhat greater fugitive dust emissions. 5.2 Offsite Impacts. In addition to the onsite impacts attributable to construction activity, there will also be offsite impacts due to the operation of concrete and asphalt concrete batching plants needed for construction. It is too early, however, to identify the specific facilities that will be providing these materials and thus the discussion of air quality impacts is somewhat generic. It was possible, however, to estimate ambient air impact using design and operating features of a typical concrete batching plant. This plant (Rex Transit Mix Batch Plant, Model LO GO 5) J. W. Morrow -12 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION FIGURE 5 ANNUAL WIND ROSE OLD KONA AIRPORT 1973 15 JUNE 1994 N NNW 20 NNE NW 15 NE 10 WNW ENE 5 W - ,,.. E WSW ESE SW SE SSW SSE S SOURCE: National Weather Service J. W. Morrow —13 ' AQIR: &AUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1996 FIGURE 6 JANUARY WIND ROSE OLD BONA AIRPORT 1973 N NNW 20 NNE NW 15 NE 10 WNW ENE 5 W — E WSW ESE SW SE SSW SSE S SOURCE: National Weather Service J. W. Morrow — 14 • 0 AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION FIGURE 7 AUGUST WIND ROSE OLD BONA AIRPORT 1973 15 JUNE 1994 N NNW 40 NNE NW 30 NE 20 WNW ENE 10 W _ E WSW ESE SW SE SSW SSE S SOURCE: National Weather Service J. W. Morrow -15 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 [15], is a portable unit capable of producing up to 100 cubic yards of concrete per hour. Assuming 8 hours/day operation and published EPA emission factors [14] for both direct plant emissions and fugitive dust emissions, estimates of worst case ambient impact were derived using the PTPLU screening model. Ninety percent control of particulate emissions from the plant itself and 60% control of fugitive dust emissions from the process were assumed. One-hour concentration estimates were adjusted to 8 -hour averages using an EPA -recommended factor [16] and then to 24-hour averages based on a weighted averaging technique. The worst case concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) was thus estimated to be 105 micrograms/ cubic meter (ug/m3) due to the plant operation. Assuming that the plant would be located near the project site, existing data from the Kailua-Kona site were reviewed (Table 2) Adding the second highest TSP concentration from the 1985-86 data (26 ug/m3) to the 105 ug/m3 yields 131 ug/m3 which is below the state and federal 24-hour PM10 standard of 150 ug/m3. Design and operating data for a typical asphalt concrete batch plant (Astec Industries Model PDM -636-C) were also obtained and reviewed. This plant has a production capacity of 186 T/hour. The two primary emission sources associated with such a plant are the drum mix asphalt plant and a 600 kW diesel generator. The modeling technique employed for the concrete batch plant was also applied to the asphalt plant. The estimated TSP and So concentrations were 60.9 and 21.6 ug/m3, respectively, again well below state and federal standards. 6. MOBILE SOURCE IMPACTS 6.1 Mobile Source Activity. A traffic assessment was prepared for the proposed project and served as the basis for this mobile source impact analysis [10]. Existing peak -hour traffic volumes and projections for 2015 along Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the project vicinity were provided. It should be noted that highway improvements and mitigative measures assumed in the assessment were also assumed for the purposes of this air quality impact report. Current conditions at this intersection are depicted in Figure 8. 6.2 Emission Factors. Automotive emission factors for carbon monoxide (CO) were generated for calendar years 1994 and 2015 using the Mobile Source Emissions Model (MOBILE -5A) (17). To localize the emission factors as much as possible, the September 1988 age distribution for registered vehicles in the City & County of Honolulu [18] was input in lieu of national statistics. That same J. W. Morrow —16 0 AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 FIGURE 8 QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY IN THE VICINITY OF THE KAUPULEHU PROJECT MAY 1994 Facing Southwest Facing Northeast J. W. Morrow —17 • • AQIR: RAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 age distribution was the basis for the distribution of vehicle miles travelled as well. 6.3 Modeling Methodology. Due to the present state-of-the-art in air quality modeling, analyses such as this generally focus on estimating concentrations of non-reactive pollutants. For projects involving mobile sources as the principal source, carbon monoxide is normally selected for modeling because it has a relatively long half-life in the atmosphere (ca. 1 month) [19], and it comprises the largest fraction of automotive emissions. Using the available traffic data, modeling was performed for the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona Village access road for 1994 and 2015 (with and without the project). Because of the generally rural nature of the area, a stable atmosphere (Category "F") was assumed in the morning and a neutral atmosphere (Category "D") [20] in the afternoon. A 1 meter per second (m/sec) wind speed was also assumed as worst case meteorological conditions. The EPA guideline model CAL3QHC [21,22] was employed to estimate near -intersection carbon monoxide concentrations. An array of receptor sites at distances of 10 meters from the road edge were input to the model. Because of the generally low level of upwind urban activity in the area, a background CO concentration of 0.1 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) was assumed. The model uses an iterative process to identify the wind direction producing the maximum CO concentration at each receptor location. 6.4 Results: 1 -Hour Concentrations. The results of this modeling are presented in Figures 9 and 10. Each figure depicts the concentrations in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) at 12 receptor locations on the southwest of the intersection which were identified by the model as the points of maximum concentration. The results indicate an increase over time in ambient CO levels close to the highway but demonstrate existing and future compliance with state and federal standards. 6.5 Results: 8 -Hour Concentrations. Estimates of 8 -hour concentrations can be derived by applying a "persistence" factor of 0.6 to the 1 -hour concentrations. This "persistence" factor has been recommended in an EPA publication on indirect source analysis [23] and has been further corroborated by analysis of carbon monoxide monitoring data in Honolulu which yielded the same 8 -hour -to- 1 -hour ratio [24]. Applying this factor to the 1 -hour results indicates compliance with federal and state 8 -hour standards at all receptor locations. J. Y. Morrow —18 U AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION • 15 JUNE 1994 FIGURE 9 ESTIMATES OF MAXIMUM 1 -HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS Queen Kaahumanu Highway A.M. Peak Traffic Hour 1994-2015 Kona visage / Receptor Spacing M meters NORTH -Koiluo4ono QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY _--'---...............'-----......._..----.....-----"'---....................--'--...."- R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 Concentration (mg/m') Receptor 1994 2015 w/o Pro i 2015 w/Prof R01 0.4 4.9 5.4 R02 0.4 4.7 5.2 R03 0.4 4.5 5.1 R04 0.4 4.3 4.8 R05 0.3 3.5 3.9 R06 0.3 3.3 3.9 R07 0.3 3.2 3.7 R08 0.3 3.3 4.3 R09 0.3 2.9 3.2 R10 0.3 2.8 3.2 R11 0.3 2.8 3.3 R12 0.3 2.9 4.2 J. W. Morrow -19 0 AQIR: KAUPULENU RESORT EXPANSION J. W. Morrow • FIGURE 10 ESTIMATES OF MAXIMUM 1 -HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS Queen Kaahumanu Highway P.M. Peak TrallIc Hour 1994.2015 15 JUNE 1994 Kos Villog. / Receptor Spacing = 10 meters NORTH f-Kailua•Kma QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY ----------- '--"'............ --- .............. ""..... -•--'--'..`--------"-'-'..................................--'-- Kawaihoe -► R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 -20 Concentration (mg/m') Receptor 1994 2015 w/o Proj 2015 W/Proj R01 0.4 3.1 3.6 R02 0.4 3.1 3.7 R03 0.4 3.3 3.6 R04 0.4 3.2 3.6 R05 0.3 2.3 2.6 R06 0.3 2.2 2.6 R07 0.3 2.3 2.7 ROB 0.3 2.2 3.0 R09 0.2 1.8 2.1 Rio 0.2 1.9 2.2 R11 0.2 1.8 2.4 R12 0.2 1.8 2.6 -20 • AQIR: XAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JONE 1994 7. ELECTRICAL GENERATION IMPACT The estimated annual electrical usage of 8.6 million kilowatt hours (kwhrs) will contribute to the demand on the local utility, Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO), and necessitate additional fuel combustion. Because of anticipated growth in the region, HELCO has already applied to the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) to expand its Keahole Station by 56 megawatts (MW) (25). The facility currently consists of six 2.75 MW diesel generators and one 13.75 MW simple cycle combustion turbine. The estimated emissions resulting from fuel burned to provide the power needed by the Kaupulehu project are presented in Table 4. TABLE 4 ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL EMISSIONS DUE TO ELECTRICAL GENERATION Pollutant Emissions (T/yr) Percent of 1980 Emissions Inventory Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 158 2.75 Carbon monoxide (CO) 41 0.06 Sulfur oxides (SOx) 18.9 0.42 Total hydrocarbons (THC) 4.1 0.06 Particulate matter (PM) 1.5 0.25 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Short -Term Impacts. Since as noted in Section 5, there is a potential for fugitive dust due to the dry climate and fine soils, it will be important for adequate dust control measures to be employed during the construction period. Dust control could be accomplished through frequent watering of unpaved roads and areas of exposed soil. The EPA estimates that twice daily watering can reduce fugitive dust emissions by as much as 50% [14). The soonest possible landscaping of completed areas will also help. 8.2 Mobile Source Impacts. As noted in Section 6, there will be an increase in traffic -related emissions attributable to the project, but both 1- and 8 -hour carbon monoxide standards are J. N. Morrow —21 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JMgE 1994 predicted to be met during peak traffic hours even in close proximity to the highway. 8.3 Electrical Generation. The proposed project will increase electrical demand which in turn will cause more fuel to be burned and more pollutants to be emitted into West Hawaii's air. The estimated emissions represent relatively small increases over the latest available county emissions inventory. Until other nonpolluting means of generating electricity are developed or higher efficiency control technologies are applied, such increases in emissions are inevitable. Electrical demand, fuel consumption, and emissions can be reduced by energy conservations measures such as use of solar water heaters, heat pumps, proper design of buildings to reduce air conditioning needs, etc. For the present and future, the HELLO facility providing the power must demonstrate compliance with all applicable ambient air quality standards and control regulations in order to retain its operating permit. J. W. Morrow —22 • • AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JM4E 1994 REFERENCES 1. Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C.A. § 7409 (CAA § 109), National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of Environment, Part 50, National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards. 3. State of Hawaii. Title 11, Administrative Rules, Chapter 59 Ambient Air Quality Standards, as amended, November 1993. 4. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. A Legislative History of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, Volume 1, p. 411, January 1974. 5. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Hydrocarbons: Final Rulemaking, Federal Register, Volume 48, No. 3, p. 628, January 1983. 6. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Photochemical Oxidants: Final Rulemaking, Federal Register, Volume 44, No. 28, p. 8202, February 8, 1979 7. State of Hawaii. Title 11, Administrative Rules, Chapter 60.1, Air Pollution Control, November 1993. 8. Zoller, W. H. et al. Iridium Enrichment in Airborne Particles from Kilauea Volcano: January 1983, Science 222: 1118, December, 1983 9. Morrow, J. W., E. J. Morgan, A. N. Furuike. Characterization of Volcanic Aerosol in Two Populated Areas on the Island of Hawaii: First Year Findings of a 3 -Year Investigation, Paper No. 91-89.2, Presented at the 84th Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vancouver, B.C., June 1991. 10. The Traffic Managment Consultant. Traffic study prepared for the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Phase 2. Data provided by E. Kuniyoshi, Belt Collins Hawaii, 24 May 94. 11. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service. Hawaii and Pacific Annual Summary, 1974 J. M. Morrow —23 AQIR: XAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 12. Thornwaite, C. W. Climates of North America According to a New Classification, Geog. Rev. 21: 633-655, 1931. 13. State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division. Keahole Airport Master Plan EIS, October 1988. 14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, with Supplements A -F, 1993. 15. Rexworks, Inc. LO GO 5 Transit Mix Batch Plant, Bulletin No. 1017-283 16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, Revised. EPA -454/R-92-019, October 1992. 17. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. MOBILE -5A (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model), March 1993. 18. City & County of Honolulu, Department of Data Systems. Age Distribution of Registered Vehicles in the City & County of Honolulu (unpublished report), September 1988. 19. Seinfeld, John H. Air Pollution: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, p. 69, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975 20. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates, AP -26 (Sixth Edition), 1973. 21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guideline on Air Quality Models (Revised) with Supplements A and B, EPA -450/2-78-027R, July 1986. 22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. User's Guide to CAL3QHC Version 2.0: A Modeling Methodology for Predicting Pollutant Concentrations Near Roadway Intersections, EPA -450/R-92-006, November 1992. 23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis: Indirect Sources Volume 9 (Revised), EPA -450/4-78-001, September, 1978. 24. Morrow, J. W. Air Quality Impact Analysis: Kaka'ako Redevelopment District Plan, July 1984. J. W. Morrow -24 AQIR: KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 15 JUNE 1994 25. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Revised Final Environmental Impact Statement: Keahole Generating Station Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii, December 1993. J. W. Morrow —25 • Appendix L pact Analysis Report for the :aupulehu Resort Expansion n LJ TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION PREPARED FOR BELT COLLINS HAWAII PREPARED BY THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT---- . 0 • TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED PREPARED FOR BELT COLLINS HAWAII June 27, 1994 PREPARED BY _ THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT _ RANDALL S. OKANEKU, P. E., PRINCIPAL • 1186 BISHOP STREET, SUITE 1907 • HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813 I. i1I IV UT 0 • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 A. Purpose of Study 1 B. Scope of Study 1 Project Description 1 A. Location 1 B. Site Characteristics 4 1, Proposed Land Use Intensity 4 2. Access 4 Study Area Conditions 6 A. Area Of Influence 6 B. Anticipated Future Development 6 Existing Traffic Conditions 6 A. Area Roadway System 6 B. Traffic Volumes and Conditions 7 1. General 7 a. Field Investigation 7 b. Capacity Analysis Methodology 7 2. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Analysis 8 Projected Traffic 8 A. Site Traffic 8 1. Trip Generation Methodology 8 2. Trip Generation Characteristics 10 0 • f TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) VII. Recommended Highway Improvements 15 A. Improvements Necessary to Accommodate the Year 2015 Highway Deficiencies Without Project 15 B. Improvements Necessary to Mitigate Traffic Impacts With Project 15 VIII. Conclusions 17 Page B. External Traffic 11 1. General 11 2. Through Traffic 11 3. Future Off -Site Traffic In Study Area 12 C. Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project 12 1. General 12 2. Year 2015 Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project 13 VI. Traffic Impact Analysis 13 A. General 13 B. Peak Hour Traffic Analysis With Project 15 VII. Recommended Highway Improvements 15 A. Improvements Necessary to Accommodate the Year 2015 Highway Deficiencies Without Project 15 B. Improvements Necessary to Mitigate Traffic Impacts With Project 15 VIII. Conclusions 17 • LIST OF EXHIBITS FIGURE 1- LOCATION MAP FIGURE 2 - VICINITY MAP FIGURE 3 - SITE PLAN • Page 2 FIGURE 4 - EXISTING AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC 9 FIGURE 5 - AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT 14 FIGURE 6 - AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT 16 0 TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION I. Introduction A. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to analyze the traffic impacts resulting from the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion in North Kona, Hawaii. This report presents the findings and recommendations of the study. B. Scope of Study The scope of this study includes: 1. Description of the proposed project. 2. Evaluation of existing roadway and traffic conditions. 3. Analysis of future roadway and traffic conditions without the proposed project. 4. Development of trip generation characteristics for the proposed project. 5. The identification and analysis of traffic impacts resulting from the proposed project. 6. Recommendation of improvements that would mitigate the traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed project. II. Project Description A. Location Kaupulehu Resort Expansion is located on the makai (west) side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately 7 miles north of the Keahole Airport in North Kona, Hawaii. The project location is shown in Figure 1. The 1,000+ acre site is identified as Tax Map Key 7-2-03: Portion of 1. The proposed project is located immediately to the north of Kaupulehu Resort and Kona Village Resort. The project vicinity is shown in Figure 2. Harbor Lapakahi State Historic HAWAII Park Kawaihae Harbor Puukohola Helau National Historic Site Samuel Spencer Park MAUNA KEA RESORT Hapuna Beach State Park Puako MAUNA LANI RESORT WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT —� KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION KONA VILLAGE RESORTJU st`� KAUPULEHU RESORT me amytar°s Keahole O �l Airport Upolu Airport Pacific Ocean HD C30O HAU KOHALA RANC o Kohala Mountains �t�fAC3M� '�•�,y` D��iPf��64 KAWAIHAE Hualalai I I mNSU `J' MONA A ° DOWROC7% 'WAIKOLOA H(b)gym How VILLAGE DD1M1 ,(PQ Mauna Kea f/. C Boat Harbor - •\ / Kallua / Beach Park\ KAILUA-KONA MONTH KONA DOMOC7 '\ KEALAKEKUAKau ,Mauna LoaKOM Dorm9cy DuMoC7 ® Kaupulehu Resort. Expansion 0 3.5 7 Kaupulehu Developments ® FIGURE 1 - LOCATION MAP Prepared By: Belt Collins Hawau,June Hawaii NORTH SCALE IN MILES 1994 -2- Ab Ah t, /;KrVIIM t fki to 4bd'_ n t •� ,�.`"cc� � r \ '�`,ti .,�, J J / h, r"'�%�.\�� � � ' � 4 Vin, �_ -;PLANNED` KAUPULEHU MAUKA-; "" -- �— ~";.'. `_• j ;' '� J t , :rte , /��: DEVELOPMENT. ✓ f rS. �"' 'r •\ � `., i (.J % r its. xr _ J r _ '..`yf F /,\ •�� / _ ]p' t - is "Access to r„' Kaupulehu Mauka; ;� f nt i STATEOF- •• /�`� '�.:�-- � .' �\�-. �'�'Gv'� �" M1r \ ' HAWAII t ,; ` RE n R pia MANINIOWALI _ .•:..: ^" � '^"s ^"_ �.. % / 1." r�J�'' FUTURE' i `.DEV y,3,,,. yl'a^tr "_ _ '...r _-'" c : �..lx 'i, ._n �„ ,KUKIO .k•-'!0 � , Access to Kaupulehu ` vAte, Access to g RESORT•] a°r` ' •. Resort ExpansiT-1, Xaupulehu R so /'KAUPULEHU STATE > - K O, { ti RESORT HAWAII Access to Kona ` wr• x°°,.,edw } ,•. Village Resort Jz • PO"" ICAUPUL.EHU 1. 4 HESORI�Mah2xaw h" 1 EXPANSION P"° wt tti;...r 11q d w�acE v ® 0 2000 4000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET Pacific Ocean FIGURE 2 - VICINITY MAP -3- Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu Developments Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii June 1994 B. Site Characteristics 1. Proposed Land Use Intensity The proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project will be primarily a resort residential community with a 36 -hole golf course and 45,000 square feet of gross leaseable commercial floor area. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion would contain a total of 1,030 dwelling units; consisting of 530 single family dwelling units and 500 multi -family dwelling units. About 75% of the single family dwelling units and 67% of multi -family units are projected to be pur- chased by part-time residents as "second homes" or recreational homes. The remaining units are assumed to be purchased by full-time residents. Table 1 shows a summary of the residential development plan. Table 1. Residential Development Plan Land Use No. of Units Single Family Dwellings Full -Time residences 133 Recreational Homes 397 Multi -Family Dwellings Full -Time Residences 165 Recreational Homes 335 Total Dwelling Units 1,030 For the purpose of this study, the project is analyzed at full build -out by the Year 2015. The site plan is shown in Figure 3. 2. Access The project's internal road system would connect to the primary access road for Kaupulehu Resort, which intersects Queen Kaahumanu Highway at a single access point. For the purpose of this traffic impact analysis, site access is assumed to be provided by a signalized, at -grade intersection on Queen Kaahumanu Highway at or near the existing access to Kona Village Resort. -4- -5- 0 • III. Study Area Conditions A. Area Of Influence A The study area is defined on Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the combined access road for Kaupulehu Resort, Kona Village Resort, and the proposed project. The State Department of Transportation's (DOT) long range plan for Queen Kaahumanu Highway is to develop a controlled -access, four -lane, divided highway. It includes approved interchanges at Keahole Airport Access Road and at Waikoloa, and a system of frontage roads to provide access to properties along the highway. It is assumed that primary access, under this long range plan, would be provided by a yet to be determined interchange located between Waikoloa and the airport. DOT is currently undertaking a plan for the Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening that would determine the location of additional interchanges and the functional aspects of the frontage road system. In a discussion regarding nearby Kaupulehu Resort, Kukio, and Maniniowali projects, DOT has indicated that an interchange would be located in the vicinity of the project, which would provide access to Queen Kaahumanu Highway. In any case, it is assumed that ini- tial access to the project would be provided at a channelized at -grade intersection planned for Kaupulehu Resort. Ultimately, project access would be provided along the proposed frontage road system or at an interchange located at the project access. B. Anticipated Future Development West Hawaii is developing the potential for rapid growth, as several major projects are in various stages of development. Several resort/residential develop- ments are located in the region. These include Kaupulehu Resort, Kaupulehu Mauka, Kukio, and Maniniowali. These projects are taken into account in developing the Year 2015 traffic forecast without the proposed project. IV. Existing Traffic Conditions A. Area Roadway System Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the primary arterial highway in the region. Queen Kaahumanu Highway is a high quality, two-lane, two-way State highway between Kawaihae and Kailua. Mamalahoa Highway is a two-lane, two-way County highway located mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Existing mauka-makai connector roadways between the two highways are located about IF'Z 4 13 miles to the north of the site at Waikoloa and about seven miles to the south at Keahole. The County of Hawaii has recently completed the extension Hina Lani Drive, connecting Mamalahoa Highway and Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Kaloko Industrial Park. A future mauka-makai roadway is planned, by others, at the project access, which would connect Kaupulehu Resort and Kaupulehu Mauka. For the purpose of this analysis, it is assumed that this mauka-makai roadway would remain private, providing access to only the Kaupulehu projects. B. Traffic Volumes and Conditions 1. General a. Field Investigation The field investigation, conducted in March, 1994, consisted of a site inspection and a manual traffic count between the hours of 6:30 AM and 8:30 PM and 3:00 PM and 5:00 PM. Additional traffic data were obtained from DOT and other studies conducted in the vicinity. b. Capacity Analysis Methodology The highway capacity analysis, performed in this study, is based upon procedures presented in the "Highway Capacity Manual" (HCM), Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board, 1985 as amended, and the "Highway Capacity Software", Federal Highways Administration. Level of Service (LOS) is defined as "a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream". Several factors are included in determining LOS such as: speed, delay, vehicle density, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, driver comfort, and safety. LOS "A", "B", and "C" are considered satisfactory levels of service. LOS "D" is generally considered a "desirable minimum" operating level of service. LOS "E" is an undesirable condition and LOS "F"' is an unacceptable condition. "Volume -to -capacity" (v/c) ratio is another measure indicating the rela- tive traffic demand to the road's traffic carrying ability. A v/c ratio of 0.50 indicates that the traffic demand is utilizing 50% of the roadway's capacity. -7- P The capacity analysis for signalized intersections, relating traffic volumes to intersection capacity, is presented in the HCM as the "planning analysis" method. Three categories are used to evaluate traffic operations: "under capacity", "near capacity", and "over capacity". Under capacity conditions indicate that critical traffic volumes would virtually always be below the intersection's capacity. Over capacity conditions indicate that the intersection capacity will be exceeded in most cases and the intersection would require geometric improvements. Near capacity conditions requires engineering judgment as to whether or not intersection improvements would be required, especially when critical traffic volumes approach over capacity conditions. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the adequacy of intersection geometrics, i.e., number of through and turning lanes required, under given traffic demands. The planning method is a broad measure of traffic operations at an intersection, where the details of the traffic signal design and operation, intersection geometrics, and vehicle type distribution of traffic are not available. 2. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Analysis The AM peak hour of traffic in the vicinity of the project occurs between 7:00 AM and 8:00 AM. The PM peak hour of traffic occurs between 3:30 PM and 4:30 PM. Queen Kaahumanu Highway operates at satisfactory Levels of Service during the peak hours of weekday traffic. Figure 4 shows the existing peak hour traffic and results of the capacity analysis. V. Projected Traffic A. Site Traffic 1. Trip Generation Methodology The trip generation methodology used in this study is based upon generally accepted techniques developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and published in 'Trip Generation", 5th Edition, 1991. The nE trip rates for resort and residential uses are developed by correlating the vehicle trip generation data with various land use characteristics, such as vehicle trips per unit. The trip generation characteristics for Kaupulehu Resort Expansion are based upon the land use intensity described in Section II. so 4 0 • PRIVATE ROAD 0 0(' j LA 0 QUEEN QUEEN KAAHUMANU KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY HIGHWAY LOS B LOS B V/C-0.23 bb WC=0.23 FTO C;F IfAWAIKAE S KONA VILLAGE RESORT EXISTING AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC PPoVATE ROAD 0 I j 328LKNWA -4 04-V QUEEN WEEN KAAHUMANU KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY HIGHWAY LOS C LOS C V/C=0.N V/C-0.30 TO 0 / p KAWAIHAE � 335 B 5 KONA VILLAGE RESORT EXISTING PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC FIGURE 4 - EXISTING AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC LEGEND W TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL ©000 LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNAUZED) LOS LEVELOF SERVICE(fWO-LANE HWY) V/C VOLUME-TO-CAPACRY RATIO UWOIANE HWY) PPoVATE ROAD 0 I j 328LKNWA -4 04-V QUEEN WEEN KAAHUMANU KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY HIGHWAY LOS C LOS C V/C=0.N V/C-0.30 TO 0 / p KAWAIHAE � 335 B 5 KONA VILLAGE RESORT EXISTING PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC FIGURE 4 - EXISTING AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC The total trips generated by a retail development can be defined as driveway traffic, i.e., traffic entering and exiting the project site. A portion of the trips generated by a commercial project can be considered "pass -by" trips, i.e., traffic already on the road stopping at a "secondary" destination. The remainder of the trips generated by the commercial project are considered to be "new" trips, i.e. trips with their primary destination being the proposed commercial development. Based upon the size of the gross floor area of the retail development, ]TE estimates that 60% of the total PM peak hour trips, generated from a shopping center are passer-by trips. For the purpose of this traffic impact analysis, the pass -by trips are defined as "internal' trips, i.e., trips attracted from within the resort areas of Kaupulehu Resort, Kona Vil- lage, and the proposed project. These trips are not included in the traffic im- pact analysis, since they either never leave the site or are secondary trips and already accounted for under other land use activities. The new trips are defined as "external' trips, i.e., trips attracted from outside the resort area, and are included in the traffic impact analysis. 2. Trip Generation Characteristics The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 571 vph during the AM peak hour of traffic, 326 vph entering the site and 245 vph exiting the site. During the PM peak hour of traffic, the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion is expected to generate a total of 705 vph, 374 vph entering the site and 331 vph exiting the site. Table 2 shows a summary of the trip generation characteristics. -10- P Table 2. Trip Generation Summary AM Peak Hour Traffic PM Peak Hour Traffic No. of (vph) (vph) Land Use Units Enter Exit Total Enter Exit Total Single Family 133 27 76 103 91 49 140 Residential (DU) Multi -Family 165 13 63 76 62 32 94 Residential (DU) Recreational 732 78 39 117 78 112 190 Homes (DU) Golf Course 36 144 29 173 64 59 123 (Holes) Retail 45 64 38 102 79 79 158 (1,000 GSF) Totals Trips 326 245 571 374 331 705 B. External Traffic 1. General The purpose of analysis of projected traffic condition without the proposed project is to establish the base line conditions from which to analyze the traffic impacts directly attributable to the proposed project. The Year 2015 is selected as the planning horizon, corresponding to full build -out of Kaupulehu Resort Expansion. 2. Through Traffic DOT and the County of Hawaii has completed the "Island of Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan" (HLRHP) in 1991. This Highway Plan included a travel forecast for the Year 2010, based upon a land use forecast developed by the County of Hawaii. The 7.24% average annual growth in traffic for the region is adopted for the purpose of establishing future baseline traffic condi- tions from which to analyze the traffic impacts resulting from the proposed -11- project. The traffic forecast used in this study is considered conservative (overestimated), since the HLRHP took the development of Kaupulehu Resort and Kukio into account. State DOT is in the process of updating its transportation plan for the island of Hawaii. The updated plan is expected to be completed by the end of 1994. This long-range plan update would address the transportation needs for island of Hawaii through the Year 2020. 3. Future Off -Site Traffic In Study Area The traffic impact analysis for Kaupulehu Resort and Kaupulehu Mauka is presented in "Traffic Impact Assessment Report for Kaupulehu", December 13, 1991, prepared by Pacific Planning & Engineering, Inc. (PP&E). In the PP&E report, Kaupulehu Resort Expansion is referred to as Kaupulehu North -Ocean: Phase III. The development plans for Kaupulehu Resort and Kaupulehu Mauka have since been revised. The current development plan for the Kaupulehu Resort consists of a 250 -room hotel, a 36 -hole golf course, 415 single family dwelling lots, and 585 multi -family dwelling units. Similar marketing assumptions are applied to the Kaupulehu Resort resort/residential dwelling units, i.e.; about 75% of the single family dwelling units and 67% of multi -family units are projected to be purchased by part-time residents, and the remaining units are assumed to be purchased by full time residents. The trip generation analysis for the proposed Kukio project, presented in the PP&E report, also is adopted for use in this study. The traffic impact analysis for the proposed Maniniowali Residential Community is presented in 'Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Maniniowali Residential Community", dated October 11, 1991. The trip generation analysis, developed in that study, is adopted for use in this analysis. C. Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project 1. General The Year 2015 peak hour traffic analysis is performed, assuming the following improvements are constructed: -12- A 0 • a. A new private mauka-makai roadway is constructed between Mamalahoa Highway and Queen Kaahumanu Highway opposite the Kaupulehu Access Road. b. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is upgraded to a fully channelized intersection, providing exclusive left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, in both the northbound and southbound directions. This intersection is analyzed under both unsignalized and signalized conditions. c. Kaupulehu Access Road and the mauka-makai road provide separate right turn, through, left turn lanes. 2. Year 2015 Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project During the Year 2015 AM peak hour of traffic without project, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at near capacity conditions under signalized conditions. Queen Kaahumanu Highway would operate at LOS "F', and at a v/c ratio of 1.02. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road would operate at over capacity conditions under signalized conditions, during the Year 2015 PM peak hour without project. Queen Kaahumanu Highway would operate at LOS "F", and at a v/c ratio of 1.10. Figure 5 shows the Year 2015 AM and PM peak hour traffic without project and results of the capacity analysis. VI. Traffic Impact Analysis A. General The traffic impact analysis is performed, assuming that Queen Kaahumanu Highway is widened to a four -lane, divided highway to mitigate LOS "F" conditions expected during the Year 2015 PM peak hour without project. -13- 0 • PRIVATE ROAD 164 I I � ]0 141 9e zw KAIwA 4- WEEN o-- KAAHUMANU WEEN ® HIGHWAY KAAHUMANU LOSE HIGHWAY- - - - - - LOS V/C-0.884 ,p 1.02 F TO ^ �az 09 KAWAIHAE., 72 13B 756 FW F C � I I 104 KAUPULEHU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC W/O PROJECT LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME(VPH) LANE CONTROL ©000 LEVEL OF SERVICE(UNSIGNAUZED) QU CAPACITY ANALYSIS(SIGNAUZED) (9 =UNDER CAPACITY N ® -NEAR CAPACITY QO -OVER CAPACITY LOS LEVEL OF SERVICE [TWO-LANE HWY) V/C VOLUME -TO -CAPACITY RATIO (TVIIO-LANE HWY) PRIVATE ROAD 19 F F W1 I I F 80 30 B] 200 KAILUA QUEEN o-- KAAHUMANU WEEN S' O o HIGHWAY KAAHUMANU --0 LOS HIGHWAY �/ LOSF V/C-1.04 V/C-1.10 OTO 39 \ KAWAIHAEI 91 < 19S 107] ° I I -� F F F —7), 102 KAUPULEHU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC W/O PROJECT FIGURE 5 - AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT -14- 4 1 f 0 • B. Peak Hour Traffic Analysis With Project Figure 6 shows the AM and PM peak hour traffic with project. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at under capacity conditions during the AM peak hour with project. Northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway would operate at LOS 'B", and at a v/c ratio of 0.50. During the PM peak hour of traffic with project, the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road is expected to operate at near capacity conditions. Northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway would operate at LOS 'B", and at a v/c ratio of 0.42. VII. Recommended Highway Improvements A. Improvements Necessary to Accommodate the Year 2015 Highway Deficiencies Without Project 1. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road should be upgraded to a fully channelized intersection, providing exclusive left turn storage lanes and right turn deceleration lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, in both the northbound and southbound directions. Kaupulehu Resort is in the process of implementing this improvement. 2. Queen Kaahumanu Highway should be widened to provide a four -lane, divided highway, as proposed in the State DOT Long Range Highway Plan. 3. The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaupulehu Access Road should be signalized, when warranted. 4. Kaupulehu Access Road and the mauka-makai road should provide separate right turn, through, left turn lanes. B. Improvements Necessary to Mitigate Traffic Impacts With Project The proposed improvements described in the previous section should accommodate the site traffic from the proposed project. -15- • LOS B V/C-0.38 PRIVATE ROAD IIII I I ]o�yylal 178 � I� 181 Bee � 372 TO -j KAILUA QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY LOS B WC -0.50 QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY TO 82 130 KAWAIHAE -J, 133 � I I 1� KAUPULEHU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WIPROIECT LEGEND BO TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) ILANE CONTROL 0 CAPACRY ANALYSIS (SIGNALIZED) ® - UNDER CAPACITY ® -NEAR CAPACITY N ® -OVERCAPACITY LOS LEVEL OF SERVICE (MULTI -LANE HWY) V/C VOLUME -TO -CAPACITY RATIO (MULT-ULNE HWY) PRIVATE ROAD 80 jw� B, b 1B 10]1 3B] TO KAILUA QUEEN Q- KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY LOSS V/C-0.42 QUEEN _+ KAAHUMANU _+ LOS B HIGHWAY V/C-0.3B F TO 39 16] KAWAIHAE 1]1 10]] 1B8 KAUPULEHU ACCESS ROAD YEAR 2015 PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC W/PROJECT FIGURE 6 - AM AND PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT -16- w VIII. Conclusions With the implementation of the road improvements recommended in this study, the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion should not have any significant impacts on traffic within the time frame of this study. An at -grade, traffic signalized, fully channelized intersection should accommodate the project access needs through the Year 2015. It is anticipated that Queen Kaahumanu Highway would initially be widened to a four -lane, divided highway with at -grade signalized intersections at warranted locations. As traffic continues to increase, grade -separated interchange facilities and a frontage road system would be constructed, as warranted. An interchange is expected to be located at the access to Kaupulehu Resort, which would also provide access to nearby developments, such as Kukio and Maniniowali, via a frontage road system. The preliminary engineering study for Queen Kaahumanu Highway, conducted by State DOT, is expected to determine the access requirements for each of the proposed projects on Queen Kaahumanu Highway that would either provide direct access via an interchange or connect to the frontage road system leading to the nearest interchange. The study also should determine how the frontage road system would collect and distribute traffic to and from the interchanges. -17- • • Appendix �-oustic Study for Kaupulehu sort Expansion, Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii • ACOUSTIC STUDY FOR KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION KAUPULEHU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared for: BELT COLLINS HAWAII Prepared by: Y. EBISU & ASSOCIATES 1126 12th Avenue, Room 305 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 JUNE 1994 0 • TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. LIST OF FIGURES .................................. LIST OF TABLES ................................... I. SUMMARY .......................................... 1 II. NOISE DESCRIPTORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LAND USE COMPATIBILITY ......................... 4 III. GENERAL STUDY METHODOLOGY Noise Measurements ......................... 10 Traffic Noise Predictions ...................... 10 Construction and other On -Site Noise Evaluations .................................. 13 IV. EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT Traffic Noise ........................... 14 Other Background Noise ......................... 14 V. FUTURE ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT Along Access Roadways to Project Site .......... 21 Other Background Noise ......................... 22 VI. POTENTIAL NOISE IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED NOISE MITIGATION MEASURES TrafficNoise .................................. 24 IntrusiveNoise ............................... 24 Construction Noise ............................. 25 APPENDICES: A. REFERENCES ....................................... 33 B. EXCERPTS FROM EPA'S ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE ... 34 - i - NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE • PAGE NO. LAND USE COMPATIBILITY WITH YEARLY DAY -NIGHT AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL AT A SITE FOR BUILDINGS AS COMMONLY CONSTRUCTED ........................ LOCATIONS OF PROJECT AND NOISE MEASUREMENT SITES . HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION "A" (4/21/94) ......................... HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION "B" (4/21/94) ......................... HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION "C" (4/21/94) ......................... EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE VS. DISTANCE FROM CENTERLINE OF QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY (NORTH) ........................................ EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE VS. DISTANCE FROM CENTERLINE OF QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY (SOUTH) ........................................ CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVELS VS. DISTANCE ........... TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM GRADING WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE ................................ TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM TRENCHING WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE ................................ TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM BUILDING ERECTION WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE ........................ 7 11 15 16 17 18 19 26 27 28 29 E LIST OF TABLES • NUMBER TABLE TITLE PAGE NO. 1 EXTERIOR NOISE EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION (RESIDENTIAL LAND USE) ......................... 6 2 FHWA NOISE ABATEMENT CRITERIA .................... 8 3 NOISE MEASUREMENT RESULTS ........................ 12 4 CALCULATIONS OF PROJECT AND NON -PROJECT TRAFFIC NOISE CONTRIBUTIONS (CY 2015) .................. 23 5 AVAILABLE WORK HOURS UNDER DOH PERMIT PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION NOISE ......................... 31 A 0 • CHAPTER I. SUMARY The objectives of this study were to describe the existing and future traffic noise environment in the vicinity of the pro- posed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion in North Kona on the island of Hawaii. Traffic noise level increases and impacts associated with the proposed development were to be determined. Specific objec- tives were to determine future traffic noise level increases asso- ciated with both project and non -project traffic, and the poten- tial noise impacts associated with these increases. Potential noise impacts from the planned development and golf courses on the neighboring Kona Village Resort were also evaluated. Recommenda- tions for minimizing these noise impacts were also to be provided as required. In addition, assessments of possible noise impacts from short term construction noise at the project site were in- cluded in the noise study objectives. The future traffic noise levels along the primary access roadways to the proposed project site were calculated for the Year 2015 following build -out of the proposed development. Along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, traffic noise levels are expected to increase by approximately 5.8 to 6.2 dB above existing noise levels between CY 1994 and CY 2015. Due to its relatively low volume when com- pared to existing and non -project traffic along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, project traffic is predicted to cause an insignificant portion (0.3 to 0.6. dB) of the total increases in traffic noise along the highway. For this reason, traffic noise impacts are not expected to result from project generated traffic. Adequate setback distances of future housing units from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and the internal roadways are planned for the project. For this reason, noise levels at the project's housing units should not exceed the 65 Ldn FHA/HUD noise standard, and are expected to be approximately 55 Ldn or less. The proposed development would increase the existing back- ground ambient noise levels in the environs of the project due to Page 1 the proposed urbanization of presently vacant lands. This in- crease in existing background ambient noise levels may result from golf course maintenance activities, as well as from normal resi- dential activities at the project's housing units. These in- creases in background ambient noise levels on the project site are unavoidable, and administrative controls will be required to minimize their impact on noise sensitive receptors. A potential for complaints regarding audible sounds from the Kona Village Resort Luau Show does exist due to the planned loca- tion of new single family residences near the northeast boundary of the Kona Village Resort. The golf course should provide ap- proximately 300 to 400 FT of buffer space, but amplified music and crowd noise from the luau may still be audible at the planned re- sidences due to the low nighttime background ambient noise levels in the project area. As a minimum, adequate disclosure of the music or other sounds emanating from entertainment activities at the Kona Village Resort should be provided to prospective tenants of the project's dwelling units. Temporary noise impacts may occur during the construction of the proposed project and are considered to be unavoidable. Mitigation measures to reduce construction noise to inaudible levels will not be practical in all cases. Therefore, construc- tion activities are predicted to be audible at the adjoining Kona Village Resort, and the quality of the acoustic environment may be degraded to unacceptable levels during periods of construction. To minimize construction noise impacts, the use of quiet equipment and construction curfew periods, as required under the State Department of Health noise regulations on the island of Oahu, are recommended. The early phasing of the construction of landscaped buffers/berms between noise sensitive receptors and the job sites of later phases of construction is another possible noise mitiga- tion measure. As a minimum, prospective clientele of both the existing Kona Village Resort and the future Kaupulehu Resort Ex- pansion should be advised of any ongoing construction activities Page 2 U within audible distances. Page 3 • CHAPTER II. NOISE DESCRIPTORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LAND USE COMPATIBILITY A general consensus has developed for use of the Day -Night Sound Level (Ldn) in describing environmental noise in general, and for relating the acceptability of the noise environment for various land uses. The Day -Night Sound Level represents the 24- hour average sound level for a typical day, with nighttime noise levels (from 10:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M.) increased by 10 decibels prior to computation of the 24-hour average. The Ldn descriptor employs a process of averaging instanta- neous A -Weighted sound levels as read on a standard Sound Level Meter, which are normally referred to as meter readings in dBA. A brief description of the acoustic terminology and symbols used are provided in APPENDIX B. The average noise level during a one hour period is called the hourly equivalent sound level, and is desig- nated as Leq(h) or Leq. The maximum A -Weighted sound level occur- ring during an intermittent event (or single event) is referred to as the Lmax value. The mathematical product (or integral) of the instantaneous sound level times the duration of the event is known as the Sound Exposure Level, or Lse, and is analogous to the ener- gy of the time varying sound levels associated with the intermit- tent noise event. Current noise standards and criteria which as- sociate land use compatibility or adverse health and welfare ef- fects with various levels of environmental noise are normally de- scribed in terms of Ldn rather than the single event (Lmax or Lse) noise descriptors. The reasons for this are based on the rela- tively good correlation between the cumulative Ldn descriptor and annoyance reactions of the exposed population. However, at very low levels of environmental noise (55 Ldn or less), other attitu- dinal variables and biases (besides noise) of the exposed popula- tion tend to influence annoyance reactions, and the correlation between annoyance reactions and Ldn levels deteriorates. This is particularly true for intermittent sounds associated with mainte- Page 4 nance and recreational activities, which may occur at average lev- els below 55 Ldn, but when barely audible or intermittently loud, may be considered to be annoying to some individuals. TABLE 1, extracted from Reference 1, categorizes the various Ldn levels of outdoor noise exposure with severity classifica- tions. Land use compatibility guidelines for various levels of environmental noise as measured by the Ldn descriptor system are shown in FIGURE 1, which was extracted from Reference 2. A gen- eral consensus among federal agencies has developed whereby resi- dential housing development is considered acceptable in areas where exterior noise does not exceed 65 Ldn. This value of 65 Ldn is used as a federal regulatory threshold for determining the necessity for special noise abatement measures when applications for federal funding assistance are made. Federal agencies (HUD and EPA) recognize 55 Ldn as a desir- able goal for exterior noise in residential areas for protecting the public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety (References 3 and 4). Although 55 Ldn is significantly quieter than 65 Ldn, the lower level has not been adopted for regulatory purposes by federal agencies due to economic and technical feasi- bility considerations. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) uses the Leq or L10 descriptors rather than the Ldn noise descriptor in assess- ing highway noise impacts and traffic noise mitigation require- ments (Reference 5). The L10 descriptor represents the noise lev- el exceeded ten percent of the time during the peak traffic hour of interest. The Leq is normally evaluated during the peak traf- fic hour, and has been selected for use in this study. TABLE 2, which was extracted from Reference 5, presents the current FHWA Noise Abatement Criteria which are normally applied in evaluations of potential noise impacts on federally -sponsored roadway improve- ment projects. In general, the 67 Leq threshold for Activity Category B is applied at all residences in the vicinity of these roadway improvement projects. The FHWA 67 Leq threshold is ap- Page 5 • TABLE 1 • EXTERIOR NOISE EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION (RESIDENTIAL LAND USE) NOISE EXPOSURE DAY -NIGHT EQUIVALENT FEDERAL(') CLASS -------------- SOUND LEVEL -------------- SOUND LEVEL -------------- STANDARD -------------- Minimal Not Exceeding Not Exceeding Unconditionally Exposure 55 Ldn 55 Leq Acceptable Moderate Exposure Above 55 Ldn But Not Above Above 55 LeU But Not Above Acceptable(2) 65 Ldn 65 Leq Significant Above 65 Ldn Above 65 LeNormally Exposure But Not Above But Not Abovch Unacceptable 75 Ldn 75 Leq Severe Above 75 Ldn Above 75 Leq Unacceptable Exposure Notes: (1) Federal Housing Administration, Veterans Administration, Department of Defense, and Department of Transportation. (2) FHWA uses the Laq Instead of the Ldn descriptor. For planning purposes, both are equivalent If: (a) heavy trucks do not exceed 10 percent of total traffic flow In vehicles per 24 hours, and (b) traffic between 10:00 PM and 7:00 AM does not exceed 15 percent of average dally traffic flow In vehicles per 24 hours. The noise mitigation threshold used by FHWA for residences Is 67 Leq. Page 6 Transient Lodging YEARLY DAY -NIGHT AVERAGE LAND USE I SOUND LEVEL IN DECIBELS. s0 60 70 a0 90 Residential - Single Family, ` MMOX ........ .... . Extensive Outdoor Use .. ............. . Neighborhood Parks Religious Facilities ......: Residential - Multi le Family, Playgrounds, Golf Courses, Riding ........ ........ Moderate Outdoor Use Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing Homes, ........ Health Related Facilities ........ Residential - Multi -Story ::::::: Office Buildings, Personal Services, ........ ........ .... ... . Limited Outdoor Use ........ Business and Proffeslonal IVA .. " Transient Lodging : : : : : : : : j : : : Sports ....... :...... ` MMOX ........ .... . School Classrooms, Libraries, .. ............. . Neighborhood Parks Religious Facilities ......: Playgrounds, Golf Courses, Riding ........ ........ Hospitals, Clinics, Nursing Homes, ........ Health Related Facilities ........ Office Buildings, Personal Services, ........ ........ .... ... . Business and Proffeslonal ........ .. " Auditoriums, Concert Halls ... .... .... . . . . . Music Shells Sports Arenas, Outdoor Spectator Sports ....... :...... ` MMOX . Neighborhood Parks XWER Playgrounds, Golf Courses, Riding ........ ........ Stables, Water Roe., Cemeteries Office Buildings, Personal Services, ........ ........ .... ... . Business and Proffeslonal ........ .. " ... .... .... . . . . . Commercial - Relall Movie Theaters Restaurants " ........ .... Some ........ ........ Commercial -Wholesale, ........ ........ Retail, Ind., Mfg., Utilities 0000"" 0000"" ........ ........ Livestock Farming, Animal ........ .... Breeding ........ ... . ...... ........ .... Agriculture Livestock) " " " " 00 00 " ". " .. (Except ....... . ...... .... ....... .... .. .... Extensive Natural Wildlife and " ....... Recreation Areas Compatible ®With Insulation per Section A.3 LAND USE COMPATIBILITY WITH YEARLY DAY—NIGHT AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL AT A SITE FOR BUILDINGS AS COMMONLY CONSTRUCTED (Source: American National Standards Institute S12.40-1990) Page 7 Marginally Compatible Incompatible FIGURE 1 • TABLE 2 FHWA NOISE ABATEMENT CRITERIA [Hourly A—Weighted Sound Level --Decibels (dBA)] ACTIVITY CATEGORY LEO (H) DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY CATEGORY A 57 (Exterior) Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extra— ordinary significance and serve an important public need and where the preservation of those qualities is essential if the areas are to continue to serve their intended purpose. B 67 (Exterior) Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, activity sports areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, churches, libraries, and hospitals. C 72 (Exterior) Developed lands, properties, or activities not included in Categories A or B above. D ------ Undeveloped lands. E 52 (Interior) Residences, motels, hotels, public meeting rooms, schools, churches, libraries, hospitals, and auditoriums. Page 8 proximately equivalent to 67 Ldn, and is less stringent than the FHA/HUD noise standard of 65 Ldn for residences. Where use of the 67 Leq threshold would result in a significant increase in back- ground ambient noise levels at residences which are located in quiet communities, the FHWA 57 Leq criteria can be used as a more conservative noise abatement threshold. For commercial, industrial, and other non -noise sensitive land uses, exterior noise levels as high as 75 Ldn are generally considered acceptable. Exceptions to this occur when naturally ventilated office and other commercial establishments are exposed to exterior levels which exceed 65 Ldn. For the purposes of this study, the level of 55 Ldn was used to define the noise impact zones along the sides of a roadway, and to define the maximum acceptable level of background ambient noise. This lower level was considered appropriate due to the resort character of the project area and due to the relatively low ambient noise levels in the area. Also, at an exterior noise level of 55 Ldn, the noise attenuation characteristics of typical naturally ventilated dwellings produce acceptable noise levels within the dwellings (approximately 45 Ldn). Page 9 CHAPTER III. GENERAL STUDY METHODOLOGY Noise Measurements. Existing background ambient and traffic noise levels were measured at three locations in the project envi- rons to provide a basis for describing the existing traffic noise levels along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and for developing the project's traffic noise contributions along the access roadways to the project site. FIGURE 2 depicts the project site and the noise measurement locations (A thru C). The background and traffic noise measurements were performed during the month of April 1994. Traffic Noise Predictions. The traffic noise measurements were used to calibrate the traffic noise prediction model used in this study. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Noise Prediction Model (Reference 6) was used as the primary method of calculating the existing and future traffic noise lev- els. Traffic data entered into the noise prediction model were: hourly traffic volumes, average vehicle speeds, estimates of traffic mix, and soft ground propagation loss factor. The traffic data and projections for the project (Reference 7) and Hawaii State Department of Transportation traffic counts along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway north and south of the project (References 8 and 9), were the primary sources of data inputs to the model. For existing and future traffic, it was assumed that the average noise levels, or Leq(h), during the PM peak hour were equal to the 24-hour Ldn along all access roadways to the project site. These assumptions were based on computations of both the hourly Leq and the 24-hour ldn of traffic noise on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway north and south of the project. At traffic noise measurement Locations A thru C, the measured traffic noise levels were compared with model predictions to in- sure that measured and calculated noise levels for the existing conditions were consistent and in general agreement. TABLE 3 pre- sents the results of the traffic noise measurements and their com- Page 10 1000 0 1000 2000 SCALE IN FEET KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION 1 uj 7 't r r,_ t 1 1 \ LOCATIONS r Wit-' A,B&C FIGURE 2 LOCATIONS OF PROJECT AND NOISE MEASUREMENT SITES Page 11 Page 12 • m m U In O O CM L m N Q. J dm m m T N � J �Y m = N Cl) co N E¢ 0.11 O >Y U v T m o ccc co W 0 //��//�� c'/ Z N co LLJ W cC J W � � m Q U d U) U) LO W Q W O c�a Z a¢ cgF-m U)�co v�U) y T T T T T T E 6= tf r � m w +- U N "- m N U m w m N U U U G1 m C CC N_ _ m N C f0 N _ i m ~ C (C m N C l�05 .r _ N > . m C65 U (C C U 0 C U c6 C a t Y t Y t Y Q U w= o rn E= o E M: O T� T riY T T T V T N ltfN U) O OY ON O O v 8Y O v Q Q N Q 0 v Page 12 r • parisons with the traffic noise model predictions. As indicated in TABLE 3, spot counts of existing traffic volumes were obtained during the measurement periods and were used to generate the equi- valent sound level (Leq) predictions shown in the table. The agreement between measured and predicted traffic noise levels was considered to be good and sufficiently accurate to justify use of the highway noise model to develop the traffic noise contours. Future traffic noise levels for CY 2015 conditions following project build -out were developed along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at the project access road. Reference 7 was used to develop the Base Year (CY 1994) and future (CY 2015) traffic volumes along the ac- cess roadways to the project site. The PM peak hour was used as the period of highest hourly traffic volumes based on References 7 thru 9. The future (CY 2015) traffic noise levels along the access roadways to the project site were calculated for conditions with and without the proposed development. The predicted future traf- fic noise levels were compared with the FHWA (see TABLE 3) and FHA/HUD (see TABLE 1) noise abatement criteria to determine speci- fic locations where noise abatement measures might be necessary. Additionally, the locations of the 65, 60, and 55 Idn traffic noise contours with and without the benefit of shielding from natural terrain or man-made sound barriers were calculated along the access roadways to the project site. Construction and other On -Site Noise Evaluations. Noise levels from construction activities on the project site were also described using available sound level data. Measures for minimiz- ing risks of future adverse impacts from these and other on-site activities were also described. Page 13 • • M CHAPTER IV. EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT Traffic Noise. The existing noise environment along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway in the area of the proposed resort is con- trolled by vehicular traffic. Noise levels are in the "Minimal Exposure, Unconditionally Acceptable" category, with traffic noise below 55 Idn at approximately 150 FT or greater setback distances from the highway's centerline. The results of the April 1994 traffic noise measurements are summarized in TABLE 3 and FIGURES 3 thru 5. In the histograms, Lmax and Lmin represent the maximum and minimum noise levels mea- sured, respectively; L10 and L50 represent the levels exceed 10 and 50 percent of the time, respectively; and Leq represents the Equivalent (or average) Sound Level. Measured traffic noise lev- els were 3 to 5 dB lower than FHWA model source levels, which was consistent with previous (1984) traffic noise measurements in the North Kona area. FIGURES 6 and 7 depict the existing Ldn vs. distance curves for Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway north and south of the proposed pro- ject at Kaupulehu. The traffic noise levels shown in the figures only apply when unobstructed line of sight conditions exist to the roadway. These conditions would generally occur at short (50 to 100 FT) distances to a roadway, within any flat, open space along the roadway, and at distant, but elevated locations above the roadway. The existing traffic noise levels shown in the figures should be reduced by 3 to 5 dB if partial shielding (line of sight obstruction) exists between the roadway and receptor location. If the receptor location is behind an obstruction (berm or hill), the noise levels in the tables and figures should be reduced by 5 to 10 dB. Other Background Noise. In areas removed from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, existing ambient noise levels are controlled by wind and foliage, surf, birds, and/or intermittent flyby events Page 14 M FIGURE 3 HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION W DATE: APRIL 21, 1994 TIME: 1220-1307 HOURS METER RESPONSE: FAST 10 9 8 z w U Q a 7 z_ z 6 z O a Q 5 w U) m O 4 LL O Ills w 3 m D z 2 0-------------------------------- 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 I. 70 75 80 85 MEASURED SOUND LEVEL (dBA) Page 15 Lmax: 83.0 dBA L10: 66.1 dBA L50: 48.6 dBA Leq: 62.3 dBA Lmin: 35.6 dBA FIGURE 4 HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION 'B' DATE: APRIL 21, 1994 TIME: 1530-1630 HOURS METER RESPONSE: FAST 10 73.3 dBA L10: 60.1 dBA 9 48.1 dBA Leq: 56.3 dBA i- 8 31.2 dBA z w U Q a 7 z m 6 z O F- a CCw 5 U3 m 0 4 u- 0 0 w 3 m z 2 1 0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 MEASURED SOUND LEVEL (dBA) Lmax: 73.3 dBA L10: 60.1 dBA L50: 48.1 dBA Leq: 56.3 dBA Lmin: 31.2 dBA Page 16 FIGURE 5 HISTOGRAM OF MEASURED SOUND LEVELS AT LOCATION 'C' DATE: APRIL 21, 1994 TIME: 1425-1525 HOURS METER RESPONSE: FAST 1 0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 MEASURED SOUND LEVEL (dBA) Lmax: 70.6 dBA L10: 61.1 dBA L50: 44.1 dBA Leq: 49.1 dBA Lmin: 32.7 dBA I. 1 0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 MEASURED SOUND LEVEL (dBA) Lmax: 70.6 dBA L10: 61.1 dBA L50: 44.1 dBA Leq: 49.1 dBA Lmin: 32.7 dBA Page 17 EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE VS. DISTANCE FROM CENTERLINE OF QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY (NORTH) Page 18 FIGURE 6 MEN 6CC �glll NINE I- Ijn �I�i9C i FA . HUI u� EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE VS. DISTANCE FROM CENTERLINE OF QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY (NORTH) Page 18 FIGURE 6 4 !iji!IIIII'�Illlllll�ll�i�'li' " ISI'iii'' O 0 o O 00 1- (O N (UP -1) -iDA9-1 ONf10S 1HEJIN— EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE VS. DISTANCE FROM CENTERLINE OF QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY (SOUTH) Page 19 O O M O O N r W LL Z O W OU Z f - OT no O co O N FIGURE 7 W of helicopters and aircraft. At the adjacent Kona Village Resort, measured background ambient noise levels ranged from 44 to 50 dBA, and were controlled by wind, foliage, and birds. At 100 FT from the edge of the surf, measured ambient noise levels ranged from 50 to 65 dBA for 1 to 3 FT waves. Helicopter and light aircraft flyby events (no overflights observed) ranged from 55 to 70 dBA. Distant jet aircraft noise (probably from aircraft operating to or from Keahole Airport) ranged from 45 to 55 dBA. Estimated back- ground ambient noise levels in the populated areas of the Kona Village Resort probably range from 50 to 55 Ldn. In the now va- cant lands of the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, estimated background ambient noise levels are 40 to 50 Ldn in areas removed from surf and traffic noise, and from 55 to 65 Ldn within 100 FT of the surf. These levels are in the "Minimal Exposure, Uncondi- tionally Acceptable" category (with the high surf noise levels excluded). Page 20 CHAPTER V. FUTURE ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT Along Access Roadways to Project Site. Worst case predic- tions of future traffic noise levels were made using the traffic volume predictions for CY 2015 following project build -out. FIG- URES 6 and 7, present the future traffic noise level vs. distance curves which are predicted to be applicable by CY 2015. The shape of the traffic noise vs. distance curves are also expected to change due to the predicted change in roadway source characteris- tics from a series of intermittent traffic noise events to a near- ly continuous level of traffic noise. This change is due to the increase in traffic volumes predicted by the year of ultimate development in 2015. From FIGURES 6 and 7, the 55 Ldn traffic noise contour may extend as far as 950 FT from the centerline of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway by CY 2015 for receptors with unobstructed lines -of -sight to the traffic lanes. For those receptors with obstructed (due to lava berms, etc.) lines -of -sight to the highway, the setback dis- tances to the 55 Ldn contour are expected to range between 100 and 450 FT. By 2015, traffic noise levels within 210 FT of the cen- terline of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway may be in the "Significant Exposure, Normally Unacceptable" category. Proposed single and multi -family units of the project are located beyond the 65 Ldn traffic noise contour, and should be in the "Acceptable" category. At the proposed minimum setback distance of approximately 900 FT from the highway centerline for these housing units, traffic noise levels should be below 60 Ldn, and may be below 55 Ldn if they are shielded from the highway by terrain features. The majority of the project's housing units will be located beyond the 55 Ldn contour, and they should be in the "Minimal Exposure, Uncondition- ally Acceptable" category. Along the main entrance roads of the project, and beyond 172 FT from the centerlines of these roadways, future traffic noise levels are predicted to be in the "Minimal Exposure, Uncondition- Page 21 w ally Acceptable" category. The proposed housing units of the project are located beyond 172 FT from the centerlines of the main entrance roads, and therefore, should be in this "Minimal Expo- sure" category. TABLE 4 compares the increases the future traffic noise at- tributable to both project and non -project traffic between cY 1994 and 2015. From TABLE 4, traffic noise increases of approximately 5.6 Ldn are predicted to occur along the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as a result of non -project traffic by the Year 2015. This level of increase is considered to be significant, and will result in the enlargement of the 65 and 55 Ldn contour setback distances by a factor of approximately 2.6. Traffic noise increases attribu- table to project traffic should be insignificant along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at 0.3 to 0.6 Ldn. For this reason, traffic noise impacts resulting from project traffic should not occur along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. Other Background Noise. With the development of the second phase of the Kaupulehu Resort, background ambient noise levels will naturally rise due to the introduction of foliage, housing occupants, visitors, employees, mechanical equipment, and trans- portation vehicles. However, in order to maintain the desired resort characteristics of the area, it is expected that background ambient noise levels will be controlled to levels in the 50 to 55 Ldn range by site planning and engineering controls. The addition of foliage to the primarily barren area is expected to increase the natural background ambient noise levels as a result of wind effects and the attraction of birds. overall, minimum background ambient noise levels are predicted to rise from the 30 dB range to the 40 dB range, but it should be possible to limit total back- ground ambient noise to levels of 50 to 55 Ldn. Page 22 4 • 0 TABLE 4 CALCULATIONS OF PROJECT AND NON—PROJECT TRAFFIC NOISE CONTRIBUTIONS (CY 2015) STREET SECTION Q. Kaahumanu Hwy. North of Project Q. Kaahumanu Hwy. South of Project Project Entrance Road @ Highway Mauka—Makai Road @ Highway NOISE LEVEL INCREASE (Ldn) DUE TO NON—PROJECT PROJECT TRAFFIC TRAFFIC 5.5 0.3 5.6 0.6 18.8 3.1 55.9 2.2 Page 23 • • r w CHAPTER VI. POTENTIAL NOISE IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED NOISE MITIGATION MEASURES Traffic Noise. Risks of adverse impacts from traffic noise within the project site are low and should not require extraordi- nary traffic noise mitigation measures. Use of adequate setback distances, control of future vehicle speeds to 25 miles per hour within the proposed housing areas, and control of vehicle speeds to 35 miles per hour along the main entrance and circulation roadways are recommended to keep future traffic noise at the low- est practical. level. Based on this study, it was concluded that adverse impacts from project traffic noise are not likely along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway due to the insignificant increases in traffic noise resul- ting from project traffic. However, to minimize future traffic noise levels at proposed housing units closest to the highway, the use of berms is recommended to provide additional noise attenua- tion between the highway and the housing units. In order to be effective, these berms must block the visual lines -of -sight be- tween the windows of the proposed housing units and the highway lanes. Intrusive Noise. The primary environmental consequence of the proposed project is the anticipated increase in background ambient noise levels at the adjacent Kona Village Resort. These increases are unavoidable due to the development of now vacant lands with housing units and new golf courses. Typical sound levels of gasoline engine powered grounds maintenance equipment exceed 70 dBA at 30 FT distance, and are high enough to be audible at the Kona Village Resort. Use of grounds maintenance equipment on the golf courses and within the proposed housing areas will occur, and adverse noise impacts from these equipment are possi- ble.- Use of hearing protection devices for operators of these equipment are recommended, as well as scheduling of these grounds Page 24 maintenance activities to avoid conflicts with nearby housing occupants and guests of the Kona Village Resort. Serious adverse noise impacts or conflicts are not expected as a result of the project since they have generally been avoidable at other similar developments. A potential for complaints regarding audible sounds from the Kona Village Resort Luau Show does exist due to the planned loca- tion of new single family residences near the northeast boundary of the Kona Village Resort. The golf course should provide ap- proximately 300 to 400 FT of buffer space, but amplified music and crowd noise from the luau show may still be audible at the planned residences due to the low nighttime background ambient noise lev- els in the project area. As a minimum, adequate disclosure of the music or other sounds emanating from entertainment activities at the Kona Village Resort should be provided to prospective tenants of the project's dwelling units. Construction Noise. Short-term noise impacts associated with construction activities on the project site may occur. These im- pacts can occur as a result of the short distances (less than 100 FT) between residences and the anticipated construction work sites. The total duration of the construction period for the pro- posed project is not known, but noise exposure from construction activities at any one receptor location is not expected to be con- tinuous during the total construction period. Audible construction noise will probably be unavoidable dur- ing the project construction period. Noise levels of diesel pow- ered construction equipment typically range from 80 to 90 dB at 50 FT distance. Typical levels of noise from construction activity (excluding pile driving activity) are shown in FIGURE S. The im- pulsive noise levels of impact pile drivers are approximately 15 dB higher than the levels shown in FIGURE 8, while the intermit- tent noise levels of vibratory pile drivers are at the upper end of the noise level ranges depicted in the figure. FIGURES 9 thru Page 25 CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVELS VS. DISTANCE Page 26 FIGURE 8 CD o -Q T JCD AV Z O U w U) Z 0 c U LL O� w� C'3 Z J W w J a� U OZ O .+ W LL o "' m "'cc E o :3 a w � o a -1, O o 0 Lo CD0 �o F -o Z N x Q b C) O 6- Lo 0 m 8p b m ut 0 m lanai b m rl_ punoS 0 rl- b p9ly6iaM-V 6 m (D b Lo CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVELS VS. DISTANCE Page 26 FIGURE 8 DATE: 20 19 IB 17 S 15 4 10 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 FIGURE 9 TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM GRADING WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE May 21, 1990 METER RESPONSE: Slow 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 00 85 90 Lmax: 82.9 dBA Measured Sound Levd in dBA 1-10: 77.0 dBA Leq: 74.7 dBA Lmin: 63.0 dBA Page 27 FIGURE 10 TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM TRENCHING WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE DATE: Mar. 2; 1988 90 80 70 0 c 60 0 a `0 50 0 0 h 0 40 0 a c c 0 30 u 0 a 20 ill 0 45 METER RESPONSE: Slow 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Measured Sound Level n dBA Lmax: 89.5 dBA Leg: 79.1 dBA Lmrn: 65.3 dBA L10: 82.0 dBA Page 28 FIGURE 11 TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FROM BUILDING ERECTION WORK AT 100 FT DISTANCE DATE: May 17, 1990 26 24 22 20 c 18 0 m 16 0 m 0 14 o 12 0 m 0 u 10 0 ° 8 a u 4 2 I METER RESPONSE: Slow 45 50 Lmax: 86.0 dbA L10: 70.0 dBA Leq: 67.9 dBA Lmin: 60.0 dBA 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Measured Sand Level in dBA Page 29 w 11 depict the typical noise levels during various phases of con- struction work at 100 FT distance. Adverse impacts from construc- tion noise are not expected to be in the "public health and wel- fare" category due to the temporary nature of the work and due to the administrative controls available for its regulation. In- stead, these impacts will probably be limited to the temporary degradation of the quality of the acoustic environment in the im- mediate vicinity of the project site. The noise sensitive property which is predicted to experi- ence the highest noise levels during construction activities is the adjacent Kona Village Resort. Construction noise levels at the resort will be audible and may intermittently exceed SO dB when site preparation work'is being performed at close distances to the resort boundaries. Mitigation of construction noise to inaudible levels will not be practical in all cases due to the intensity of construction noise sources (80 to 90+ dB at 50 FT distance), and due to the ex- terior nature of the work (rock breaking, grading and earth mov- ing, trenching, concrete pouring, hammering, etc.). The use of properly muffled construction equipment and construction vehicles which comply with State Department of Health vehicular noise lim- its (Reference 10) should be required on the job site. The State Department of Health currently regulates noise from construction activities on Oahu under a permit system (Reference 11). Under current permit procedures (see TABLE 5), noisy construction acti- vities which exceed 95 dB at the project boundary lines are re- stricted to hours between 9:00 AM and 5:30 PM, from Monday through Friday, and exclude certain holidays. The incorporation of State Department of Health construction noise limits and curfew times are recommended as another construction noise mitigation measure. The use of properly muffled construction equipment and vehicles, plus the siting of heavy truck staging areas and portable genera- tors, pumps, or compressors away from noise sensitive receptors are also recommended. The early phasing of the construction of Page 30 • • TABLE 5 AVAILABLE WORK HOURS UNDER DOH PERMIT PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION NOISE a. DOH PERMIT FOR NOISE EMISSIONS <95 dBA. Midnight 2 4 6 8 10 Noon 2 4 Time of Day b. DOH PERMIT FOR NOISE EMISSIONS >95 dBA. 6 8 10 Midnight Ll 111111111111111 11 T III Wkdys Sat/Sun Weekly Normal Permit 55.0 11/0 66.0 hrs Ili I j Normal Permit 177 1 Midnight 2 4 6 8 10 Noon 2 4 Time of Day b. DOH PERMIT FOR NOISE EMISSIONS >95 dBA. 6 8 10 Midnight Midnight 2 4 6 8 10 Noon 2 4 Time of Day Page 31 6 8 10 Midnight 11 T III Wkdys Sat/Sun Weekly Normal Permit 42.5 0/0 42.5 hrs Ili I j Normal Permit 177 1 Midnight 2 4 6 8 10 Noon 2 4 Time of Day Page 31 6 8 10 Midnight • E A landscaped buffers/berms between noise sensitive receptors and the job sites of later phases of construction is another possible noise mitigation measure. As a minimum, prospective clientele of both the existing Kona Village Resort and the future Kaupulehu Resort Expansion should be advised of any ongoing construction activities within audible distances. The minimum audible distan- ces to construction noise sources will be more accurately deter- minable during the early phases of the construction. Page 32 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES (1) "Guidelines for Considering Noise in Land Use Planning and Control;" Federal Interagency Committee on Urban Noise; June 1980. (2) American National Standard, "Sound Level Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land Use;" ANSI S12.40-1990; Acousti- cal Society of America. (3) "Environmental Criteria and Standards, Noise Abatement and Control, 24 CFR, Part 51, Subpart B;" U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; July 12, 1979. (4) "Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety;" U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; EPA 550/9-74- 004; March 1974. (5) Federal Highway Administration; "Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise;" 23 CFR Chapter I, Subchapter J, Part 772; July 8, 1982. (6) Barry, T. and J. Reagan, "FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Pre- diction Model"; FHWA-RD-77-108, Federal Highway Administration; Washington, D.C.; December 1978. (7) Traffic Assignments for Kaupulehu Phase II Development; Transmittal from The Traffic Management Consultant; May 20, 1994. (8) 24 -Hour Traffic Counts; Station #8-P, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at Keahole Airport Road; Hawaii State Department of Transportation; July 6, 1992. (9) 24 -Hour Traffic Counts; Station #8-H, Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at Waikoloa Road; Hawaii State Department of Transporta- tion; July 6, 1992. (10) "Title 11, Administrative Rules, Chapter Noise Control for Oahu;" Hawaii State Department October 24, 1981. (11) "Title 11, Administrative Rules, Chapter Noise Control for Oahu;" Hawaii State Department November 6, 1981. Page 33 42, Vehicular of Health; 43, Community of Health; • APPENDIX B E EXCERPTS FROM EPA'S ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE Descriptor Symbol Usage The recommended symbols for the commonly used acoustic descriptors based on A -weighting are contained in Table 1. As most acoustic criteria and standards used by EPA are derived from the A -weighted sound level, almost all descriptor symbol usage guidance is contained in Table 1. Since acoustic nomenclature includes weighting networks other than "A" and measurements other than pressure, an expansion of Table 1 was developed (Table 11). The group adopted the ANSI descriptor -symbol scheme which is structured into three stages. The first stage indicates that the descriptor is a level (i.e., based upon the logarithm of a ratio), the second stage indicates the type of quantity (power, pressure, or sound exposure), and the third stage indicates the weighting network (A, B, C, D, E.....). If no weighting network is specified, "A" weighting is understood. Exceptions are the A -weighted sand Level and the A -weighted peak sound level which require that the "A" be specified. For convenience in those situations in which an A -weighted descriptor is being compared to that of another weighting, the alternative co Lumn in Table li permits the inclusion of the "A". For example, a report on blast noise might wish to contrast the LCdn with the LAdn. Although not included in the tables, it is also recommended that "Lpn" and "LepN" be used as symbols for perceived noise levels and effective perceived noise levels, respectively. It is recommended that in their initial use within a report, such terns: be written in full, rather than abbreviated. An example of preferred usage is as follows: The A -weighted sound level (LA) was measured before and after the installation of acoustical treatment. The measured LA values were 85 and 75 dB respectively. Descriptor Nomenclature With regard to energy averaging over time, the Lena "average" should be discouraged in favor of the term "equivalent". Hence, Leq, is designated the "equivalent sound level". For Ld, Ln, and Ldn, "equivalent" need not be stated since the concept of day, night, or day -night averaging is by definition understood. Therefore, the designations are "day sound level", "night sound level", and "day -night sound level", respectively. The peak sound level is the logarithmic ratio of peak sound pressure to a reference pressure and not the maximum root mean square pressure. while the latter is the maximum sound pressure level, it is often incorrectly labelled peak. In that sound level meters have "peak" settings, this distinction is most important. "Background ambient" should be used in lieu of "background", "ambient", "residual", or "indigenous" to describe the level characteristics of the general background raise due to the contribution of many unidentifiable noise sources near and far. With regard to units, it is recommended that the unit decibel (abbreviated dB) be used without modification. Hence, DBA, PNdB, and EPNdB are not to be used. Examples of this preferred usage are: the Perceived Noise Level (Lpn was found to be 75 dB. Lpn = 75 dB). This decision was based upon the recommendation of the National Bureau of Standards, and the policies of ANSI and the Acoustical Society of America, all of which disallow any modification of beL except for prefixes indicating its multiples or submultiples (e.g., deci). Noise Impact In discussing noise impact, it is recommended that "Level Weighted Population" (LWP) replace "Equivalent Noise Impact" (ENI)- The term "Relative Change of impact" (RC1) shall be used for comparing the relative differences in LWP between two alternatives - Further, when appropriate, "Noise Impact Index" (NII) and "Population Weighed Loss of Hearing" (PHL) shall be used consistent with CHABA Working Group 69 Report Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Impact Statements (1977). Page 34 0 • APPENDIX B (CONTINUED) TABLE I A—WEIGHTED RECOMMENDED DESCRIPTOR LIST (1) Unless otherwise specified, time is In hours (e.g. the hourly equivalent level is Leq(1)). Time may be specified In non - quantitative terms (e.g., could be specified a Leq(WASH) to mean the washing cycle noise for a washing machine). SOURCE: EPA ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE, BNA 8-14-78, NOISE REGULATION REPORTER. Page 35 TERM SYMBOL 1. A -Weighted Sound Level LA 2. A -Weighted Sound Power Level LWA 3. Maximum A -Weighted Sound Level Lmax 4. Peak A -Weighted Sound Level LApk 5. Level Exceeded x% of the Time Lx 6. Equivalent Sound Level Leq 7. Equivalent Sound Level over Time (T) (1) Leq(T) 8. Day Sound Level Ld 9. Night Sound Level Ln 10. Day -Night Sound Level Ldn 11. Yearly Day -Night Sound Level Ldn(Y) 12. Sound Exposure Level LSE (1) Unless otherwise specified, time is In hours (e.g. the hourly equivalent level is Leq(1)). Time may be specified In non - quantitative terms (e.g., could be specified a Leq(WASH) to mean the washing cycle noise for a washing machine). SOURCE: EPA ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE, BNA 8-14-78, NOISE REGULATION REPORTER. Page 35 APPENDIX B (CONTINUED) TABLE II RECOMMENDED DESCRIPTOR LIST ALTERNATIVE(') OTHER(2) TERM A -WEIGHTING A -WEIGHTING WEIGHTING UNWEIGHTED 1. Sound (Pressure) (3) LA LpA LB, LpB L Level 2. Sound Power Level LWA LWB LW 3. Max. Sound Level Lmax LAmax LBmax Lpmax 4. Peak Sound (Pressure) LApk LBpk Lpk Level 5. Level Exceeded x% of Lx LAx LBx Lpx the time 6. Equivalent Sound Level Leq LAeq LBeq Lpeq 7. Equivalent Sound Level (4) Leq(T) LAeq(T) LBeq(T) Lpeq(T) Over Time(T) 8. Day Sound Level Ld LAd LBd Lpd 9. Night Sound Level Ln LAn LBn Lpn 10. Day -Night Sound Level Ldn LAdn LBdn Lpdn 11. Yearly Day -Night Sound Ldn(Y) LAdn(`) LBdn(Y) Lpdn(Y) Level 12. Sound Exposure Level LS LSA LSB LSp 13. Energy Average value Leq(e) LAeq(e) LBeq(e) Lpeq(e) over (non -time domain) set of observations 14. Level exceeded x% of Lx(e) LAx(e) LBx(e) Lpx(e) the total set of (non -time domain) observations 15. Average Lx value Lx LAx LBx Lpx (1) "Alternative" symbols may be used to assure clarity or consistency. (2) Only B -weighting shown. Applies also to C,D,E...... weighting. (3) The term "pressure" Is used only for the unweighted level. (4) Unless otherwise specified, time is in hours (e.g., the hourly equivalent level Is LeG(1). Time malbe specified In non -quantitative terms (e.g., could be specified as Leq(WASH) to mean the washing cycle noise for a washing machine. Page 36 • • Appendix otanical Survey, Kaupulehu 2 Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii BOTANICAL SURVEY KA'UPULEHU PHASE 2 DEVELOPMENT NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI'I by Winona P. Char CHAR & ASSOCIATES Botanical Consultants Honolulu, Hawaii Prepared for: BELT COLLINS & ASSOCIATES March 1994 Table of Contents mf - INTRODUCTION ...................... 1 SURVEY METHODS .................... 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION ..... 3 Coastal Strand Vegetation ....... 4 Scrub Vegetation ................ 4 ENDANGERED SPECIES ................ 6 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... 7 PLANT SPECIES LIST ................ 9 LITERATURE CITED .................. 14 BOTANICAL SURVEY KA'UPULEHU PHASE 2 DEVELOPMENT NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII INTRODUCTION The project site consists of approximately 1,000 acres of land located in North Kona. It is bounded by the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway to the south, the Ka'upulehu Resort, Phase 1, to the west, the undeveloped Land of Pu'uwaawaa to the northeast, and the ocean and Kona Village Resort to the northwest. The subject property is proposed for reclassification to the State Urban District to accommodate some of the future development of the Ka'upulehu Resort. The developments proposed for the property include single and multi -family housing, a 36 -hole golf course and clubhouse, a commercial center, archaeological preserve areas, etc. The vegetation on the ±1,000 -acre project site consists of an open scub on the areas with pahoehoe lava flows; its general physiognomy is of scattered patches of grasses, shrubs, and short-statured kiawe trees. The Ka'upulehu Flow of 1800, an 'a'a lava flow, covers roughly half of the project site; the flow is barren of vegetation except along its edges where it interfaces the geologically older and weathered pahoehoe flows. Along the shoreline, there is a narrow band of coastal strand vegetation composed primarily of kiawe trees on the rocky headlands and :low mats of beach morning-glory or pohuehue on the coastal flats with course coralline sand. Field studies to assess the botanical resources found on the ±1,000 -acre project site were conducted on 24 and 25 February 1994. A team of three botanists was used. The primary objectives of the field studies were to: 1) provide a general description of the major vegetation types; 2) inventory the flora; 3) search for threatened and endangered species as well as rare and vulnerable plants; and 4) identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns and propose appropriate mitigation measures. SURVEY METHODS Prior to undertaking the field studies, a search was made of the pertinent literature to familiarize the principal investigator with other studies conducted in the general area. Topographic maps and a colored aerial photograph were examined to determine vegetation cover patterns, terrain characteristics, access, boundaries, and reference points. Access was from the Kona Village Resort road. Along the ocean is a coastal trail. The trail is a narrow footpath where it crosses the Ka'upulehu Lava Flow, but widens into a jeep trail towards its northern end. The field studies focused primarily on the scrub vegetation on pahoehoe flows and the coastal strand. No transects were made across the 'a'a lava flow except where the coastal trail crosses over the flow. A walk-through survey method was used. Notes were made on plant associations and distribution, substrate types, topography, exposure, drainage, etc. Plant identifications were made in the field; plants which could not be positively determined were collected for later identification in the herbaria (HAW, BISH), and for comparison with the most recent taxonomic literature. F] The species recorded are indicative of the season ("rainy" vs. "dry") and the environmental conditions at the time of the survey. A survey taken at a different time of the year and under varying environmental conditions would no doubt yield slight variations in the species list, especially of the weedy, annual plants. Land- scape plantings which are found along portions of the project site where it adjoins the Kona Village Resort are not included in the species list found at the end of this report. DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION There have been a number of botanical surveys on the Ka'upulehu lands mauka of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, and on the nearby Kuki'o property. The lower southern portion of the Phase 2 project site was originally included in the earlier botanical survey (Char 1985) for Phase 1 of the Ka'upulehu Resort. One plant of 'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) was found during the 1985 survey; the plant was relocated during the present study. A more detailed discussion of the 'ohai can be found in the "Endangered Species" section of this report. Scrub vegetation covers roughly about one-half of the Phase 2 project site where it occurs on pahoehoe lava flows (mapped as "rLW" on the soil maps) or on rockland (mapped as "rR0"). The Ka'upulehu Lava Flow ("rl,V") which dominates much of the project site is barren except along its edges where there is sparse scrub vegetation. Along the coastline, there is a narrow band of coastal strand vegetation on areas with pahoehoe lava. Where the Ka'upu- lehu flow meets the sea, it is barren, jagged, tumbled heaps of 'a'a lava with small pockets of black sand beaches. The scrub vegetation and coastal strand vegetation are decribed in more detail below. Q Coastal Strand Vegetation This vegetation type occurs as a narrow belt along the shoreward portion of the project site. Where the Ka'upulehu Lava Flow meets the sea, the 'a'a flow is barren; there is only one small patch of beach morning-glory vine or pohuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae) on the black sand beach closest to the Kona Village Resort side of the flow. On the northern portion of the coast, the substrate is pahoehoe lava flows. Here, kiawe trees (Prosopis pallida) form a dense thicket, 18 to 25 ft. high. Beneath the trees there is no ground cover, although there is a thick layer of organic material from the decayed leaves. Stretching along the coast in some places, between the kiawe thickets and the wave -swept boulder beaches and rocky headlands, are flat areas with course coralline sand. These sandy flats are covered primarily with low, tangled mats of beach morning-glory. Also found in these areas are plants of pluchea (Pluchea symphytifolia), 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), 'aheahea (Chenopodium murale), nena or kipukai (Heliotropium curassavicum), and 'ilima (Sida fallax). A few trees of tree heliotrope (Tourneforthia argentea) also occur here. No anchialine ponds or wetland areas were observed in this vege- tation type, or on the Phase 2 project site. Scrub Vegetation This vegetation type consists of scattered patches of plants on pahoehoe lava flows of different ages. Fountain grass is the most abundant of the grasses, although in low-lying places or swales Natal redtop grass (Rhynchelytrum repens) may be locally common. Two native subshrubs, 'ilima and 'uhaloa, are abundant. Other 4 0 • shrubs found here occasionally include pluchea, noni (Morinda citrifolia), indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa), and nehe (Lipochaeta lavarum). A'ali'i shrubs (Dodonaea viscosa) are rare and occur on the mauka-most portion of the property. Scattered trees of kiawe are of short -stature, 6 to 12 ft. tall, and form about 3 to 5% cover. Smaller herbaceous material consistsof plants such as Portulacaip losa, coatbuttons (Tridax procumbens), hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), Eragrostis tenella, and thread - stem carpetweed (Molluga cerviana). A small, annual, endemic grass, Panicum pellitum, is uncommon on the project site. Most of the vegetation on the ±1,000 -acre project site shows browsing damage from feral donkeys and goats. Donkey droppings are a common sight on the property. There is some slight variation in the scrub vegetation depending on the age of the flow and the amount of weathering. The older flows have a very thin layer of soil in shallow swales and support a denser cover of grasses and somewhat taller kiawe trees, 12 to 18 ft, high. Plant cover is about 30 to 40%. The 'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) occurs on such an older flow. Most of the site, however, is covered by a younger pahoehoe flow which is somewhat "shelly", that is, the upper crust has broken into many fragments and is slightly oxidized; it crunches underfoot. Plant cover on this type of flow may vary from 5 to as much as 20%. 'Uhaloa tends to be abundant over these flows with 'ilima, indigo, and fountain grass occurring primarily in depressions. Kiawe cover is low, about 1 to 3%, and consists of shorter trees, 6 to 8 ft. tall. On the northeast portion of the property, the pahoe- hoe is geologically younger with a glassy, black surface. There is very little vegetation (about 5% cover) on this flow except in swales and other low spots. As mentioned earlier, the Ka'upulehu Lava Flow is devoid of vege- tation except along its margins where the massive 'a'a flow has 5 crept over the older pahoehoe lavas. Along this interface area, the sparse vegetation usually consists of somewhat taller fountain grass and pluchea shrubs. ENDANGERED SPECIES One plant of 'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) was found during the field studies; this is the same plant recorded in the earlier survey (Char 1985), then identified as Sesbania arborea. Since the most recent treatment of the Hawaiian flora by Wagner et al. (1990), all of the Hawaiian Sesbania have been synonymized with Sesbania tomentosa. The 'ohai along with eleven other island -wide Hawaiian species is currently proposed for endangered species status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1993). The proposal is expected to be finalized sometime soon. When this occurs, the 'ohai will become" an officially listed endangered species and the Federal protec- tion and recovery provisions provided by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.,would be implemented. When listed, it would also implement State regulations protecting the plants as endangered species on all lands within the State (H.R.S. 195-D). The 'ohai on the project site is found about 600 ft. north of the Kona Village Resort water tanks, at about 120 ft. elevation (Figure 1) on weathered pahoehoe lava with open scrub and scattered kiawe trees. In the 1985 survey, only a single plant was found; no seedlings or saplings were observed then. During this study, an intensive search was made of the Phase 2 site, especially in areas with similar aged pahoehoe flows, but no other 'ohai plants were found. Again, no seedlings or young plants were observed near the one plant, although it produces fruit readily. Mature fruits were collected for distribution later to the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 0 • • The main branch appears to have fallen over since the plant was last observed in 1985, but in general the plant appears healthy and is flowering. Two Category 2 candidate endangered species also are found on the project site. Category 2 plants are species for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990). The native caper or maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) can be found mauka of the Ka'upulehu landing strip. A few plants of Fimbristylis hawaiiensis can be found scattered throughout the scrub vegetation. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Ka'upulehu Lava Flow of 1800 (1801?), a massive 'a'a flow, dominates much of the project site. It is largely devoid of vege- tation except along its margins where it adjoins the older pahoe- hoe flows. The geologically older and more weathered pahoehoe flows support an open scrub vegetation composed primarily of fountain grass, shrubs of 'ilima and 'uhaloa, and scattered trees of kiawe. Along the coastline, the Ka'upulehu flow is again barren of vegetation except for one, small patch of beach morning-glory. Where the substrate is pahoehoe lava, there is a dense thicket of kiawe trees. Sandy flat areas support tangled mats of beach morning-glory. One plant of the 'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa), a proposed endangered species, occurs on the project site at about the 120 ft. ele- vation, just north of the Kona Village Resort water tanks. A few plants of maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) and Fimbristylis hawaiiensis, both Category 2 candidate endangered species, also are found on the project site. Besides the 'ohai, maiapilo, and Fimbrsitylis, no ther listed, proposed, or candidate threatened 7 • 0 endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993) were found during the field studies. Of a total of 44 species inventoried on the Phase 2 project site, 28 (64%) are introduced or alien species; 2 (4%) are originally of Polynesian introduction; and 14 (32%) are native. Of the natives 7 are endemic, that is, they are native only to the Hawaiian Islands, and 7 are indigenous, that is, they are native to the islands and also elsewhere. Recommendations The vast majority of the area planned for development contains either barren 'a'a lava or scrub vegetation. The scrub vegetation and the narrow belt of coastal strand vegetation do support a number of native components, but, in general, these are primarily wide -spread species and the proposed development is not expected to have a significant negative impact on these botanical resources. Of primary concern, is the preservation of the 'ohai plant. It is recommended that a plant preserve area be established around the plant. There is already an archaeological preserve area planned near the 'ohai; this preserve may be enlarged to include the 'ohai. It is also recommended that a management/horticultural plan be prepared for increasing the number of 'ohai plants. These additional plants as well as the maiapilo can be used for land- scaping the archaeological preserve areas. As the 'ohai is expected to be listed as an endangered species soon, it is recommended that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State's Division of Forestry and Wildlife be contacted for advice at the planning stage. Ll [] • • PLANT SPECIES LIST -- Ka'upulehu Phase 2 Development A checklist of all those terrestrial, vascular plant species inventoried on the project site during the field studies is presented below. The species are arranged alphabetically by families within each of three groups: Ferns, Monocots, and Dicots. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Ferns follow Lamoureux (1988); the flowering plants, Monocots and Dicots, are in accord- ance with Wagner et al. (1993). For each species, the following information is provided: 1. Scientific name with author citation. 2. Common English and/or Hawaiian name(s), when known. 3. Biogeographic status. The following symbols are used: E = endemic = native only to the Hawaiian Islands I = indigenous = native to the Hawaiian islands, and also elsewhere throughout the Pacific P = Polynesian = plants originally of Polynesian introduction prior to Western contact (1778); not native X = introduced or alien = all those plants brought to the Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or accidentally, after Western contact; not native 4. 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W a) z S+ z O u mcd ro mF.�- >4Q) oa)o dP4 dro xG oa oP m dU U d W a w F> Cm xE-I UO UU UU OF UH 11 m G G 0 E 0 U 0 I I + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I + 1 1 + + 1 1 h•1 W X X X X W X H X W X 1 10 0 v d I � � >> o m co coo �1:3 v 0..0 ro a o b°-14 m v ro o o ro 00 .14 x u r-1 � .G m � u v �4 �� ..a m � - v - O z - x P. .-'I a 41 m 1 j4 E v 4 Ct w - o >, w r, iJ v G x •4 o m -c m •o m v 3 .c o- >, bo .c v• 4 E m x o u o �:3 .may }4 M 1 $ m P •rl G) }4 ' m a. - x •.+ v m It x E �4 m CO w v m m G o a o o x G u m >, w .r4 w f4 E G a) u . m u ..a L >, n W O E ro v LO x >, in. r o d m N 3 m p r w r 0 w 1P+ O N .o w x E� Z �2S •.-1 .. b H k W m•14 a o >, vv 4v ro w m x „ P+ r v In E G p >, w p o >, + 3 CO o w o �4 4 CO x Ea w"4 >,a w v , r C m CO. �4 0.z ro m ro v a E71a uw w 3 - m P., P. 10 f4 ro cnro roi4v roto m oa 0m o �•�+ 04 > .i 1� w W U 10 :� L i1 41 � G P+ ro +� m ow N w -,4 b4 Gro m ro u wv u a W• ro 7 u v G ro3 w•,+ a d o 1 m row Q..0 vwa d> W m W 4 V) .. G W P. v ro 0 W S4 d rr U Q) U) v uv —m.-+ P. -O u m uv wcw dm a0 Gu du H r, wv w� du v C4 0 0• . >, w v m w m d P. d� z v 00 ro E 3 w w d G•+. •�4 w w ro o G a fL U) W O v 3 a 3 G U w U w u Do w o v w W O 7 G O m u oo m o ro d •� d a G > E PL i-+ •+ E crm x E d•.4 u v w kp , > ro .ate d v o n w o, uw P.m w•oovOvw P. OO P. V) U) a ro x x d G v >4 v d >, d 00 d s4 d ro U] ,.a x V] P+ P.. P+ 12 v a Ulf ++ + + + + G O L L a U + + + 00 a/ 7 a L c• (a >4 J..1 uo a] ro ^ x r1 k .,, T H ro x m G ^ E O O ro E x ro E v o +� -r+ 10E U a G L O ro G T w ro G ro ro E N o• ro yr ro w rox G a m O - O ro O N L4 � G al cz bo C:. rq a a) ;x v•4 a 0 ro CLI u UI 41 a� roro ro a] I r+ ^ r1 k T ca ^ E co E v +� ro G Ev + T w ro ro E N o• �a w co .I s4 u O a a) m ro v•4 a ro CLI u ro 41 a� roro ro ca m O U) W O O U) U E s4 O s4 a w w m O •r4 ro W (1) H P.p O•a vU W b G dr •r+ O UH ca 6G O R. S+ U U U w d 7 co Ca w u Hro w Ucz U U W a) d Uro .,� dro ro U. �4 Wro 6v as. a , ¢ m vv caro a v G G 7 W -H d G Z G U .= Q) F L U F% H •r H O C4 s4 >4 o v x m s4 P. ro w- u OO O CL S4 �DO d0 FN a] • LITERATURE CITED Char, W.P. 1985. Botanical survey for Ka'upulehu Developments, Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Developments and Belt Collins & Associates. May 1985. Lamoureux, C.H. 1988. Checklist of Hawaiian pteridophytes, Kupukupu 0 Hawai'i Ne'i. Draft list, University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and T. Takehiro, Jr. 1973. Soil survey of the island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12. . 1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Review of plant taxa for listing as Endangered and Threatened Species; Notice of review. Federal Register 55(35): 6184- 6229. . 1992. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed endangered status for 22 plants from the island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. Federal Register 57(243): 59951- 59970. . 1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed endangered status for 12 plants from the Hawaiian Islands. Federal Register 58(176): 48012-48030. 14 0 a Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. University of Hawai'i Press and B.P. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication No. 83. 15 Water Tank 111 09 .. °ate. Kahuwai Bay • o r. �Oy` Figure 1 Location of'ohia (Sesbania tomentosa), a proposed ® endangered species, on the Phase 2 project site. toxo 2M Q�M •CALE IN FEET NORTH *' = Sesbania tomentosa Appendix Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Survey of Kaupulehu Phase 2 Expansion Project, North Kona., Hawaii 171 a AVIFAUNAL AND FERAL MAMMAL SURVEY OF KAUPULEHU PHASE 2 EXPANSION PROJECT, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared for Belt Collins & Associates by Phillip L. Bruner Assistant Professor of Biology Director, Museum of Natural History BYU-Hawaii Evironmental Consultant - Faunal (Bird & Mammal) Surveys 9 February 1994 • a INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to summarize the findings of a two day (5-6 February 1994) bird and mammal field survey conducted on approximately 1000 acres of the Kaupulehu Phase 2 Expansion Project, North Kona, Hawaii (Fig. 1). Also included in the report are references to pertinent literature as well as unpublished faunal studies. The objectives of the field survey were to: 1- Document what bird and mammal species occur on the property or may likely be found there given the type of habitats available. 2- Provide some baseline data on the relative (estimated) abundance of each species. 3- Determine the presence or likely occurrence of any native birds or mammals, particularly any that are listed as "Endangered' or "Threatened". 4- Identify any sites or habitat that may be unique or of special importance to native wildlife. 0 -2- • GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION Figure One indicates the limits of the area surveyed for birds and mammals. Barren A'A lava flows cover much of the lower elevation portions of the site. The upper (mauka) sector contains scatterred brush, dry grasses and low growing native plants like Ilima. The nearby Kona Village resort is an oasis of large trees and ornamental plantings surrounding small brackish ponds. No wetland habitat was found on the Kaupulehu Phase 2 property. Weather during the field survey was variable with both clear and cloudy conditions. Winds were from the N at 10-20 mph. STUDY METHODS The survey consisted of a walking tour of the property and nearby lands. Field observations were made with binoculars and by listening for vocalizations. These observations were concentrated during the peak bird activity periods of early morning and late after- noon/early evening. At various locations eight minute counts were made of all birds seen or heard (Fig. 1). Between these count (census) stations any special observations of birds were also noted. These data provide the basis for the relative (estimated) abundance figures given in this report (Table 1). Published and unpublished reports I • -3- a of birds known from similar habitat elsewhere were also consulted in order to assess what possible species might be expected in this region (Bruner 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990, 1991, 1992; Pratt et al. 1987; Hawaii Audubon Society 1993; David 1989, 1990). Observations of feral mammals were limited to visual sightings and evidence in the form of skeletal remains, scats and tracks. No attempts were made to trap mammals in order to obtain additional data on their abundance and distribution. Two evenings were devoted to searching for the presence of owls and the Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus). Scientific names used in this report follow those given in Hawaii's Birds (Hawaii Audubon Society 1993); Field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific (Pratt et al. 1987) and Mammal species of the World (Honacki et al. 1982). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Resident Endemic (Native) Birds: No endemic birds were observed on the survey. The only species which potentially might occur in this area are: Short -eared Owl or Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and the endangered Hawaiian Hawk or 'Io (Buteo solitarius). These two birds forage in open grasslands as well as forests and agricultural fields (Pratt et a. 1987: Hawaii Audubon Society 1993). -4- • Migratory Indigenous (Native) Birds: Four migratory species were recorded on the survey. Fifteen Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) were seen either flying over the property or foraging along the shoreline near Kona Village resort. Long term studies of this species have shown that they are both site -faithful (return each year to the same area) and territorial (actively defend their foraging space) (Johnson et al. 1981, 1989). Four Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) were observed along the shore near the north end of the property. Ten Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) and one Sanderling (Calidris alba) were also observed along the coast. These four species are the most frequent migrants to Hawaii. They are not endangered or threatened. Resident Waterbirds and Seabirds: No waterbirds or seabirds were found on this property. The absence of wetland and the abundance of predators restricts their occurrence. Exotic (Introduced) Birds: Thirteen species of exotic birds were recorded during the field survey (Table 1). The relative abundance data for these species were comparable to that gathered on nearby lands (Bruner 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990, 1991, 1992). Other species which may also occur on or near the property include: Barn Owl (Tyto alba), Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottus) and Lavender Waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) (Pratt et al. 1987; Hawaii Audubon Society 1993; David 1989, 1990). Feral Mammals: Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) were observed. Skeletal remains and scats of feral goats (Capra hircus) were noted throughout the mauka sections of the property. Feral Donkeys (Equus asinus) were seen on both survey days. One herd contained over 20 animals. No rats, mice or cats were observed but likely do occur on or near the site. No trapping was conducted in order to assess the relative abundance of mammals. Published records of the endemic and endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) are relatively limited but the species does occur on the island of Hawaii (Tomich 1986; Kepler and Scott 1990). No bats were seen on the survey. An employee of Kona Village reported seeing a bat emerge from a lava tube near the petroglyph field just mauka of the village about one year ago. The natural history of the Hawaiian Hoary Bat and its ecological requirements are poorly known. They generally roost solitarily and forage for flying insects at dusk often over bays and ponds or forest clearings. • -6- CONCLUSION A brief field survey of a large area such as this one can provide only a limited perspective of the wildlife. The number of species and the relative abundance of each may vary throughout the year due to available resources and reproductive success. Birds which are migratory will quite obviously be found only at certain times during the year. Exotic species sometimes prosper for a time only to later disappear or become a less significant part of the ecosystem (Williams 1987; Moulton et al. 1990). Thus only long term studies can provide a comprehensive view of the bird and mammal populations in a particular area. Nevertheless, some general conclusions related to bird and mammal activity on this site are provided below: 1- The survey was conducted by walking the site and stopping periodically to conduct eight minute counts of all birds seen or heard. These data provided the numbers necessary to calculate the relative abundance estimates given in Table One. 2- No endemic species were recorded, however, Pueo and 'Io may at times forage at this location. 3- Four species of migratory shorebirds were observed on the property. All of these species are common migrants to the Pacific. • -7- a 4- The numbers of exotic birds recorded were typical of this region of the island. No unexpected exotic species were found. A few species known from this region of the island were not recorded. Their absence from the survey may indicate their numbers are low at this location or may not at present exist on this site. 5- No wetlands were located on the property surveyed. No water - birds were found. 6- No unexpected observations of mammals were noted. feral donkeys have long been common in this area. The endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat was not recorded at this site but potentially could occur here. Kona Village personel have seen the bat on their property. 7- No particularly special or unique bird or mammal habitat was discovered on this property. 6 • to E O> W J m Q H • 0 I 3 U ro z x ¢ 0 �z x c m o ¢ Y W L 7 M Ot 00 �r tD N m N O) N V M r-1 Z J II Ii 11 II II II 11 11 II II 11 II Ii W Y U 4) •n 0 i d c O N C ro O W ro o N N a) C r N ro ro 7 CL) UG) Y ro 7 N 1.1 U C - to N ro U 7 mo ro a ro ^ 'C U ^ L ro 3. t W C L Y L a to ro •r 3 to Z ro L N U CL co (0 C > E In L N N a) ro N 7 ro ro a) a) U 3 r N L U O E to E r r. C a) Ql ^ to E 4- 7 O W ro L r ro ro ro U a C n o +-� a o m L L ro 7 F- H O Y r O C L L 7 7 7 1 a L ro Z U rxN a to a) C L L r O a) Y W C a) a O+) U ro N ms_ O i L L N L C O C U L m ++ U L +) a) U ro ro O O O ro ro ro N U- V)N C7 Q U d N J J N U d a y N a L O E v N O a + L r >> L i Y C ro a a a) C _ L a) r L >1 to o U ro ro 4) U L 4- p C U 1 c i a c a) a Cl) O O a a +) a) Y > L 3 .--I S- I a) L a) 4J U O Y W 0> ro ro L C C C L i a) c f u o a) c (-) r 3 o c In •- U L IT rzcm�L ro t ro ro Z ro O E c L a) 4- i O) d n i a im L 1 1 1 C C L N U z a) c a) 3 a) 3 ITO ^ a) •r C) Y ro O L O C O a) i a) a) a) 4) g >> 4� L E 4+ ro r E a4- In w O= rt) o -D E L � n _ Y i 4- 3 O v X O i n a) O O a) ro a) = ro ro O O W U C.7 N N U Z Y 7 Y Z 3 N x 2 k I -10- • , KEY TO TABLE 1 Relative abundance = Number of times observed during surveys or average number on eight minute counts in appropriate habitat. A = abundant (ave. 10+) C = common (ave. 5-10) u = uncommon (ave. less than 5) R = recorded (seen or heard at times other than on 8 min. counts or on one count only). Number which follows is the total number seen or heard over the duration of the survey. 0 -11- SOURCES CITED Bruner, P. L. 1989a. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals at Queen Liliuokalani Trust Property, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. 1989b. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals at Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. 1989c. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals at Kealakehe Property, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. 1990. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals at Lands of Kau TMK 7-2-05:01 North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. 1991. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals on lands near Kanoa Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. 1992. Survey of the avifauna and feral mammals at Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Davis, R. E. 1989. North Kona Christmas Bird Count 1988. 'Elepaio 49(9):55-56. 1990. North Kona Chirstmas Count 1989. 'Elepaio 50(5):41-42. Hawaii Audubon Society. 1993. Hawaii's Birds. Hawaii Audubon Society. 4th ed. Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl ed. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and the Association of Systematic Collections. Lawrence, Kansas. Johnson, 0. W., P. M. Johnson, and P. L. Bruner. 1981. Wintering behavior and site -faithfulness of Golden Plovers on Oahu. 'Elepaio 41(12):123-130. Johnson, 0. W., M. L. Morton, P. L. Bruner and P. M. Johnson. 1989. Winter range fat cyclicity in Pacific Golden -Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) and predicted migratory flight ranges. Condor 91:156-177. Kepler, A. K. 1990. Trees of Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii Press. Kepler, C. B. and J. M. Scott. 1990. Notes on distribution and behavior of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) 1974-1983. 'Elepaio 50(7):59-64. Moulton, M. P., S. L. Pimm and N. W. Krissinger. 1990. Nutmeg Mannikin (Lonchura punctulata): a comparison of abundance in Oahu vs. Maui sugarcane fields: evidence for competitive exclusion? 'Elepaio 50(10):83-85. Pratt, H. D., P. L. Bruner and D. G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton Univ. Press. Tomich, P. Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Williams, R. N. 1987. Alien Birds on Oahu 1944-1985. 'Elepaio 47(9):87-92. 0 • Appendix H Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4, Land of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii Addendum to Archaeological Inventory Survey (1994), Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4 0 • Report 1397-112593 Archaeological Inventory Survey Ka`upulehu Makai - Lot 4 Land of Ka6upulehu North Kona District, Island of Hawai6i (TMK:3-7-2-03 :Por. 1) BY James Head, BA. • Projects Supervisor and Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D. • Principal Archaeologist PREPARED FOR Kaupulehu Developments do Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite 200 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 JUNE 1994 01994 Paul R. RcsendaU Ph.D., be. PHRIPaul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. Archaeological • Historical Cultural Resource Management Studies & Services HAWAII: 303 Mobou i au— • Hao, Hr� %730 • (606) %9-1763 GUAM: P.O. (lou 23305 • G.M.R. Go 96921 • (671) 672-3117 n U Report 1397-112593 SUMMARY n LJ Between July 21 -October 29, 1993, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) conducted the Phase H - Data Collection portion of a phased archaeological inventory survey of the approximately 889 ha (2,184 acre) Ka`opillehu Makai - Lot 4 project area, located in the Land of Ka`ilpillehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-2-03:Por. 1). During Phase II of this inventory, 185 sites consisting of 633 discrete features were recorded. One hundred eighty-one of these sites were located during the preceding site identification Phase I, site identification (Smith and Rosendahl 1991); the remainder (4) were found in this phase. The sites comprise 90 complexes (multiple -feature sites) and 95 single feature sites. As well, two IF (Isolated Find) locations were noted and recorded. The sites consist of both single and multiple component sites, and their physical condition ranges from poor to good. Formal feature types noted include petroglyph, shaped wall, cairn, enclosure, mound, modified lava tube withutilization, pahoeboe excavation, lava tubewith cultural material, modified outcrop, terrace, modified lava tube, trail, modified depression, and others. Probable functional interpretations are suggested for most features. Functional feature types present include temporary habitation, habitation, burial, marker, indeterminate, communication, quarry, transportation, agriculture, recreation, storage, ceremonial and others. Generally the features combined to form site complexes assigned to the broader functional categories of habitation (both temporary and longer-term), marker, indeterminate, communication, transportation, agriculture. The data from the current project indicates the project area was occupied both historically and prehistorically, possibly as early as AD 1441 at Sites 19903, 19103, 19150, and 19151. Occupation at Site 19103 was most likely semi-permanent; other early sites are probably temporary. Of the 185 sites recorded in the project area, 75 sites are assessed as no longer significant and require no further work. Fifty-two sites assessed as significant for information content only are recommended for further data collection. Thirty-nine sites assessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of site types are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive development of selected features. Eight sites are assessed as significant for information value and for cultural value; they are recommended for further data collection followed by for preservation "as is". Five additional sites are also assessed as significant for information content and for cultural value but are recommended for preservation "as is" only. Three sites are assessed as significant for information value, as excellent examples of site types, and for cultural value. They are recommended for further data collection and preservation "as is." Two sites are also assessed as significant for information, site type and cultural values, but are recommended for preservation with interpretive development (the recommendation is provisional for Site 19124, pending the results of discussions between local community members, the client, and planners). The final site is assessed as significant for information and cultural values, but is recommended for further data collection, only. 0 Report 1397-111593 Contents 0 INTRODUCTION I Background • 1 Scope ofwork I Project Arca Description 3 Previous Archaeological Work • 10 Summary of Historical Documentary Research • 14 Settlement Patterns • 15 Field Methods and Procedures • 19 FINDINGS • 30 Surface Findings • 30 Isolated Find • 50 Subsurface Findings • 53 DATA ANALYSES by Susan T. Goodfellow, Ph.D. and Wanda Pua Kaipo 66 Age Determinations • 66 Portable Artifacts • 68 Ecofactual Remains • 76 CONCLUSION • 80 Summary of Findings • 80 Chronology • 80 Distribution Studies • 81 Kekaho Before AD 1800 • 91 Suggested Future Research • 93 General Significance Assessments and Recommended General Treatments • 9S REFERENCES CITED 0 104 M 0 0 Report 1397-112593 Contents (cont.) APPENDIX A. Site Descriptions • A-1 APPENDIX B: Additional Tables • B -I APPENDIX C: Historical Documentary Research by Kepa Maly • C- I Illustrations Figure 1. Project Area Location - 1 Figure 2. Distribution of Terrain Types • S Figure 3. Lava Flows by Type and Age • 6 Figure 4. Distribution of Vegemtion Types • 9 Figure S. Previous Archaeological Coverage - 12 Figure 6. Project Area and Site Locations - at end Figure 7. Site 19203, Residential Complex 36 Figure 8. Site 19121, Temporary Habitation 37 Figure 9. Sites 19070 and 19186, Markers 38 Figure 10. Site 19094, communication • 40 Figure Ila. Site 19193, Transportation (Neg. No. 4543-16) • 42 Figure I Ib. Site 19193, Transportation (Neg. No. 4543-23) • 42 Figure 12. Site 19149, Burial Cave 43 Figure 13. Site 19246, Agriculture 46 Figure 14. Site 19208, Quarry - 47 iv 0 0 41' Report 1397-112593 v Illustrations (cont) Figure 15. Six 19074 and 19102, Recreation 49 Figure 16. Site 19084 . Multiple Function • SI Figure 17. Site 19217, Indexrminax Function 52 Figure 18. Site 19103, Feature C. TLLI • S4 ' Figure 19. Site 19195, Feature B. TLAI • 57 Figure 20. Site 19197, Feature D,TLLI • S8 Figure 21. Site 19203, Feature A. TLLI • 61 Figure 22. Site 19203, Feature A. TL1.2 • 62 Figure 23. Distribution of Habitation Features • 83 Figure 24. Distribution of Temporary Habitation Features • 84 Figure 2S. Distribution of Burial Features • 86 Figure 26. Distribution of Transportation Features • 87 Figure 27. Distribution of Communication -Recreation Features • 88 Tables Table I. Law Flow Types by Age • 7 Table 2. Previous Archaeological Work in Ka'apalehu and Surrounding Ahupua a 11 Table 3. Details of Previous Archaeological Work within Project Arca • 13 Table 4. Phase I Situ Not Recorded During Phase 0 • 20 Table S. Correlation of Site Numbers • 22 Table 6. Frequencies of Formal Feature Type 31 Table 7. Frequencies of Functional Site Types 33 0 • Report 1397.112593 Tables (cont.) Table 8. Summary of Residential Comple s • 35 Table 9. Summary of Burial Features • 44 Table 10. Summary of Radiocarbon Age Determinations • 67 Table 11. Site Density by Elevation • 90 Table 11. Summary of General Significance Assessments and Recommended General Treatments • 96 Table 13. Preserve Area Sites • 102 Table B-1. Summary of Identified Sites and Features • B-1 Table B-1. Summary of Artifacts • 8.21 Table B-3. Summary of Ecofects • 9.23 vi 4�, 0 Report 1397-112S93 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 0 At the request of Ms. Anne Mapes of Belt Collins Hawaii, on behalf of their client, Kaupulehu Developments, personnel from Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) recently completed a phased archaeological inventory survey of the approximately 889 ha (2,184 acne) Kaupulehu Makai - Lot 4 project area, located in the Land of Ka'tip0lehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (INM 3-7-2-03:Por. 1) (Figure 1). The overall objective of the inventory survey was to provide sufficient information to satisfy all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR SHPD) Hawaii County Planning Department (HCPD). The results ofthe fust phase ofthis project (site identification) were repotted by Smith and Rosendahl (1992) and are summarized below under Previous Archaeological Work. The second phase work (Data Collection Field Work and Data Analysis) and conclusions for the project are presented in this report. The field work for the second phase was conducted July 21- October 29, 1993 by a crew ranging in size from three to six, under the direction of Project Supervisors James Head, B.A. and Constance R. O'Hare, B.A.. Alan T. Walker, B.A., Projects Manager -Hawaii, and Principal Archaeologist Dr. Paul H. Rosendahl provided overall guidance for the project. Crew members included Field Archaeologists Mikele Pager, B.A., Catherine Glidden, B.A., Warren Wulzen, B.A., along with Field Technicians Lauren Appelbaum, B.A., Leona Hamano, and Chris Kitchens. Completion ofthe field work required approximately 2,400 labor -hours. SCOPE OF WORK The basic purpose of an inventory survey isto identify and document all sites and features of potential archaeological significance present within a specified project area. An inventory survey is an initial level of archaeological investigation. It is extensive rather than intensive in scope, and is conducted with the primary aim of determining the presence or absence of archaeological resources. A surveyofthis type indicatesboth the general stature andthe variety of archaeological remains present, and the general distribution and density of such remains. It permits a general significance assessment ofthe archaeological resources, and assists in the formulation of recommendations and estimates for any subsequent mitigation work that might be necessary or appropriate. Such work could include further data collection involving limited excavations and detailed recording of sites and features. It might also involve subsequent data recovery research excavations, construction monitoring, interpretive planning and develop- ment, and/or preservation ofsites and features with significant scientific research, interpretive, and/or cultural values. The basic objectives of the present survey were fourfold: (a) to identify archaeological features and remains present within the project area; (b) to evaluate the potential general significance of all identified archaeological remains; (c) to determine the possible impacts of proposed development upon the identified remains; and (d) to define the general scope of any subsequent further data collection and/or other mitigation work that might be necessary or appropriate. M.h...I. Pt A PROJECT AREA C j '14 Oh III t F1,Io,. 1. P,.I.,, Ar.. lou It.. Report 1397-112593 • The following specific tasks were determined to constitute an adequate and appropriate scope of work for Phase H - Data Collection of the phased inventory survey: 1. Complete archaeological and historical documentary background re- search involving review and evaluation of readily available archaeo- logical and historical literature, historic documents and records, and cartographic sources relevant to the immediate project area; 2. Relocate, flag, and assist professional surveyors in plotting the location of known burial features containing multiple burials and review a draft map; 3. Conduct an inventory -level recording of identified sites, including (a) sites identified during the previous Phase I field work, and (b) any newly identified sites found; 4. Conduct subsurface testing of selected sites and features identified within the project area (a) to determine the presence or absence of potentially significant buried cultural features, deposits, or burials, and (b) to obtain suitable samples for age determination analyses; and 5. Analyze the field and historical research data, and prepare appropriate reports summarizing (a) project background, (b) all identified sites, and (c) general significance assessments and recommended general treat- ments for all sites. These tasks were determined based on a review of readily available background literature, familiarity with both the general project area and the current requirements of pertinent State and County review authorities, the results of the previously completed Phase I - Site Identification work, and discussions with Ms. Mapes. The inventory survey was carried out in accordance with the current standards for inventory -level survey required by DLNR-SHPD. The significance of all archaeological remains identified within the project area was assessed in terms of (a) the National Register criteria contained in the Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR Part 60), and (b) the Draft Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR Draft Rules 1989). DLNR SHPD and HCPD both use these criteria to evaluate eligibility for both the Hawaii State and National Register ofHistoric Places. A discussion ofthis assessment process ispresented along with the assessments and recommendations at the end of this report. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION On the north, the project area is bounded by the boundary between Ka'apalehu and Pu'uwa'awa'a Ahupua'a. The east (or mauka) boundary is formed by the present Queen Ka'ahamanu Highway, and on the south it is defined by an arbitrary line between this development and the Four Seasons development area. The westem (or makat) boundary is formed by high water mark of the Pacific Ocean. Report 1397-112593 0 0 The project area encompasses elevations ranging from sea level (0.0 m) on the west, to roughly 107 m (350 ft) on the east. Average annual rainfall in this rain shadow area of HualaW Mountain ranges from less than 0.51 m (20 in), near the coast, to c. 1.14 m (45 in) in the upper elevations (Armstrong 1983:63), with most of the cloud cover and moisture occurring as light, gentle rains in the afternoon (Carlquist 1980:74.75). Mean annual temperature for the project area is c. 24° C. (75° F.). The physiographic type found in the project area is Kiholo Lava Plain, which is defined as "coastline with little or no cliff along the shoreline" (Armstrong 1983:37). In their 1990 Archaeological Resources Assessment of the Ka'upulehu Resort Expansion Master Plan, Walker and Rosendahl note seven classifications of soil/terrain types present in their project area (Walker and Rosendahl 1990:4-6). Modified for the current project, this figure is included in this report as Figure 2. Descriptions of the soils and terrain types and their distribution were based on (a) Sato et al.(1973), (b) color infra -red aerial photos (1979 and 1989; 1"-1,600' approx. scale), and (c) field observations made during earlier archaeological work. Walker and Rosendahl (1990) noted that the distribution shown on the soil/terrain map was generalized and could be modified in the future. Of the seven soil/terrain types presented, four are within the current project area (As Lava Flows [includes historic as flows], Pahoehoe Lava Flows, Rock Lands, and Beaches). These four types are shown on Figure 3 and are discussed in greater detail below: As Lava Flows - This type comprises c. 1005 acres or 407 ha (48% of the project area). This soil/terrain type includes the Ka'apirlehu flow (AD 1800). According to Sato et al. "[t]his lava has practically no soil covering and is bare of vegetation, except for mosses, lichens, fems, and few small 'ohi'a trees ... is rough and broken ... [i]t is a mass of clinkery, hard, glassy, sharp pieces piled in tumbled heaps" (1973:34). 2. Pahoehoe Lava Flows - Pahoehoe lava flows comprise c. 1093 acres or 442 ha (51% ofthe project area). This soil/terrain type consists solely of prehistoric period flows. According to Sato et al., "[t]his lava has a billowy, glassy surface that is relatively smooth..[i]n some areas, however, the surface is rough and broken, and there are hummocks and pressure domes. Pahoehoe lava has no soil covering and is typically bare of vegetation except for mosses and lichens. In areas of higher rainfall, however, scattered 'ohi'a trees, 'ohelo berry, and a'ali'i have gained a foothold in cracks and crevices" (1973:34). 3. Beaches - This type comprises c. 48 acres or 19 ha (.02 % of the project area). This soil/terrain type is confined to the shoreline in the northwest portion of the project area; this shoreline is fronted by a low rocky coastline. According to Sato et al., beaches consist of "long, narrow, sloping areas of sand and gravel along the coastline of the island. The sand and gravel vary in color according to the material in which they formed. The yellowish or white sand formed in coral and sea shells, the black sand formed in lava rocks, and the green sand formed in olivine" (1973:14). 4. Rock Lands - Rock Lands comprise c. 45 acres or 18 ha (.02 % of the project area). This soil/terrain type is present in a small area inland of Kahuwai Bay and in areas immediately adjacent to the project area in Pu'uwa'awa'a and Kuki'o. According to Sato et al. it "consists of 9 tit?Iltltil ri�oi� . ;tllttl�yeie1titttitlli�, �i t?it?i Ilei t?i t?i t?i t4�`;Ittttio?It4y tett t?t tot t�,y t?t t��y t• es tIt ?I e1eltw",t t?te1tt e1,y e41 t?i ttt� ttt� ttt� ttt� � �t� �,!M ` `-- 'I?itis°IeI :. ttti�I�i�i �Ii`tr�•�it ti,•I ``�oiytl�I�.�%il'I �i?t%�stt�Ii ��i • a►ite �� eo, �-�ei���.vt��tl`��'oi`�iti �?ye ' ei t. ti tI ti I .,fit?iI e�I�II!'�� �ii�I�eilt!�iI`��I'Ilt�tt'!t`i'I "� ��'�,►e?`„tI t`.,ttN►�I ��Iitt iillt!oitei � eiltttP1 e�`it��e%�?i`� ts�tyt` iii �� MM�e`i�t►eii�`� yti?:.- 'riltit�Itit�tge � IIM�te �si�y?its?its?it�t = tiI tiI 'i tiI tiI ti ',t �IIIttI- YY� IeI w� t`INttt m...� tI MtI MII�M ?���'I.�•�iita!I�tlw+��tl�� tI� I IfM�� tl�� �Ilsys`Ilttls�tl�►�� �t tI eI eI--�M M M I ..d. - .I..�►�. �iV M tI � IIs M �ya� yO1�M Imo• y tl�y t/rr p •�►PI /Isy tl�y t101 tlsy � I�.�sat�. 4yltlay�I I eI ;tII�IIei tl�j tI �ttt 't�Illttltl/ � �i'It�� tyiV I"II :�� I tlel el�y trI � I�III�yIsV�ytlti �.IttIO1.�yytle1Mel �tltjtllt'tsy�0lO1ej, - �!I`yi•�¢ ♦ tIII ttI i��Isy�OI IIIc y II 1 s i 15, I??r4'I�I 1.1411; � i'jIt o. `D A Nil ,meet e Ie� too 1000 2000 3'00 1 I— i—T C--1 MO 200 400 Sao S00 V ANCIUAIME POND to SITE IF -.A ISOIATEO FIND -.-,-� TRAIL — JAVA TLOtt BOUNDARY • OLDER LAVA TIOW V YOUNGER JAYA TIDR ............ASSENT PORTION OF TRAII. -------- INDIBtim PORTION OT TRAII, 0.61 AN IF-. ••e .N. wvme.n w.. g..1b.4 GO to-. Ka'' upuleliu 1 L - ._ .tRIP _. KEY 'Le1/ AGE Cteempm" 0 or n1eJEC1 ANG e&M"@ YAPFM am A 7-16K R 7117 FAllet/le/ It PAIMII1"r e.7t est (w. / Aw 1�! n)1 w. e M n u to" ;1/ flat o? A • /-ION t 1-/K .r rAlNllllet et .. 7 • of w• MI CwrI I/Ii .Ir.O J 11,1 t VG0..71n •r OF rAIMIN11 ► AA AA /•1 It /t •..� alt y)) I (Itl 7j1 ! e He/ IMI er 1 all e neb (<tee Irl rA1.G11101 AA 1 lox42 tett I.. it •. . ..1111 A' ��! .. r • •. iia p .l a ► .• ' ��•hi•O•ii.a 209 W 0204 •''iGI} I," f1Gw}270 ' 2000 }I7 j, �f ' 0104 logo a }�1 }� ''i OI 201 tope tt%25 2% e}e. fA 2220 . .1 1 0}2f 2940 » ee or or 0222 104• It\ 2;7 r \ »Ioto \— ll, I I}oe logoof r 1 1900 •reg \ 1 fZe pel � elet 1 s fed �I pe.4 `. isol mod ,m ••••0 111 At OtVe I,go plot 101 1.110 ere i / P494 Q i11 NO -of. �:t�. p11.0 tele \1 O-1 1 1 • or este Mano • AG \ \\ I S11e \\ 12" •Itf / t . \ IS \ I& \ •Ir Q \` Site 1 tom' 1170,. J else J \ tl 611/ IN, •let ly I -I- 4162 e162 1 fly 1 Otto A I Md 1 1 PHRI PAUL H. no8ENDAHL, Ph.D., INO .Plfrrkf)i A.AtGl1in'ARLTIAEOLOWOAL•►OSTORICALaCULRMAL ...-.»7 """WAX) RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STUDIES k SERNCES Ka' upulehu Maltal, Loi, 4 Phased Inventory Survey PIIRI Project 93-1397 fit ne/.lo/1 \ •nle Side Q fed pe.f Figure 3. LAVA FLOWS BY TYPE AND AGE W 4 V P fittIffte #411b its pf1.ri 1'� 1•Mltll}e a Tan \ `,L_ i• 1e Nr It • or este Mano • AG \ \\ I S11e \\ 12" •Itf / t . \ IS \ I& \ •Ir Q \` Site 1 tom' 1170,. J else J \ tl 611/ IN, •let ly I -I- 4162 e162 1 fly 1 Otto A I Md 1 1 PHRI PAUL H. no8ENDAHL, Ph.D., INO .Plfrrkf)i A.AtGl1in'ARLTIAEOLOWOAL•►OSTORICALaCULRMAL ...-.»7 """WAX) RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STUDIES k SERNCES Ka' upulehu Maltal, Loi, 4 Phased Inventory Survey PIIRI Project 93-1397 fit ne/.lo/1 \ •nle Side Q fed pe.f Figure 3. LAVA FLOWS BY TYPE AND AGE W 4 V P Report 139 7-1 125 93 0 0 pahoehoe lava bedrock covered in places by a thin layer of soil material... Pahoehoe outcrops occupy 50 to 90 percent of the surface. The average depth of the soil material is between 6 and 8 inches [0.15- 0.2 m]...[t]he vegetation isconfiinedmainly tothe soil -coveted areas and the cracks in the lava" (1973:51). Since the project area is located on the northwest slope of Mt. HualaW, the volcanology of the region was also examined. The most recent mapping of Hualalai Volcano (Moore and Clague 199 1) indicates two small flows (Figure 3) in the project area near Queen Ka' ahamanu Highway. The flows range in age from 5,000 to 10,000 years old (areas keyed on Figure 3 as f3c q18 and f3d 817.4). These slab paboehoe flows encompass approximately 5.0 ha (12 acres)(rable 1). Two other flows (both pahoehoe and aa) are included in the group keyed as M (f4d 817.5 and Adb p 11.7) and date between 3,000 5,000 years before present (BP). These areas cover 33 ha (81 acres) and 45 ha (112 acres), respectively. Most of the project area, 559 ha (1382 acres), is formed by f5c p11.3 (aa) and f5d p9.2 (pahoehoe) (1,500-3,000 years old) flows. These are overlain by the AD 1800 as flows from Hualalai Volcano (f8d p5.4), which cover approximately 278 a (688 acres). Table 1. Lava Flow Types by Age* Flow Age Group Flow Description Project Area Covered Mapping Unit A S.IOK BPt Slab Pahoehoe Flows c.5 ha (12 acres) OS% tic q18. f3d 817.4 B 3 -SK BP. 4700 * 350 BP Pahoehoe Flows c. 33 ha (81 acres) 4.0% f4d g17.5 Pahoehoe a. Aa Flows c. 4S ha (1 12 acres) 4.9% f4db p 1 i.7 C 3 -SK BP, 2.140* 100 BP As Flows c. 419 ha (1,035 acres) 45.4% Sc pi 1.3 Pahoehoe Flows c. 140 ha (347 acres) IS.3% Gd p9.2 D AD 1800 . (<200 BP) As Flows c. 278 ha (688 acres) 30.2% f8d p5.4 * A(hv Moore and Qatue 1991 t 8qS- Pressat(AD 1955) Vegetation in the project area is somewhat diverse. Introduced fountain grass (Pennisitum setaccum [Forsk,] Cbeiv.) is present in the lower and intermediate elevations. Also present in varying densities are exotic shrubs such as indigo (Itiftofera suffnrdcosa [Mi1L]) and kiawe (Prosopis paLUda [Humb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.] HBI), with occasional examples of balloon plant (Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Meyer), pa -nisi (Opuntia megantha Salm-Dyck), lantana (Lantana camarn L.), and Christmas -berry (Schinus tembinthifolius Redd*). Several native species were observed and included: 'uhalos (Waltheria americana L.), 'ilima (Sida fallax Walp.), nehe (Lipochilcm inwFifoliaGray)- 'a'aG'i (Dodonses),pua-kala (Argemone glauca [Nun. ex Prain] Pope), pus pilo (Capparis sanwichiana DC), naupaka- kahakai (Scaevola sericea Vahl; synonyms. S. f wscens (Mill.) Krause var. sericea (Forst. f.) Merr., S. taccada (Gaettn.) Roxb. var. sericea (Vahl) St. John, and S. phnnied (L.) Vahl var., and 'ihi (Oxalis corniculata L.). Report 1397-112593 0 • A vegetation map initially presented in Walker and Rosendahl (1990) has been modified to show the bounds of the present project area (Figure 4). This map shows (a) the relationship between vegetation and survey areas examined, (b) the relationship between vegetation and site distributionpatterns, and (c) the locations and extents of relativelyunweathered lava flows, which are nearly, or totally, barren of vegetation. The original map was prepared using (a) a botanical survey report prepared for Potomac Investment Associates by Camara (1989), (b) a black -and -white aerial photograph (R.bt Towill Corp. 1988, 1 "-200' approx scale) and a color infra -red photograph (1979 and 1989,1"-1600'scale approx.), and (c) field observations made during previous surveys and the Phase 11 assessment. The vegetation map should be considered as generalized and subject to modification. Of the nine major vegetation communities found by the Walker and Rosendahl (1990) study, five are represented in the current project area. 1. Barren Lava with Sparse Vegetation - This vegetation type is present at all elevations throughout the project area. The unnamed AD 1800 lava flow is included within this zone. The substrate of this vegetation type consists entirely of as lava. The vegetation consists predominately of solitary specimens of 'ohi'a (Metrosideros collina [Forst.] Gray subsp. polymorpha [Gaud.] Rock), kiawe, and lama; 2. Beach Strand - Located immediately seaward of kiawe thicket zone. This type consists of moderately thick naupaka-kahakai, pohuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae [L.] Sweet), and Indian pluchea (Pluchea indica [L.] Less.). Kiawe Thicket - Characterized by dominant overstory of kiawe, with variable understory of one or more of grasses, 'uhaloa, and 'ilima. This vegetation type is concentrated along coastal areas where subsurface fresh water is present (elevation range sea level -50 ft AMSL). In coastal areas, especially the area surrounding anchialine ponds, (none of which lie in the current project area), vegetation also includes stands of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.), hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.), milo (Thespesia populnea [L.] Sol.), Indian pluchea, and various reeds and sedges. 4. Sparse Grassland - This vegetation type is present at middle to lower elevations (200-950 ft AMSL) within the project area. The substrate of the type consists of both as and pahoehoe lavas. Vegetation consists predominately of sparse grasses, 'uhaloa, and 'ilima. Solitary pua-pilo (Capparis sandwichiana DC.), indigo, lama, and kiawe may also be present; 5. Scrub/Grassland - At lower elevations, this type includes sparsely distributed grasses, uhaloa, 'ilima, and scattered klawe. At higher elevations, covering a large part of the land between c. 500-1,700 ft AMSL, the type also includes occasional solitary trees such as silver oak, lama, and 'ohi'a; 1397-111591 %Queen Kaahumanu Highway 1800-1801 KauPulehu Lava Flow 9 -:�•` .r _ 1.J -- -- 1600-1801 KauPulehu Lava Flow - _ Hel �}� '$NUL ve _ ��' _ _ LEGEND = 18D0-1601 Kaupulehu Lava FlowCrossicnd = _ _ - Y.-4^'__-r''r,. _ �. J G': �1::• ��_ a-'�"=__' i `�� _ _ - w ' _ - �,,.J.-.>,,7.'�•_--'�:� �l� -`_ ;i,��::r�t"^ fa �i�.. a-=== _� Yui rrr7— •;�7 �• �:,y�y--•` - r ./.s+' P.u�..'� �Lr - _ �Slnk lblN _ - a-� �- � I Socrse Crossland - `-. - _}=•r _ - _ C�!r �- .:: ._ .i • - - = _ - = - - ?`•''.;iBeach Strend_'- _� Puewe - _ z rL.Ve etctlan me �' An„Inv `= % L i-{= - - _ r!`�•.:/ - .. �1/f __y.,'��: / 4l.4 �Kiawe-hicke. Pam _; _- .t �� ���, _ �•JPuu ;�' i / / _{___ ^.. _ I ICanued _ Sint Xae--s:I/�.I�71-^�•Xva� �,�• Na�eAe, - - - ' // r._4 Ir�Native Forese.r t -- - - _ ' _✓�.:r�� fit _ ` // r=^: c- Mixed Fores: AnUlaMw _ -- - —i' pane.p61Paa” _ _ - _ _ _ �y�,�•:. �+� — _ - Puhra-Fele r / I p, Secondary Forst =-_- w,le.«,a; - '�.��•,,�.� _ _ - y// Ku—Mee - / Scrub/Crossland- 180i U1N.alo.<6 Ser (Kuaip ear) - r .- -��_- Mamalahoa ,i�Barren Lova (Sparse Vegetation) „'-�-• - _ _:_ __ Highway ft 0 1500 3000 4500 6000 1Ae"`I" a r• 1�'� _ _- n 1 I I 1 I POM '� •�� \ _4=_��4�==-_ m0 300 600 900 120015001800 —"—PROJECT AREA BOUNDARY ^ifs _-_-______-_--,�- I Ka'upulehu Makai, Lot 4 Phased inventory Survey Figure 4. PHRI PAUL K ROSENDAHL, Ph.D., INC. 3c3 womwu rnecrr S� (eea) ARCHAEOLOGICAL •HISTORICAL •CULTURAL MILO. HAWM 96720 Phase II, Data Collection I DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATION TYPES, wa-lrsi wl�eee(rAz) PROIECTAREAAND VICINTI'Y RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STUDIES k SERVICES PM Project 93-1397 I • 0 Report 1397-111593 10 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK A full discussion of previous archaeological studies within Ka'tlpalehu ahupua'a and coastal areas of North Kona and South Kohala districts has been presented in Walker and Rosendahl (1990). This information has also been presented in Head. Goodfellow, and Rosendahl (1992) et al. and much of the text will not be repeated here. Only those projects inside the current project boundaries will be discussed. Table 2 and Figure 5 present selected information concerning the archaeological projects in the area. Table 3 presents a more detailed look at projects that have occurred within the current project area. In the most recent work conducted, PHRI recently conducted an aerial and pedestrian site identification survey of the current project area (Smith and P.H. Rosendahl 1992). This work was Phase I (identification only) of the current inventory survey, and identified 197 sites consisting of 518 component features. Formal feature types identified included C -shape, double C -shape, U -shape, double U -shape, L -shape, J-shape, T-shape, crescent, enclosure, terrace, platform, possible shrine, wall, calm, trail, cave, overhang, petroglyph, papamu/, salt pan, modified outcrop, modified depression, pahoehoe excavations (with modification and or midden/cultural deposit), mound, alignment, and midden/cultural deposit. The features were assigned the following functional types: habitation, possible habitation, burial, possible burial, transportation, marker, rock art, recreation, possible ceremonial, agriculture, possible agriculture, quarry, and indeterminate. In addition, c. 1,500 pahoehoe excavations (some with associated waterwom basalt hammerstones) were identified and tabulated by survey sweep. One site (a previously identified trail) was found in the center of the project area, on the AD 1800 lava flow, and anotherwas found in a kipuka of the other major 'aa flow (Smith and P.H. Rosendahl 1992) Earlier work within the current project boundaries began in 1930, when J.E. Reinecke recorded four sites there (Sites 122-125) while carrying out a survey of sites along the western coast of Hawaii Island for B.P. Bishop Museum, along the shoreline of Ka'llpalehu within the present project area (Reinecke n d.). Reinecke inspected only the immediate shoreline area— no more than a few hundred feet inland—and his recording of sites was sketchy, making definite correlation of his specific features with features subsequently recorded in the area difficult. Reinecke's sites were later included in an inventory of Hawaii Island sites prepared by B.P. Bishop Museum for the HCPD (Emory 1970). That inventory was based entirely on records existing in Bishop Museum's Department of Anthropology and did not involve any field work. In early 1963, L.J. Soehren of Bishop Museum conducted a reconnaissance survey of Ka'tlpalehu and Makalawena for B.P. Bishop Estate (Soehren 1963). Soehren identified 26 sites, of which 16 (Sites 1-13, 21-23) are included within the present project area. Three petroglyph sites identified by Soehren (Sites 19, 22, and 23) are also described in Cox and Stasack (1970). Soehren did not make recommendations concerning further archaeological work. Soehren's sites were later included in an inventory of Hawaii Island sites prepared in 1970 by B.P. Bishop Museum for the HCPD (Emory 1970). That inventory was based entirely on records existing in the museum's Department of Anthropology and did not involve any field work Between June -October 1970, the Parks Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources conducted a surface survey of the Kailua-Kawaihae road corridor for the 1 • • Report 1397-112593 Table 2. Previous Archaeological Work in Ka'Upalehu and SurroundingAhupuara Year Author(s) Coverage Zone Ahupua'a 1930 Reinecke R C Various 1963 Soehren R C,M Ki OpOlshu-Makalawena 1970 Ranger R C Koloko-Kokl'o 2n4 1971a Barren R,E M 'Anaaho'omalu 1971 Ching R M Various 1973 Rosendahl, P.H. MLD M Various 1981 Cordy LE,D C.M KOki'o lat-Kokl'o 2nd 1981 Komori R C.M Kiop(ilehu 1985 Cordy A CA Kalaw-'O'oma 1985 Carter R CIM Ki OpOlehu 1985 Walker & Rosendahl, P.H. R CA KOki'o Iat 1986 Rosendahl, M.LK. R C Ki opOlehu 1986a Denham R C Kiapolehu 19866 Denham R C Makalawena 1986 Silva H CAU Makalawena 1987 Springer ET C,M,U 'Awake's 1966 Springer ET C,M,U Makalawena 1987 Denham R C 'Awake's 1987 Silva H CAU 'Awake's 1988 Jansen LD,R C.M 'Anasho'omalu 1988 Rosendahl. P.H. R M 'Awake's 1988 Walker & P.H. Rosendahl I,E.D C Ka'opOlehu 1989 Jensen & P.H. Rosendahl MI CIM Ka'opolehu 1989 Springer ET CAU Ki OpOlehu 1989 Walker & P.H. Rosendahl R C Pu'uanahulu 1989 Rosendahl, MILK. R C,M Ki Opolehu 1989a Rosendahl, P.H. R M Ka'Opolehu 19896 Rosendahl, P.H. R M Ki opalehu, ManinPowall.Koki'o I at 1990 Walker A C,M,U Ka'Opalehu 1990a Rosendahl. P.H. R C.M Ka'Opolehu 19901) Rosendahl, P.H. R CA Ka'Opolehu 1991 Rosendahl, P.H. R M Ki Opalehu 1991 Sullivan & Goodfellow MLD C.M Ka'Opolehu 1992 Smith & P.H. Rosendahl R C.M Ka'apolehu 1992 Head at al. I,D M,U Ka'OpOlehu 1992 Goodfellow & Head I,D M,U Ka'OpOlehu 1992 Goodfellow at al. MI,D M,U KOki'o fat Key. ET Ethnography MP Mitigation Plan 1 Intensive survey DR Data Recovery R Reconnaissance Survey C Coastal Zone E Excavation - M Midlands Zone D Dating U Upland Zone H Historical Documentary Research MI Mitigation LS Literature Search A Resources Assessment v Report 1397-112593 • • Table 3. Details of Previous Archaeological Work within Project Area Year Author(s) Arm Objective of Survey Finding 1930 Reinecke Shoreline (<i% of project are) 1963 Soehren Mauka of 1800 flow, north shoreline (<10% of project are) 1971 Ching Queen Ka'ahumanu A Wmwc (<S% of project arm) 1973 RoswKW%L P.H. Queen Ka'ahumanu AlIpment (<S% of project area) 1981 Komori North shoreline (6% of Project tet) Coasal survey Re roissanee survey of Keapatahu and Malolavnnt Kailua-Kawaihae road corridor Four sit", own *1 of many fmtures. Twenty-two sit", indudkg house sit", walls, haves, pstra*rPhs SIHP Ste 1 136, 1 140, 1141. Salvage excavation of Sre 1140 Mindy abraders, and a cswpiese fishhook Reromoismnce survey of two Four sias. composed of" hoard parcels blkars or shed midden. 1985 Career AN of prwe project arm. Raconnalssance survey of I00a ske, indudkg burls) with an addldoml arm to falai portion of Ka'apalshu cave, habmaon, west (100% of project arm) petro# phs, vaa. and taken 1992 Smith & P.H. Current project arm (100% Phase I - she idwW intlon One hundred ninety -ss we RosendaN of project arm) sius ccmlstint of 518 rnfponenc features State Department of Transportation (Ching 1971). Ching identified approximately three sites in the project area (SIPS' Sites 1138-1141). Of the three, Ching evaluated one site (Site 1140) as highly significant and recommended that the site be saved, because it was a good example of a site types and in excellent condition. Ching evaluated the remaining two as being of low significance and recommended, with reservations, that the sites be destroyed following archaeological salvage investigations (Ching 1971:5-7). In August 1972, in response to Ching's (197 1) investigation, the B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology conducted archaeological salvage excavations and detailed recording of selected sites within the Kailua Kawaihae road corridor (P.H. Rosendahl 1973). SIHP Site 1140 in the Land of Ka'fip(ilehu was included inthe salvage work. Upon completion of that project, no further archaeological work was recommended for this site. Based on ethnographic and ethnohistoric sources, coupled with results of the archaeological investiga- tions, Rosendahl (1973) was able to present a model of aboriginal prehistoric Hawaiian settlement patterns for the portion ofNorth Kona north of Kailua. Rosendahl's model defines four zones: (a) a coastal habitation zone associatedprincipally with the exploitation of various marine resources; (b) a sloping, barren intermediate zone of recent volcanics, almost devoid of soil or vegetation, and associated mainly with temporary habitation and transportation between the coastal and inland zones; (c) anuplandhabitationzone associatedwith agricultural exploitation; (d) and an inland forest zone that was utilized but rarely inhabited. 13 Rosendahl's upland settlement model applies principally to the slopes of Mt. Hualalai, above Kailua; Rosendahl indicates that virtually nothing is known of the upland areas between the Lands of Mahaiula and Pu'uanahulu. Rosendahl's model was subsequently expanded upon Report 1397-112593 • • 14 by Hommon (1976). Hommon suggested that during the period of about AD 1400-1500, a shift in settlement patterns occurred, in the form of inland expansion and permanent settlement, through the development of permanent upland agriculture. Volcanic glass and radiocarbon age ranges from all sites investigated by Rosendahl indicate a time range of AD 1265-1855. Volcanic glass age ranges specifically from the Land of Ka'apolehu yielded an overall date range of AD 1427-1763. No radiocarbon samples were submitted from the Landof Ka'tlpt]lehu. In April 1981, E. Komori of the Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, conducted a reconnaissance survey of two parcels of land in the coastal portion of Ka'apalehu for Cambridge Pacific, Inc. Komori identified 19 sites, all ofwhich are located seaward of the present project area. Based on the findings of his survey, Komori evaluated the sites as "not unique for the leeward coast of the Island of Hawai i. Therefore, in situ preservation of the structures is not necessary" (Komori 1981:21). However, Komori recommended a program of salvage excavations (including mapping); he also recommended that any human burials found be given proper treatment prior to construction work- In ork In September of 1984, the Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, conducted a reconnaissance survey of the entire seaward portion of the Land of Ka%pulehu (between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Pacific Ocean) for Barnwell Industries, Inc. (Carter 1985). The primary objectives of that survey were (a) to locate and record previously undocumented sites, (b) to relocate previously recorded sites, noting present condition, (c) to identify and locate areas with probable subsurface deposits, and (d) to recommend appropriate work for subsequent phases of archaeological investigations. Carter states in her report that objective "b", was only partially met, because of time constraints, and that previously identified Sites 1-5, 25, 26, 28, 29, 39, 41, 42, 43, and 202 were not field -checked. She also indicates that her survey did not cover coastal areas (which had been examinedpreviously) and lava flow interiors (1985:1,4). Carter's survey located 195 sites, 47 previously identified and 148 newly identified (Carter states 151 new sites were found but she includes three sites [Sites 79, 80, and 91] previously recorded by Ching 1971 [Sites 1146-1152,1144, and 1161]). Carter also states that the identified sites contained numerous component features, but she does not say exactly how many (Carter 1985:5). Based on the findings of her 1984 survey, Carter recommended a program of"extensive survey" (including test excavations), intensive map- ping, and treatment of human remains for one general and eight specific sturdy areas (Carter 1985:29-33). She concludes that"recommendations regarding thepreservation ofspecific sites will be contingent upon the results of extensive (Phase 1) survey" (Carter 1985:27). SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH Legendary accounts indicate that the region was well populated by c. 1200, when the small protected bays and shoreline areas were settled. Initially, planting probably occurred in and around the coastal communities, and as the population grew and the political and religious systems became more formalized, the communities spread out. The coastal and upland plains in the low forested zone were planted with important staple and supplemental crops that were less water dependent than the kalo wai (wet taro), which was the staple of the Wolau (windward) side of the island. Pu'epu'e (planting in built-up mounds), mWlua and 'untold (planting in dugout -mulched holes) are three methods of planting techniques which are recorded as having been extensively used in Kona. Report 1397-112593 • r� �J Crops such as sweet potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, yarns, breadfruit, gourds, and coconuts provided the "bread" of the Hawaiian diet. On the upper slopes were grown the endemic olon8 (Touchardia latifolia) for cordage, and 'awa (Piper methysticum) for ceremonial and domestic use, and from the upland forests various woods and resources were collected, which were used for spears, paddles, canoes, and tools, etc. Fishing in this region was considered some of the best on Hawai'i, and it is likely that a great deal of energy went into harvesting of other ocean resources. Though farmers gathered some ocean resources, and fishermen grew some food plants, it is generally accepted that the fishermen primarily provided fish and other ocean resources to the planters who in tum supplied the fisherman with their agricultural products. This division of labor appears to be supported in some of the legendary accounts. Indeed, legendary descriptions of this region depict viable communities and describe the various resources on which they depended fortheir survival. The 19th century was a time of great environmental change. Shortly after Western contact (c. AD 1800-1801), lava flows from Hualalai reclaimed much of the land used for settlements, agriculture, and fishponds. Subsequent ranching also resulted in significant modification ofthe landscape. Following unification ofthe islands underthe rule ofKamehameha I, large portions ofland were given to ali'i who had supported the chief and remained loyal to his descendants. Associated with these loyal chiefs were the maka'ginana, or people of the land. Following the Mahele of 1848, the lands were further divided between Kamehameha's descendants; additionally, small parcels of land were also given to natives who had lived upon, and worked the land. During this period, the Hawaiian population was in decline, and by the mid 1800s use of the land by foreigners for upland ranching and cultivation of coffee and other crops was increasing, and other Western businesses were thriving as well. Ranching stripped the mountain slopes of increasing amounts of forest, and as the forest disappeared, water catchment became unreliable. Many of the famed water caves dried up, and the remaining Id'owai (fresh water sources) on the shore became more brackish. As the water resources dried up and Western land use practices replaced traditional methods, Hawaiian communities gradually disappeared. By the late 1800s and through the early 1900s, immigrant populations were on the rise, and often the immigrants outnumbered the native Hawaiians. There is little documentation concerning events in Ka'ilpolehu during this time, but generally, by the 1920s and 1930s many of the native tenants were gone, and there were few buildings. The 1946 tsunami forced the relocation of the remaining families, thus leaving coastal Ka'tlptllehu without permanent inhabitants until its rediscovery by John Jackson who opened the Kona Village Resort in 1964. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS A basis for building a set of expectations for the current study area can be formulated using background information presented by Kelly (IN Carter 1985) along with the historical documentary research presented by Maly (above) and the findings of previous archaeological work in the project area and vicinity. IS Report 1397-112593 • • 16 Chronological Framework A general developmental sequence for the Kekaha area of West Hawaii, the northern part of the district ofNorthKona andthe southern part of South Kohala, was synthesizedby Donham (1987b:142-145) on the basis of her work at'O'oma H and for'Awake'e (Dunham 1987a) and based on previous research by Cordy (1981, 1986), Hommon (1976), and Kirch (1979, 1985). In this general developmental sequence, initial occupation of the northern end of North Kona occurred at 'Anwho'omalu around AD 900. This initial occupation of the dry, leeward coast of Hawai' i Island is believed to have occurred in response to expanding agricultural activities along the windward coast of the Island. According to Kirch (1985), this windward expansion resulted in an increased demand for additional agricultural lands, eventually leading to the exploitation of areas less suited to agricultural, such as North Kona. The dating results from Ka'tipulehu appear to generally conform with the above model, with initial occupation of Site 10959 occurring at c. AD 1030 (Walker and Rosendaht 1988:66). Although the population of West Hawaii remained low and fairly stable until around AD 1200, a significant increase in population density appears to have begun around AD 1200 and to have continued through AD 1600. Due to the generally arid, rocky environment and the lack of fresh water in the Kekaha area, the population increase between AD 1200-1600 was uneven, with the greatest increases occurring in the area of'Anaeho'omalu and probably at Kiholo, Ka'Opalehu, and KWd'o. No comparable dating information is currently available for coastal sites at Kiholo. Kiiki'o dating information (Goodfellow et al. 1992:122-126) span a 725 -year span extending from AD 1230 to the present (present - AD 1955). Five coastal sites provide an avenge probable age span of AD 1594-1839 (ibid.) Cordy has suggested that as population increased in certain favorable areas, substantial uninhabited zones between the primary population centers remained (Cordy 1981:173). Within these zones, initial settlement was delayed until around AD 1400, as at Kohana-lki and 'O'oma II (Cordy 1981:168). Between about AD 1400 and 1600, the population increased within these areas, in a manner comparable to population expansion in the areas that had initially been occupied along the coast (e.g., 'Anaeho'omalu and Kalahuipua a). Again, information from Ka'Gpuilehu generally supports these existing models, suggesting an increase in the local population during the period c. AD 1500-1800. The place of Ka'Opalehu within this general sequence is presently unknown, however, due to a relative lack of analyzed dating material from the area. P.H. Rosendahl (1973:60-61, 65-66) has postulated general patterns of aboriginal settle- ment for the North Kona area, based on ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources. Rosen" divided the area of occupation into three principal environmental zones: a narrow and and coastal zone, where activity centered on the use of marine resources; a sloping and rocky, barren midland zone, and an upland habitation -agricultural zone. He notes that the further mauka forest zone was used, but rarely inhabited. He described these occupational zones as follows: Coastal Occupation - Inhabitants lived in fishing hamlets along the shore, frequently near fishponds and small bays, and were principally engaged in marine exploitation (including in -shore and deep -water fishing, gathering shellfish, and production of salt. They also engaged in aquaculture, and in very limited agriculture in small beach areas and tiny pockets of sand and gravel on barren flows. This included cultivation of coconut, sweet potatoes, and possibly bananas, and these may have supplied travelers going by canoe between Kallua and Kawaihae. Report 1397-112593 • • Barren -Zone Occupation - Temporary shelter and the mauka-makai foot trails indicate the movement of people, and probably goods, between the coast and uplands. Midden from habitation sites, containing the remains of terrestrial and marine resources, evidence access to both upland and coastal zones. Artifacts and structural remains indicate recurrent use of temporary occupation features. Upland Occupation - Rosendahl described this as a major occupation area, with scattered, small, hamlets (probably located above 2,000 ft elevation and receiving 25 inches of rainfall per year). Inhabitants practiced extensive dryland swidden agriculture. The principal crops were dryland taro and sweet potato, but breadfruit, bananas, paper mulberry, ti, gourds, awa, and sugarcane were also cultivated. Cordy's (1985) findings in'O'oma and Kalaoa Ahupua'a, also in Kekaha, but south of the current project area led him, like Rosendahl (1973), to divide the study area into environmental zones (coastal, barren, and upland). Cordy examined and described site locations and types within each land unit. Coastal Zone - The Coastal Zone extends from the shoreline to 50 meters inland, with a maximum elevation of six meters. It is composed of low pahoehoe with some sandbeaches. Features foundthere include trails, caves, enclosures, platforms, pools, calms, C -shapes, and pavings. Cordy sug- gested that there are at least 22 permanent house sites located right along the shore. The permanent structures included platforms, enclosures, and pavings with relatively shallow fill. Also located in the Coastal Zone are sites interpreted as temporary dwelling areas, with feature types such as caves and C-shaped shelters. These are located at the interface with the Barren Zone, or along the shore in areas not used for permanent housing. There ate two very large structures interpreted as heiau in the Coastal Zone, in'O'oma 1. Batten Zone - Cordy's Barren Zone in ' O`oma and Kalaoa, is a band from the 20 foot contour to c. 0.8-1.4 kilometers inland, and is similar to Rosendahl's Barren Occupation Zone in terms of environment and features (trails). Sites in this zone appear to consist mostly of a few maulca/makai trails, the early -historic Mamalahoa Trail (which parallels the shore), a few C-shaped structures and caves near the trails, and cairns that may be associated with the trails. With some exceptions, the habitation sites appear to be temporary, containing only shallow deposits. At the 200-400 ft (61-122 meters) level ofKalaoa 5 and'O'oma 1 site density increases. Large numbers of cave shelters in tubes branching off of sinks and on the floors ofthe sinks are reported These are marked byextensive features which may be indicative of recurrent, short-term usage. A number of surface cairns in the vicinity could mark trail locations with associated caves. A single historic walled permanent structure (with associated features) was found near the upper end of the Barren Zone (Rosendahl (1973:32). 17 Report 1397-112593 • • Upland Zone - Cordy's Upland Zone, consists of rough aa -and -soil terrain from 426 ft to 3,379 ft (130-1,030 meters) in elevation, and up to six kilometers from shore. Only three archaeological studies had been con- ducted inthis zone, but indicationsofutpland agricultural features, platforms, mounds, and walls were noted. Cordy reported virtually continuous sites beginning at the c. 450 foot elevation andextendingup to at least the 800 foot contour (and perhaps beyond). There were indications that this was the lower margin of an upland agricultural system, and site types included house enclosures, stone platforms, high -stacked ahu [cairns], stone walls, and numerous stone mounds suggesting that the local crop was largely sweet potato (Davis IN Cordy 1985). The details of this system remain largely unknown, but it included both permanent and temporary housing. Thus, for the most part, the archaeological data supports the ethnographic record in defining prehistoric settlement patterns for the larger area of North Kona. Neither Rosendahl (1973) nor Cordy (1985) discuss the forest zone above the upland zone. Historic documents, however, provide glimpses of how it may have been used. Menzies [IN Kelly 1983:63] noted that it was occupied by a few families engaged in short-term tasks, and who lived in small, temporary villages. Activities in the forest zone included harvesting large timber, roughing logs into canoes, and catching birds for feathers. A recently published report based on archaeological work conducted in Kaloko Ahupua'a in 1971 (Cordy, et al. 1991) indicates the presence of features characteristic of an agricultural field system extending to at least 1,070 m (3,500 R) into the Upland -Forest zone. These agricultural features contained formal, walled fields, up to c. 700 m (2,300 ft) and scattered features including walls, terraces, and enclosures above that elevation. It was proposed that in the formal, walled area, the major walls run parallel to the coast, and thus, perpendicularly the direction of erosion. The authors state that such a large labor investment for erosion control may be indicative of the clearing of trees and thus the farming areas were once less densely forested than today (ibid.:442). Major elements of this field system (up to c. 700 m) include maj or walls, terraces, mounds, enclosures, cairns, platforms, and an upright. Above, the major north -south walls were lacking, but small terraces, small linear depressions, clearings, clusters of mounds, and small enclosures were found. The features suggest temporary shelter and small agricultural clearings (ibid.:445). Implications for Present Project Area Settlement patterns within the project area maybe expected to follow the general patterns noted by Rosendahl (1973) and Cordy (1985). Wbile no portion of the current project area lies within the upper zone, the presence of prehistoric settlements there has been amply demon- strated by previous research. Within the current project area, the midlands (or barren zone) is defined by the expanses of pahoehoe and as lava, and extends from ten meters to 107 m in elevation. The term midlands is used in this report, bort is equivalent to "barrens", as used by Rosendahl and Cordy. This name change will be discussed further in the Conclusion. /s r As indicated by work in surrounding ahupua'a and areal models, sites in KaVOlehu may date to as early as AD 900 for initial occupation, although Cordy (1981) has suggested that initial settlement may have not occurred until around AD 1400. Again, an increase in overall population is suggested c. AD 1500-1800. The coastal portion is expected to contain both permanent and temporary habitations, in varying densities. The permanent habitations may include platforms, enclosures, pavings, and/or terraces. Temporary habitation features may Report 1397-112593 • • include caves and C-shaped shelters. A possibility are very large structures (such as Mau). Other expected activities include local resource exploitation features (related to activities such as fishing and gathering of inshore resources). The midlands (or barren zone) was expected to reflect temporary occupation, evidenced by mauka-makai trails and shelters such as C -shapes and short-term habitations in lava tubes. The habitation sites are expected to be temporary, with only shallow deposits. These trails are indicative of movement of resources between the seacoast residences and gathering areas and the residences and gardens in the uplands. The upland zone, although not a part of the current project area, is defined by dryland forests and grasslands extending from c. 400-600 m (1300-2000 ft) in elevation. Sites within the upland zone are expected to be dispersed residential features associated with agricultural features. These residential features, while probably not indicative of permanent habitation, should indicate long-term recurrent or seasonal habitation The Upland Forest zone of Ka'ulpalehu has not been sampled, but it is probable that prior to disturbance, a similar utilization to that of Kaloko would have been present. Settlement patterns within the forest zone may be expected to have been formal, walled fields up to c. 700 m with scattered features including wall, terraces, and enclosures above. Features indicating temporary shelters for field workers would probably have bent present. FIELD METHODS AND PROCEDURES During the fust phase of the current the Ka'tlpOlehu Makai Lot 4 inventory survey, field methods consisted of a 100% coverage, low-level aerial survey ( altitude of 30-50 ft [9-15 m]) of all portions of the project area, and variable coverage (partial to 100%), variable intensity ground survey. The pedestrian, 100% survey of the project area was accomplished using a series of pedestrian transects which were oriented at 220/40' (approximately perpendicularto the major axis of the project area). Intervals between transects were 15-20 meters. To ensure complete coverage, the edges of the transects were flagged with red- or bite -striped flagging. As sites were identified they were marked with pink and blue flagging and a metal tag, and were assigned a PM temporary site number prefixed by "1141-" and beginning with" 1141-1". All sites and features were plotted onto a 1 "-400' scale color aerial photo, and were listed in a field notebook, along with a brief description of the feature. The AD 1800 Ka'Gpullehu flow and another major as flow in the southeast portion of the project area were examined 100%bythe aerial survey, but were sampled byway of a pedestrian survey. Areas were sampled using transects spaced at 20 meter intervals at a bearing of 220/ 40'. Six sample sweeps (each comprising three transects) were conducted over the AD 1800 Ka'ulpalehu flow, and seven sweep (21 transects) were conducted over the other major flow. The Phase I survey adequately identified all sites and demonstratedthat with the exception of a single, isolated feature, the as flows did not contain archaeological sites The recording of the archaeological resources to the inventory level progressed from the mauka (toward the mountains, or eastern) portion of the project area (near Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway) to the makai (seaward or western) portion, along the Pacific Ocean Phase I site locations were plotted on an R.M. Towill Corp. aerial photograph (Photograph No. KV -7, scale V-400', 1979) and on computer drafted maps prepared earlier for PM 19 0 Report 1397-112593 • Project 92-1141 (Smith and Rosendahl 1992:3). While workers were in the field, site locations were confirmed and slightly adjusted when necessary. Site relocation adjustments were aided by the Towill aerial and USGS quadrangle (Kiholo, Hawaii -7.5'4982). Phase I site locations were plotted on an R.M. Towill Corp. aerial photograph (Photograph No. KV -7, scale V-400', 1979) and on computer drafted maps prepared earlier for PMU Project 92-1141 (Smith and Rosendahl 1992:3). Site locations were confirmed and slightly adjusted when necessary while in the field. Site relocation adjustments were aided by the Towill aerial and USGS quadrangle (Kiholo, Hawai'i-7.5'-1982). Because the Phase Il data collection took place at known archaeological remains, no aerial survey was thought necessary, and no formal ground survey was during this phase, because most of cultural remains were believed located during site identification. Of the 185 sites recorded dining the Phase II work,181 hadbeen located during the Phase I Site Location Phase. Interestingly, only a single, previously unknown archaeological site (Site 19240) was located in the sample transects across the recent as flows. Sixteen Phase I sites (of the initial total of 197) were not recorded during Phase II, for the following reasons: after further examination, five locations were determined not to be archaeological sites; three sites were found to be outside of this project area (and had been previously recorded); and eight sites could not be relocated during this phase. These eight sites along with their Formal Site/Feature Type and Tentative Functional Interpretation are shown below in Table 4. Table 4. Phase 1 Sites Not Recorded during Phase II Formal SIdFIaan Tend" PHRI No. Type Common" YW Inarprwtion 114148 Complex (2) indeterminate — A T-shape 8 unerr wall 1141-106 Petrodrph 1141-132 Mound 1141-136 Modified lava tube whh ut8ladon 1141-137 Depression 1141-145 Sak pan 1141-146 Salt pan 1141-195 Enclosure Indeurmima — Indetarmanam — Communicadon shielded man; associated wkh trail 19194 Indsannimte Very smell mound Passible habhadon Some random Pilins and midden sorter Present Pouible habi moon Midden sour in a natural depression abutted by a large murop on die back Habhadon Habiatim — bdeorminate Small, circular 20 Report 1397-112593 • • 21 Although these sites could not be relocated during Phase II work, they were apparently all either temporary habitation, or in the case of 1141-145 and 1141-146, possibly associated with nearby habitations. It is unlikely that any ceremonial or burial sites were not found. Four additional sites were located and described during the Phase II Data Collection Phase. These sites were found during travels to previously identified Phase I sites. All sites were described on standard PHRI site survey record forms and were photographed using 35 mm black -and -white film (PRAT Roll Nos. 4521-4524,4527-4532, 4536-4537, 4540- 4554, 4557, and 4579-4580). Detailed recording of sites included written descriptions, measurements, and plan maps. Each site, or the primary feature within the site complex, was markedwith pink -and -blue flagging tape, and with an aluminum tag bearing the temporarysite number, date, the letters "PHRI," and the PHRI project number (93-1397). This aluminum tag was usually tied to a small stone, which was then wrapped in pink or blue flagging tape (which also had the above information written on it). The stone was placed in a prominent part of the site. All newly identified sites were assigned one- or two -digit PHRI temporary field numbers prefixed with "1397-," beginning with "1397-1" (Table 5). Although surface collection of several sites was recommended in the Phase I report, this was generally not done during Phase H. Diagnostic artifacts were collected, and an observation list of ecofact (shell) genera and non-diagnostic artifacts was completed dining site recording. This information is presented in the Site Descriptions (Appendix A) by specific site. Limited testing took place in nine features at eight sites. Informal burial testing occurred in 16 features at ten sites that had been indicated as possible burial locations during the Phase I - Site Identification. Testing of the sites followed standard PHRI testing procedures. Test unit size ranged from 0.50 by 0.50 m to 1.0 by 1.0 m. Initially, a pre -excavation photograph was taken of the unit and all surface features were drawn. Excavation then progressed by arbitrary 0.10 m levels until bedrock was reached. All removed material was passed through 1/8 -inch screen and cultural material was collected. At the conclusion of excavation, the unit was profiled, photographed, and backfilled. Burial testing of possible burial features was more informal. Where possible, rocks were removed to look for burials; when this was not deemed feasible, a square unit (usually 1.0 by 0.50 in or 1.0 by 1.0 m) was laid out, surface was photographed and drawn, and the rocks were removed, usually in a single level. Excavation proceeded until bedrock (or human remains) were encountered. If human skeletal remains were encountered, excavation ceased and the pit was backfilled. If bedrock was found, the unit was photographed and backfilled. Fortested units consisting only of stacked orpiledrock resting on pahoehoe profiles were not drawn Site and Feature Descriptions During field and summary work, efforts were made to maintain consistency in classifica- tion and recording of features and sites. To standardize observations, features were assigned and recorded as one of 20 formal types, grouped into five categories. This was done in order to reduce recorder prejudice, while maintaining consistency throughout the project. The criteria given below were used to determine the classification of formal types. This system is not definitive, but was used only to facilitate this inventory survey. Upon closer examination, it may be noted that not all formal types are unique and some overlap can occur. The classification system, therefore, is subject to change. The system is described below. Report 1397-112593 • • 22 Table S. Correlation of Site Numbers "SIHP PHRI Tamp No. Prev.PHRI Aerial Surv. No. BPBM 19065 1397-1 1141-1 19066 1397.2 1141.2 19067 1397.3 1141-3 19068 1397-4 1141-4 19069 1397-S 1141-S 19070 1397-6 1141-6 19071 1397-7 1141-7 19072 1397-8 1141.8 19073 1397-9 1141-9 19074 1397-10 1141.10 19075 1397-11 1141.11 19076 1397-12 1141.12 148 19077 1397-13 1141-13 145 19078 1397-14 1141.14 28 19079 1397-15 1141 -IS 27 19080 1397-16 1141.16 19081 1397-17 1141.17 19082 1397-18 1141-18 19083 1397-19 1141.19 19084 1397.20 1141.20 30 22 19085 1397-21 1141-21 19086 1397-22 1141-22 19087 1397.23 1141-23 19088 1397-24 1141.24 19089 1397.25 1141-2S 19090 1397-26 1141-26 19091 1397-27 1141-27 147 19092 1397-28 1141-28 19093 1397-29 1141-29 19094 1397-30 1141-30 142 19095 1397-31 1141-31. 36 137 19096 1397.32 1141-32 3S 133 19097 1397-33 1141-33 34 19098 1397-3S 1141-35 19099 1397.36 1141-36 132 19100 1397.37 1141-37 19101 1397.38 1141-38 19102 1397.39 1141-39 143 19103 1397.40 1141-40 19104 1397.41 1141.41 1535 19105 1397.42 1141-42 153? 19106 1397.43 1141-43 19107 1397-44 1141-44 153 19108 1397-45 1141-45 19109 1397-46 1141-46 19110 1397-47 1141-47 19111 1397-48 1141-48 19112 1397-49 1141-49 40 131 19113 1397.50 1141-50 138 19114 1397-51 1141.51 134 19115 1397-52 1141-52 41 130 19116 1397-53 1141-53 19117 1397-S4 1141-S4 129 19118 1397 -SS 1141 -SS 42 73 19119 1397-S6 1141-S6 44 ' 19120 1397-57 1141-S7 128 19121 1397-S9 1141-S9 S3 124 " State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) numbers. SIHP number are Rve-0Ijit numbers pre(Lted by 50-10-19 (SO=State of Hawaii; t0 -Island of Hawaii; 19-USGS 7.5' sena quad map ('Kibolo, Howaii'l). Report 1397-112593 Table 5. (cont) 'SIHP PHRI Temp No. Prer.PHRI Aerial Sum No. BPBM 19122 1397-60 1141.60 46 19123 1397.61 1141-61 74 19124 1397-62 1141-62 60 125/152 19125 1397-63 1141-63 123 19126 1397-64 1141-64 52 19127 1397-6S 1141-65 19128 1397-66 1141-66 51 76 19129 1397.67 1141-67 122 19130 1397-68 1141-68 61 19131 1397.69 1141-69 19132 1397-70 1141-70 19133 1397.71 1141-71 62 19134 1397.72 1141-72 19135 1397.73 1141-73 19136 1397-74 1141-74 121 19137 1397-7S 1141-75 119/120 19138 1397-76 1141-67 54 19139 1397-77 1141-77 82 19140 1397-78 1141-78 81 19141 1397-79 1141-79 19142 1397-80 1141-80 118 19143 1397-81 1141.81. 64 75 19144 1397-82 1141-82 63 19145 1397-83 1141-83 19146 1397-84 1141.84 66 117 19147 1397-85 1141-85 19148 1397-86 1141-86 102 19149 1397-89 1141-89 114 19150 1397-90 1141-90 67/68 109-113,115,118 19151 1397-91 1141-91 65 116 19152 1397-93 1141-93 70 19153 1397-9S 1141-9S 72 19154 1397.96 1141-96 19155 1397-97 1141-97 90 19156 1397-98 1141.98 19157 1397.99 1141.99 73 19158 1397.100 1141-100 74 80 19159 1397-101 1141-101 78 79 19160 1397.102 1141-102 19161 1397-103 1141-103 78 19162 1397-104 1141-104 204 19163 1397-105 1141-105 19164 1397.107 1141-107 58 19165 1397-109 1141.109 1140 1397-110 1141-110 35/71 19166 1397-111 1141-111 77 1138,1141• 1397-112 1141-112 80 36/200 19167 1397-113 1141-113 84 19168 1397-114 1 141-1 14 77 19169 1397.115 1141 -IIS 19170 1397.116 1141-116 19171 1397-117 1141-117 72 19172 1397-118 1141-118 19173 1397-119 1141-119 19174 1397-120 1141-120 19175 1397-121 1141-121 19176 1397.122 1141-122 55 19177 1397.123 1141-123 19178 1397-124 1141-124 19179 1397-12S 1141-125 19180 1397-126 1141-126 S3 19181 1397-127 1141-127 48 54 19182 1397-128 1141-128 19183 1397-129 1141-129 • Assigned by Ching (1971) 13 0 Report 1397-112593 Table S. (cont) • •SIHP PHRI Temp No. Prev.PHRI Aerial Surv. No. BPBM 19184 1397-130 1141.130 19185 1397-131 1141-131 67 19186 1397.133 1141.133 33 19187 1397.134 1141.134 68 19188 1397-135 1141-13S 19189 1397.138 1141-135 26 19190 1397-139 1141.139 32 19191 1397-140 1141-140 19192 1397.141 1141-141 42 66 19193 1397.142 1141.142 19194 1397.143 1141-143 19195 1397-144 1141-144 19196 1397-147 1141.147 19197 1397-148 1141-148 19198 1397.149 1141.149 19199 1397-150 1141 -ISO 19200 1397-151 1141-151 S 8 19201 1397.152 1141.152 6 7 19202 1397.153 1141-153 7 5 19203 1397.154 1141.154 19204 1397.155 1141-155 19205 1397-1S6 1141-1S6 19206 1397.157 1141.157 19207 1397.158 1141.158 19208 1397.159 1141-1S9 19209 1397.160 1141-160 19210 1397-161 1141-161 19211 1397-162 1141-162 IS 19212 1397.164 1141-164 19213 1397-165 1141-165 19214 1397.166 1141-166 14 19215 1397-167 1141-167 19216 1397-168 1141.158 13 19217 1397-169 1141-169 12 19218 1397-170 1141-170 19219 1397-171 1141-171 19220 1397-172 1141-172 19221 1397-173 1141.173 19222 1397-174 1141-174 19223 1397-175 1141-175 19224 1397-176 1141-176 19225 1397-177 1141-177 19226 1397-178 1141-178 19227 1397-179 1141-179 19228 1397-180 1141-180 19229 1397-181 1141-181 70 19230 1397-182 1141-182 19 19231 1397-183 1141-183 19232 1397-184 1141-184 19233 1397-185 1141-185 19234 1397-186 1141-186 19235 1397-188 1141-188 19236 1397-189 1141-189 19237 1397-190 1141-190 19238 1397-191 1141-191 19239 1397-192 1141-192 19240 1397-193 1141.193 19241 1397-194 1141-194 19242 1397-196 1141-196 19243 1397-197 1141-197 19244 1397-996 - 19245 1397.997 - 19246 1397-998 - 19247 1397-999 - 14 I Report 1397-112593 • • Platform - A quadrangular structure (rarely oval) with a large surface area (length should be greater than c. 4.00 m); length is usually the maximum dimension; the sides are usually composed of stacked rocks and may be faced; the surface is fairly level and even, and may be paved. It must be raised (elevated) on all sides. Caim - A quadrangular or oval structure of stacked stones with a very small surface area (length should be less than <3.00 m); height is usually the maximum dimension; sides may be faced; the feature may have vertical or sloping sides; maybe conical or dome-shaped. Maybe solid or have a hollow interior. Mound - A quadrangular, oval, linear or amorphous structure of piled material; maximum dimension can be length or height; the feature is conical or dome shaped in profile, with sloping sides; the sides are not faced; usually designated by process of elimination (construction is piled rather than stacked so it can't be aplatform, cairn orwall or sides are not faced, so it can't be afaced mound); If material isusedto fill a depression and then piled above the lip of the depression, the feature is a mound, not a modified depression. Wall - A linear structure with stacked sides; usually longerthan high; surface usually flat; sides usually vertical or slightly sloping; sides may be faced; may be core filled; may be free-standing or abut other features; may be semicircular (C-shaped); may consist of adjoining segments (e.g., L-shaped wall, U-shaped wall, T-shaped, etc. [e.g., shaped wall]); differentiated from a linear mound by the more formal construction (stacked sides rather than piled sides). Terrace - A quadrangular, oval, linear, or amorphous structure with at least one side consisting of material piled or stacked more than one course high; also, at least one side must be flush with the ground surface or abut some natural or artificial feature (e.g., one side of a terrace may be built against the side of an elevated outcrop so that the surface of the terrace is flush with the top of the outcrop; or, the terrace is built on ground with a southwest slope, so that the northeast side is level with the ground, but the southwest side is built up to create a level surface for the terrace); may be higher than long or longer than high; sides may be piled, stacked or faced; surface may be level, convex, concave or irregular, may incorporate natural outcrops into the structure. Alignment - A linear structure composed of just one course of three or more stones in a line; stones may be placed so ends overlap, or touch end to end, or are slightly apart. Pavement - A quadrangular, oval, amorphous or linear structure composed of material placed one course deep over the ground surface to form a usually level and very regular surface; sometimes a component of another feature (e.g., a pavement inside an enclosure;) however, if the surface of a platform is paved with coral, this is considered part of the platform, not a separate feature. 25 Report 1397-112593 • • 26 Excavations - Man-made depressions in bedrock created by breaking stone away from pahoehoe outcrops or blister tops, or created by removing loose as from as flows; the material excavated may be missing, or piled inside or around the excavated area (therefore, it is part of the feature). Cleared Areas - Areas cleared of all rock, or cleared of all larger material, so a level smooth area is left; usually only considered as a discrete feature when it is isolated from other features. For instance, if the central area of a cave has been cleared of roof fall, this area would not be a feature separate from the cave itself, the same would apply to the interior of an enclosure that has been cleared of all scattered rock; this would not usually be considered a separate feature. Pecked Stone - Any non -patterned pecked surface on large boulders or non-portable stone (e.g., bedrock, rocky shorelines or cave walls); pecked areas may also consist of shallow or deep basins. Petroglyph - Any patterned pecked or etched surface of boulders or non-portable stone; the patterns can consist of human figures, stylistic designs or rows of holes Enclosure - A quadrangular, triangular oroval structure that encloses at least 75% of an interior space, in other words, if less than 75% of the structure's interior is not enclosed, it should be classified as a wall for example; the structure could consist of walls, linear mounds or alignments that enclose an area; the enclosure can also incorporate man-made features as part of the enclosure (e.g., three sides are composed of an U-shaped wall and the fourth side is composed of the side of a platform), or incorporate natural features (both ends of a semicircular wall abut the side of an outcrop, resulting in a semicircular enclosed area). Modified Outcrop - An amorphous feature usually chosen after eliminating other feature types (e.g., not piled enough to be a mound, rocks are scattered rather than aligned, etc.); usually consists of a scatter of rocks on top of bedrock or a bedrock outcrop; the rocks sometimes form rough rings; the surface is usually irregular and bedrock is often exposed in the center of the feature; if the outcrop itself is excavated, then the feature is an excavation, not a modified outcrop. Modified Depression - Any type of modification to a natural depression (not a man-made excavation --then the feature would simply be called an excavation); the depression may be filled, have modifications inside the depression or around the lip of the depression; the depression may consist of a crevice, a collapsed blister or lava tube, or just a low area; may contain discrete features (e.g., a wall aroundthe lip, a cairn in the bottom, a pavement covering the bottom, etc.). Lava Tube with Cultural Material - The simple presence of cultural material may represent utilization, even of there is no modification to the tube itself. Features that represent separate activities should be given separate designations. General habitation deposits (i.e., midden) will not be designated as separate features. Report 1397-112393 • • 27 Modified Lava Tube - Include tubes with structural modifications to the tube itself (e.g., stacking rocks to constrict the entrance or clearing the floor of roof fall); this category may also include tubes containing discrete structures (e.g., internal walls, platforms or cairns), which should be given separate feature designations; modified lava tubes may be separated into caves (depth greater than width at opening) or overhangs (width of opening greater than depth). Modified Lava Tube with Utilization - Includes tubes exhibiting modifi- cations to tube itself, and may also include internal structures. Utilization within the tube is indicated by the presence of ecofacts, artifacts, or burials. Trail - Any feature for which the function is transportation. Trails can include ofan alignment ofpahoehoe slabsorwaterwom cobbles (steppingstone trail); a scatter or linear pavement of pebbles, coral, or other material; a raisedwallwith perimeterboulders (kerbstone trail); an area clearedof larger rocks to form a level path; a linearpath of crushed aa; an alignment of cairns or branch -coral fragments that mark a trail over smooth pahoehoe. Midden- A nondiscrete or discrete deposit of ecofactual material (including ash, charcoal, faunal remains, manuports). It is only given a separate designation if considered a discrete activity area within the feature. Other - Features constructed to elevate or hold an object above the ground or cave floor (lamp or torch holders; stands which contain or form a rest for gourd water catchments). This category may also include game pieces for papamti, and hearths. As with formal feature types, functional interpretations have been standardized for this project. It should be again be noted that these definitions are used only in this project. Descriptions of each functional type are -given below. Ceremonial - Features are given a ceremonial function ifthey are considered to have been used in religious ceremonies or observations; evidence of ceremonial use usually includes one or mon of the following. 1. Presence of portable artifacts or modifications traditionally considered ceremonial (e.g., a platform paved with waterwom coral, a platform or terrace with a large square hole in the center, upright waterworn boulders embedded into the feature surface, large branch coral fragments inside a cave, etc.). These may be on the surface or below the surface. 2. A feature that took a great deal of time and effort to construct (e.g., an extremely large, well-built platform). 3. No dense concentrations of food remains; artifacts mayor may not be present. Burial - Single features are given a burial function if a burial is present or there is evidence that a burial was once present (e.g., a bundle burial in a cave Report 1397-112593 • 28 marked by lau kala mat remains, an empty and obviously disturbed crypt in a cave or platform with scatter, etc.) Habitation - Features are given a habitation function if they are considered to have been used as an actual living space or are special activity areas associated with a habitation complex; evidence of habitation usually in- cludes one or more of the following. I . A feature with a large, level surface that was probably used as the floor of a structure (e.g., platforms, large terraces, Pave- ments, cleared areas, enclosures with level interiors, the bot- tom of natural depressions, cave floors, etc.) 2. A feature that took much time and effort to construct (e.g., platforms with paved surfaces, large terraces with stacked and faced sides, enclosures with interior pavements, caves with many modified entrances, etc. Many of these features may also have attributes that marls them as ceremonial in function. Determination may depend on the presence or absence of artifacts, manuports, etc.) 3. A feature associated with other possible habitation features (e.g., several clustered features inside an enclosure, a pavement adjacent to a terrace, a cluster of features with caims at the extreme northern and southern ends, etc.). 4. A feature with internal features (e.g., platforms with cup- boards, caves with hearths) 5. Afeature with aconcentration ofstnfaceorsubstrfaceartifacts and ecofacts Agricultural - A feature is assigned an agricultural function if it is thought to have been used in growing crops or if it was part of a field system; this would include walls and linear mounds used as freldboundaries, and mounds composed of rocks cleared from the interior of the fields (clearing mounds). An agricultural function is sometimes assigned because of the presence of certain characteristics, and sometimes duce to the absence of certain charac- teristics; these attributes are: 1. A feature that does not have a level, even surface (an informal platform with many small basin -shaped depressions that were probably used as planting pits [not as postholes for idols], a terrace with a sloping surface, etc.) 2. A feature that did not take (in itself) extensive time and effort to construct (e.g., a terrace with sloping sides of loosely piled stones, low mounds of piled stone, modified outcrops consist- ing of only a small scatter of stone on top of an outcrop, a cleared area, an as excavation) Report 1397-111593 • • 3. Little artifactual or ecofactual material is present 4. Pollen samples thatreveal certainPolynesian cropswere grown in the features; layers of dispersed charcoal that may be evidence of clearing of agricultural fields by firs S. Association of features with clusters of other possible agricul- tural features (e.g., cleared areas surrounded by mounds, walls and alignments in a grid system that suggests field boundaries) Boundary - A feature is assigned a boundary function if it appears to delineate a line. This function is usually restricted to linear mounds, walls and alignments, but It can also be used for an alignment of features (e.g., an alignment of cairns). There is usually little cultural material in these features. Marker - A feature is assigned a marker function if its function was to mark the location of a site, the perimeter of a site, the end of a trail, a petroglyph or panel, etc. At Ka'apalehu, where vast expanses are present, these markers can be seen from a distance. There is usually little cultural material present at these features, but they may be topped by some white coral or beach conglomerate fragments, which would have made the feature easy to spot at a distance or at night. This functional designation is usually used for mounds and cairns, and rarely is used to designate ahu which mark ahrpua'a boundaries. Transportation - Features are given a transportation function if they are trails; trails may also serve to mark boundaries (see trails, under feature types); Recreation - Features used for recreation purposes only, such as papamd boards (a type of petroglyph), bolus slides or modifications to ponds or streams to create bathing areas. Quarry - Features such as as and pahoehoe excavations are marked by areas of removed or broken pahoehoe or as lava. These may have a quarry function (sources of stone for building or other purposes). Other - Features constructed to enclose a very small space (cupboards, walled overhangs, modified depressions) may have a storage function; pecked areas on scoria rock may have been tool manufacturing areas; shallow pecked basins on the shoreline may have been basins for grinding bait (bait cups) or may have functioned as salt pans. During the Phase II testing of the sites, possible diagnostic artifacts and potential radiocarbon samples were collected These materials and the test results will be discussed in the following sections. 29 Report 1397-112593 • • 30 FINDINGS SURFACE FINDINGS During the Phase II Data Collection phase of the current inventory survey, 185 sites, consisting of 633 discrete features, were recorded (Figure 6, at end). One hundred eighty-one of these siteswere located during the preceding site identification phase (Smith and Rosendahl 1991); the remainder (n-4) were found during the current phase. The sites comprise 90 complexes (multiple -feature sites) and 95 single feature sites (Table B-1, Summary of Identified Sites and Features). In addition, two Isolated Find (IF) locations were noted and recorded. Isolated Finds are locations defined as single artifacts which are spatially separated from nearby archaeological sites. The archaeological sites consist of both single and multiple component sites, and their physical condition ranges from poor to good. Formal feature types noted include petroglyph, shaped wall, cairn, enclosure, mound, modified lava tube with utilization, pahoehoe excavation, lava tube with cultural material, modified outcrop, terrace, modified lava tube, trail, modified depression, and others (Table 6). Construction methods for these formal feature types generally consisted of rough piling or stacking of unshaped pahoehoe blocks. In some cases, however, especially in those sites indicative of longer-term habitation, substantially more effort was expended in construction. This more substantial construction may include bifaced walls and stone fill, as indicated by Cordy (1981:66). As Cordy's model (ibid.) suggests, there are small, special-purpose structures (for work and storage) associated with these habitation structures. Probable functional interpretations are suggested for most project area sites. Most common functional feature types present include temporary habitation (57), indeterminate (21), and marker (21). These are followed by, communication (18), transportation (12), and habitation (10). Other less common types (<than 15 examples) consist of agriculture, transportation, recreation, burial, storage, ceremonial and others (Table 7). Generally the features combined to form site complexes that were assigned to the broader functional categories of habitation (both temporary and longer-term), marker, indeterminate, communication, transportation, and agriculture. Functional Analysis Sites with temporary or longer-term habitation functions number 57 and comprise 30.8% of all sites. Sites and features were defined as temporary versus permanent habitation based on criteria defined by Cordy (1981:66). Cordy includes the following criteria: shape (consists of platforms, pavings, low enclosures), size (permanent is larger, with areas greater than 16 ml), construction (permanent housing exhibits substantial construction; short-term habitation features are often poorly made); presence of internal stratified features, such as firepits; presence of special purpose structures (small, special purpose structures for work and storage are associated with permanent housing, not with short-term camps); and lastly, location (permanent housing tends to cluster mostly on the coast either along the shore, or at the mouths and sides of valley floors; short-term camps aro found along trails, among the agricultural fields, or on the coast). For purposes of this discussion, sites with a habitation function were broken into two categories --temporary habitation or habitation (with the latter indicating longer-term or `permanent habitation." Those features which appear to be short-term within long-term habitations have been assigned the term ancillary habitation. These sites may have served as single -use or resource -specific processing structures within the Hawaiian household (kauhale). Report 1397-112593 • • 31 Table 6. Frequencies of Formal Feature Types Formal Typ• Number % SIHP Petroglyph 123 19.4 19065(B-2),19069-2,19073(C),19078(I.1),19081(G,H),19082(A-11.8- 3.C.D), I9083.19084(H-3,I,K.L-S.M-2,N), 19086()-2),19088,19091(E), 19093 (F).19094(A-3,B-2), 19101(1), 19102,191 IS(A), 19127, 19131, 19132.2,19133(A-2) 19134.19137(A), 19143(8-3),19145,19150(G- 3.K),19152(A-4),19IS3(A-5).19156,19159(C-2.0,E-2.F1),19160,19163. 19179(A), 191940),19200(B), 19201(F), 19206(H-7N.P,QA. 19207(A - 0).19211(B -3), 19234(B.C). 19243.19245 Shaped wall 91 14.4 1140(B),19068, 19071(A-C,E-H,N.X), 19076(D), 19077 (A.C,E-I), 19078(8.E,G), 19081 (B,E), 19084(A.E.G), 19086(C,D,F,G), 19090(A,G- 1),19091 (D), 19093(8,D). 19099(1), 19101 (C.E,F), 19103(A -2,E), 19106 (B), 19108, 19109(A), 19126,19136, 19143(C),19146(C), 19150 (A,B), 19157 (8),19170,19178, 19185(A), 19192 (B,E), 19194(C. E), 19197(C), 19198 (B.C), 19199(A). 19200(A), 19201 (A,C.E) 19202(C-2,F,G,J,N-2),19203(D.E),19206(G,O),19210(F.Q),19212 (A),19217(B), 19226 (B), 19237(A). 19246(A -2,B) Cairn 91 14.4 1906S(A),I9070,I907I(J,Q-W), 19076(F),19077(D-2).19079, 19084(D),19090(B,F), 19091 (A,F,H-L.N,O). 19095(01 -10),19097(A -B). 19100(A,B),19103(F).19104(8), 19105. 19107, 19115(B-2),19116, 19122(A.B), 19123(B),19130(C), 19133(B-6),19138,19140(2), 19143(0).19144,19146(B),19153(B),19158(B,C),19i66, 19169,19174,19176,19177(B,C), 19181(C),19183,19190(A). 19192(D),19199(8 -2.D), 19206(L.R-2). 19209(A.B), 19210(8.1),1921 1(A), 1921S(A).19223(A).1922S. 19230(8) Enclosure 76 12.0 19071(1),19073(A,B),19075,19076(8-3,C,E).19077(8-3). 19078(A,F).19084(B),19085, 19086(A,E),I9090(C-E), 19091(C,G). 19093(A), 19095(OSA), 19096(A), 19101(H), 19106(A). 19109(8- 2),19114,19117(A -C), 19135.19137(B).19146(F,G), 191 S8(F), 19180(A),19181 (A), 19189(A,B).19194(B,F). 19195(A.B),19196,19197(8). 19201(D-2), 19202(B.E-2.1-2.K,L-2,M). 19203(A-2,B-2,C,F-2),19204,19205.19206(A,C-2.K), 19231(A).19233(C),19246(A) Mound 46 7.2 19078(H -3),19081(D-2), 19086(8),191I1,19130(A,B), 19137 (C.D).19141.19147, 19150(F). 19152(6.C), 19153 (C.D), 191S9(A), 19167(A), 19177(A,D,E),19179(B),19180(C), 19184,19186, 19188, 19191(C), 19192(A.C),19197(D), 19201(B),19202(A.B), 19209(E), 19210(A,G),19212(B),19216(A-C),19218,19223(6).19227(B).19230(A) Mod. lava tube w/util. 37 S.8 1140(A).19081(A),19084(C,F). 19086(1),19093(E),19096, 19101(A), 19103(B.C).19121(E), 19128(A.3).19129,19146(E),19150(M),19151(A- C),19158(A),19162(A), 19165, I9187,19206(0,M), 19210(C,D). 19220(A), 19221(A),19226(A), 19229,19233 (D,E).19234(A), 19235,19236, 19237(D) Pahoehoe"cay. 26 4.4 I9096(3),19120.:9181(D), I9208(B-G), I9209(C,D,F-H), 19210(K,M,N),19215(B), 19216(0), 19227(A),19231(B,C). 19237(B),19240(A-E) Lava tube w/ cultural material 26 4.1 1140(C),19080,19084(G), 19086(H), 19089,19110,19118, 19121(A),19137(E),19139.19142.19143(A),19148(A),19149, 19150(H), 19154,19157(A),19164. 19168(A), 19208(A),19213(A), 19220(B), 19221(B),19233(B), 19239,19247 Modified outcrop 20 3.2 19066.190770),19078(C), 19090()), 19091(M).19146(D), 19167(8), 19168(8),19171(A).19172(A), 19175.19177(F), 19181(8), 19182, 19199(C),-19210 (H,J,R), 19217(A).19228(A) Report 1397-112593 • Table 6. (cont) • Formal Type Number % SIHP Mod. depression 15 2.4 19071(K,P),19076(A.G). 19093(C). 19101(D), 19103(D), 19150(1), 19190(9,C), 19206(B,J),19210(0), 19228(8), 19244 Terrace IS 2.4 19071(L,M),19081(F).19091(8).19101(8.G),19148(8).19150(C.D), 9158(0,E),19162(C),l9198(A), 19206-2 Modified lava tube 14 2.2 19l2l(B,C),19162(D),l918S(8), 19189(C), 19210(L,P), 19213(8), 19214, 19222.19224,19233(A). 19237(C),19238 Trail 14 2.2 1131,19067,19072,19077(K). 19087,19092.19093(G.).191 19, 191S5,19161,19123(A).19124, 19193,19241 Alignment 11 1.7 19091(P),19104(A),19106(D),19112,19125,19162(B).19171(B),I9191(B), 19197(A).19206(F), 19232 Wall 10 1.6 19095(II)19I03(G),I9I06(C),19113,19121(0).19172(B),t9180(B), 19191(A),19198(D), 19202(H) Platform 5 0.8 I907l(D),19150(E),19159(B). I9194(H),19210(1) Depression 4 0.6 19071(8), 19078(D-2),19219 Midden 2 0.3 191 SO(N), 19173 Pecked stone 2 0.3 19194(G), 19242 Lava tube w/cultural material-petroglyph 1 0.2 190840) Modified lava tube w/cultural material 1 0.2 19081(C) Other (hearth) 1 0.2 19194(A) Other (papamu game pieces) 1 0.2 19074 TOTAL 634 100.3 32 Report 1397-112593 • Table 7. Frequencies of Functional Site Types Functional Type Number % Temporary habitation 55 29.7 Indeterminate 21 1 1.3 Marker 21 1 1.3 Communication 18 9.7 Transportation 12 6.5 Habitation 12 6.4 Temporary habitation -burial 7 3.8 Communication -marker 5 2.7 Temporary habitation -quarry 5 2.7 Burial 4 2.2 Habitation -burial 4 2.2 Agriculture 3 1.6 Quarry 3 1.6 Quarry -marker 3 1.6 Recreation 2 1.1 Storage 2 1.1 Agriculture -quarry I 0.5 Marker -agriculture 1 0.5 Possible ceremonial 1 0.5 Possible ceremonial -marker 1 0.5 Possible temporary habitation 1 0.5 Quarry -indeterminate I 0.5 Temporary habitation -indeterminate I 0.5 Temporary habitation.recreation 1 0.5 Total IBS 99.6 • 33 Habitation- Sites which appear to have served as permanent (or longer-term) habitations comprise 6.4 % (n-12) of all sites and, as Cordy suggests, tend to cluster along the coast. These permanent structures often co-occur with interim habitations that appear to have served as ancillary habitation features. These are defined as temporary, or short -term -habitation related features found within a residential complex. These habitation features may have served as cooking areas, storage space, work areas, religious shrines, men's houses, eating or sleeping areas within the residential complexes—activities ancillaryto habitation (Weisler and Kirch 1985). W hen these structures are found outside of the residential complex, they may have been used as temr—nry habitations bypeople exploiting coastal and near -shore resources. Ancillary structures in the project area include a full range of formal feature types, including C -shapes and similarly shaped walls, enclosures, modified depressions, and terraces. Another area of other, possible permanent (or longer-term, recurrent) structures is located somewhat inland, near the brackish ponds mauka of Kahuwai Bay. These two brackish water ponds are located just outside of the current project area. They do not presently appear to meet the locational criteria of habitation as defined by Cordy (1985) since they are locatedwell back from the coast. Report 1397-112593 • • 34 Twelve residential complexes were identified in the project area. One habitation feature at each of these complexes was designated as the probable primary habitation feature. Table 8 presents information onthese residential complexes. Figure 6 illustrates the locations ofthese sites within the project area. These sites are grouped in the functional category of Habitation, but most also evidence use for other activities. As can be seen in Table 8, a number of these sites provisionally resemble residential complexes, but a more definite evaluation cannot be made until further data collection (in the form of test excavations) is undertaken. The residential complexes are summarized in terms of size, feature density and probable age (Table 8). Size criteria for the table is based upon the following: small are those complexes smaller than 2,000 sq m; medium complexes are those from 2,000 to 5,000 sq m; large complexes are greater than 5,000 sq m. Two sites are considered large (Sites 19071 and 19203), with one having medium feature density, the other is low. Two complexes are medium-sized and have a moderate to high feature density. The remainder (eight sites) are all small, seven of the eight have high feature density. Site 19201 is moderately dense. Site 19203 (Figure 7), is located along the coast between the arms of the AD 1800 Ka`upolehu as flow. It is a residential complex which includes six features (Feature A, B, C, and F are enclosures, Features D and E are U-shaped walls). All features, with the exception of Feature F, appear to indicate longer-term orpermanent habitation. Feature F was determined to be a probable temporary habitation feature or possibly a ceremonial structure. This latter determination was made on the presence of a pair of small upright waterworn boulders which were partially buried. There are 12 additional cases where it appeared habitation occurred in association with additional activities. These sites were assigned a dual, or multiple, function These evaluations were given on the basis of other attributes as, for example, where the structural types and associated midden and artifacts suggested not only habitation but perhaps burial, quarrying, or agriculture, concurrently. Temporary habitation - These sites comprise 30.8 % (n-57) of the project area total. Locations appear to be scattered throughout the project area from the seacoast to the upper elevations. These sites include both caves and surface features. As expected, a number tended to lie close to Site 19124, the mauka-makai trail that extends from Queen Ka`ahamanu Highway to Kahuwai Bay. Within the project area, a variety of feature types appear to have been used fortemporary habitation, including lava tube caves, enclosures, platforms, modified outcrops, terraces, and shaped walls (such as C-shapes,U-shapes, T -shapes, J -shapes). At most temporary habitation sites the assemblage of surface artifacts or ecofacts was limited; this, however, may be a function of what is preserved in the archaeological record, or it may reflect discard/disposal patterns. Site 19121 (Figure 8) typifies the prehistoric temporary habitation complexes in the project area. It is located very near to Site 19124 and consists of Features A, B, C, D, and E (lava tube with cultural material, two modified lava tubes, wall, and a modified lava tube with utilization). All features probably served a temporary habitation function Marker - Twenty-one probable marker sites (11.3% of total) were encountered in the project area. One example is at Site 19070 (Figure 9a), a small cairn (0.66 W by 0.40 m high). The feature consists of a tough, round cairn in the middle of a bare pahoehoe area. The marker is constructed of 4-5 courses of slab -like pahoehoe and as -like, irregular cobbles and very small boulders. The feature is thought to have functioned as a possible marker for the trail site 19072. r Report 1397.112S93 • Table & Summary of Residential Complexes 0 Site No. Site size Feature Density Probable Age Primary Habitation Feature SW and Form (Designation) No, of Am Hab Fans No- of Agit Foo. No. of Burial, � Foes. Tool No, of Fess 19071* LG MOD PRE Small C-shaped wall (Fa. E) 13 1 Ot 9 24 19078 SM HI PRE? -EH Large enclosure (FaL A) S 3f 0 6 13 19081 SM HI PRE Large L-shaped wall (Fas. E) 4 0 1 4 9 19084 MED HI PRE -EH Larse enclosure (Fa. B) 5 0 c IS IS 21 19086' SM HI PRE -EH Small C-shaped wall (Fa. C) 6 0 1 4 11 19091 SM HI PRE Small enclosure (Fea. C) 3 0 Ot 12 16 19101• SM HI PRE Medium arrau (Fa. B) 6 0 2 2 9 19103* SM HI PRE Small C-shaped wad (2) (Fa. A# 4 0 0 2 7 19194 SM HI PRE Large enclosure (Fes. B) 7 0 0 1 9 19201 SM MOD PRE Small )-shaped wall (Fa. A) 3 0 0 2 6 19202 MED MOD PRE Small J-shaped will (Fes. G) 13 0 0 5 19 19203 LG LO PRE -EH Small Enclosure (2) (Fo. A) 5 0 0 0 6 TOW 74 4 19 62 ISO Sita Size: SM a Small complex (lass than 2,000 sq m); MED a Medium-sized complex (2,000 to 5,000 sq m); LG a Large complex (grater than 5,000 sq m) Feature Density: LO a Low (greater than 600 sq m par feature); MOD a Moderate (200 to 600 sq m par feature); HI a High (less than 200 sq m per feature) Probable Age: PRE a Prehistoric; PRET a Possible prehistoric component EH a Early historic s Tentative assignments, as permanent residential complexes pending further work t Potential burial not tested, because the site is in recommended preserve area $ Recorded as single feature (Fes. H) 3S I �\ | I Report 1397-112593 An additional example is Site 19186 (Figure 9b), a small, low mound on top of a northeast - trending (c. 50') line of blisters. This mound is oval to quadrangular in plan view, but appears partially collapsed, especially on the east and southeast sides. It is roughly piled to three rocks high, and the building material ranges from small cobbles to medium boulders. The mound lies on the east side of a long crack that traverses the apex of the blister. Just below the mound (and crack) is a c. 5.0 m' cleaned floor area. This area may have served as a temporary habitation. Another similar area (marked by anoverhang) could have served a similarpurpose. Also found within the immediate area are pahoehoe excavations, at one of which, the mined pahoehoe has been placed and piled in a rough semi -circle around the mined area. No portable remains were found at the site. Communication - There were eighteen sites (9.7%) that were assigned a function of communication. These sites generally consist of petroglyphs such as shield figures, sails, and amorphous figures. Site 19094 (Figure 10) is a series of five trapezoidal anthropomorphic figures located in an area of smooth pahoehoe terrain approximately five meters makai of an upthrust area. Three petroglyphs are located at Feature A and an additional two were found at Feature B. All figures were formed by pecking into black pahoehoe causing crushing of the line areas. Additional areas of pecking were also noticed in the vicinity. A small amount of Cypraeidae was noted nearby, indicating that some habitation possibly took place. Discussing petroglyphs, Kirch (1985:271) wrote: Hawaiian petroglyphs motifs include human figures, animals, and objects, either singly or sometimes in associated groups or panels. Anthropomorphic figures are most common and range from simple rectilinear stick figures to triangular -bodied figures to forms that display musculature. Some human figures hold or manipulate objects (clubs, paddles, fishhooks, headdresses, etc.), and others are associated in action... Among the artifacts seen in petroglyph groups, the typical crab -claw sail of Hawaiian canoes is not infrequent. Simple geometric motifs, especially cycles and concentric circles, are also common. All of the above motifs were observed in the current project area. Transportation - Twelve sites (6.5% of total) that appear to have functioned for transportation were located in the project area. These range from steppingstone trails across as lava flows, to a mauka-makai trail from the upper project area to Kahuwai, to a large coastal trail, crossing both as and pahoehoe flows. All trails within the project area appear to be Type A trails (Apple 1965:65), which are marked with caims and often have petroglyphs and steppingstones (both waterworn basalt and flat slabs of pahoehoe) in association. For this discussion, two trails were chosen as examples of the transportation site type. The first is Site 19124 (Figur; 6, at end). Site 19124 is a probable prehistoric mauka-makai trail used to access the coastal and upland resources at Ka'apalehu, including the large, brackish ponds near Kahuwai Bay. Note that the rail as it presently exists is indistinct or absent in portions (Figure 6). This trail may be an ancient trail which passed through Ka-pipa, on the route from Ka'upftlehu to Mauna Kolohana (Maly-pers. comm.). At least fifteen archaeological sites (including tempo- rary habitation and communication sites) were located within ten meters ofthis trail as it passes from the Queen Ka' ahumanu Highwayto the northwestern edge of the project area, near Kona Village. One associated feature of particular interest is Fea. C, Site 19137. This large (5.2 in by 3.2 in by 0.95 in high) stacked, sided mound (with a central depression) may have served as an 'ipuka or puka pk (a gate separating one 'ili, or land unit, from another) (ibid.). 39 Ah r a 30 W w Q m LL N�¢ _J F j R i u 0 0 w ^� A A � R a o 0 y � i y � � P� 0 P W t y Report 1397-112593 • • Site 19124, does not appear to have been upgraded from a Type A to a Type AB trail (Apple 1965:65) to accommodate horses, while other trails in the area were (such as SIHP Site 1319, which passes from Hu'ehu'e Ranch, in upland Ka'uipfdehu to Kiholo Bay). It also does not appear to have been as heavily used as Site No. 1193, another mauka-makai trail in KWd'o 1st. There may be two possible explanations for the lack of modification or heavy use. First, it could have been unnecessary to have two nearby trails running from the seacoast (1193 from Uluweuweu [Kuki'o] Bay and 19124 from Kahuwai Bay) to the uplands, or perhaps the Site 19124 trail has been used only intermittently in the past 200 years since the upper reaches had been buried under the 1800 as flow. There is evidence that the trail continued to be used in historic times (as evidenced by historic petroglyphs), but this was probably secondary usage, because it appears that the upper portions were buried. In the early 1800s, therefore, travel between the coast and the uplands was mostly restricted to the Kgd'o-Hu'ehu'e trail (Site 1193). Another trail is Site 19193, a large coastal trail (Alaloa) in the project area (Figure 11). Discussing a similar trail, Apple (ibid.:10) writes..."the beach trail, Type "A" in most places, can be followed from the air as one continuous trail through both districts" (e.g., South Kohala- North Kona). For purposes of recording during the current project, the coastal trail (through the project area) was broken into six sections or segments. These segments were based on incursions of the AD 1800 as lava flows, and each trail segment was recorded and photo- graphed. Some sections ofthe trail were indistinct orwere not present at all because they passed over either pahoehoe or sand, both of which do no retain evidence of use as well as as (see Figure 3). Burial - Four sites (2.2%) were determinedto have functioned solely as burial sites. These range from scattered human remains; to a mostly complete single burial; to a multiple burial at Site 19149, a lava tube with cultural material (in this case, human skeletal remains), found in the midlands (Figure 12). At this single feature site, the cave is entered through a vertical shaft. The tube then extends east and west, with the burials found in three distinct areas. Two burials with copious amounts of wood artifacts are nearby, the artifacts include carry poles, a possible canoe plank, and other unidentified wood. Another chamber tuns south, then southeast, where it enters a chamber measuring 18 m=. The remains of at least 15 individuals were found in this chamber. Features containing burials (or scattered human remains) were found at an additional 12 sites, making a total of sixteen sites containing human remains. The remainder of these are contained under combinations of functions (e.g., habitation -burial). Human remains encoun- tered in the project area are summarized in Table 9. 41 �a � 8�Y'�T.. Y � _ � .q. -b • y. 'astir,. 1 X xK r' � G :. , !•^ J''�' �1.. • _ " �..' � .tea �•x~`.i! - �`3 .1Alf �Z t, A..gym• �' � ev, f '"A �`�f r Y•� �� �.y '� �wT p N.n1( r`�}(�,,.��vy?�y� �,. � •... –..... ae... , Imo" . rI< : � v2���.. 'ern .. • - 13th,.-_ R ..._p�.4 yY� w � I�'i � ~ia.+- �•... F, r+.s^✓.._.•Fl. �-ILS. !_'..� �. ... tom• � • Report 1397-112593 • NARROW PASSAGE y d r B TERRACE -LIKE STRUCTURE ' g / Ir •' it ' LADDER a I o0 0 r EMPTY i r N CHAMBER 1 0 1 1 METERS INTERIOR LIMITS OF CAVE LIMITS OF BURIAL CALABASH r , t CALABASH PIECES r i WOOD POLES I + SENNIT CORD O' B BOULDER C a DIRECTION OF SLOPE Figure 12. Sit• 19149, Burial Cave 43 • Report 1397-112593 Table 9. Summary of Burial Features • Site Feature Sim (ms) Height Type of Site cnwronmencai Comments (Fez.) Form (m) lava tube w/ Zone 19081 Modified 17.5 0.85 Residential Midlands Human Skeletal Remains (HSR) One right (C) lava tube w/ bah prehistoric and historic an present complex akaneus with foot phalanges and ocher prehistoric, hbtorit. and modern uciliution 19084 Modified 2.730 0.70-5.0 Residential Midlands Mass (Immovable). Remains of at least fifteen (F) lava tube w/ (sinkhol habitation complex complex habitation complex individuals found with copious wood, ecofaas, utilization bah prehistoric and historic an present and ocher prehistoric, hbtorit. and modern artlfatu-portable remains 19086 Modified 124.1 0.75 Residential Midlands Human bone salter including Intact cranium. (1) lava tube w/ complex long bona ribs and innominates utilization 19101 U-shaped U -shape 1.15 Residential Midlands (Presumed) single infant burial In trunk, such as (C) wall (with 27 Cave complex example at 19084 (F). cave) 35 19101 Terrace 26.6 0.12 Residential Midlands Scattered nonarticulamd human remains (G) complex (partial femur, ribs, et al. In blocked Ian tube). 19129 Modified 190 1.10 Temporary Midlands HSR; single partial human cranium w/ mandible. lava tube w/ habitation -burial utilization (single -feature site) 19139 Lava tube w/ cultural material 19143 Lava tube (A) w/ cultural material 19149 Lava tube (B) w/ cultural material 19151 Modified (B) lava tube w/ utilization 45 0.95 Burial Midlands 330 1.5 Temporary Midlands vel cultural (sinkhol habitation complex area) 17.1 2.3 Burial Midlands (:Ingle -future) 15.6 0.75 Temporary Midlands habitation complex 19158 Modified 840 (A) lava tube w/ and a passible third burial. All possibly ucilintlon prehistoric 19164 Lava tube 180 vel cultural (sinkhol material area) 1140 Lava tube (C) w/ cultural material 19208 Lava tube (A) w/ cultural material 19224 Modified lava tube 19234 Modified (A) lava tube w/ utillzacion 12 (burial chamber only) 1,025 342 98 1.87 Temporary Midlands habitation complex 1.00 Burial Midlands (single-fncure) 0.70 Temporary Upper habitation complex Midlands Human skeleal remains present in two chambers Wood present ; no ecofA= Mass (Immovable); approximately 10 human burials (both pre- and early historic). Mass, (immovable); as Inst 19 human burials with carrying poles and other unidentified wood Scattered human remain and possible hearth Mass (ImmovableX Twenty+ individuals In at leas[ three areas of a long tube which ends in large chamber. Single, mostly complete burial; remains are in small overhang (20 x 20 x0.90 high) In sink Cranium, vertebrae, phalanges clavicle. pelvis present. Single partial human burial with skull, poss humerus, pelta hag, phalanges and mandible. 1.10 Temporary Lower.Midland HSR; two bundle burials human bone scatter, habitation -quarry and a passible third burial. All possibly complex prehistoric 0.61 Burial Lower.Midland HSR; possible prehistoric female sku8 (grdal), (single -feature) ulna shaft. bone dust. 0.60 Temporary Lower.Midland Mass Qmmovable); possible 20+ burials In cava, habitation complex two have wooden coBMs, one wl partial are. Others have doth material assodated Possibly bah prehistoric and historic an present 44 Report 1397-112593 • • 45 Agricultural - Three sites (1.6% of total) were tentatively given an agricultural function. One example ofthis site type was Site 19246 (Figure 13), located nearthe south side ofthe large AD 1800 aaflow, on rolling and undulating pahoehoe. The site consists oftwo features. Feature A is a small (2.0 in N -S by 1.8 in by 0.45 in high) enclosure; Feature B is a C-shaped wall (with uprights). Feature A is constructed of subangular and slab -like pahoehoe stacked one to two courses high. The interior of the feature is somewhat depressed, and c. 0.10 in of silty brown loam is present. At Feature B, the northern portion of the rough C-shaped wall is built of small slab -like pahoehoe boulders sitting upright on their edges. Both the east and west walls are constructed of medium-sized cobbles, and together with the northern wall, form a small, sheltered area in the interior. There is c. 0.05 in of deep brown, loamy silt in this area. The presence of soil, and the sheltered aspect ofboth features, may indicate the use of these structures for agriculture. Both features have windbreak walls that probably retained both soil and moisture. Quarry - Possible evidence of quarrying (specifically pahoehoe excavations) were found at hundreds of locations throughout the project area. This site type is created by the removal (and often displacement) of the pahoehoe surface. Areas overlying small blisters ortubes may have been broken, often with a medium waterwom boulder, and the broken material was removed. Such excavations yielded material such as scoriaceous lava, volcanic glass, or other suitable toolstone. In some coastal areas, these excavations are associated with abrader depressions (Jensen 1991); but no abrader depressions were identified in the current project area. Some of the excavations in the current project area may have had secondary functions, such as water catchment, or served as agricultural planting areas. An example of a site that includes quarry features is Site 19208 (Figure 14). The tentative functional interpretation of Site 19208 is temporary habitation -burial -quarry, but quarry features (pahoehoe excavations) comprise over 85% of all features at the site. Feature A, a lava tube with cultural material was apparently first used as a temporary habitation (perhaps while the quarrying was takingplace) and then as a burial cave. Pahoehoe excavations at this site are quite large, consisting of several excavated depressions. Most of the features have blocks of excavated material roughly piled around their outside limits. The features appear to be prehistoric. Carter (1985:17) counted over 2,100 of these clearings, or holes, in her survey area. In the current project area, which includes the northern half of Carter's area, there are probably as many. Moore and Bevacqua (1972:17) developed a detailed classification system for the pahoehoe excavations at W aikoloa. They report that Barrera (1971 a:60) and Austin (1971:241) also found similar holes in W aikoloa. Moore and Bevacqua examined several hundred holes in pahoehoe and postulated a range of activities to explain their existence. 1. The holes may be natural. 2. The holes may be culturally derived and functioned as: a. Burial locations b Agricultural locations c. Storage areas d Shelter locations Report 1397-112593 I RIDGE y \I � 1 1 1 FEATURE B P, Figure 13. Site 19246, Agriculture I I t' METERS BEDROCK H DIRECTION OF SLOPE - p UPRIGHT I� 1. FACED II SOIL AREA Q DATUM LOW DOME Figure 13. Site 19246, Agriculture I I t' METERS BEDROCK DIRECTION OF SLOPE • UPRIGHT FACED SOIL AREA Q DATUM Y' l Report 1397-112593 • • 48 e. Abrader procurement f. Construction stone procurement According to geologists cited by Barrera (1971a) and Moore and Bevacqua (1972), these features are not natural, and the lack of bones in the features precluded the burial hypothesis.However, the primary author and Dr. A.Z. Ziegler have discussed the idea that a number of these excavations may have been caused by the pooling of subsurface flammable gases in bubble areas of pahoehoe. These gases could ignite, ripping open the surface and scattering the pieces. This scenario may explain some ofthe excavations in the project area (the ones located far from any habitations) but would not account for all since many have been consciously modified. The agricultural function received little support from Moore and Bevacqua, but Carter (1985:21) presents historical documentation that states, "Sweet potatoes grown in the semidisintigrated lava were fertilized by heaping rubbish around the vines, which also facilitated the holding of moisture in and areas. However, sweet potatoes grown in this fashion are said to be tasteless" (Handy and Handy (1972:129). Maly's historical research has indicated that 'umoki (planting in dugout -mulched holes) was extensively used in Kona. He also consulted Handy and Handy (1972:106-109) in his discussion of dry -land planting methods. Some of the planting methods used were mulched holes ( for dry taro: called makalua), earthen or stone mulched mounds (called pu'epu'e), and planting in kukui groves, where trees were felled and used to construct growing troughs (pa kukut). Moore and Bevacqua feel that a storage function is unlikely, given the dearth of cultural material found in them and their random distribution (away from habitation areas) (ibid. 17). The authors also discount hypothesis that pahoehoe excavations were used for shelter. They state that only about three percent of those found would have been large enough to use. This, along with the sharp and j agged interiors, would also have precluded their use as shelter. Moore and Bevacqua present argue persuasively for the use of pahoehoe excavations as quarries for abrader material and construction stone. In the project area, abrader grinding surfaces are rarely found in conjunction with pahoehoe excavations, so this use of the features (at least in this project area) appears unlikely. It seems likely that many of the pahoehoe excavations were used initially to obtain construction stone, followed by use for agriculture. Recreation - Two sites (1.1 %of all sites) were given a recreation function. Both of these sites were papamu used in the play of the Hawaiian board game konane. These features were fairly common in the project area, although many are combined with habitation complexes. Sites 19074 and 19102 (Figure 15) were chosen to illustrate this functional site type. Site 19074 is made up not of the board itself, but the game pieces used to play konane. This site is located in the extreme northwest portion of the project area, immediately mauka of the AD 1800 lava flow. The site consists of a number of small 'ili 'ili stones (basalt) and small coral. Site 19102 is apapamO used to play the game. Construction consists of about 110 holes pecked 0.02-0.04 in into pahoehoe bedrock. There was also a possible cupboard c. 1.00 in north of the board, in which possible game pieces were located. This latter site is located approximately 30 in northeast of Site 19103, a habitation complex. O m F a w r �'bP • A 4b 1 c 0 e J e Z 4 u W 6 � ' O U is .•a O. e e . � e • a 7 l e r �'bP • A 4b 1 c 0 e J e Z 4 u W 6 � ' O U Report 1397-t 12593 • • 50 Storage -Two sites (1.1 %of all sites) were assigned a storage function. Both of these sites are C-shaped walls located in the midlands. Site 19126 is a compartmentalized, C-shaped wall that is approximately 2.9 in by 2.0 in and includes a cupboard and a secondary hollow cache. It is constructed of relatively thin pahoehoe slabs and oriented at c. 30'. A single ground, waterwom, basalt cobble was located at the northeast limits of the structure. Site 19170 is also a wall, located in the middle elevations of the project area. Here, the feature is constructed of piled slab -subangular pahoehoe clinkers and is approximately 2.9 in by 1.7 in. The inside portion of the structure is roughly 0.80 in by 0.70 in and the feature is 0.60 in high. The feature was given a tentative functional assignment basedon size (too small fortemporary habitation), location (too barren for agriculture), and construction (too formally constructed to be a collapsed cairn or modified outcrop). Multiple - The remainder of the sites (32 or 17.3%) in the project area were assigned a dual function. These evaluations were given on the basis of other evidence, as for example, where structural types and associated midden and artifacts suggested not only habitation but perhaps burial, quarrying, oragriculture, concurrentlywith habitation. The twelve residential complexes are multiple function sites. A good example of this is Site 19084 (Figure 16). This site is a complex of approximately 21 features, many of which indicate that long-term habitation has occurred. These habitation features include C-shaped wall, enclosure, two modified lava tubes with utilization, L-shaped wall, and lava tube with cultural material. Also found with this site are several petroglyphs (indicating both communication and recreation functions), a marker, and a large cave containing multiple burials. The site is located on a prehistoric pahoehoe flow almost immediately south of the southern edge of the AD 1800 as flow. Other multiple -function sites include temporary habitation sites with quant', markers with agricultural, and marker with burial. Indeterminate function - At twenty-one sites (11.4% of total), a definite function could not be established. One example is Site 19217, near the northernmost limits of the project area (Figure 17). This is an area of undulating pahoehoe flows marked by lava rubes and blisters. The site is located among these blisters, approximately 175 in mauka of the shore. This two - feature complex includes Feature A, a modified outcrop and Feature B, a T-shaped wall. Both features are constructed of locally obtained pahoehoe. Feature A utilizes ropy pahoehoe; Feature B is constructed of large pahoehoe blocks that are placed in a T-shaped alignment. Feature A was called a modified outcrop when all other possibilities were eliminated. It consists of a low wall on the northeast, two parallel alignments, approximately 8.0 m long, which run perpendicular to the fust wall, and a partial paving between these alignments. These stones orpartial paving are denseronthe northwest, andbecome more spottyto the east. Sparse Cypraeidae was noted in the interior, indicating potential temporary habitation. Feature B at Site 19217 is a T-shaped wall which uses local pahoehoe blocks ranging in size from 0.084.53 in diameter. They are generally placed onlyone course high andone course wide, although there is a grouping of smaller stones in the southwest comer. Ecofacts in the area included Cellana; also present was waterwom basalt, and coral. Possible temporary habitation is also indicated here. ISOLATED FIND Two isolated find (portable remains) locations were noted during the inventory. Both locations were well away from present site locations, but in conjunction with the Site 19142 trail. IF -1 is apartial coconut shell (Cocos nucifera L.) that may have served as a drinking cup; IF -2 was located in a more mauka portion of the trail and consisted of a large, flat, waterwom basalt cobble. The obverse side appears slightly hollowed for possible use as a salt pan. POSSIBLE - HEARTH "'FEATURE 1 o--i INSET OF A-1 ADZE FRAGMENT t8p tri O FEATURE E y 1j C n d�{ 1y11. C t t<�a A_t x FEATURE L L I 1 FEATURE DATUM ELae. SLIGHTLY RAISED PAHOEHOE BEDROCK EYSYE PAHOEHOE EXCAVATION W DRIPLINE GAVE BODHDARI Q$`y FACED ROC!( LEVEL FILL Oj® UPn1GHT GY CAVE OPENING N)TF MIDDEN CC LORAL CONCENTRATION r CORAL PETROOLVPH ARTIFACTS: A -I ADZE FRAOMENT (COLLECTED) A-E CORAL ABRADER A -S BASALT CORE A-E CORAL ABRADER FIEu,. Id. Sit. 19084, MultlplB FunctlDn V.FEATUREI A FEATURE K m POSSIBLE q (((�,� ITTE ASfR, Tap 11 'Qi, A. Report 1397-111593 0 ° W e •• • 0 ° ° i C ' w y S �° ° 0°a URE B oW $ ° o C o°oov o c • ° FEATURE A 0 o+' ad 0 °p ° °p° SS 0 PARTIAL PAVING I D ° W O° b i ° 0. O 0 0 �O• � O � p 0 0 .00 / 0 1 2 W METERS =0- BEDROCK LEDGE. • UPRIGHT © BULLET CASING 19 PAHOEHOE COBBLES i BOULDERS W WATERWORN COBBLES S MARINE SHELL C CORAL Q DATUM Figure 17. Site 19217, Indeterminate Function 51 • Report 1397-112593 S3 SUBSURFACE FINDINGS The subsurface testing for this project consisted of ten test units at eight sites. Of the excavated units, six were profiled and the results are presented below. A total of 8.3 mi were excavated. Twelve features were probed at eight sites and four features were examined at two sites. Site 19101, Feature C,TU-1 Site 19101 is a probable prehistoric complex of at least nine features—one modified lava tube with utilization (Feature A), two terraces (Feature B and G), two U-shaped walls (Features C and E), a modified depression (Feature D), an enclosure (Feature F), and a petroglyph (Feature I). Test Unit 1 (1.0 by 1.0 m) was placed on top of a small fiat area of Feature C, which appeared to be constructed over a small blister cave. Layer I was the architectural layer, which consisted of medium pahoehoe cobbles. Layer II was delineated at the "capstone" layer which was immediately over the open blister cave. After removal of the layer, a probable trunk burial was found in the blister cave below. No radiocarbon samples were obtained from the unit and no profiles were recorded. Site 19101, Feature E, Burial Probe It had been suggested during the Phase I Site Location that the U-shaped wall of Feature E obscured a cave opening. It was also thought should the cave be present, it might contain a human burial. Probing the pavement revealed it was placed on pahoehoe bedrock. Site 19 10 1, Feature G, TU -2 Test Unit 2 (1.00 in by 0.50 m) was placed in the paved area of the Feature G terrace, at the same site (Figure 18). The general soil matrix description is of pahoehoe cobbles in a 0.05 by 0.18 by 0.17 m size range. This unit was excavated in order to test for a possible burial. Smooth paving was removed to a depth of 0.19 in below surface, where bedrock was encountered. A blocked lava tube was discovered Upon clearing the rubble, scattered non - articulated human skeletal remains were encountered. These elements appear to consist of the distal end of a femur, two rib bones, a metatarsal, cervical vertebrae, and other unidentifiable elements. Bone was initially encountered at c. 0.20 m below the surface of the tube and continued until the end of the probe at around 0.50 mbs. It should be noted that the area underneath the rest of Feature G may also contain additional human remains. Site 19103, Feature C,TU-1 Site 19103 is a prehistoric site complex of seven features --two C-shaped walls (Feature A), a single C-shaped wall (Feature E), two modified lava tubes with utilization (Feature B and C), modified depression (Feature D), a cairn (Feature F) and a wall (Feature G). Test Unit 1, a 0.50 by 0.50 in excavation, was placed in the interior of Feature C (Figure 18). Much of the cave has been disturbed, so the location of the test unit was chosen for its lack of disturbance. The surface of the unit was a very silty, dark reddish gray soil with numerous small rootlets and small pahoehoe cobbles. Layer I was designated a cultural layer because • Report 1397-112593 • 54 Figure 18. Site 19103, Feature C, TU -I SOUTH FACE TU -1 C 0 E SURFACE N T5-- 1 1 I S M 10 88 E T II E 15 R R R S R 20 R Ila R 25 UNEXCAVATED PAHOEHOE r 0.5 METER R ROOT S SHELL � 'ILI'Ill Figure 18. Site 19103, Feature C, TU -I Report 1397-112593 0 • shell midden was present. Layer II consisted of silty clay with toots. Animal bone and charcoal were collected from this layer and it is thought to be cultural as well since shell midden was again present. Layer III is silty clay, contains shell midden, mammal bone, and charcoal. Five radiocarbon samples were obtained from this test unit; one was submitted for radiocarbon age determination and returned a date of AD 1445-1706 (68% probability). The unit was terminated at 0.25 mbd, at bedrock. TU -I displayed the following stratigraphy: SITE 19103, FEATURE C TU -1, SOUTH FACE Layer Description 4.5-9 cmbd; ranges from 1.5-5.5 cm in thickness; very dark grayish brown (I OYR3/2 moist), dark reddish gray (5YR4/2 dry); silt; structure - less; loose, nonsticky, nonplastic consistence; common roots; no pores; abrupt, wavy boundary; cultural layer, Ha 4.5-23 cmbd; ranges from 4.5 to 15 cm in thickness; reddish gray (5YR 2/2 moist); clayey silt; dark brown (7.SYR 3/2 dry); weak, very fine, subangular blocky structure; loose, friable, slightly sticky consistence; many roots, many pores; clear, wavy structure; cultural layer, ]Ib 16-25 cmbd; ranges from 1-8.5 cm in thickness; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 3/4 moist), brown (I OYR 5/3 dry); clayey silt; weak, very fine structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky consistence; many roots, few pores; cultural layer, terminated at bedrock. Site 19103, Feature D, Burial Probe Smith and Rosendahl (1992:13) listed this feature as a possible burial. A burial probe was made in the filled area of this modified depression. A small, informal excavation was placed in front of a possible cave opening inthe northeast quadrant of the feature. Results ofthis probe were negative: c. 0.40 m below the top of the stones, pahoehoe bedrock was reached and no cave or burial was located. Site 19146, Feature D, Feature Examination The Phase I - Site Location (Smith and Rosendahl 1992:16) listed Feature D as a modified outcrop consisting of filled cracks in a pahoehoe outcrop forming a level area and possibly blocking lava tube -possible burial. The area around and including Feature D was closely examined, but no tube was found and no human remains were present. Site 19150, Feature F, Burial Probe This mound, in close association with trail Site 19124, was informally probed to examine for a possible burial. Rocks were removed from the west side of the mound, creating a small tunnel approximately 0.70 long, by 0.65 wide, by 0.82 m deep. The hole was dugto the bedrock below. No evidence of human remains was revealed Two pieces of shell were found at the bottom, as well as a single piece of bunt wood. The bunt wood was collected. 55 Report 1397-112593 • Site 19195, Feature B,TU-1 • S6 This site is a temporary habitation complex consisting of two features, Feature A and Feature B, both enclosures. Test Unit 1, a 0.50 by 0.50 m excavation was placed in the sandy interior of Feature B (Figure 19). The surface, designated as an A Horizon, consisted of a very loose organic horizon with abundant organic material and dark brown silt. Layer I (0.30-0.40 mbd) appeared to be a cultural layer in which abundant shell and volcanic glass was noted. A charcoal stain was encountered at 0.04 mbs throughout the unit. This was designated as Layer II. Layer II (0.37-0.42 mbd) also contained abundant shell, although less than Layer L Some charcoal was noted in the west wall of the unit, but because the soil was quite wet, the charcoal was difficult to collect and identify. Layer III (0.37-0.46 mbd) was a matrix similar to the two layers above; a small amount of shell was present. There were abundant small cobbles throughout, and the layer was terminated at bedrock. TU -1 displayed the following stratigra- phy: SITE 19195, FEATURE B TU -1, WEST FACE Layer Description A Horiz. 0-1 curbs; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2 moist); silt; weak, very fine, single grain structure; very friable, non -plastic consistence; few roots; few pores; abrupt boundary; non -cultural layer, 1-6 cmbs; 3.5 to 6 cm in thickness; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2 moist); silty sand; weak, very fine, single grain structure; very friable, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; fewroots; fewpores; abroptbound- ary; cultural layer, II 4-9.5 cmbs; 2 to 4 cm in thickness; black (7.5YR 2/0 moist); silty sand; weak, very fine single grain structure; very friable, slightly sticky, non -plastic consistence; common roots; common pores; abrupt bound- ary; cultural layer, III 6.5-11.5 cmbs; 1.5-3.5 cm in thickness; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 2/0 moist); silty sand; weak very fine single grain structure; very friable, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; very few roots; very few pores; abrupt boundary; cultural layer, terminated at bedrock. Site 19197, Feature D,TU- 1 This site is a prehistoric complex consisting of four features: an alignment (Feature A), an enclosure (Feature B), an L-shaped wall (Feature C), and a faced mound (Feature D). Test Unit I was 1.0 by 2.0 m and was placed in Feature D, a faced mound, on the side of the ocean (Figure 20). This testing was done in response to a possible burial determination by Smith and Rosendahl (1992:23). Layer I consisted ofthe architectural layer, and was cultural. Material was subangular pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. After the removal of the rock layer, Layer II was begun at 1.43 mbd The matrix of Layer II consisted of storm deposited, dark brown, coarse sand This deposit was thought to be non -cultural since storm deposited plastic and other historic and modem materials (anda lack of prehistoric cultural remains) were noted Report 1397-112593 Figure 19. Site 19195, Feature B, TU -1 57 WEST FACE TU -1 C o E N •A• HORIZON T 5 I SURFACE I E to T RC R R II R i5 III R 3 UNEXCAVATED PAHOEHOE 20 0.5 METER R ROOT C ROCK 3 SHELL C CHARCOAL Figure 19. Site 19195, Feature B, TU -1 57 Report 1397-112593 n • 58 SOUTH FACE TU -1 UPRIGHT SLAB I 11 III IV V 0 20 40 60 80 CENTIMETERS Q SUBANGULAR PAHOEHOE LAYER/BOUNDARY Figure 20. Site 19197, Feature D. TU -1 Report 1397-112593 0 • Layer lII (1.59-1.89 mbd) also consisted of a dark brown coarse sand with mottles of fine-grain white sand. The fine sand appeared to have a small amount of charcoal dispersed throughout. This charcoal returned a radiocarbon age determination of AD 1660-1818 (52% probability). The layer was determined to be cultural, because an octopus hue was found in sits Layer IV, a gravelly sand with fine white inclusions, was found between 1.69-1.99 mbd. The lower portions of the layer disclosed few artifacts, but the upper portions revealed large amounts of marine ecofacts and four volcanic glass pieces. Layer V was a darker (moister) more compact sand layer. This appeared to be a non -cultural layer, because of a lack of cultural materials, and the matrix appeared to be beach sand with more pristine (non -fragmented) shell material. Excavation was terminated at 2.21 mbd. TU -1 displayed the following stratigraphy: SITE 19197, FEATURE D TU -1, SOUTH FACE Layer Description 0-143 cmbd; 39 to 141 cm in thickness; vesicular basalt boulders and cobbles; cultural layer, II 125-163 cmbd; 125 to 163 cm in thickness; black (I OYR 2/1 moist), dark gray (1 OYR 4/1 moist), and dark grayish brown (I OYR 4/2 dry); sand; weak, very fine single grain structure; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; no roots; many, very fine, interstitial pores; clear boundary, non -cultural layer, III 156-176 cmbd, 156 to 169 em in thickness; light brownish gray (I OYR 6/2 moist), sand; weak, veryfine single grain structure; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; no roots; many, very fine, interstitial pores; diffuse boundary; cultural layer, IV 169-199 cmbd, 26 to 28 cm in thickness; very pale brown (I OYR 7/3 moist), white (IOYR 8/I dry); sand. weak, very fine single grain structure; loose, non -sticky., non -plastic consistence; no roots; many, very fine, interstitial pores; diffuse boundary; cultural layer, V 195-221 cmbd, 18 to 20 cm in thickness; dark yellowish brown (I OYR 4/4 moist), yellowish brown (IOYR 5/4 dry); sand; weak, very fine single grain stmcttue; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; no roots; many, very fine, interstitial pores; diffuse boundary; non -cultural layer. Site 19202, Feature ), Burial Probe Site 19202 is a prehistoric habitation complex consisting of 15 features: two faced mounds (Feature A and B), a U-shaped wall (Feature C, F, J, and 1), an enclosure (Feature D, E, I, K, L, and Iv), a J-shaped wall (Feature G), and a wall (Feature H). Site 19202, Feature J was listed as a possible burial or habitation feature by Smith and Rosendahl (1992:24). The featurewasprobed intwo areas bythe removal of afew rocks to look for a possible burial. Both tests were informal and were taken to approximate ground level below the feature; no human skeletal material or buried tubes were located. 59 Report 1397-112593 0 • Site 19203, FeatureXTU-1 Site 19203 is a probable prehistoric habitation complex consisting of nine features: three double -enclosures (Features A, B, and F), a single -enclosure (Feature C), U-shaped wall (Feature D and E). Two test units were excavated in Feature A, which appeared to be the primary habitation feature ofthe site complex. Test Unit 1 was a 0.50 by 0.50 in excavation placed in the extreme northwest interior comer of Feature A (Figure 21). Layer I was a sandy layer that contained shell midden, volcanic glass, and charcoal. This charcoal was not dated at this time. This arbitrary layerwasterminated when bedmckwasencountered at0.15mbd.TU 1 displayedthe following stratigraphy: SITE 19203, FEATURE A TU -1, EAST FACE Layer Description 1-15 cmbd; 10 to 13 cm in thickness; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2 moist), dark gray (10YR4/1 dry); sand; sttuctmeless; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; no roots; no pores; abrupt, smooth boundary; cultural layer, terminated on bedrock; Leas 2.5-10 cmbd; 3 to 5 cm in thickness; very dark gray (1 OYR 3/1 moist); sand; structureless; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; no roots; no pores; abrupt, smooth boundary; cultural layer. Test Unit 2 was a 0.50 by 0.50 in unit also placed in the interior of Feature A, beneath a flat vertical stone and in front of an apparent cupboard in the south wall (Figure 22). Layer Ia (0-0.10 mbs) was an arbitrary level which passed through a cultural layer containing shell midden and bone awls. Layer lb (0.10-0.20 mbs) was also sandy and contained artifacts, charcoal, andlithics. Aradiocarbon age samplewas datedtoAD 1660-1818 (52% probability). Both Layers Ia and Ib are the same, but for a difference in moisture betweenthe upper (Ia) and the lower (Ib). Layer Ic was relatively undisturbed sand also containing shell midden and volcanic glass, and containedmore of an ashy appearancethanthe upper layers. The excavation was terminated when rocks were encountered at the bottom. This layer of rocks extended out of the unit, but appeared different than the surrounding pahoehoe bedrock. It appeared that there may be greater depth of deposit beside/beneath the south wall of Feature A. TU -2 displayed the following stratigraphy. SITE 19203, FEATURE A TU -2, SOUTH FACE Layer Description Ia 3-6 embs; 2 to 6 cm in thickness; gray/light gray (1 OYR 6/1 dry), dark gray (1 OYR 4/1 moist); very fine sand; sttuctureless; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consistence; few roots; common pores; cultural layer, Ib 4-37 curbs, 28 to 33 cm in thickness; very dark gray (1 OYR3/1 moist and dry); very fine sand; structure less; loose, non -sticky, non -plastic consis. 60 • Report 1397-111593 LJ EAST FACE TU -1 C 0 E `'-SURFACE N y T 5 s LENS I s s I M E 10— T 0 T E S 15 UNEXCAVATED PAHOEHO 20 0.5 METER S SHELL Figure 21. Site 19203, Feature A, TU -1 61 • Report 1397-112593 • 62 SOUTH FACE TU -2 C 0 E SURFACE H IA T I M g E t0 T S E R O IB S 20- 30 IC 40 UNEXCAVATED 0.5 METER O ROCK S SHELL Figure 22. Site 19203, Feature A, TU -2 Report 1397-112593 0 E tence; few toots; common pores; gradual, wavy boundary; cultural layer, Ic 37-49 curbs, 9 to 11 cm in thickness; black (7.5YR 2/0 moist), very dark gray (IOYR 3/1 dry); very fine sand; weak, very fine, single grain structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky, non -plastic consistence; very few roots, few pores; cultural layer. Site 19206, Feature K,TU-1 Site 19206 is a temporary habitation complex consisting of 28 features -three enclosures (Feature A, C, and K), five petroglyphs (Feature H, I, N, P, and Q, two caims (Feature L and R), a depression with overhang (Feature B), two modified lava tubes with utilization (Feature D and M), two terraces (Feature 17, a U-shaped alignment (Feature F), two C-shaped walls (Feature G and O), and a modified depression (Feature J). Test Unit 1 (1.0 by 0.70 m) was placed in Feature K, an enclosure. This unit was placed because a possible burial was thought to exist at Feature K Layer I was determined to be the architectural layer and consisted of pahoehoe cobbles placed by hand Three opihi shells were notedjust below the surface of the feature and appeared to have fallen in from above. A narrow crack in the rock was encountered, at which point, Layer II was begun. This very thin layer (0.01 m deep) consisted of a thin layer of sand over pahoehoe bedrock. No human skeletal materials were observed during excavation, and no profile was drawn. Site 19210, Features M and R,TU-1 and TU -2 Site 19210 is a prehistoric complex of 18 features: two mounds (Featme A and G), two cairns (Feature B and S), two modified lava tubes with utilization (Feature C and D) an L- shaped wall (Feature F), three modified outcrops (Feature H. J, and R), a platform (Feature I), three pahoehoe excavations (Feature K, M, and N), two modified lava tubes (Feature L and P), a modified depression (Feature O), and a C-shaped wall (Feature Q). Two test units were placed in features of the site. Test Unit 1 was placed in Feature M, a pahoehoe excavation thought to be a possible burial (Smith and Rosendahl 1992:27). Only Layerl was removed; the layer consisted ofpahoehoe boulders and cobbleswith reddish -brown soil at the base. The unit was terminated when bedrock was encountered at c. 0.68 mbs. No human skeletal remains were encountered during the excavation. Test Unit 2 was placed in Feature R again because of the assessment by Smith and Rosendahl that the feature was a possible burial (ibid.). This modified outcrop was taken apart to a depth of 1.65 tabs. No burial was identified, and no profile was drawn. Site 19210, Feature 1, Feature Examination Smith and Rosendahl (ibid.) also list Feature I, a platform which "may block a tube or contain a burial". This feature was closely examined during recording, and a number of rocks were removed and replaced. No burial was found. Site 19210, Feature L, Feature Examination This feature is listed by Smith and Rosendahl (1992) as a possible burial. Again, a close examination during recording failed to disclose any indications of deposition or a blocked tube that might contain a human burial. 63 Report 1397-112593 0 0 Site 19214, Burial Probe The Phase I work (Smith and Rosendahl 1992:27) indicated that a possible burial maybe found in this cave. The modified lava tube was an indication that while temporary habitation had taken place, a thorough examination failed to disclose the area where "piling continues along the length of the outcrop blocking a tube -possible burial". No blocked tube was found even though a few rocks were removed (and then replaced) in several locations. No human skeletal remains could be found Site 19222, Burial Probe This modified outcrop blocking a small lava tube was thought to be a possible burial by Smith and Rosendahl (ibid.:28). Again, a few rocks were removed to checkout the tube. It was found the cave was much too small to be.of use, and no human skeletal material was located. Site 19226, Feature A, Burial Probe Smith and Rosendahl (ibid:29) stated that in the south chamber of Feature A cave, piling blocked a tube entrance that may have been a possible burial. The south chamber was probed in order to determine the possibility of a blocked tube. A linear mound in a crack appeared to be blocking a chamberto the southwest of the entrance. The linear mound to the southwest was found to be covering some shell scattered on the floor. The mound was completely removed from the blocked entrance, but no burial was found. The mound was reconstructed to its original state. Site 19227, Feature A, Burial Probe Feature A of this site was also listed as a possible burial by the Smith and Rosendahl (ibid) A close examination and some limited rock removal in the paboeboe excavation there failed to disclose a blocked tube or possible burial. No human skeletal material was found Site 19228, Feature A, Burial Probe Smith and Rosendahl (ibid.) list this feature as containing a piled crevice possibly containing a burial. The area surrounding Feature A was examined, and a number ofrockswere removed No human skeletal material was located Site 19234, Feature A, Burial Probe Feature A of Site 19234 is a modified lava tube with utilization. It was listed by Smith and Rosendahl (ibid.) as having an "...opening totally blocked by phh. excavated boulders" and a possible burial. The blockage was removed during the recording work at the site, and approximately 20+ burials were found inside. Most are in the southwest portion of the cave, and several appear to be associated with wooden coffms and cloth. Further information is contained in Appendix A, Site Descriptions. Site 19237, Feature C and D, Burial Probe Both of these features at Site 19237 are listed by Smith and Rosendahl (ibi(L) as possible burials. During the current work, Feature C was probed by closely examining the feature and removing of just a small number of stones. It was determined that rather than being a possible 64 Report 1397-112593 • blockage of a tube entrance, the puka was simply roof spall on the upper edge of a lava blister. No human skeletal material was located in Feature C. Feature D was listed as having piling at the entrance. Some rocks were removed to reveal bedrock just below. The north chamber was also cleared. It was revealed that the chamber travels down and splits to the right and left. The left chamber continues northeast c. 12 m, with pahoehoe near the end The right chamber appears blocked by boulders, but goes east or southeast. It emends back about eight meters. No burials or human skeletal material was found ULI • 0 Report 1397-111593 DATA ANALYSES by Susan T. Goodfellow, Ph.D. and Wanda Pua-Kaipo AGE DETERMINATIONS Objectives and Methods The purpose of age determination analysis is to provide initial chronological data to aid in assessing the relative significance of sites in a project area. As part of the data recovery investigations, seven samples were selected from discrete cultural deposits within Sites 1140, 19093, 19103, 19150, 19151, 19197, and 19203 for age determination using radiocarbon analysis. Samples were selected based on the amount and nature of datable material present, stratigraphic context, and association with portable remains. The samples were submitted for radiocarbon analysis to Beta Analytic Inc. of Coral Gables, Florida. Using standard procedures, the samples were pretreated with an acid, alkali, acid series of soakings to remove carbonates and humic acids. After pretreatment, the samples were combusted to form carbon dioxide gas, combined with lithium to separate the carbon, and hydrolized for conversion to liquid form. The liquid was then catalyzed to form benzene and placed in a liquid scintillation counter to determine the amounts of carbon -13 and carbon -12. The isotope values obtained duringthe counting process were thenused to calculate the carbon - 13/ carbon -12 ratio for the sample, with the final result being determined relative to international standards in order to reduce errors produced by carbon isotope fractionation. Processing of the samples proceeded normally. Results The results of the radiocarbon age determination are summarized in Table 10. The age for each sample is reported as a range corresponding to the calendric age +/- two standard deviations. Ages were calibrated using the formulas (Method B) provided in Stuiver and Reimer (1993), which correct for variations in marine and atmospheric carbon over time: As shown in Table 10, sample RC -1518 yielded a definitive calendric range while the remaining samples produced multiple calendric ranges. Multiple ranges are caused by "flat" regions in the calibration curve, which correspond to periods when atmospheric carbon decreased at a rate greater than 12 ppm/ 10 years, resulting in more than one possible fit of a sample to the calibration curve. While multiple ranges are more difficult to interpret archaeologically, detailed examination of the statistical curves, combined with evidence from feature stratigraphy, generally provides a means of selecting one range as more probable than the others. Based on these criteria, the most likely calendric ranges for the samples are as follows: RC -1519 AD 1796-1946 (57% probability) RC -1514 AD 1445-1706 (68% probability) RC -1517 AD 1441-1701 (75% probability) RC -1520 AD 1443-1680 (87% probability) RC -1516 AD 1652-1893 (78% probability) RC -1515 AD 1652-1893 C78% probability) 66 • Report 1397-112593 67 Table 10. Summary of Radiocarbon Age Determinations PHRI Lab. C-14 Age C-131 C-13 Adjusted •Calendric Lab. No. No. Yrs. BP C-12 C- 14 Age Range RC- BETA- Provenience (one a%=) Ratio Yrs. BP Yrs. BP SITE 1140 1 S 19 67844 Feature A. Surface. ID No. 13 SITE 19093 1518 67843 Future B. Surface. ID. No. 14 SITE 19103 1514 67839 Feature C. TU. 1. Layer II Level 2, 20.30 cmbd, ID. No. 2 SITE 19 ISO 1517 67842 Feature F, ID. No. 29 SITE 19151 1520 67845 Feature B. Surface, ID. No. IS SITE 19197 1516 67841 Feature D. TU. 1. Layer III, IS6-1.89 cmbd, ID. No. 26 SITE 19203 ISIS 67840 Feature A, TU -2, Layer I, Level 2, 10-20 curbs, IDS 90 2 60 -22.9 120 2 60 1672-1781 1796-1946 19S3.I9SS# 140 t 50 -13.0 340 t 50 1458-I ISI 300 2 90 -26.4 280 t 90 1445-1706 1714-1820 1838-1672 191 S-1955# 320 *SO -26.8 290 t 80 1441-17'01 1719.1818 19Is. 19SS# 340 3 70 .26.9 310 170 1443-1680 1754.1004 1937.1955# 180 t 60 -24.7 180 t 60 1652-11193 1905-1955# 200 t 60 -26.2 180 t 60 1652-1893 1905-1955# e Calibrated according to Sculver and Pearson (1986). Range at two sigmas. # Denotes Influence of bomb C-14 The results of the age determination analysis span a 509 -year period extending from AD 1441 to the present (present — AD 1950). Within this period, the results from specific samples can be grouped unto three clusters. The first cluster consists of samples RC -1518 from Feature BofSite 19093; RC- 1514 from Feature C ofSite 19103; RC- 1517 from Feature F of Site 19150; and RC -1520 from Feature B of Site 19151; all of which yielded prehistoric calendric ranges (AD 1441-1706). Sample RC -1518 derives from a C -shape interpreted as a temporary habitation, but was not associatedwith otherportable remains. Sample RC -1 514 derivesfrom. a modified lava tube interpreted as an ancillaryhabitation, and is associatedwith two basalt flakes, a coral abrader, an echinoid abrader, and 354.13 grams of ecofactual remains (both vertebrate and invertebrate taxa). Sample RC -1517 derives from a mound with an indeterminate function, and like sample RC -1518, was not associated with any portable remains. Finally, sample RC -1520 derives from a modified lava tube interpreted as atemporary habitation, and is associated with two volcanic glass flakes. Report 1397-112593 0 0 68 The second cluster consists of samples RC -1516 from Feature D of Site 19197 and from RC -1515 from Feature A of Site 19203; both of which yielded calendric ranges spanning the late prehistoric and historic periods. Sample RC -1516 derives from a faced mound interpreted as a temporary habitation, and is associated with an octopus lure, a basalt flake, two volcanic glass cores, 19 volcanic glass flakes, and522.68 gams ofecofactual remains (both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa). Sample RC -1515 derives from an enclosure interpreted as a long-term habitation, and is associated with a shell scraper, a basalt flake, a volcanic glass core, eight volcanic glass flakes, an echinoid abrader and 49.76 gams of ecofactual remains (both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa). Both samples are interpreted as late prehistoric in age, based on the absence of historic period artifacts and the 52% probability (at 1 sigma) that their actual calendric ranges fall between AD 1660-1818. The third cluster consists of sample RC -1519 from Feature A of Site 1140, which yielded a historic calendric range. The sample derives from a modified lava tube interpreted as a temporary habitation and was not associated with other portable remains. The interpreted age ranges for samples in all three clusters are consistent with known stratigraphic relationships, and do not appear to be affected by contamination Based on the results ofthe age determination analysis, initial occupationof the project area occurred during the prehistoric period, beginning potentially as early as AD 1441, at Sites 19093, 19103, 19150 and 19151. All four of these sites are interpreted as temporary or ancillary habitations, a fact supported by the relative scarcity of associated artifacts and ecofactual remains. The overlap in the calendric ranges forthe four sites suggests that they may have been utilized contemporaneously, probably in association with exploitation of marine resources. Sites 19197 and 19203 were occupied during the late prehistoric period, and appear, based on their interpretation as temporary or long-term habitations, to have been utilized for a range of activities similar to that at the four earlier sites. Again, overlap intheir age ranges suggests that Sites 19197 and 19203 were utilized contemporaneously. Evidence for historic period occupation of the project area consists of a historic calendric range for Feature A of Site 1140 and four historic artifacts. The radiocarbon sample from Site 1140 was collected from the surface of Feature A and was not associated with other portable remains. This suggests that the feature was utilized as a temporary shelter rather than as a habitation The four historic artifacts are generally fragmentary and non-diagnostic, and appear to have been deposited as a result of recreation and/or dumping during histonc/modem times. PORTABLE ARTIFACTS A total of 169 artifacts were recovered from the project area, 165 of which are classified as indigenous artifacts (Table B-2). The remaining four artifacts are non-indigenousand will be discussed in a later section Indigenous artifacts are those fabricated using traditional Hawaiian manufacturing techniques and local raw materials, and they range in type from tools and fishing gear to various decorative or religious items. The inventory of indigenous artifacts from the current project area is fairly narrow in content, and consists ofdomestic items, fishing gear, flaked stone, personal adornments, tools, and several artifacts of uncertain function. A detailed tabulation of artifacts by archaeological site, feature, and unit is presented in Table B-2. The results of the artifactual analysis are discussed below. Report 1397-112593 0 Domestic Items Six artifacts classified as indigenous domestic items were encountered in the project area during the current investigation. The assemblage includes items manufactured from bone, shell and coconut; these are described by type below. Pick - One bird bone pick (Cat. 1) was recovered from Site 19103, Feature C. It is informal in manufacture, with the distal end modified to a point by cutting and/or abrasion; this suggesting opportunistic use of the bone rather than an attempt to produce a finished tool. The specimen measures 40 mm long, 4.5 mm wide and 4.0 mm in diameter. Generally referred to as Lvi, picks of mammal, bird, and fish bone are among the most common of domestic implements found at habitation sites. Some of these may have been used to split hala (Pandanus) leaves into thin strips for mat -making, while others were interpreted as picks for extracting shellfish meat (Kirch 1985:189-193). Cup - A coconut shell cup, or 'apu, (Cat. 67) was recovered from a shelf c. 95 cm above the floor of a lava tube (Site 19221, Feature B). The cup is cracked, very weathered and measures 65 into high and 113 mm in diameter. The term 'apu generally refers to the Hawaiian form of the English work cup; but has been used to describe gourd and coconut cups used by native Hawaiians before the introduction of crockery cups. Such cups were utilized for water collection; gourds were used more frequently but were not as durable as coconut shells which held water longer. The coconut cup recovered from Site 19221 may have been set up for water catchment where a steady drip was known to occur (pets comm. Kepa Maly.) Scraper - Four shell scrapers, or wa'u, were recovered from the project area. One was collected from Feature C of Site 19103 (Cat. 3), two were from deposits at Feature D of Site 19197 (Cat. 60 and 62), and the other from Feature A of Site 19203 (Cat. 57). Three scrapers are complete, moderately abraded 'opihi (Cellan sp.) shells and range in diameter from 62 to 73 mm. The remaining scraper is also manufactured from 'cpihi (Cellan sp.), but was modified, to the point where none of the natural edges are left. It measures 54 mm long, 32 mm wide and 11 mm high. Shell scrapers were used for removing the skin from cooked taro in the preparation of poi, for scraping the skin from breadfruit, and probably for other culinary operations. 'Opihi shell was the shell most commonly used for scrapers because they had a naturally sharp edge that required little modification prior to use. Fishing Gear Six specimens of indigenous fishing gear (Cat. Nos. 26, 36, 40, 48, 51 and 52) were recovered from the project area during the current investigation. They are described by function below. Fishhooks - Hawaiian fishhooks, or makau, exhibit a wide range of sizes and shapes adapted for catching various kinds of fish by different methods of fishing. Fishhook classifi- cations, such as "Coding Systems for Hawaiian Fishbooks" devised by Y.H. Sinoto (IN Kirch 1979:231-233), are therefore based on shape and function. The two specimens encountered in the project area (Cat. Nos. 48 and 52) are one-piece fishhooks manufactured from bone. One- piece books were fashioned as either jabbing or rotating hooks depending on the fisherman's intended catch strategy (Johannes 1981:113). Jabbing hooks are those in which the point is straight or slightly incurved, so that if extended, the point would not intersect the shank Rotating hooks are hooks in which the point is incurved so that its extension would intersect the shank in the lower two-thirds of the shank. They rotate when pulled. 69 Report 1397-1 12593 • • Cat. 48 is a fragment of a one-piece hook recovered from Feature D of Site 19197'. There is not enough of the piece to determine whether it derives from a jabbing or rotating hook It contains an inner shank barb with a HT4b-type head and measures roughly 23 mm in shank length. Cat. No. 52 is a rotating hook recovered from Feature I of Site 19086. It has an incurved point (it is missing c. I mm at the very tip) that is unbarbed and a u -shaped bend. It measures 16.5 mm in shank length, 10 mm in point length and 10 mm wide. Both specimens were manufactured from mammal bone, although the actual taxa could not be identified. Human bones were frequently used forfishhook manufacture. According to Buck, Hawaiians believed that fishhooks made from the bones of people without hair on their bodies, who were termed 'olohe, were more attractive to fish than hooks from the bones of normal people. Thus the 'olohe risked being prematurely dispatched to supply the luck - bringing material. Cat. 51 is a large pearl shell fishhook recovered from Feature I of Site 19086. It is a nearly complete one-piece hook, but does not include enough of the point to determine whether it is a jabbing or rotating hook. It measures 28 mm in shank length and has a v -shaped bend. The head type closely resembles that of Type HTld. Shell hooks were usually made of pearl shell (uhi) in small and medium sizes. The small hooks were termed makau paweo and were used for catching 'opelu. Perfect specimens of larger -size hooks are scarce, because the points break off so easily. Fishhook Tabs- Fishhook tabs are preforms for fishhooks, and are categorized according to their manufacturing stage, following terminology outlined by Sinoto (1975). Roughed out tabs represent the first stage, in which bone or shell material is cut to the appropriate size of the intended fishhook. Shaped tabs are the second stage; and are distinguished from roughed - out tabs by the refinement of their edges and initial shaping of the shank and bend portions of the fishhook. Hook blanks are the last stage before actual finishing, which involves the removal of material to form the inner edges of the hook, between the point and the shank. The fishhook tab recovered from Feature A of Site 19203 is a hook blank manufactured from mammal bone. The hook blank is roughly triangular, and measures 22 mm long. It has visible signs of filing and/or abrasion and shows evidence of intention to perforate the area that would have been the inside of the bend. Octopus hues - Two leho he'e, or complete cowrie shell lures, were collected from the surface of Feature A of Site 19104 (Cat. No. 36) and from the cultural deposit associated with Feature D of Site 19197 (Cat. No. 40). Both have been perfotatedon opposing sides ofthe dorsal surface just above the natural indentation of the lip and have had a hemispherical notch removed from one ventral lip; presumably to aid in attaching the lure to the toggle assembly. Both appear to be manufactured from Cypraea maculifera, although the lure collected on the surface was extremely weathered. Cat. No. 36 measures 70 by 41 by 33 mm and Cat. No. 40 67 by 47 by 32 mm. Cowrie lures are composed of five parts: a wooden stem, a stone sinker, a cowrie shell, a hook, and a hackle (or tail) of ti leaves. Sinkers could be manufactured from any kind of stone, but cowries were selected with great care. According to Kamakau, "a well formed cowrie had the power of attracting squid just as a beautiful woman arouses desire in a man." Some lures were named after ancestors or relatives, and many are famous in song and story. Kamakau says that some were so attractive that if they were merely shown over the side ofthe canoe, "squids 70 • Report 1397-112593 came climbing in." The hook is a curved point made from dog or human bone. The form of the point and the two lashings are so similar to the bonito hook technique that there is little doubt that the lure hook was copied from the bonito hook (Buck 1964:359-363). According to Buck (1957:359), the process of fishing by shaking (lu) the toggle assembly up and down wastermed lu he'e. The cowrie lure assemblage was madeprimarily to catch squid in water 80-120 fathoms deep, but was also used by aristocrats to catch squid for sport in more shallow waters. Flaked Lithics Atotal of 133 flaked lithic artifacts was recovered from Sites 19365 and 19376. Eightwere manufactured from aphanitic basalt, one was manufactured from chert, while 124 were manufactured from volcanic glass. All flaked stone material was evaluated with respect to flake/core type. Following established procedures for evaluating flaked stone material (Phagan 1980), diagnostic (pri- mary) flakes are defined as those flakes having a complete or partial striking platform and a bulb of percussion. Non-diagnostic (secondary) flakes are broken flakes or fragments that lack the platform and/or bulb. Shatter represents the debris associated with flaked stone tool manufacture, and may include partial flakes, or flake-like chips. Cotes tend toward multifac- eted polyhedral shapes dominated by one or more platforms, and typically show little evidence of subsequent use as tools. Primary cores exhibit only flake scars, while secondary cores are actually flakes with a bulb from whichother flakes have been removed. Basedon these criteria, the 133 specimens can be categorized as follows: six primary and 17 secondary cores, 21 diagnostic flakes, and 89 pieces of shatter. Cores- All cores are manufacturedfrom volcanic glass. The primary cores range from 11.0 to 17.0 tum long, 10.0 to 17.0 mm wide and 6.0 to 9.0 mm thick; and are generally polyhedral in shape. The secondary cores range from 6.0 to 35.0 mm long, 5.0 to 24.0 mm wide and 3.0 to 6.0 mm thick. Cortex was noted on the body of one primary core and the platform of another. It was also rioted on the platform of one secondary core and the body and platform of six other secondary cores, suggesting that these specimens were less used than the other cores prior to discard. Flakes - Twenty of the diagnostic flakes and 80 pieces of shatter were manufactured from volcanic glass, while one diagnostic flake was manufactured from chert and eight pieces of shatter were from basalt. While the volcanic glass flakes are primarily trachytic in appearance (851/6), the remaining flakes are manufactured from poor quality volcanic glass. Nearby Pu'uwa' awa' a and Pu'uanahulu were often used sources for volcanic glass and could have been the source of volcanic glass flakes and cores recovered during the present survey. The diagnostic flakes range from 7.0 to 28.3 mm long and 4.0 to 23.7 mm wide, while shatter ranges from 8.0 to 28.6 mm long and 4.0 to 25.7 mm wide. Flakes and shatter manufactured from aphanitic basalt are generally larger than those manufactured from volcanic glass, because of the relative flaking properties of the materials. Uses for flaked lithic artifacts have been suggested both by Barrera (1971b) and Kirch (1973), who observed: The possible functions... are many and varied. Basaltic glass holds a fine sharp edge and the tools make excellent cutting and scraping implements. 71 Report 1397-112593 • • 72 They may have been used in food preparation, for cutting and scraping plant materials, or for delicate woodworking ... [t]hese artifacts are extremely common, being found in virtually every type of [Hawaiian] site. The suggestion, then, is that the ubiquitous basaltic glass flakes functioned as a prehistoric "pocketknife," to use a modem analogy... (1973:185-6). Personal Adornment One perforated Nerita picea (Cat. No. 56), interpreted as a personal adornment, was recovered fromFeature C of Site 19103. Two perforations were noted, one onthe dorsal surface c. 5.0 mm from the shell aperture andone on the ventral surface between the aperture andwhorl (where they are commonly pierced for stringing.) Cat. No. 56 measures 10.0 by 8.0 by 8.0 mm Nerita shells were commonly used in shell lei. As Buck (1957) notes: Nerita shell necklaces (lei pipipi) ... were popular because of their numerous shades of color and varied markings. In this shell a hole was made through the large whorl behind the shell aperture. ...the convex surface of the whorl was filed down thin and the hole punched through. Thus many of the holes are irregular in shape and show no signs of drilling. The cord or ribbon is threaded through the hole and the shell aperture to form a long single chain. In some necklaces the shells are turned alternately on the cord so that the apertures of each pair face each other. The shell commonly used was Nerita polita (ktupe'e); but N. picea and N. neglects, both called pipipi were used occasionally... (1957:543). Tools Seventeen artifacts recovered from the project area were identified as tools. They include an adze blank, two adze fragments and fourteen abraders, and are described by type and function below. Abraders - Coral abraders are evaluated according to their overall shape in plan view, following the classification system and nomenclature set forth by Suggs (1961) to describe coral abraders found at Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. In this system, abraders are either informal or formal, with informal meaning that the shape of the raw material is dominant and formal indicating that the characteristics of the raw material have been extensively modified by use. Cross-sections are generally taken perpendicular to the tip and butt of the abrader, while abrasion faces indicate preferential abrasion on given surfaces. Of the 14 abraders from the project area, five were manufactured from coral (Cat. Nos. 4, 8, 47.54 and 64) and derive from deposits at Feature C of Site 19103, Feature D of Site 19197, and from the floor of Feature A of Site 19221. The remaining nine abraders (Cat. Nos. 9, 11, 18, 19,23,38,55,59 and 63) were fashioned from echinoid spine (Hewocentrottumamiffatus) and were recovered from Feature C of Site 19103, Feature B of Site 19195, Feature I) of Site 19197 and Feature A of Site 19203. All of the coral abraders are partial, with 75% or more of artifact represented, and formal in description. They range in size from 16 to 47 mm long, 6-5 to 30.0 mm wide, and 5.0 to 12.0 mm thick. The smallest abraders (Cat. No. 8 and 54) are long -triangular in plan view, lenticular -oval in cross section, and have five abraded facets. Cat. No. 8 was recovered in two pieces and subsequently mended. The larger abraders (Cat. No. 47 and 64) are irregular in plan Report 1397-112S93 • • view with right triangular and lenticular/plani-lateral cross-sections, respectively. Each exhibits six abraded surfaces. The remaining coral abrader (Cat. No. 4) is piano-convex(latemi in plan view, irregular in cross-section and exhibits five facets. The echinoid abraders include three complete specimens and six fragments. The partial specimens and fragments range from 15 to 63 mm long, and from 5.0 to 9.0 mm wide. The number of abraded faces on the echinoid abraders varies from one to three, with the most common type of face being a bevel extending from the midsection to the distal end. The fragments represent portions of the distal end or midsection. All of the echinoid abraders are informal in shape, but vary great deal in the degree of abrasion represented. Coral abraders apparently served multiple purposes prehistorically, ranging front "rub- bers" used to finish canoes and wooden bowls (Buck 1957), to saws or files used in the manufacture of bone and shell fishhooks (Emory, Bonk and Sinoto 1968; Suggs 1961). The variety of shapes, edges, and wom surfaces represented by the abraders in the assemblage suggests that the abraders served as multipurpose tools. Use of a particular surface over a period of time might generate a sawing or filing edge, which in turn would wear down during use to a new shape that could serve a new purpose. Echinoid abraders, in contrast, are small and fairly soft, and were probably used for finishing and more specialized tasks. Adze Blank - Adzes are described according to a system developed by PIM, based on work done by Craib (1971), which records attributes such as cross-sectional shape, shape in pian -view, poll shape, cutting edge morphology, number and placement of ground surfaces, bevel type and angle, nature of side surfaces, and presence or absence of tangs. Terminology follows Buck, Emory, Skinner, and Stokes (1930), exceptthat "face' and "base" are substituted for from and back. The adze blank encountered in the project area derives from the surface of Feature P of Site 19071. This complete specimen was manufactured from aphanitic basalt and measures 84 mm long, 37 mm wide and 32 mm thick. It exhibits waterwom cortex on one side and'.has not yet been ground The stone adze (ko`4 was probably the single most important prehistoric Hawaiian tool. Ko `i were used for a variety of tasks (including woodworking butchering), and ranged in size from miniature blades, only a few centimeters long, up to a length of 55 cm, the largest known specimen (illustrated in Brigham 1902:p1. LVID. Adzes were manufactured by flaking and polishing dense andesite andbasalt, obtained from a number of quarriesthroughout the Islands. Late prehistoric Hawaiian adzes are highly standardized and are distinguishable from other Polynesian adzes by their distinctive attributes. Usually, Hawaiian adzes are generally rectangular or quandrangular in cross section, displaying a reduction ofthe butt, termed a tang, which facilitated lashing of the stone blade to a wooden handle; some of the smaller, thinner adzes lack the tang (Kirch 1985:184.189). Innovative work by McCoy (1976, 1977) and Cleghom (1982) at the massive adze quarry atop Mauna Kea has led to an understanding of the sequence of adze manufacture and production. Cleghom summarizes the major steps in adze manufacture: It appears the basic strategy was to maintain the length of the adze early in the reduction sequence. The primary reduction ofthe length was done when the bevel was created. Bevels were usually created by the removal of three 73 Report 1397-112593 • • 74 to five flakes... primarily in a direction parallel to the long axis of the adze, using the future cutting edge as the platform. Often, some flakes were also detached perpendicular to the long axis ... Preforms were made with parallel sides, with edge widths roughly equaling both midsection and butt widths. Thickness measures almost the same as these three widths. There seems to be little variability in these proportions, and this parallel -sided adze with a relatively equal width -to -thickness ratio appears to be the dominant form at the quarry (Cleghom 1982:216-7). From his analyses, Cleghom was able to draw certain inferences concerning the organi- zation of labor at the Mauna Kea quarry: Preform manufacture generally followed a set sequence of manufacturing steps... where the basic cross section was formed fust, then the bevel was created, and finally the tang was formed. The bevel may have been created early so as to reduce the risk of end shock. These results point to one fact, that there was a tremendous amount of standardization at the Quarry. This high degree of standardization (adze form, size proportions and procedure) supports the contention that the adze makers were craft specialists. This study has also provided details on the dynamics of behavior at the. Quarry. It appears that expert craftsmen worked where there was abundant raw material, while apprentices foraged for suitable raw material on the outwash plain, where they practiced their skills (Cleghom 1982:343). The quarry atop Mauna Kea is the largest single quarry site in the islands and could be the source for the adze recovered during the present survey. Mauna Kea adze stone is probably the densest, and has the best edge -holding qualities, of any stone quarried inHawai`i. Twenty-three other quarries of various sizes have been identified on all islands. Adze Fragments- Two aphanitic basalt adze fragments comprise the remainder ofthe tool category. Cat. No. 32 measures 45 mm long, 15 mm wide, 10 mm thick and derives from the surface of Feature P of Site 19071. It is a corner piece with three modified surfaces but does not exhibit the high degree ofpolish associated with completed adzes. Cat. No. 33 is a fragment recovered from the surface of Site 19142 and measures 23 mm long, 17 mm wide, 7.0 mm thick. It has two highly polished surfaces that come together as part of the cutting edge of an adze blade. Uncertain Function Two artifacts of uncertain function were recovered from the project area. The assemblage comprises items manufactured from sandstone and bone. In general, artifacts classified as uncertain function are specimens that have been modified by cutting or drilling, but which were discardedbefore completion. In some cases, however, fragmentary artifacts, or artifacts in such poor condition that they are unidentifiable, are included in this category. Modified Bone -One modified mammal bone (Cat. No. 2) was classified underuncertain function. The specimen measures 42 mm long, 11 mm wide, 2.0 mm thick and derives from Feature C of Site 19103. The artifact displays evidence of cutting and filing on both sides of the long axis. Report 1397-1 12593 • Modified Sandstone - One donut -shaped sandstone cobble (Cat. No. 37) was also classified as uncertain function. It measures c. 68 mm in diameter and 32 mm high and was recovered from the surface of Feature A of Site 19217. The perforation diameter measures 40 mm on one side and tapers toward a diameter of 15 mm on the other side. Non -Indigenous Artifacts Four artifacts of recent historic manufacture were recovered from the project area. Three of the artifacts were recovered from Site 19203. They include a nail fragment from Feature A, and an iron spike fragment and one amber bottle base fragment from Feature D. The remaining artifact is a clear non-diagnostic glass fragment from Feature D of Site 19197. These artifacts indicate historic period or recent activity at these sites, but provide little information concerning place or date of manufacture, or function. Discussion Analysis of the artifact assemblage encountered during the current investigation suggests that prehistoric activities in the project area were focused primarily on subsistence. Manufac- ture and use of fishing gear is indicated by the presence of bone and pearl shell hooks, a hook blank, octopus lures, and small abrader/files; although these types of artifacts were encoun- tered in limited numbers. Stone tool manufacture and use is indicated by the chert, basalt and volcanic glass material, and may have been accompanied by food processing and craft production activities that relied on the use of flaked stone tools. Domestic activity is also indicated by the scrapers, pick, and coconut cup. Woodworking, such as canoe manufacture or wooden tool production, is suggested by the coral abraders present in the project area assemblage. The non -indigenous assemblage is also very narrow in content, and was most likely deposited in the project area through recent recreation or dumping activities rather than occupation. Based on their condition, the artifacts are interpreted as recent. Comparison of the project area assemblage with assemblages encountered elsewhere in West Hawaii indicates that a general similarity in the range, but not abundance of artifacts. Assemblages from Anaehoomalu (Jensen 1990), Makalewena (Donham 1986b), Ooma II (Donham 1987b), Awake`e (Donham 1987x), and Kalahuipuaa (Kirch 1979) have fairly high proportions of fishing gear and artifacts manufactured from marine materials (such as shell, and sea urchin spines), as well as moderate amounts of materials manufactured from bird or mammal bone. The relative abundance and variety of artifacts in the current assemblage is greater than that noted for Awake`e (where wave action has destroyed many of the potential prehistoric sites), but is less than that encountered in the other areas, although this is iin part a result of the small sample of sites excavated as part of the current project. That the sites in the current project area are likely to contain a greater wealth of material is indicated by the recovery of larger, more complex artifact assemblages from sites excavated elsewhere in Kaupulehu. Such assemblages provide evidence that occupation of coastal Kaupulehu was associated with a range of habitation, agricultural and ceremonial activities; and extended throughout the prehistoric and early historic periods. 75 0 Report 1397-1 12593 ECOFACTUAL REMAINS Objectives and Methods • 76 Ecofactual remains are archaeologically significant on a number of levels, because the variety and content of food remains contained within a given cultural deposit provide useful information concerning prehistoric diet and resource utilization patterns. The analysis of ecofactual remains for inventory survey projects thus has two primary objectives: 1. To determine the variety and distribution of ecofactual remains present in each cultural deposit encountered within the project area; and 2. To provide an indication of dietary and resource exploitation patterns for each site, and for the project area as a whole. All ecofactual remains recovered from the project area undergo detailed analysis in the laboratory. Detailed analysis involves splitting the sample into two size classes by passing it through 1/4 -in and 1/8 -in mesh screens. One hundred percent of the material retained in the 1/ 4 -in screen is completely sortedtothe lowest taxonomic level possible, while the material retained in the 1/8 -in screen is inspectedbothforartifactual material andfortaxanot encountered in the larger portion of the sample. Each category of identified invertebrate material is then bagged and individually weighed. Relative percentages of invertebrate types are calculated for each provenience, as well as for the site as a whole. Marine shell identifications are verified and augmented using Kay (1979). The vertebrate faunal remains derived from investigations by PHRI are submitted to Dr. Alan Ziegler of Kaneohe, Oahu for identification. The sampling design outlined above is adapted from Kirch (1979), based on a series of experiments measuring the relative distribution of molluscan and bone material retained on each screen. Kirch concluded that screening increased the speed of the sorting without decreasing either the accuracy or statistical validity of the overall analysis. The taxonomic distribution and weight of material retained on the 1/4 -in screen should thus be considered as representative of the variety and relative percentages of each taxon present inthe entire sample. Results Weight Data- Ecofactual remains were encountered in the deposits at Sites 19103,19195, 19197, 19203, and 19220. The results of the analysis are presented in Table B-3. Total weights for each taxon (in grams) are tabulated by unit, with subtotals indicating the combined weight per site or feature for each larger material class (e.g., gastropods). The total weight of each taxon within the assemblage is provided in the final column of each table, while the final line of grand total represents the combined weight of all the ecofactual materials derived from the analyzed deposits. By weight, 81.62% ofthe 3,508.55 grams of ecofactual remains recovered from the project area is contributed by marine gastropods, 6.98% by bivalves, 6.83% by other invertebrates, 1.48% by Osteichthyes, 0.02% by Aves, 0.5 1 % by Mammalia, and 2.54"/o by vegetal remains. Forty-four species representing 39+ families were identified including 15 gastropod (marine), six bivalve, 12 Osteichthyes, two Aves and two Mammalia families (Table 13-3, Summary of Ecofactual Remains). Members of the Families Cypraeidae and Patellidae were the most • Report 1397-112593 n U common invertebrate taxa identified, while members of the family Scaridae were the most commonly identified vertebrate taxon. Vegetal remains comprised primarily Cocos nucifora and unidentified wood fragments, along with small amounts of charcoal and Lagenaria sicerada, or bottle gourd (ipu or hue). The ecofactual assemblages associated with individual sites and features are generally similar in content and relative distribution to the total assemblage discussed above. The remains recovered from Feature C of Site 19103 represent 54.3% (by weight) of the total assemblage, and comprise 86.5% marine gastropods, 11.4% bivalves, 1.5% other inverte- brates, 0.53% Osteichthyes, 0.04% Aves and 0.02% Mammalia. Cypraiedae and Neritidae dominate the invertebrate taxa recovered from this feature, while unidentified fish dominate the vertebrate taxa Ecofactual material from Feature D of Site 19197 contributes the second greatest percentage by weight (30.90/6), and includes 77.3% marine gastropods, 2.3% bivalves, 15.9% other invertebrates, 2.9% Osteichthyes, 4.4% Mammalia, and 0.03% vegetal material. Patellidae and Thaididae are the most common invertebrates, and unidentified fish is the most common vertebrate taxon by weight. The remains recovered from Sites 19195, 19203 and 19220 and IF -1 are comparatively few, and represent less than 15% of the total assemblage combined. The remains from Feature B of Site 19195 consist of 97.1% marine invertebrates, 0.3% bivalves, 2.6% other invertebrates, and 0.05% vegetal remains; while those from Feature A of Site 19203 consist of 81.6% marine gastropods, 0.7% bivalves, 12.9% other invertebrates, 4.1 % Osteichthyes and 4.7% Mammalia Ecofacmal material recovered from Site 19220 and IF -I consist entirely of vegetal remains. Discussion The results of the ecofactual analysis indicate that subsistence patterns in the project area included the collection and consumption of a moderate variety of shell fish, ranging from several taxa of marine gastropods and bivalves to sea urchins and crustaceans. In general, the marine invertebrates included in the assemblage are common inhabitants of the shorelines, shallow -water areas, solution benches and fringing reefs of the windward islands of the Hawaiian chain and would have been easily accessible to local populations. The most common taxa are noted below, with comments on their occurrence and probable economic value (taken from Titcomb et al. 1978: 337-353): Cypraeidae - Members of the family Cypraeidae were known as leho by the Hawaiians and were of major importance in the economy as food, ornaments, tools and octopus fishing lures. To prepare lehofor consumption, the shells were broken open and the meatwas removed and worked with salt. The flesh was then wrapped in ti leaves and cooked over coals. Some people merelyboiled the shell and then removedthe treat. The shells ofsmall yellow andwhite leho were reserved for the all'i to use as ornaments and were occasionally used as currency. Larger shells were usedto make scrapersforremoving the skin from cookedtam andbreadfruit, and for grating coconut. Cowrie scrapers with a sharp, serrated edge were also used to incise wauke bark to remove it from the plant. The mauritius, and sometimes the tiger cowries, were used a part of octopus -lure assemblies. In terms ofhabitat, the cowrie range from the intertidal zone to depths of about 100 m. The most common species in the Hawaiian Islands are found in shallow waterunder loose rocks and boulders, along the shoreline and in crevices at the seaward edge of solution benches and fringing reefs. 77 • Report 1397-112593 • 78 Patellidae - Members of the family Patellidae, or limpets, called 'opihi by the Hawaiians. The 'opihi were extremely well -liked as food and are reportedly the most commonly eaten shellfish. The favorite method of preparation was raw and salted, either with or without seaweed. They were sometimes washed clean and cooked in the shell, using a calabash with hot stones. The shells were picked out later. This method created a broth (kat) that could be used, especially by the sick and young. The meat was pulled from the shells or sometimes scooped out with a smaller, empty 'opihi shell. 'Opihi, especially 'opihi'awa, were used extensively as medicine, and were also associated with sorcery. Although no utilized 'opihi shells were identified in the current project area, empty 'opihi shells were often used for scooping, peeling, and scraping because of their sharp edges. Within the Hawaiian chain, Cellana spp. occur only on shorelines, and more commonly on basalt shorelines, from the spray zone seaward to the calcareous algal zone. An exception is C. talcosa, which is found at depths of one to ten centimeters along abrupt coastlines. Taxa recognized by the Hawaiians included C. talcosa ('opihi ko'ele), C. sandwicensis ('opihi 'alinalina), and C. exarata ('opihi makaiauh). Neritidae - Nerita picea and Theodoxus neglecros are both known to the Hawaiians as pipipi. Pipipi is a general name for small mollusks; it is used with modifying terms to indicate various species whose habits and habitats are similar to nerites. N. picea is the most common taxon of pipipi and is the dominant nerite along Hawaiian shorelines. It is abundant on all rocky substrates from the splash zone to the high water mark just above the littorines. Theodoxus neglectus are euryhaline and are found not only at seaward edges, but also in brackish, water. They are found immersed, both on the surface of the substratum and under rocks and nibble. Pipipi were eaten, and a needle or pick was required to remove the meat from the shell. Some were eaten as they were collected, while otherswere cooked by boiling or by wrapping the shell in leaves and broiling. Some people made a broth and added other shellfish for flavor. Empty shells were commonly strung in lei or bracelets. Nerita polita is a larger nerite, known as kupe'e. Kupe'e were also eaten, much in the way described for pipipi, but they were most prized for their ornamental value. The Hawaiians had names for many kupe'e, according to their color or markings: kupe'e 'ula (red), anuenue (rainbow- red or black striped), palaoa (the color ofwhale tooth ivory, a cream color), 'ele'ele (black), kani'o (vertical stripes), mahiole (warrior's helmet—white with red stripes) and the rare puna. The rarest of these were the 'ula, anuenue, mahiole and puna, which were reserved for chiefs. Drilled and made into bracelets, the kupe'e were an emblem of mourning for the ali'i. Kupe'e live beneath the surface of the sand among boulders at the high tide line, and they are generally nocturnal, plowing through the sand and crawling up the algae -covered rocks where they feed. Thaididae - Members of the Thaididae family were known variously as aupupu, 'awa, makaloa, and pupu makaloa. They were primarily used as food, but larger specimens with a long, sharp, strong lip were often made into small adzes. Morula spp, are common in the intertidal zone, on hard substrates where there is strong wave action, while Drupa spp, are common on benches, reefs and basalt shores, where there is heavy surf action, and on rocky substrates to depths of 15 m. The shells are often covered with a growth of corallin algae. Conidae - Members of the family Conidae were known either aspupu-'ala (cones that did not sting) or as pupu poniuniu (cones that did sting). Cones, although extremely common in the Hawaiian islands, were seldom used as food but were prized as ornaments. Kay (1949) reports that one species, C. millepunctatus, was used for food, but was not a preferred or Report 1397-111593 0 • common item in the diet. Cones are among the most conspicuous gastropods on reefs and benches that fringe the shoreline, and occur in deeper waters offshore. Of the 25 species identified in Hawaii, six are dominant on marine benches and two are dominant on subtidal reefs. Littorinidae - Members of the family Littorinidae were known as `akolea by the Hawaiians and were used primarily as food. They are abundant in the supratidal region along all rocky shores from Midway Island to Hawaii, and are the most common mollusks of the high shoreline. They feed on algae, which they rasp from the surface of rocks, and detritus. Bivalves - While none of the more common bivalves encountered in the current assemblage were extensively described by Titcomb, she does refer to use of bivalves as a general category. Bivalves were not extensively used as food, although members of the families Chamidae (rock oysters), Mytilidae and Isognomonidae (mussels) were eaten when available. More common uses of bivalves were as a raw material in fishhook manufacture, or as a source of pearls, which were found inside oysters. Most bivalves are found near the shorelines and within fringing reefs, where there are sandy areas for burrowing. Fish provided an additional marine resource for inhabitants of Sites 19103, 19197 and 19203, with the majority being obtained from nearshore reefs. Inshore taxa were generally obtained using a variety of techniques, including gathering, trapping, poisoning, snaring, spearing, netting, or shallow -line angling, while deeper sea taxa were obtained with long -line angling and trolling from canoes (Kirch 1979:208). The actual contribution of fish to the diet cannot be determined, due to the differential preservation of fish remains compared to marine invertebrates in archaeological contexts. It should be noted that marine vertebrates are not abundant by weight, which suggests that invertebrates were the more important resource. In addition to marine resources, the presence of terrestrial mammal and vegetal remains in the deposits from Sites 19103, 19195, 19197, 19203, and 19220 indicates that terrestrial resources were also utilized by local populations. All of the terrestrial taxa are prehistoric introductions, supporting the prehistoric to early historic calendric ranges derived from samples collected from these sites. 79 • Report 1397-111593 CONCLUSION SUMMARY OF FINDINGS • 80 One of the primary objectives of the present project was to determine to the extent possible the functions and periods of use for project area sites and features. A total of 185 separate sites, comprising 24 functional types, were identified in the project area. A wide range of formal feature types (23) were encountered (See Table 6, Frequencies of Formal Feature Types). Based on an evaluation of feature morphology, physical setting, associated cultural remains, associated features, combined with findings in other areas, the 23 formal feature types were assigned to five general functional categories. These general functional categories are habitation (including permanent residential and ancillary), temporary habitation, burial, transportation (including markers), and communication -recreation (including petroglyphs, papamu). A number of sites represented locations where the dominant function could not be determined orwhere more thanone activity wasrepresented. Table7 surninarimsthefrequencies of the 24 functional site types within the project area. Criteria used to determine particular feature types have been described in preceding sections, and details concerning all recorded sites and features are summarized in Table B-1 and presented in detail in Appendix A. Clearly, the archaeological landscape in Ka`uiptilehuLot 4 is characterizedby areas ofhigh density, and by areas of low site and feature density. This was expected, based on previous reconnaissance and inventory surveys (e.g., Carter 1985, Komori 1981, Reinecke n.d., Smith and Rosendahl 1992,Soehren 1963, Walker and Rosendahl 1988,1990). Generally, expectations outlined in areal settlement pattern models were largely sup- ported by project data; the coastal zone contains both permanent habitations (with associated ancillary features) as well as scattered temporary habitations. No large ceremonial features (such as heiau) were identified in the project area. The cluster of probable habitations just mauka of the AD 1800 an flow was not predicted. This cluster appears to be associated with the brackish waterponds upslope of Kahuwai Bay. These two anchialine ponds are located just outside of the study area. In the midlands, expectations were met in that there are indeed C - shapes and temporary habitation in lava tubes with shallow cultural deposits. CHRONOLOGY Project dating results conform generally with previous findings from the region. Rorty -six radiocarbon age determinations from previous archaeological work (Walker and Rosendahl 1988, Sullivan and Goodfellow 1991, Head et al.1992, andGoodfellow and Head 1992) (Table 10) were examined to determine the minimum, mean, and maximum ages represented in the ahupua `a. The fourprojects are situated on both sides ofthe Queen Ka`ahumanuHighway, with the Walker and Rosendahl and the Sullivan and Goodfellow projects makai, and the Head, et al. and the Goodfellow and Head located mauka. The makai portion of Ka`upfilehu has produced probable age determinations ranging from AD 1030 to 1955. This early date (AD 1030) and other makai dates for Ka`ulpulehu are from the work done by Walker and Rosendahl (1988) and Sullivan and Goodfellow (1991') and do Report 1397-112S93 • • 81 not reflect findings in the current project area.The mean for W alker and Rosendahl is AD 1563- 1756; for Sullivan and Goodfellow 1598-1812. Overall, twenty-one probable radiocarbon age determinations range between AD 1580-1784. On the mauka side of the highway, Head, et al. reported average findings of AD 1628-1836; Goodfellow and Head are earlier at AD 1599- 1797. Twenty-five probable dates range from an early date of AD 1213 to a latter date of AD 1955. The overall mean for the upper portion is AD 1614-1817. When dates of these four projects are combined, age determinations range between AD 1597-1800. When these age determinations are sorted by probable age, the most common age ranges begin in the 1700s, with fifteen examples, followed closely by 12 samples dating to the 1600s and 10 in the 1400s. The sixteenth century is not represented by this sample. A small number of dates begin in the eleventh (n=1), thirteenth (n-2), fourteenth (n-4), and nineteenth (n-2) century. Although dating samples recovered from the current work are from surface contexts or slightly below (maximum recovery depth was 0.30 m, at Site 19103), the project results compare closely with findings in the other portions of the ahupua'a. For the present project, probable ages range from probable age determinations beginning in the fifteenth century (n-4), two in the seventeenth, and one in the eighteenth century. Initial occupation occurred during prehistoric times, possibly as early as AD 1441, at Feature F (mound) of Site 19150. This fbature is interpreted as having an indeterminate function. Other dates from the project area indicate use during up until AD 1955. However, additional absolute dates are needed in order to further evaluate variation in the intensity of use of the area over time. Thus, one of the proposed goals of additional data collection and data recovery work is to supplement the dazing results from the existing project with much larger sample of absolute dates from a wider range of feature types. These data could then be integrated into the overall ahupua'a-wide chronological studies. Archaeological work in areas surrounding Ka'tlptllehu, as summarized in Kirch (;1985) and usedby him to construct a Hawaiian Cultural Sequence, suggests that Kaupulehu (and other marginal leeward areas) was first occupied probably inthe coastal region sometime during the 15th or 16th centuries. The rapid dispersal of population throughout the islands, from ecologically favorable windward valleys to marginal regions, suggest a fast growing popula- tion. Kirch has suggested that throughout the island and the archipelago there may have been up to a tenfold increase in the population (1985:304), with a concomitant tenfold increase in the demand for food. Evidence from Site 10959 (Walker and Rosendahl 1988) in the makai area indicates, however, that initial occupation of Kaupulehu occurred several hundred years earlier. Age ranges from Site 19151 (in the current project area) provide another date for initial occupation between AD 1443-1680, with a high probability. Results from Site 10959 on the coast (outside of the current project area) indicate initial occupation between AD 1030-1290. Both age ranges derive from cave shelters and have been interpreted as habitations, suggesting that initial use of the area focused on short-term or recurrent occupation and exploitation of available resources. Kirch has argued that the fust population centers (and probably the most permanent "base camps') in Ka'Gpulehu were probably near the coast, because of the food the ocean and shoreline resources provided. The age determination results from nearby projects, however, suggest there is little temporal differentiation between coastal and upland areas. For example, Site 17932, a nearby mauka site in Ka'Opfilehu, yielded ranges from AD 1213 to 1423 (Goodfellow and Head 1992). n L_J Report 1397-112593 DISTRIBUTION STUDIES • 82 The distribution of sites and features in the project area suggests a degree ofpatteming with respect to both cultural and non -cultural variables, such as location (proximity to resources), elevation (microclimates) and to a lesser degree, geomorphology. In order to assess the distribution of sites and features throughout the study area, five functional feature types were selected for evaluation: habitation, temporary habitation, ceremonial -burial, transportation, and communication -recreation. The distribution of each functional category was fust plotted onto the site location base map (Figure 6), to determine distribution patterns. This figure was overlaid by a200 by 200 m grid. Using these data, five distribution maps were prepared (Figure 25a -e), one each for habitation, temporary habitation, burial, transportation, and communica- tion -recreation feature types. Generally, it is noted that the overall density among all categories of functional feature types decreases as elevation (and distance from the ocean) increases. Habitation Features The locations of residential complexes indicative of longer-term (orpermanent) occupa- tion appears to have been determined by the characterof the lava flow types in the project area, along with the proximity to reliable resources. There are four separate lava flow types represented, with six different ages. (Table 1, Figure 23). Distance to the sea appears to be an important factor in residential complex location. Areas such as grid locations L19, Ml 9, 020, P20, P21, and Q21 (Figure 23) are very near the present-day coast of Ka`upillehu and were utilized by groups exploiting deep-sea and littoral resources. Grid locations J9, I10, J10, K10, and KI 1 appear to be another group of residential complexes, this one located much further from the ocean than the first, but still within easy distance of the brackish water ponds mauka of present-day Kahuwai Bay. There are at least three possible reasons for the location ofthis second group. The first may be explained by a kapu imposed by a high-ranking individual, which did not allow settlement locations nearer Kahuwai than observed during the current project. If this high status residence was present, it may have been destroyed during the AD 1800 lava flow and/or construction of Kona Village in the early 1960's. A second explanation concerns its location with respect to the AD 1800 Ka`upulehu lava flow. Maly's recent translation of He Wolelo no Mak3lei (A Legend of Makalei), set c. AD 1200, speaks of a canoe landing in Ka'tipalehu, at Hale'uki. Maly's researches have failed to indicate the location of Hale`uki, and he posits it to lie under the AD 1800 as flow. Should this have been the case, it might also be posited that the shore was more mauka before the intrusion of the as flow (modem examples of this include recent lava flows at Kalapana, Kaimu, or more recently, Kamoamoa, in Puna) and also the residential grouping. Finally, the group of sites could simply represent the inland -most extent of settlement around the brackish water ponds at Kahuwai, indicated in grid addresses J9, I10, J10, K10, and Kl l would have been closer to the shoreline. Temporary Habitation Features As can be seen in Figure 24, other, temporary, habitation features are scattered throughout the remainder of the project area. There are clusters mauka of the intact shoreline in the northernmost portion of the project area (e.g. L19, M19, 019, P19, N18, 018, P18, Q18, etc.) as well as widely -spaced examples in the central and southern portions of the study area- There is a notable clustering around Site 19124, to be discussed further below. 0 0 • Report 1397-111593 85 Burial Features ' As noted above, burials were present at various elevations and in differing lava flow types. As was expected, burials consisted of both human skeletal remains (HSR) and single and multiple burials. All are located below the surface in lava tube caves and blisters, Burials appear to cluster in areas similar to the areas containing clusters of habitation features, near the coastline in the north and near the preserve area mauka of Kona Village. The burials clearly co-occur with the numerous habitation features comprising the two habitation clusters. In addition examples of both HSR and multiple burials were found widely scattered throughout the middle and upperportions ofthe study area. Three of these locations are relatively neartrail Site 19124, in M3, K5 and 1.7-1.3. Another three, including Site 19143 (a multiple burial), are located in grid addresses M8, N8, and Q10, well away from this transportation route. These latter three sites do not appear to be associated with any significant habitations other than the small temporary habitations at the sites. All possible burial features were examined, at recommended in Phase I - Site Location, (Smith and Rosendahl 11990) with the exception of three at Site 19071 and one at Site 19093. Both of these site locations are within the recommended archaeological preserve and were not tested Feature C, Site 19101 (Grid address K10 on Figure 25) has been determined to be a burial site, although no actual human remains were observed. A small trunk was found in a lava tube with cultural material under Feature C. This trunk was locked, but resembled another trunk found at Feature F, Site 19084 found just to the north. The brokentrunk at Site 19084, contained the remains of a small child, and the box at Site 19101 probably has similar contents. Transportation This category includes trails and trail markers (cairns). Trails noted in the study area include a significant mauka-makai trail running from the southeastern edge of the project area (M2) toward a large petroglyph panel and the brackish water ponds near Kahuwai Bay (Figure 26). Both the petroglyph panel and the ponds are outside of the present project area, in Grid addresses H10 and I10. The site (Site 19124) appears to be a Type A trail (Apple 1965) that passes through areas of site concentration. According to legendary accounts, an ancient trail once ran mauka from Ka`fipolehu, through a land named Kapi-pa, to Kilohana (see Appendix D Historical Documentary Research). There is a good chance that Site 19124 is that trail. It appears to be the only mauka-makai trail in Ka`i7ptilehu and appears to travel to the brackish ponds and Kahuwai Bay. Sites found along the trail are consistent of what would be expected with a major trail, that is, there are temporary habitations and petroglyphs in close association. The trail cannot be traced upslope ofthe project area since the upper portions (especially mauka of Queen Ka`ahamanu Highway) appear to have been cut off (or covered) by the AD 1800 flow. Another Type A trail roughly parallels the coast, crossing the AD 1800 now from G13 to L 18. Other examples are found throughout the area, and many were used to cross arms of, or in one case a narrow upland portion of, the AD 1800 flow in W8. These smaller trails often included pahoehoe steppingstones to enable crossing the aa. Communication -Recreation Much in same way as burial features, communication and recreation features tend to co- occur with habitation features. Approximately 120 examples of petroglyphs were noted in the project area (Figure 27). They are especially foundnearthe northern coast (e.g., M19 andO20) and mauka of the AD 1800 flow (e.g., 110 & 11, K10 & 11). They also tend to be found near Report 1397-1 12593 0 • trails, especially 19142, the mauka-makai trail (e.g. M2 & 3, L2, K7 & 8), but they can also be located at isolated and widely -spaced locations. Design elements of units suggested as communication features range from sails, circles, and anthropomorphs, to more recent graffiti. Recreation function features also are wide -spread and are often found in conjunction with habitation. Site Density In order to estimate the number of archaeological sites potentially destroyed by the 1800 flow, information on the relative age and distribution of sites was also used to calculate average site density for each elevation band within the project area (Table 11). The average number of sites represents the average number of sites present with the "non -1800 flow" portion of each elevation band, calculated per 200 by 200 m grid unit. The standard error associated with each average provides a minimum and maximum number of sites estimated for each grid unit within the elevation band, at a 95% confidence level (i.e., there is a 95% chance that the actual number of sites per grid unit falls within these values). The column Number of Grids column indicates the total number of 200 by 200 in grid units (per elevation band) covered by the 1800 flow and, when multiplied by the average number of sites and standard error values, provides an estimate of the minimum and maximum number of sites for the portion of each elevation band covered by the 1800 flow. When Figures 23 through 27 and Table 11 are examined, it becomes apparent that the ahupua'a examined is only a pan of what Ka'upWehu must have looked like before the lava flow of AD 1800. Many sites were probably destroyed as a result of this natural disaster. It should also be noted here that the 40-80 ft elevation is probably skewed somewhat since the AD 1800 lava flow has enlarged that elevational band. In other words, the surface area of the flow has enlargedthe sample size area since a large portion is within this particular elevational range. This enlarged sample progresses furtherupslope than does the normal terrain, hence the skew. It appears from Table 11 that the site population has dropped significantly from 0-40 ft and then rises dramatically again at 80-120 ft. This discrepancy can be explained due to the enlarged examination area as explained above. Summary of Site Distribution Overall, the density of features of all functional types is weighted toward the lower elevations where resources are more plentiful. The distribution of site and feature types conformed to the expectations that had been generated based on ethnohistoric, legendary, and other relevant information. The various settlement pattern models examined above generally suggested initial occupation of the northern end of North Kona at about AD 900 and this is generally confirmed by a initial occupation date of Site 10959 occurring at c. AD 1030 (Walker and Rosendahl 1988:66). It is then posited that the population of West Hawai' i remained fairly stable and low until around AD 1200, when populationpressures forced generally uneven increases at favored locales (e.g., Kiholo, Ka'tipulehu, and K3ki'o) through AD 1600. Based on a limited number of probable age ranges for Ka'iipolehu, it appears the mean of all dates begins in the late 16th century, when it is believed that there was a substantial population. These averaged dates for the coastal portions and the upland sections appear to be only a generation apart. Postulated general patterns of settlement for the North Kona (Rosendahl 1973, Cordy 19 85) have common elements, which were also observed in the Ka`iiptllehu area. As suggested, 8( • Report 1397-111593 9r Table 11. Site Density by Elevation Contour Interval (ft. AMSI) Average Number of Sites Standard Error Number of Grid Units Minimum Number of Sites Maximum Number of Sites 0-40' 3.25 0.40 30 85.50 109.50 40-80' 0.67 0.25 40 16.80 36.80 80-120' 1.07 0.29 10 7.80 13.60 120-160' 0.42 0.06 5 1.80 2.40 160-200' 0.33 0.09 3 0.70 1.30 200-240' 0.57 0.17 3 1.20 2.20 240-280' 0.25 0.76 1 0.00 1.01 280'+ 0.08 0.04 1 0.04 0.12 inhabitants lived at least semi -permanently along the coast and were primarily engaged in marine exploitation and small-scale gardening. Interspersed among the residential complexes are temporary dwelling areas with feature types such as shelter caves and shaped walls. This location has fewer permanent habitations than Cordy found, but it is probable that many (probably including higher -status complexes) were buried in AD 1800. Rosendahl (1973) and Cordy (1985) have called the next zone the Barren Zone, which is termed the Midlands in this report. The midlands am similar to of Rosendabl's and Cordy's Barren Zone. The features there are, for the most part, restricted to trails and associated temporary habitation and communication features. At Ka'11POlehu, however, burials appear to have been placed in caves in this zone as well. Generally, findings of this inventory survey support the settlement models of Rosendahl (1973) and Cordy (1985). It is hypothesized, however, that Ka6Opillehu (and the surrounding areas of Kekaha), are unique because of the probable geologic changes caused in the last 200 years by historic flows from Hualalai (AD 1800 and ISO 1) and Mauna Loa (AD 1859). Other areas to the south also affected by Hualalai flows (AD 1801) include the upper portions of the Lands of Kt3ki'o, Manainiwaoli, and 'Awake'e, as well as the middle and makai portions of Makalawena, Mahaiula, Kaulaaa, 'Awalua, 'Ohiki, Pu'ukala, Kau, Makaula, Hale'ohi'u, Hamanamana, Kalaoa, and 'O'oma. To the north, the Land of Pu uwa'awa'a was covered by the Ka'OpdIehu flow of Hualalai Volcano (AD 1800) and portions of the Land ofPu'uanahulu were covered by the AD 1859 flow from Mauna Loa. The areas covered by historic flows became essentially uninhabitable when lava buried large vegetated areas. Originally, this vegetation, along with a lower forest line, would have served to retain more moisture on the slopes of Hualalai. Loss of the vegetation to lava flows, coupled with the depletion of the dry forest by hoofed herbivores, made the climate in these lands drier. Speaking of similar conditions in Ka'u District, E. G. Handy writes: ...the endemic flora gave a continuous cover of forest and brush, between spots of prairie where the grasses grew. Report 139 7-1 125 93 0 0 This would mean that it was less windy and, undoubtedly, with such cover, there was much more rainfall, mistfall and dew, in comp arison with the modem desic cation ofbare, windswept, sun -baked plain flanked now to east and west and north by recent black lava which condenses the sun's heat and dries the air above it. The winds come in off the sea over the flank of the mountain, and in trade -wind season (March to November)would normally have been saturated with moisture from spray, when not desiccated in passing over and land as now. The winter storms from the south still bring heavy rains...as recently as fifty years ago, after severe deforestation both on the seaward slopes and in the upland had taken place, dewfall was a recognized source of moisture, where it condensed off vegetation and cool rocks and dripped into low-lying holes to be collected in gourds for drinking and for watering nearby plants (Handy in Handy and Pukui 1972:211-212). K. Maly's translations of historic information suggest ...potable water (wai), the wealth (waiwar) upon which life depended were primarily provided by springs (in both the uplands and on the shore), water caves, dew fall, and rain catchment. Legendary and historic accounts document that various water sources were available, and that the forests extended much further seaward than they do now. Legendary accounts indicate that the upland region was extensively cultivated, and provided, along with marine resources, the starches and other vegetable foods neces- sary for the inhabitants. Maly summarizes: Initially, planting would have occurred in and around coastal communities, and as the population grew and the political and religious systems became more formalized,the communities spreadout ... Crops such assweetpotatoes, sugarcane, bananas,yams, breadfroit,gourds, andcoconuts etc. providedthe "bread" of the Hawaiian diet. KEKAHA BEFORE AD 1800 Rev. William Ellis observed the Kekaha area in 1842 writes that Revs. Thurston and Bishop had noted that: The environs were cultivated to a considerable extent; small garden were seen among the barren rocks on which the houses were built, wherever soil could be found sufficient to nourish the sweet potato, the water-mellon, or even a few plants of tobacco, and inmanyplaces these seemed to be growing literally in the fragments of lava, collected in small heaps around their roots (Ellis 1963:31). 91 These gardening techniques sound much like thepu'epu'eplanting technique as described by Maly. Ellis states that barren rocks were used in the cultivation of selected plants. It may therefore be assumed in Ka'uptllehu residents were also using "barren rocks" to grow certain plants. Since this occurred in 1824, it is logical to assume that similar methods had been used in the past. If, as has been suggested, conditions were more conducive to agriculture prior to the Ka'iiptllehu flow of AD 1800, then ICa'upolehu (and Kekaha) should have been able to Report 1397-112593 • produce the crops such as sweet potatoes ('uala), gourd (ipu manolo), and wauke (paper mulberry). Other possible cultigens are: noni (Indian mulberry), mai'a (banana), kalo malo'o (dryland taro), uhi (yam), and a host of others. Handy (1940:163) writes: Whenever a little soil could be heaped together along the dry lava coast of North Kona, a few sweet potatoes were planted... in such places as ... Ka'flpulehu... Thus, the evidence indicates that Kekaha (and those areas around Ka'ilpulehu) have not always been wai-ole (without fresh water). In times before the AD 1800-1801 flows and the depredations of grazing animals, it must have been a wetter and potentially more productive agricultural area. As Marion Kelly has written, Ka'flptllehu was used for generations, as an oasis with a brackish fishpond and as a sanctuary for canoe travelers. Most ofthe vegetable diet of those who lived there probably came from the uplands of Ka'upalehu, but was at least supplemented by plants grown nearby. Legendary accounts indicate that the uplands were heavily cultivated and the ocean provided ample marine resources. Ka'apalehu would have been more suitable for habitation. It is not suggested, however, that the makai portions of Kekaha was probably ever a "garden" such as Puapua'a near Kailua or even into South Kona At present, the dating of Ka'tipelehu sites suggests initial occupation of the area as early as AD 1030 (Site 10959), with the greatest intensity of occupation occurring during the period between c. AD 1500 and AD 1800. These results are largely similar to those obtained from coastal areas to the north at 'Aaaeho'omalu (Jensen 1988, 1989) and Kalahuipua'a (Jensen 1989, Welch 1989). Moreover, the presumed intensification of occupation within these latter areas, initially suggested by Barrera (1971a) and subsequently confirmed by Kirch (1979), appears also to have occurred at Ka'apalehfl, at least on the basis of present evidence (Walker and Rosendahl 1988:197). However, present dating ofKa'flptllehfl sites, with over 20 probable age determinations returned from work, is biased towards sites in the coastal areas. Based on the results of the two upland inventory surveyprojects, almost concurrent upland and coastal residential settlement seems to have characterized most of the occupation history at Ka'4Wehu. A number of potential research issues relate to this finding. It is generally accepted that upland settlement did not occur on the islands of Hawaii, O' ahu, and Moloka' i until c. AD 1400-1550 (Hommon 1976:249). For West Hawai'i, Rosendahl (1972:499) suggested that developing agricultural technology and associated agricultural expansion allowed permanent settlement of upland communities to occur at Lapakahi, in the North Kohala District, around AD 1500. Based on the initial dating of upland habitation sites in the southeast portion of Ka'flpalehu (Goodfellow and Head 1992), however, it seems likely that initial upland occupation of Ka'flpolehu could have occurred as early as AD 1231 and continued concurrently with coastal occupations at least through the early historic period. Moreover, it is also generally assumed (e.g., Hommon 1976:258) that during the period of inland expansion, coastal residences were not abandoned, and that occupants of inland and coastal sites exchanged their specialized commodities. The precise nature ofthe interrelation- ships among upland and coastal sites during the period of upland agricultural expansion, however, has not been adequately determined. Historical Documentary Research may provide further data on this question, but as yet is unsubstantial. Work by Rosendahl (1972) suggested a general absence of permanent habitation in the rocklands between the coast and the uplands, but no studies have confirmed that coastal and upland zones were occupied by the same 92 Report 1397-111593 E • 93 household groups. It is even possible that temporary habitation sites within the intermediate rocky zone were occupied prior to the establishment of permanent households within the coastal area, particularly if the initial impetus for occupation of the region was in response to increasing demand for additional agricultural land, as has been suggested by Kirch and others. SUGGESTED FUTURE RESEARCH Nature and Intensity of Occupation The investigation of these topics entails, in part, analyzing and interpreting site-specific information such as dating results, data on subsurface horizontal feature distribution, and qualitative/quantitative values of various portable artifact types and midden constituents. Utilizing this information to further define the following specific objectives could ultimately contribute significantly to our understanding of the cultural and historical research issues outlined above: 1. Age, duration, and intensity of occupation at individual sites and features; 2. Portable artifact assemblages present at individual sites and features; 3. Ecofactual remains, including, in particular, the relative percentages of marine and terrestrial resources present at individual sites and features; 4. A refinement in the existing assessment, thus far based only on inven- tory -level survey data, of the variety of cultural activities conducted at various sites and features at different time periods; particularly at the numerous toolstone or building material procurement centers (pahoehoe excavations) in the current project area; and 5. Utilizingtheabove informationtofurtherrefinetheahupua`asettlement model by focusing upon the distribution of and interrelationships among temporal, artifactual, ecofacnral and architectural variables as these are manifest at individual sites and features. Subcomponents of such a settlement model would include: a. Further characterization of the coastal, midlands, and uplands of the Kekaha region in terms of the crops, cultivation tech- niques, and temporal sequencing; b. Further definition ofthe nature ofoccupation within the project area; i.e., the extent to which specific sites and features reflect temporary, semi-permanent, and/or permanent occupation, and single or recurrent episodes of use, or both; c. In combination with available data from higher elevation zones, further investigation of the ahupua`a-wide settlement pattern, in order to determine whether permanent occupation was exclusively coastal, or if it includedboth coastal and inland Report 1397412593 • 94 components, and if permanent occupation may have appeared within the midlands of the present project area. Studies of human ecology of this area primarily would concern the definition of subsistence adaptation to the terrestrial zones, but would also focus on possible exchange of goods between the coast and the uplands. The midlands are agriculturally fairly marginal, but do contain sufficient soil for limited cultivation (especially in the upper ranges). The forested portions of the uplands provided materials gathered from birds and plans. Evidence for terrestrial exploitation of flora and fauna within the project area includes species found near the coast (coconut, pandams, and gourd) and species further inland (kukut). Preliminary historical documentary research (Kelly 1985) indicates that residents may also have grown sweet potato, watermelon, and tobacco during the early historic period, although the relation- ship of these possible activities to prehistoric patterns of use/exploitation remains undeter- mined. Research areas relevant to the terrestrial zone constitute the following: 1. Define the specific resources which were exploited; 2. Determine the intensity of exploitation relative to both terrestrial and marine resources; 3. Compare and contrast with other West Hawaii sites the material culture -elements associated with that exploitation; and 4. Ascertain the methods and techniques of exploitation which were actually employed. This latter task will require: a. Characterization of the upland and coastal environment (espe- cially before the AD 1800 Ka'upalehu lava flow) through (1) documentary research of readily available sources and refer- ences, and (2) consultations with local informants and other knowledgeable individuals; b. Formulation of a model of terrestrial resource exploitation strategies. The model would require specification of the range of resources exploited, the intensity of exploitation, the meth- ods and techniques employed, and the associated material hardware, andwouldbe formulatedby combining this informa- tionwith (1) documentary research involving ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources, (2) review and analysis of comparable data from other areas, and (3) an evaluation of any special conditions that characterize the local environment. One last historical question should be raised. Are any of the human remains present in Feature F, Site 19084 (the purported Fair American Cave) those of crewmen from that ship, captured in the AD 1790s by Kame'eiamoku? (The description of Feature F recorded for this project indicates the presence of"...a cranium that has a brown (belt -like material) sailor -like cap perched on the skull top.'D. Kelly (1975:90) reports that all the crew (with the exception of Isaac Davis) were killed and thrown overboard Maly's interviews with authorities on Hawaiian history and local long-term residents of the area produced no information indicating Report 1397-112593 • 95 that the remains of the ill-fated crew are in the cave. In fact information developed by Maly called into question the burial of the crew in the cave. Research has indicated that it was some time after Johnno Jackson developed Kona Village, at Kahuwai Bay, that the stories ofthe "Fair American Burial Cave" began to be circulate. Other informants have indicated that it was once common practice to "have your picture taken with the sailors." Most of the portable remains in the cave have long been removed by relic hunters. Examination of the remains (especially in the western cave) to determine sex, age, race, and pathology could aid in determining an answer to the mystery. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED GENERAL TREATMENTS The Assessment Process The six significance categories used in the site evaluation process are based on both the National Register criteria for evaluation, as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR Part 60), and on criteria used by the State of Hawaii (DLNR 1989). The State Historic Preservation Office uses these criteria forevaluating cultural resources. The evaluation process is guided by two bulletins prepared by the National Register of Historic Places (NRNP) entitled "Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties" (Bulletin 38, Parker and King 1990) and "How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation" (National Register Bulletin 15. The National Register Criteria embody four types of cultural value: Criterion A through D. Criteria A and B define significance through association; Criterion C defines significance through design or construction value; and Criterion D defines significance in terms of information value. Sites may be considered significant under one or more of these criteria. A brief dicussion of each of these criteria will now be presented, including a presentation of the two additional criteria used in the State of Hawaii (Criterion E and NLS). In conformity with the National Register criteria for evaluation, sites with potential cultural significance are evaluated first under Criterion A, which defines significant resources as those that are "associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history" (National Register Bulletin 15:12). These can be either a specific event in prehistory or history, or a pattem of events or a historic trend that made a significant contribution to the development of a community, a State, or the nation'. Examples of sites in Hawai"i that are evaluated as significant under Criterion A include famous Hawaiian battlefields (e.g., Kuamo`o Battlefield), or landmarks (e.g., a mountaintop) important in Hawaiian legends, the first landing place of early explorers (e.g., Cook on Kaua`i), and important locations in the history of the Hawaiian monarchy (e.g., Thomas Square, where the Hawaiian kingdom was formally restored from England in 1843; or lolani Palace, where the monarchy was overthrown in 1893), and structures related to World War U. Sites associated with a important individual in history are evaluated under Criterion B, which defines significant resources as those that "are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past" (National Register Bulletin 15:14). Significant individuals in history "refers to individuals whose activities are demonstrably important within a local, State, or national historic context" (ibid.). Examples of sites evaluated as significant under Criterion B • Report 1397-111593 0 Table 12. Summary of General Significance Assessments and Recommended General Treatments SIHP* Significance Category Recommended Treatment Site No. A 8 D NLS C E FDC NFW PID PAI 19080 - - - + _ _ _ + 19097 - - - + _ _ _ + 19100 - - - + _ _ _ + 19107 + + 19111 + + 19112 + + 19113 - - - + - - - + 19114 - - - + - - + - - 19116 + - + 19117 - - - + - - - + _ _ 19118 + - + - 19120 + - + - 19122 + - + - 19125 + + 19131 + - + 19132 + - + - 19134 - - - + - - - + - - 19135 + - - - + - 19136 - - - + - - - + _ _ 19137 - - - + - - - + - _ 19138 - - - + - - - + _ 19140 + - - + - 19141 + - - + 19144 - - - + - - - + - - 19147 + + 19154 - - _ + - _ - + 19155 + - - + 19161 - - - + _ - + 19162 + - + - _ 19165 + - - + - - 19166 + - - + - - 19167 - - - + - _ - + _ _ 19168 - - - + - - - + - - General Significance Categories: A = Important for historical contribution to significant events and broad patterns of history; 9 = Important for association with the lives of important individuals in history; D = Important for information content further data collection necessary (PHRlereseardr value); NLS- No longer significant. significant data collected, Important for information content only, no further data collection necessary (PHRleresearch value, SHPO=not significant); and C = Excellent "ample of site type at local, region, island, State, or National level (PHRI=interpretive value); E = Culturally significant (PHRI=cultural value): and Recommended General Treatments: FDC= Further data collection necessary (detailed recording, surface collectlons, and limited excavations, and possibly subsequent data recovery/mitigation excavations); NFW = No further work of any kind necessary, suffdent data collected archaeological clearance recommended, no preservation potential; PID = Preservation with come level of laterpretive development recommended (including appropriate related data recovery work); and PAI = Preservation "as Is", with no further work (and possible inclusion into landscaping), or possibly minimal further data collection necessary ' State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) numbers. SIHP numbers are five- digit numbers prefixed by 50-10-19 (SO -State of Hawaii; 10 -island of Hawaii; 19-USGS 7.S' series quad map ["Mhoio. Hawaii"]). 96 • Report 1397-112593 Table 12. (cont) • SIHP Sipd}icance Catepry Recommended Treatment Site No. A 8 D NLS C E FDC NFW PID PAI 19169 - - _ + _ _ + _ 19170 + + 19171 + + 19173 - - - + - - - + - - 19174 - - - + _ _ + 19175 - - - + - - - + - - 19176 - - - + - - - + - - 19177 - - - + - - - + - - 19178 - - - + - - - + - - 19179 - - + - - - + - - 19180 + + 19181 - + + 19182 - + + 19183 - + + 19184 - + + 19185 + + 19186 - - - + - - - + - - 19188 + + 19191 + + 19207 + + 19209 - - - + - - - + - - 19215 + + 19218 - - - + - - - + - - 19219 - - - + _ _ _ + _ 19220 - - - + - - - + - - 19221 + + 19222 + + 19225 + + 19227 + + 19228 + + - 19229 - - - + _ + - _ 19230 + - + - 19232 + - + - 19235 + - + - 19236 + + - 19238 + + - 19239 + - + - 19240 - - - + - _ + _ 19241 + - + 19242 - + - + 19243 - + - + 19247 - - - + - - - + - - u tote 19085 + - - - + - - 19096 + _ _ _ + _ 19098 + - + - - 19099 - _ + _ _ _ + _ _ 19110 + - + - - 19115 + + _ . 19119 + - + - - 19121 + - + - - 19123 + - - + - - 19126 - - + - - - + - - - 19127 + - + - - 19128 + - + - - 97 Report 1397-112593 • • 99 Table 12. (cont) SIHP SIgnlRcanee Category Recommended Treatment Site No. A & D NLS C E FOC NFW PID PAI 19079 - + - + - + + - 19082 - + - + - + + - 19083 - + _ + + + + _ 19087 - + - + - + - + - 19088 + - + - + + + 19089 + + + + 19090 - - + - + - + - + - 19091 - + _ + + + + + 19092 + + _ + - + + 19093 + - + _ + + 19094 + - + - + + _ 19095 + + + + + 19102 + - + - + + 19103 + - + - + + 19104 - - + - + - + _ + 19105 + - + - + + 16 19106 + _ + + + 19108 + + + + 19109 - + + _ + + 19194 - + - + - + + 19201 - - + _ + + + 19202 - + _ + + + 19203 + + + + 19244 - + + _ + + _ 19245 - - + - + _ + + - Subtotal: 1140 + - + + + 19101 - - + - - + + + 19130 - - + + + _ _ + 19143 - + - - + + + 19151 - - + - - + + + 19158 + + + + 19208 - + - - + + _ + 19234 + - - + + - - + Subtotal 19129 + • - - 19139 - + - + - + - + 19149 + + + + 19164 - + + - + - + 19224 + - + + + Subtotal 19081 - + + + + + 19084 - + + + + - + 19086 + + + + _ + u Iota 191240 - - + + + + - + _ 19193 + - + + + + Subtotal: 1138,1141 - + - - + + . Subtotal Total 0 0 110 7S 44 19 10S 80 41 16 " Selected segments only to be preserved 0 Report 1397-112593 Table 12. (coat.) • SIHP SlpdBnnce Catepry Recommended Treatment Slte No. A B D NLS C E FDC NFW PID PAI 19133 - - + + 19142 - - + + 1914S - - + - _ _ + 19146 - - + _ _ _ + 19148 - - + _ _ _ + 19150 - + + 19152 - - + + 19153 - - + + 19156 - + + 19157 - - + + 19159 - - + + 19160 - - + + 19163 - - + _ - _ + 19172 - - + - - - + - - - 19187 - - + _ _ + 19189 - - + + 19190 - - + - - _ + 19192 - - + - - - + 19195 - - + _ _ _ + 19196 - - + + 19197 - + + 19198 - - + + 19199 - - + + 19200 - - + + 19204 + + 19205 + + 19206 - - + _ _ _ + _ 19210 + + - 19211 + + - 19212 + + - 19213 + + - 19214 - - + _ _ _ + - 19216 + + 19217 + + 19223 + + 19226 + + - 19231 + + - 19233 + + - 19237 + + - 19246 + + - Subtotal 19065 + + + + 19066 + - + + - + 19067 + - + + - + 19068 + - + + - + 19069 + - + + - + 19070 - - + - + _ + - + _ 19071 - - + - + _ + _ + _ 19072 + + + + 19073 + + - + + 19074 + + - + + 19075 + + - + + 19076 - - + + - + _ + 19077 - - + _ + - + _ + _ 19078 - + _ + - + _ + 98 • 0 Report 1397-112593 1V include the residences of famous past individuals, such as royalty (e.g., Kamehameha III, Queen Liliuokalani), famous writers, artists, educators, missionaries, politicians, and busi- nessmen. The traditional residential complex of Keakealaniwahine (a chiefess of high rank) in Holualoa would be a good example of an example of a prehistoric residence known from oral history that would be evaluated under this criterion. Sites that are potentially significant as representative examples ofsite types are evaluated under Criterion C, which defines significant resources as those that "embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entitywhose components may lack individual distinction" (National Register Bulletin 15:17). Examples of the types of historic sites that might be evaluated as significant under Criterion C in Hawaii include, but are not limitedto: (a) plantation structures—e.g., manager's residence or camp housing; (b) buildings specific to the ranching period—e.g., structures typical of a local style, such as turn-0f--the-century ranch houses on Lana'i or those found in Waimea, Hawaii; (c) historic churches with unique architecture—e.g., Mokuaikaua church in Kailua- Kona, or (d) a neighborhood that embodies the values of an ethnic group—e.g., Honolulu's Chinatown. Prehistoric sites that might be evaluated as significant under this criterion could be excellent examples of the various types of structures, including trails, walls, agricultural terraces, habitation platforms, or heiau. Sites determined to be potentially significant for information content fall under Criterion D, which defines significant resources as ones that "have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history" (National Register Bulletin 15:21). While most archaeological sites are initially evaluated as significant underCriterion D, after the evaluative process of an inventory survey, or the data recovery process of a mitigation program, the research potential of some sites may be exhausted (i.e., after extensive mapping, testing, surface collection, historical research, etc.). In these cases, the sites may maintain their information content value but lose their information content significance. Hence, the sites will be considered as "No Longer Significant" (NLS). Sites determined to be potentially significant for having cultural value to native Hawaiians and other ethnic groups of the State of Hawaii fall under Criterion E. While the previous four criteria are all presented in the federal guidelines, Criterion E was established by the State of Hawaii in a document entitled "Draft Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review" (Draft Rules 1989). Criterion E defines significant resources as ones that "have an important traditional cultural contribution or value to the native Hawaiian people or to other ethnic groups of the state" (Draft Rules 1989: A:10). Examples of sites that could be evaluated as significant under Criterion E may include heisu, cemeteries, burials, and trails. Criterion E is concerned with a property's intrinsic value to a cultural group, rather than the property's being considered an example of a "type" per se. In keeping with Federal and State guidelines, in addition to the strength of the evaluation based on the significance categories presented above, PHRI makes recommendations for further work on historic properties are made based on three considerations. First, properties can lose their cultural significance, or have their significance diminished, if the condition and integrity of the property, or of the property's setting, have been sufficiently altered. Second, the nature of the proposed impacts is considered in making recommendations for further work or preservation. If a site lies in an area slated for grading, it will more likely be recommended for further work than a site that can be preserved, and hence "data banked" for future research. Lastly, concerning the preservation and interpretation for the general public of sites and • Report 1397-112593 clusters of sites that are representative of general settlement patterns within a region (Le., a discontinuous district), decisions for preservation of this type are made in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office in order to meet long-term planning goals of that office. Specific Assessments and Recommendations Based on the above federal criteria, ofthe 185 sites identified inthe project area, 75 are assessed as no longer significant and require no further work. These 75 sites lash cultural deposits and portable remains; they have been measured, described, and photographed, and their locations have been plotted. The data collected from them during the present survey are considered sufficient recovery of significant information. Although preservation of these sites is not essential, some sites could be considered for inclusion into development landscaping. Fifty-two sites are assessed as significant solely for information content and are recommended for further data collection. Thirty-nine sites assessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of site types are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive development. Three of these sites (19201, 19202, and 19203) are located outside of the recom- mended preserve area, near the seacoast, northwest of the AD 1800 Ka'upulehu Lava Flow. Eight sites are assessed as significant for information value and for cultural value; they are recommended for further data collection followed by for preservation "as is". Seven of these are multi-component sites (1140, 19101, 19143, 19151, 19158, 19208, and 19234) and have assess- ment based on the presence of identified human burials at specific features within overall site complexes. Other features within the complexes warrant additional data collection and data recovery work, based on the presence of accumulated midden and the need for more detailed mapping and other recording. The eighth site (Site 19130) has been placed in this category based on the presence of a possible shrine or other ceremonial feature. Five sites (Sites 19129, 19139, 19149, 19164, and 19224) are assessed as significant for information content and for cultural value but are recommended for preservation "as is," only. These are single -component sites that were identified as containing human burials. Because they have been mapped recorded, photographed, and their locations accumtelyplotted, no fimherwork is recommended for these five sites. 101 Three sites (19081, 19084, and 19086) are assessed as significant for information content, as excellent examples of site types, and as having cultural value. They are recommended for further data collection, to be followed by preservation "as is." The assessment of cultural value and recommendation for preservation "as is" are based on the presence of identified human burials or human skeletal remains at specific features within the site complexes. Two of the three sites (the exception being Site 19084) are located within the proposed archaeological preserve. Site 19084, contains Feature F, a large burial cave. Two sites (19124 and 19193) are major trails and are also assessed as significant for information, site type, and cultural values. Site 19193, the coastal trail, is recommended for preservation with interpretive development. Preservation with interpretive development is also recommended for portions of Site 19124, but not for the entire trail This trail will not be preserved for access putposes, but portions would be preservedbecause the trail is a good example of a probable prehistoric trail thought to have been used until the incursion of the AD 1800 Ka'OpWehu lava flow. It is recommended that distinctive portions of this mauls-makai trail be preserved (e.&. segments in especially good physical condition, as well as those portions of the trail clearly associated with other preservation sites and areas). Exactly which segments of trail am to be preserved will be determined as the development concept is refined and revised, and moves to the actual design stage. The actual segments to be preserved will be specified later in the detailed Archaeological Mitigation Plan that is anticipated will be requited as part of the regulatory review and permitting process. Report 1397-112593 e • 102 The final site (Site 1138, 1141 ) is assessed as significant for information and cultural values, but is recommended for further data collection, only. This site is a short trail segment across the AD 1800 Ka'upulehu Lava Flow. Thirty-eight of the 57 project -area sites recommended for preservation are wholly contained in a designated preserve area. The preserve area will be approximately 34 acres (14 ha) and will contain the following archaeological sites: Table 13. Preserve Area Sites 19065 19075 19088 19103 19066 19076 19089 19104 19067 19077 19090 19105 19068 19078 19091 19106 19069 19079 19092 19108 19070 19081 19093 19109 19071 19082 19094 19244 19072 19083 19095 19245 19073 19086 19101 19074 19087 t9102 These preserve area sites have been accessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of site types. Further data collection is recommended followed by preservation with interpretive development of selected features. Inthe case of Sites 19086 and 19101, a further recommendation of cultural value is given based on the presence of human remains (below). All of these sites are contained wholly within the boundaries of the recommended archaeological preserve Three archaeological sites have been recommended as representative of excellent site type examples at the regional or island -wide level. Pending further data collection to determine eligibility, these sites are recommended forpreservation and interpretive development. These sites all appear to be residential complexes located outside of the recommended preserve area. All are located near the seacoast, northwest of the AD 1800 Ka'Opulehu lava flow, and they include Sites 19201, 19202, and 19203. On the subject of human remains identified within the project area, two types were found. Several of the sites consisted of multiple burial caves or mostly complete burials, while others consist of Human Skeletal Remains, in some cases only a small number ofbones. In the former, it is probable that the interments are formal burials and should be preserved in place. The latter category which appears to include Sites 19081, 19129, 19139, and 19151, may consist of secondary or disturbed burials. The Hawaii Island Burial Council may consider consolidating these remains in other burial caves in the area. Site 19081 is, however, located within the proposed Preserve Area boundaries Seven multi-component sites (1140,19101,19143,19151,19158,19208, and 19234) have been assessed as significant for information content and cultural value and are recommended for further data collection to be followed by preservation "as is." The assessment of cultural value and the recommendation for preservation "as is" are based on the presence of identified Report 1391-111593 LJ E human burials at specific features within overall site complexes. Other features within the complexes warrant additional data collection and data recovery work, based on the presence of accumulated midden and the need for more detailed mapping and other recording. One site has been provisionally placed in this category. Site 19130 is recommended for further data collection provisionally followed by preservation "as is." This assessment of cultural value and recommendation for preservation "as is" is based on the presence of a possible shrine or other ceremonial feature. Further data collection is recommended to determine the function of Feature B at the site. If it can be determined that this feature served a ceremonial function, then preservation "as is" is recommended. Five single -component sites were identified as containing human burials and were assessed as having cultural value. The sites in this category are 19129, 19139, 19149, 19164, and 19224. Because they have been mapped, recorded, photographed, and their locations accurately plotted, no further data collection or data recovery work is recommended for these five sites. Three additional sites complete the significance recommendations. Site 1138, 1141 (one site) is a trail across the AD 1800 Ka'upulehu lava flow. It is assessed as important for information content and as having cultural value. Further data collection followed by preservation "as is" is recommended. Two additional sites (also major trails) are assessed as important for information content, are excellent examples of a site type, and possess cultural value. A recommendation of further data collection and interpretive development is given. It should be noted that the above assessments and treatment recommendations are based on a phased archaeological inventory survey and are thus subject to the limitations of such surveys. There is always the possibility, however remote, that potentially significant uniden- tified cultural remains might be encountered during development activities involving the modification of the ground surface. In such situations, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately. 103 0 Report 1397-112593 • 104 REFERENCES CITED ACHP (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation) 1985 Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. (Draft Report, August), Washington, D.C. Apple, R.A. 1965 Trails: From Steppingstones to Kerbstones. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 53. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Armstrong, R.W. (ed.) 1983 Atlas of Hawai'i. Honolulu: University Press of Hawai'i. (Second edition) Austin, G. 1971 Appendix 3; Area Omega Abrader Manufacturing Area. IN Ching 1971: pp. 240-247. Barters, W., Jr. 1971a 'Anaeho'omalu: A Hawaiian Oasis. Preliminary Report of Salvage Research in South Kohala, Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 15. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. 1971b Archaeological Excavations and Survey of Keauhou, North Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 71-10, B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Brigham, W.T. 1902 Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements. Bishop Museum Memoirs 1 (4). Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Buck, P.H. (Te Rangi Hiroa) 1964 Arts and Crafts of Hawai'i. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 45. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Buck, P.H., K.P. Emory, H.D. Skinner, and J.F.G. Stokes 1930 Terminology for Ground Stone Cutting -Implements in Polynesia. Journal of the Polynesian Society 39(2):174-180. CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 36 CFR Part 60 National Register of Historic Places. Department Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Camara, B. 1989 The Botanical Resources of Ka'upulehu Waena: A Preliminary Survey. Geographical Factors of Hawai'i. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associ- ates. Report 1397411593 • 0 Carlquist, S. (editor) 1970 Hawaii, A Natural History. Garden City: Natural History Press. (By Com, C.A.; W. Char; G. Clarke; and L. Cuddihy). Carter, L.A. 1985 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Makai Parcel of Ka'upulehu Ahupua'a, North Kona, Hawai'i Island. Ms. 020585. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Ching, F.K W. 1971 The Archaeology of South Kohala and North Kona: From the Ahupua'a of Lalamilo to the Ahupua'a ofHamanamana. Surface Survey Kailua-Kawaihae Road Corridor (Section III). Hawai'i State Archaeological Journal 71-1. Division of State Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Cleghom, P.L. 1982 The Mauna Kea Adze Quarry: Technological Analyses and Experimental Tests. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Anthropology), University of Ha- waii. Cordy, R. 1981 A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Islands. New York: Academic Press. 1985 Working Paper 1: Hawaii Island Archaeology, Coma & Kalaoa Ahupua'a, Kekaha, North Kona. TMK:7;3. Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Cordy, R., J. Tainter, R. Renger, and R Hitchcock 1991 An Ahupua'a Study: The 1971 Archaeological Work at Kaloko Ahupua'a. Archaeology at Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park. Western Ar- chaeological and Conservation CenterPublications inAnthropologyNo. 58. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Cox, J.H., and E. Stasack 1970 Hawaiian Petroglyphs. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 60. B.P. Bishop Museum Press. Craib, J.L. 1977 A Typological Investigation of Western Micronesian Adzes. M.A. thesis (Anthropology), California State University (Long Beach). DLNR Draft Rules 1989 Title 13, Subtitle 6, Chapter 146. Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review. Department of Land and Natural Resources - Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. (Third Internal Working Draft, November 1989) Donham,T.K 1986a Archaeological Field Inspection, Revised Kona Village Expansion Site, Land of Ka'upulehu,North Kona, Island ofHawai' i. PHRI Report 241-060286. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates. 105 Report 1397-112593 P • 106 1986b Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Makalawena Coastal Development Area, Land of Makalawena, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 245-091886. Prepared for the Kamehameha Schools/Bemice P. Bishop Estate and Phillips, Brandt, Reddick & Associates, Inc. 1987a Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Proposed Awakee Resort Develop- ment Project Area, Land of Awakee, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 265-081286. Prepared for Kahala Capital Corp. 1987b Archaeological Survey and Testing, Ooma II Resort Project Area, Land of Ooma II, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 245-081286. Prepared for Helbert, Hastert, Van Horn & Kimura. Ellis, W. 1963 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of a Tour of Hawai'i, or Owhyee... Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co. Emory, K.P. 1970 Inventoryof Archaeological and Historical Sites in the Districts of Kona and Ka'u, and in 'Anaeho'omalu, South Kohala, Island of Hawai'i. Departmen- tal Report Series 70-12. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Emory, K.P., W.J. Bonk, and Y.H. Sinoto 1968 Hawaiian Archaeology: Fishhooks. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publica- tion 47. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Goodfellow, S.T. 1993 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kaupulehu Resort Irrigation Project. Land of Kaupulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHU Report 1427-100193. Prepared for Kaupulehu Makai Venture. Goodfellow, S.T., and J.A. Head 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Ka'upulehu Mauka Lands Golf Course II and Remaining Area, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK: 7-2-3:03). PHRI Report 1142-070892. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. Goodfellow, S.T., Jensen, P.J., and P. Bower 1992 Archaeological Mitigation Program Phase II - Archaeological Data Recov- ery Regent Kona Coast Resort. Land of Kuki'o 1st, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK:3-7-2-04:5,16). PHRI Report 1009-090992. Pre- pared for PBR Hawaii -Hilo Office. Handy, E.S.C. 1940 The Hawaiian Planter, Volume I. His Plants, Methods and Areas of Cultiva- tion. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 161. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Handy, E.S.C., and E.G. Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (With M.K. Pukui) Report 1397-112593 0 E Handy, E.S.C., and M.K. Pukui 1972 The Polynesian Family System inKa'u, Hawaii. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. (With Elizabeth Green Handy) Head, J.A., S.T. Goodfellow, and P.H. Rosendahl 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey - Ka'upulehu Mauka Lands Project Area, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK:3-7-2- 03:3). PHRI Report 897-102192. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. Hommon, R. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre -Contact Hawaii. Ph.D. disserta- tion, University of Arizona, Tucson. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. Jensen, P.M. 1988 Archaeological Data Recovery and Intensive Survey, Resort Expansion Area and Selected Undeveloped Resort Parcels, Waikoloa Beach Resort, Lands of Waikoloa and 'Anaeho'omalu, South Kohala, Island of Hawai'i. PHRI Report 371-031488. Prepared for Transcontinental Development Company. 1989 Archaeological Data Recovery Program, Lots 1, 2, 6, 7, 17, 24, Waikoloa Beach Resort, Land of 'Anaeho'omalu, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 468-061489. Prepared for Transcontinental Develop- ment Company. 1991 Archaeological Data Recovery Plan, Mauna Lani Cove and Adjacent Golf Course Relocation Project Area, Lands of Kalahuipua'a and Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1026-020191. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Jensen, P., and P.H. Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Mitigation Program, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort, Land of Ka'upulehu,North Kona District, IslandofHawai i. Phase I: Mitigation Plan for Data Recovery, Interim Site Preservation, and Burial Treatment. PHRI Report 593-060189. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Developments and Belt, Collins & Associates. Johannes, R.E. 1981 Words of the Lagoon. Berkeley: University of California Press. Kamakau, S.M. 1964 Ka Po'e Kahiko: The People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Bulletin 51. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kay, E.A 1979 Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii, Section 4: Mollusca. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64(4). Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kelly, M. 1985 Appendix C: Notes on the History of Ka'upulehu. IN Carter 1985. 107 Report 1397-112593 0 0 108 Kirch, P.V. 1973 Archaeological excavations at Kahalu'u, NorthKona, Islandof Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum, Departmental Report Series 73-1, Department of Anthro- pology. 1979 Marine Exploitation in Prehistoric Hawaii: Archaeological Investigations at Kalahuipua'a, Hawaii Island. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 29. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Komori, E. 1981 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Makai Area (TMK:7-2-3:2) at Ka'upulehu, Hawaii Island. Ms. 071081. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. McCoy, P. C. 1976 The Mauna Kea Adz Quarry Project: A First Analysis. Proceedings of the First Conference in Natural Sciences. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, pp. 135-142. 1977 Archaeological Investigations at the Mauna Kea Adz Quarry Complex, Hawaii: Preliminary Results of the 1975-76 Fieldwork. Paper presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. New Orleans, Louisiana. Moore, K., and R. Bevacqua 1972 A Discussionof thePahoehoe Holes inWaikoloa. IN Archaeological Survey of Portions of Waikoloa, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. (R.F. Bevacqua, ed.) Departmental Report Series 72-4. B. P. Bishop Museum, Department of Anthropology (1972). Moore, R. B. and D.A. Clague 1991 Geologic Map ofHualalai Volcano, Hawai'i. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2213. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. National Register Bulletin 15 National Register Bulletin 15. How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division. Parker, P.L., and T.F. King 1990 Guidelines forEvaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National RegisterBulletin 38. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington D.C. Phagan, C.J. 1980 Lithic Technology: Flake Analysis. Chapter 6 I MacNeish et al. Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru. Volume III. Nonceramic Artifacts. Ann Arbon University of Michigan Press. Report 1397-112593 a Pukui, M.K., and S.H. Elbert 1971 Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Reinecke,7.E. n.d. Survey of Hawaiian Sites, 1929-1930. Manuscript in B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Renger, R.C. 1970 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Coastal Areas of Kaloko and Kuki'o, North Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 70-10. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. Rosendahl, M.L.K. 1986 Archaeological Field Inspection, Kona Village Expansion Site, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 230-041686. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates. 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, KaupulehuResottUtility Corridor Project Area, Land of Ka'upulehu, District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHU Report 511-012389. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments and Belt, Collins & Associates. Rosendahl, P.H. 1973 Archaeological Salvage of the Ke-Ahole to 'Anaeho'omalu Section of the Kailua-Kawaihae Road (Queen Kaahamanu Highway), Island of Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 73-3. B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology. 1989a Archeological Inventory Survey, Phase I - Site Identification, Ka'upulehu Mauka Utility Corridor, Irrigation System Portion, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-2-03:3). PHRI Report 720-111189. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. 1989b Addendum Report: Archaeological Inventory Survey, Phase I - Site Identi- fication, Ka'upulehu Mauka Utility Corridor and Proposed Reservoir Site, Land ofKa'upulehu, North Kona District, Island ofHawai'i (TMK:3-7-2-03:3) PHRI Report 720-112789. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. 1990a Supplemental Archaeological Inventory Survey, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK 3-7-2-03:Por.1). PH U Report 779-011290. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Hotel Venture. 1990b Supplemental Archaeological Inventory Survey, Proposed Construction Access Road and Office and Storage Sites, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, IslandofHawai' i(TMK:3-7-2-02:Por.1). PHRI Report 778-011790. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Hotel Venture. 1990c Archaeological Inventory Survey, Phase I - Site Identification, Ka'upulehu Phase II Mauka Utility Corridor, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-2-03:3). PHRI Report 851-060590. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. 109 Report 1397-112593 6 0 Ito 1990d Addendum Report: Archaeological Inventory Survey, Ka'upulehu Resort Utility Corridor, Land of Ka'upulehu,North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-2-03:3). PHRI Report 720-051090. Prepared for Potomac Invest- ment Associates. 1991 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort Intersection, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-2-02:Por.1). PHRI Report 1008-010991. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture -Soil Conservation Service and the University of Hawaii Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Government Printing Office, W ashington, D.C. Silva, C. 1986 Preliminary Historical Documentary Research. Appendix A IN Donham 1986b:108-120. 1987 Preliminary Historical Documentary Research. Appendix A IN Donham 1987:152-169. Sinoto, Y.H. 1975 Hawaiian Fishhook Classification and Coding Systems. B.P. Bishop Mu- seum Department of Anthropology. Ms. 082175. Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J. 1993 Radiocarbon, 35:215-230. Smith, A.K. and P.H. Rosendahl 1992 Ka'upulehu Makai - Lot 4, Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey, Phase I - Site Identification. Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK:3-7-03:Por.1). PHRI Report 1141-021392. Prepared forBelt Collins & Associates. Soehren, L.J. 1963 Archaeology and History in Ka'upulehu and Makalawena, Kona, Hawaii. Ms. B.P. Bishop Museum Department Anthropology. Springer, H.K., and Associates 1986 Regional Notes from Kekaha: Makalawena. Appendix B IN Donham 1986b:121-141. 1987 Regional Notes from Kekaha: Awakee. Appendix B IN Donham 1987:170-179. 1989 Regional Notes from Kekaha: Ka'upulehu, An Ethnography, Ka'upulehu Ma Uka Conservation and Agricultural Lands. Hannah Kihalani Springer and Associates, Kukui'ohiwai, Ka'upulehu. Prepared for Potomac Invest- ment Associates. Report 1397-112593 E Suggs, R.C. 1961 Archaeology of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. Anthro- pological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 49 (1). Sullivan, R.B., and S.T. Goodfellow 1991 Ka'upulehu Makai Resort Phased Archaeological Mitigation Program, Phase II - Archaeological Data Recovery, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK: 3-7-2-03:1). PHRI Report 593-042291. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Developments. Sullivan, R.B., and P.H. Rosendahl 1989 Interim Report: Background, Summary of Methodology and Findings, and Additional Tasks Performed; Archaeological Mitigation Project, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, Phase I: Mitigation Plan for Data Recovery, Interim Site Preservation and Burial Treatment. PHRI Report 593-060189. Prepared for Kaupulehu Devel- opments and Belt, Collins & Associates. Titcomb, M. et al. 1979 Native Use of Marine Invertebrates in Old Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Walker, A.T., and P.H. Rosendahl 1985 Full Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kuki'o Resort Development Project Area, Kuki'o 1st, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 167-090385. Prepared for Phillips, Brandt, Reddick & Associates and Huehue Ranch. 1988 Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations, Ka'upulehu Makai Resort Project Area, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Island of Hawai'i. PHRI Report 213-032686. Prepared for Ka'upulehu Developments. 1990 Archaeological Resources Assessment, Ka'upulehu Phase II Master Plan, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 642-021590. Prepared for Potomac Investment Associates. 1989 Archaeological Field Inspection Survey, Royal Vistas Estates Development, Land of Puuanahulu, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI 659- 091289. Prepared for Premier Resort Development. Welch, D.J. 1989 Archaeological Investigations at Pauoa Bay, Ritz-Carlton Mauna Lani Resort, South Kohala, Hawaii. Unpublished Report. Prepared for Belt, Collins and Associates. 0 a PHRI Paul IL Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. Aidweulubrstd! Historical Culhw! R�ufuu MawganaU Studies 8 Servica 305 Mohouli Somc1 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808) 969-176i FAX (908) 9616998 P.O. Box 23305 • G.M.F., Guam 96921 (671) 472-3117 FAX (671) 472-3131 Letter 1489-061794 Mr. Lee Sichter Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Blvd., First Floor Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 Subject: Addendum to head and RDsendalrl (1994) Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey - Phase 9 Ka'apfilehu Malcti - Lot 4 Land of Ka upulchu, North Kona District, Island ofRawai'i (73M 7-2-03:1) Dear Mr. Sichter. June 27, 1994 At the request of Mr. Ed Kuniyoshi of your office, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) recently conducted a supplemental archaeological inventory survey in an area recently determined to be a portion of the Ka'upalehu Makai-Lot 4 project area (Figure 1). The area, located makai (seaward) of the existing Kona Village Access Road, was initially inspected on April 18, 1994 during the Head and Rosendahl (1994) survey. The current inventory -level survey work was conducted on June 16, 1994 by Projects Supervisor James Head, B.A. The survey took about eight man-hours of labor to complete. The primary objectives of the inventory survey were: (a) to determine the general nature and extent of archaeological remains present, and the implications of any such remains with regards to the feasibility of development, and (b) to estimate the general scope of any subsequent archaeological work that might be required in the course of future development. The project area consists of c. 1.2 ha (2.9 acres) located approximately 2.1 Ian (1.3 mile) makai (seaward) of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and immediately west of the old paved road to Kona Village. Vegetation in the project area is sparse and consists primarily of grasses (mostly fountaingrass Penniserum setaccum [Fotsk.] Chiov, 'ubaloa (Waltheria indica L.), kiawe (Prosopispallida [Numb. and Bonpl. ex Willd.]) HBK., and 'ilima (Sida fallax Walp.). Previous archaeological work and historical documentary research conducted within or near the project area is discussed in detail in Head and Rosendahl (1994) and is only briefly summarized in the following. Soehren (1963) examined the current project area in conjunction with his study of Ka'13pulehu and Makalawena ahupua'a. He identified Site D22-18 and D22-19 east of the pond at Kahuwai Bay. He describes Site 18 as "a stone walled structure, 2x3 fathoms, which outwardly resembles a house site. It is built of jagged chunks of lava piled about three feet high. The absence of any defineable door and the nearly half filled interior suggest that the structure is...a grave" (1963:28). Soehren described Site D22-19 as consisting of "numerous petroglyphs carved on the smooth pahoehoe. 6 Letter 1489-061794 "4ulehu .iib Slmy�vi / Z lN i-! PRO1 "`6 196b$ w Two , Tank 0 H CPN G lG P G l Mono Point �eo'woti. ; l C\ \ C \ � 1 I �l \ l ^u K, I AREA- - �a J -' i/te loop 20M /m a t eoo _J w1AM3LE A•l(PO1:IOK OF 117 a906 .6' wmY Figure 1. Project Area and Site Location Map tss•w PROJECT 20•n s.r.h Milo Kallua s•. p tp Mllet u South point "4ulehu .iib Slmy�vi / Z lN i-! PRO1 "`6 196b$ w Two , Tank 0 H CPN G lG P G l Mono Point �eo'woti. ; l C\ \ C \ � 1 I �l \ l ^u K, I AREA- - �a J -' i/te loop 20M /m a t eoo _J w1AM3LE A•l(PO1:IOK OF 117 a906 .6' wmY Figure 1. Project Area and Site Location Map 0 Letter 1469-061794 40 Carter (1985) found a trail segment (Site D22-152) near the immediate project area. Site D22-152 is a trail marked with branch coral along its length. The trail continued north and south for roughly 100 m and extended into the present Kona Village Resort property. During the current project, however, the trail could not be located on the makai side of the access road. Carter also identified Site D22-161 (pahoehoe clearings) and Site D22-162 (shelter cave with cairns). Both of these sites are located south of the current study area. Walker and Rosendahl reidentified Carter's sites southwest of the current project area and assigned them State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) site numbers (1988:70-73). Site D22-161 was given SW number 10964, and D22-162 was assigned number 10965. Site 10964 is listed as a complex of six features, all of which are pahoehoe clearings. Site 10965 is a complex of seven features, of which six are cairns and one is a cave shelter. The cave shelter, Feature A, is about 50 meters at 277' from Feature A of Site 10964. The opening ofthe cave shelter is partially walled, and sparse amounts of Echinoidea, Cypraea spp., Isognomonidae, Neritspicea, and Thaididae were noted within the shelter. The site was assigned a tentative habitation function (Ibid.:18). Smith and Rosendahl's (1991) Phase I archaeological survey work and Head and Rosendahl's (1994) work located several sites to the southeast of the present project area. These include Site 19124 (Carter's Site D22-1521? D. a prehistoric mauka-makai trail which extends from Kahuwai Bay to the uplands, where it is buried by the AD 1800 Ka'upalehu as lava flow. Associated with this trail are a number of other features, including marker cairns, petroglyphs, and possible temporary habitation caves. Just north of this trail is a complex of probable permanent and ancillary habitation sites that were recommended for preservation. Historical documentation indicates that the general vicinity of the project area was well populated by c. 1200, when the small protected bays and shoreline areas were settled. Initially, planting probably occurred in and around the coastal communities, and as the population grew and the political and religious systems became more formalized, the communities spread out. The coastal and upland plains in the low forested zone were planted with important staple and supplemental crops that were less water -dependent than the kalo wai (wet taro), which was the staple of the ko'olau (windward) side of the island. Pu'epu'e (planting in built-up mounds), miikalua and 'umoki (planting in dugout -mulched holes) are three methods of planting techniques that are recorded as having been extensively used in Kona. Crops such as sweet potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, yams, breadfruit, gourds, and coconuts provided the "bread" of the Hawaiian diet. On the upper slopes were grown the endemic olonb (Touctiardia latifolia Gaud.) for cordage, and 'awa (Pipermethysticum Forst. f.) for ceremonial and domestic use. Various woods and resourceswere collected from the upland forests and these were used to make spears, paddles, canoes, and tools. Fishing in the region was considered some of the best on Hawaii, and it is likely that a great deal of energy went into harvesting of other ocean resources. Though farmers gathered some ocean resources, and fishermen grew some food plants, it is generally accepted that the fishermen primarily provided fish and other ocean resources to the planters, who in tum supplied the fishermen with agricultural products. This division of labor appears to be supported in some of the legendary accounts. Indeed, legendary descriptions of this region depict viable communities and describe the various resources on which they depended for survival. The areas just mauka ofthe current project area appear to have beenutilized as hypothesizedby Rosendahl (1973) and Cordy (1985). Both authors view this as a midlands or barren area through which trails extended from the coast to the uplands. The trails were used to transport agricultural and other products to consumers. As well, the zone has caves which were used for temporary shelter by people passing along the trail or involved in exploitation ofthe near - shore resources. Several of the caves in the general area were also used for a more extended stay, and some were used as burial caves. Some crops (especially sweet potato) may have been planted in scattered agricultural mounds near the current project area. The project also is near the ocean and very near the brackish water ponds at Kahuwai Bay; the area is probably associated with permanent housing complexes located seaward. 6 • Letter 1489-061794 4 The current project area was inspected 100%byway of two pedestrian sweeps (oriented c. 351215*). Intervals between sweeps were c. 10.0-15.0 meters. The inspection focused on identifying surface structural and portable remains. The survey was facilitated by an aerial photograph ofthe area (R.M. Towill Corp., No. KV -7, Scale 1 "-400', 1979) and the USGS topographic quadrangle (Kibolo, Hawaii, 7.5", 1982). The inventory survey indicated the project area had been disturbed in modem times. Two access roads were in the area. One led to the Kona Village Parking Lot, and the other to Kona Village. During the survey, two archaeological complexes were identified (SIHP Sites 19652 and 19653)(Table 1). Site 19652 (Figure 2) is a complex of five features. Features A and D are C-shaped walls. Features C and E are modified depressions. Feature B is a mound. Allofthe features appearto be relatedto ancillary habitation probably associated with a permanent habitation complex located at the brackish ponds or at Kahuwai Bay. Site 19653 (Figure 3) consists of two features. One of the features (Feature A) appears to be Soehren's (1963) Site 22-18, which he described as "a stone walled structure... built of jagged chunks of lava piled about three foot high." Feature B is a low, C-shaped wall just to the west of Feature A. All of the sites and features identified during the current work are described in detail in "Site and Feature Descriptions," at the end of this report. Sites identified during this survey were assessed for significance based on the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR Title 36, Part 60). The Department of Land and Natural Resources - State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) uses these criteria for evaluating cultural resources. To be assessed as significant a site must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and must be characterized by one or more of the following four criteria: (A) It must be associated with eventsthat have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; (B) It must be associated with the lives of persons significant in the past; (C) It must embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, ormethod of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic value or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinc- tion; or (D) It must have yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Siteswere assessed for cultural significance using: (a)guidelines preparedby the National Park Service (National Register Bulletin 38: "Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties;Parker and King 1990), and (b) guidelines established by the State of Hawaii ("Draft Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review" [DLNR Draft Rules 1989n(see Category E. Table 2). The Hawaii State guidelines utilize an additional fifth criteria (E) which defines significant cultural resources as ones that "have an important traditional cultural contribution or value to the native Hawaiian people or to otherethnic groups ofthe state" (DLNRDraf Rules 1989:A:10). Most archaeological sites are initially evaluated as significant under Criterion D. After the evaluative process of an inventory survey, or the data recovery process of a mitigation program, the research potential of some sites may be exhausted (i.e., after extensive mapping, testing, surface collection, historical research, etc.). In these cases, the sites may maintain their information content value but lose their information content significance. Hence, the sites would be considered as "No Longer Significant" (NLS)(see Table 2). In addition, in order to assist clients in determining the relative significance of sites, the two sites were also assessed for significance using PHU Cultural Resource Management (CRM) value modes. See Table 1 for CRM assessments. 0 a Letter 1489-061794 Table 1. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED SITES Site and FormalTentative A CRM Value Field WoFW— Feature Feature Functional Mode Assessment Tasks Desig. Type Interpretation R I C DR SC EX 19652 Complex A C-shaped wall B Mound C Modified depression D C-shaped wall E Modred depression Multiple Ancillary habitation Indeterminate Ancillary habitation Ind eterminate/ceremonial Ancillary habitation H H M x x 19653 Complex Multiple M M H x - x A Enclosure Indeterminate B C-shaped wall Indeteminate # Cultural Resource Management Value Mode Assessment --Nature: —Degree: R = scientific research I = interpretive C = cultural H = high M = moderate L=low t Recommended further data collection field work tasks DR = detailed recording (scaled drawings, photographs, and written descriptions) SC = surface collections IX = limited excavations Lata 1489-061794 • 0 v i J AA Q Fee. b °1'Z Fee. C !1 1� 1 1 li Fee. ea. A 0 n /1 M R 11 C. 1 U Ofi 1 UNDIETUREED AREA APPp1s� Or=CA ATE ELE O( 7 T i ' • - • IMTEANM LIMITt OF CAVE/OYERNANO PMED ROAD CONTINUES DRIPLINE/ENTRANCE EXTENT OF ECOPACTDAL Figure 2. Plon View of Site 19652 r.I 0 • Letter 1489-061794 • 0 Letter 1489-061794 Table 2 SUMMARY OF GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED GENERAL TREATMENTS Significance Category Recommended Treatment Site Number A B C D E NLS FDC NFW PID PAI 19652 19653 + + + _ + • State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) numbers. SIHP numbers are fine- digit numbers prefixed by SO -10-19 (50=State of Hawaii; 10=Island of Hawaii; 19=USGS 7.5'series quad map ["Kiholo. Hawaii," 1981]). General Significance Categorlex A = Important for historical contribution to significant events and/or broad patterns of history; 8 = Important for association with the lives of important individuals in history; C = Excellent example of site type at local, region, island, State, or National level (PHRI=interpretive value) D = Important for information content, further data collection necessary (PHRI=research value) E = Culturally significant (PHR1=cultural value) NLS = No longer significant significant dam collected, important for information content only, no further data collection necessary (PHR1=research value, SHPD=no longer significant Recommended General Treatmenm FDC = Further dam collection necessary (detailed recording, surface collections, and limited exavatiorm and possibly subsequent data recovery/mitigation excavations) NFW = No further work of any kind necessary, sufficient data collected no preservation potential PID = Preservation with some level of interpretive development recommended (including appropriate related data recovery work) PAI = Preservation "as is'; with no further work (and possible inclusion into handsapkW, or possibly minimal further data collection necessary 0 Letter 1489-061794 Based on the above federal and state criteria Sites 19652 and 19653 are assessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of site types. Both sites are recommended for further data collection, to be followed by preservation with interpretive development. Should the further data collection effort at Site 19653 reveal the presence of human remains, the site will then be additionally assessed as significant for cultural value, and preservation "as is" with no interpretive development would be recommended. It is further recommended that these two sites be added to the Ka'Upt7lehu archaeological preserve (Head and Rosendahl 1993:102). The evaluations and recommendations presented within this letter report are made solely on the basis of an inventory survey. It should be noted that there is always the possibility, however remote, that potentially significant, unidentified subsurface cultural remains and/or surface structural features will be encountered in the course of future archaeological investigations or subsequent development activities. In such situations, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately. If you have any questions, please contact me at our Hilo office (808) 969-1763. ,--4incerely yours, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D. President and Principal Archaeologist JH:jh References Cited CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 36 CFR Part 60. National Register of Historic Places. Dept. Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Carter, L.A. 1985 An Archaeological Reconnaissance ofthe MaksiParcel ofKa'upulehu Ahupua'a, North Kona, Hawai'i Island. Ms. 020585. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Cordy, I- 1985 1985 Working Paper I: Hawaii Island Archaeology, 'O'oma & Kalaoa Ahupua'a, Kok" North Kona. TMK:7;3. Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources DLNR Draft Rules 1989 Title 13, Subtitle 6, Chapter 146. Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review. Department of Land and Natural Resources - Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. (Third internal Working Draft, November 1989) Head, LA, and P.H. Rosendahl 1994 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey - Phase B - Data Collection:Field Work,Data Analysis,and Reports, Ka'ripulehu Makai - Lot 4, Land ofKa'apalehu, NorthKona District, island ofHawai'i. PHRI Report 1397-112594. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments Parker, P.L., and T.F. King 1990 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National RegisterBulletin 38. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington D.C. • 0 Letter 1489-061794 10 Rosendahl, P.H. 1973 Archaeological Salvage of the Ke-Ahole to 'Anaeho'omalu Section of the Kaihta-Kawaihae Road (Queen Ka'ahamanu Highway), Island of Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 73-3. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Soehren, L.J. 1963 Archaeology and History in Kaupulehu and Makalawena, Kona, Hawaii. Ms. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Walker, A.T., and P.H. Rosendahl 1988 Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations, Ka'apalehu Makai Resort Project Area, Land of Ka'upulehu, North Kona, Island of Hawai'i. PHRI Report 213-032686. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. Site and Feature Descriptions STATE NO.: 19652 PHRI TNO.:1489-1 SITE TYPE:Complex (5+ Features) TOPOGRAPHY:None VEGETATION:'Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass CONDITION:Good INTEGRTTY:Altered PROBABLE AGE:Late prehistoric -historic FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION:Ancillary habitation/Indeterminate/Indeterminate-ceremonial DESCRIPTION: This site complex consists of two C-shaped walls (Feature A and D), two modified depressions (Features C and E), and one mound (Feature B). The overall site dimensions are c. 21.00 m (north -south) by 22.00 m (east -west). FEATURE A:C-shaped wall ADJACENT TERRAIN:Smoothly undulating pahoehoe with small collapsed areas exposing low tubes. VEGETATION:'Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass FUNCTION:Ancillary habitation DIMENSIONS:3.80 in (north -south) by 4.60 m (east -west) by 1.00 in CONDTTION:Good INTEGRTTY:Unaltered DESCRIPTION:The feature opens to c. 340 toward a large collapsed tube area where Feature C and Feature E are located. Feature A is constructed of both stacked and piled areas. The stacked areas include linear pahoehoe slabs (max -0.08 in by 0.40 m) up to seven courses high. This area of stacking is mostly on the east side; the north and south portions also consist of similar stacked areas. These are (especially on the north) piled areas with small boulders (0.40 m2) along the base, with smaller stones piled roughly on top. These roughly piled stones are present throughout the top of the structure. The structure is sitting on mostly smooth pahoehoe and a small circular alignment is present in the southeast interior corner. This alignment (one of several on the site) is full of broken ecofacts. Dimensions are roughly 1.00 m by 1.00 m and there is at least 0.15 m to 0.20 in of cultural deposits present. Walls are double -coursed with rubble core. All are at least 1.00 m thick. Surface remains consists of waterworn cobbles and many different shells including, Cypraeidae, Thaididae, Conidae, Isognorton sp., Cellan sp., and others. Aforementioned deposits are in alignment area as well as scattered deposits in low spots throughout the structure interior. This Rance is located 19 degrees to windsock 206 degrees to stop sign from K.V. employees parking lot; 167 degrees to water tanks (maker). FEATURE B:Mound ADJACENT TERRAIN:Smoothly undulating pahoehoe with small collapses exposing low tubes. U Letter 1489-061794 a VEGETATION:' Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass FUNCTION:Indeterminate DIMENSIONS:5.00 m (east -west) by 3.50 m by 1.00 m CONDITION:Good INTEGRITY:Altered DESCRIPTION:This is a well preserved platform just to the west of Feature A and also along the eastern edge of the collapsed area. It is piled of stones ranging in size from small cobbles to small boulders with fairly steep sides and a mostly flat top. All sides are elevated as in a platform. Rough facing is present on the mauka (or south) side. The feature has been altered by a c. 1.00 by 1.00 m excavation of the surface on the west end. Surface remains consists of scattered ecofacts around the perimeter and surrounding area. Cultural deposits were not noted FEATURE C:Modified depression ADJACENT TERRAIN:Smoothly undulating pahoehoe with small collapses exposing low tubes. VEGETATION:' Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass FUNCTION:Ancillary habitation DIMENSIONS: CONDITION:Good INTEGRITY:Unaltered DESCRIPTION:The "depression" is actually a collapsed lava tube which has been cleared and then two piled rubble walls have been built inside. Wall (on the west) ties in with the wall of the tubejust below Feature Band then travels about 4.00 m at 340 degrees. The west side is roughly stacked four-six courses of pahoehoe slabs. It is also roughly faced. The east side is rougher and appears piled To the west of the wall, about a meter away, is another circular alignment full of broken artifacts from processing. A small roofed portion of the tube extends to the west. It goes back at least 5.00 m to 7.00 m and is also full of ecofacts. Wall B is c. 4.50 to 5.00 m north of Wall A, but still within the depression Wall B crosses the collapse from north to south (roughly) and divides the collapse into two sectiolm Feature C is on the west: Feature E is on the east. Between the two walls of Feature C is another alignment where processing has occurred. It is full of the usual ecofacts and a number of small waterwom basalts. Some facing ofwall B is found just north of this processed area. Many other separate features can also be found within this depression. FEATURE D:C-shaped wall ADJACENT TERRAIN.Pahoehoe with broken a'a just to north. VEGETATION:'Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass with addition of introduced flora near the parking lot to northwest. FUNCTION:Indeterminate/ceremonial DIMENSIONS:2.50 m (north -south) by 3.40 m (east -west) by 0.70 m CONDITION:Good INTEGRITY:Unaltered DESCRIPTION:This small C-shaped wall is constructed ofmostly a'a, although a fewpieces of ropy pahoehoe were noted The structure opens at c. 80 degrees toward Pu'u Anahu/u. Construction consists of a basalt row a's small and medium boulders stacked up to two courses high on the SW. All walls are roughly faced on the exterior. The walls are all at least two courses wide and the west (or back) wall is about 1.30 m wide. The north and south average 0.50 to 0.70 m. Feature is built on pahoehoe. Sparse waterwom stones and Cypraeidae remains were noted FEATURE E:Modified depression ADJACENT TERRAIN:Smoothly undulating paboehoe with small collapsed areas exposing low tubes. VEGETATION:' Uhaloa, sour bush, fountain grass FUNCTION:Ancillary habitation DIMENSIONS: 12.30 to by 9.00 m CONDITION:Good INTEGRITY:Unaltered 6 0 Letter 1489-061794 12 DESCRIPTION:As mentioned on the Feature C form, this is the northern portion of the depression beyond Wall B of Feature C. Modification here consists of a large cleared area on the west which appears to have been heavily used for ecofact processing. A small roughly piled or paved area is just north and another processing area is found near the lip of the depression. The thick ecofact material continues up out of the depression onto the pahoehoe above. There is also a small stacked and piled wall on the southeast side ofthe depression which may have functioned as a windbreak for individuals working in the depression. The tube appears to continue onto the north at least 15.00 m to 20.00 m. There are ecofacts present here as well. Volcanic glass, historic glass, waterwom basalts, and beach sand were noted. STATE NO.: 19653 PH U TNO.:1489-2 SITE TYPE:Complex (2+) TOPOGRAPHY:Slightly undulating pahoehoe. AD 1800 Ka'upulehu flow just to north: Kahuwai ponds to northwest. VEGETATION:Kiatve,' Uhaloa,'ilima CONDITION:Poor-good INTEGRITY:Altered PROBABLE AGE:Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION:Indeterminate DESCRIPTION: This site complex consists of an enclosure (Feature A) and one C -shape wall (Feature B). The overall site dimensions are c. 16.00 m (cast/west) by 10.00 m (north -south). FEATURE A:Enclosure ADJACENT TERRAIN:Slightly undulating pahoehoe. AD 1800 Ka'upulehu flow just to north; Kahuwai ponds to northwest. VEGETATION:Kiawe,'Uhaloa; ilims FUNCTION -Indeterminate DIMENSIONS:7.00 m (east/west) by 5.50 m (north -south) by 1.20 in CONDITION:Good RMGRPTY:Altered DESCRIPTION:This is a rectangular enclosure with sloping sides. It is constructed on pahoehoe using both stacked pahoehoe slabs (three to four rough courses,length ranging C. 0.15 in to 0.50 m) and piled pahoehoe pieces. There is currently no entrance, but an area on the southeast end may have once been open. That section may have been remodeled since there is no basal stones for a span of c. 1.00 to 1.20 m. The interior appears to be filled with rubble, but it didn't come from walls which still appear to be in good shape. Some of the interior walls are still nicely faced. Some coral and scattered ecofacts (Cypraeidae, Thaididae) were noted. Soehren (1963:28) suggests it may be a burial based on the presence of branch coral. This branch coral was not noted during this visit. FEATURE BC -shaped wall ADJACENT TERRAIN:Slightly undulating paboehoe. AD 1800 Ka'upulehu flow just to north; Kahuwai ponds to northwest. VEGETATIONAGswe,' uhaloa,' ilima FUNCTION:Indeterminate DUvIENSIONS:9.00 to (north -south) by 9.00 in (east -west) by 0.60 in CONDITION:Poor INTEGRITY:Altered DESCRIPTION:This is a very rough C-shaped wall that opens to c. 130 degrees. The north wall is in the best condition, it appears to be stacked and piled to approximately four courses high. As you move south, the wall becomes more indistinct, and about 5.00 m away, becomes more of a linear mound It swings back to the northwest and just fades out. The interior has some broken shell (Neritidse, Cypraeidae, Isognomon sp., Cellan sp.) and beach sand. This may have been another processing station as at Site 19652 • 0 Appendix 1 iarket Study of the Proposed 120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort rasion, North Kona, Hawaii T-IEL TROM R p �N�. REAL ESTATL CC]0.LIAILS I APPRAISERS Market Study of the PROPOSED 1 120 ACRE KAUPULEHU RES6RT EXPANSION North Kona, Hawaii A K 11171,..'I, ALE ATI,'A . Al IRAET >TL I'll i; i h1511PP "RLI, Ilcip CLt LI r� THEROM WIRLIALL n iINC. REAL ESTATF 1 CONSULTANT' S APPRAISERS lame, E Hdla.om. 1, Awl "I lL�,�uW L Hj,.,, n Hnar.S GuL. ,rl 1n'4 RndalyhA' Fb,., ALiI NhA Torn 11' H�,IIi,Ln Rah+mG I.hikw �, al Fl ,w, A�,, C Ru„ Lnu,rna, A LAamm Mahar%P" %%dx, ALAI D","d hid Chn.... E e, H Fem ,,K B--,, \KBITR, TIr�� \ill iTIUC .� CIARRFT -TL IrIL- PAL NMI TOAY'FI, L Ii .,. Isl rvnHnr-TSLET !1.11, a LL 'A AJ[ -, March 1, 1994 Ms. Anne Mapes Belt Collins Hawaii 680 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 200 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Dear Ms. Mapes: 0 Market Study of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Resort Expansion, North Kona, Hawaii At your request on behalf of Kaupulehu Developments, we have completed a defined -scope market study and appropriateness evaluation of the proposed 1,120 acre' expansion of the under -construction Kaupulehu Resort, a mixed-use vacation and residential project located seven miles north of Keahole Airport, between Kahuwai Bay and Mano Point, in the North Kona District of the Big Island. The envisioned subject development will contain an estimated 530 single family homes, 500 multifamily units, two championship golf courses and other amenities providing a quality lifestyle opportunity for local residents and second -home purchasers. The site offers excellent climatic traits, extensive ocean frontage, favorable view panoramas, and easy access to supporting services in the Kailua- Kona urban area. The plan provides for 50 shoreline single family housing lots (a highly desirable but exceptionally limited inventory type), numerous near -water lots, and extensive golf course frontage for most buildable parcels in the project. This expansion undertaking is viewed as a necessary contributor to the long-term vitality of the greater Kaupulehu Resort community, complementing the visitor - oriented Four Seasons complex now being built, and completing the basic master planning effort initiated in 1985 and associated with the "Kaupulehu Node" identified in the State of Hawaii Office of State Planning West Hawaii Regional Plan, and designated for urban expansion in the General Plan for Hawaii County. ' Of the total area, 65 acres are already within the Urban District and 45 „'„ ;" acres will be placed in archeological preserves. 0 Ms. Anne Mapes March 1, 1994 Page 2 1] Although the recent economic downturn has dampened activity in the West Hawaii resort market relative to the peaks achieved in the late 1980s, the prospects for the area remain highly positive. And, the expressed intention of the developer to offer lower density, lower priced single and multifamily sites in the subject project than found elsewhere in the coastal corridor should enhance product absorption levels. The purpose of our study was fundamentally four -fold: To quantify the market demand for the various use -types planned for the subject lands (residential and golf course) in both regional and statewide sectors over the coming two decades given the anticipated market expansion in West Hawaii. 2. To identify the level of existing and proposed inventory supply which would be competitive with the subject offerings during the development and sales period. To determine the appropriateness of the subject project from a market perspective in light of locational, physical and economic characteristics and alternatives. To assess the probable competitiveness of the subject lots, units and courses relative to other regional inventory and estimate the likely speed of finished product absorption. In completing this assignment, we have inspected the subject property, its environs and competitive developments; compiled historic and current market data from a variety of public and private sources; reviewed existing state and county regional plans and use guidelines; completed a media investigation of pertinent topics, and researched our extensive files regarding the study issues. The results from our investigation and analysis are described in the attached narrative report covering the study parameters, methods and consequential conclusions. Eight chapters, describing our efforts and findings in further narrative and statistical detail, complete the document. We note there are significant secondary, supporting or other additional data resulting from our investigation which were omitted from the presentation. All conclusions presented herein are subject to the standard limiting conditions, assumptions, and certifications of The Hallstrom Group, Inc., in addition to any cited in the text. All work has been completed in conformance with the Code of Professional Ethics and Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice of the Appraisal Institute and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. Perhaps the most critical assumption in our study is the basic market perspective of the subject development relative to the existing Kaupulehu Resort lands. In 1987, some 623 acres of an 11,000 acre tract were re-classified to allow resort and related uses. The upscale Four Seasons Kaupulehu complex is currently under -construction on this holding which occupies the southerly portion of the Kaupulehu makai lands. The subject acreage will become the low density residential component of the resort community, connecting the under -construction project with an existing 65 acre urban parcel presently separated from the development area. • Ms. Anne Mapes March 1, 1994 Page 3 • For the purpose of our analysis, we have viewed the subject as the reasonable expansion, or "rounding out", of the Kaupulehu Resort community, creating additional market attraction and a more diverse product base having only nominal overlap with the previously approved holdings. The Four Seasons project will offer a highly upscale, hotel -focused ambiance specifically attracting wealthy non-resident guests and unit purchasers. Residential units by the Four Seasons Hotel and along the Jack Niklaus golf course will be similar in quality and character to existing resort units near luxury hotels at Kapalua, Mauna Lani, etc. These units will be comparable in price and character to those fronting world-class golf courses at Mauna Kea, Kapalua, Waikoloa, etc., and will appeal to the same market. They will contrast with the residential units in the lower density expansion area of Kaupulehu Resort. The subject project will be substantially less intense, of moderated exclusivity, and appealing to a wider purchaser group including local resident households. Average selling prices one-third to one-half below the Four Seasons Kaupulehu range are anticipated by the developer for the expansion area inventory. In our estimates of subject inventory absorption we have given due consideration to the market and timing impacts arising from the potential contemporaneous offering of "Four Seasons" single and multifamily products. In this regard, the subject, while enjoying the benefits of being a part of a greater Kaupulehu community, is assumed to stand alone and be responsible for establishing its own market share among West Hawaii developments. In general, based on our investigation and analysis of the proposed subject project, we conclude the master plan provides for an appropriate, economic and supportable use of a vacant lava site from a market and regional planning perspective. We estimate the 530 single family lots and 500 multifamily units would achieve market absorption within 18 years of offering. The golf courses and neighborhood commercial village also in the master plan are desirable amenities for the subject homes, enhance the appeal of the greater Kaupulehu Resort and the regional visitor community, and would reach stabilized operating capacity before the build -out of the residential component. We appreciate the opportunity to be of assistance in regards to this prominent island holding. Please contact us if further detail or services are required. Respectfully submitted, THE HALLSTROM GROUP, INC. LJ71s E. Hallstrom, Jr., M1d, SR9l JEH/as • Market Study of the PROPOSED 1,120 ACRE KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION Located at Kaupulehu Makai North Kona, Hawaii Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments March 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page STUDY CONCLUSIONS 1 Overview I Study Parameters and Methodology 1 Presentation Format 3 Study Conclusions 3 The General Sector 4 The Primary Economic Sector 4 Regional Land Use Plans 5 The West Hawaii Housing Market 6 The Statewide Resort/Residential Homesite Sector 7 The Statewide Resort/Residential Condominium Market 9 The West Hawaii Golf Course Market 11 Analysis of Neighborhood Commercial Demand 12 Analysis of the Subject Site and Project 13 Subject Absorption Estimates 14 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITING CONDITIONS, AND CERTIFICATION 16 THE HAWAII REAL ESTATE MARKET 1990 TO 1993 20 Introduction 20 The End of the Boom (Late 1990 to Late 199 1) 21 The Recessionary Movement (Late 1991 to Late 1993) 22 The Potential for Recovery (Late 1993 and Beyond) 23 The Analysis Perspective 25 Table of Contents (continued) Page SUBJECT PROPERTY ENVIRONS 26 General Market Sector Overview (The West Hawaii Region) 26 Primary Market Sector Overview (West Hawaii Resorts) 29 ANALYSIS OF THE WEST HAWAII RESIDENTIAL SECTOR 33 Quantification of Market Demand 33 Identification of Competing Supply 38 Comparison of Demand/Supply Indicators 40 The Resale Market 40 THE NEIGHBOR ISLAND RESORTIRESIDENTIAL MARKET 41 Single family Homesites 41 Multifamily (Condominium) Units 44 THE WEST HAWAII GOLF COURSE SECTOR 50 Market History 50 Analysis of Statewide Play 52 Analysis of Resort and West Hawaii Golf Course Supply/Demand 54 ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL DEMAND 57 SUBJECT DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS 59 The Site 59 The Proposed Master Plan 61 • Table of Contents (continued) COMPETITIVENESS OF THE SUBJECT PROJECT The Residual Method The Market Shares Method Correlation CERTIFICATION n LJ Page 63 63 64 65 66 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaunu(eh.. Resort Bxaansion STUDY CONCLUSIONS Overview Encompassing approximately 11,000 acres on the leeward flanks of Hualalai in the central portion of the West Hawaii coastal corridor, the greater Kaupulehu holding stretches from the shoreline to above the 2,000 foot elevation level. Some 2,829 acres of the site lie makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, having more than three miles of ocean frontage, of which about 1,745 acres are now being master planned for inclusion in the Kaupulehu Resort community. The resort properties are well -located within a regional real estate market which has undergone dynamic expansion over the past 15 years, emerging as a focus of neighbor island development activity. Since 1980, millions of dollars of real property investments have been made in the Kona and Kohala districts which comprise West Hawaii, with interest traversing the entire spectrum of use types --resort, residential, commercial, industrial, recreational and open space/park. State and county agencies have devoted considerable supportive resources to the effort through production of numerous long-range land use plans during the latter half of the last decade. Although the market is currently at the nadir of a cyclic pattern, extended forecasts still predict tourism and population growth to more than double the economic base in the study area over the next 20 years. By the mid -21st century the region is anticipated to be the largest non - Oahu urban enclave in the state. The Kaupulehu Resort property enjoys excellent climatic, locational, access and developability characteristics which would complement a variety of use types. It is well -sited for serving the projected increasing demand for makai-oriented resort, residential, recreational and support uses in West Hawaii. Study Parameters and Methodology The purpose of our study is to assess the probable marketability of the envisioned subject inventory within a comprehensive regional context in Page I 0 The Halistrom Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion light of prevailing economic trends and competitive developments in the effective sectors. Our study program was essentially a three -phased investigation and analysis process. First, quantification of demand. We completed an economic overview of the study region, focusing on public and private land use plans and goals. By coupling population, tourism and business growth forecasts with historic market trends, the level of demand for further development can be estimated. On an elemental basis, there are two demographic groups which create demand in the West Hawaii real estate market, local resident and non- resident (vacationliinvestor) consumers and purchasers. The depth of each group was assessed in our analysis. Secondly, quantification of supply. We identified the existing, approved and proposed inventory in the study region and statewide which would be competitive with the subject single family lots, multifamily units, neighborhood commercial center, and golf course facilities. The qualities and planning/construction history of each project was investigated, and the probability and extent of future development appraised. There are four existing, two under -construction, and four undeveloped/approved resort communities in the West Hawaii coastal corridor which would offer the primary competitive inventory for the subject. Secondary competition would come from West Maui destination developments. Thirdly, appropriateness of the subject project. Based on the comparison of demand and supply indicators, the level of market need for the subject can be quantified. However, success of a project is not dependent upon just numerical insights; the quality of a project and its ability to service specific market niches are equally relevant. By offering low density, more moderately priced purchase opportunities, the subject will be affordable to a wider range of potential purchasers. Further, it will appeal to a segment of the local resident market which, though drawn to the near -water, amenitied benefits of a resort -type project, currently eschews higher intensity, hotel dominated destination developments. Page 2 0 • The Haflstr Groun Inc. Kauaufehu Resort Exaansion Presentation Format Study Conclusions Further, the plan provides for some 50 on or very near shoreline single family homesites, a much sought after but highly scarce commodity in major resort projects statewide. Additionally, most building sites will have extensive golf course frontage. The pertinent results of our study are presented in the following "Study Conclusions" paragraph. Supporting tabular and narrative discussion is contained in the topical sections comprising the body of the document. The main presentation opens with a brief analysis of the status of the statewide real estate market since the onset of instability and recession beginning in 1990. The market data prior to this time is dominated by an unprecedented seven -plus years of expansion in activity. Circa decade long "growth, hyper -activity, slump" cycles have been the historic standards of the Hawaii economy and must be considered in the analytical and forecasting process to avoid undue favorable or pessimistic myopia in the projection process. The discussion and analysis are intended to move from general market indicators to specific subject insights and conclusions, each step building on the foundation laid by the former. Although Kaupulehu Resort is showing far greater progress than most of the other destination communities proposed/approved during the late 1980s, we understand it will not be developed in a void of competition. In this respect, we believe our analysis and opinions to be relatively conservative as they allow for each project (including the subject) to carve out a reasonable market share from total demand. In reality, several of the West Hawaii resorts will likely be delayed, developed with far fewer units than originally intended, or prove to be nominally competitive. Any of these situations will result in lesser alternative supply and therefore increased demand for the subject inventory. Based on our investigation and analysis of the subject property, its environs, and competitive real property market sectors, we have reached the following conclusions regarding the proposed 1,120 acre Page 3 • The Hallsirom Group Inc Kauoulehu Resor[ Expansion Kaupulehu Resort expansion holding and its competitive market standing: The General Sector The subject lands are well -located in a regional market anticipated to increase in size several -fold over the coming decades as a result of tourism, economic and population expansion attracted by desirable climate, quality lifestyle, malleable land base and significant business opportunities. During the 1980s, West Hawaii was the focus of a bulk land investment, development and planning surge unprecedented in the State of Hawaii. As the regional and worldwide economies recovered from the recession of 1980-82, the Kona and Kohala districts of the Big Island, typified by vast raw lava and bunch grass holdings, truly became the "gold coast' long envisioned by public and private planners. Tens of thousands of acres were transacted at rapidly appreciating prices, the subject of master planning, entitlement and/or active development efforts between 1984 and 1991. Although founded on a quality climate and solid transportation systems (as well as a scarcity of quality lands elsewhere in the neighbor islands), the surge was primarily a coalescence of external factors, notably the explosion of Pacific tourism and the Japanese economy. Virtually every major landholding in the region was the topic of some activity across the use -type spectrum. The resort, residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial sectors all increased in size dramatically during the period, laying the groundwork for development in West Hawaii until the mid -21st century. Since the onset of global recession in late 1990, the market has slumped significantly, although recovery is anticipated to be underway by mid - decade. Few analysts anticipate the hyper -appreciation and wide- ranging opportunities associated with the "feeding frenzy" of the last decade to be repeated in West Hawaii in the short term, but the mid- to long-term prospects for the region remain fundamentally strong. The Primary Economic The 28 mile coastal corridor extending from Kailua-Kona to Kawaihae, Sector stretching from the shoreline inland to about the 3,000 foot elevation, was the crux of investor and planning attention. Prior to 1980, the area had only two hotels (housing 410 total rooms), a single destination Page 4 0 The Hallstrom GroupInc Kaupulehu Reson Esaansion resort, fewer than 5,000 residents, and minimal long-range residential expansion plans outside of the Waikoloa Village lands. By year-end 1993, six hotels with 3,122 rooms were in operation (with two under construction), six resort projects were in development or approved, the resident population had doubled, and major mixed-use communities were proposed at Keahuolu, Kealakehe, Kaloko, Kau, Puako, Kawaihae, and elsewhere. More than 30,000 resort units (hotels, condominium, and resort/residential) were proposed from the mid-1970s through 1990, of which about two-thirds have been approved. Some 25,000 residential units were proposed during the period; most of which have received approvals. More than 20 golf courses were developed or announced, and upwards of 400 acres were master planned for commercial and industrial development. Further, the escalation in the real estate market created demand vectors previously unseen on the leeward side of the Big Island. Gentlemen/equestrian estates, gated subdivisions, modern shopping centers, technology parks, and extensive golf course construction bore evidence of an evolutionary movement in the greater West Hawaii economy and resulting lifestyles; away from its agrarian past towards a tourism/service based future. Regional Land Use In response to the emerging development pressures, governmental Plans planning agencies expended considerable effort in attempting to formulate workable plans setting forth development guidelines and implementation strategies. The Office of State Planning West Hawaii Regional Plan (1989) was the definitive document, calling for the establishment of four resort destination "nodes" along the Kona/Kohala coastline (one of which was centered on Kaupulehu) containing up to 28,233 visitor -oriented units, and a series of support and general residential communities encompassing up to 15,000 housing units. The Plan affirmed the then - considered highly aggressive Hawaii County General Plan (drafted in 1986, adopted in 1989), which forecast a three -fold increase in the area's economy as a result of tourism and population growth over the ensuing two decades. The General Plan designates Kaupulehu Resort lands as an intermediate resort and urban expansion area. Page 5 The Hallstrom Gmuv Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Ezaansion Judging the lands just north of Kailua-Kona to be the central resident serving expansion area, the county completed the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan in 1989, covering 17,000 acres between the village and the airport. According to the program, by 2010 there would be a resident population of 16,800 persons, a 200 acre regional civic and commercial center, 200 acres of industrial development, 575 acres of parks and recreational facilities, and 280 acres of educational institutions in this area eight miles south of the subject. A 1991 study undertaken for the state Land Use Commission as part of a periodic District Boundary Review, cited the need for 3,658 (net) acres of additional residential development in West Hawaii by the year 2010 beyond those developed and approved at that time, up to 334 more acres for commercial uses, 239 acres of new industrial lots, and 968 acres of resort lands. This visionary stance of state and county agencies was unparalleled for the neighbor islands, matched only by the Ewa/Kapolei regional planning efforts on urbanized Oahu. Community and landowner support was strong for the most part, and investment capital flowed into West Hawaii based on the land use base being created. The West Hawaii Although the construction surge of the last decade coupled with the Housing Market recession of recent years has served to lessen the historically chronic and severe undersupply of housing units available for West Hawaii residents, mid to long-term forecasts still project the need for an exceptional number of new units to be constructed over the next two decades if the anticipated demand created by a growing local residential market is to be reasonably met. In order to achieve stability in the sector, a wide spectrum of inventory types must be made available, ranging from affordable rental units to upscale estate opportunities. This diversity is necessary for the housing base to efficiently reflect and service the evolving West Hawaii economic and population structure. Should the market fail to service one or more of the pronounced regional demand segments, the dysfunctions seen in the past will rise again; specifically a shortage of units, an erratic pricing structure, and the domination of the local housing market by non-resident purchasers. Using standard housing unit demand formulae, we have estimated West Hawaii will require an additional 25,214 to 31,231 new housing units by the year 2015 if a healthy market status is to be achieved with Page 6 The Hallstrom Grown Inc Kaupulehu D-.-- Exaansion sufficient allowances made for vacancies, aging/dilapidated units and the unavoidable incursion of non-resident purchasers into the general marketplace. These forecasts are extrapolations consistent with published state and county projections made to years 2005 and 2010. Of the demand, approximately 54 percent will fall into a bracket having a current price of less than $250,000, with the remainder being focused towards "market" priced units. At present, there are some 25,700 total units under -construction or approved in West Hawaii, with up to 3,000 others being considered in long-range plans. These units will provide a broad range model and pricing types, with a significant number oriented towards the moderate to lower end of the price spectrum. However, it is highly unlike that all of these homes will be built in a timely manner. Many of the major developments (Waikoloa Village, Puako Residential Golf Community, Parker 2020 and others), will have development time -frames which extend far beyond the projection period. Others are experiencing severe financial difficulties and the likelihood of their actualization is minimal. Further, many of the approved "residential" units are actually in resorts (notably Waikoloa Beach, Mauna Lani and Mauna Kea Beach) not significantly oriented towards local resident purchase, and the final densities achieved in most developments will undoubtedly be less than the total approved. It is our opinion that fewer than 80 percent of the total number of housing units approved for West Hawaii, or less than 21,000, have a reasonable chance of being constructed during the next 22 years. This will be insufficient, by 4,000 to more than 10,000 units to fully service the regional market needs over the study period. By offering a low -intensity, moderately priced, near shoreline, amenitied setting, we believe the subject development will prove desirable to a pronounced segment of regional households to a far greater degrees (by design and default) than other West Hawaii oceanfront communities. The Statewide The resort/residential homesite sector was among the fastest growing Resort/Residential of any use -type in Hawaii over the past decade, with inventory Homesite Sector expanding nearly three -fold since the mid-1980s. A variety of factors, notably the 1986 Income Tax Reform Act, contributed to the golf course subdivision movement which soon became a focal point of destination community construction throughout the state. Page 7 • The Hallstrom Grouo Inc. Kaumtlehu Resort Expansion At present there are some 1,859 subdivided lots in the eight existing major neighbor island resort projects and golf course developments, of which more than 95 percent have been successfully marketed. Current prices range from a low of $120,000 for an interior lot at Princeville to a maximum of $4 million -plus along the shoreline at Mauna Lani. Most parcels are priced from $275,000 to $500,000. At the peak of the market in 1988-90, sales activity among all the properties totaled circa 400 original and resale transactions annually; however, over the past 15 recessionary months sales have slumped by more than 70 percent. With the exception of selected lots being discounted for sale by owners under duress, prices have not shown significant abatement from the strong years, although selling prices as a ratio of list price have dropped nominally, and some programs offering lots for original sale are readily discounting prices by three to five percent. We anticipate it will take several more years (or until mid -decade) for this market segment to begin notable recovery, increasing strongly thereafter until stabilization of demand is reached shortly after the turn of the century. Our projections call for cumulative demand for 6,700 additional new resort/residential lots throughout the outer islands by the year 2015. Of this demand, we forecast some 55 percent, or circa 3,700 lots, would be oriented towards West Hawaii. Currently, there are some 10,073 total new competitive lots being proposed at neighbor island locales, or more than double the number needed to satisfy demand levels. But, many of these are in unproven locations (Molokai and Lanai), are in projects currently experiencing severe financial difficulties or not yet under -construction (Kohanaiki, Kukio Beach, and others), or within developments anticipated to extend well beyond the projection time frame (Mauna Lani, Mauna Kea Beach, Princeville). About 46 percent of the proposed inventory, or 4,617 homesites, is planned for leeward Hawaii at the present time. However, we believe it is highly unlikely that more than 50 percent (or about 2,700 units) will be manifest during the study time frame. Mauna Kea Beach is notably conservative in its development speed, and along with Mauna Lani has consistently sought much lower densities than permitted. Further, several of the projects will lack oceanfront, amenities and comprehensive support services, decreasing their competitive appeal. Page 8 • • The Hallstwm Group Inc K .....IehG Resort Expansion Many developments are additionally having difficulty "breaking ground" and moving towards inventory offering. We therefore conclude, that despite the recent downturn in the sector, the mid- to long-term prospects for the subject property under its proposed development plan remain favorable, as the actual competitive inventory likely to be built in the highly desirable West Hawaii vacation area over the next two decades will be limited despite the gross level of regional inventory proposed, and it is unlikely sufficient lots will be developed to service all demand sectors, particularly for moderately priced lots (with current average non -oceanfront prices of circa $325,000). The subject lots will allow the expanded Kaupulehu Resort Community to offer a comprehensive diversity of single family residential product. The Statewide Following meteoric growth in the mid- to late -1970s, the resort Resort/Residential condominium sector underwent fundamental change during the past Condominium Market decade, with major evolutions in design and marketing thrust. Yet, with the exception of a brief high activity period at the peak of the recent boom market, development interest, construction levels and price appreciation (although strong) never sufficiently recovered to move this sector back into the dominating position it once held in the industry; a status lost to the resort homesite sector. The evolution in condominium design was predicated by a scarcity of quality beachfront sites (which historically were the most favored locations), major changes in the tax code, the focusing of investor/speculator capital into other resort products, and the stabilization of the condominium versus hotel transient rental populations. Today's Hawaii resort condominium is typically on the interior of the destination community, fronting a golf course, in low-rise, low density buildings, with larger units and a distinct "residential feel". The more spacious, better appointed, higher amenitied townhomes, generally came with prices previously reserved for on -water projects. At present there are some 6,387 finished condominium units in the eight major neighbor island resorts, of which 93 percent have been absorbed to date. Only about 65 percent of those developed over the last five years have been successfully closed (Waikoloa Beach having the largest segment of unsold inventory). Page 9 • El The Hallsimm Group, Inc Kaunulehu Resort Expansion 4 Over the last four years, prices for units ranged from a low of $120,000 for an older, studio unit at Keauhou to $2,000,000 -plus for a circa 3,000 square foot residence at Mauna Kea or Wailea. Most newer units range in size from 1,300 to 2,000 square feet and achieve prices from $275,000 to $600,000. In the late 1970s, sales of resort multifamily units (original and resales) averaged more than 1,400 units per year. During the early to mid - 1980's transactions declined by about 80 percent, until regaining momentum by late decade to reach an average of some 506 unit sales annually since 1987. Over the past 15 months, activity has once again slowed, and sales have occurred at the cumulative rate of circa 125 units per year. The number of units being sold on a duress basis appears to be greater than in the homesite sector, and commensurately there have been greater price fluctuations for resales, and asking prices for original (new) units have softened considerably during the last 30 months. We forecast the total demand for resort condominium units will reach 8,900 units over the next 22 years, the vast majority (74 percent) occurring after the tum of the century. While this demand figure is higher on a gross basis than the forecast demand for homesites, the condominium demand figure represents just more than a doubling of the existing inventory, while the lot demand projections is more than a tripling of the in-place inventory. Of the total condominium unit demand to 2015, we project about 4,500 units worth will be directed towards West Hawaii; or some 50 percent of the total. There are up to 15,647 total additional competitive neighbor island resort units proposed/approved, of which upwards of 8,000 to 10,000 are envisioned for construction during the period 1994 to 2010. As with resort homesites, it would appear the gross level of supply will outpace demand quotients. Again, however, it is doubtful if all of the projects will be built or built to approved density limits, or be competitive in the market. We conclude, if actualized as low density units, the subject inventory will prove successful in the regional market, particularly as the amount of alternative supply in the area which will actually Page 10 • • The Hallstwm Group Inc Kaumdehu Resort Expansion be available to meet this price -sensitive demand is questionable at this time. The West Hawaii Golf Golf course facilities are considered a vital amenity for destination Course Market resort and master -planned community development, offering recreational opportunities and desirable frontage attributes. Historically, courses were considered as a necessary "loss leader", a concept which changed with the meteoric rise in market demand during the later years of the 1980s. With the economic downturn, the market has essentially reverted to original form. At present there are 1I operating golf courses in West Hawaii, or a slight to moderate oversupply relative to quantified demand levels which place current market requirements at about 9.5 courses. This conclusion is supported by the operational experience of the existing facilities. An additional 23 courses are proposed and have some level of approval, most as part of destination resort or master -planned developments. We anticipate the oversupply condition will continue in the short to mid-term, until the visitor market recovers and resort and residential unit construction resumes a more vibrant pace. As the region becomes a more "modem" community, with expanding retiree and white-collar sectors, demand by residents will increase substantially, and the need for additional courses will be created. From a tourism perspective, more courses mean an enhanced standing in the marketplace, particularly among Japanese/Asian visitors who seek a disproportionately high number of golfing opportunities, and course experiences. Given the vast expanses of raw land, scarcity of quality sandy beaches, and minimalist support communities, golf will be a vital contributor to the visitor plant amenity base. Our analysis indicates that a total of 37 courses will be required by the year 2015, or three more than the current level of existing, under -construction and proposed/approved supply. As with the residential projects, it is highly unlikely all of these courses will be built as planned in the foreseeable future, particularly the seven proposed Nansay courses, which represent 30 percent of the total number proposed, and the Queen's Resort course which has recently undergone ownership change and is indefinitely on hold. Page ! 1 • • The Hallstrom Gmun Inc Kaunulehu Resort 8soansron Analysis of The subject master plan contains approximately 11 acres (gross) of Neighborhood commercial lands well located at the central hub of the community Commercial Demand along the neighborhood's major entryway. The site could support upwards of 120,000 square feet of finished floor space based, if developed at typical construction standards, using conservative Floor Area Ratios. However, in keeping with the low-density nature of the Kaupulehu Expansion area master plan, the developer proposes a significantly smaller center having some 45,000 square feet of floor space within a high amenitied, easily accessed shopping village. The designated commercial parcel, which enjoys favorable access and exposure characteristics would be used for development of a neighborhood retail/service center meeting the daily household shopping needs of all Kaupulehu Resort residents (primary and second - home owners), and guests, and tourists visiting the Four Seasons complex. Being oriented towards both resident and visitors, the center would include retail outlets (grocery store, drug store, gas station, sundry shops), assorted services (realty, travel agent, financial), and a selection of fast food and higher quality dining facilities. Additional consumer demand at the subject shopping village would be provided by golfers at Kaupulehu courses and guests/users/residents of the other regional resort developments and future expansions of the greater coastal corridor community. Tertiary demand groups would include Queen Kaahumanu Highway passersby and workers or others employed at or using Kaupulehu community facilities. As the main shopping area in the entire Kaupulehu master plan, it is critical to the overall project, and would serve as a focal point for subject activity and provide an excellent entry ("street appeal") aspect to the project. The Princeville Shopping Center and Keauhou Shopping Center are examples of the mixed resort and residential uses envisioned by the developers. Demand for this subject component can best be quantified as a function of per capita spatial levels associated with the resident population of the effective neighborhood being serviced (Kaupulehu Resort) and for secondary center patrons. Based on this method, which provides for resident shopping/service needs outside of neighborhood businesses and the capture of only a Page 12 0 The Hallstrom Group. Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion portion of on-site visitor expenditures, we estimate use by the greater Kaupulehu populace, community workers/visitors, by-pass travelers and regional residents would create demand for 45,000 -plus square feet over the coming two decades. This is more than adequate to fill the effective gross leaseable center space proposed. A two -phased center development plan would appear most reasonable, with an initial increment of 25,000 square feet by the fifth or sixth year of subject inventory sale, which is a balance between the desire to have the amenity immediately available for servicing the first residential offerings and the need to have an established nucleus of consumers in order to support tenants. The second phase of 20,000 -plus square feet (in accordance with community needs) would follow about eight years later. Analysis of the Subject The Kaupulehu Resort expansion lands are well -located in the central Site and Project portion of the Kailua-Kona to Kawaihae coastal corridor, the focal point of West Hawaii development and investment activity, and in a solid position to capitalize on both resort and residential demand segments. The holding enjoys an extensive ocean frontage, excellent access to the region's main arterial, favorable view panoramas, and is relatively close to the Keahole Airport, Kawaihae Harbor and urban Kailua-Kona. Its climate is highly desirable for resort and low -intensity residential -type uses, being warm, arid, and generally protected from the strong winds which plague holdings further north along the coast. The ocean frontage is varied and contains both rock and sandy stretches, and the resort encompasses Kahuwai Bay, one of Kona's finer beach strands. The holding is within the designated Kaupulehu Resort Node (West Hawaii Regional Plan) and Urban Expansion area (Hawaii County General Plan) and is adjacent to a long-established destination use (Kona Village Resort). With the ongoing construction of the 250 -unit Four Seasons Kaupulehu Hotel and associated amenities, the subject is within a vital, developing destination area which will enhance its competitive qualities relative to other "new" projects along the coastline. The commitment of the Kaupulehu development team to complete significant golf course construction adjacent to the subject lands will provide a meaningful amenity foundation for the expansion area. Page 13 0 0 The Hallsimm Grouo Inc. Kauoulelm Resort Expansim, Importantly, the subject lands will provide many oceanfront and near - shoreline single family housing opportunities, a market segment which is both in exceptionally high demand and quite scarce; particularly in West Hawaii. We anticipate these premier homesites would be very well received and serve as a focal point for the marketing of the community. The ability and willingness of the developer to undertake subject subdivision in the near- to mid-term and offer single and multifamily product at prices below that of competitive inventory in the region will also contribute to the success of the proposed expansion plan. Our analysis indicates, from a market perspective, that the incorporation of the subject lands into the greater Kaupulehu Resort master plan is a supportable and efficient concept which will both enhance and benefit from the existing approved resort development effort. The subject adds needed diversity, supporting retail opportunities and a more comprehensive recreational environment to the Kaupulehu community, without being directly competitive with the exclusive and resort -oriented units in the Four Seasons phase. Despite the apparent gross quantity of inventory proposed in West Hawaii, the actual level of competitive development likely to be constructed is much more limited. And, with the subject pursuing lower intensities and a moderated pricing structure, it will appeal to a much broader demographic market. Subject Absorption We conclude the subject will be able to obtain a reasonable, Estimates though minor, market share from both the statewide resort/residential and regional residential sectors, which will enable it to achieve full absorption within 18 years of offering. The project will need to receive only 15 percent of the regional resort/residential unit demand total, or less than four percent of the local residential demand quotient to reach these goals; levels which we consider both conservative and readily reachable. Page 14 The Hallsimm Group, Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion The subject golf courses would be anticipated to reach full playing capacity within five to eight years of completion. The neighborhood commercial village (likely built in two phases) would also reach stabilized capacity by the time the residential component is fully absorbed. Table 1 summarizes our absorption (or demand) conclusions for the various subject master plan components. Page 15 0 0 TABLE 1 CONCLUDED ESTIMATED SUBJECT UNIT ABSORPTION Market Sally of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expaosum Kaupulehu, North Kom, Hawaii Sales Number of Multifamily Units Sold (1) Year Resident Room Total 1 6 9 15 2 7 12 19 3 7 15 22 4 7 20 27 5 7 23 30 6 7 23 30 7 7 23 30 8 7 23 30 9 7 23 30 10 7 23 30 11 7 23 30 12 7 23 30 13 7 23 30 14 7 23 30 IS 7 23 30 16 7 23 30 17 7 23 30 18 7 20 27 Totals 125 375 500 Number of Single Family Lots Sold (1) Resident Resort Oceanfront TOW 5 5 6 16 7 8 8 23 7 15 10 32 7 20 10 37 7 22 10 39 7 22 6 35 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 7 22 29 124 356 50 530 (1) purchasers arc shown divided between "resident", or buyers from the West Hawaii area and elsewhere on the island who would consider the unit their full-time or primary family home; and 'resort', or buyers/investors who select the subject from among statewide resort/residential alternatives and who would consider their unit as a second/vacation home, renal unit or long-term investment. (2) First golf course and clubhouse open. (3) Second course opens. (4) Initial phase of shopping village opens. (5) Final phase of shopping village opens Source: The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Othm Components (2) (3) (4) (5) 0 • The Hallstrom GroupInc Kauoulehu Resort Expansion ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITING CONDITIONS, AND CERTIFICATION The research, analysis, and conclusions for valuation or market studies, performed by The Hallstrom Group, Inc., are subject to and influenced by the following: • The report expresses the opinion of the signers as of the date stated in the letter of transmittal, and in no way has been contingent upon the reporting of specified values or findings. It is based upon the then present condition of the national and local economy and the then purchasing power of the dollar. • Legal descriptions used within the report are taken from official documents recorded with the State of Hawaii, Bureau of Conveyances, or have been furnished by the client, and are assumed to be correct. No survey is made for purposes of the report. • Any sketches, maps, plot plans, and photographs included in the report are intended only to show spatial relationships and/or assist the reader in visualizing the property. They are not measured surveys or maps and we are not responsible for their accuracy or interpretive quality. • It is assumed that the subject property is free and clear of any and all encumbrances other than those referred to herein, and no responsibility is assumed for matters of a legal nature. The report is not to be construed as rendering any opinion of title, which is assumed to be good and marketable. No title information or data regarding easements which might adversely affect the use, access, or development of the property, other than that referenced in the report, was found or provided. The property is analyzed as though under responsible ownership and competent management. • Any architectural plans and/or specifications examined assume completion of the improvements in general conformance with those documents in a timely and workmanlike manner. • Preparation for, attendance, or testimony at any court or administrative hearing in connection with this report shall not be required unless prior arrangements have been made therefor. Page 16 The Hallstwnt Gmun Inc Kaunulehu Reson Expansion If the report contains an allocation of value between land and improvements, such allocation applies only under the existing program of utilization. The separate valuations for land and building must not be used in conjunction with any other purpose and are invalid if so used. • If the report contains a valuation relating to a geographical portion or tract of real estate, the value reported for such geographical portion relates to such portion only and should not be construed as applying with equal validity to other portions of the larger parcel or tract; and the value reported for such geographical portion plus the value of all other geographical portions may or may not equal the value of the entire parcel or tract considered as an entity. • If the report contains a valuation relating to an estate in land that is less than the whole fee simple estate, the value reported for such estate relates to a fractional interest only in the real estate involved, and the value of this fractional interest plus the value of all other fractional interest may or may not equal to the value of the entire fee simple estate considered as a whole. • It is assumed that there are no hidden or inapparent conditions of the property, subsoil, or structures which would render it more or less valuable; we assume no responsibility for such conditions or for engineering which might be required to discover such factors. • Nothing in the report should be deemed a certification or guaranty as to the structural and/or mechanical (electrical, heating, air-conditioning, and plumbing) soundness of the building(s) and associated mechanical systems, unless otherwise noted. • Information, estimates, and opinions provided by third parties and contained in this report were obtained from sources considered reliable and believed to be true and correct. However, no responsibility is assumed for possible misinformation. • Possession of the report, or a copy thereof, does not carry with it the right of publication, and the report may not be used by Page 17 The Hallstrom Gmup, Inc. Kau utehu Resort Expansim any person or organization except the client without the previous written consent of the appraiser, and then only in its entirety. If the client releases or disseminates the reports to others without the consent of the appraiser, the client hereby agrees to hold the appraiser harmless, and to indemnify the analysts from any liability, damages, or losses which the analysts might suffer, for any reason whatsoever, by reason of dissemination of the report by the client. Further, if legal action is brought against the analyst by a party other than the client concerning the report or the opinions stated therein, the client agrees, in addition to indemnifying the analysts for any damages or losses, to defend said analysts in said action at client's expense. However, nothing herein shall prohibit the client or analysts from disclosing said report or opinions contained therein as may be required by applicable law. Disclosure of the contents of this report is governed by the By - Laws and Regulations of the Appraisal Institute. Neither all nor any part of the contents of this report (especially any conclusions as to value, the identity of the appraisers or the firm which they are connected, or any reference to the Appraisal Institute or to the MAI designation) shall be disseminated to the public through advertising media, public relations media, news media, sales media, or any public means of communication without the prior consent and approval of the appraisers. • Unless otherwise stated in this report, the existence of hazardous material, which may or may not be present on the property, was not observed by the appraiser. The appraiser has no knowledge of the existence of such materials on or in the property. The appraiser, however, is not qualified to detect such substances. The presence of substances such as asbestos, urea -formaldehyde foam insulation, or other potentially hazardous materials may affect the value of the property. The value estimate is predicated on the assumption that there is no such material on or in the property that would cause a loss in value. No responsibility is assumed for any such conditions, or for any expertise or engineering knowledge required to discover them. The client is urged to retain an expert in this field, if desired. • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) became effective January 26, 1992. We have not made a specific compliance Page 18 • 0 The Hallsimm Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion survey and analysis of this property to determine whether or not it is in conformity with the various detailed requirements of the ADA. It is possible that a compliance survey of the property together with a detailed analysis of the requirements of the ADA could reveal that the property is not in compliance with one or more of the requirements of the act. If so, this fact could have a negative effect upon the value of the property. Since we have no direct evidence relating to this issue, we did not consider possible noncompliance with the requirements of ADA in estimating the value of the property. Page 19 The Hallstrom Group. Inc Kaup.ulehu Resort Ezp.ansion THE HAWAII REAL ESTATE MARKET 1990 TO 1993 Introduction By late 1990, the Hawaii real estate market was beginning to show the first slowing movements following some seven consecutive years of robust growth. Through the first two quarters of 1990, the market continued to gain ground, with high activity levels and appreciating prices; however, by late summer ripples appeared in the economy which initiated a moderating trend. By early 1991, a variety of negative political, market and financial issues began cascading through the worldwide economic structure. While the massive capital infusion of the late decade buoyed Hawaii businesses for most of the year, the islands' economy was clearly in recession by 1992. Demand fell marginally to dramatically in all real property sectors statewide. Prices soon stabilized in the key residential and industrial base markets, but displayed volatility in the highly charged resort and speculative commercial investment sectors. Just as the onset of Hawaii's recession matched historic cycles in following the mainland downturn by 12 to 18 months, it is anticipated it will return to a growth trend within two years of general U.S. recovery. The 1993 economic figures and corporate operating announcements point to such rebound beginning during 1994. Gross State Product (GSP) figures support this insight. Hawaii was one of only two states to show expansion in 1991 as the depth of the mainland recession was experienced. In 1992, as other areas began recovery, Hawaii was the only state to show a declining GSP. 1994 forecasts call for economic growth of two to five percent statewide for the year increasing in strength thereafter. However, the vitality of local real estate is dependent upon more than just a healthy general economy, with many contributing variables which must be considered in developing an appropriate market perspective. Availability of investment capital, demand for finished product, consumer and tourist spending, and levels of governmental support all are critical in assessing the future paths probable for Hawaii real estate. Page 20 • • The Hallstrom Group. Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion In the following paragraphs, the factors contributing to the recent downturn in the statewide market are briefly identified, selected data illustrating the cycle are presented, recovery levels are projected, and implications these movements may have on our assignment are addressed. The End of the Boom The negative impacts from the Persian Gulf Crisis, the collapsing of the (Late 1990 to Late Japanese economy, indications of unexpectedly high East European 1991) reconstruction costs, and an apathetic domestic business agenda converged in Summer 1990. The world economy, overheated from eight years of exceptional growth, slipped quickly into a recessionary cycle. Declining consumer and real estate demand, tightening of credit, instability in financial markets, increasing business insolvencies and unemployment levels typified most regions. According to virtually all indicators, the mainland U.S. economy contracted in 1991, significantly affecting real estate sales activity, pricing, construction and investment/development interest in most locales. While the decline in Japanese tourists (due to the Gulf War and sudden drop in new investment capital sources) provided glimpses into potential near-term difficulties for the Hawaii economy, the state showed strong growth well into 1991, with the GSP up 6.2 percent from the previous year. In-place capital commitments for the construction and opening of more than a dozen major office, hotel, residential and commercial projects throughout the islands continued the "boom" as other areas slowed. The unemployment rate in Hawaii had fallen to 2.8 percent by mid- 1991, the lowest in the nation, and concern was expressed over having the necessary persons to staff the thousands of new resort positions being created. In 1991, a record $4.305 billion in construction was "put in place" statewide, up nearly five percent from the previous year and more than triple the annual levels from early in the 1980s. Some 33,500 contract construction jobs were filled, up for the seventh consecutive year, and the median home price on Oahu reached $342,000, the highest for any county in America and showing appreciation of 15 percent compounded annually over the prior five years. Page 21 • • The Hallstre Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort 8stwnsion However, as these projects were completed and further developments delayed or abandoned, employment fell in many construction and professional sectors, and as the credit crunch of the mainland reached the islands, business expansion and consumer confidence dropped. The first real estate sectors affected by the emerging downturn were the investor -oriented bulk land, resort, golf course and commercial markets being (for the most part) dependent upon access to off -island capital sources. Sales activity, which had been meteoric through the first three quarters of 1990, staggered by 1991. The value of vacant land transactions statewide, which had increased five -fold from mid -decade, fell from the 1990 record of $15.48 billion to $8.3 billion in 1991. Demand for hotels, which averaged more than a dozen transactions annually over the previous six years, ceased, with only three major properties selling during 1991. In retrospect, by the fourth quarter of 1990, the Hawaii economy was clearly into a slowing process, although its ultimate impact was unforeseen at the time. The lifeblood revenues flowing from the previously expanding visitor industry and foreign investor sources were rapidly shrinking, and the inflated real estate and business sectors becoming sluggish and less stable. The Recessionary The first significant indicator that Hawaii was entering a severe Movement (Late 1991 recessionary period was the meager level of visitor arrivals and to Late 1993) expenditures during Winter 1991-92, typically the high season of Hawaii tourism. While a similar slow -down the previous year could be blamed on the Gulf War, no such excuse was now available. Industry levels were off six to 15 percent from late decade figures, and only a short-lived, relatively strong return of high -spending Japanese travelers salvaged the market in the face of a drastic slump in westbound visitors. Employment expansion virtually ceased apart from the inopportune opening of several major neighbor island hotels. However, these gains in modest paying jobs were more than offset by the loss of high wage construction positions, with no new projects for workers following completion of the facilities. By mid -year 1992, the unemployment level in the state had reached 3.6 percent; while still lowest nationally, it was the highest rate in Hawaii since 1987. Page 22 The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Numerous major construction projects were abandoned or delayed, notably several proposed mixed-use developments in Honolulu (Kakaako) and in West Hawaii (Kohanaiki, Kaloko and elsewhere). Construction spending began falling rapidly, and was off an estimated 22 percent for 1992 and an additional 20 percent in 1993. Apart from resident housing units and well -located industrial inventory, real estate demand all but ceased. Prices in the bulk acreage and upper - end residential market softened dramatically. Several major hotels fell into "foreclosure" action, including the Westin Maui, Kaanapali Embassy Suites and Waikiki Beachcomber; the first two being taken back by lenders at circa 60 percent of the prices paid for the properties during the previous two years. Many others, particularly some of the newer ultra -luxury facilities, struggled desperately to maintain financial integrity in the face of falling demand. Heavy room rate discounting programs only served to exacerbate the difficulties, and with few exceptions (specifically the Outrigger Hotels Hawaii system), hotels failed to achieve even their moderated operating projections. In 1992-93, Japanese investment in island real estate dropped to the lowest level in eight years, totaling less than $400 million, with most of this being poured into under -construction projects. By the end of 1993 even this flow of capital was reduced as Japanese lenders sought to stem the losses being experienced worldwide by slowing development funding. Lastly, the sugar industry, the historic foundation of the Hawaii economy continued its decline, with the closing of Hamakua Sugar at year-end 1993, an operation considered the most modern in the world. Ironically, one of the first major positive occurrences in the Hawaii economy following a year of bad news, was the result of a natural disaster. When hurricane Iniki devastated Kauai in September 1992, it brought massive amounts of federal and insurance dollars to the islands, creating construction jobs, and increasing visitor arrivals elsewhere in the state as tourists traveled instead to Maui and the Big Island. The Potential for Owing to a resurgent mainland economy, bookings to Hawaii have Recovery (Late 1993 begun to restabilize, the first step towards near-term recovery in the and Beyond) state. Through the first quarter of 1994, a stiffening of air fares and diminishing numbers of scheduled "seats" limited any immediate Page 23 The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaun W .. Resort Expansion recovery. However, the continued decline of interest rates began to spur resident and small business-related real estate activity. By late spring, fares started falling, airlines added dozens of new flights weekly, and the strongest summer bookings in years were being recorded. Yet, with this apparent upsurge, interest rates also moved upwards. While the Japanese market continues to be soft, relative to the late 1980s, its recovery has been pronounced in the first quarter of this year. Further, the depth of its integration within island real estate is so great, it is inevitable that as its national economy resumes growth, interest in Hawaii properties will resume. Local corporations are displaying confidence once again in the economic future of the state, undertaking master planning for vast land holdings which will generate jobs over coming decades. Amfac/JMB's Puukolii Village (Maui), C. Brewer's Puueo Makai (Big Island), and The Campbell Estate's Kapolei Regional Plan (Oahu) are examples of this trend. Retail sales levels at the five major Oahu shopping centers, which began to show recovery by late 1992, are projected by management to grow by five to ten percent during 1994; and, several recently opened shopping centers in Central and Ewa Oahu, and in South Maui have achieved full absorption. Leading state bank economists project economic growth of three to six percent in 1994, with recovery strengthening by mid -decade as the Japanese markets regroup. In recent months, for the first time since 1990, new construction capital commitments have been made in the islands, a leading indicator of a rebounding real estate market. Despite the near-term, undeniably deep recession which has gripped the islands over the past 20 -plus months, every indication is that a return to vitality is probable during the coming two years. Inherently, real estate is a trailing factor, particularly given the bloated pricing and inventory status in many sectors created by the hyper- activity of 1985-90 with West Hawaii providing a prime example. As occurred following the recession of 1980-82, it will likely require two to five years for the various market components to notably recover. Page 24 The Hallstrom Group Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion - With more than 5,000 visitor units added to the statewide inventory over the past four years, tens of thousands more approved, and some 800,000 square feet added to the Honolulu office sector, there is significant product which must be absorbed throughout the islands before additional inventory is required. However, even with this oversupply, the hotel occupancy rate in Waikiki remains one of the highest in the nation and the Honolulu office vacancy rate near the national average. The Analysis Historically, the Hawaii real estate market has been highly cyclical, with Perspective periods of stagnation followed by growth and finally hyper -activity. These trends have been strongly evidenced over the past two -plus decades. Analysis indicates we have passed the nadir of this cycle and moving towards a growth period once again. During slumps in the market it is typical for sales activity to cease, owners electing to hold onto properties awaiting the inevitable return to appreciation and demand levels seen in the past. This creates analytical difficulties as there is a lack of timely evidence to support market movements. Our experience indicates the most appropriate perspective to adopt is to place greatest weight on data taken from the latter end of the "growth" stage before the "hyper -appreciation" stage comes into full bloom. Or, conversely, to adjust the recent data in accordance with the level of speculation and aggressiveness which has been sapped from the market. Most importantly though, is resisting myopia in building a foundation for study, not allowing either the depth or height of the short-term market to overwhelm the long-term outlook and its associated implications. Page 25 The Hallstwm Gmun Inc Kauovlehu Resort Fxoansion SUBJECT PROPERTY ENVIRONS General Market Sector Overview (The West Hawaii Region) Covering some 1,000 square miles of the Big Island's leeward and northerly sides, West Hawaii stretches 100 miles across the districts of South and North Kona and South and North Kohala. The region ranges in elevation from the shoreline to 13,000 feet, and includes vast rain forests, ranch lands, and lava deserts. Protected from the easterly storms by the central mountain range which forms the island, West Hawaii provides highly desirable mid -elevation agricultural and housing opportunities, and an excellent and resort -type climate along the waterfront. The North Kona and South Kohala Districts, at the center of West Hawaii, have been the particular focus of a significant real estate, economic, and population expansion cycle that has quickly transforming the previously desolate lava fields and mauka farmlands into urban communities fueled by tourism dollars and resident income growth. Beginning slowly in the 1960s and 70s, as the visitor industry focused on Waikiki and West Maui, interest in West Hawaii bloomed as the economy recovered from the 1980-82 recession. Virtually every aspect of the regional real estate market had begun to strengthen by the mid-1980s, a movement which irrevocably altered the land use and economic bases of the area by 1990. Especially vibrant activity became increasingly evident in the residential, resort and bulk acreage sectors, with the demand for supporting industrial and commercial uses also reaching record levels during the expansion cycle. Table 2 displays a summary of historic population and economic data in the study region from 1960 through 1990. Despite the momentary downturn which rocked nearly every sector since 1991, the combination of intensive investor interest and governmental policies promoting reasonable growth in West Hawaii has laid a significant foundation for continued economic upward movement in coming decades. Page 16 TABLE 2 0 • SUMMARY OF HISTORIC POPULATION AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR THE WEST HAWAII REGION 1960 TO 1990 (1) Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Knupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii 2. lob Couto Hawaii Comity lob Couto 1960 1970 1980 1990 Resident Population 3.01% 4.12% West Hawaii Region (est.) 3,300 8,600 Hawaii County 61,332 63,468 92,053 120,317 % Annual Compounded Change % of County Total 0.34% 3.79% 2.71% West Hawaii Region 14,167 14,472 27,518 43,373 % Annual Compounded Change 0.21% 6.64% 4.66% % of County Total 23.10% 22.80% 29.89% 36.05% Economic Indicators 1. Tourism Hawaii County Room Couto 581 3.166 5,889 8,952 % Annual Compounded Change 18.48% 6.40% 4.28% Went Hawaii Region 152 1,584 3,844 6,825 % Annual Compounded Change 26.41% 9.27% 5.91% % of County Total 26.16% 50.03% 65.27% 76.24% Hawaii County Visitor Arrivals 119,000 477,720 761,103 1,170,830 % Annual Compounded Change 14.91% 4.77% 4.40% West Hawaii Region (2) 27,000 254,720 442,483 779,360 % Annual Compounded Change 25.16% 5.68% 5.82% % of County Total 22.69% 53.32% 58.14% 66.56% 2. lob Couto Hawaii Comity lob Couto 22,293 28,410 38,200 57,200 % Annual Compounded Change 2.45% 3.01% 4.12% West Hawaii Region (est.) 3,300 8,600 17,300 34,200 % Amual Compounded Change 10.05% 7.24% 7.05% % of County Total 14.80% 30.27% 45.29% 59.79% (1) Includes the districts of North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kom and South Kona. (2) Estimated according to port of entry. The actual percentage of visitors days staying to West Hawaii represents tiro 85 percent of the islandwide total. Sources: US Census (population figures), Hawaii Visitors Bureau (tourism) County of Hawaii and State DEED (employment), and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. The Hallstronr Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Regional master plans prepared by state and county agencies, calling for extensive pods of urban development, have been approved, and large holdings have been reclassified to permit numerous projects of all use types. The substantial, ongoing capital expenditures by developers of approved planned communities insures a vigorous market into the foreseeable future. Studies by state and county agencies, other professional analysts, and ourselves, estimate that upwards of 30,000 new jobs could be created in West Hawaii as a result of regional business growth over the next two decades, if the movement into a renewed economic growth cycle is underway by 1994-95. The employment opportunities will be somewhat evenly distributed between tourism -related services, and generaUsupporting businesses. As shown on Table 3, the population of the Kona and Kohala Districts is expected to double by the year 2010, approaching 100,000 full-time residents. This expansion will be fueled by natural family growth, in - migration pursuing favorable lifestyle and job environments, and transfer associated with statewide and international concerns seeking a foothold in the expanding market. These individuals, coupled with upward moving resident incomes, will create the need (in conjunction with non-resident purchasers) for more than 20,000 additional housing units in a market which is at present underserviced by upwards of several hundred homes. Demands for commercial and industrial uses will top six million square feet of finished space during the next two decades, and large amounts of land will be required for civic, recreational, and open -space uses. The table provides a tabular summary of pertinent West Hawaii indicators which depict the large-scale growth anticipated for the region over the next 17 years until 2010. These estimates are in line with state and county forecasts over the same time frame. Our specific residential demand projections run to 2015 in order to depict the entire absorption period of the subject inventory. They are conservative extrapolations of the 2010 forecasts. Apart from a substantial and prolonged economic downturn, we believe the lifestyle, employment and investment opportunities are in place to fuel the ongoing transition of West Hawaii from an agrarian -based economy into a modem service -based community. Page 27 TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF PROJECTED POPULATION AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR THE WEST HAWAII REGION 1995 TO 2010 (t) Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulchu Resort Expaosan Kaupulelm, North Kona, Hawaii (1) Includes the districts of North Kohaia, South Kohda, North Kona and South Kona. Source: The Hallstrom Group, Inc. 1995 2000 2005 2010 Resident Pooulatico Hawaii County State DEED Series M -K 142,500 160,400 180,800 206,100 % Annual Compounded Change 1.19% 1.20% 1.32% County General Plan Series A 138,000 155,000 173,000 192,415 % Annual Compounded Change - 2.35% 2.22% 2.15% County General Plan Series B 148,000 180,000 217,000 237,830 % Annual Compounded Change 1.98% 1.89% 1.85% West Hawaii Regan County General Phan Series A 52,000 65,837 78,715 92,365 % Annual Compounded Change 4.83% 3.64% 3.25% % of County Total 37.68% 42.48% 45.50% 48.00% County General Plan Series B 58,000 77,250 98,729 120,119 % Annual Compounded Change 5.90% 5.03% 4.50% % of County Total 39.19% 42.92% 45.50% 50.51% Economic Indicate= 1. Tourism West Hawaii Regan Room Count 7,400 9,500 12,000 15,000 % Annual Compounded Change 5.12% 4.78% 4.56% West Hawaii Region Visitor Arrivals 850,000 1,150,000 11500,000 1,900,000 % Annual Compounded Change 6.23% 5.46% 4.84% 2. Job Count West Hawaii Region 36,500 43,000 50,500 60,000 % Annual Compounded Change 3.33% 3.27% 3.51% (1) Includes the districts of North Kohaia, South Kohda, North Kona and South Kona. Source: The Hallstrom Group, Inc. The Hallstrom Group. Inc. Kaayulehu Resort Expansion As noted throughout our presentation, the subject lands enjoy view, climatic, locational, and access characteristics superior to many sites proposed for development in the region. Its good quality coupled with lower prices would enable finished inventory on the holding to be strongly competitive despite the sheer quanti1y of product planned/approved for West Hawaii. Given the fundamental planning and financial decisions of the last decade, specifically the commitment to quality resort development, the failure to provide sufficient lands in acceptable locations for all facets of market demand could denigrate the success of regional master plans. The state and county have recognized these needs through extensive planning efforts in respectively creating the West Hawaii Regional Plan and Keahole to Kailua Development Plan. These plans call for extensive expansion of the existing Kailua/Keauhou urban pod, and establishing several new development enclaves in the northerly portions of the coastal corridor. Kaupulehu resort is a focal point of one of these resort destination nodes. A major result of this ongoing evolution in the regional real estate market has been evidenced by the increasingly wider spectrum of purchaser demands, and the type of inventory being made available. For example, whereas ten years ago residential opportunities were mostly limited to "agricultural" or minimally serviced subdivisions, as a result of the planning, there are now residential developments ranging in quality from below county standard to world class resort opportunities, with many projects between. Analysis indicates a need to continue providing diversity in order to maximize economic opportunities being created. Commercial and industrial lands must be provided for development of on -island businesses, previously limited to Honolulu or the mainland, which will be drawn to the region by the expanding consumer base. The subsequent sections summarize our investigation and analysis of the leading land use types in West Hawaii which may be suitable for portions of the subject property, focusing on resort and residential opportunities. There can be no doubt long-term prospects for the region remain upbeat and the evolving West Hawaii economy will emerge into another growth cycle by later in the decade. Page 28 The Hallstrom Group, Inc tiauaulehu Resor! Expansion Primary Market Sector Overview (West Hawaii Resorts) While the bays along the Kona/Kohala coastline were long -favored by the Hawaiian Alii, and the area's potential for resort development recognized since statehood, the level of interest in destination development activity in West Hawaii remained minor relative to Waikiki and Maui through the mid-1970s. With the exception of the isolated and exclusive Mauna Kea Beach Resort and Kona Village Resort, the tourism plant was focused on moderate -quality construction in the Kailua-Kona to Keauhou urban corridor. And, though the two northerly resorts enjoyed strong acceptance, demand in central Kona was cyclical and modest. The availability of beachfront infrastructure -serviced sites in West and South Maui communities, and the attraction created by the intensity of Waikiki, focused much of the rapid visitor industry investment and activity in these locales. By the late 1970s, outside of West Hawaii there remained few quality, bulk acreage oceanfront sites in the state which could support the significant resort uses needed to fuel the rapidly expanding tourism market. Further, the accessibility to sites in the "gold coast" corridor stretching from Kailua-Kona to Kawaihae had been steadily advanced over the prior decade with the opening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport and the increasing importance ofKawaihae Harbor. The first two new projects attempting to capitalize on the regional opportunity during the early to mid-1970s were: the Waikoloa Beach Resort, part of the vast Waikoloa holding, on 500 acres fronting Anaehoomalu Bay; and Mauna Lani Resort a 3,200 acre consolidation, northerly adjacent to Waikoloa. The land use approval process encountered by these proposed "major" resort developments extended over six and seven years, respectively, pushing construction and opening into the early 1980s, after the bull tourism market had ebbed and the state was in the midst of recession. The initial financial difficulties encountered by the Royal Waikoloan and Mauna Lani Bay Hotels, in the face of a stagnant economic cycle, severely slowed further investor interest in the region through mid - decade. Page 29 The Hallstrom Group. Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Expansion In early 1985, only six major landholdings had destination resort -type land use designations in West Hawaii; the four in -development cited above, Keauhou Resort, and the proposed Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park site. There was no notable, sales, investor or development interest in the region reported by the media, in public agency records or as indicated in our files for studies from the period. However, during that year things began changing dramatically in the area's resort real property market, and by 1987 seven additional resort communities had been proposed for the Kona/Kohala coastline, not including the South Kohala Resort which is an extension of the existing Mauna Kea Beach project. While not all were able to achieve approvals, the exceptional volume of petitions in such a short period bespeaks of the meteoric move beginning in the sector and the recognition by landowners of the critical long-range nature of pursuing planning opportunities at that time. Eight factors were primarily responsible for the dramatic surge in the West Hawaii resort market during 1985-87, which continued through 1990: • The exceptional dry, warm climate of the region (it is a Kekaha or desert) which is most favored by visitors; • The availability of large unified "raw" oceanfront sites capable of being shaped with relative ease; • The commensurate scarcity of quality bulk acreage shoreline lands elsewhere on the major islands; • The enhancement of the regional transportation grid, notably Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Keahole Airport which turned the previously inaccessible coastline to one of the most easily reachable in the state; • Highly supportive state and county land use agencies which processed and approved proposed developments at unprecedented speeds, cutting the process time required in half and issuing regional plans assuming massive new resort uses which would stimulate the economy islandwide; Page 30 The Hallstrom Group, Inc Koumdelm Resort Expansiai • An historic influx of Japanese investment capital into the state soon found its way into West Hawaii, which along with the existing "players' in the region created an international mix of highly -recognized corporations and developers which poured more than a billion dollars into site purchases, joint ventures and projects over the next several years; • The momentum created by the strong reception of ultra -luxury multifamily development at Mauna Kea Beach and Mauna Lani, increasing visitor expenditures and (most influentially) the announcement of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa project, fueled investor/speculator interests; and, • The West Hawaii resident community generally favored the economic benefits which would be provided through resort development, particularly through employment opportunities, access to previously unreachable shoreline areas, and required construction of affordable housing units for worker families. Sales, planning, and development activity continued strongly through 1990, becoming a trickle and then stagnant by the end of 1991, due to the effects of the Persian Gulf War, instability of national economies worldwide and deep recession in the U.S. and Japan. On-site construction was interrupted at Kaupulehu, ground breaking was delayed at Kohanaiki and Kukio Beach, finished condominium units sat unsold at Waikoloa Beach and Keauhou, and plans at Mahukona were significantly down -scaled. As noted in a foregoing section of the report, the Hawaii tourism industry and its related real estate components have always been highly cyclical. In West Hawaii, the past two cycles have each been about a decade long; with a three to four year long "slow" period followed by a year or two of moderate growth and culminating in three to five years of strong activity. Based on this history, a return to upward trends in the study region should be under way by mid -decade, although we consider it unlikely the great zenith of the cycle seen in 1988-90 will be repeated in the next surge. Several projects have reported an influx of development capital in the first months of 1994, the first major investments in the subject region in several years. Page 31 The Hallstrom Group. Inc Kaupulehu ResortExpansion We anticipate stabilizing then increasing visitor count and expenditure levels in West Hawaii over the next several years (as was shown on Table 3), resulting in increasing demand for additional development and quickened investor activity. Visitor counts are expected to more than double by the year 2010, reaching some 1,900,000 tourists annually, creating demand for upwards of 15,000 hotel rooms, or twice the current level. A tabular presentation of the basic data describing the existing and proposed/approved West Hawaii resort projects is provided on Table 4. Additional narrative, maps, and informational documents about each are on file. Specific information on the sales activity associated with single family lots and multifamily units in the study region and in competitive neighbor island developments is presented in subsequent sections of the report. Page 32 • m 6 E o IN � 5 e � � a a -• 3 .fie a3 8 m Ees�s66 gsV r s n LJ j 0 0 The Hanstrom GroupInc Kauoulehu Resort Expansion ANALYSIS OF THE WEST HAWAII RESIDENTIAL SECTOR Quantification of Market Demand We have projected the demand for residential units in West Hawaii using standardized formulae employing population forecasts, household size trends, and other market-based factors as follows: Where: RP/AHS = TRUR X (1 + (VA + NRPA)) = TMUD RP is the Resident Population AHS is the Average Household Size TRUR is the Total Resident Units Required VA is a Vacancy Allowance NRPA is a Non -Resident Purchaser Allowance TMUD is a Total Market Unit Demand Each of the variables in the formula is based on historic statistics compiled by the Federal Home Loan Bank, U.S. Census Bureau, State of Hawaii DBED, other recognized governmental sources, and researched market data. These past and current indicators were translated into estimates based on temperate trending interpretations. Our emphasis was on letting the data "speak for itself' through our projections, as opposed to making large-scale adjustments for subjectively anticipated lifestyle or market evolutions. In this regard, our forecasts are representative of moderate future housing requirements, and could be understated if some movements continue as strongly as in recent years; such as the trend towards smaller household sizes and an increasing influx of non-resident (foreign) purchasers into the market. Additionally, as noted, public and private planners consider governmental population projections to be restrained relative to probable occurrence. The "Total Market Unit Demand" conclusions resulting from equation application are intended to quantify the total number of residences which will be needed in the study region over a 22 -year Page 33 • • • The Hallstrom Group. Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Expansion projection period (through 2015) in order to manifest a reasonably stable market with all purchaser/tenant demand segments served. Although chronic undersupply in virtually all market segments was somewhat rectified by the construction surge of the last decade, it is generally recognized the West Hawaii housing market has been historically typified by exceptionally low vacancy rates and rapidly escalating prices over time. The "affordable" segment of the housing market remains significantly undersupplied, but the ongoing recession has hampered the development and sale of such units. Most analysts and public agencies view the present condition, without the extreme urgency of prior years, as but a breather in the long-term regional demand for more housing opportunities. Stated governmental policy is to alleviate the perceived low end and forecast long-range unit shortage through increased densities of urban lands and development of feral or nominal agricultural lands at as rapid a pace as the infrastructure and community will bear. The factors comprising our housing demand equation can be summarized as follows. Resident Population (RP) — This variable utilizes the islandwide population forecasts made by ourselves based on analysis of past state (Series MK), county, and district forecasts. The concluded figures are comparable to levels projected in the Office of State Planning West Hawaii Regional Plan and ongoing General Plan regional update efforts of the Hawaii County Planning Department. The only significant adaptation is the extension of the time frame to the year 2015, which goes beyond the existing horizon of public agency forecasts by five to ten years. This was necessary to establish a projection period of two decades, which is the standard in making long-term land use estimates and fully covers the anticipated subject inventory absorption period. Average Household Size (AHS) — This factor was calculated using the data as provided by the above-cited sources and census figures. At year-end 1992 (the most recent figures available), the AHS in West Hawaii was an estimated 2.90 persons. Page 34 The Hallstrons Group Inc Kmmnlehu Resort Exaansion The trend has been towards smaller households in the region, a nationwide phenomenon, and it would undoubtedly be lower in the region were sufficient units made available. Most Hawaii -oriented sociologists contend this movement will continue unabated into the future until stabilizing near 2.5 persons, due to longer life -spans, the influx of single persons attracted to the climate and employment opportunities in West Hawaii resort projects, the urbanization of North Kohala and South Kona, and the tendency towards fewer children. We have forecast that the average household size level would stabilize by the year 2010 at from 2.70 to 2.80 persons. Total Resident Units Required (TRUR) -- This figure is arrived at by dividing the subject area resident population (RP) by the average household size (AHS). It is indicative of the minimum number of residences which would be required to meet basic market needs, assuming there were no vacant units, none uninhabitable due to ongoing repair or deleterious conditions, and none occupied by non-resident persons. For a market to be considered stable (and nominally operative) with acceptable appreciation rates and quality lifestyle opportunities, allowances for such factors must be made. Vacancy Allowance (VA) — Federal, state, and local governments went on record in the late 1980s calling West Hawaii one of the tightest residential market sectors in the nation, referring to the situation as "abysmal" in published reports, and expressing fears of a deteriorating economy and community structure unless major steps are taken to address this "acute shortage." The historic undersupply condition is a primary reason West Hawaii housing prices are on average among the highest of any locale in the country, although they are considered moderate or reasonable by statewide standards. According to HUD, the Urban Land Institute, and other sources, a "healthy" market has a minimum vacancy level of five to six percent of the total number of units in the inventory. This allows for uninhabitable units, units under repair, seasonal Page 35 M The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaunulehu Resor! Exmnsion fluctuations, a transitional housing margin, a degree of mobility potential, and the ability to service periodic unanticipated population increases. A "slack" in unit occupancy also serves as a margin to cushion against hyper -appreciation during strong demand periods. Given the history of the West Hawaii housing market, and the market's difficulty in keeping a consistent and acceptable vacancy pool available, we believe it is unrealistic to expect a standard vacancy allowance in excess of six percent to be achieved on the island during the foreseeable future; although portions of the market (notably in greater Kailua-Kona) are experiencing near-term vacancies as high as ten percent in some projects due to the effects of the recession over the past two years. In our demand formula, we have tested more conservative vacancy rate allowances of four and six percent of the Total Resident Units Required figure. Non -Resident Purchaser Allowance (NRPA) — While most investors strongly desire to rent purchased units to residents in an effort to minimize debt service obligations, there are those who buy a Hawaii home or condominium for personal (family and friends) use, business reasons, or for periodic rental to non- resident "visitors." These units are not available to meet resident housing demands and are effectively withdrawn from the inventory pool. An allowance must be made for these residences in the general community, which are not to be confused with those specifically intended for tourist -oriented transient rentals (i.e., a "resort/residential" unit within a condominium/hotel project or single family subdivision in a destination community). On the neighbor islands and in Waikiki, there are many units in complexes or subdivisions designed for general residential use, which have been purchased by non-residents and often sit vacant the vast majority of the time. Our research indicates some neighbor island non -resort projects have upwards of thirty percent vacant investor-owned units/homes. In resort communities (particularly Mauna Lani Page 36 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion and Wailea) up to eighty percent of selected complexes are so held. The proximity of residential developments in West Hawaii to world-class resorts, beaches, and recreational opportunities, coupled with the superior views and climate throughout the region will draw significant interest from West Coast and Japanese purchasers over time despite efforts to restrict vital units for local residential use only. Based on historic trends, the NRPA should be at a minimum of ten -plus percent in the Kona- Kohala corridor. However, public policies and community pressure should serve to help in moderating this trend. We have therefore tested exceptionally conservative, non-resident allowances of six to eight percent of total resident household demand. Total Market Unit Demand (TMUD) — The solution to our demand formula, it is quantified by adding the Vacancy Allowance (VA), and Non -Resident Purchaser Allowance (NRPA), to the Total Resident Units Required (TRUR) figure. This is the total number of units which will be needed in the study region in order to meet all reasonable market demands. The application of the housing demand formula to the subject region is shown on Table S. Based on our analysis, the actualization of a healthy and stable housing market in the study area will require the construction of some 25,214 to 31,231 additional housing units in West Hawaii by the year 2015; the mid -point demand would be for 28,223 units. Conversion of this estimate of gross demand into pricing equivalents can be completed using available data from the U.S. Census, Hawaii Board of Realtors, and the U.S. Dept. of HUD. Table 6 illustrates this striation of West Hawaii regional housing demand to 2015 into probable percentile demand by sales prices at current dollar levels. The figures correlate both historic actual buying trends and theoretical "affordability" quotients derived using government pricing formulae. The high cost of housing in Hawaii traditionally requires a purchaser to pay slightly to much more than is conventionally affordable; hence, the Page 37 11 Al C § R R 9 A `O IY N all — R�I�� r i N N 111 't 4 b NIN IK �I� $ Id R W ° A m MJ aI�� N IN {I Yp H h f� � OP�p N 111 P N ttpp�� QQpp�p. d .1I N 1� P eTi O 0. a � E § R R 9 A `O IY N all — R�I�� r i N N 111 't 4 b NIN IK �I� $ Id R W ° A m �� IP11 N X N X ��pp ttpp�� QQpp�p. d .1I TABLE 6 STRIATED PROJECTIONS OF HOUSING UNIT DEMAND BY SALES PRICE EQUIVALENT FOR WEST HAWAII Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulehu Revert Expansion Kaupdehu, North Kona, Hawaii Periodic Demand Total 1993 to 1996 to 2001 to 2006 to 2011 to Demand Period 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1993-2015 1. Minimum Demand Less Than $125,OOD 724 1,076 1,233 1,461 1,389 5,883 Percent of Total Demand 30.00% 24.00% 23.00% 22.00% 22.00% 23.33% $125,000 to $250,000 724 1,346 1,608 1,993 1,894 7,564 Percent of Total Demand 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% $250,000 to $350.000 603 1,166 1,447 1,860 1,767 6,844 Percent of Total Demand 25.00% 26.00% 27.00% 28.00% 28.00% 27.14% $350.000 to $500,000 290 673 804 996 947 3.710 Percent of Total Demand 12.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 14.71% Over $500,000 72 274 268 332 316 1,212 Percent of Total Demand 3.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 4.81% Total Market Demand 2,413 4,485 5,361 6,643 6,312 25,214 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 2. Maximum Demand Lw Than $125,000 1,037 1,305 1,516 1,851 1,612 7,322 Percent of Total Demand 30.00% 24.00% 23.00% 22.00% 22.00% 23.44% $125,000 to 5250,000 1,037 1,632 1,978 2,525 2,198 9,369 Percent of Total Demand 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% 30.00% $250,000 to $350,000 864 1,414 1,780 2,356 2,052 8,466 Percent of Total Demand 25.00% 26.00% 27.00% 28.00% 28.00% 27.11% $350,000 to $500,000 415 816 989 1,262 1,099 4,581 Percent of Total Demand 12.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 15.00% 14.67% Over $.500,000 104 272 330 421 366 1,492 Percent of Total Demand 3.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 4.78% Total Market Demand 3,457 5,439 6,592 8,415 7,328 31,231 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Source: Various, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. The Hallstwm Groan, Inc. Kaunulehu Resort E.rnansion striated demand figures across the board show market-based prices moderately above means -testing criteria. Inherently, demand is focused towards the lower- to middle-income groups who have difficulty competing in the competitive and high- priced marketplace. Upper -middle and above -income households at least have some limited purchase alternatives, although often in neighborhoods dominated by second home (non-resident) buyers. Identification of Competing Supply In response to the historic extreme undersupply of residential housing units in West Hawaii, the exceptional investor interest in the area during the 1980s, and the large projected demand for the region, the amount of inventory which was proposed for development to service the West Hawaii market was exceptionally large during the last decade. This was due to a variety of market and public -sector considerations, including a large agriculturally limited land base, a relatively diverse historic ownership pattern, recently expanded regional transportation systems, and a notable county -wide and public agency support for further urban expansion in the area. For years, the result of insufficient supply in the face of strong demand was seen in rapidly appreciating prices, low vacancy rates, overcrowded units, and destabilized family structures. In an attempt to service the obvious need for resident housing, as stressed in federal, state, and county surveys of the sector conducted in the mid-1980s, a variety of market and public -sponsored projects were proposed beginning in 1983-84. Prior to this, there were exceptionally few quality residential development opportunities available in West Hawaii, with even the in- fill areas of Kaiiva-Kona and Waimea generally having agricultural or unplanned land use status. Only at Waikoloa Village, with some 2,800 acres of residential zoned lands, were sites ready for subdivision, and until late in the decade, the village was considered too outlying and lacking in commercial services to attract meaningful market interest. As with the makai resort -potential lands, there was a surge by inland landowners to pursue land use approvals for properties throughout Hawaii beginning in 1985-86. More than a dozen major projects Page 38 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaunulehu Resort Eruansion entered the pipeline, promising a full spectrum of inventory from low- cost apartment units to gentlemen/equestrian estates. Virtually every major holding/owner announced long-term development plans, including public agencies, established ranches and local families, and new investors in the region. Further, the demand for houselots in existing subdivisions (particularly in the "Ag" projects of Kalaoa- Kealakehe) soared and the vast number of vacant parcels were rapidly built upon. The cumulative effect was to move a chronically undersupplied market into a more stable condition by the onset of recession in 1991. While there remains significant need for affordable -priced units in urban Kailua-Kona and Waimea, the moderate and market -priced segments actually have a marginal oversupply in some neighborhoods for the first time in a decade or more. A summary of the currently proposed residential (non -resort) supply available to service future housing needs in West Hawaii is shown on Table 7. The under -construction and approved projects total some 25,709 units. Additionally, there are another 3,000 -plus units being considered in long-range plans. If one assumes all of these homes are built in a timely manner and all serviced vacant and under -developed available lots in the area are used, there are a minimum of 27,000 existing and potential housing opportunities available or proposed in coming decades in West Hawaii. Not only are there substantial numbers of units proposed for the study area, but the inventory planned will provide a wide range of types and alternatives, ranging from subsidized rental apartments to upper -end market price single family homes. Overall, if the market recovers as expected and regional population grows towards forecast levels, it is reasonable to expect that as many as 15,000 to 18,000 of the proposed units to be developed. This means there are prudently 16,000 to 20,000 total unit supply potentials for West Hawaii over the coming two decades. Page 39 61 r 0 Ec E fig' e� aB d $g� e x z g 3§ z 5 s ~ s m g a 6 yNj O r y V YY _ W V -Cypp C_ yy C C T T C N T � wpNi oo s r N V N O y y Q y O O O< O r O O i p s' X N N y 21 Q4 y No yy 8 T p pp p "• m �` �1 l� p r N N L N - _ C V -Cypp C_ yy C s w O p O y p {J B P �� b O N Ih N N �O Al O I vNf N Al Q -I Q y O O O< O r O O i p s' X N N y 21 Q4 y No yy 8 T p pp p "• m �` �1 l� p r N N L N - The Hallstwm Group, Inc. _ Kauoulehu Resort Expansion Comparison of Demand/Supply Indicators Our analysis indicates that some 25,214 to 31,231 additional housing units (28,223 mid -point) must be built in West Hawaii over the next 22 years if the regional demand situation is to be adequately addressed. At present there is a quantifiable shortage of about 200 to 800 units, almost exclusively among resident households in the low to moderate income groups. Apart from any subject use, there are nearly 26,000 units being proposed for development, and if all available "in -fill" was undertaken, there are (perhaps) as many as 1,200 -plus other opportunities in the region. However, it is unlikely more than 70 to 80 percent of these potentials will be actualized in a sufficiently timely manner to meet regional market demand over the next two decades. The net comparative result is that long-term supply and demand on a quantitative basis are generally equitable, although an additional one to three thousand units could reasonably be absorbed beyond those proposed given the probable timing of the planned projects. A more significant shortfall would occur should one or more developments encounter financial difficulties or state -funding cutbacks, a highly probable event. In comparison with striated market demand indicators, the proposed inventory will adequately service most purchaser segments. From a timing perspective, a supply shortfall would be most likely to take place as recovery begins in the short-term, before major projects come on- line, and by later in the projection period as the inability of some developers to perform becomes apparent. The Resale Market Tables 8, 9, and 10, respectively, suppress resale activity for single family residences, multifamily units and vacant lots in South Kohala and North Kona from 1985 through mid-1993. The pattern reflects the general market cycle, peaking in 1989-90, falling in 1991-92 and now showing signs of stabilization and growth. Page 40 00 pad F • A u � m u N BF r b n Q CE ti O z �f p .. m � (`1 Vf N pb N Ci .. N � n p� b h Ofn 00 N b O� wmi M yp O a p h Oy N T n00 N b N b a vim. h N b?In eq m m M o. bt Q N y� 06 Q M m N Q O. • A u � m u Sod • § § E � a ] tR �} E. i f k C } � mcl |$ _ $ / / 7w § ��®\ k it « §$ § 2$ \`1 }�� ■ 2 m k _■ t b o f § iEA2� \ B 3 EE i a $§ i( R§ \ 2 bR -« 9 �« z i E � a ] s k 7 i f k E ] � } � |$ / / ��®\ | \`1 }�� )|$}\ _■ iEA2� B 3 EE a k w 0 f §— 7 & / § § ) ) �cl (f ) # 2 _ 1;0 $ °G tR i2m �bt � ~� 2 m 00/q k - i�| \a a _ » $§ §§ �} wl \ /§ 2 BE « § C-4 \ A� E J) A k§ �7 k7 k 2 7 0 \ (f ) # 1;0 °G e m k k i�| \a a sine $§ 2 BE « A The Hall tram Gwun Inc Kauaulehu Resort Exrwnsion THE NEIGHBOR ISLAND RESORT/RESIDENTIAL MARKET Single family Until the mid-1980s, the upper -end, master -planned residential and Homesites resort homesite market was considered as an incidental component within neighbor island, freestanding, and destination communities, overshadowed by hotel, condominium, commercial, and amenity development. However, late in the decade activity in this sector surged to the forefront of the resort -oriented market. Several factors contributed to the rapid emergence and success of this product type; most notably, the 1986 U.S. Tax Reform Act, the escalating financial status of individuals in the prime Hawaii markets of Japan and the West Coast, and diversification of project orientation and profit potentials. The result was a meteoric expansion of developer, investor, and purchaser interest in moderately -high to upscale, full-time residences and vacation homes on the outer islands, with the number of "premier"/golf course lots subdivided, sold and proposed increasing many -fold since mid -decade. The resort, finished house market also dramatically widened. As with property types, demand for resort/residential lots and homes dropped in 1991, with activity levels off sharply over the last two years. The dependency of the sector on Japanese, investor, and corporate purchasers groups heavily hit by the recession, exacerbated the trend. Understanding the long-term demand levels, supply considerations, and demographic strength is critical in making meaningful interpretations for such a notably cyclical market subsector. In 1981, there were only 640 competitive neighbor island resort homesites, with total sales of only 54 lots during the year at prices ranging from $40,000 to $135,000 --most towards the lower end of the spectrum. At present, the total number of prime homesites has increased to 1,811, the majority developed during the 1987-91 period, and 334 transactions were recorded at the peak of the market in 1990. Selling prices now extend from $115,000 to $5,340,000, with most in the range of $400,000 to $800,000. Page 41 The Hallsto Groff Inc Kaupulehu Reson Expansion While prices have not moved significantly beyond a marginal slumping, activity has plummeted over the past several years, with only 92 sold in the 18 months from the beginning of 1992 through mid-1993; a decline of more than 80 percent. A summary of the activity in those neighbor island developments, which we consider most competitive with the proposed subject sites, is shown on Table 11. As might be anticipated, the market activity of finished, luxury residences on premier neighbor island homesites has also varied wildly during the past decade. In 1981, seven such homes were sold, at prices ranging from $215,000 to $495,000, with an average near $325,000. By the peak of the market in 1990, sales increased to 95 residences annually at prices extending from $400,000 to $3,150,000 and an average approaching $1,000,000. But with the onset of the recession, sales dropped to a 78 percent decline over the last 18 months (through mid-1993) with only 30 sales recorded in the Maui and Big Island projects. Most of the homes sold in recent years were marketed either prior to, at, or shortly after completion of construction. In essence, they were individual "spec" undertakings by a custom home builder, which permits these figures to be indicative of finished home buyer demand. Approximately 300 of these homes have been completed since 1989, are currently under -construction, or have received building permits. Almost without exception, the houses were built on an individual basis by a custom contractor or as contracted by the lot buyer. A summary of the activity at the three West Hawaii resorts offering single family lot subdivision, Keauhou, Mauna Lani, and Mauna Kea Beach are displayed on Tables 12, 13, and 14, respectively. Our analysis indicates the demand for new resort -quality homesites on the neighbor islands from 1994 through 2015 will be as follows: Page 42 § q - 0 0 ! y. s A l °~ a Q 25 5� t2V5 N Q P Q w 6 O ��fftliiii N N q Y x jTm z N < A � 8I 0 A i 11 0 a The Hallstront Group Inc Kaupu1-1.. Resort Exmnsion Neighbor Island New Resort/Residential Homesite Demand verage I ota Annual Periodic Cumulative Demand Demand Demand 1994 to 100 200 200 1995 1996 to 200 1,000 1,200 2000 2001 to 300 1,500 2,700 2005 2006 to 400 2,000 4,700 2010 2011 to 400 2,000 6,700 2015 The substantial portion of total demand (up to 90 -plus percent) would be anticipated to flow to leeward Maui and West Hawaii, with about 50 to 60 percent of this amount, or 3,100 to 3,700 total homesites, directed to the competitive subject region. Significant numbers of competitive, moderately -high to upscale single family subdivisions are proposed for the neighbor islands over the coming two -plus decades, the majority in West Hawaii. A summary of the approved projects are shown on Table 15. If all of the developments were built according to publicly -announced development plans (including long-term expansion areas), the total number of new homesites offered over the next 20 -plus years would be 10,073, or equivalent to 150 percent of the indicated demand. Additionally, significant competitive homesites are being considered at Wailea Ranch, Maui (600 lots). Beyond this largeua antity of proposed development, both clAgli—ty and likelihood of occurrence must be considered. We consider it highly unlikely that all of the projects will be built to maximum densities, particularly at Mauna Lani, Mauna Kea Beach, and Keauhou, or that all of the proposed communities will be constructed in a timely fashion, such as Kauai Lagoons, Kohanaiki, and Kukio Beach. Additionally, 1,800 of the homesites are proposed for unproven locations on Lanai Page 43 TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED NEIGHBOR ISLAND SINGLE FAMILY RESORT/RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Approved P%jeco Only (1) Project MAUICOUNTY Wailea Kannapali Beach (2) Kapalua Kaluakoi (Molokai) (3) Koele (Lanai) (4) Manele Bay (Lanai) (4) BIG ISLAND Mauna Kea Beach (5) Mauna Lam Waikoloa Beach Keauhou Kukio Beach Four Seasons Kaupulehu Kohanaiki Maniniowali KAUAI Princeville Kauai Lagoons TOTALS Residential Development Proposed To Begin Underway Underway Underway Underway Late 1990s Late 1990s Underway Underway Mid-1990s Underway Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Underway Mid-1990s Single Family Sites Proposed/ Existing Approved Total 342 346 688 253 585 838 143 325 468 15 800 815 0 600 600 0 400 400 69 131 200 66 1,400 1,466 0 800 800 159 841 1,000 0 500 500 0 415 415 0 380 380 0 150 150 700 2,100 2,800 0 300 300 1,747 10,073 11,820 (1) Only those projects having SLU and/or County General Plan approvals considered. Vacation areas (such as Poipu) are excluded. Where proposed units range in number, mid -point is shown. "Existing" totals include units under construction. (2) Assumes up to 325 additional lots within South Beach Mauka increment, and circa 250 in North Beach Mauka project, actual number may be from 0 to 500. (3) Proposed units based on current near-term plans. 4,500 acre holding could support significantly more development over long-term. (4) Proposed units based on estimate of density of development parcels. Three units/acre. (5) Includes the under -construction South Kohala Resort, Source: Various, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion and Molokai, and more than 1,000 are in resorts that have yet to break ground. Apart from the subject, there are 4,617 total resort/golf course lots proposed for the West Hawaii coastal corridor, or some 25 percent more than the maximum demand quantified during our study time frame. However, we consider it improbable that Mauna Lani (1,800 lots), Keauhou (841), or Waikoloa Beach (800) will be developed to full densities or built -out within the projection period. It is further unlikely that more than 50 percent of the proposed lots will be actualized over the next two decades. This level would fail to service expected demand. Given their view potentials, arid climate, and inclusion within a quality destination community, subdivision of resort -quality lots on the subject holding would be highly comparable with those found in Maui and West Hawaii's finest projects. Based on its probable pricing levels and competitive attributes, we estimate the subject project could attain absorption levels of approaching 30 golf course/interior lots annually on a stabilized basis if offering could begin by late decade. The demand for on- and near -water lots, a different market sector, remains generally high due to supply scarcity, and sales of these sites at the rate of eight to ten each year while product lasts is achievable. Multifamily For two decades, condominiums were the focal point of (Condominium) Units resort/residential development on the neighbor islands. At times, particularly in the late 1970s, the market became so heated the sector moved from the real property to the pure commodity realm, with pre - selling units being sold by lottery and reservation rights heavily traded. Large, dense oceanfront projects were the norm (particularly in West Maui), with a major attraction for the investor/buyer being intense, transient rental pool operations within the projects. These operations effectively transformed the development into a "hotel," a move which revolutionized the neighbor island lodging industry. Rental pools typically offered a significantly greater return to the unit purchaser than long-term tenant leasing, and increased the exposure of the unit to potential re -sale investors. Page 44 r • • The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Units solely employed by "second home" users were a rarity, and full- time resident owners almost non-existent. Few buyers wanted to spend long periods living in a hotel situation, and most seemed to need the rental income to offset debt service. Only a select few projects (notably at Wailea and Kapalua) offered the low-key, exclusive setting appealing to upper-income purchasers not driven by transient rental prospects. For a variety of reasons, the resort/residential condominium market slumped badly early in the 1980s, emerging only by late decade in a markedly different form. While not experiencing the "feeding frenzy" demand of a decade prior, the sector was nonetheless vibrant during the general market upsurge of 1986-1990, with average prices at record highs, the quality of inventory at unmatched levels, and developer and purchaser interest strong. However, as with the resort/residential homesite sector, the activity level in the condominium market has slumped dramatically over the past two years. The evolution in the resort multifamily sector in recent years has resulted in smaller, low-density, high-amenitied projects having densities of 8 to 12 units per acre instead of 15 units and up. Spacious condominium "residences." not mere "units," featuring exclusive, secure environments at the interior of resorts and master -planned communities, fronting the golf course, and having desirable views are now the dominant design type. This is keeping with changes in the buyer preference profiles. Rather than mere investors, many purchasers are now full-time residents, second home users, retirees, or other (often childless) households, who favor a low-key setting, a full range of recreational amenities, more expansive landscaped grounds, and distance from the transient population (if the project is in a resort). In the last instance, while buyers may enjoy access to the benefits of a resort, they do not wish to be constantly immersed in its visitor -fueled intensity. In essence, the condominium purchaser of today is seeking the "feet' of a single family residence for personal gratification, not the "hotel' sought by buyers of years past for income return potentials. Page 45 The Hallstwnr Group Inc Kaunulehu Resort Expansion We do note, however, many recent projects have developed secondary rental pool operations. Generally, they are without or have a minimal front desk (often being administered from off-site) and have multi -day minimum stay requirements. Overall, they are operated in a highly inconspicuous manner, nominally affecting de facto population or work force levels. Without exception, all of the major high-quality neighbor island condominium projects developed over the last decade have been designed in adherence to the low-key, residential -feel concept, a trend we anticipate to continue. A model site for such a resort/residential condominium development would have golf course frontage, superior views, sufficient size to permit amenity development in an unintensive setting, access to shoreline resort facilities, and an exclusive/secure environment. The proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion acreage multifamily pods would generally embody these characteristics. The cyclical nature of the sector is evident in the level of sales activity since mid -decade. In 1984, only 308 competitive units within neighbor island master - planned communities were sold, at an average price of circa $340,000. In 1990, 1,568 such units transacted, ranging in price from $78,000 to $2,500,000, with most in the $350,000 to $750,000 spectrum. Of the 896 units offered on a pre -sale basis during 1989-90, 840 (or 93.75 percent) were reserved. By 1991, the initial waves of the recession began breaking strongly against the resort -condominium sector, making it one of the first casualties of the downturn. Over the last 30 months, only 391 total units have transacted in the major destination communities, original and resale, the equivalent of 150 per year, a decline of 90 percent from the brief market peak. Also, many of the units "sold -out' during pre -sale campaigns failed to close when buyers walked away. The Waikoloa Beach Resort was among the hardest hit by the fall -out. Most brokers feel market resurgence is still several years away, with the existing available overhang in supply sufficient until mid -decade outside of a selected few premium projects. Page 46 The Hallstront Group Inc Kaumdelm Resort Eznansion A summary of the sales activity for the 6,387 units of resort/residential condominiums in the developments considered as most competitive with any potential makai-oriented subject inventory is shown on Table 16. Because of the fundamental shift that has occurred in this sector from a design and purchaser perspective, long-term demand figures (which have been highly cyclical) can be misleading. Since 1975, the average annual number of units sold on an original and resale basis in the identified projects has been at just over 1,000 units, with most activity occurring from 1975 through 1980. Over the past six full years, the average sales per year has been just above 700 units, with most transactions occurring during the 1988-90 sector surge. The development and sales activity for multifamily units in West Hawaii resorts is summarized on Tables 17 through 20; presented from south to north, Keauhou, Waikoloa Beach, Mauna Lam, and Mauna Kea Beach. In consideration of the evolution of this market sector and our analysis of demographic and economic factors, we have concluded the demand for additional resort/residential condominium units will be as shown in the chart below over the coming two decades: Average Total Annual Periodic Cumulative 1994 to 200 200 400 1995 1996 to 300 1,500 1,900 2000 2001 to 400 2,000 3,900 2005 2006 to 500 2,500 6,400 2010 2011 to 500 2,500 8,900 2015 Page 47 d _ � � i 2 2 � ■ ! � ■ 2 ƒ ! ! ! 7 0 [ ) � 7225§& �!�■ - � , _ - - § ƒ ! � � { R r W� ! } § ! a | • ■ ! 2 > } § ! } 0 0 % # k ƒ / s � g t � ! o 22 z ,§ƒmr 7«2 ■ / � l ) ■ ■ ! � 4 F u s m 666 ti z u s E • The Hallstrom Groep /nc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion As with the homesites, we anticipate the significant majority of this demand, in excess of 90 percent, will be directed towards leeward Maui and West Hawaii. Assuming that West Hawaii receives 50 to 60 percent of the division between the locales, the demand for moderately -high to upscale condominium units within master - planned communities in the Kona-Kohala vacation area is projected at 4,100 to 4,900 during the coming 22 years; with a mid -point of 4,500 units, or about half the total demand. The anticipated buyer demographics for this inventory are also comprised of the same groups as for the homesites. Displayed on Table 21, the currently proposed supply of competitive condominium development could reach as high as 15,647 new units if maximum densities were sought, of which about 10,000 to 12,000 are reasonably/optimistically being planned for construction during the study period (1994 to 2015). As with the homesites, many of the planned resort/condominium-quality units are in unproven minor island locations, are in off -water communities, or in projects yet to break ground. Also, it is highly unlikely the densities proposed in the big resorts will be fully achieved. After adjustment for these factors, the supply will meet to moderately out -pace demand levels statewide. Of the 9,098 approved potential units in West Hawaii, 1,800 (or 20 percent), are in resorts that have yet to break ground, and the projects at Keauhou will have less competitive locations. Further, we again consider it highly unlikely than Mauna Lani (2,955 units) or Keauhou (2,750) will achieve either full densities or build -out by the end of the study period. Even with these adjustments, it is difficult to conclude there will be a gross undersupply of units relative to demand. Yet, there would seem to be room for the subject units on a quantifiable basis given the timing, density, delays, and other constraints impacting the proposed projects. As with homesite subdivision potentials, we believe the subject units would prove reasonably to strongly competitive in the regional resort condominium market on a qualitative basis. Page 48 • TABLE 21 0 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED NEIGHBOR ISLAND RESORT CONDOMINIUM DEVELOPMENT Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaunulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Approved Projoch 0a1y (1) Project MAUI COUNTY Wailea Kaanapali Beach (2) Kapalua Kaluakoi (Molokai) (3) Makena Koele (Lanai) (4) Manele Bay (Lanai) (4) BIG ISLAND Mauna Kea Beach (4) Mauna Lam Waikoloa Beach Keauhou Kukio Beach Kaupulehu Maniniowali Kohanaiki KAUAI Princeville Kauai Lagoons TOTALS Development To Begin Underway Underway Underway Underway Mid-1990s Late -1990s Late -1990s Underway Underway Underway Underway Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Mid-1990s Underway 1992-93 (1) Only those projects having SLU and/or County General Plan approvals considered. Vacation areas (such as Poipu) are excluded. Where proposed units range in number, mid -point is shown. "Existing" totals include units under construction. (2) Proposed units will be part of North Beach Mauka increment. Total may range from 300 to 800 units. (3) Proposed units based on current near-term plans. 4,500 acre holding could support significantly more development over long-term. (4) Proposed units based on estimate of density of development parcels. Source: Various, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Multifamily Units Proposed/ Existing Approved Total 1,184 1,939 3,123 1,407 500 1,907 528 500 1,028 120 1,200 1,320 0 500 500 0 220 220 0 190 190 40 260 300 230 2,955 3,185 464 2,750 3,214 1,252 748 2,000 0 650 650 0 585 585 0 850 850 0 300 300 1,282 1,200 2,482 0 300 300 6,507 15,647 22,154 (1) Only those projects having SLU and/or County General Plan approvals considered. Vacation areas (such as Poipu) are excluded. Where proposed units range in number, mid -point is shown. "Existing" totals include units under construction. (2) Proposed units will be part of North Beach Mauka increment. Total may range from 300 to 800 units. (3) Proposed units based on current near-term plans. 4,500 acre holding could support significantly more development over long-term. (4) Proposed units based on estimate of density of development parcels. Source: Various, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. • • The Hallstro GroupInc. Kauaulehu Resort Exnansia A subject resort community, if diligently pursued, would likely come on line later in the decade, the period forecast as having the best market potentials, and could anticipate achieving absorption levels of some 30 units annually, on average, over the long term. Page 49 • 0 The Hallstrom Group, Inc K .....Ieh/f Resort 6xoansion THE WEST HAWAII GOLF COURSE SECTOR Market History Golf course facilities are considered as a vital amenity for destination resort and master -planned community development, offering recreational opportunities and desirable frontage attributes which enhance the values of adjoining residential, resort, and commercial properties. However, until recently, courses rarely offered a strong, positive return -producing potential relative to construction cost, but were viewed as necessary expenditures, infrastructure items that were fortunate if "worth" the cost to create. At least one golf course would be a critical component for any resort - oriented development of the subject lands. Two championship -quality courses will serve as view, recreational and open -space amenities to adjoining residential pools within the proposed Kaupulehu expansion project. Trailing marketwide trends for resort -type properties in the mid-1980s, the surge in golf course facilities and potential course sites began later in the decade. From 1988 through 1990, the statewide golf course market was one of the most vibrant real estate sectors in Hawaii, with demand, prices, and controversy regarding development exploding to a degree rarely seen even in hyper -appreciation cycles of other use -types. Investor interest in finished courses, raw land suitable for course development, and membership programs was at record heights. By mid-1993, some 68 courses were offering private, public, and military tee times in the islands, nearly one-quarter of which had opened within the previous seven years. Another two dozen courses are under construction or have been approved for development, and an equal number are contained in long-term plans under consideration. Prices being paid, sought, and offered for existing and proposed courses escalated wildly during the brief surge, in many instances at annualized appreciation rates reaching into triple digits. Meaningful interpretation of the volatile market was problematic, and speculation, rumors, and unsubstantiated "sales" dominated the market. It is estimated that up to 100 courses were being planned throughout the islands at the peak of the market, with reports of offers, as high as Page 50 F The Hallstmm Groan. Inc Kaunalehu Resort Expansion $4.5 million per hole for finished facilities, $1 million for approved course sites. Commensurate with the slump in other real property sectors, the golf course market floundered disproportionately. While construction continued on many proposed courses statewide, virtually all other activity ceased. Investor interest plummeted, and the sector "bubble" obviously burst, with no meaningful activity during the last two years apart from completion of several upper -end resort courses planned during the late 1980s expansion phase, and selected courses owned by deep -pocket Japanese investors. Numerous factors contributed to the sudden downturn which affected this market more than others, including: • Most notably, the Japanese interest fueling meteoric demand stagnated with the onset of their national recession, a sudden Asian capital crunch, and the veritable collapse of the wild "club membership market." Realistically, all of the investor capital and much of the anticipated, expanded end-user demand evaporated within several months time in 1990-91. • So many courses were being proposed/developed, it was apparent the historic pent-up demand would be adequately serviced and a near-term oversupply situation was going to emerge. This would hamper the income-producing potentials of all operations. • The rush in proposed courses during 1988-90 created exceptional public controversy throughout the islands. Fears of foreign domination of the land base, loss of significant agricultural holdings, and allocation of scarce water supplies, ignited opposition on many fronts. Excessive "impact fees" and moratoriums were considered/implemented, making most undertakings financially unfeasible. • The cost of course acquisition, construction, and operation resulted in green fees beyond the reach of most residents and tourists; which, when coupled with slackening tourism, hurt the financial results of existing and new courses. Similar to the oversupplied luxury hotel market, deep discounting of fees and/or nominal escalation policies were adopted by the operators. Page 51 • • The Hallso m Group, Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Expansion Following a re -adjustment period of several years, allowing tourism to recover and the existing course over -supply to be absorbed, we foresee an extended above -inflation increase in green fees into the next century. When coupled with generally fixed operational costs, this will create escalating net operating profit ratios. The long-term base demand for course time is so large, and a central aspect of any tourism industry, the risk of ownership is moderate over a several decade period. And importantly, with proper care, a course "matures", typically appreciating in desirability (value), in comparison with most other improved real estate types that depreciate and become less desirable over time or more costly to upkeep. Perhaps the most insightful aspect to the instability of the golf course market relates to the envisioned bonanza associated with the selling of club memberships worldwide. Despite significant publicity, there have been no successful large-scale attempts to market memberships in a Hawaii course to Japanese nationals to date. Regardless of all the current speculation and uncertainty, we believe the "Japanese connection" still enhances potential values of course properties over the long term; however, moreso in an indirect fashion in the future as opposed to the dominant position held in recent years. Even with the recession, golf play in Japan has remained strong, surpassing 100 million rounds on its 1,926 courses for the first time in 1992; a two percent growth over the prior year even with an average green fee of $200. We anticipate Hawaii courses will increasingly be used (as by Otaka at Keauhou and Waimea on the Big Island) for promotionaVshared privilege purposes in conjunction with Japanese country clubs or other products, or in conjunction with jointly owned hoteVresort properties and other tourism services. Analysis of Statewide Play The game of golf enjoys one of the highest participation rates of any sport in the developed world, and the demand for courses is expanding at an unprecedented rate. The total number of players in the United States is now some 26 million, equating to more than ten percent of the total population of the country. Page 52 9 • The Hallsimm Group Inc Kaunulehu Resort Ezaansion In Japan, with an estimated 11. 7 million golfers, the demand is so great that memberships in select clubs ran as high as $3 million during the maximum upswing in 1990 (averaging among all clubs at more than $103,000), and tee times must be reserved up to six months in advance. The shortage of facilities is so extreme, many players have never actually experienced the sport on a course, being limited to large driving range centers. However, prices have become unstable, and demand has slackened in the past two years. As a product of the obvious long-term need for additional recreational opportunities, and in light of its year-round temperate climate, Hawaii has emerged as a major golfing destination, with nearly 70 regulation courses. Three of the busiest public courses in the country, including the most played course in the world (the Ala Wai, some 200,000 per year) are located on Oahu, and the "resort" links throughout the state are considered among the best designed anywhere. An estimated 650,000 of the 6.5 million visitors to the islands enjoyed at least one round of golf during their stay in 1992, up more than two percent from the previous year, but below the 700,000 player levels of the late 1980s. By the year 2000, this number is anticipated to increase to over 1.075 million, according to Robert E. Yoxall, Inc., a California- based recreational consulting firm. Additionally, it is estimated that there are 120,000 resident golfers in the state, or about 12 percent of the population, substantially greater than the nationwide average. These players accounted for several million rounds last year. A major draw of Hawaii from a tourism and lifestyle perspective is the attraction it holds for golfers, and despite the currently sated sector, the long-term inability to secure tee times (demand) on limited number of courses (supply) could destabilize or lessen the desirability of various communities to segments of the market. Indicative of the perceived demand for golf facilities over coming decades is that there have been some 37 courses proposed for Oahu over the past five years, more than doubling the existing inventory. The outerislands have been similarly deluged with course development proposals. If all proposed and envisioned courses were constructed, the statewide inventory would increase by some 100 additional courses. Page 53 • r E The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Kau u/ehu Resor! Expansion In addition to existing courses, there are 72 holes (four courses) recently completed, under construction, or firmly proposed on Kauai; 198 holes (11 courses) on Maui; and 468 holes (26 courses) on the Big Island. Additional facilities are in planning stages. The demand for golfing opportunities and the ability of courses to generate operational or sales profits has resulted in all of the many proposed major bulk acreage residential and resort developments in the state incorporating a course as a central amenity in master plans. As such, the golfing sector has become a vital part of the statewide real property development and tourism industries, with a course being considered as a required component of any competitive bulk acreage development. Analysis of Resort and West Hawaii Golf Course Supply/Demand The level of play at statewide golf courses varied widely from one facility to the next between 1986 and 1992, ranging between 48,000 and 200,000 rounds annually in our survey of 26 resort, private, municipal, and semi -private facilities throughout the islands. The greatest percentage (19 of the 26) averaged between 50,000 and 70,000 rounds per 18 holes per year. Resort -quality courses, which experience a strong demand and maintain stringent tee time separation to enhance patron enjoyment, particularly follow this average round trend, as shown by recent year-end statistics: No. of Mauna Lani 18 57,500 57,500 Keauhou 27 95,000 63,300 Kapalua 36 142,000 47,300 Kaanapali Beach 36 90,000 45,000 Wailea 36 107,000 53,500 Makena 18 48,000 48,000 Kiahuna (Poipu) 18 59,600 59,600 Generally, a resort -quality or "championship" course is considered fully utilized ("sold out") when the number of rounds reaches 50,000 to 60,000 rounds per 18 holes per year. Non -resort courses, which do not Page 54 A • The Hallstwm Group Inc Koupulelta Resort Expansion provide as large a separation in tee times and offer expanded hours of play, typically view 100,000 rounds annually as a maximum use level. In answer to the perceived long-term shortfall in course supply relative to existing and anticipated demand, and stimulated by the current active course investment market, 23 additional courses are currently under construction, have been approved, or are in the advanced planning stages in West Hawaii. They are listed on Table 22. However, it is unlikely all of these courses will be built, as several have yet to receive approvals, and others are in projects that have stalled, are experiencing extreme financial difficulties, or are dependent upon outside developer interest for course construction. But, regardless of the ultimate level of construction, West Hawaii will be a "golf capital" of the resort world in coming decades. A summary of the existing West Hawaii golf courses is displayed on Table 23. Despite the number of new courses proposed, it is not anticipated that supply will stay ahead of increasing demand over the long term; as for the most part, course developers contend all available starting times will be absorbed by the abutting resort or residential development. This means all other potential players residing outside these proposed projects, or visitors who are guests at non -resort accommodations, will have difficulty obtaining consistent starting times. Further, with the large influx of inmigrating residents and retirees anticipated for the study region over the next several decades, and a generally upwardly mobile economic structure, the number of residents playing golf will significantly increase. However, it is readily apparent that the opening of five new courses (90 holes) in West Hawaii during the last three years has created a near- term, oversupply situation. In quantifying demand for golf times among visitors, Yoxall and the University of Hawaii study opined an appropriate ratio of supply would be one 18 -hole golf course per 400 to 500 visitor units (a ratio of 22 to 28 units per golf hole), and that 11 percent of all tourists are desirous of obtaining starting times on any given day. Page SS TABLE 22 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED AND UNDER -CONSTRUCTION GOLF COURSES IN WEST HAWAII (1) Market Study of the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii No. of No. of Course Name Location Courses Holes Kohals Ranch Golf Club Kohala Ranch Estates, North Kohala 1.5 27 Unnamed Course Mahukona Resort, North Kohala I 18 Queen's Resort Course Near Mauna Kea Beach Resort, South Kohala 1 18 Nansay Puako Courses Puako Res. Golf Community, South Kohala 6 108 Ouli Golf Club Nansay/Ouli, South Kohala 1 18 Unnamed Course Hapuna Beach State Park, South Kohala 1 18 Unnamed Course Waikoloa Beach Resort, South Kohala 1 18 The Highlands Golf Club Waikoloa Village, South Kohala (2) 1 18 Unnamed Course TSA/Y.O. Kaloko Community, North Kona 1 18 Kona Municipal Course Villages of Laiopua, North Kona 1 18 Royal Vista Country Club Puuwaawaa Ranch, North Kona 1.5 27 Four Seasons Resort Course Kaupulehu Resort, North Kona 1 18 Unnamed Course Kaupulehu Resort, North Kona 1 18 The Regent Courses Kukio Beach Resort, North Kona 2 36 Nausay Kau Golf Club Lands of Kau, North Kona 1 18 Unnamed Courses Kohanaiki Resort, North Kona 1 18 Totals (1) Includes all major course developments which have been announced and are considered at least nominally pursuing approvals and/or development. It is unlikely all of these listed will be approved and/or constructed during the study period. The previously proposed Kealakekua Bay Course land use approval effort was effectively abandoned concurrent with this study. The list does not include the proposed subject courses. The Queen's Resort course approved for (then) Mauna Kea Property lands north of the existing courses is shown, however, as the land has reverted back toTheQueen Emma Foundation, it is questionable this facility will be constructed in a timely manner. (2) Long-term village master planing assumes future course development, although definite proposals are not being solidly pursued at this time. Source: Various, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. 23 414 Q k � 0 0 § \ � j ) � � § | | | & ! ■ i | I ! - J , ■ J § \ � j ) � � § | | | & ! ■ i | I ! , ■ I § 0 0 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kauoulehu Resort Expansion The National Golf Foundation has published figures indicating the average number of rounds played per year by Americans is 20.2 per golfer. Based on the ability to play year-round and the attraction of the islands to golfers and retirees, we believe this figure to be an understatement relative to the long-term potential. We have adapted these statewide indicators to the West Hawaii market for use in the demand model. Because of its recent rural roots, not as high a percentage of residents are golfers as on urbanized Oahu; although, the level will increase in coming years. Conversely, an increasing intensity of the regional tourism plant over time will attract a more diverse visitor profile, with a lower percentage of golfers than currently enjoyed at the area's exclusive destination resorts. Application of these figures to our projections of the West Hawaii and resident populations over the next 22 years is shown on Table 24. By the year 2015, the region will require a minimum of 37 full courses (or 666 total holes) in order to meet the total anticipated levels of demand created by tourists and the local population. This will require an additional 26 courses (468 holes) to be developed over the next two decades beyond those presently existing, and three courses (or 54 holes) beyond those planned, if all sectors are to be fully serviced over the long term and stable pricing and supply/demand relationships are to be maintained. Based on our analysis, we conclude there is sufficient demand in West Hawaii over the long term to support construction of the subject golf courses. Page 56 0 0 ml a k / f C4 \ k - ƒ k § § ( § n } & | # § K _ � � \ a �� {} - ƒ k § i f - % } & | # § K _ � \ �� {} # § % ) _ § •2 §! f § f $ _ § - k § i f - % } & | # § K _ � \ �� {} # § % ) _ § •2 §! f § f $ _ § �{!`i■ � ( \a7fi7 \ - % # K \ _ ! } & �# k\ } & | �# k\ �\ �� {} •2 §! § �{!`i■ � \a7fi7 \ • • ' The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL DEMAND Given the relative isolation of Kaupulehu from non -resort supporting urban development, a neighborhood shopping center will be a vital amenity to the subject and greater Kaupulehu community. It will provide access to necessary everyday goods and services, be a valuable marketing tool, and serve as a thematic and activity focal point for the project. The inclusion of an 1 I acre commercial site at the hub of the expansion area, epitomizes the master planning design for the subject development. Just as the residential -oriented units of the subject will complement and add diversity to the resort -oriented units in the initial phase of Kaupulehu, the commercial village will fill a niche for guests within the Four Seasons complex who would otherwise be limited to hotel retail/dining/service offerings. A quality, mixed tenant shopping center is proven to attract local purchasers to resort -type communities, as evidenced at Keauhou Resort, Princeville, and Waikoloa Village. The need to overcome the feeling of isolation, a source of major complaint in West Hawaii resorts, spurred freestanding complexes at Waikoloa Beach and Mauna Lam. Demand for the subject commercial village would be a function of four groups: • Residents and guests within the subject property (primary); • Resident and guests of the Four Seasons Kaupulehu project (primary); • Tourists staying at other West Hawaii resorts (secondary); and • Queen Kaahumanu passerbys (tertiary). Focusing on the primary patron groups, spatial demand can best be quantified as a function of per capita needs for basic and supporting goods of the de facto Kaupulehu population. The most reasonable indicators can be drawn from Oahu data, which is drawn from a broad-based, stable market made of mixed resident and Page R • • • The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaugulehu Resort Expansion tourist consumer groups. As shown on Table 25, the per capita allowance for shopping center and retail space on Oahu is currently at an all-time high level of 17.71 square feet per person, with a growth rate of 1.47 percent annually compounded. Of this demand, studies show about 60 per cent is oriented towards neighborhood -type centers, 20 percent to regional centers, and the remainder to a collection of freestanding, specialty, and discount businesses. Upon build -out, the Four Seasons Kaupulehu project and subject resort expansion area will have an average daily de facto population upwards of 3,500 persons, of which about 1,200 would be full-time residents and the remainder part-time residents, guests, and tourists. These consumers represent direct demand for more than 61,000 square feet of commercial (non -office) space. The neighborhood component of this demand would equate to some 36,750 square feet. To this figure is added an allowance for other West Hawaii tourists visiting the complex (including golfers) of 15 percent of the community total, and highway passersby who may stop in, at ten percent of the community spatial base. The total estimated minimum demand for subject commercial space would be 45,938 square feet using this conservative method, as displayed on Table 26. This is sufficient to absorb the space proposed by the subject developers. The demand for floor space at the center could increase higher if it contains sufficient amenities and cumulative mass to become a destination shopping village, or if the ratio of full-time residents at Kaupulehu increase beyond the projected levels. Page 58 a TABLE 25 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 SUMMARY OF RETAIL, SHOPPING AND SERVICE CENTER SPACE ON OAHU FOR SELECTED YEARS 1977 TO 1993 Market Study of the Proposed KsupukLu Resort Expansion Kaupulchu, North Kms, Hawaii Grass Leasable Floor Spam Area in Sq. Ft. 9,014,000 9,180,000 9,280,000 9,460,000 9,612,000 9,850,500 10,000,000 10,206,000 11,636,000 3,242,000 3,308,000 3,384,000 3,488,000 3,621,000 3,720,000 3,800,000 3,830,000 3,950,000 12,256,000 12,488,000 12.664,000 12.948,000 13,233,000 13.570,500 13,800,000 14,036,000 15,586,000 Resident Population Of Wand 737,000 742,600 756,000 764,800 767,600 776,100 789,100 797,800 804,300 810,400 818,400 824,100 831.300 839,400 852,000 864,800 880,000 Ratio of Retail and Service Space Per Person 14.02 14.05 14.30 14.35 15.10 15.24 15.41 15.47 15.71 15.92 16.17 16.20 16.23 17.71 Compounded Annual Growth Rise for 1977 through 1993 2.85% 1.93% 2.60% 1.11% 1.47% Average Annual Addition for 1977 through 1993 247,882 61,118 309,000 8,412 Note: Complete data not available for all study years. 1993 figures are year eml estimates. (1) Includes all significant Neighborhood, Strip, Specialty, Community, Regional and Super Regional' malls and centers. Excludes hotels. (2) Includes all significant 'Business and Health' services, excludes hotels. Source: State of Hawaii Department of Business and Economic Development, Hawaii Red Estate, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Restaurant and Curter (1) Service (2) Total 7,422,000 2,911,000 10,333,000 7,492,000 2,944,000 10,436,000 7,806,000 3,002,000 10,808,000 7,953,000 3,021,000 10,974,000 8,537,000 3,052,000 11,589,000 9,014,000 9,180,000 9,280,000 9,460,000 9,612,000 9,850,500 10,000,000 10,206,000 11,636,000 3,242,000 3,308,000 3,384,000 3,488,000 3,621,000 3,720,000 3,800,000 3,830,000 3,950,000 12,256,000 12,488,000 12.664,000 12.948,000 13,233,000 13.570,500 13,800,000 14,036,000 15,586,000 Resident Population Of Wand 737,000 742,600 756,000 764,800 767,600 776,100 789,100 797,800 804,300 810,400 818,400 824,100 831.300 839,400 852,000 864,800 880,000 Ratio of Retail and Service Space Per Person 14.02 14.05 14.30 14.35 15.10 15.24 15.41 15.47 15.71 15.92 16.17 16.20 16.23 17.71 Compounded Annual Growth Rise for 1977 through 1993 2.85% 1.93% 2.60% 1.11% 1.47% Average Annual Addition for 1977 through 1993 247,882 61,118 309,000 8,412 Note: Complete data not available for all study years. 1993 figures are year eml estimates. (1) Includes all significant Neighborhood, Strip, Specialty, Community, Regional and Super Regional' malls and centers. Excludes hotels. (2) Includes all significant 'Business and Health' services, excludes hotels. Source: State of Hawaii Department of Business and Economic Development, Hawaii Red Estate, and The Hallstrom Group, Inc. wool o t� N 0 � � 8 a�0 m N h O .g pO ~ vt �O � 00 .•z O 00 N N f+1 W Q 1�+ n v�� p� VMf Vii Vf N N p m N N O t� l- O, N Q pp N N~~ N y a w N �p ..i .w .r .r �q 7 S a W � rA bR u 0W IRS m � I !qt .1 r o a 8 t e a a ] y>? §..Oj a b - v c Sao ISO; Zgt C b v jr ? o v v The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaumulehu Resort Esaansion SUBJECT DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The Site The irregularly-shaped Kaupulehu Resort lands are located along the North Kona shoreline, makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway approximately eight and sixteen miles north, respectively, of the Keahole Airport and urban Kailua-Kona. The subject site is in the central portion of the Kona/Kohala coastal resort corridor. The property is flat to minimally sloping, a generally featureless lava finger, for the most part less than two centuries old. With the exception of kiawe thickets and pockets of various grass types near the ocean, the holding has nominal vegetation, being typified by young a'a and pahoehoe lava stratum. As with most regional properties, the waterfront is rocky, with seacliffs ranging up to 30 feet above mean sea level. Pockets of crushed coral and/or rock sand are scattered along the shoreline, generally just behind the wave action zone, with the largest located at the northerly edge of the subject lands. There are no significant on-site beach strands providing direct water access, and near -shore activities would be limited due to the difficult egress and seasonal large waves. f Vehicular access onto the site is currently available via the re -aligned entryway to the Kona Village Resort which leads from Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Upon development, the subject property will be served through expansion of the under -construction Four Seasons Kaupulehu roadway system. Kaupulehu is in a "kekaha" (or desert), which is typified by average rainfall of less than ten inches per year and average daily temperatures above 80 degrees. The effects of the tradewinds, which plague the more northerly resorts, is mitigated somewhat by the subject's location in the lee of Hualalai. Beyond the existing Kona Village, under -construction Four Seasons, and the proposed Kukio Beach Resort, there are no other uses existing or planned for the immediate Kaupulehu "neighborhood" at the present time. Given its location and characteristics, it is unlikely any uses other than destination resort or master -planned community would be considered. Page 59 The Hallstrom Group. Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion A comprehensive description of the subject property and the surrounding lands was presented in the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Kaupulehu Resort (1986), as well as other documents prepared by the developer. The reader is referred to these narratives for further information. From a market perspective, the subject lands appear to possess the traits necessary to be competitive with other projects along the Kona/Kohala coastline. Among the primary advantages are: • The property enjoys excellent climatic conditions, the fundamental requirement for successful resort/residential development. • The site has more than two miles of direct ocean frontage, another critical amenity. While lacking quality beaches, this is not a significant concern as the orientation of the project is resort/residential and not resort/hotel use. On -water sandy beaches are conveniently nearby at Kahuwai and Kukio. • View potentials are average to good, with extensive ocean and mountain panoramas presently available. However, due to the nearly level topography of the site, view planes will become obstructed as development takes place. With proper planning and grading, quality territorial (golf course) and mountain panoramas can be maintained, as evidenced at Mauna Lani. • Until the opening of the Kukio Beach and Kohanaiki projects (both currently on hold), Kaupulehu will have the most accessible and best supported location among the existing coastal resorts, with easy high-speed highway access to the airport and the shopping, services and restaurants of Kailua- Kona. This is a vital market factor, as the most common complaint among guests and unit purchasers at the more northerly resorts is their relative isolation. This attribute will markedly enhance the desirability of the project for local residents. • The Four Seasons Kaupulehu Resort complex, southerly adjacent, will provide high-quality resort amenities for finished subject units, including restaurants, retail and recreational opportunities, while enhancing the prestige of the Page 60 The Hallstrom Group Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion entire development. This immediately places the planned homesites and units in a more desirable position than Maniniowali or the Puako Residential Golf Community (which represent 23.4 percent of the regional competitive inventory) which lack this benefit. • By encompassing the well-recognized Kona Village Resort project, the subject possesses immediate market identification with a long-established and highly successful development. The Proposed Master The envisioned land use design covering the subject lands will include: Plan • 530 Single Family Homesites on 220 net acres, with approximately 50 having direct ocean frontage and the majority of the remainder golf course frontage. • 500 Multifamily Units on 94 acres in low density projects spread across interior course -fronting sites. • Two Championship Golf Courses, 415 total acres, sharing a clubhouse facility (on 12 acres) which will form an entryway facility to the subject community. • An Eleven acre Neighborhood Commercial Site, which would serve both in -project owner/guest needs and have destination restaurants and shops attracting off-site patrons. • A Three acre Club, for residents and guests. • 369 Acres of Archeological Preserves, Recreation Area, Open Space and Community Set -Asides. On a general basis, the preliminary master plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii is an appropriate and reasonable layout given the physical constraints of the subject property and its effective market standing. The master plan envisions a moderate- to high-quality, low-density residential community having a recreational lifestyle theme and limited - resort ambiance appealing to both local residents and second home purchasers. The project would function independent of the under - construction Four Seasons Kaupulehu complex, but would derive benefit from shared name -recognition and amenities. Page 61 • • • The Hallstrom GroupInc Kau.nlehu ResoH Exaansion From a market perspective, the plan embodies modem resort -type land use designs characteristic of leading Hawaii developments. Among the primary favorable traits of the current land use map are: • The overall density ratio is exceptionally low, averaging only .93 units per acre over the entire project site. This is a fraction of the level approved for other developments in the study area. • The finished site density ratio is also well below regional market standards, with subdivided single family lots averaging 2.33 per acre, and multifamily units 5.26 per acre. • Every development pod will have direct and extended golf course frontage. The plan maximizes the amenity in regards to efficiency, supply of fronting units, and creation of territorial view potentials. • The project will include some 50 oceanfront homesites, the most for any existing or proposed project in the islands. These lots are highly sought after in the market and should achieve rapid absorption. • The neighborhood commercial village will provide the services necessary to stabilize the subject project while attracting outside consumers. • The golf courses and clubhouse will attract players, diners and visitors which will form a major potential purchaser group. The facility will also serve as the gateway/central hub to the community and as a secondary retail, restaurant and service complex. • The archeological preserves will add to the sense of Kaupulehu identity, and provide a thematic opportunity. • The club and beach recreation area will give residents and guests water access availability, a crucial trait in sector marketing. Page 62 0 • The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion COMPETITIVENESS OF THE SUBJECT PROJECT The Residual Method Based on our market investigation and analysis we have determined: • The West Hawaii economic and population base is in a long- term expansion mode, with significant demand forecast for resort/residential and general residential purchase opportunities in coming decades; • There are numerous existing and proposed projects which anticipate 'capturing" a portion of the envisioned market for their respective developments during the same time -frame; and, • The proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion site and master plan have the necessary attributes to be competitive in the regional homesite, condominium and golf course sectors. The final step in the market study process is to quantify the probable market demand for the finished subject units by correlating defined statistical sector "needs" and subjective competitive insights into absorption estimates using two analytical techniques: The Residual Method and The Market Shares Method. In this approach, all of the major proposed resort and golf -course residential projects in the competitive market area are placed on a time- line depicting the sales absorption anticipated by the developers (as stated in their EIS, reported in the media, or through interviews). To the extent the total units in these projects fall short of forecast demand for units in the study area, an undersupply situation exists. Should the proposed supply total more than the estimated demand, there would be an oversupply condition. Having accounted for virtually all of the proposed units in the market, it can be asserted the subject development will "capture" a significant (or all) of the residual demand in the region. This approach is inherently conservative, as it assumes the subject will only garner what is left after all of the competitive projects receive their share. Given the nature of the Kaupulehu site, its ongoing construction efforts, and the likelihood of delay for several of the competitive Page 63 • • • The Hallstrom GroupInc Kmmulehu Resort Expansion developments, we believe the subject will be a market leader, not a follower. Table 27 displays the residual demand model we consider most applicable to the analysis. The model covers all regional resort/residential demand, both single and multifamily "units". The annual forecast unit demand is shown along the bottom of the table along with the yearly and cumulative over/under supply figures and the probable demand for the subject under several residual capture rate assumptions. In 17 of the 21 years of the study period, there will be a regional supply shortfall. Most importantly, the undersupply condition will continue from the turn of the century onward, when the majority of the subject inventory would come on-line. The model indicates the subject should be able to achieve a reasonable absorption level of 25 to 70 -plus lots/units annually. Only in the near-term years of the study period is there an oversupply; however, this assumes the three proposed projects which have yet to break -ground will all be able to offer inventory in a timely and effective manner, an outcome we do not presently believe credible. If revisions were made to the model to account for probability and timeliness of competitive development occurrence, the residual demand available to the subject inventory would markedly increase and speed overall absorption beyond the concluded levels. Based on the various residual method models tested, the 1,030 subject residential units could be absorbed within a 15 to 20 -year marketing period. The Market Shares Method This technique accounts for the probable competitiveness of the subject residential inventory regardless of the total level of other finished product being offered. In essence, it is an estimate of how much of the total latent and new unit resort/residential and general residential unit demand existing and anticipated for West Hawaii the subject could expect to receive on an annual basis given its location, amenities and pricing characteristics. Page 64 Y (a N $ ti Npy P g P R r Y T Vp� N S N �f Y NI q� qN �+�8�$nRwSx9,vSx„�n � RS S S G RI R a R oB �v8e8�ReSo9,nSo3� n R4' �`6 9, RI w�1 �zt�J1 � pNONOI .Ni Y N N VOOA N N N S N T N S N VNj N 'O N o pN n� VNO •i�Vn1 O � 8I 1 N Y�� M Y (� P� P pf P H N � Li E' C Cr QCR�`ooR�SQi� r P N*„2 8 uh k K a K K K 1F Kr4 a Y • • • The Hallstrom GroupInc.Kaupulehu Resort Expansion This "pure competitiveness" approach is generally moderate in application and required some subjective variables, but it is often the most appropriate and is considered the "classic" method. As indicated by the foregoing residual table, annual market shares of 4 to 30 percent of total sector demand are envisioned by developers for the competitive projects, most being in the 12 to 20 percent range. Our analysis indicates the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion units should be able to achieve overall average levels at the mid- to upper -end of this median share spectrum, in the 14 to 20 percent range, particularly if the lots/units are more moderately -priced as presently proposed. Annual shares would be anticipated to range from 10 to 22 percent of total demand. Application of these market share rates against the subject single family homesite inventory relative to total annual regional demand estimates is shown on Table 28. Using this method the 530 subject lots would require some 16 to 21 years to achieve full absorption. The subject market share is inflated higher than general market standards in the first years of the project due to the availability of high demand oceanfront lots. Application of the market share rates to the proposed subject multifamily units is shown on Table 29. The models indicate the 500 units could achieve successful absorption within 14 to 18 years. The market share method is limited in regards to the regional residential market, due to its size and diversity. However, the models indicate the subject would have to capture only two to less than four percent of the entire regional residential demand in order to be fully absorbed within a 15 to 20 year period. We believe this nominal share to be readily achievable. Correlation We conclude the subject inventory would be competitive in the West Hawaii real estate market, and should achieve full absorption of all salable components (single family, multifamily, golf course and neighborhood commercial) within 18 years of initial offerings. The speed would be increased if one or more of the proposed competitive projects is notably delayed, as seems likely. Page 65 • • a 0 TABLE 28 QUANTWICATION OF AOTHWrIAL SUBJECT DEMAND AOR RESORT/RESIDENTIAL HOAE417E4 USING THE MARKET SHARES METHOD Mand Sally of the Ropowd Ifaapukhu Resort Expansion Luipokbo. North Cans, Hawaii Seonseio One: Auumwg Minimum Regional Lot Demand Seonatio Two: Assuming Ma man Regional Id Demaed Couservatim Tad Estimated TOW YOar Regional Dammed 0) Subject Sham Subject Demmd (2) 1996 SO 20.00% 16 1997 80 20.00% 16 1998 SO 20.00% 16 1999 80 20.00% 16 2000 80 2D.00% 16 2001 120 20.00% 24 2002 120 20.00% 24 2(103 120 16.00% 19 2004 120 16.00% 19 2005 120 IB.OD% 22 2006 160 18.00% 29 2007 160 2D.O0% 32 2DOS 160 20.00% 32 2009 160 20.00% 32 2010 16D 20.00% 32 2011 160 20.00% 32 2012 160 20.00% 32 2013 160 20.00% 32 2014 160 20.00% 32 2015 160 20.00% 32 2016 160 15.50% 25 2016 2,760 19.19% 5311 Seonatio Two: Assuming Ma man Regional Id Demaed (1) Based on total projected demand for meort/maidealal homesites in West Hawaii. (2) Amuming subject single family component is compriwd of 530 lots. Soueca The Hallstmen Oroop, Ine. Conservative Total 1?Mimated Taal Year Regional Demand (1) aublea SSstm Subject Demaad (2) 1996 110 20.00% 22 1997 110 20.00% 22 1998 110 20.00% 22 1999 110 2(1.00% 22 2010 110 20.Oo% 22 2001 165 20.00% 33 2002 165 20.00% 33 2003 165 16.00% 26 2004 165 16.00% 26 2005 165 18.00% 30 2006 22D 18.00% 40 2007 220 20.00% M 2008 220 21.00% H 2DO9 221 20.00% 44 2110 221 20.OD% M 2011 220 20.OD% 44 2D12 220 5.50% 12 2012 2,915 18.19% 530 (1) Based on total projected demand for meort/maidealal homesites in West Hawaii. (2) Amuming subject single family component is compriwd of 530 lots. Soueca The Hallstmen Oroop, Ine. Optimistic TOW Estimated Teal TOW Regknsl Subject abject Year Demand Sham Dammed (2) 1996 9D 22.00% 18 1997 SO 22.00% is 1998 80 22.00% IB 1999 10 22.OD% 18 2000 So 22.00% IB 2001 120 22.00% 26 2002 120 Ib.OD% 22 2003 120 18.00% 22 2004 120 18.00% 22 2005 120 20,00% 24 2006 160 20.00% 32 2007 160 20.00% 32 208 160 20.00% 32 2009 160 20.00% 32 2010 160 20.00% 32 2011 160 20.00% 32 2012 160 20.00% 32 2013 160 20.00% 32 2014 160 20.00% 32 2D15 160 20.00% 32 2016 160 4.50% 7 Toad 2,760 19.22% 530 (1) Based on total projected demand for meort/maidealal homesites in West Hawaii. (2) Amuming subject single family component is compriwd of 530 lots. Soueca The Hallstmen Oroop, Ine. -OpOmistie Tad Estimated TOW Regional Sbjed abject Year Demmd Slime Dcmmd (2) 1996 55 22.00% 24 1997 110 22.00% 24 1998 110 22.00% 24 1999 110 22.OD% 24 2000 110 22.00% 24 2001 165 22.00% 36 2002 165 16.00% 30 2003 165 18.00% 30 2004 165 18.00% 30 2005 165 20.OD% 33 2006 220 20.00% M 20(17 220 70.00% H 2008 220 70.00% 44 2009 220 2D.00% 44 2010 220 21.00% M 2D/1 220 14.00% 31 Totaa 2,695 19.67% 530 (1) Based on total projected demand for meort/maidealal homesites in West Hawaii. (2) Amuming subject single family component is compriwd of 530 lots. Soueca The Hallstmen Oroop, Ine. 56 TABLE 29UANTD7CATHIN OF Q POS@i17A1, SUBJECT DPMAND FOR RESORURE9mE4TIAAL MULTIPAMMY UNM USMO THE MA.JI= SHAM bffMOD Maks Study of the Pmpo ed Raupulebu Rant Egwo am Bawulch . North Kenn. Raw K Scenario Om: Assuming Mlm Unum Regional Unit Demand Scenario Two: Assemhg Maximum Rogional Unit Demand Conservative Total Estimated TOW Tow Regional Subject Subject Yea_ Demand (1) Sham Demand (2) 1996 135 10.00% 14 1997 135 12.00% 16 1998 135 12.00% 16 1999 135 12.00% 16 2000 135 14.00% 19 2001 IgD 14.00% 25 2002 180 14.00% 25 2043 ISO 15.00% 27 2004 180 15.00% 27 2005 180 15.00% 27 2016 225 16.00% 36 2007 225 16.00% 36 2008 225 16.00% 36 2009 225 16.00% 36 2D10 225 16.00% 36 2011 225 16.00% 36 2012 225 16.00% 36 2013 225 16.00% 36 Toch 3.375 14.83% 500 Scenario Two: Assemhg Maximum Rogional Unit Demand (1) Based on total projected demand for maNtesidential multifamily nib in Wen Hawaii. (2) Assuming subject mnitlbmily component is comprised of circa SW units. Spume: The Hallstrom OroW, Inc. Consemd" Taal Edimated Taal Tow Regional Subject Subject Year Demand (I) sham Demand (2) 1996 162 10.00% l6 1997 162 12.00% 19 1999 162 12.00% 19 1999 162 12.00% 19 2000 162 14.00% 23 2001 216 14.00% 30 2002 216 14.00% 30 2043 216 15.04% 32 2004 216 15.00% 32 2005 216 15.00% 32 2006 270 16.00% 43 2007 270 16.00% 43 21)09 270 16.00% 43 2009 270 16.00% 43 2010 270 16.04% 43 2011 270 10.75% 29 Tach 3,510 14.24% 300 (1) Based on total projected demand for maNtesidential multifamily nib in Wen Hawaii. (2) Assuming subject mnitlbmily component is comprised of circa SW units. Spume: The Hallstrom OroW, Inc. optwm" Taal Edboled Tow Regional Subject Subjeet Year Demand Shue Demand (2) 1996 135 12.00% 16 1997 135 15.00% 20 1998 135 15.00% 20 1999 135 15.00% 20 2000 135 15.00% 2D 2001 ISO 18.00% 32 2002 180 18.00% 32 MW ISO IS.00% 32 2004 ISD 20.00% 36 2005 ISO 2D.W% 36 2006 225 2100% 45 2007 225 20.00% 45 2008 225 20.00% 45 2009 225 20.00% 45 2010 225 20.00% 45 2011 225 400% 9 Torah 2.925 17.11% 500 (1) Based on total projected demand for maNtesidential multifamily nib in Wen Hawaii. (2) Assuming subject mnitlbmily component is comprised of circa SW units. Spume: The Hallstrom OroW, Inc. Opimisic Total Fitimafed Taal Regional Subject Subject Year Demand Sbam Demand M 1996 162 12.00% t9 1997 162 15.00% 714 1998 162 15.00% 24 1999 162 15.00% 24 2000 162 15.00% 24 2001 216 18.00% 39 2W2 216 11.00% 39 2003 216 18.00% 39 7004 216 20.00% 43 2005 216 20.00% 43 2006 270 20.00% 54 2007 271 20.00% 54 20M 270 20.00% 54 2DD9 271 6.75% 18 Touts 2,90 16.93% 500 (1) Based on total projected demand for maNtesidential multifamily nib in Wen Hawaii. (2) Assuming subject mnitlbmily component is comprised of circa SW units. Spume: The Hallstrom OroW, Inc. Y The Hallstrom Group, Inc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion CERTIFICATION The undersigned do hereby certify that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the statements of fact contained in this report are true and correct. It is further certified that the reported analyses, opinions, and conclusions are limited only by the reported assumptions and limiting conditions, and are our personal, unbiased professional analyses, opinions, and conclusions. We further certify that we have no present or prospective interest in the property that is the subject of this report, and have no personal interest or bias with respect to the parties involved. Our compensation is not contingent on a predetermined value or direction in value that favors the client, the amount of the value estimate, the attainment of a stipulated result, or the occurrence of a subsequent event. The appraisal analyses, opinions, and conclusions were developed, and this report has been prepared, in conformity with the requirements of the Code of Professional Ethics and Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice of the Appraisal Institute and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. The use of this report is subject to the requirements of the Appraisal Institute relating to review by duly authorized representatives. The undersigned certify that they have made personal inspections of the property that is the subject of this report. No persons provided significant professional assistance other than the undersigned. The Appraisal Institute conducts programs of continuing education for their designated members. As of the date of this report, James E. Hallstrom, Jr., has completed the requirements of the continuing education program of the Appraisal Institute. THE HALLSTROM GROUP, INC. L �.Q rFtM Jame E. Halls trom, Jr., MAI, Hmai ute Certified Gegarial Appraiser, CGA -178 sp. Date December 31, 1995 Tom W. Holiday JEH/twh/as Page 66 3419_R03 Y Appendix J onomic Impact Analysis and blic Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Proposed 1,120 Acre :aupulehu Resort Expansion THEEROM WKTIPINC. HEAL ESTATE CONSULTANTS S APPRAISERS ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS and PUBLIC COSTBENEFIT ANALYSIS of the PROPOSED 1 120 ACRE KAUPULEHU RESdRT EXPANSION ARPITP>TIVV \ %LL'{TJO1 "I \L\SKET IT, I'll I I' Al ;11I TIvAC I R RITE IJi fl�ll��!' STI: F.EL II01JLI L. lldU 411 roe. FU -II,i4 THEW91P . OM • INC. REAL ESTATE CO\St'LTAST% 6 APPRAISERS J°° , L H""'"""`'' 1111 '"' March 1, 1994 D,,,U L Hdlsmm _LIT, B-11 \Al.il. 1h'i Ra,n3dP1, R Fdm, 11iI bRA Jam 7s E. T"'^" H"°'�" Ms. Anne Mapes R""'""'`"' '11111141 SRA Belt Collins Hawaii " "' `u"" 680 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 200 .-C Rua Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 A L,,v, ,, "'.I1RP'L°^'M4' Economic Impact Analysis and Public Cost Benefit F) "° Z°R^°' Analysis of the Proposed 1,120 Acre Kaupulehu Ch^°'°P'e,H Ora" Resort Expansion, Kaupulehu, North Kona, Hawaii Dear Ms. Mapes: At your request, we have completed a defined -scope assignment addressing the general economic and public purse impacts associated with the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project. The results from our investigation, analysis, and modeling efforts are summarized in the attached report; a presentation relying primarily on tabular estimates. We have considered the development as an independent, freestanding component of the greater Kaupulehu Resort Expansion community. The "economic" product of the subject project entails 530 single family homesites, 500 multifamily units, a two course golfing/recreation complex and a 45,000 square foot commercial village. Our study addresses how the construction, operation, and use of the subject components will affect the economic standing of the region and the tax revenue and expenditure base of Hawaii County and the state. The following brief report builds on the conclusions contained in our preceding market study, in addition to citing industry -based and other factors contributing to the study formulae and applications. Please contact us if further discussion is required. AR RPTRATIO� Sincerely, V'ALLSTIUS :�. 11'.I'"ET 17,11IL' THE HALLSTROM GROUP, INC. P 9 C A III TOP ER _LIT, i.: 11>1 `>T"'T Jam 7s E. Hallstrom, Jr., MAI, SRA 110.NLLL1 IIAR ill un: l'� H/as ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS and PUBLIC COSTBENEFIT ANALYSIS of the PROPOSED 1,120 ACRE KAUPULEHU RESORT EXPANSION Located at Kaupulehu Makai, North Kona, Hawaii Kaupulehu Developments as of March 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 1 Summary of Findings I Employment Opportunities Created 2 Labor Pool Demographics 4 Wage Income Generated 5 Construction Costs as Project Income 6 Indirect Economic Impacts 7 Total Economic Impacts 9 PUBLIC COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS 9 Introduction 9 Public Costs I 1 Public Benefits 12 Correlation 15 ADDENDUM I -- ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 15 Introduction 15 Worker Requirements 17 Worker Wages 18 Construction Costs 19 Contractor's Profit 19 Suppliers Project 19 Cumulative Residential Development 20 Resident Population 20 Resident Income 20 • Table of Contents (continued) • Resident Population Discretionary Expenditures Pa e 21 ADDENDUM II -- PUBLIC COST/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT 22 Public Benefits (or Revenues) 22 State Income Taxes 22 State Conveyance Taxes 23 State Gross Excise Tax 23 Total Public Revenues 23 CERTIFICATION 24 • • The Hallstrom Groua Inc. _ Kaupulehu Resort Expansion ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS Summary of Findings The development of the subject project will favorably impact the West Hawaii, Big Island, and statewide economy on both a direct and indirect basis, increasing the level of capital investment and capital flow in the region. From a direct perspective, the proposed 530 single family homes, 500 multifamily units, and 36 -hole golf facility and circa 45,000 square feet of neighborhood retail space in the development will create thousands of worker/years in construction jobs during the emplacement of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion infrastructure and building of the improvements. After completion of the units and commercial areas over an extended development period, there will be more than 1,100 full-time equivalent employment positions created by the golf course facility, tenant businesses in the finished shopping village space, and by the occupied residences which will generate service and maintenance needs during their use. Furthermore, significant profit opportunities will arise for regional companies in the construction trades who would build the community improvements, and for local businesses which would supply a substantial portion of the materials needed in the building efforts. Indirectly, the subject development will attract a middle- to upper- income population of residents and other users, which will undoubtedly spend large amounts of discretionary income in on- and off-site shops, restaurant and service establishments throughout West Hawaii. As these wages, profits and expenditures move through the Big Island economy they will have a ripple, or "multiplier", effect, increasing the amount of capital flowing through the entire labor and business communities. Construction workers and others earning wages from the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion effort will spend the majority of their income on living and entertainment expenses while supporting and patronizing other County of Hawaii businesses. Much of this spending would be Page I • The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion re -directed by these retailers and service providers to suppliers and other island -based industries. As most of the proprietors, administrators, and workers of the secondary and tertiary enterprises are also island or other in-state residents, significant portions of these fully off-site monies will be further plowed back through the region's economic structure. The direct and indirect increases in capital flow over the several generation life -span of the subject project are the result of the capital and entrepreneurial investment undertaken by Kaupulehu Developments to convert their landholdings which have no current economic benefit for the county into a desirable mixed-use and resort/residential project. In essence, the Big Island (primarily) and statewide (secondarily) economies would be stimulated by the construction expense and on-going lifestyle requirements of middle- to upper-income home purchasers and general consumers frequenting the Kaupulehu community. Employment Opportunities Created Based on indicators provided by the construction of comparable -sized projects throughout the state, and Hawaii industry averages, we have estimated the demand for full-time equivalent on-site employment positions associated with construction of initial infrastructure systems, golf course and community facility developments, and finished homes, operational jobs within on-site retail, restaurant, and service centers; and the maintenance of the homes and other improvements. Land planners and engineers for the subject project anticipate the basic infrastructure servicing the individual components comprising the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion community site would be emplaced in two consecutive phases, the increments extending from mid -decade onward over a period of three to four years. This effort would include access roadways, subdivision improvements, utilities, golf course facilities, and the beach club. Assuming stable economic conditions and favorable market acceptance, the individual developments (homesite subdivisions, condominium projects, and retail space) would be offered in phases following one another as finished inventory is absorbed by the market, and to maintain reasonable market diversity. The speed of project development would Page 2 * • • The Hallstrom Gwup. Inc. Kau ulelru Resort Expansion be commensurate with the absorption levels forecast in our previously published market study. Our market analysis indicated the entire project could be successfully absorbed within 18 years of initial project offering, with a multifamily complex, oceanfront subdivision, interior subdivision, and the first golf course coming on line after an infrastructure development period of 18 months to two years. The second course would be ready for play by year three of the sales program, with the neighborhood commercial village being built in two increments opening in years seven and 15, respectively. By their very nature, the condominium units will be completed by sell- out and closing, or within 20 years of ground -breaking for the project. The construction of finished homes on the subdivided lots will likely require an additional several years beyond the completion of lot sales. However, for consistency in presentation, we have also "squeezed" the home construction period into the 20 -year time frame basis for all our models. As the dollars are constant with no appreciation, inflation or discounting, there is no net effect. Estimates on construction workers are based on full-time "man-years", although one man-year (about 2,000 working hours) may be comprised of many employees involved in specialized tasks of a much shorter duration. Our conclusions converting the anticipated speed and scope of project construction into an estimate of employment opportunities created in conjunction with the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion are displayed on the top of Table 1. The five components of construction are infrastructure, single family, multifamily, golf course, and commercial. Also shown are the number of full-time equivalent employment opportunities which will be provided within the on-going golf course operation, commercial businesses, and the maintenance/service workers serving the residential and common area components of the finished project. We consider these ratios, founded on the experience of actual West Hawaii and statewide projects, studies completed for the State of Hawaii and leading financial institutions, and nationwide indicators, to be generally moderate. Page 3 §/ § si 2 � ,| ||!!$ |72�2! |m&»f|!||§§ -®�� ® `■c e ; ) E , 6 ! •,����\�/ .�!$|�|�`�■ # 2 � ,| ||!!$ |72�2! |m&»f|!||§§ R1 k| 21 0 E =e®r\ ;; ;!;■§ m; e=!■!! m; _■_!! E The Hallstrom Group Inc Kanoulehu Resort Exoansion Significant off-site employment will also be created by on-site construction and maintenance workers. A multiplier of 1.75 off-site jobs per on-site positions was used in our model. This is commensurate with historic indicators derived from the Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism, and First Hawaiian Bank data. Labor Pool Demographics During the 20 -year projection period covering the 1,120 acre subject development, the number of full-time equivalent jobs directly created on- and off-site varies from 165 to 1,209 positions annually, totaling 16,547 worker/years during the time frame. On a stabilized basis, after the completion of construction, the project will generate some 1,103 permanent employment opportunities; 333 on-site and 770 elsewhere on the island. Addendum I provides a brief description of the formulae used in making our Economic Impact estimates and cites the data sources used for the individual assumptions comprising the models. Initially, during the first increments of the project, the labor force required to construct and operate improvements would be drawn from the existing West Hawaii and (to a lesser degree) islandwide worker pool. Due to the steep decline in construction activity over the past three years resulting from recessionary influences, the number of contract construction jobs on the Big Island has decreased by more than 23 percent since the peak of 1989-90, with fewer than 2,500 positions available in December 1993.0) Most forecasts call for an additional 800 -plus (or one-third) of the present total to be lost as projects are completed in 1994. Existing construction workers, as a result of the economic cycle and the lagging supply sectors, would strongly benefit from the near- to mid-term opportunities arising from infrastructure and unit development at Kaupulehu. Over time, as the project matures, additional workers would be obtained through apprenticeship of younger, entry-level tradesmen and the re-training of displaced agricultural employees. (1) LaborArea News, January 1994, p.2. Page 4 0 • The Hallstrom GroupInc. Kaupulehu Resort Expansion Wage Income Generated Overall, Hawaii County has experienced virtually no net gain in employment over the past four years (45,650 jobs in 1989-90, 46,000 in 1993-94) with most sectors stagnating or losing positions and only the government showing significant increase; up nearly 2,000 jobs or 22 percent during the comparison period. As the regional economy recovers later in the decade, and construction activity increases at the many existing and proposed projects, workers will again become in higher demand and the availability of jobs will attract laborers from off -island (in conjunction with the quality lifestyle of the region). At first, most will in -migrate from other islands in the state, followed by mainland individuals. This movement is in keeping with the employment and population trends projected in state and county plans for the region over the past decade. Most importantly, perhaps, as an under -construction community, Kaupulehu offers a true opportunity to provide much needed work for currently displaced construction laborers. While the promise of jobs is strong in conjunction with Kohanaiki, Kukio Beach, Maniniowali, the Puako Residential Golf Community, and others, they have yet to begin significant on-site activity. From a geographical perspective, we would anticipate workers in the initial phases would be drawn from a triangular area defined by Captain Cook, Honokaa, and Hawi, or within a 40 mile radius from the project. As the study region and Kailua-Kona began the multi -decade infilling process, a smaller radius of community workers would be expected. In accordance with data compiled by the state Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Labor Area News, and as revealed through our research, we have estimated the personal income (in the form of wages) which will flow to Big Island workers as a result of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion project. Investigation indicates the December 1993 average annual wage of a full-time contract construction worker (all skills and positions) was about $45,122, for commercial employees $15,571, and for full-time maintenance/service workers, the figure is $24,096. These figures are Page 5 • 0 The Hallstrom Group, Inc Kaunulehu Resort ..x nsioir based on December 1993 publications further discussed in Addendum I. Off-site administrative and office employee average annual wages were included at a mid -point wage of $28,000 (rounded). Application of these wage estimates to the employment forecasts generates personal income (wage) projections from the subject project as shown at the bottom of Table 1. The wage figures are all presented in constant year-end 1993 dollars, and will undoubtedly escalate over time in accordance with inflationary pressures. In the first year of the project, the "Total Annual Wages Generated" by the subject development effort would be $5,647,320, increasing to a high of $32,905,260, as the number of construction, commercial business and maintenance/service workers peak at the end of the 20 - year projection build -out project. After completion of all construction, the on-going golf operations, retail/service tenants and use of the residences would result in the annual wages in the "stabilized" column at the right of the table, which would average $27,462,892 annually thereafter in current dollars; mostly in off-site supplemental employee wages. Over the 20 years of the model development build -out period, total on - and off-site worker wages would be $469,965,977. Construction Costs as Project Income While a significant portion of the materials needed to build the subject homes must be imported to West Hawaii, much of the construction costs spent in the development will flow to local businesses in the form of contractor profits and supplier profits. We estimate the rounded average direct construction costs for the various improvement types as follows (in 1993 dollars): Single family Homes -- $300,000 ($140 per sq. ft. x 2,150 sq. ft.) Multifamily Units -- $165,000 ($110 per sq. ft. x 1,500 sq. ft.) Commercial Space -- $200 per square foot basic and finishing costs. Page 6 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion For modeling purposes, we have forecast infrastructure costs for the subject on a magnitude basis at $113,000,000. This figure which includes all central system and "on-site" subdivision improvements (utilities, roads, gutters, landscaping, etc.) is based on a figure of $100,000 cost per lot, $30,000 cost per multifamily unit, $25 million for the first course and clubhouse, $15 million for the second course, and $5 million for the beach club and other community facilities. Generally, of the construction costs amount, about 20 to 25 -plus percent flows to labor, 35 to 50 percent to materials, 20 percent to contractor profit, and 5 to 10 percent to other items. Assuming that virtually all finished unit construction supplies are imported, and supplier profits on merchandise is an average of ten percent, the amount of supplier profit equates to about four percent of the total construction cost. Application of these construction cost and regional contractor/supplier profit estimates to the forecast development parameters of the subject project is shown on Table 2. Again, all figures are in constant year-end 1993 dollars. The total Contractor's Profit ranges from $2,631,000 to $8,000,000 per year, with a cumulative profit of $72,700,000 over the forecast period. The total annual Supplier's Profit ranges from a low of $526,000 to a high of $800,000, and equates to $12,280,000 over the two decade projection time frame. Indirect Economic Impacts These figures are somewhat problematic to quantify due to their nature, but will undoubtedly be substantial. There are three basic types of indirect impacts: • household income flowing to the full-time residents of the development generally in the form of wages; • discretionary expenditures by the de facto population of the project; and • the capital multiplier effect in the community as these introduced funds pass through various businesses on the island. Page 7 &�l NS 8N OG 8H 8M S O 8H 8N 8N O 8N S O 8O yoO� CqO SO CO GqO � N N 8M 8N 8N 8y 8N 8 OQ O Og O O O O O O yC < � OQQ K O p a x � k � r � � � � •VZp{ .pA .ten »QQ epi .mQi .QX FQQe 5h�� 25 6 6 S QQ M 25 6 pm S pQpQ 6 N��� O O N O O O N pO QOq QOQ qO m y W "�� CCJJ OQ O O O OQ O O 8O 1O� 8O 8O8 pO /7j � N H NQQ N Np 5R� 285 QH 285 p 25 pH $N� tS 2pp5 5H� S Q 25 LS 86 lYJ NO M8 N8 N8 y8 M8 8g 8� O O 8 O Op O 8 O O CO O 2 ell O U Fp p� .Fp] yCC66 y -i59p� p &�l The Hallstroni Group Inc Kaupulehu Resort Expansion A meaningful issue in quantifying expenditures of the resident and guest/consumer population of the subject is whether these monies would be spent on Big Island if the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion master plan was not implemented; i.e., if the project was not pursued, would these dollars flow to other regional developments or go elsewhere in Hawaii or outside the state? As the purchasers of the subject units would be of the middle- to high- income classes, the amount of discretionary expenditures would be high relative to the number of units built. Conservative extrapolation of studies indicates the average resident in a moderate to upscale community on the Big Island spends some 60 percent of total net wages in discretionary funds for food, beverages, services, recreation and goods. Full-time project resident incomes were estimated at $110,000 annually per household in year-end 1993 dollars. These totals equate to three times the median Big Island household income for 1993, placing these households in the upper 20 to 25 percent of island families --the target market. Table 3 displays our population, discretionary expenditures and household income estimates for the subject project, based on typical household (family) size for permanent residential units of the type proposed; 3.1 persons for the single family homes, 2.2 persons for condominiums. The de facto population of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion node will be made up of a combination of full-time residents and part-time second home purchasers and their guests. Establishing a meaningful transient rental pool would not be a desired goal of the project. The average number of persons daily residing in the community would increase from an estimated 47 by the end of the third year of development, to 1,555 persons by the end of the projection period. Roughly, 47 percent would be in the multifamily units, 53 percent in the single family homes. In year-end 1993 dollars, the total annual amount of discretionary expenditures from the subject population would range from a low of $770,664 to $25,603,756 by the end of study period. Page 8 ) � !■# sear m§ � ■ � _ � k# ! ea ■es r!<E kE *;e e2la k! &# e § ! aE! sa■■ }\ «! � # k e;! !!4! f■ ■ 2 | a; | | � \K |$! �| !�: .§�% ■i . 2a�� ;, ! ■ §� | | j j . + \ | ��■|� �/$f|�� !.�!(~ !��§■ {f } �!|���k7 - ( !■# sear m§ ■ � � k# ea ■es r!<E kE &# }\ e;! !!4! f■ a; \K . + \ �/$f|�� !��§■ {f } �!|���k7 - ( The Hallstrom Group Inc Katmulehu Resort Expansion Total Economic Impacts The annual full-time resident household income would reach a yearly level of $21,330,023 by the end of the project build -out. The capital multiplier effect of all the direct and indirect expenditures as they flow through the Big Island and statewide economies cannot be precisely quantified, as a myriad of unknown factors must be considered. However, First Hawaiian Bank studies indicate the multiplier for resident consumer dollars in Hawaii ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 times in accordance with community structure. We believe a multiplier effect rate of 2.0 times of base expenditures is appropriate for the subject area. For the subject, these base expenditures includes the total wages, contractor's and supplier profits, and subject population discretionary expenditures. The various economic impacts which will flow to the effective subject market region as a result of the 1,120 acres of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion development are summarized on Table 4. The Total Base Economic Impact increases from $14,447,320 in the first year of construction to a high of $123.15 million (in 1993 dollars). Fueled by the household income levels, the estimated stabilized annual on-site base impact after completion of development would be more than $31 million. Over the 20 -year study period, the total base impact is $791.4 million. Application of the "Multiplier Effect Ratio" results in a Total Overall Economic Impact of $28.9 million in the first year of the project, increasing to a maximum of $123.15 million development in year 20 and stabilizing thereafter at some over $60 million. PUBLIC COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS Introduction The purpose of this section of study is to delineate the areas in which the proposed subject mixed-use development will potentially impact the Page 9 ri M f� ES f$ o Vf �e Q Q a R{ is N QmN ^ DHy <a N MVV pGY� �pmp G p� N N P m T N N gyp• Yppj � aS � N N N N +H �paO1 �yOp �abp N 8 8 pp. �p 8 8 aq N N •p N 1� A H N N M M N M N y N N N N N M S T � d F Npry Vyf P� y N N M H N N �Yp M {fp�V� M ijO m 8 S N SS p S 8 N �ryp O� 8O $O� yN �qPf O OV P IZ ��p N W N d N m N N N N Ny Np N N 5N� 5j 4N yN� p H H N N N H N N N N N ri The Ha!lstrom Group, Inc./:aumtlehu Resort Expansion sphere of public agency resources, and quantify (where possible) the costs of providing expanded services to the project, versus the economic benefits that accrue to the community through an increase in "tax" and fee payments. Potential costs to governmental services and programs include: • Police Protection • Fire Protection • Recreational Demands • Educational Needs • Public Facility Costs • Various Other Services and Financial Commitments Tax benefits to the state and county coffers will flow from four major sources: • Real Property Taxes • Gross Excise Tax Receipts • State Income Taxes • Sales Conveyance Taxes Some cost/benefit issues are considered as off -setting, or "a wash", as the cost of the services to the government is theoretically directly reimbursed in the form of user fees. Building permits and utility hook-up fees are two prime examples. Such items are excluded from study. A major concern of this analysis is the integration of the subject project into the overall West Hawaii regional plan, The 1,030 units of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion community, while seemingly a large number, represent a minor component of the entire existing and proposed regional inventory. Given the vast number of units approved in leeward Hawaii, it is difficult to say that of themselves the subject homes will create the need for significant amounts of expanded public services. However, the need for enhancing services is a cumulative effect, each project adding to the community base until a "need threshold" is reached. In regards to some services, the effective impact from a cost perspective may not be readily apparent, but merely creates greater Page 10 The Hallstwm Gmun Inc Kaunulehu Reson Expansion Public Costs stress on existing agencies and facilities. In order to realistically depict the true cost, we have adopted the moderate perspective that the subject development should be a proportionate contributor to the needed regional public service and facility net, including expansion costs which may or may not be actually incurred. We have based our governmental cost assessments on the per capita expenditures incurred by the State of Hawaii and County of Hawaii in accordance with the de facto population area of the jurisdiction. According to the Tax Foundation of Hawaii, the state spent a total of $4,459,808,000 on services, salaries, infrastructure and financing in 1991 (the most recent year data available), up more than 12 percent from 1990. The total de facto population in the state on an average daily basis in 1991 was 1,277,600 persons, including residents, tourists and military personnel. The per capita expenditure by the state was thus $3,490 for 1991, an increase of 19.03 percent from the 1991 figure of $3,184 per person. From 1979 to 1991, costs increased at the rate of 7.5 percent annually compounded. It could be argued that there should be a division of costs between full- time residents and tourist populations; however, we consider such highly speculative; and while tourists may not avail themselves of every governmental service, they enjoy the benefits brought to the general community. Also, as the subject will have a mixed resident and non- resident population, this analysis seems appropriate. Escalating the 1991 costs forward to year-end 1993 at a rate of six percent yearly compounded, the per capita state expenditure as of the study date would be some $3,925 (rounded). This figure is then multiplied by the estimated population of the subject property. In the first year of occupancy (third project year), state costs would be $183,659, increasing to a level of $6,101,684 by build -out in Year 20 of the project life -span. Page I I • a The Hallsimm Group /nc. Kauoulehu Resort Expansion Similarly, the County of Hawaii spent a total of $103,791,000 in 1991, also representative of a major increase of 32.16 from the 1990 levels. The de facto population for the two years on the Big Island was at 138,000 and 147,300, respectively. The resulting per capita county expenditure was therefore $705 in 1991, a substantial jump from the $569 figure for 1990. From 1984 through 1991, county expenditures grew at a compounded annual rate of just over four percent. Application of a five percent compounded growth rate to the 1991 total, results in an estimated county per capita expense of $775 in 1993. The total county cost, on a constant dollar basis, associated with the subject would be $36,264 in Year 3, escalating to $1,204,791 by the end of the study period. Total Public Costs Based on our analysis, the reasonable gross annual cost to the public from the proposed subject project, expressed in 1993 dollars, would range from $219,922 effective in project Year 3 (at the commencement of residential occupancy) to $7,306,475 by the end of the study period. Over the two decade development time frame (from the beginning of infrastructure emplacement until all the homes are built), the entire direct cost to the public purse resulting from implementation of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion area master plan would be $67,477,840. Public Benefits Real Property Taxes Property taxes paid by landowners in the subject project were calculated using the 1993-94 tax rates for both land and buildings, improved and unimproved. Assessed values are based on the estimated average sales cost for the single family ($700,000 per home) and multifamily ($325,000 per unit) components. The commercial product assessment is based on its reproduction cost and each golf course at $50 million. The taxes are applied against the developed units effective as of the date of sale, which is anticipated to be commensurate with their completion date. Prior to the development and/or sale of the components, the entire 751 acre usable subject holding area (all lands except open space and set - Page 12 The Hallstrom Group Inc Kmmulehu Resort Expansion asides) is assumed to be assessed at an approximate market value of $50,000 per acre, or $37,550,000 overall. The size of the base holding and its assessment diminishes as it decreases in area as the various project phases are undertaken. All real property value of the subject holding is assumed to be vested in the subdivided sites, with no assessment placed against open spaces, parks, or other community systems. The total real property tax paid to the County of Hawaii in 1993 dollars ranges from $375,000 in Year 1, to $11,019,315 at build- out. The aggregate taxes paid over the study time frame is $120,778,523. State Income Tax -- The state will receive income taxes from three sources: • the wages of the workers associated with the construction, operation and maintenance of the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion master plan components, • the household income of the development's full-time residents, and • the corporate profits from contractors and suppliers serving the construction phase of the development, and the operating businesses and facilities in the completed project. The effective tax rate for the personal income (wages) generated by the subject is estimated at 5.0 percent of gross wages as projected in a foregoing section. The effective tax rate for the corporate income is estimated at 7.5 percent of gross operating profits, which is assumed to be ten percent of the forecasted gross revenues. The total income tax revenues received by the state are projected at $597,366 in Year 1 of development increasing to a maximum level of $3.63 million. Over the study period, the cumulative income taxes paid are estimated at $49.87 million. We have not included any corporate income or other taxes which will be paid by the development venture or commercial tenant businesses, as a result of their profits from undertaking the subject development and Page 13 • 0 The Hallstront Group, Inc. Kau ulehu Resort Expansion operations. Such items have the potential to be substantial contributions to the state coffers. State Conveyance Tax A conveyance tax of One Dollar ($1.00) per $2,000 of the estimated unit purchase prices were allocated for this revenue item. Over the 18 year residential product absorption period, this fee will total $187,250, with a maximum annual amount of $10,675. State Gross Excise Tax This four percent of expenditures tax was applied against: • the total estimated construction contract costs; • the golf facility commercial tenant operational revenues; and • the discretionary expenditures of the resident population of the subject. The state excise tax receipts arising from the subject development range from an estimated $320,000 to a peak of $6,291,644 towards the end of the projection time -frame. Over the study period, the receipts total $61.57 million. We have not included any excise tax revenues associated with "multiplier effect" expenditures throughout the Big Island. Total Public Benefits In constant 1993 dollars, the aggregate annual tax revenues flowing (Revenues) from the subject development range from: • $375,500 to $11,019,315 per year for the County of Hawaii, totaling $120,778,523 over the projection time -frame. • $917,366 to $8,931,064 annually for the State of Hawaii, cumulatively at $111,629,700 over the two decade build -out period. • $1,292,866 to $19,950,379 per year total tax receipts (county and state), totaling $232.4 million during the study time frame. Page 14 0 � The Hallstrom Group Inc. Kaupslehu Resort Expansion . Correlation The correlation of the public costs with the anticipated tax benefits is shown on Table 5. The net benefit (revenues less costs) to the County of Hawaii ranges from an annual/stabilized high of $9,814,524, with an aggregate benefit of $109.65 million during the study period. The net benefit to the State of Hawaii ranges from an annual low of $917,366, to a high of $3,722,207, totaling a net overall gain of $55,278,526 over the forecast time -frame. The overall annual net benefit to local governmental agencies (state and county) varies from $1,292,866 to $12,643,903, with a cumulative "profit" figure of $164,930,383. In no single year do public coffers as a whole suffer a net loss. ADDENDUM I -- ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS Introduction This addendum identifies the various formulae and variables contributing to our Direct and Indirect Economic Impacts Assessments created in West Hawaii (primarily) and throughout the state (secondarily) as a result of the development of the proposed Kaupulehu Resort Expansion community. The study is, for the most part, merely the application of statistical formulae in a series of tabular models. Each table builds on the former, eventually forming the basis of our final phase assessment of public cost/benefit issues. The foundational goals and processes of the analysis were narratively described in the foregoing narrative summaries, and are self- explanatory in application. Only the variable derivations are presented in this addendum, stressing sources for the numerous factors. Please refer to the summary and Tables 1 through 4 for utilization discussion. 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Kau ulehu Resort Ex rasion In the following brief outlined sections, each component comprising the models is presented as identified by their line -by-line "titles" from the tables (shown in the left-hand margin) on an individual basis. The tables are referenced by number according to their presentation in the foregoing summary. In general, our tables depict a 20 -year study period extending from the anticipated beginning of on-site infrastructure construction by mid to late decade through built -out two decades later, by which time all components of the project will be absorbed and operating at a stabilized level. All dollar values are expressed in constant year-end 1993 dollars, uninflated and unescalated. In completing this portion of study we have researched published data from the State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism; the State of Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations; and various other state and federal agencies. We have also interviewed developers/contractors, business persons, and other knowledgeable parties, and reviewed published EIS and similar public and private documents. Additionally, we have accumulated substantial data from past experience with comparable projects in pursuing our appraisal assignments. Table 1 -- Employee Job Count and Wage Estimates The purpose of this table is to estimate the number of employment opportunities which will be created by the 1,120 acre subject project both during the construction (infrastructure and finished unit) and operational (stabilized) phases, and the direct wages which will be generated by these positions. We note, our wage estimates do not include benefits and other non-cash aspects associated with employment. All jobs are expressed as "full-time" equivalent positions, requiring about 2,000 hours of labor annually, even though several part-time persons/tasks may be required during the course of the work effort. We note, according to the U.S. Department of Labor, the typical Page 16 6 • The Ha(lstronn Group, Inc. I:anpulehu Resort Expansion American employee has averaged between 1,890 and 1,950 hours "on the clock" over the past five years. The vast majority of labor positions in the state fall within this range, tending towards the upper end. Retail employees were at the low end of the scale in the islands averaging only 1,450 hours, with communication and utility workers averaging 2,180 hours in 1993. Worker Requirements Infrastructure -- Based on discussions with contractors, developers and engineers for recently constructed and proposed major community developments; including, Amfac/JMB; Austin Tsutsumi & Associates; M&E Pacific, and others. SFR Construction -- In accordance with the anticipated complexity of the average single family house at Kaupulehu, it is estimated that each home will require 2.25 worker/years to build. The average detached residence is assumed to contain 2,150 square feet of gross enclosed living area. The worker figure is based on discussions with contractors and our appraisal experience. MF Construction -- Each unit is estimated to require 1.5 worker/years, and would average 1,500 square feet of living area. Comm. (Commercial) Construction -- Estimated employee requirement is one worker/year for every 1,400 square feet of gross leaseable area, spread over a two-year construction period. This total includes both basic development and tenant improvements. Golf Course Operations -- According to numerous appraisals our firm has recently completed, it requires approximately 25 full-time positions to upkeep, service equipment, and run the various aspects of an operating course. Even with sharing a clubhouse, the two subject courses would still create up to 50 full-time opportunities. An additional 25 jobs would be associated with the clubhouse restaurant/lounge, and an allowance of ten additional positions is made to provide beach club and tennis court attendants. Commercial Users -- Employees in the retail, restaurant and service commercial tenants of the neighborhood shopping village (commercial center) and any retail opportunities in the golf clubhouse are estimated at one full-time worker equivalent per 250 square feet of gross leaseable floor area. This figure is supported by BOMA, the Urban Page 17 • 0 The Hallstwm Group, Inc Kau ulehu Reso+Y Expansion Institute, and our survey of statewide retail centers. A two-year lease - up period for each center phase is anticipated. Maintenance Workers -- Gardeners, service/repair, domestic and other workers who would service the finished homes/units and community amenities. Requirement is estimated at one full-time position per 12 single family homes and one per 15 condominium units. We consider this figure, based on our survey of comparable resort/upscale communities in Hawaii, to be moderate. Off -Site Employees -- Employment positions outside of Kaupulehu directly created by economic activity within the community, including support personnel for on-site workers. The standard multiplier is estimated from 1.25 to as high as 2.0 full- time positions per on-site worker by the state's DBED. Given the status envisioned for the subject development, we have used a mid- point of 1.75 off-site to on-site ratio. These are not necessarily "new" positions in the community, but includes "new" business for existing supply, service, and other concerns. Companies in the various Kailua and Kawaihae industrial parks, as well as shipping and landscaping suppliers, would likely benefit most. Worker Wages All wages are based on data from the Hawaii Department of Labor and Industry, interviews with business persons, and our review of operational profit and loss ledgers for similar businesses. We specifically cite the "Hours and Earnings of Workers in Selected Industries, December 1993 (Preliminary)" published in the January 1994 edition of the Labor Area News. Workers are assumed to be unionized, where applicable. Again, figures exclude non-cash benefits. Infrastructure, SFR, MF and Comm. (Commercial) Construction -- Average direct wage for all worker types, including laborers, journeymen and supervisory personnel, is estimated at $23.44 per hour, or $45,122 per year (rounded). Page 18 E The Hallstrom Group Inc. Kaunulehu Resort Expansion Commercial Users -- Average annual wage of $15,571 or $8.67 hourly. This figure does not include operational profits flowing to entrepreneurs or tips to restaurant employees. Maintenance Workers -- Estimated average annual wage of $24,096, or circa $12 per hour. Off -Site Employees -- Estimated at about $14 per hour, or $28,000 per year. Table 2 -- Contractor and Supplier Construction Profit Estimates Intended to illustrate the construction costs associated with the various phases of subject development primarily for use in the public cost/benefit portion of our analysis, this undertaking quantifies the level of regional contractor and supplier profits anticipated. Construction Costs Infrastructure -- Complete on- and off-site infrastructure costs including the golf courses and community facilities were estimated at $118 million, as broken down in the narrative summary. SFR Construction -- Estimated at an average of $140 per square foot for 2,150 square foot average -sized residence, or $300,000 (rounded) cost total. All structure costs based on data provided by marketplace developers, but are commensurate with that estimated for similar quality homes by Wayne Herlick & Associates and others. MF Construction -- Average condominium construction cost of $165,000 per unit (rounded), based on average size of 1,500 square feet and $110 per square foot cost. Comm. (Commercial) Construction -- Estimated at $150 to $175 per square foot base construction cost, with tenant improvements at $25 to $50 per square foot. Contractor's Profit Estimated at 20 percent of total construction costs for all items. Taken from review of historic construction contracts and discussion with Honolulu and neighbor island contractors. Suppliers Project Estimated at four percent of non -infrastructure construction costs. Based on 10 percent of 40 percent of costs allocated to supplies in finished unit construction. Supported by various sources. Page 19 • 0 The Hallstmnr Gmua Inc Kauoulehu Resort Exmnsion Table 3 -- Population, Discretionary Expenditures and Resident Income Estimates Intended to illustrate the resident population which will inhabit the Kaupulehu Resort Expansion community, their probable discretionary expenditures in the West Hawaii economy, and the household income levels of the full-time residents of the community. Cumulative Residential Based on the speed of construction discussed in description of Table 1 Development factors. Resident Population Single Family -- The total number of homes built times a factor composed of • 25 percent of the homes being occupied by full-time residents having 3.1 persons per household; and, • 75 percent of the homes being occupied by part-time residents (second -home) users one-third of the time, with an average household size of 3.1 persons. Multifamily -- The total number of units built times a factor composed of • 33 percent of the units being occupied by full-time residents having an average household size of 2.2 persons; and • 67 percent of the units being occupied by part-time (second home) 50 percent of the time with an average household size of 2.2 persons. Resident Income These are the household wages and other monies received by the full- time residents of the community. This figure is estimated at $110,000 per purchaser household. This is about three times the median 1993 Big Island income, commensurate with the market share forecast. We have used a higher than median figure to account for the upper- income households anticipated to comprise the second -home purchasers of the subject product. Despite this additional allowance, we still consider this level conservative. Page 20 0 • The Hallsimm Group, Inc. Kaumdehu Resort Expansion Resident Population Based on surveys undertaken by Hawaii Visitors Bureau, Robt. Charles Discretionary Lessor & Co., ourselves and others. For households in this income Expenditures bracket (mid- to upper-class), it was estimated discretionary expenditures equal 60 percent of total household income. Table 4 -- Summary of Economic Impacts Associated With Development Annual Wages Generated -- From Table 1. Contractor's Profit -- From Table 2. Supplier's Profit -- From Table 3. Discretionary Expenditures -- From Table 3. Total Base Impact -- Sum of above four totals, this is the base economic benefit flowing to the private economic sector arising from the development of the subject project. Multiplier Effect Ratio -- As the "base impact" dollars move through the local economy they will be spent and re -spent by the recipients, further contributing to the growth and vitality of the private and public sector. A myriad of variables must be considered in quantifying this number, primarily on how fast (through how many "hands") the capital moves before it is sent out-of-state. First Hawaiian Bank studies indicate the multiplier for resident consumer and business dollars in Hawaii ranges from 1.2 to 3.5 times in accordance with the source and focus of the expenditure and the community structure. We have utilized a conservative 2.0 multiplier effect for the subject. Total Overall Impact -- The Base Economic Impact total times the Multiplier Effect Ratio. This figure is the gross direct and indirect economic benefit flowing to the island from undertaking the subject development. Page 21 V • a The Hallstrom Group Inc. Kmmulehu Reson Expansion ADDENDUM II -- PUBLIC COST/BENEFIT ASSESSMENT As with Addendum I, this section is a summary presentation of the variables contributing to the table and discussion in the Executive Summary. Table 5 -- Public Cost Benefit Summary Table Public Benefits (or Real Property Taxes -- The "improvements" total is based on Revenues) assessments at the estimated construction cost of the finished structures (all types) taxed at the currently prevailing rate of assessed value. The improvements are taxed beginning in the year of their anticipated construction. A land assessment for the subject holding prior to its final development and disposal is also included. All value was assumed vested in the completed components, with no value in any community systems or amenities. State Income Taxes Taxable Personal Income/Taxes Paid -- Taxable income is taken from two sources: -- Total Wages generated through employment associated with the subject project, as taken from Table 1; and, -- Resident Income received by the full-time residents of the community. From Table 3. The prevailing state income tax rate was estimated at five percent of total personal income. This figure is based on Tax Foundation of Hawaii ("Government in 1991 ") figures. Taxable Corporate Profits/Taxes Paid -- Corporate profits associated with the subject community are produced by several operations: Contractor's Profits, from Table 2, with a net operational profit estimated at 50 percent of gross profits based on interviews; -- Supplier's Profits, also from Table 2, with a net operational profit estimated at 25 percent of gross profits; and, Page 22 6 • The Hallstmm Group, Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Esoansion Golf Course and Retail/Service/Business Operations, estimated based on our appraisal/market survey experience of comparable properties. Net profit levels estimated at average of 10 percent of gross sales. Extrapolation of State of Hawaii Department of Taxation and Tax Foundation of Hawaii data indicates the effective corporate profits tax rate in 1991 was circa 7.5 percent. We have employed this rounded rate in our analysis. State Conveyance According to ordinance, this tax is assessed at $1 per $2,000 of real Taxes property sales transactions. It was applied against the anticipated sales of the subject components in the projected year of sale. We have not assumed any sale of the commercial components, which could generate substantial additional taxes of this type. State Gross Excise Tax A compilation of taxable transactions by residents of the community, we acknowledge, there may be some minimal double -counting as portions of the forecast discretionary expenditures will undoubtedly be spent in the subject commercial operations. However, we have mitigated this concern by employing a moderate discretionary income level for the anticipated upscale subject project residents (as noted in Addendum I). This may result in a minor overstatement in total gross excise taxes. The effective tax rate applied against these items is four percent. Construction Materials -- Based on 40 percent of total finished single family, multifamily and commercial component construction costs, along with a 20 percent allowance for materials for the infrastructure and golf course items. The 40 percent figure, as an allocation for materials of total construction cost, is taken from discussions with major contracting and engineering firms, and our experience. Golf Course and Commercial Operations -- See "Corporate Profits" item foregoing. Discretionary Expenditures -- From Table 3. Total Public Revenues To the County of Hawaii-- Real Property Taxes. Page 23 0 The Hallstrom Grouo. Inc. Kauoulehu Resort Expansion CERTIFICATION To State -- State Income Taxes, State Conveyance Taxes, and State Gross Excise Taxes. The undersigned do hereby certify that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the statements of fact contained in this report are true and correct. It is further certified that the reported analyses, opinions, and conclusions are limited only by the reported assumptions and limiting conditions, and are our personal, unbiased professional analyses, opinions, and conclusions. We further certify that we have no present or prospective interest in the property that is the subject of this report, and have no personal interest or bias with respect to the parties involved. Our compensation is not contingent on a predetermined value or direction in value that favors the client, the amount of the value estimate, the attainment of a stipulated result, or the occurrence of a subsequent event. The appraisal analyses, opinions, and conclusions were developed, and this report has been prepared, in conformity with the requirements of the Code of Professional Ethics and Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice of the Appraisal Institute and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. The use of this report is subject to the requirements of the Appraisal Institute relating to review by duly authorized representatives. The undersigned certify that they have made personal inspections of the property that is the subject of this report. No persons provided significant professional assistance other than the undersigned. The Appraisal Institute conducts programs of continuing education for their designated members. As of the date of this report, James E. Hallstrom, Jr., has completed the requirements of the continuing education program of the Appraisal Institute. THE HALLSTROM GROUP, INC. Jam E. Hallstrom, Jr., M SRA Haw ' State Certified 1 Appraiser, CGA•178 Exp. Date December 31, 1995 Tom W. Holliday Page 24 3419_R02