HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0971.000 1998-2000Stephen K Yamashiro
Mayor
COUNTY OF HAWAII
25 Aupuni Stree4 Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720.4252 • (808) 961.8211 ' a Fax (808) 961.6553 -
KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 o Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740
(808) 329.5226 • Fax(808)326-5663
October 25, 2000
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Ordinance No. 96 8 (REZ 765)
Applicant: 1250 Oceanside Partners (Hokuli'a)
Request: Amendment to Condition M (Roadway Improvements)
Tax Map Key: 7-9-6:Portion of 1; 7-9-12:Por. of 3, 4, & 5; 8-1-4:Por. of 3
State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 00-008)
Request: Agricultural to Rural
Change of Zone Application (REZ 00-009)
Request: A -5a to RA -2a
Applicant: P. Mariah Kosters
Tax Map Key: 6-2-11:28
State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 00-007)
Request: Agricultural to Rural
Change of Zone Application (REZ 00-008)
Request: A -5a to RA -2a
Applicant: Andrew Kelsey
Tax Map Key: 6-2-9:22
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
V Request: A -5a to RCX-2a
Tax Man Key: 7 -4 -8 -Portion of 1
Comm. Ni
Gill 3yq Pile No._
Ref. I,0:
Ref. Date-
Harry A. Takahashi
Managing Director
Henry Cho
Deputy Managing Director
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
October 25, 2000
As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 5-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and enclosures
regarding the above -referenced requests.
Sincerely,
-Fo✓ Stephen I . Yamashiro
Mayor
L100600MAY
Enclosures
cc: Planning Department
Stephen K Yamashiro
Mayor
OCT 2 5 2000
dnuufg u CIU u i
PLANNING COMMISSION
25 Aupuni Stn*Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii %720-4252
(808) %1-8288 • Fax (808) %1-9615
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2a
Tax Man Key 7-4-8:Portion of 1
The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on October 6, 2000, voted to
recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification for
approximately 23.339 acres of land from Agricultural (A -5a) to Residential -Commercial Mixed
(RCX-2a). The property is located along the south side of Palani Road between the Queen
Liliuokalani Village and HELCO Substation Site, approximately 170 feet east of the Palani
Road/Henry Street intersection, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii.
The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending
favorable consideration of the change of zone:
In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable
goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only
through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions
can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the
General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and
decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similar areas in the
County.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
The proposed request from an Agricultural (A -5a) to Residential -Commercial
Mixed Use (RCX-2a) zoned district will conform to the following goals, policies and
standards of the Economic, Housing and Land Use (Commercial Development and
Multiple Residential) Elements of the General Plan.
Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life.
Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical
and social environments of the island of Hawaii.
The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by
strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.
HOUSING
• Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of
Hawaii.
• Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of
the County.
• Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice.
• Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating viable communities
with decent housing and suitable living environments for our people.
• Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing stock.
• Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee -simple housing in the
County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires
of families and individuals.
• Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital
status, ethnic background and income.
1W.10111161
Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in
keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 3
• Zone urban- and rural -types of uses in areas with ease of access to community
services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and facilities.
• Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected
needs of neighborhood, community, region and County.
• The county shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities
meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social
environment.
• Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation,
district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with adjacent
zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need.
"191#X9WIWKXOIWVUV 9 _ '
Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience to users.
Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of
transportation and land usage within the island's regions, communities, and
neighborhoods.
Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately served by necessary
services such as water, utilities, sewers, and transportation systems. Should such
services not be available, the development of more intensive uses should be in
concert with a localized program of public and private capital improvements to
meet the expected increased needs.
Distribution of commercial areas shall be such as to best meet the demands of
neighborhood, community and regional needs.
The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the locale
with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services. Appropriate
infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such
developments.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 4
Commercial development shall be located in areas adequately served by
transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Commercial developments shall
provide for adequate internal circulation amongst commercial facilities in the
area.
LAND USE — MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL
• To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize convenience for
its occupants.
• To provide for suitable living environments which accommodate the physical,
social and economic needs of the islands residents.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple
residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be allocated with respect to
places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and cultural
facilities, and public facilities and utilities.
• Areas shall be located in such a manner that traffic generated by high density
development will not be required to travel through areas of lesser density en route
to principal community facilities.
• Provide adequate access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools,
employment centers, and other services.
• Development shall be located in areas where public utilities can be economically
provided at a level adequate to meet the demand for the concentrated service.
• Recreational areas and/or recreational facilities shall be considered in multiple
residential.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General
Plan is a representation of the document's goals and policies to guide the coordinated
growth and development of the County. It reflects a graphic depiction of the physical
relationship among the various land uses. The requested zone change from Agricultural
(A -5a) to Residential -Commercial Mixed Use (RCX-2a) zoned district conforms to the
LUPAG Map, which designates the property as Urban Expansion Area. Urban
Expansion Area allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial
and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the
specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. This change of
zone will facilitate the development of a framework of a concentration of urban activities
occurring in an orderly manner commensurate with the provision of necessary
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 5
infrastructure. Therefore, it is determined that the request is consistent with the urban
form depicted on the LUPAG Map for this area of North Kona.
The Kona Regional Plan, adopted by the Planning Commission in April 1984,
designates the area as Residential -4 units/acre (RES 4). Although this suggests that lower
density residential developments are appropriate for this area, later planning documents
indicate otherwise. The Keahole to Kailua Development Plan, which was adopted as
Resolution Number 296-91 by the County Council on April 3, 1991, was guided by an
overall goal to develop a mixed residential, commercial, resort, industrial and recreational
community, with approximately 8,000 or more residential units. Although the subject
property is not within the project area identified in the plan, it is immediately adjacent to
its southern boundary, which runs along the north side of Palani Road. Most recently, on
June 22, 1998, the State Land Use Commission approved a County of Hawaii Planning
Department Petition to amend the State Land Use Boundary from the Agricultural to the
Urban District for an area including the subject project site. This affirms that the area of
the subject development proposal is suited to urban types of commercial and multiple
family residential developments. Therefore, it is determined that the request is consistent
with other land use planning documents for this area of North Kona.
If the change of zone request is approved, the applicant intends to enter into an
agreement with a private developer to develop a multiple -family residential and
commercial retail project. It should be noted, however, that the applicant is not
proposing a subdivision of the area at this time. The applicant is proceeding with this
request for rezoning on the basis of the recent State Land Use Boundary Amendment
from the Agricultural to the Urban District and the County's General Plan designation of
the area for Urban Expansion. The applicant's request is intended to secure entitlements
to position itself for future residential and commercial opportunities. The applicant is
seeking Residential—Commercial Mixed Use zoning now to begin site and area wide
planning (to be integrated with the applicant's overall master plan), infrastructure
planning, and traffic planning. Subsequently, the proposed site plan does not represent a
formal proposal but rather was completed for the purposes of assessing environmental
impacts and infrastructure requirements. The plan is based on similar commercial
developments in the area and is assumed to be representative of future development
scenarios.
The residential component of the proposed development would consist of over
250 dwelling units, averaging 600 to 800 square feet per unit, located on 14.5 acres of
land on the mauka portion of the project area. The applicant intends to provide 325
parking stalls, 2 parks and landscaping buffers within the residential area of the
development. The commercial component of the development would consist of
approximately 25,000 square feet of single -story inline commercial retail space smd 150
parking stalls located on approximately 3.5 acres on the makai portion of the property,
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 6
east of and immediately adjacent to the future HELCO substation site. The remaining 5.3
acres of the area included in the request is a 100 -foot wide proposed utility easement for
HELCO, which runs along the southern boundary of the property. This portion of the
project area is included in the change of zone request, as the easement will revert to the
applicant if the land is no longer used for its intended utility purpose.
Access to the proposed development for the 23.339 -acre site would be from three
locations along Palani Road. Two of the accesses, located 1,000 feet apart, would lead to
an internal road servicing the residential area on the mauka portion of the site. The
remaining access would consist of a single driveway onto Palani Road, located
approximately 500 feet makai of the closest residential access, and would service the
commercial area in the makai portion of the site. A Traffic Impact Analysis Report
(TIAR) was completed for the proposed project and submitted to the State Depariment of
Transportation and the County Department of Public Works for their review and
comment. Initially, the Department of Transportation found the TIAR to be
unsatisfactory. Subsequently, the applicant submitted a revised Traffic Impact Study to
the Department of Transportation. This study has recently been approved for the subject
request. The applicant will make all improvements recommended by the revised Traffic
Impact Study, including new left -turn storage lanes on makai bound Palani Road. new
right -turn deceleration lanes at site entrances, and a new right -turn on mauka bound
Palani Road at its intersection with Henry Street. These improvements are included as
conditions of approval with this recommendation.
The development of the property as a unique residential -commercial mixed use
project will add to the inventory of existing multiple -family residential housing ill the
West Hawaii region while offering its residents and the residents of surrounding
neighborhoods employment and shopping opportunities. The proposed development is
located within close proximity to all necessary urban services and facilities, and will
serve to add to and complement the residential housing inventory in the Keahuolit and
Kealakehe area. The applicant will also complete its proposed project in compliance with
all applicable requirements of the affected agencies. Therefore, the proposed rezoning
and development will complement the land usage within the community and
neighborhood it is proposed to be located in.
The applicant installed a 1.0 million -gallon per day (mgd) potable water well and
1.0 million -gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway, which was
dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this contribution to the regional potable water
supply system, water and storage are available for the development. Based on
Department of Water Supply standards and projected demand for the project, an 8 -inch
ductile iron pipe looped through roadways in both areas will be needed. These 8 inch
distribution lines would connect to a 16 -inch diameter line which runs along Palani Road.
The applicant and the Department of Water Supply have reached an agreement ir:
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 7
principle regarding the commitments and allocation of water for this requested change of
zone together with the applicant's recently approved change of zone for TMK: 7-4-8:63
(REZ 922). The proposed development has or will have adequate water commitments
from the Department of Water Supply to meet the needs of the proposed development.
The recommendations of the Department of Water Supply have been included as
conditions of approval for this recommendation.
Wastewater from the proposed development will be disposed into the County's
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Facility, in accordance with the Department of Public
Work's requirements. If applicable, the applicant will also comply with the Department
of Health's requirements for underground injection systems and secure NPDES permits
for discharges into State waters. The applicant will also consult with the Army Corps of
Engineers to determine if any permits are required for the project. Additionally. the
applicant will abide by all applicable State and County air quality and noise level control
standards during the pre -construction and construction phases of the project.
The proposed rezoning and the resulting future development of this property will
increase the residential population in the area, thereby also increasing demand for
additional space at area schools, including Kealakehe Elementary, Intermediate and High
Schools. One of the conditions of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the
Agricultural to the Urban District for the 432.91 -acre area which includes the project site
requires that the County ensure that developers and landowners contribute to the
development, funding and/or construction of public school facilities on a fair share basis,
if the proposed land uses generate the need for such facilities. The Department of
Education has suggested a condition of approval for the subject request to impleinent the
LUC condition, so that the County of Hawaii can ensure that the developer satisfies the
Department of Education's fair -share requirements. This condition of approval is
included as part of the recommendation. Therefore, the proposed multiple -family
residential and commercial development will be developed in an area that is or can be
adequately served by water, utilities, sewers, schools and transportation systems
The Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) indicate that the property is located in
Zone "X", areas determined to be outside of the 500 -year flood plain. There are no
significant drainageways anticipated. While there are no indications of surface water
flow on-site, the applicant will abide by all applicable County guidelines for run-off
generated by the development.
According to the applicant's Environmental Report, plants found on the property
were not listed, proposed or candidates for threatened and endangered species. Nor were
any plants found to be species of concern. All of the plants on the site can be found in
similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The survey also
found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the site. The existing
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 8
vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant species such as koa haole, guinea
grass, air plant, kiawe and lantana. Of the sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the
site, sixty-one are introduced species, one is a Polynesian species and seven are native
species. Of the seven native species, six are indigenous. One of the species is endemic.
The six indigenous species include the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala wai nui, 'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and
'uhaloa. The endemic species is the kauna'oa.
According to the applicant's Environmental Report, there is no evidence found
that any endemic or endangered animal species utilize the area. The majority of bird and
mammal life impacted were found to be exotic species. Mitigation measures for the
present site are not expected nor are they proposed as endangered mammal species or
endemic species of land or sea birds are not expected in the area. Feral mammals found
on the project site included mongoose, mice and rats.
The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary that the entire property is
situated within the Kona Field System. Twenty-six sites were identified for evaluation
within the survey performed by Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI) in November 1998.
Recommended mitigative actions include data recovery for five sites, no further work for
eighteen sites, and none for the remaining three sites. Of the twenty-six sites, five were
historically used for livestock control, eighteen for temporary habitation, one to]-
permanent
orpermanent habitation, one as a trail for transportation and one is an ahupua'a boundary
wall. The only permanent habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No burial
sites, or potential burial features were found in the project area. The Department of Land
and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) has
determined that the proposed project will have no adverse effect on significant historic
sites, provided that the applicant perform archaeological data recovery work for the five
significant historic sites on the project site. As such, an archaeological data recovery plan
meeting with the approval of DLNR-SHPD has been required as a condition of approval
with this recommendation.
Impacts associated with this multiple -family residential and commercial mixed
use development such as historical, visual, traffic, drainage and design concerns have
been assessed and will be mitigated through conditions of approval. Therefore, the
request would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets,
water, drainage, school improvements, police and fire protection.
The proposed multiple -family residential and commercial mixed use development
and related improvements will fit into the locale with minimal intrusion while providing
the desired housing and commercial development, as well as incorporating appropriate
infrastructure and design concerns of the development.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 9
While the property is within the County's Agricultural -5 acre zoned district, it is
not currently being used for any active agricultural purposes. According to the
Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) classification system,
the property is not classified as having any agricultural importance. The Land Use Study
Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating for soils within the project site is "F" or
Very Poor. Therefore, the reclassification of these 23.339 acres from an Agricultural
(A -5a) to Residential -Commercial Mixed Use (RCX-2a) zoned district will not be
detrimental to the reduction of this area from the agricultural land inventory in the
County of Hawaii. From a land use perspective, it is more feasible to infill urban
development within this particular area of North Kona. In doing so, it would tend to
alleviate the conversion of more productive agricultural lands in more appropriate
locations within the North Kona area for Urban type uses.
Based on the above findings, this request to reclassify the subject property from
an Agricultural (A -5a) to Residential -Commercial Mixed Use (RCX-2a) zoned district
would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further benefit the general public.
For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-3, the North Kona Zone Map,
of the County Zoning Code is transmitted.
We are enclosing a copy of the application and a copy of the staff background for your
information.
Sincerely,
Richard B. Baker, Jr., Chairman
Planning Commission
Lg1trez99-027#2PC
Enclosures
cc: Mr. James R. Bell
Mr. Frank Jahrling
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
West Hawaii Office
Department of Land & Natural Resources
Kazu Hayashida, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu
APPLICATION FOR CHANCE OF ZONE
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
KEAHUOLU LANDS
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Applicant:
Queen Liliuol<alani Trust
Accepting .Agency:
County of Hawaii Planning Department
Submitted by:
Belt Collins Hawaii
November 1999
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
COUNTY OF HAWAII '24 t,'I7f1 10 P11 12 51
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
(Type or legibly print the requested information t -
APPLICANT: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE:�DATErsf �a aiaiian Bank)
ADDRESS: First Hawaiian 7ank
P.O.Box 3708
Honolulu, Hawaii 96811
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER:
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Trustees for QLT include:
First Hawaiian Bank, David Peters, Thomas Kaulukui
PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 525-7134 (Res.) (Fax) (808) 525-7044
LANDOWNER(S): Queen Lili alani Trust
LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE:_!z
aytxby,PO Box 3708, Honolululener)
LANDOWNERS) ADDRESSc/o irs Hawaiian Bank, ,xI 96811
REQUEST: A -5a TO RCX-2
TAX MAP KEY.
(Existing zonin)x 3-7-4-08: por 1 (Proposed Zoning)
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: Vacant Land/ Undeveloped
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 23.339 Ac
AGENT: James R. Bell
ADDRESS: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.
680 Ala Moana Blvd., First
Honolulu, HI 96813-5406
TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808)521-5361 (Res.
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL: Agent COPIES: Applicant/LandownP.-
(See Instructions on Reverse Side)
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LOCATION MAP
Proposed Change of Zone Application
for TMK 7-4-08: por. 1
Prepared for: Queen Liliuckalani Trust
November 1999
ATPAOMENT
Residential Rezoning
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HANAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZOINIE
1, If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide the
subject land in accordance with the approved change of zone?
If yes, please answer the rest of cruestion 1 and then
to question 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend
to subdivide?
b. Into what lot sizes?
C. If your recuest is approved, approximately how long
after the date of approval do you expect to submit
your subdivision plans to the Planning Department
for preliminary approval?
d. Do you intend to build houses on the newly created
lots?
If yes, please answer the following questions:
On how many of those lots?
At what approximate price range? House
Lot
Total
Approximately how long, after approval of
the subdivision, would the first house be
available for occupancy?
Ifyou intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary
schematic subdivision plan together with your change of
zone application form.
2. If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a, sell or lease the land to someone who has firm plans?
b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative
plans?
c. Sell or lease the land to zomeone who has no plans?
d. Keep it?
e. Other (please state)
Yes
The area(23.339ac.) prod
for rezoning would be subdi�
from TMK 7-4-8: 1
Same as area rezoned
(Setalso item2F)
Unknown
Nn ( ee item 2F )
Subdivision would be onE
parcel matching the area
proposed with rezoning
application (see plan attac
Yes (see item 2-F)
f, If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please
elaborate on the kind of plans the other party
has. Please, also, include in your answer
approximately how soon after approval of your
rezoning do you expect to transfer the subject
land to another party,
Liluokalani Trust will likely enter into an agreement with a private
developer to develop the subject property. No developer has been
identified to date. The timing of such an agreement will greatly
depend on prevailing market conditions.
3. Do you think that your request and your further
plans for the land will alleviate the local
housing situation? Yes
xow?The configuration and location.of the subject area is best
suited for low-rise multi -family housing catering to the local
residential market. The proposed site will furthFr add to and
complement the residential housing in the Keahuoli and Kealakehe
area.
4. Are there any buildings on the subject area? No
If so, what kind?
I4hat do you intend to do with those buildings if
your request is approved?
5. Is the subject land currently being used for any No
agricultural activity? _
If so, please list the kinds of products grown
and on how many square feet or acres of land per
product.
6. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding
and/or drainage problem on the subject area? No
If so, please describe the problem,
-2-
7. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject Yes
area needs improvement?
If so, what kind? See attached Traffic Impact Study
Future improvements recommended within the TIS directly relate to
the proposed project, including; 1) new left -turn storage lanes on
makai bound Palani Road, 2) new right -turn deceleration lanes at sitE
entrances, and 3) a new right -turn on mauka bound Palani Road at
Henry Street intersection.
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic
Yes
volume or load?
t*lhat sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements
do you feel will be needed in the subject area
when
developed?
Yes
No
...MONO*
..._MONO.
x
a. Schools
b. Roads
x
c. Sewer
x
x
d.. Drainage
e. Police Protection
x
x
f, Fire Protection
x
g. Recreational Facilities
h. Public Utilities
x
i, other
For those checked "yes", please elaborate what type or kinds
of improvements and/or assistance are needed.
Schools: The proposed rezoning would allow an increase in the
residential population in the area, thereby also
increasing demand for additional space at area schools,
9 _ including Kealakehe Elementary, Intermediate, and High
Schools.
Signature: r
Address : Fir t Ha i ian Bank , POBox 3 7 0 8 , Honolulu , H
96811
Telephone: (� R l q ? c, - 71 AA
+
Date:
-3-
MONO
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EXISTING
ZONING PLAN
Proposed Change of Zone Application
® o IN IN <oo-'� for TMK 7-0-08: por. t
'h� / Prepared for: QUren Liliuokalani Trust
waw sewewv�r ^� ��'MAKAI ,. .�/ I November 1999
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County of Hawaii
Change of Zone Application for
Parcel TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
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APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE FOR LILIUOKALANI TRUST
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, KEAHUOLU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
A. SUBIECT REQUEST
Details of Proposed Use/Development:
a. Project description:
The applicant is requesting a change of the County Land Use Zoning
Map for a 23.339 acre portion of TMK 7-4-08:1 from A -5a to RCX-2.
Earlier on June 22, 1998, this site was included as part of a State Land
Use Commission (LUC) decision (LUC Docket No. A94-705)
approving a County of Hawaii petition to amend the land use district
boundaries for lands from Keauhou to Keahuolu. As a result, the
land use district designation for the subject parcel was amended from
Agricultural to Urban. This application for a change of zone to the
County of Hawaii follows this decision and remains guided by the
County's long range policy plans.
The site is situated along Palani Road, near the mauka corn,?r of the
Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. It is over 1/2 mile mauka of the
Kailua Village area and approximately 1 mile mauka of the coastline
at Kailua Bay. The site is presently vacant and has not been
previously developed.
The 23.339 parcel is proposed for mixed residential -commercial use,
with residential use in the mauka areas of the parcel and commercial
retail use in the areas near the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection.
A 5.3 acre portion of the parcel along the Keahuolu/Lanihau 1st
boundary is proposed to be used as a utility easement by HEL CO.
The use of this area as a utility easement precludes future re>idential
or commercial use within the foreseeable future. The agreement
between HELCO and Liliuokalani Trust includes a reversionary
clause whereby the easement area reverts to the landowner, if the
land is no longer used for its intended utility purposes. For this
reason, the easement area has been included within the rezoning
application and within the preliminary schematic subdivision map.
Please note that no subdivision of the area within this rezoning
application is being proposed at this time.
2
C.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona Hawaii
Statement of objectives and reasons for the request:
The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of
the recent LUC decision and to secure entitlements to position itself
for future residential and commercial opportunities. On the basis of
the County's General Plan and the State's recent land use decision,
the Trust recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the long-term
public policies for the area. Seeking mixed residential -commercial
zoning now would allow the land owner to begin; 1) site and area
wide planning (to be integrated with Liliuokalani Trust's overall
master plan), 2) infrastructure planning, and 3) traffic planning.
Number of acres/square feet:
23.339 -acres
d. Proposed floor area of proposed building envelope:
Based on the proposed site plan, approximately 14.5 .acres is
proposed for multi -family residential use and 3.5 acres is proposed
for single story inline commercial retail use. Over 250 dwelling units,
averaging 600 s.f. to 800 s.f., are proposed on the 14.5 acres, while
approximately 25,000 s.f. of commercial retail is proposed or, the 3.5
acres.
The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the
part of the Trust, but was completed for the purposes of assessing
environmental impacts and infrastructure requirements. The plan is
based on similar commercial developments in the area and is
assumed to be representative of future development scenarios
The proposed 100 ft. wide utility easement is based on a current
agreement between Liliuokalani Trust and HELCO for future
overhead powerlines.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
e. Time frame and cost:
The anticipated time frame for completion of the development is Year
2020, and would ultimately be dependent upon market factors.
If the project were constructed in a single phase, construction of on-
site improvements for both the residential is estimated to take about
18 months, with total contract time anticipated to be 24 months
allowing for mobilization, material ordering and the landscape
installation and maintenance period. Off-site improvements for the
driveway connections and utility service extensions could be
completed concurrent with the on-site work.
The total construction cost for the project is estimated to be $38.5
million, based on current construction standards and in current dollar
terms. This includes an estimate of $30 million for the proposed
building structures (based on $150/s.f.), and an es^imated
infrastructure cost of $8.5 million, including necessary off-site
infrastructure work.
The timetable for HELCO's installation of the overhead powerlines
within the easement area is anticipated within 3 to 5 years.
Number of employees and clientele:
It is estimated that the proposed commercial retail portior of the
development will create approximately 125 employment positions,
based on an estimated space standard of 1 employee per 200 s.f. for
inline retail shops.
Additional employment would be created for the ongoing
maintenance of the residential development's common areas and
landscaping.
g. Parking arrangement:
The proposed site plan provides a total of 325 parking stall; in the
250 unit residential development, conforming to county code
requirements of 1.25 stalls per dwelling unit (multi -family), and 150
parking stalls in the commercial development, conforming to
commercial tenant standards of 6 parking stalls per 1,000 s.f of retail
floor area. The commercial tenant standards exceeds the 1 parking
stall per 300 s.f. (or 3.3 per 1,000 s.f.) of retail floor area required by
the county code.
i�
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona. Hawaii
As part of this application, Wilbur Smith Associates com,'Jleted a
Traffic Impact Study in September 1999.
The study assessed existing and future traffic flows at three area
intersections including; Palani Road/Henry Street, Palani
Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Henry Street. All of the intersections are signalized.
Existing Conditions
The WSA report evaluated peak AM and PM conditions for the three
intersections and concluded that current traffic volumes were
accommodated within the existing capacity (varying from 60% to
90%) for each intersection.
Year 2020 without Proiect
Traffic conditions in the area for the Year 2020 were evaluated using
projections from the State's Long Range Transportation Plan Study.
Without the project and without any planned improvements,
significant capacity problems begin to occur at the Palani
Road/Henry Street (over 30% over capacity during the a ternoon
peak) and at the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Henry Street
intersection (over 20% over capacity during the morning peak)
Based on these anticipated Year 2020 conditions without the project,
the following modifications were recommended to maintain
acceptable traffic flows:
Palani Road/Henry Street: -Add right turn lane on
mauka bound Palani Road
(if 11.9 -acre QLT
commercial site
developed).
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy./Henry Street: -Widen south leg oi QKH.
-Add right turn lane to
mauka bound Henry Street.
-Add second left turn lane
to northbound QKH.
9
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokal<ni Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Year 2020 with Project
Based on Year 2020 conditions with the project, the increased traffic
volumes result in
For the Year 2020 scenario with the project, WSA assumed that the
non -project modifications highlighted above had been completed.
Given this scenario, the most significant percentage increases , n traffic
volumes arising from the project occur on the mauka side of Palani
Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersection (4% to 5%), on the
mauka side of The Palani Road/Henry Street intersection (,�.5% to
4.9%), and along Palani Road at the project site (1.9% to 3.9°i,).
Based on both the increased traffic volumes and traffic delays arising
from the proposed project, WSA recommends the following
mitigations:
Palani Road/Henry Street:
--Add right turn IanE on
mauka-bound Palani Rd. (if
not completed p-ior to
project).
Palani Road/Commercial Driveway: -Add left turn storage lane
on makai-bound Pa'ani Rd.
-Add right turn/deceleration
lane on mauka bound
Palani Rd.
Palani Road/Residential Driveways:
-Add left turn storage lane
on makai-bound Pa;ani Rd.
at one of the res dential
driveways.
-Add right turn/deceleration
lane on mauka bound
Palani Rd.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Proposed on-site and off-site infrastructure:
On-site infrastructure will consist of internal private roads and parking
areas for both the residential and commercial areas.
Both areas will have underground water, sewer, electrical, telephone
and cable television service. Storm water disposal will be collected
and disposed through an on-site dry well network.
Off-site roadways are County owned and maintained. The location
of the proposed intersections and improvements identified in the
attached traffic study (including, widening of Palani Road to
accommodate storage and turning lanes) will be provided during the
development of the parcels. The plan also identifies a 20 tt. future
road widening buffer along Palani Road.
Utility services, other than sewer, are in-place along Palani Read and
can be extended to serve the parcels. Wastewater generated from the
proposed development will be conveyed by off-site sanitary sewer
lines to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. Demand for
water arising from the proposal will be met by an existing County
well and reservoir above Mamalahoa Highway,
B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS
State Land Use designation:
The State Land Use District Boundary Map designates the subject sits within
the Urban District.
This designation is based on the recent LUC decision (LUC Docket No.
A94-705) on June 22, 1998 to amend the Agricultural District boundaries
between Keahuolu and Keauhou (919.366 acres) and increase the areas in
the Urban District. The petition to amend the LUC district bounda -ies was
submitted by the County of Hawaii Planning Department.
3. Applicable goals/policies and objectives of the General Plan:
The General Plan for North Kona seeks to achieve greater diver:city and
stability for the local economy, while stressing a balance of social, physical
and economic goals for both area residents and visitors alike.
0
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Based on the GP profile of population trends, population in North Kona is
increasing due to employment opportunities in the visitor industry. The
Keahuolu and Kealakehe areas have been targeted for continued residential
development. The proposed residential and commercial mixed use for the
parcel will allow continued development of residential housing options for
residents, while also providing additional goods and services (and
employment opportunities) to area commuters and visitors.
4. General Plan designation:
The subject site lies within the Urban Expansion Zone of the L'Ind Use
Pattern Allocation Guide Map, Hawaii County General Plan. Urban
Expansion areas allow for low to high density commercial and residential
uses in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the
specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determ ned.
5. Zoning:
The current zoning for the site is A -5a, Agricultural (5 acre minimum,.
6. Community Development Plan:
The site is not within any Community Development Plan areas.
The mauka boundary of the Kailua Village Special District is approximately
1/3 mile makai of the site's boundary at Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Special Management Area:
The site is not within the Special Management Area.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE
PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting.
Description of subject property, location, climate, topography, slope, soils
(including size, shape, existing structures):
Subject Property
The subject parcel is 23.339 -acres. The parcel measures approximately
2,300 k. in the mauka-makai direction, 250 ft. along its makai boundary and
1,000 ft along its mauka boundary. The site has over 2,200 ft. of street
frontage along Palani Road.
The property is currently vacant and has not been the subject of prior
development. Future HELCO overhead powerlines are anticipated within 3
to 5 years within a 100 ft. wide easement along the property's
Keahuolu/Lanihau lstboundary.
Location
The parcel is situated along the southern edge of Palani Road, between the
Queen Lilioukalani Village residential subdivision and Henry Street,
approximately 1/2 mile mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Climate
The climate is generally mild with a mean annual temperature of 75 degrees
(F) with relatively small daily and seasonal variations. Annual rainfall varies
from 35 to over 40 inches. Winds are generally light to moderate and are
predominantly from the southwest as a result of seabreezes and Kona
storms.
Topoeraph y
The site is situated on the western slope of Hualalai at elevation 320 ft. to
470 ft. above mean sea level.
Slope
The site is situated in a transitional area between the lowlands zone (5-10%
slope) and the lower uplands zone (10-20% slope) with average slopes of 8
to 10% throughout the site.
F:1
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokal:tni Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Soils
Pahoehoe lava is found throughout the lower slopes of the site and Punaluu
extremely rocky peat soils are found on the upper slopes, neither of which
are recognized as being agriculturally significant.
9. Lava Hazard Zone:
Based upon a 1990 USGS report, "Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the
Island of Hawaii' the subject site lies within Zone 4 on the western slopes
of Hualalai. Zone 4 is based on a nine zone scale in which Zone 1 is the
area of greatest hazard and Zone 9 is the area of least hazard. Zone 4 is
described as an area which "includes all of Hualalai, where the frequency of
eruptions is lower than on Kiliauea (Zones 2-5) and Mauna Loa (tones 2-
6)". The site was not affected by either of the two most recent flow: on the
slopes of Hualalai, including the Huehue and Kaupulehu flows of 1800-
1801.
10. Distance from coastline:
The site is situated approximately 3/4 mile to over 1 mile from the coastline
at Kailua Bay.
11. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (4LISH)
designation:
The site does not lie within any areas designated of agricultural importance
(based on the January 1977 ALISH map).
12. U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services Soil Service Report soil
type:
Based upon review of USDA Soil Conservation Service's Soil Survey for the
Island of Hawaii dated December 1973, the subject site contains soils
predominantly described as Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW) and Punaluu
Extremely Rocky Peat (rPYD).
Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat is described as "well -drained, thin organic
soils over Pahoehoe lava bedrock" (typically at depths less than 10 nches),
with rocky outcrops occupying 40 to 50 percent of the surface. The Peat is
rapidly permeable while the Pahoehoe underneath is typically slowly
permeable, with water rapidly moving through cracks in the lava. Th s soil is
typically used as pastures.
9
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Pahoehoe lava is typically described with a billowy, glassy surfa�:e, with
occasional hummocks and pressure domes. The lava typically contains no
soil covering and is barren of vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.
13. Land Study Bureau soil rating:
Based upon the "Detailed Land Classification -Island of Hawaii" published
by the Land Study Bureau in November 1965, the soil predominantly found
on the site is described as Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe (e2R5) and
Almost Bare Pahoehoe (e292)
The Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe contains shallow soils over the
Pahoehoe. Both soils rate "very poor" in terms of suitability for agr,cultural
production, the worst of five categories described by master productivity
ratings for agricultural lands on the Big Island.
14. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation:
The site is located within Zone X, an area outside the 500 -year flood plain.
15. Existing drainageways or improvements:
The existing topographic survey of the area shows no existing drainageways
or structures. In accordance with the "Keahole to Kailua Development
Plan," storm drainage in the region is to be addressed on-site within each
development. The proposed on-site infrastructure incorporates drywells
and catch basins with drywells to collect and retain storm water from the site
within each parcel. The intent of the regional development plan for storm
water handling is being implemented under the project.
Ir
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
16. Air Quality/Water Quality/Noise:
a. Air Quality
The preliminary findings available from the State Department of
Health indicate that there have been no exceedances of the state or
national standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxi6levels
observed at DOH's Kona air monitoring station (Memorandum for
the Record, December 30, 1998). Ambient air monitoring stations
detect pollutants from industrial, agricultural and natural socrces. In
the Kona area, these would include the Keahole Power Plant and the
Kailua Landfill, as well as Kilauea Volcano which is located upwind
from the project site during prevailing winds. Carbon monoxide
emissions from vehicular sources typically exhibit a much ,maller-
scale effect characterized as "hot spots" that may not be captured by
monitoring stations sited to measure ambient air.
Carbon monoxide hot spots occur along heavily traveled
transportation corridors and are a function of vehicular delays,
number of vehicles, and meteorological conditions. The pote,itial for
CO hot spots increase when vehicular delays are signi--icantly
increased as indicated by one of the following: (1) at intersection
operating near capacity, a change in Level of Service (LOS)
classification, e.g., from LOS D to LOS E, or (2) at intersections
operating at or above a traffic volume to intersection capac ty ratio
(V/C) of 0.95, an increase in the V/C of 0.02 or more. If vehicular
delays are not significantly increased, no significant impact to air
quality is expected.
Based on information provided in the Traffic Impact Study attached in
Appendix A, significant increases in vehicular delays in the year 2020
are not anticipated as a direct result of the proposed 17.979 -acre
development project at any of the existing intersections within the
project area. Non -project related congestion will occur by the Year
2020 at the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. With the
proposed mitigation measures to alleviate the expected traffic delays
at the driveways into the project site and at the Palani Road/Henry
Street intersection, no significant impact to air quality from the
proposed project is anticipated.
During the construction period, short-term impacts to air qua ity will
be minimized by developing and implementing traffic mitigaton and
parking plans. Fugitive dusts will be controlled in accordance with
the requirements set forth in Hawaii Administrative Rules 11-60.1.
11
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona Hawaii
Noise
The primary source of noise related to the project will be from
construction activity and from vehicle traffic in the commercial area,
and from household noise in the multi -family residential area.
As the site borders large undeveloped agricultural zoned parcels,
noise generated from construction activity is not expected to impact
any sensitive or residential areas. Similarly, noise from vehicle traffic
and household sources attributed to the proposed development is
not be expected to impact any sensitive or residential areas.
C. Water Quality
No adverse effects on surface water quality are expected given the
distance of the site from the ocean, the low rainfall in the area,
measures that will be taken to prevent runoff, and the results of earlier
monitoring surveys for the nearby Makalapua Center. The distance of
the coastline from the subject site is similar to the Trust's Makalapua
Center, 1/4 mile west of the site.
Earlier monitoring programs and site surveys for both Liberty House
and Kmart at the Trust's Makalapua Center revealed no ch<nges in
water quality attributable to construction related activities.
Historic Resources:
17. Existing archaeological, cultural or historic sites on National Register or
Hawaii Register:
Based on an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the site by PHRI in
November 1998 (see Appendix B), 26 sites were identified for ev,iluation
within the survey report.
Recommended mitigative actions include "data recovery" for 5 sites, "no
further work" for 18 sites, and "none" for the remaining 3 sites.
Of the 26 sites, 5 were historically used for livestock control, 18 for
temporary habitation, 1 for permanent habitation, 1 as a trail for
transportation, and 1 is an ahupua'a boundary wall. The only permanent
habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No burial :;ites, or
potential burial features, were found in the project area.
12
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
The entire site is part of the Kona Field System which extends north to the
Ka'u Ahupua'a and south to Honaunau. The survey identified 104 features
representing agricultural elements of the prehistoric complex. No further
work is recommended for the features found on-site.
The original scope for the survey as found in Appendix 8 also extended
beyond the subject site to include areas makai of Henry Street (7MK 7-4-
08:63).
Natural Resources:
18. Flora/Fauna:
a. Flora:
In September of 1998, Char and Associates completed a botanical
Survey which included the subject site. This survey can be found in
Appendix C. The survey concluded that plants found on the project
site were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of
concern.
All of the plants on the site can be found in similar Iowl,3nd, dry
habitats throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The survey also
found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the site.
The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant
species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe, and lantana.
Of the sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one
(88%) are introduced species, one (1.5%) is a polynesian species,
and seven (10.5%) are native species.
Of the seven native species, six are indigenous, meaning they are
both native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. One species is
endemic, meaning that it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species include the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala ivai nui,
'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa, while the endemic species is the
kauna'oa.
Though the botanical survey did not discover any threatened and
endangered species, it did recommend that native plants be
considered for future landscaping in keeping with the desired
regional character of future developments.
13
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Fauna
Findings below regarding existing fauna resources on site are
extracted from an earlier 1989 Survey of Avifauna and Feral
Mammals on QLT's Keahuolu lands by Phillip Bruner. The 1989
survey was completed as part of an EIS to accompany a Petition to
reclassify approximately 1,135 acres of QLT lands from State
Agriculture and Conservation Land Use Districts to the Urbar District
(extending from Palani Road to the Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary)
The subject site is adjacent to areas covered within the ea,lier '89
study, with very similar habitat conditions. The survey conchided the
following:
• No resident endemic species of land and water birds observed
• No migratory indigenous birds observed
• No resident indigenous birds
• No resident Indigenous seabirds
• 17 species of exotic birds recorded during survey
• No endangered species of feral mammals observed
• Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice <md rats
The majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be
exotic species, "for which other habitat opportunities in West Hawaii
exist. ' As expressed in the earlier '89 report for the adjacent area,
mitigation measures for the present site are not expected nor are they
proposed as endangered mammal species or endemic specie, of land
or sea birds are not expected in the area.
19. Scenic or coastal resources:
The site does not possess any significant scenic or coastal resourc?s. The
site is situated at an elevation height of 320 ft. to 470 ft. and enjoys views of
the coastline over Palani Road.
14
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona Hawaii
Social -Economic Characteristics:
20. Social settlement pattern for the area:
In 1988, a West Hawaii Regional Plan prepared by the Office of State
Planning identified the Kealakehe area as one of four residential support
communities (the only one in the North Kona District, the others are located
further north along the Kohala Coast) for West Hawaii. Population growth
in the County of Hawaii is currently concentrated in this western region and
is directly related to the diverse and growing economy discussed in the
section below.
In keeping with the regional plan, residential development is ongoing at the
"Villages of La'1'opua" subdivision in Kealakehe. The State of Hawaii
recently purchased portions of QLT's Keahuolu lands, mauka of a future
mid-level connector road (extending from Henry Street to the Kealakehe
boundary) for future residential development.
The continued development of these residential areas would coinc de with
the proposed residential use, which forms a part of this applicatio-i and is
also found mauka of the future mid-level connector road (Henry Street
extension)
21. Economic resources of the area:
As described in a June 1992 Working Paper for the Kailua-Kona Master Plan
prepared for the County of Hawaii Planning Department, "patterns of
population settlement and growth are defined primarily by an area's
economic opportunities". To this end, the West Hawaii region is
recognized as having "many opportunities to sustain a stable and diversified
economy supported by energy resources, high technology research and
development, aquaculture, diversified agriculture, commercial and sport
fishing, seafood marketing and ocean research. Expansion in this region will
increase job choice and the availability of high paying jobs."
In the North Kona District, the area between Kailua-Kona and i(eahole
Airport has been identified for such economic growth. This economic
growth parallels continued population growth in the West Nawar region
and especially the North Kona District.
The proposed residential -commercial mixed use project is consistent with
the continued economic growth in the North Kona and West Hawaii region.
15
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
22. Land values:
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records, the
23.339 -acre parcel is valued at $291,737.50 based on $12,500 per acre for
land classified State Urban and County A -5a.
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records for Jan. 1,
1998, TMK 7-4-08:1 was valued at $5,914,900 for the parcel's 665.471 -
acres. This valuation includes separate valuations for a 442.471 -acre
portion of the parcel zoned State Agriculture and County A -5a, and a 223 -
acre portion zoned State Urban and County A -5a. The 442.471 -acre
portion was valued at $3,127,400 (equal to $7,068 per acre), and the 223 -
acre portion was valued at $2,787,500 (equal to $12,500 per acre).
Surrounding Lands:
23. Land Use:
The existing land uses for surrounding parcels include the following
North
TMK 7-4-08:
56
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Makai
TMK 7-4-08:
66
Undeveloped Vacant Land
(Future HELCO substation)
TMK 7-4-08:
63
Undeveloped Vacant Land
South
TMK 7-5-03:
10
Undeveloped Vacant Land
TMK 7-5-03:
19
Existing large lot single
family residence
TMK 7-5-03:
27
Undeveloped Vacant Land
(in areas adjacent to TMK
7-4-08:1)
Ma uka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1 Undeveloped Vacant Land
16
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
24. Zoning:
Surrounding zoning based on the County of Hawaii Zoning Map (described
by TMK reference):
North
TMK 7-4-08: 56 A -5a
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 66 A -5a
TMK 7-4-08: 63 CG -10
South
TMK 7-5-03: 10, 19 & 27 A -5a
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1 A -5a
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES:
25. Description of access:
Based on the proposed site plan, access to the 3.5 acre commercia., area is
provided via a single driveway onto Palani Road, approximately 500 ft.
mauka of the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection.
The proposed plan also provides two access points leading to an internal
road within the residential development area. The two access points are
located at the mauka and makai ends of the residential area, approximately
1,000 ft. apart with the makai entrance approximately 500 ft. mauk3 of the
commercial driveway entrance.
Access to the easement is expected to be either directly from Henry Street or
indirectly via the future HELCO substation at the Henry Street/Palaoi Road
intersection.
17
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona. Hawaii
26. Availability of water.
a. Existine Conditions
Liliuokalani Trust installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water
well and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa
Highway, which was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this
contribution to the regional potable water supply system, water and storage
are available for development of the Trust's land in the region.
b. Projected Demand
The potable water demands for the proposed development were estimated
based on the County Department of Water Supply's, "Water Systems
Standards, Volume I" dated 1985 (DWS Standards). The site is designated
for residential and commercial usage, with average daily demand of 400
gallons per unit for the multifamily residential area (250 units), and 3,000
gallons per acre for the commercial area (3.5 acres). The computed average
daily demands for the proposed on-site developments total 110,500 god,
including 100,000 gpd for the residential area and 10,500 gpd for the
commercial area. The maximum daily demand for the parcel was c'slculated
by multiplying the average daily demand by 1.5, resulting in a demand of
165,750 gpd.
U
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokal.3ni Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona Hawaii
C. Proposed Action
Based on DWS Standards, the fire flow for the residential area, Lased on
"Low Rise Apartments" type development, is 1,500 gpm for one hour. Fire
hydrant spacing is 300 feet. Fire flow for the commercial area, based on
"Neighborhood Business" use, is 2,000 gpm for two hours. Fire hydrant
spacing is also 300 feet. Using the maximum daily demands and fire flows,
the required potable water storage for the site is 405,750 gallons. 7 his total
was obtained by adding the maximum daily demand for the commercial and
residential areas with the commercial area fire flow, which was the greater of
two demands. Given the computed parcel flows, existing water- system
infrastructure, and the DWS requirements, an 8 -inch ductile iron pipe
looped through roadways in both areas will be needed. These 8 -inch
distribution lines would connect to the 16 -inch diameter line in Palani Road.
27. Sewage disposal:
a. Existing Condition
Wastewater generated from the development will be conveyed through new
on-site and off-site sewers to the existing sewer network for eventual
conveyance to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. The current
plant capacity is about 2.8 mgd with three 1 mgd expansions planned to
support long-term regional development.
b. Projected Demand
In accordance with the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works
Wastewater Division practice, the project sewer requiremenrs were
estimated using "Design Standards, Volume 1" of the City and County of
Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management, dated July 1993 (County
Standards). Based on the flow figure in the County Standards of 80 gallons
per person daily, and an occupancy of 2.8 persons per dwelling, the
average daily discharge for the 250 multifamily residential units is 56,000
gallons. Discharge of the commercial area is computed based on 40
persons per acre (site area of 3.5 acres) at 80 gallons per person daily, which
results in an average daily discharge of 11,200 gallons. The resulting
discharge from the total site is 67,200 gallons, including both the re.-4dential
and commercial areas.
['.
29
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. Proposed Action
Design peak flows were calculated at 362,700 gpd or 0.56 cfs. Based on
this flow and the velocity criteria in the County Standards, it was determined
that an 8 -inch line would be needed to convey flows from both the
residential and commercial areas. Within the residential development, fl-
inch lines would be required, which are the minimum size lines within
roadways. Within the commercial area, 6 -inch lines will be adequate. The
commercial and residential area flows would eventually join in an 8 -inch
main and connect to the 12 -inch diameter main on Henry Street. This main
would be routed through the 100 -foot wide powerline easement south of
the project area.
Solid waste:
Solid waste generated from the project will be taken to the West Hawaii
Landfill. This landfill was designed to serve as the regional solid waste
disposal facility.
Police and Fire Protection:
The subject property is situated within the Kona police district, and is served
by the Kealekehe Police Station, approximately 1.5 miles north of the site
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The site is served by the County of Hawaii Fire Department's Kailua Fire
Station along Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and 1/4 -
mile makai of the site's makai boundary.
30. Schools:
The project area is served by Kealakehe Elementary School, Kealakehe
Intermediate School and Kealakehe High School.
31. Parks:
Section 23-26 of the Subdivision Ordinance of the Hawaii Coun,`y Code
requires "subdivider of a parcel of land capable of supporting two hundred
dwelling units shall reserve suitable areas for parks, playgrounds, schools,
and other public building sites that will be required for the use of its
residents. Five percent to ten percent of the land area, exclusive or streets,
shall be reserved for recreational and public use, for a period of two years
for acquisition by a public agency."
20
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona. Hawaii
The residential area of the proposed site plan proposes 250 dwell ng units
on 14.5 -acres, or approximately 11.8 -acres exclusive of internal roads and
parking areas. There are two separate park areas indicated on the site plan,
including a 0.5 -acre park in the lower makai area and a 0.6 -acre park in the
upper mauka area of the residential development.
As a result, the total park area of 1.1 acres is approximately 9% of the total
net residential land area, exclusive of roads and paved parking areas, well
within the 5% to 10% range specified within the subdivision ordinance.
32. Electricity:
a. Existine Condition
There are existing Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) 12.47 kilovolt
and 69 kilovolt overhead lines and GTE Hawaiian Tel (HTCO) .Ind Sun
Cablevision of Hawaii overhead lines along Palani Road, and underground
facilities along Henry Street. HELCO's available generation capacity on
Hawaii is approximately 180 megawatts, with a present peak coincident
demand of approximately 163 megawatts
b. Projected Demand
The projected maximum demand for this project based on the Pre'iminary
Site Plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii (dated October 1999) is forecasted
to be approximately 8 megawatts. Based on the forecasted load, HELCO
requires that the proposed Palani Substation be constructed to serve the
project. Existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Read and
Mamalahoa Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. The necessary
land acquisition for the substation is underway and procurement of the
equipment should be initiated shortly after the zoning change is granted so
that the substation can be in place and ready to serve the project loads as
facilities thereat are completed.
C. Proposed Action
Relocation of HELCO 12.47 kilovolt and 69 kilovolt lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the initial
phase of the Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development. Furthermore,
existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and Mamalahoa
Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site.
21
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
12.47 KV distribution feeders will be extended from the substation to
the project site and will be connected to service transformers located
adjacent to project facilities to serve the development.
33. Communications
Telephone and cable television facilities to serve this development must be
extended from HTCO and Sun Cablevision facilities located along Palani
Road. Relocation of HTCO and Sun Cablevision lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the first
phase of Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development.
a. Telephone
HTCO has requested that the easement (8' wide x 8' deep) for the
initial cross -connect site be located near the Henry Street - Palani
Road intersection, preferably along Henry Street.
Main telephone feeder cables will be tapped from existin„ cables
along Palani Road and will be extended to the proposed cross-
connect cabinet. Distribution cables will extend from the cabinet,
and will be routed along Palani Road and Henry Street, into the
project site to serve the development.
b. CATV
CATV cables must be extended from Palani Road into the
development. Sun Cablevision anticipates that its existing power
supply located on Henry Street, adjacent to K -Mart, will be adequate
to serve the proposed development.
E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS:
34. Relationship between local short term uses of environment and
maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity:
Development on the project site would increase residential housing options
in the Kailua-Kona area, and increased commercial services to the
community, further promoting the mauka areas of Kailua-Kona and
Keahuolu/Kealakehe as an attractive residential community.
22
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
35. Mitigative measures proposed to avoid, minimize, rectify or reduce impact:
Because of the undeveloped character of the site, development will ,alter the
existing natural features of the site. Landscape buffers will be provided along
roads and shared boundary setback areas to mitigate the visual impact of
low-rise residential and commercial structures on Palani Road and other
areas adjacent.
Based on the archaeology survey, there are no sensitive archaeological sites
in the project area that would be affected by proposed development.
Mitigative measures to address increased traffic volumes due to the
proposed project have been described earlier and include the addit;on of a
turning lane on Palani Road at Henry Street to facilitate through traffic, as
well as the addition of left and right turn storage lanes along Palani Road at
entrances into the project area.
Mitigation of construction impacts, including noise, dust and acce::s along
public roads will be included within future construction plans and
specifications to the standards of the relevant State and County Agencies.
Similarly, Erosion and Drainage control measures will be included within
future construction plans and specifications.
36. Alternatives to the proposed development:
a. Proposed Action
In proposing mixed residential -commercial use for the site, the Trust
took into consideration, the long-term intention of the County to
encourage ongoing residential development in Keahuclu and
Kealakehe, in areas mauka of Henry Street and the future mid-level
connector road. These plans are also consistent with com nercial
growth in the Kailua-Kona area, as seen with the recent completion
of the Crossroads Shopping Center and continued develop vent at
Makalapua Center.
The site enjoys the benefit of being near the crossroads of several
regional roads, including Palani Road, Henry Street and the future
mid-level connector road, and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The
site also benefits in this way from its proximity to Kailua-Kona, the
major urban center for West Hawaii.
23
a
C.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalctni Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por t, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
The Trust recognizes the opportunity to develop the site to provide
commercial services and residential opportunities for area residents.
For these reasons, the Trust has decided to pursue mixed re!:idential
commercial use on the subject site.
No -Action Alternative
The "no -action" or "no project" alternative would retain the present
status of the site. This alternative was not pursued as the Trust would
then lose an opportunity to generate income for the benerit of its
beneficiaries (i.e. funding for its children's centers). The "no -action"
or "no project" alternative would also preclude the benefits of using
the Trust's lands to increase residential housing options and
commercial services to area residents.
Alternative Use of the site
The Trust also considered the possibility of full residentia' or full
commercial use for the site.
Exclusive commercial use for the site would have been inconsistent
with the Trust's and the County's long-term plan for residential
development in Keahuolu and Kealakehe area mauka of Henry Street
and the future mid-level connector road.
Exclusive residential use was considered for the site as it wocld have
been consistent with the Trust's and the County's long-term plan for
residential development in the Keahuolu and Kealakehe area mauka
of Henry Street and the future mid-level connector road. However,
restricting the site for only residential use would not have .allowed
future developers flexibility to take advantage of the commercial
opportunities offered by the site's proximity to the intersection of two
major regional corridors (the existing Palani Road and Henry
Street/Future mid-level connector road).
Limiting the site to residential use would have also resulted in >ome of
the residential housing units being in close proximity or adjacent to
the future HELCO Substation site adjoining the makai boundary.
For these reasons, the Trust decided not to limit the site the either
commercial or residential use, but to allow greater flexibility by
proposing a mixed residential -commercial zone. This is consistent
with the land use patterns in the area and recognizes the commercial
opportunities of the site's location.
24
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
37. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources that
would be involved if proposed action implemented:
The process of development will result in significant change to the natural
setting of the site. Based on previous studies, available surveys and the flora
and archaeological surveys included with this application, there are no
irreversible or irretrievable commitments of significant natural, culoral and
historical resources resulting from development on the site. Based on these
studies, no significant natural, cultural, or archaeological resources were
identified for preservation.
AGENCIES - COMMENTS
38. You may consult with the following agencies and include discussion in
your report or attach their written comments regarding your proposal:
a. Department of Public Works -Wastewater Branch
Based on discussions with DPW -Wastewater officials, Belt Collins
was informed that available capacity exists within the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWTP) for a development of this
magnitude. Off-site sewer lines would need to be constructed by the
project developer along Palani Road to tie into the existing sewer
main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, leading to the existing KWTP.
b. Department of Water Supply
Based on discussions with Department of Water Supply officials, Belt
Collins was informed that available capacity exists within the existing
water reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway for the
proposed development. This reservoir and a well were originally
developed by the Trust and conveyed to the County in 1997.
State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources - Historic
Preservation Division
Discussion with DLNR HPD is being initiated by way of this change
of zone application through the Planning Department. With regards
to the Archaeological Inventory Survey attached in Appendix B,
portions of the same survey were extracted for the earlier cl-ange of
zone application for TMK 7-4-08: 63 (REZ 99-006). In this; earlier
change of zone application, DLNR HPD accepted the analsis and
recommendations from PHRI's survey, of which other porticns have
been extracted for this application.
25
APPENDIX LIST
APPENDIX A Traffic Impact Study
Parcel TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands
Wilbur Smith Associates, August 20, 1999
APPENDIX B Archaeological Inventory Survey
60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned QLT Parcel, Keahuolu Ahupu.a'a,
North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK 3-7-4-08:por 1),
PHRI, November 1998
APPENDIX C Botanical Survey
QLT Keahuolu Lands, 36.9 -Acre Site,
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District, Hawai'i, Char & Associ rtes,
September 1998
APPENDIX D List of Names and Addresses of Property Owners within 300
feet of Applicant's Property
APPENDIX E Legal Description of the Property in Map and Written Form
by Metes and Bounds
Application for Change of Zone
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
November 1999
Appendix A
Traffic Impact Study
Parcel TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Keahuolu Lands
Prepared by Wilbur Smith Associates
August 20, 1999
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST KEAHUOLU LANDS
Prepared for
Belt Collins Hawaii
Prepared by
��..��
..■■..
...■.�
��..�V
August 20, 1999
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. EXISTING CONDITIONS 2-1
Existing Roadway System 2-1
Existing Traffic Volumes 2-2
Existing Traffic Conditions 2-3
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service 2-3
Morning Intersection Conditions 2-4
Afternoon Intersection Conditions 2-6
3. 2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT 3-1
Roadway Improvements 3-1
Traffic Growth Without the Project 3-1
Weekday Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 3-3
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections 3-3
4. 2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT 4-1
Project Description 4-1
Project Trip Generation 4-1
Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 4-2
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections 4-3
Recommended Mitigative Actions 4-7
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SMI?H ASSOCIATES
Page 1
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
I-1 Proposed Site Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Follows
2-1
1998 Morning Peak Hour Traffic
2-2
2-2
1998 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic
2-2
2-3
Level of Service Diagram
3
3-1
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
4-2
3-2
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
3-
4-1
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
4-2
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
TABULATIONS
Table Page
2-1
Level of Service Criteria for Unsignalized Intersections
2-5
2-2
Existing Weekday Traffic Conditions at Key Intersection
2-5
3-1
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections Without Project
3-4
4-1
Vehicle Trip Generation for the Project
4-2
4-2
Traffic Increases With Project
4-3
4-3
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections With Project
4-4
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: FOR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SMI rH ASSOCIATES
Page 2
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop residential and commercial uses on is property
located along the south side of Palani Road, mauka of the Henry Street intersection, in the
Keahuolu area of Hawaii County The parcel, identified as Ta\ Map Key 7-4-)S Por 1,
encompasses about IS acres of vacant land. Development is anticipated by year :'020 The
location of the parcel is depicted in Figure I -I The Project site extends mauka along Palani Road
from the HELCO Substation to a distance about 2.500 feet mauka of Henry Street.
Most ofthe parcel is planned for development with multi -family residential uses (14.5 acres), with
the remaining 3 5 acres located adjacent to the HELCO substation planned for a neighborhood
commercial uses The residential area is expected to contain approximately 250 dwellim; units,
while the commercial area is expected to contain about 25,000 square feet of floor area.
Approximately 150 parking spaces would be provided on the commercial site. Three access
driveways would be provided to Palani Road, as depicted in Fi,ure I -I
The purpose of this stud\ is to assess the traffic impacts of the planned development of this
parcel_ The assessment addresses the followving
I The number of trips generated by the development of the parcel.
2. The magnitude of the traffic increases on area roadways providing access to the
parcel
3 Project impacts upon traffic conditions at the key intersections near the Project site,
which include.
• Each of tile three Project access driveways
• Palani Road and Henry Street
• Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Henry Street
4_ Identification of ant, actions that may be appropriate to mitigate traffic impacts
resulting from the development of the parcel.
The traffic assessment focuses on conditions during the morning and afternoon commute peak
hours on a weekday in year 2020.
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SMI'H ASSOCIATES
Page 1 - 1
KEANUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
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PROPOSED SITE PLAN
WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES ae25a n ruin-9/eye9
Chapter 2
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Project site is presently vacant land, as are most of the parcels adjacent to thr site An
HELCO substation is located between the site and Henry Street. A water tank is located across
Palani Road from the HELCO facility.
Commercial areas have been developed along Henry Street about one block south of the parcel.
These include a Walmart store, a Safeway supermarket, Borders bookstore, and several smaller
retail uses and service businesses.
The Makalapua Center commercial area is located along Kamakaeha Avenue, on the north side of
Palani Road approximately three blocks from the Project parcel. At present, a Kmart with
120,000 square feet of floor area and a Liberty House with about 50,400 square feet o ' floor area
have been opened within the Center.
The commercial center of Kailua-Kona is located along Palani Road makai of Queen Kiiahumanu
Highway. Residential uses are located about one-half mile mauka along Palani Road.
EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEM
Access to the Project parcel is provided by Palani Road. This road connects to several major
regional highways, which include Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Henry Street, and P lamalahoa
Highway.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway - This two-lane State highway serves as the main north -south
route through the Kailua area. At present, Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides one through
lane in each direction with separate left- and right -turn lanes at key intersections. The State
Department of Transportation (State DOT) is planning to widen the section between the Palani
Road area and the Airport to a four -lane divided highway.
Palani Road - Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Palani Road is a two-lane roadway. The
makai segment is a four -lane divided roadway that serves the Kailua commercial area. At its
intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
• Both approaches on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provide a left -turn lane. a through
lane, and a channelized right -turn lane.
• Both approaches on Palani Road provide a left -turn lane, a through lane, and a
channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal
Henry Street - Henry Street is a four -lane roadway that extends from Palani Road to Kuakini
Highway. The roadway provides access to the commercial area located along the segment
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
between Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The roadway is used bN throuuh traffic
traveling between the mauka residential areas along Palani Road and the areas south o the Kaihaa
commercial center. The intersection of Henry Street with Palani Road has the followinz features.
• The two lanes on the Henry Street approach are striped as a right -turn lane and a leR-
turn lane.
• Eastbound (mauka-bound) Palani Road has only a single lane.
• Westbound (makai-bound) Palani Road has a through lane and a separate left -turn
lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated signal.
At the intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
• Both approaches on Henry Street provide a left -turn lane and two through lanes, with
the right -turn movement made from the through lane. A raised traffic island is
provided on each approach to facilitate the right -turn movement.
• The southbound approach on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides two thl ough lanes
while the northbound approach provides only a single through lane. Both approaches
provide a separate left -turn lane and a channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal
EXISTING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The most recent 24-hour machine counts of traffic were made by the State DOT at the
intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road on October 6-7, 1998, and on Palani
Road mauka of Henry Street on October 7-8, 1998. The counts recorded weekday .,olumes as
follows:
Palani Road mauka of Henry Street
18,700 vehicles
Palani Road mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
11,300
Palani Road makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
20,000
Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road
25,400
Queen Kaahumanu Highway south of Palani Road
19,700
Wilbur Smith Associates conducted traffic turning movement counts at the study intersections
during the peak commute periods on October 7, 1998. The counts were made from 6.00 to 9:30
AM and 3:00 to 6:30 PM. Based on a review of the counts, the 7:15-8:15 AM and 4:30-5:30 PM
periods were selected as the peak traffic hours for the analysis since these represented the highest
volumes at most locations during the peak commute periods.
The traffic volumes at the key intersections are depicted in Figures 2-1 and 2-2 for nle morning
and afternoon analysis hours, respectively.
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Figure 2-1
1998 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
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\\\I//
��V/�/�� 1998 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
Y 1 WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES ]4]560\9 E-9/9/99
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Morning Peak Hour
In the morning peak hour, the traffic volumes along Palani Road are heaviest in the n akai-bound
direction into the Kailua commercial areas. The highest volume occurs mauka of Henry Street
with approximately 1,150 makai-bound and 570 mauka-bound vehicles. At the Henn' Street
intersection, the traffic splits between Henry Street and Palani Road with Henry Street used by
slightly over one-half of the traffic in both travel directions.
On Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the northbound traffic volumes through the study area ranee
between about 800 and 1,070 vehicles, with southbound volumes between 500 and 680 vehicles.
The highest turning volumes occur at Henry Street, between the mauka leg of Henry Street and
the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Afternoon Peak Hour
The traffic volumes on Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, are heaviest in the
mauka-bound direction. Makai of Henry Street, Palani Road traffic totaled about 6.�O and 460
vehicles in the mauka-bound and makai-bound directions, respectively. Mauka of Henry Street,
the volumes increase to 990 mauka-bound and 690 makai-bound vehicles.
The traffic volumes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway are approximately 151,10 higher than in the
morning peak hour. The southbound volumes in the afternoon peak hour range between 950 and
1,200 vehicles. Northbound volumes range between 730 and 880 vehicles. High volumes of both
left- and right turns occur at both the Palani Road and Henry Street intersections in th,� afternoon
peak hour.
EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
Traffic conditions were analyzed for the key intersections for the weekday morning and afternoon
peak traffic hours.
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service
The Transportation Research Board (TRB), a division of the National Science Foundation, has
developed standardized methods for use in evaluating the effectiveness and quality of service for
roadways and streets. Different methodologies are available for analyzing traffic signal -controlled
intersections and other types of roadways.
The TRB evaluation methods use a concept known as level -of -service (LOS). This concept
describes facility operations on a letter basis from A to F, which signify excellent to unacceptable
conditions, respectively. The methods generally compare traffic volumes on a facility to the
facility's theoretical capacity. Capacity is estimated based on the facility's physical chltracteristics
(e.g. number and widths of lanes), traffic characteristics (e.g. types of vehicles), and type of traffic
controls. The comparisons are frequently referred to as the volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C). The
methodologies are described in the 1994 Highway, Capacay Mrnnlal (1994 HCM )'
1 Highway Capaciry Alanuol, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board. Third Edition. 1994.
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EXISTIN3 CONDITIONS
Signal -Controlled Intersections --Traffic conditions at traffic signal -controlled inters,rctions were
evaluated using the Operations Analysis methodology described in the 1994 HCNI Usin<, this
method, the level -of -service is based on the average delay time per vehicle passing through the
intersection. The delay time, calculated in seconds, is the result of the phasing and tin ing of the
traffic signal as well as the intersection's physical layout and the composition of the traffic.
Average delay time and level -of -service are estimated for the entire intersection, for e� ch roadway
approach, and for each traffic movement or lane group. A description of the characteristics and
criteria associated with LOS A through LOS F is provided in Figure 2-3.
The methodology also calculates a ratio of actual or estimated peak hour traffic vol,Imes to the
theoretical capacity of the intersection. This ratio indicates the proportion of available capacity
being used by traffic volumes and where there is unused capacity available for fiture tratlic
increases. This volume -to -capacity ratio (V/Q reflects the physical characteristics of the
intersection and the traffic characteristics, and is somewhat independent of the eflic ency of the
traffic signal phasing/timing.
Unsignalized Intersections—At intersections with STOP sign controls, the level of service was
calculated using the 1994 HCM procedures for intersections with STOP or YIELD signs. In this
methodology, the six levels of service, A through F, are used to describe tratlic conditions for
those movements that must yield to other movements:
• Left -turn out of the side street or driveway;
• Through movement from the side street,
• Right -turn out of the side street or driveway, and
• Left -turn into the side street.
Through vehicles on the major streets are not required to yield to other movements at two-way
STOP controlled intersections.
The general indicator of intersection delay is determined by calculating the one-hour capacity for
each key movement, based on the conflicting traffic volumes, and then comparing the number of
vehicles making that maneuver to the calculated capacity. The unused or "reserve" capacity for
the movement is then used to identify a delay time and a level -of -service for that movement.
Unlike analysis at signalized intersections, an overall intersection level -of -service is not
calculated, but a level -of -service is calculated for each lane group subject to the STOP or YIELD
condition.
The level -of -service criteria for unsignalized intersections with STOP or YIELD controls is
defined in Table 2-1.
Morning Intersection Conditions
Traffic conditions at the key intersections are summarized for the morning and afternoon peak
hours in Table 2-2.
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
The OPERATIONS LEVEL METHODOLOGY, which is described in the
Transportation Research Board's Highway Capacity Manual, defines Level of Service
(LOS) for signalized intersections in terms of delay. Technically, delay is the amount
of time an average vehicle must wait at an intersection before being able to pass
through the intersection. For signalized intersections, the relationship between LOS
and delay is based on the average stopped delay per vehicle for a fifteen minute
period.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'A'- Delay 0.0 to 5.0 seconds
Describes operations with very low delay, i.e., less than 5 seconds per vehicle. This
occurs when signal progression is extremely favorable. Most vehicles arrive during
the green phase and are not required to stop at all.
Corresponding V/C ratios usually range from 0.00 to 0.60.
LEVEL OF SERVICE W - Delay 5.1 to 15.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 5 to 15 seconds per vehicle generally
characterized by good signal progression and/or short cycle lengths. More vehicles
are required to stop than for LOS 'A' causing higher levels of average delay.
Corresponding V/C ratios usually range from 0.61 to 0.70.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'C' - Delay 15.1 to 25.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 15 to 25 seconds per vehicle.
Occasionally, vehicles may be required to wait more than one red signal phase. The
number of vehicles stopping at this level is significant although many still pass through
the intersection without stopping.
Corresponding V/C ratios usually range from 0.71 to 0.80.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'D' - Delay 25.1 to 40.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 25 of 40 seconds per vehicle. At LOS
'D', the influence of congestion becomes more noticeable. Many vehicles stop, and
the proportion of vehicles not stopping declines. The number of vehicles foiling to
clear the signal during the first green phase is noticeable.
Corresponding V/C ratios usually range from 0.81 to 0.90.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'E'- Delay 40.1 to 60.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 40 to 60 seconds per vehicle. These
high delay values generally indicate poor signal progression, long cycle lengths and
high V/C ratios. Vehicles frequently fail to clear the intersection during the first green
phase.
Corresponding V/C ratios usually range from 0.91 to 1.00.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 7 - Delay 60.1 seconds plus
Describes operations with delay in excess of 60 seconds per vehicle. This condition
often occurs with oversaturation, i.e., when arrival flow rates exceed the capacity of
the intersection.
Corresponding V/C ratios of over 1.00 are usually associated.
SOURCE: Transportation Research Board, 'Operations Level Methodology -Signalized Intersections",
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, 1985.
//4 \\\
611111111111 01111111t
liu\MII
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i.OS 'A'
I.OS 'C
P 1
AiP
LOS 'D'
LOS 'F'
Figure 2-3
LEVEL OF SERVICE DIAGRAM
LOS -HCS
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Table 2-2
Table 2-1
LEVEL -OF -SERVICE CRITERIA
FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
LOS
Morning Peak Hour
Average Stopped Delay (seconds/vehicle)
A
V/C
<5.0
B
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
5.1 - 10.0
C
Palani Rd.
10.1 -20.0
D
Palani Rd. &
20.1 - 30.0
E
HenrySt.
30.1 -45.0
F
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
>45
Source:
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board, Chapter
10, 1994.
Table 2-2
EXISTING CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C ADPV LOS
V/C
ADPV LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.786 22.4 C
0.890 26.0 D
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.566 13.9 B
0.819 16.4 C
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
HenEy St.
0.790 18.3 C
0.884 20.4 C
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 7, 1999
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Each of the intersections operate at very good levels of service in the morning peak hour. The
traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Queen Kaahumanu High\vt v use only
about 78% of the estimated capacity of the existing intersection. The overall delay at the traffic
signal averages 22.4 seconds per vehicle, or level -of -service (LOS) C.
The morning traffic amounts to about 57% of the capacity of the intersection of Palati Road and
Henry Street. Average delay per vehicle is equivalent to LOS B.
At the intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the morning" peak hour
traffic uses 79% of the intersection capacity, with delays at LOS B.
Afternoon Intersection Conditions
At the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road, the tratf c volumes
approximate 89% of the estimated capacity. The LOS D conditions are acceptable for peak
traffic hours. Field observations indicate that the waiting traffic clears the intersection with very
little delay, with the exception of some delay and queuing of southbound traffic for a short period
around 5:00 PM.
Traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Henry Street use approxinTar.=ly 82% of
the estimated capacity, with delays at LOS C. The critical conflicting traffic movements that
determine the intersection conditions are the mauka-bound traffic on Palani Road and i he vehicles
turning right from Henry Street.
The intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway operates at acceptable
conditions in the afternoon, with the estimated average delay of 20.4 seconds per vehicle (LOS
C), similar to that in the morning. However, the afternoon volumes amount to 18% of the
intersection capacity, versus 79% in the morning.
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Chapter 3
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
The development of both the residential and commercial portion of the Project is Manned for
completion and full occupancy by year 2020. Forecast traffic volumes and conditions are
presented for year 2020 without the Project as a base from which to identify the incremental
effects of the Project.
ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
The Long Range Transportation Plan for Hawaii County includes the widening of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to a four -lane roadway through the Kailua-Kona area, with tFe widening
extending north to Kawaihae and south along the Hawaii Belt Highway to the Hon.wnau area.
The State DOT is currently preparing design plans for the widening of the section froin the Kona
International Airport south to the centerline of the Henry Street intersection. The south leg of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Henry Street intersection is not being widened as part of the
present project, and the planned widening south of Henry Street is not included in the list of
funded projects through year 2020. Accordingly, we have analyzed the Henry Street ntersection
for 2020 both without the widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highwa,,, since the
widening of the south leg is not included as a funded project by 2020, and with the widening of
the south leg, since the widening project is included in the long—range plan if fimding should
become available.
The State Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening project is not expected to provide an additional
turn lanes at the Palani Road and Henry Street intersections.
The Long Range Land Transportation Plan also includes the construction of a new Mid Level
Road that would parallel Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road throug'l the study
area. The Mid Level Road would extend north from the Henry Street intersection with Palani
Road. The initial construction phase is planned as a two-lane roadway.
However, the Long Range Land Transportation Plan indicates that funding is not expected to be
available for the Mid Level Road by 2020 Therefore, the roadway may not be buil* unless the
areas adjacent to the roadway alignment are developed, with the Mid Level Road constructed to
provide access to these new developments. The development area immediately non of Palani
Road are Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands. Since the Trust does not expect to develop this area
prior to year 2020, the Mid Level Road is not included in the roadway network for this study.
TRAFFIC GROWTH WITHOUT THE PROJECT
The year 2020 traffic forecasts were developed from those made for the Long Range Land
Transportation Plan Study. The general methodology used to estimate the weekday peak hour
volumes was as follows:
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
1. The base year (1992) and forecast 2020 traffic volumes, as developed in the Lone
Range Land Transportation Plan Study, were identified for the major roadways or
corridors at the periphery of or within the study area.
2. Average annual growth rates were calculated at each location for the period between
the 1992 base year and 2020.
3. The average annual growth rates were applied to the 1998 peak hoer volumes
recorded in the field counts for this study to estimate the year 2020 peak hour turning
movements at each intersection in the study area.
4. The forecast volumes were adjusted as appropriate to balance the volumes at adjacent
intersections.
5. The volume of traffic entering and exiting Kamakaeha Avenue at Palani Road was
increased to reflect the buildout of the Makalapua Center retail area.
At buildout, the Makalapua Center retail area is planned to contain about 250,000 square feet of
floor area. Based on standard trip generation factors,' the retail uses would generate
approximately 355 and 1,458 vehicle trip ends (origins and destinations) during tile morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. Driveway counts made at the same time as the ritersection
counts recorded the 1998 peak hour volumes for Kmart and Liberty House as:
The traffic volumes were increased to reflect the projected increase in peak hour trips with
buildout of the Makalapua Center retail uses, based on the continuation of the present traffic
patterns in the area.
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop a community shopping center on an 11.9 -acre
parcel on the southwest corner of the Palani Road intersection with Henry Street. The traffic
volumes projected for the 11.9 -acre parcel, as presented in the traffic study for that project,2 were
included in the 2020 traffic forecasts along Palani Road.
I Trip Genetwion, Sath Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Ttnffic Impact Studv, 11.9 -dere Parcel South ofPolani Road, Queen Liliuokalmti Tntst Keohuo6i Londs, prepared M, Wilbur
Smith Associates for Belt Collins Hawaii, December 1998.
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Enter
Exit
Total
Morning Peak Hour
103
63
166
Afternoon Peak Hour
266
241
507
The traffic volumes were increased to reflect the projected increase in peak hour trips with
buildout of the Makalapua Center retail uses, based on the continuation of the present traffic
patterns in the area.
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop a community shopping center on an 11.9 -acre
parcel on the southwest corner of the Palani Road intersection with Henry Street. The traffic
volumes projected for the 11.9 -acre parcel, as presented in the traffic study for that project,2 were
included in the 2020 traffic forecasts along Palani Road.
I Trip Genetwion, Sath Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Ttnffic Impact Studv, 11.9 -dere Parcel South ofPolani Road, Queen Liliuokalmti Tntst Keohuo6i Londs, prepared M, Wilbur
Smith Associates for Belt Collins Hawaii, December 1998.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
WEEKDAY PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The estimated year 2020 traffic volumes are depicted in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 for the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. The increase over the 1998 peak hour volumes are listed
below.
Location
Palani Road
Mauka of the Project
Mauka of Henry St.
Makai of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
Henry St.
Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North of Palani Rd.
South of Palani Rd.
Morning Afternoon
Peak Hour Peak Hour
+ 66.7% +68.0%
+ 66.7% +68.0%
+ 71.6% + 73.1 %
+ 88.7% +78.9%
+ 57.85/o +65.5%
+ 50.8% +55.6%
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
The traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours at each of the key intersections
within the study area are summarized in Table 3-1. The conditions at the Palani Road -Henry
Street intersection reflect the existing lanes, without the addition of a separate right -turn lane on
mauka-bound Palani Road as proposed as mitigation for the development of the Queen
Liliuokalani Trust 11.9 -acre parcel located makai of Henry Street.
Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, this intersection would operate at acceptable
conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximatin<, 89% of the increased
intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS D.
In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersection capacity
by about 3.5%, with average vehicle delays at LOS E.
With the forecast traffic volumes and planned widening, the most effective improvement action
for the afternoon conditions would be the construction of a second (double) left -turn lane on the
mauka-bound approach of Palani Road. This would serve the very high volumes of vehicles
turning left onto northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway in both peak (lours, estimated at 255
and 400 vehicles in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively. With the double left -turn
lane, the forecast afternoon peak hour volumes would approximate 92.8% of capacity with the
average delay at 34.3 seconds per vehicle (LOS D).
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
"AlvmL
//m\\\
\\IIII/I/ Figure 3-1
�",Fgr 2020 MORNING PEAK HOUR WITHOUT PROJECT
MY YV -\ WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES ]4]560\B E-9/9/99
KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
//I►\\
//KKa\
%sompm
Y YV 1 WIU3UR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Figure 3-2
2020 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR WITHOUT PROJECT
342560NB E-9/9/99
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOU r THE PROJECT
Table 3-1
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peal: Hour
V/C ADPV LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.921 27.5 D
1.035 53.1
E
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.994 26.3 D
1.338 **
F
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Henry St.
No Widening South of
1.231 ** F
1.191 **
F
Henry St.
With Widening South of
0.938 23.9 C
1.138 **
F
HenrySt.
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates; June
7, 1999
Palani Road -Henry Street
The forecast morning peak hour traffic volumes would approach the capacity of the existing
intersection, with a volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C) of 0.973. The peak hour traffic is forecast to
operate at an acceptable service level (LOS C) since most of the delay would be expi:rienced by
the low volumes of mauka-bound through traffic on Palani Road and vehicles turning left from
Henry Street.
The forecast volumes in the afternoon peak hour would exceed the intersection capacit,✓ by 29.9%
with delays at LOS F. The critical conflicting traffic movements would be the mauka-bound
through traffic on Palani Road and the right -turn vehicles from Henry Street.
The construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road was proposed
as mitigation for the impacts of development of the Trust's 11.9 -acre parcel located on the
southeast corner of this intersection. The forecast conditions in the peak hours with this proposed
modification are summarized on the following page:
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOU r THE PROJECT
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Morning
0.932
20.4
C
Afternoon
1.096
**
F
Queen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
With the present widening project for Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which ends at Henry Street,
the forecast 2020 morning peak hour traffic volumes would exceed the intersection capacity by
23.1%. If the south leg of the intersection were also widened by 2020, this intersection would
operate at acceptable conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximating
93.8% of the increased intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS C.
In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersection capacity
both without (by about 19.1%) and with (by 13.8%) the widening project extending south of
Henry Street. Traffic delays would likely be at LOS F for either scenario.
The traffic conditions in the afternoon peak hour could be improved to acceptable levels by the
widening of the south leg of the intersection and a combination of two additional modifications:
• Add a right -turn lane to the mauka-bound approach of Henry Street, and
• Add a second (double) left -turn lane on northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
With these improvements, the afternoon traffic would approximate 94.2% of the ntersection
capacity, with average delay per vehicle at LOS D.
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Chapter 4
2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
The development of the Project parcel is planned for completion by year 2020 The traffic
assessment of the Project reflects conditions in 2020 with the roadway improvements and traffic
growth presented in Chapter 3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The 18 -acre site is planned for development with commercial uses (3.5 acres) adjacent to the
HELCO substation at the makai end of the site, and residential uses (14.5 acres) in the mauka
portion of the site. The present plans are to develop the commercial area as a neighborhood
shopping center with approximately 25,000 square feet of building floor area. The residential area
with be developed with multi -family housing, with 250 apartment units used as the hasis of the
traffic study. The preliminary site plan is depicted in Figure 1-1.
The site plan provides a single driveway connection to Palani Road for the neighborhood
commercial area, with the driveway located approximately 600 feet mauka of the intersection with
Henry Street. The residential development would have two driveway connections to Palani Road
and a connecting roadway within the site for internal circulation. The residential driveways would
be located approximately 1,000 and 1,700 feet mauka of the Henry Street intersection.
PROJECT TRIP GENERATION
The numbers of vehicle trips to/from the Project site were based on average trip generation rates
for a neighborhood shopping center and a low-rise apartment complex as compiled by the
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).' The trip rate for apartments is based on the number
of occupied units. For this study, 95% of the units were assumed to be occupied at any given
time (5% vacancy rate).
The resultant numbers of vehicle trips traveling to or from the Project during a typic 11 weekday
and during the peak commute hours are summarized in the Table 4-1. The Project is estimated to
generate a total of about 5,050 vehicle trip ends (origins and destinations) on a weekday, with the
commercial uses accounting for about 69% of the trip ends. A total of 198 vehicle (rips would
enter or exit the parcels during the morning peak hour. In the afternoon peak hour, a total of 454
vehicles would enter or exit the site.
The numbers of vehicle trips entering or exiting a commercial development include both new
vehicle trips and additional stops by vehicles that would be traveling through the area whether or
not the project is developed. These additional stops, referred to as pass -by trips, occur primarily
for retail and service uses. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook provides a Inetho Iology and
I Trip Generation, Sixth Edition, histitute of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Trip Generation Handbook An ITE Proposed Recommended Ptnctice, Institute of Transportation P.uginxrs. O� tober 1998.
342560
KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: FOR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SM11 H ASSOCIATES
Poge 4 -1
2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
equation for estimating the proportion of the generated vehicle ends that are pass -by t, ips. For a
25,000 square -foot neighborhood retail complex, approximately 65% of the Project rips in the
peak hour would typically be pass -by trips.
Thus, the commercial uses would add an estimated 1,200 vehicle trips to the adjacent roadway on
a weekday, with the balance of trip ends made by vehicles entering or exiting the parcel as they
make an additional stop when passing by on Palani Road (pass -by trips). The rumbers of
additional vehicle trips on the adjacent roadway would amount to 171 and 246 in the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively.
PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The directional distribution and routing of the Project trips was based on the traffic paverns in the
study area. The traffic volumes during the 2020 weekday morning and afternoon peal: hours are
depicted in Figures 4-1 and 4-2, respectively. The estimated increases in peak hour traffic
volumes and the percentage increase as a result of the Project are listed in Table 4-2.
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Table 4-1
VEHICLE TRIP GENERATION FOR THE PROJECT
Morning
Afternoon
Land Use
Quantity
Peak Hour
Peak Hour
Daily
In Out
In Out
Trip Generation Rates
Shopping Center
TSF
2.06
1.37
6.31
6.3 1
139.11
Apartments
Occupied
0.09
0.38
0.38
0.20
6.59
Units
V
Estimated Vehicle Tri s for Weekda
Neighborhood Center
25 TSF
52 G 34
158 158
3,480
Apartments (1)
238 Units
22 90
91 47
1,570
Occupied
I
TOTALS
74 124
249 205
5,050
TSF = Thousands of square feet of building floor area.
(1) Based on 95% occupancy of units.
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 9, 1999
PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The directional distribution and routing of the Project trips was based on the traffic paverns in the
study area. The traffic volumes during the 2020 weekday morning and afternoon peal: hours are
depicted in Figures 4-1 and 4-2, respectively. The estimated increases in peak hour traffic
volumes and the percentage increase as a result of the Project are listed in Table 4-2.
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: FOR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
0
n o
w n
a
qpb
O
�� 39
q
Planned
?� Residential
4
4% yy �
h1 q
7S
qq°g° gOhhy� Planned
All/� ' Neighborhood
Commercial
4
y
s
53 n N a `� 479
'E 891
79
117711 ,J ,I, `, 9 155
1//172 1/i110 Queen Kaahumanu Hwy
440 504 >
385+ 'n 0 83
"Akv%"
,..1,111,
fflawr// Figure 4-1
\\\ I//
2020 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT
VV% WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES 3415N\WE-9/9/99
KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
r
N
a
a
/Ih
IZ
6
4Q �
Planned
a Residential
m
A hA
Q3
Planned
Neighborhood
Commercial
E� 1908
60
h /
ea a°hp�
o� yQ"y
Qo $
99
11,
31 743
312
284
900
670 ----1
P
O Q P
Q O t7
n u m
N O l7
372
I4E691
—
� 350
230-1
R T
1,032
187
ry m Q
Queen Koohumonu Hrry
"ARVtL
Nommulk
Figure 4-2
\n� 2020 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT
Y Y� WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES 343560\WE-9/20/99
2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by between 3.5% and 5% in the morning and afternoon peak
hours. The additional Project trips would increase morning peak hour traffic volume s on Palani
Road mauka of the site by 1.9% and 3.9% in the morning and afternoon , respectively Traffic on
most other roadway segments near the Project site would increase by I % or less.
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-3. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-I representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-3 do not reflect the potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter 3.
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Table 4-2
TRAFFIC INCREASES
WITH PROJECT
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak
Hour
Without
Project
Percent
Without
Project
Percent
Location
Project
Increase
Increase
Project
Increase
Increase
Palani Rd. Mauka of
Project Site
2,866
54
1.9
2,826
110
3.9
Palani Rd. Mauka of
HenrySt.
2,866
100
3.5
2,826
138
4.9
Palani Rd. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,304
65
5.0
2,002
78
3.9
Palani Rd. Makai of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,715
17
1.0
2,931
39
1.3
Henry St. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
2,035
13
0.6
2,735
23
0.8
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North ofPalani Rd.
2,486
33
1.3
3,309
28
0.8
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
South of HenrySt.
2,631
8
0.3
1 3,228
9
0.3
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 9, 1999
The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by between 3.5% and 5% in the morning and afternoon peak
hours. The additional Project trips would increase morning peak hour traffic volume s on Palani
Road mauka of the site by 1.9% and 3.9% in the morning and afternoon , respectively Traffic on
most other roadway segments near the Project site would increase by I % or less.
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-3. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-I representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-3 do not reflect the potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter 3.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
Table 4-3
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITH PROJECT
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peal: Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
V/C ADPV
LOS
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
1.011 29.1 D
1.399 ** F
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.962 28.3 D
1.042 55.5 E
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Henry St.
No Widening South of
1.242 ** F
1.195 ** F
Henry St.
With Widening South of
0.949 24.4 C
1.144 ** F
HenrySt.
Palani Rd. &
Commercial Dwy.
591.8 F
* * * F
Palani Rd. &
Makai Residential Dwy.
853.2 F
* 495.8 F
Palani Rd. &
Mauka Residential D
* ** F
1 674.7 F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS= Level of service.
* V/C is not calculated for intersections with STOP sign controls.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 9, 1999
Palani Road -Henry Street
The Project traffic would increase the total traffic volumes to slightly more than the estimated
intersection capacity (by 1.1%) in the morning peak hour, versus the total traffic using 99.4% of
capacity without the Project. The average delay would increase slightly, but still remain at LOS
D. In the afternoon peak hour, the traffic volumes are estimated to exceed the existing
intersection capacity by 39.9% with the Project, an increase of 6.1 percentage points from
severely congested conditions forecast without the Project.
The construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road has been
proposed as a mitigation action for the Queen Liliuokalani Trust parcel on the south Nest corner
of this intersection. The addition of the right -turn lane would more than offset the impacts of
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
both Project's traffic on this intersection. With this lane, the intersection conditions would be as
follows:
Peak Hour V/C ADPV LOS
Morning 0.948 21.8 C
Afternoon 1.153 ** F
Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the planned State DOT widening project, the intersection would operate at 96.2% of
capacity with average delays at LOS D in the morning peak hour.
The Project would worsen the problem conditions anticipated in the afternoon peak hour with
only the planned addition of through lanes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. With the Project
traffic, the peak hour volumes would exceed capacity by 4.2%, versus 3.5% without the Project.
If the State provides double left -tum lanes on the mauka-bound Palani Road to address the very
high volumes anticipated for that movement, as discussed in Chapter 3, the intersection would
operate at acceptable conditions in the morning peak hour with the Project traffic. However, the
traffic conditions in the afternoon would slightly exceed desirable conditions, with th-- projected
conditions as summarized in the following table.
Peak Hour V/C ADPV LOS
Morning 0.886 26.2 D
Afternoon 0.964 40.1 E
The afternoon conditions could be further improved by widening the makai-bound approach of
Palani Road to provide either a second (double) left -turn lane or a second makai-bound through
lane. The second makai-bound through lane would require the modification of the channelization
in the northwest corner of the intersection, and eliminate the existing free right -turn movement for
southbound traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway turning makai into Kailua-Kona commercial
area along Palani Road and Alii Drive. Therefore, the provision of double lett-turn I Ines would
appear to be less disruptive to overall intersection operations. With the double left -turn lane, the
forecast afternoon peak hour volumes would approximate 95.5% of capacity with the average
delay at 39 seconds per vehicle (LOS D).
Queen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
The Project traffic would have only minimal impact on this intersection. In the morning peak
hour, the Project would increase the proportion of intersection capacity used by 1.1 %, both with
and without the widening of the south leg. With the widening of the south leg, the traffic
conditions would remain at acceptable levels with the additional of the forecast Project traffic
volumes.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
The Project traffic in the afternoon peak hour would contribute an incremental 0 6°iu ncrease or
less to the congested conditions anticipated at this intersection With the widening o the south
leg and the two intersection improvements discussed in Chapter 3 for the No Project scenario, the
forecast afternoon peak hour traffic with the Project would amount to 94.8°b of capacity and the
intersection would operate at LOS D (average delay of 38.3 seconds per vehicle)
The Project traffic would not warrant additional mitigative actions beyond those needed without
the Project.
Commercial Project Driveway at Palani Road
The traffic conditions listed in Table 4-3 represent the delays for vehicles turning lett from the
Project commercial area driveway out onto Palani Road. In the afternoon peak IIOLr, vehicles
turning left from the STOP sign -controlled exit would experience very long delays (LOS F) while
waiting for a gap in the Palani Road traffic flow. The left -turn movement from niakai-bound
Palani Road into the site should experience acceptable wait times. With the forecast volumes, the
average delay for the left -turn movement into the site is estimated at 6.8 seconds (LO`; B) in the
morning and 23.3 seconds (LOS D) in the afternoon peak hours.
The relatively small number of vehicles turning left into the Project commercial area cirveway are
less than the minimum number used as a general guideline for provision of a lefl-turn lane (100 or
more vehicles turning left in one hour). However, it would be desirable to provide a lett-turn lane
on makai-bound Palani Road at the driveway given the very high volumes of throng t traffic in
both directions. The roadway widening for the left -turn lane would also provide a median refuge
area for vehicles turning left out of the driveway. This would allow them to first cross the mauka-
bound traffic lane when a gap occurs in the mauka-bound traffic flow, then wait in the median
lane for a gap in the makai-bound traffic to merge into the through lane. The median lane could
be extended to connect to the left -turn lane at Henry Street, which would eliminate the need for
the need for the vehicles exiting the driveway from merging if they are going to tum left onto
Henry Street. The median refuge would greatly reduce the average delay for vehicles turning left,
with a reduction to about 80 and 290 seconds in the morning and afternoon periods, respectively.
Makai and Mauka Residential Project Driveways at Palani Road
The traffic conditions listed in Table 4-3 represent the delays for vehicles turning lett from the two
Project residential area driveways onto Palani Road. In the afternoon peak hour, vehicles turning
left from these STOP sign -controlled exits would experience very long delays (LOS F) while
waiting for a gap in the Palani Road traffic flow. The left -turn movement from mllkai-bound
Palani Road into the site should experience acceptable wait times. With the forecast volumes, the
average delays for the left -turn movement into the site would be equivalent to LOS B o C.
As discussed for the Project commercial driveway, a left -turn lane could be constructed on Palani
Road at one of the residential driveways, with the widening for the lett-turn lane botl removing
from the through lane on Palani Road those vehicles stopped while waiting to turn into the
driveway, and also providing a median refuge area for vehicles turning left out of the residential
driveway onto Palani Road. The mauka driveway would likely be more desirable location for the
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
left -turn lane, but the final selection should be made after a more detailed study of the topography,
sight distance, and construction issues.
RECOMMENDED MITIGATIVE ACTIONS
If not implemented prior to the development of the Project site, the following actions are
recommended to mitigate traffic impacts of the Project:
I. A left -turn storage lane should be provided on makai-bound Palani Road at the Project
commercial driveway.
2. A left -turn storage lane should be provided on makai-bound Palani Road at one of the
Project residential driveways.
3. A right-turn/deceleration lane should be provided along Palani Road at each of the
driveways into the site.
4. A right -turn lane should be constructed on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road
at its intersection with Henry Street to offset the impact of the Project on traffic
conditions at this intersection.
The other potential improvements identified in Chapter 3 are not included as mitigative actions for
the Project since the assessment indicates that those or similar actions would be needed to
accommodate forecast 2020 traffic volumes, whether or not the Project parcel is developed by
2020.
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Appendix B
Archaeological Inventory Survey
60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned
QLT Parcel
Keahuolu Ahupua'a,
North Kona District
Island of Hawai'i
(TMK 3-7-4-08: por 1)
Prepared by PHRI
November 1998
Report 1819-110198
Archaeological Inventory Survey
60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned
QLT Parcel
Keahuolu Ahupua`a, North Kona District
Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-4-08:Por.1)
BY
Jack D. Henry. B Project.Supen•isor
Thomas R. Wollorrh. M.S. Project Manager
and
Alan E. Haan, Ph.D. Principal bmestigalor
PRF-RARED FOR
Queen Lilhrokalani Tnrst
c% Bell Collins Hawaii
680 Ala Moana Blvd.. First Floor
Honolulu, llawai'i 96813
NOVEXfBER 1998
PHRIPaul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.
Archaeological • Historical Cultural Resource Management Studies & Services
HAWAII: 204 Wa..... Avenue • Hilo. H..,. 96720 • (1308) 969-1763 • GUAM: P.O. Box 23305 • G.M.P- Guam 96921 • (671) 1722 117
SUMMARY
This Inventory Survey report is for the approximately 60 -Acre Agricultural Zoned Queen
Liliuokalani Trust (QLT) Parcel situated south of and immediately adjacent to Palani Road, within
Keahuolu Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (TMK:3-7-4-08:Por.1). There are 35 sites
currently in the project area. In addition, two sites that were destroyed during construction of Henry
Street are described, but are not evaluated in this report. There are 21 temporary habitation sites, ten
livestock control sites, one site with a temporary habitation and a livestock control wall, one
livestock/dump site, one boundary wall site, one trail site, one permanent habitation, and the K:ma Field
System site. The only permanent habitation in the project area dates to the historic period. No burials, or
potential burial features, are in the project area.
Three sites (14239, 21465, and 21482) are evaluated as not significant. Thirty-two sites are evaluated
as significant. Data recovery is recommended for seven sites. Six sites (14228, 21462, 21460, 21467,
21468, and 21476) recommended for data recovery are prehistoric temporary habitations in ca,,es. The
historic dump (21463) is also recommended for data recovery. Preservation is recommended fo; Kuakint
Wall (6302).
Contents
I. Introduction I
1.1 Scope of Work 1
1.2 Project Area Description 1
1.3 Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use Patterns 3
1.4 The Legendary Setting 7
1.5 Historic Land Tenure and Land Use Patterns 9
1.6 Expected Settlement and Land Use Patterns 14
1.7 Methods 16
2. Findings 18
2.1 Formal Site/Feature Types 20
1.1 Functional Categories 22
2.3 Excavations 41
2.4 Site Descriptions 41
3. Conclusion 83
3.1 Changes Over Time in the Project Area - 83
3.2 Initial Significance Evaluations 86
3.3 Mitigation Recommendations 87
4. References Cited 90
Appendix A: Radiocarbon Results A- I
a
Illustrations
Figure 1.1.1 Project Location Map 2
Figure 1.1 Site Location Map - 19
Figure 2.1.1 Site 6601 Agricultural Feature Distribution Map 23
Figure 2.2.2 Site 6601, Feature 7, EU 1854-2, West Face 27
Figure 1.2.3 Site 6601, Feature 1, EU 1854-3, Northwest Face and
EU 1854-4, Southeast Face 29
Figure 2.2.4 Site 6601, Feature 65, EU 1854-20, East Face 30
Figure 2.2.S Site 6601, Feature 23, EU 1854-5, West Face 32
Figure 2.2.6 Site 6601, Feature 104, EU 1854-13, West Face 33
Figure 1.1.7 Site 6601, Feature 101, EU 1854-11, West Face 3S
Figure 2.1.8 Portion of c. 1930 Map Showing Sisal Mill 36
Figure 2.2.9 Distribution of Temporary Habitation Sites 38
Figure 2.2. 10 Distribution of Livestock Control Sites 40
Figure 2.4.1 Photograph of Site 6302 43
Figure 2.4.2 Photograph of Site 14225 44
Figure 2.4.3 Plan View of Site 14226 46
Figure 2.4.4 Plan View of Site 14117, and EU 1854-9, Southeast Face 47
Figure 2.4.S Plan View of Site 14228, and EU 1854-10, Northeast Face 48
Figure 2.4.6 Photograph of Site 14230 49
Figure 1.4.7 Photograph of Site 14231 SO
Figure 2.4.8 Plan View of Site 14238 52
Figure 2.4.9 Photograph of Site 14239 SS
Figure 2.4.10 Plan View of Site 21462, and EU 18S4-1, West Face S7
Figure 2.4.1 1 Plan View of Site 21463, Feature A - 59
Figure 2.4.12 Photograph of Site 21463, Feature 8 - 60
Figure 2.4. 13 Plan View of Site 21464, and EU 1854-6, East Face 61
Figure 2.4.14 Plan View of Site 11466, and EU 1854-1, West Face 64
Figure 2.4.15 Plan View of Site 11467, and EU 1854-8, West Face, and
EU 1854-11, North Face - 66
Figure 2.4.16 Plan View of Site 11468, and EU 1854-15, Southwest Face 68
Figure 2.4.17 Photograph of Site 21471 69
iv
Illustrations (cont.)
Figure 2.4.18
Photograph of Site 21472 70
Formal and Functional Site and Feature Types -
Figure 2.4.19
Photograph of Site 2 14 73 71
Table 2.2.1
Figure 2.4.20
Plan View of Site 21474, and EU 1854-I6, South
Face, and
EU 1854-21,
South Face 72
Table 2.4.2
Figure 2.4.21
Plan View of Site 21475, and EU 1854-17, North
Face
Figure 2.4.22
Plan View of Site 21476 - 77
Table 1.4.5
Figure 2.4.23
Plan View of Site 21477, and EU 1854-18, North
Face
Figure 2.4.24
Plan View of Site 21478, and EU 1854-19, South
Face
Figure 1.4.25
Plan View of Site 21479, and EU 1854-14, North
Face
Figure 2.4.26
Photograph of Site 2 14 80 82
Summary of Wall Site 11471 70
Figure 2.4.27
Plan View of Site 21481 82
Table 2.4.13
Figure 3. 1.1
Distribution of Radiocarbon Calibrated Dates and Intercepts
Tables
Table 2.1 Summary of Identified Sites and Features - 18
Table 2. /.1
Formal and Functional Site and Feature Types -
Table 2.2.1
Summary of Site 6601 Kona Field System Elements
Table 2.2.1
Summary of Temporary Habitation Sites 37
Table 2.3.1
Summary of Excavation Units 42
Table 2.4.1
Summary of Wall Site 6301 - 43
Table 2.4.2
Summary of Wall Site 14225 - 44
Table 1.4.3
Summary of Enclosure Site 14230 49
Table 2.4.4
Summary of Wall Site 14231 50
Table 1.4.5
Summary of Wall Site 14239 54
Table 2.4.6
Site 21462, EU -1, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4.7
Site 21466, EU -7, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4.8
Site 11467, EU -8, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4.9
Site 2 146 7, EU -11, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4. 10 Site 21468, EU -I5, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4.11
Summary of Wall Site 11471 70
Table 2.4.12
Site 21474-A, EU -I6, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 2.4.13
Site 21474-A, EU -21, Inventory of Material Remains
Table 3.2.1
Initial Significance and Recommended Mitigation -
v
21
25
58
63
65
67
67
[L'1
73
74
75
78
79
81
84
I. INTRODUCTION
This inventory survey report is for the approximately 60 -acre Agricultural Zoned Queen Uiuokalani
Trust (QLT) Parcel situated south of and immediately adjacent to Palani Road, within Keahuolu
Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-4-08:Por.1). The purpose of the current
investigation is to provide information sufficient to facilitate planning for future development within the
project area. The investigation was conducted in accordance with all current historic preservation
regulatory review guidelines (draft rules) of the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources - State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), as contained within Hawai'i
Administrative Rules, Title 13, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division Rules (DLNR 1996).
The significance of all archaeological remains identified within the project area were assessed it, terms of
the Chapter 275: Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR 1996).
1.1 SCOPE OF WORK
The following tasks were conducted to ensure that the inventory survey was adequate and
appropriate for the project needs:
1. Background review and research of archaeological and historical documentary
literature relating to the project area and its immediate vicinity;
2. Pedestrian surface survey and complete inventory survey -level recordation of all
identified sites;
3. Limited subsurface testing at selected sites to obtain information appropriate for
site evaluation; and
4. Analyze data and prepare appropriate reports.
1.2 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
The boundaries of the project are: Palani Road on the north; a line parallel to the ocean at aoout 200
feet (60 meters) above sea level on the west; the boundary between the ahupua'a of Keahuolu and
Lanihau 1-2 on the south; and a line parallel to the ocean about 460 feet (140 meters) above sea level on
the east (Figure 1 '.l). The mean annual temperature in the area is approximately 75 degrees F
(Armstrong 1983:63-64), and annual rainfall in the general vicinity of the project area is 75 to 100 cm (30
to 40 in). The bedrock in the project area is pahoehoe flow created prior to 10,000 years ago (Wolfe and
Morris 1996). Soils in the project area are Punalu'u extremely stony peat (6-20% slopes) and pahoehoe
lava flows (Sato et al. 1973). The Punalu'u extremely rocky peat represents the Punalu'u series of well -
drained, thin organic soils (c. four inches thick) over pahoehoe bedrock.
The predominate tree species in the project area are kiawe (Prosopis pallida [Humb. and Bonp. ex
Willd.] HBK), koa-haole (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit, alahe'e (Canthium odoratum [Forst.]
Seem), and Christmas berry (Schinus terbinihrfolha Raddi). Understory plants are dominated by lantana
(Lantana canmra L.), kola (dcasia farnesiana [L.] Willd.), 'ilirna (Sida sp.), fountain grass (Pennisetum
,. Oj ;
10_
00 ]0'00' ,
J WT m 1�0
- m �
R Pit �5 � I
_ ,.
j i"� (PORTIONa OF 1982 USGS I
7.S' QUADRANGLE MAP,',
1 .. AILUA, HAWAII') _
PROJECT AREA
wT�� �:' til
Kailua-Kona
PO
uaHe�.
Co Mae ing }Re(111. Oma\` .Aa :^i. Cem • ..•
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s Tanks
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� I< \ FIIIG(e$`
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a
Kahului Bay p, �
'Z II 1 ■ MAP LOCATION
rT r
'%-r "'-I rroject Location Map
2
setaceurn [Forsk.] Chiov.), California grass (Brochiaria mutica [Forsk.] Stapf), Jamaica vervain
(Stoclry4arpheta jontoicensis [L.] Vahl), and air plant (Brophyflum pinnoturn [Lam.] Kurz.). Some of trees
in the western portion of the project area are covered with an epiphytic cactus, the night -blooming cereus
(Hylocercia undotrcr [Haw.] Britt. and Rose). In addition, a few tall sisal plants (Agave sisalino [Engelm.
Perrine]) were noted in the eastern portion of the project area.
Vegetation prior to human occupation was probably native shmbland and forests wish 'a'ah'i
(Dodonaea viscosa), 'akia (Wikrtroenna spp.), 'arveoweo (Chenopodium oahuense), ko'oko'olou (Bidens
menziesii), pukia,ve (Styhelia tameiameioc), olohc'e (Conthium odorahmi), and 'ohi'a ("Metrosideros
polymorpha) (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). The grasslands observed just inland from the shoreline in the
late 1700s and early 1800s (Beaglehole 1967; Ellis 1827) were probably created as a result of burning
and clearing by native Hawaiians (Kirch 1982). Alien grasses that currently dominate the project area
were introduced in the early 1900s to promote cattle grazing (Haun et al. 1998). Modem impacts to the
area have occurred as a result of cattle grazing and mechanical grubbing.
Prior impacts to the land surface and subsurface components within and adjacent to the prr)ject area
range from minimal to substantial. Extensive impacts are evident in the west half of the property, where
bulldozing and modem trash dumping have occurred. The east half of the property has ,rlso been
impacted by bulldozing, with push piles evident along the inland side of Henry Street, and along Palani
Road. The installation of a telephone pole support wire along Palani Road damaged one wall site
(14239).
1.3 PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE PATTERNS
Explication of the settlement and land use patterns for project areas are required in severa sections
of the relevant draft regulations governing the cultural resource assessments in Hawaii (DLXR 1996).
This provides the context for the interpretation of the archaeological results and their signific ince. For
this project the numerous investigations in the Kona region provided information sufficient to formulate
general settlement and land use models for the current project area, and information on archaeological
work done specifically in the project area was obtained from records at the SHPD Hawaii Islanc office.
Previous Archaeological Work in the Project Area
Several archaeological investigations have been conducted within portions of the project area. The
purpose and general results from those investigations are presented in this section. Sites that were
identified during those investigations are discussed individually in the Site Description section of this
report.
Inventory survey work was conducted along the southern side Palani Road for the Department of
Public Works (Jensen 1990). There were 32 sites identified with a total of 44 features. All of the historic
sites in that project area are boundary walls, including Kuakini Wall. Prehistoric features include a
storage cave, temporary habitation structures (a cave, modified outcrops, C -shapes, and U -shapes), and
agricultural mounds. Testing at four sites revealed shallow soil deposits with limited subsistence debris
and artifacts. Four radiocarbon dates indicate that the area was occupied and used from AD 1400 through
the end of the prehistoric period.
A series of investigations were conducted for the Henry Street Extension including reconnaissance
(Rosendahl 1993), inventory survey (Wulzen, Wolforth, and Franklin 1996), and additional tests (Wulzen
and Wolforth 1997). This project area is in the central portion of the project area. Histor,.c walls,
3
including Kuakini Wall, and two prehistoric sites (a temporary habitation and several agricultural
features) were the only sites encountered in this highly disturbed area. Two radiocarbon dates suggests
occupation in the area after AD 1600s. Material remains from the temporary habitation (Site 19486)
include a few subsistence remains, basalt and volcanic glass flakes, an echinoid abrader, bone awls, and
historic metal and glass fragments.
Results of the previous investigations within the project area are consistent with the current
understanding of settlement and land use practices of the Kona Field System. Notably, no buriil remains
were encountered in the previous work in the project area. Inventory survey work directly across Palani
Road from the current project area (Donham 1990) demonstrates that the same kinds of historic and
prehistoric features occur nearby. In addition to the usual habitation and agricultural features expected
for the this portion of the Kona Field System, features across Palani Road include trails and cairns.
The Kona Field System
Many of the projects conducted within Kona deal with archaeological components of the k. ona Field
System (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970; Schilt 1984). This area extends north at least to Ka'u Ahupua'a
and south to Honaunau, west from the coastline and east to the forested slopes of Hualalai (Cordy 1995).
A large portion of this area is designated in the Hawaii SIHP (State Inventory of Historic Places) as Site
50-10-37-6601 and has been determined eligible for inclusion in the NRNP. The basic characteristics
and general locations of the zones within the system as presented in Newman (1970) have been
confirmed and elaborated on by more intensive and extensive ethnohistorical investigations (Kelly 1983).
Schilt (1984) used information gathered from a transect across the Kona Field System to propose a
chronology of development for the system. The basic archaeological spatio-temporal characteristics of
the system include the following zones and chronology.
The krda zone is the area from sea level to 150 m above mean sea level (AMSL). Annual ainfall in
the kola zone is 75 to 125 cm. This lower elevation zone is traditionally associated with habitation and
the cultivation of sweet potatoes ('uala), paper mulberry (wauke), and gourds (ipu). Agricultura. features.
such as clearing mounds, planting mounds, planting depressions, modified outcrops, and planting
terraces, are common throughout much of this zone (Hammatt and Clark 1980; Hammatt and Folk 1980;
Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). Dwellings can be scattered throughout the agricultural portion of the kula,
but they are commonly concentrated along the shoreline subdivision of the kula zone (Cordy 1981;
Hammatt and Folk 1980). The shoreline zone, extending inland approximately 200 m, was used primarily
for permanent habitation and other non-agricultural activities, such as canoe storage, ceremonial and
burial practices, recreation, and fishing-related activity.
Royal centers and high chiefly centers were also situated within the shoreline of the kula. These
complexes include dwellings for rulers, chiefs, and the supporting populace, places of refuge, tnd other
structures. Single or clustered burials are also situated in the shoreline, and near-shore kula (Ilan et al.
1986; Hammatt and Clark 1980; Hammatt and Meeker 1979). Burials occur in caves, within fi:rely built
platforms, cruder rock mounds, and houses in the shoreline, and are more often in the near-shore kula
(Cordy 1995; Han et al. 1986; Schilt 1984; Tainter 1973; Tomonari-Tuggle 1993).
The kaluidu zone is at 150 to 300 m AMSL, with an annual rainfall of 100 to 140 cm. This is a
zone of cultivation of sweet potatoes, paper mulberry, and especially breadfruit ('ulu). This zone is not
archaeological distinguishable from the neighboring 'apa'a zone (Cordy 1995). Based on this situation,
it is currently held that the demographic patterns are the same for these two zones. The 'apa'c zone is
between 300 to 750 m AMSL, with an annual rainfall of 140 to 200 cm. This zone was associated with
4
the dryland cultivation of taro, sweet potato, ti, and sugar cane. There are archaeological indications of
permanent habitation in the 'opo'o zone, but these occur infrequently (Burtchard 1995; Kaschko and
Rosendahl 1987; Henry, Wolforth and Rosendahl 1996). Habitation at these elevations was observed by
the early chroniclers, but many of these may have been for temporary use in agriculture, bird catching,
and timbering pursuits. Obvious archaeological expressions of burials and ceremonial areas are rare for
the upper elevations (Kawachi 1989). Heiau and burial interments may be much less formal in this zone,
and as such, not as readily distinguishable from habitations without excavation. Burials may be more
frequently interred in caves at the higher elevations.
Kuaiwi are a prominent feature of the landscape within the 'opo'a, neighboring 'ama'u, and probably
the kahadu zones (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970). These are low, broad, long piles of rocks 1.hat serve
several functions in the system. The piles are a by-product of land clearing — removing rocks from the
planting soil in the fields. Kuaiwi are oriented upslope-downslope with shorter, connecting segments
oriented perpendicular. Specific fields are thus marked by the rectangular pattern created by the kuoimi.
The short, perpendicular segments serve to trap soils moving downslope, creating terrace -like areas to
enhance planting (Burtchard 1995; Hammatt et al. 1997; Wolforth 1998). The presence of kuaim is
indicative of "formal walled fields," as opposed to the scattered planting mounds and terraces, or
"informal fields."
The 'ama'u zone is at 750 to 1,200 in AMSL where annual rainfall is over 200 cm. This zone was
associated with the cultivation of bananas and plantains (both called mai'a). The dearth of archaeological
investigations in this uppermost zone precludes any clear assessment of the archaeological expression for
the 'owo'u. Small, temporary habitations in support of short-term resource extraction and agricultural
maintenance can be expected (Allen 1984; Burgett and Rosendahl t991).
The outline of the Kona Field System above provides a rough sketch of the distribution of the
archaeological manifestations of the cultural construct. In general, the zones can be thought of as bands
oriented north -south, parallel to the ocean. Deviations from this idealized model occur, and are associated
with environmental and cultural phenomenon discussed below.
The distribution of soils suitable for agriculture determines, in part, the locations of the formal
walled fields, and the distribution of suitable soils is directly associated with older laNa flows.
Consequently, areas of young lava flow in the 'apa'a do not always have kuoievi (Burtchard 1995;
Hammatt et al. 1994; Haun et al. 1998). Formal walled fields can also be present further downslope and
upslope than expected in the idealized model (Allen 1984; Barrera 1990; Hammatt et al. 1994; Walker
and Rosendahl 1988).
The large and densely populated royal centers were situated at several locations along the ;horeline
between Kailua and Honaunau (Cordy 1995; Tomonari-Tuggle 1993). The residential areas, large and
small hetau, sporting areas, and burial clusters, are present continuously farther inland than the usual 200
meters for the shoreline habitation portion of the kula. Consequently, a variety of non-agricultural
features are present in the kula near royal centers.
Based on the site-specific data generated by the archaeological investigations, the Kona FicH System
can be thought of as a series of primary bands oriented north -south, parallel to the ocean, with the
distribution of the format walled fields deviating to the east (upslope) and west (downslope) in concert
with the preferred soils (on older lava flows), and with royal center zones radiating out from the ;horeline
at several locations.
5
The archaeological data also provides a significant contribution to understanding how the Kona Field
System changed over time. The process of examining these changes is an ongoing one, as reflected in
the various suggestions for a cultural chronology of the system (Burtchard 1995; Cordv 1995; Haun et al.
1998; Kirch 1985; Hommon 1986; Schilt 1984). The chronology and terminology outlined by Haun et al.
(1998) is used for this discussion.
The Kona Field System was not brought to Kona as a fully -developed system. Rather, it grew out of,
and integrated with, the evolving socio-political structure and increasing population in the islind chain.
The first inhabitants of Hawai'i Island probably arrived by at least AD 600, and focused habitation and
subsistence activity on the windward side of the island (Burtchard 1995; Kirch 1985; Hommon 1986). To
date, there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of the Kona region during this initial, or
Colonization (AD 300 to 600) stage of island occupation.
There is also little indication that during the subsequent period, Early Expansion (AD 600 to 1100),
much activity was taking place in Kona (Burtchard 1995: Table 3-3). Through the first half of the Early
Expansion Period, permanent habitation was still concentrated on the windward side. It is likely that
windward residents traveled to the leeward Kona coast to fish and collect other resources (Cordy 1995).
By the latter half of the Early Expansion Period, permanent habitation was beginning in Kona (Cordy
1981,1995; Schilt 1984). Habitation was concentrated along the shoreline and lowland slipes, and
informal fields were probably situated in the ku(a and higher elevations, areas with higher rainfall.
Agricultural fields and habitation areas expanded across the slopes and coastal area of Hualalai
during the Late Expansion Period (AD 1100 to 1400) (Burtchard 1995; Cordy 1995). The earl lest fields
may have been located in the southern portion of the system (Schilt 1984; Wolforth 1998), with new
fields expanding northward over time (Haun et al. 1998).
The development of the extensive formal walled fields sometime during the initial stages of the
Intensification Period (AD 1400 to 1600) marks the initiation of the Kona Field System (Schilt 1984).
The development of the fields may be in part a by-product of the need to extract more subsistence
resources from an increasingly limited agricultural base. The population in Kona increased dramatically
during this period, as reflected in the abundant radiocarbon dates from habitation structures, shelter
caves, and agricultural soils of this period (Burtchard 1995; Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). During this
period, the stratified chiefdom structure becomes clearly developed in the archaeological record. Large
residential complexes and heiou reflect the segregation of places and power for the growing hierarchy of
high and lower chiefs, and ceremonial stewards (Cordy 1981; Haun et al. 1998; Hommon 1986). The
produce from the formal walled fields were distributed to higher chiefs through a hierarchy of lower
chiefs responsible for management and collection of the cultivated and wild resources.
By the time of the Competition Period (AD 1600 to 1800), the royal centers and larger heimr were in
place, reflecting the growth in power of the rulers and chiefs in the region (Barrera 1971; Hammitt and
Folk 1980). Resources may have reached their maximum carrying capacity, resulting in social stress
between neighboring groups. Hostility between groups is reflected archaeologically with the dev-dopment
of refuge caves during this period (Schilt 1984). This volatile period was probably accompanied by
internal rebellion and territorial annexation (Hommon 1986; Kirch 1985). Royal centers are located at
Kailua, Halualoa, Kahalu'q Kealakekua, and Honaunau (Cordy 1995).
Archaeological data contributes to the delineation of habitation activities during the historic aeriod in
the Kona Field System. Nineteenth century habitation features built on stone platforms are present in the
kulo (Hammitt and Meeker 1979; Schilt 1984). Stone platforms with clearly defined internal divisions
are present (O'Hare and Wolforth 1997) and probably reflect a change in residential plans from a
0
complex of multiple, separate, single -function structures (men's sleeping, women's sleeping, cooking) to
a single structure with multiple rooms and functions (entire family's quarters and cooking) (Ladefoged
1991). Burials with historic -era accouterments and architecture (i.e., mortar and corrugated tin) are
present in the lower elevations. These can be isolated structures or interments within stone platforms
(O'Hare and Wolforth 1997).
1.4 THE LEGENDARY SETTING
The legendary setting for this project area is the same as was identified (Maly 1996) during the
inventory survey work for the Henry Street Extension (Wulzen et al. 1996). The traditional histories
discussed below are from newspaper accounts, historians, and observations from early European
travelers. Accounts from the newspapers must be considered within the context of their printed
presentation; the stories may have been modified and embellished for publication, and may not reflect
unadulterated traditional versions.
"Ka'oo Ho'oniva Pu'umai No Ka -Niki" ([the] Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki) was publ shed as a
serial in the Hawaiian newspaper Ko Hoku o Honvai'i in 1914 through 1917. It is an account of two
supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki (The quick, or adept one) and Maka-'iole (Rat [squinting] (yes) who
traveled around the island of Hawaii alone the ancient ala Ica and ala Bele (trails and pacts) which
encircled the island. Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhc-nui-hihi-
kolo-i-uka (The great entangled growth of uhrhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a rvincamate
form of the earth -mother goddess, creative force of nature Hauurea (also called Papa) whc dwelt at
Kalamn'ula in the uplands of Kohana-iki, Kona.
Bom in 'e'epa (mysterious — premature) forms, Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole were the cl.ildren of
Pbhaku-o-Kane (k) and Kapa'ihilani (w), the ali'i of the lands of Kohana-iki and Kaloko. Reared by Ka-
uluhe and instructed in the uses of their supernatural powers, Ka-uluhe sent Ka-Miki and Maka iole on a
journey around the island of Hawaii to challenge disreputable 'olohe (experts, skilled in all manner of
fighting techniques and competing in riddling, running, leaping, fishing and debating contests etc.) and
priests whose dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawaii.
The legend is set in the time of Pili-a-Ka'aiea (Pili), sovereign chief of all Kona around the 13th
century. During their journey, Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole competed along the trails and on the kalura
le'ole'o (contest arenas) associated with the royal courts of the chiefs of the islands' six distri..ts. Their
story provides commentary on: place name origins; site and community histories; local and regional
practices; ceremonial and mele (chant) texts.
Following an 'area ceremony with their ancestress Ka-uluhe, Ka-Miki and his brother Maka-'iole
ventured from Kalama'ula below the summit of Hual5lai to visit some of the places of Kona. Upon
returning to Kalama'ula, Ka-uluhe described the lands, features and people that they had seen:
_.Within the lands of Keahuolu you saw Hale-pa'u (Interpretive translation: Soot)
[soot covered] house ) which is also near Ka-pa-wai (The water enclosure)
Kapawai is also known as Maka'eo (Look with anger), and a coconut grove
encircled those places. Further on, between the lands of Keahuolu and Kealakehe
was the 5huo (hillock -plantation mound) of Lae-oniau... (April 2 and 9, 1914)
...The priest who officiated over rituals of Keahuolu and Kealakehe was names
Kalua'olapauila. He was the priest of the temple Kalihi, which is also callec
Kalua'olapauila. This temple is in the coastal area along the border of Keahuolt
and Kealakehe, near the old road into Kailua... (April 30, 1914)
7
...The district of Keahuolu and divisions of Lanihau (I and 2) were under the rule
of Kapohoku'imaile (kane) and Papal'ula (wahine), and Papaumauma was their
warrior champion. When Papaumauma competed with Ka iMiki at the contest site
'iwa'awa'a (at Kohana-iki), he was defeated. Papaumauma was honorable, and he
greatly admired the superior skills of Ka-Miki and asked to turn his status and land
rights over to Ka-Miki, but Ka-Miki declined... (May 21, 1914)
Ka-noenoe (The mist, fogginess) The mound -hill called Pu'u-o-Kaloa sits upon the
plain of Kanoenoe which is associated with both Keahuolu and Kealakehe. The
settling of mists upon Pu'u-o-Kaloa was a sign of pending rains; thus the traditional
farmers of this area would prepare their fields. This plain was referenced by Pi'i
when he described to Ka-Miki the extent of the lands which Ka-Miki would over
see upon marrying the sacred chiefess Paehala of Honokohau. The inheritance
lands included everything from the uplands of Hikuhia above Napu'u and the lands
of the waterless Kekaha, which spanned from the rocky plain of Kanik-i
(Keahualono) to the plain of Kanoenoe at Pu'uokaloa. (October 25, 1917)
Pu'u-o-kaloa (Mound, or hill of Kaloa) The narratives in Ka-Miki identif.
Pu'uokaloa as "Pu'uokaloa i ka tnalo o Ka'eha e tvaiho ala..." Pu'uokaloa where
Ka'eha's loin cloth (symbolic of the mists) was spread out. (October 25, 1917)
Another legendary account, also published in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka Hoku c Harrai'i, was
authored by J.W.H.1. Kihe, and titled "Na Ho'onanea o ka Mataiva, KCk"Ulti nmu lltaN Para t Kelmha
nm Kona' (A pleasant passing of time, [Stories from] Some of Famous Places of Kekaha at K )na). The
account from this series cited below describes agricultural practices of the area:
Pu'u-o-kaloa is a mound -hill site in the lands of Keahuolu - Kealakehe, not fa
from the shore of Kaiwi and Hi'iakanoholae. During periods of dry weather (Ka /it
nralo'o) when planted crops, from the grassy plains to the 'mna'utna'u (fen forest
zone) zone, and even the ponds (ki'o tvai) were dry, people would watch this hil'.
for signs of coming rains. When the (thou (light dew mists) sat atop the hill o'
Pu'u-o-kaloa, rains were on the way. Planters of the districts agricultural field:
watched for omens at Pu'uokaloa, and it was from keen observation and diligen
work that people prospered on the land. If a native of the land was hungry, anc'
came asking for food, the person would be asked:
Ua ka ua i Pu'uokaloa, ihea 'oc?
When rains fell at Pu'uokaloa, where were you? (If the answer was...
1 Kona nei no!
In Kona! (there would be no sweet potatoes for this person.)
But if the answer was.
Kohala nei no!
In Kohala! (The person would be given food to eat for they had been away, thus
unable to accomplish the planting.) [May 19, 1914]
The northern seaward boundary of Keahuolu is Kaiwi, referencing Ka-Miki once again we are
provided with an account of the place name origin, and descriptions of associated features:
N
Ku -iii (The bone) is also called Ka-lae-o-Ka-iwi (The point of Ka-iwi) and is the
name of a shark shaped stone near heiau of Kalua'olapauila. The priest
Kalua'olapauila had two body forms, one human, as the priest; and the other body
form as a shark in which he swam along the shore of Kealakehe and Keahuol1,
attacking people. The shark form was named Kaiwi, and the point Ka-lae-o-Kaiwi
is named for him.
Both the priest and shark had offended Ka-uluhe and Haumea ma, and
Kalua'olapauila plotted to kill Ka-Miki and his brother. Ka-uluhe warned Ka-Miki
and Maka-'iole about the priests' intentions (April 30, 1914), and Ka-Miki revealed
the Kalua'olapauila's dual forms to the people of the region. Found guilty of
attacking people, Kalua'olapauila was fetched (Ki'ikahala) and baked in an imu.
The site where the imu was located is in the parcel of'Ohiki (Kauahia), at the place
called Ke-puhi-kanaka (The baked man), below the royal compound of Ka'aipapa'a
at Kaloko. (June 11, 1914)
When Kaiwi was sleeping in an underwater cavern, he was startled by the heat of
his body, and he realized that his human form was being burned. Kaiwi determined
to save Kalua'olapauila by getting to the heiau of Kalua'olapauila (also called
Kalihi). Once there, the priest would be restored, and they would destroy those
responsible for trying to kill them. When Kaiwi reached the shore, the winds
became wild, the seas rose, the sky darkened and rains fell. Ka-uluhe understood
the nature of these signs, and she chanted to Ka-Miki, warning him about Kaiwi's
actions.
Ka-Miki chanted to Ka-uluhe and Pete for assistance in defeating Kaiwi, and Pete
sent a great flash flying from Mauna loa. It struck Kaiwi and turned him to stone
where he remains on the south (Keahuolu) side of the heiau. This event was als>
the source of naming the point of Hi'iakanoholae. (June 11, 1914)
1.5 HISTORIC LAND TENURE AND LAND USE PATTERNS
During the reign of Kamehameha 111, the most significant event in the reformation of the land system
was incorporated. "The Great Mahele" separated and defined the undivided land interests of the King
(Chinen 1958, 1961). More than 240 of the highest ranking chiefs and konohiki in the kingdom joined
Kamehameha III in this division. The first Mahelc was signed on Jan. 27, 1848 by Kamehameha III, and
for Princess Victoria Kamamalu by her guardians Mataio Kekuanao'a and Ione I'i. The last Mahele was
signed by the King and E. Enoka on March 7, 1848 (Chinen 1958:16).
The olmpua'a of Keahuolu was awarded to Ane Keohokalole (d. 1857), mother King David
Kalakaua, Queen Lydia Lili'uokalani, and William Pitt Leleiohoku (who was adopted by Ruth
Ke'elikolani). Her youngest daughter, Miriam Likelike, was the mother of Ka'iulani, who was
proclaimed heir apparent in 1891 after her aunt, Lili'uokalani, took the throne following the death of
Kalakaua. Keohokalole was the great-granddaughter of Kame'eiamoku, one of the important chiefs who
supported Kamehameha I during his rise to power. Approximately half of the lands that Ke�)hokalole
received in the Mahele were on the island of Hawaii, and two-thirds of those were lands in Kora District
(Kelly 1983:31).
F
A part of Keohokalole's land holdings included LCA 8452, Apana 12 (Royal Patent 6851), the
ahupua'a of Keahuolu, a parcel which had a total area of 4,071 acres, and in order to keep Keahuolu,
Keohokalole commuted some of her other land holdings. Excerpts pertaining to the chiefess' lands, from
the State Archives Land Files correspondence, include the following communications:
To Your Highness, John Young
Minister of Interior
Greetings:
Here is a list of names of my lands which has been left for me pending for an
approval of its distribution. ...Keahuolu ahupua'a, Kona, Hawai'i...
With appreciation,
A. Keohokalole (Native Test. 10 326-327)
Whenever ali'i (royalty) were awarded an entire ahupua'a, they were required to respect the rights of
the existing tenants. If a hoo'ahm (native tenant) filed a claim to the Board of Commissioners to Quiet
Land Titles, and it was accepted, the tenant(s) were able to continue to reside upon and cultivate their
parcels. Aside from Keohokalole, six other individuals were awarded land within the ahapua'a of
Keahuolu. The following are excerpts of testimonies for lands which were granted within Keahuolu
(Board of Commissioners 1929), only one of the awards appears to be on the coast, and the other awards
appear to have been situated nearer the forests' edge (c. 750 foot elevation), based on the descriptions of
agricultural products. One testimony for award LCA 10303, to Ma'a, is included in its entirety below
because of its diversity; the narrative describes land use in both the upland and coastal regions:
LCA 11071 - Aki for .60 acres (Native Testimony 4:527)
Kuia swom, He has seen Aki's land that which he had cultivated himself, it is i•ii
the 'i1i land of Papua'aiki of Keahuolu ahupua'u, Hawai'i. Section 1, 5 cultivated
kihapai (gardens). Section 2, 1 garden area not cultivated. Section 3, 4 planted
gardens. Section 6, just below the land unit of Papua'anui, and above the shoreward
trail to Kohala... These land interests were his through Kaea, Nahaalualu and
Halekahi in the time of Kamehameha I, no one has opposed him.
LCA 10303 - Ma'a for 2.25 acres (Native Testimony 4:526)
Mahu, ho'ohiki 'ia: Ua 'ike au he pauku'aina 'oko'a, aka, a like no me kana i ha'i
ai ma kana palapala kuleana; pela no I I kihapai kalo, 10 kihapai mahi 'uwala, aia
ma ka 'ili 'aina I Maili, Ahupua'a o Keahuolu.
I - Kalo: mauka o Honu 'ili 'aina; ma Ka'u o ke ahupua'a o Lanihau I; makai o
Papua'a 'ili 'aina; ma Kohala o Papun'anui, ua mahi haps 'ia.
2-'Uwala: mauka o Papua'anui 'ili 'Rina; ma Ka'u ahupua'a o Lanihau 1; makai o
Honu 'ili 'aina; ma Kohala o Papua'aiki. Ua mahi haps 'ia, a'ole i pau loa i ka
mahi'ia, he man kumu Ionia 7, na Samuela ka hua, na Ma'a i kanu, o laua pu ka i
loko o keia man kumu loulu 7. He uluniu kekahi na kona man kupuna i kana nano
Li'i nona ka 'aina, o ka malama o ka na kupuna o Ma'a, a pela mai i kona mau
makua, a hiki loa mai iaia i keia wa, a i ka wa i make ai o Keoua, lilo ka niu i;
Keohokalole. Malaila ka lilo ana a hiki I keia wa. He'Aina Pa'akai 1 'apana `oko':.
ke hana nei no i ka pa'akai...
M
He 'aina kahiko no kona mau kupuna, a i kona man makua, a iaia i keia wa, i ka wa
o Kamehameha 1, loa'a i kona mau kupuna ka 'ili 'aina o Maili i Keahuolu...
Kuia, Ho'ohiki'ia: Ua like no ko ma 'ike, no na mea apau i pili i ka 'aina o Ma'a.
(Translation)
Mahu swom: I have seen all the parcels of land, but, it is just as he [Ma'a] has
indicated in his land claim; there are 11 dryland taro gardens, and 10 dryland sweet
potato gardens in the land unit of Maili in the ahupua'a of Keahuolu.
1 - Taro land. towards the uplands is the land parcel of Honu; towards Ka'u is the
land of Lanihau l; towards the shore is the Papua's (Pig enclosure) land uni;
towards Kohala is Papua'anui (the larger Papua'a); it is partially cultivated.
2 - Sweet potato land: towards the uplands, is the Papua'anui land unit; towards
Ka'u, is the land of Lanihau I; towards the shore is the land unit of Honu; towards
Kohala is Papua'aiki. It is partially cultivated, not completed planted. There are 7
loulu [Prirchar'dia palms] planted by Ma'a, the fruit is for Samuels, they art
together for these loulu trees. There is also a coconut grove, planted by his elders
for the chief to whom the land belonged, it was cared for by the elders of Ma'a, and
then by his parents, and now by him at this time. It was at the time of the death cf
Keoua, that the coconut trees went to Keohokalole. And this is how it has beet
handed down to this time. There is also a Salt [making] Land, 1 entire section i t
which salt is made.
This is an ancient land [holding], from his elders, to his parents, and now to him at
this time. It was in the time of Kamehameha I, that his elders received the land of
Maili in Keahuolu.
LCA 111345 - Nahaalualu for 2 acres (Native Testimony 4:527)
Kuia swom: I have seen his cultivated place in the land unit of Pu'uokali'u in the
ohupua'o of Keahuolu, Hawaii. Section I, cultivated; Section 2, in Papa'ula, 4
cultivated gardens; Section 3, I cultivated garden, Section 4, on the Kohala side of
Ma'a are 4 cultivated gardens....
LCA 10198 - Hailewalewa for 1.30 ac (Native Testimony 4:525)
Mahu swom, He has seen the place on which Hailewalewa had cultivated with hi;
own hands, it is in Ululele 'ih of Keahuolu ohupua'a. Section 1 Taro. Section 2,
Kaluulu. Land has been cultivated, I land section. On land from Hailewalewa';
parents to him. Uncertainty for l section.
LCA 8012-'Apikl for 1.10 acre (Native Testimony 8:676)
Mahu, swom, says he knows the kuleona of Claimant in Kailua, Kona. It consist;
of 5 patches of kalo and a lot of patches of potatoes. The kala patches form 1 piece,
bounded on Ka'u side by Lanihau, rnakoi by the land of Papa'ula; Kohala side the
same, ntaular by Hai's land. The potato land is bounded mauka by Haino's land.
Ka'u side by Lanihau, makai by Kahili's land, Kohala side the same. Claimant
derived the land from the Konohiki, before the death of Kuakini, and has held it
ever since without disputes.
LCA 7351 - Kahuenui for 2.90 acres (Native Testimony 8:682)
Papa'ula, sworn says I know the claim of Kahuenui. It is in the ahupua'a of
Keahuolu, Kona. It consists of one piece of kalo land, 5 patches—all lying together.
One of these patches is planted with coffee. It is bounded mauka by the land of
Kaho`okohuk5ne'ole, Ka'u by Lanihau, makat by the land Nahaalualu, Kohala by
the konohiki. Claimant received this land from his brother in 1846, and his title has
never been disputed.
The complete boundary references (not included above) in the LCA narratives indicate that these six
land awards were in the same general area (with the exception of the "salt producing land' of '&'a); one
individual's land appears to border another individual's land. Additionally, use of the term "kahadu'
(i.e., ko-ultadu - an area of abundant growth) designates a viable area of the Kona dry land agricultural
system at c. 500 to 1000 ft in elevation (Kelly 1983:73). Though no map identifying the exact locations
of the LCAs has been located, we are given an idea of their location through the use of the word
"kaluulu,*' and the fact that Lanihau is the Ka'u-side boundary of several parcels.
Regarding the land claim of Keohokalole, her son, David Kalakaua (the King 1874-1891) wrote a
letter to his sister, Lili'uokalani (the Queen 1891-1893), and provided a detailed description of Keahuolu:
This land is situated in the District of North Kona, bounded by the ahupuaa of
Lanihau (in Kailua) belonging to Prince Lunalilo on the Kau side, and on tf e
Kohala side, by Kealakehe, a government land and Honokohauiki belonging �o
Keelikolani. Keahuolu runs clear up to the mountains and includes a portion of
nearly one half of Hualalai mountains. On the mountains the koa, kukui and oh;a
abounds in vast quantities. The upper land or inland area is arable, and suitable for
growing coffee, oranges, taro, potatoes, bananas &c. Breadfruit trees grow wild ;�s
well as the kali oil seed. The lower land is adopted for grazing cattle, sheep, goat,
&c. The fishery is very extensive and a fine grove of cocoanut trees of about 200 to
300 grows on the beach. The flat land near the sea beach is composed chiefly if
lava, but herbs and shrubbery grows on it and (it is] suitable for feed of sheep and
goats. It is estimated at 15,000 to 20,000 acres or more (July 8, 1869).
One of the prominent historic period archaeological features in the Kailua region is Kuakini Wall, a
wall reportedly built at the order of the govemor-chief Kuakini (c.1830-1840). A portion of the wall is in
the project area:
It has long been presumed that this wall was built sometime during the
governorship of John Adam Kuakini (1820-1844) to protect the cultivated uplands
from the depredations of cattle. However, as the wall is at all points less than a
mile from the seacoast, only the food plots in the coastal region would have been
protected by it. It probably would have only kept cattle and horses grazing on the
kula away from the house lots and small gardens along the shoreline (Kelly
1 983:75 ).
...the Kuakini wall may have been the Po'oina named as the mokai boundary in
several claims to land along its course. At times, the wall reaches a height of 8 or )
feet, which seems unnecessarily high as a barrier to roaming cattle or pigs ... The
fact that the term used in the register of claims in "papipi," which refers to a wa I
12
or enclosure for cattle, not pigs, should answer the question of what kind of animal
the wall was meant to restrict in the 1840s. Perhaps in more recent years it sery-:d
other purposes. Why it is located between the coast and the gardens, instead of
between the grazing land and the gardens, or why it is so high in places, we c.in
only surmise (Kelly 1983:76).
Perceptions of the land changed with the influx of Europeans. Nineteenth century descriptions of
inland Kealakehe and Keahuolu by government surveyors tend to reflect land assessment values that were
not necessarily reflective of traditional Hawaiian land values. Their descriptions of Kealakehe present an
environment more like Kekaha than the Kona agricultural lands:
It is worth noting that historical descriptions of the land makai [seaward] of the
"government road" (Mamalahoa Highway), in the vicinity of the present proje.;t
area (immediately east of this project area), tend to discount its productivity. Tl,e
1865 roster of government lands describes this area as including some land "whit h
will do for goat pasture, balance nothing but rocks." Emerson in 1882, discounted
the entire a/urpoa'o of Kealakehe as "of comparatively small value." McDougall in
1893 describes the land as "worthless" or at best as "of very little value". In th,)t
same year the Govemment Surveyor recommended that the land not be sold for le! s
than about 33 cents an acre, a low price even for the time (Hammatt et al. 1987:6'-
68).
During Emerson's 1880 Government Survey of North Kona, he identified the lower, seaward edge of
a forest zone, which he described as "lava covered with scattering forest and dense masses of ki root"
(Kelly 1983:58). The land below this forest edge was described as "rocks covered with Icing grass"
(Kelly 1983:58). According to Kelly's estimations, the forest edge occurred at an average elevation of
550 to 650 ft around Kailua and to the south (Kelly 1983:58). However, it appears that the forest edge
was somewhere between 750 and 800 ft elevation in Kealakehe (see reproduction of Emerson's map in
Kelly 1983:59). This approximation places the nineteenth century forest edge very close to tie eastern
boundary of the project area. According to Emerson's documentation of nineteenth century vegetation,
the project area would be within the ktda zone.
According to an 1893 testimonial from McDougall, there appears to have been no maj,)r pasture
demarcations in Kealakehe between the homesteads (c. 800 ft elevation) and the seashore. McDougall
offered 5300 for c. 1,600 acres of Kealakehe land, which was valuable to him because he owned land on
both sides, noting "..it would take more than all it is worth to fence it in" (Interior Dept. IN Wong -Smith
1990:8-6).
A small commercial venture did take place within the project boundaries at the turn of th.: century.
Sometime during the late 1890s, a sisal mill with 500 acres used for sisal cultivation was established
along Palani Road near the east edge of the project area (Kelly 1983:89). Operation of the mill was
terminated sometime before 1920, due to lessened demand for sisal hemp by sailing vessels (Donham
1990).
Between 1895 and 1915, at least twenty homestead grants were awarded in Kealakehe. These grants
were all located in the same general zone as the kudeona, at an elevation of between 800 and 1,500 ft.
According to a partial listing of homestead grants in Silva (1987), awarded parcels averaged 20.7 acres.
The homestead area was bounded on the east by the upper Government Road (Mamalahoa Highway) and
on the west by a surveyed line, which is shown on the 1924 USGS topographic map, between 750 and
13
800 ft elevation. This line appears to have been very close to the existing Kealakehe Road ilignment,
and correlates with the location of Emerson's forest edge boundary.
1.6 EXPECTED SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE PATTERNS
The expected patterns of settlement and land use were generated from the preceding discissions on
background in this volume and oral information from Haun et al. (1998). These provide a basis for the
interpreting the results of the inventory survey work, and establishing the significance of the sites
encountered. The project area is entirely within the kula. Patterns for the entire Kona Field system are
discussed, with emphasis on the kilo.
300 to 600 Colonization
There is no evidence of occupation in Kona during this time, and none is expected for vie project
area. New evidence of such early occupations would be ephemeral in nature, and would likely be
represented by temporary habitations of near -coastal caves, either within the shoreline zone or in the
lower portions of the kala. Material remains reflecting resource procurement and extraction might be
included within these features.
600 to 1100 Early Expansion
There is little evidence of occupation and use in Kona during this time. The coastal marine resources
were probably exploited by those living on the windward side, so temporary habitations tlong the
shoreline may be present. A radiocarbon date of AD 1055 to 1270 (Schilt 1984) at a site in Lanihau 2
suggests that permanent habitation may begin at the end of this period. Sites that date to this period may
be present along the shoreline, or above the kola in areas where plentiful rainfall and good soils provide
for good agricultural conditions. Sites from this time period are not expected in the project area
1 100 to 1400 Late Expansion Period
Evidence for informal agricultural fields and associated habitations in the higher elevations with
prime growing conditions may be present during this time. The development of formal walled f elds may
begin in the later stages of this period, but these early kuaiwi are likely to be at elevations above, and
further south than, the project area. Permanent habitations are expected for the shoreline portion of the
kola. Although these habitations probably represent small communities that may not have spread far
inland, the lower kula may have been used for informal fields in association with these habitation areas.
The beginning of trail -building may occur during this time period to facilitate movement between coastal
habitation and upland agricultural fields.
1400 to 1600 Intensification Period
While the use of upland agricultural fields intensified, formalized, and spread across Kona, and the
population in coastal villages increased during this time, the non -shoreline kula remained largely
unoccupied with light agricultural use. This characterization of the non -shoreline kula portion, however,
is based largely on the results of the archaeological transect along the Kuakini Highway corridor that is
situated largely within the higher elevations of the kola (Schilt 1984). Instead, different types of informal
agricultural features may be distributed in different locations in the kula. In the kula east of Kailua
(Donham 1990), agricultural mounds occur more frequently above 120 in AMSL, agricultural platforms
14
are more common between 60 and 120 in AMSL, agricultural modified outcrops are predominant below
60 in AMSL, and agricultural terraces occur throughout the ktda. Agricultural practices and land -clearing
in the uplands may have resulted in deposition of eroded soils in the kula (Schilt 1984), facilitating
agricultural exploitation of the ktda in the later stages of this period and into the next.
Temporary habitations are expected for the higher elevations, but may also occur in the kula.
Temporary habitation for fishing may be situated within the shoreline, and within the kula in conjunction
with agricultural activity. Archaeologically, these would occur as small pavings, terraces, platforms,
enclosures of various configurations, overhangs, and caves with only a few material remains and limited
diversity.
The political structure is becoming more complex with social stratification, land divisions, and
centers of power and elite residence developing during this period. Archaeological expressions of these
developments include larger population centers with a wide variety of features reflecting el,.te status,
well -constructed platform burials, cave burials, ceremonial activity including larger heiau, coastal trails
linking population concentrations, and more trails linking more and larger populations along the coast to
the expanding formal agricultural areas at higher elevations. Populations may be large enough, especially
at the developing political loci, that permanent habitation and associated structures may be spreading into
the non -shoreline kula by this time. Caves with burials and habitation could be situated at any elevation
within the project area.
1600 to 1779 Competition Period
Growth to the point of stress characterizes this period. Formal walled fields fill soiled .and, and
informal fields are scattered over the lava flows. Permanent habitations cover the shoreiine, and
temporary habitations with a few permanent habitations occur across the upland agricultural fields.
Royal centers were fully developed at Kailua, Holualoa, Kahulu'u, Kealakekua, and Honaunau during
this period. These population centers were situated along the shoreline, but were large enough to spread
out into the non -shoreline kula. Consequently, the full spectrum of royal center structures, including
large and complex residences, heiau, sporting grounds, places of refuge, and habitation and garden
features associated with the non -elite populace can be expected to be located within the project area in
these areas.
The complex religio-political system is reflected in the diversity of heiau types that may be present
in the project area. Hciau may occur as upright stones, concentrations of branch coral, relatively small
platforms, or as the expected large heiau at the royal centers, and may occur along trails or in caves.
Intergroup stress during this period is also represented archaeologically by refuge caves. Such caves
could exist at any elevation within the project area.
1779 to 1819 Last of the Ruling Chiefs
Settlement and land use patterns are the same for this first historical period as they are for the
preceding prehistoric period. Although there are a few notable changes to the local pattern, with
Kamehameha residing at Kailua, and the building of Kuahewa in the uplands, these take place beyond the
project area.
1820 to 1847 Merchants and Missionaries
The introduction of foreign ideas, plants, animals, diseases, religion, and trade, and the royal
endorsement of the end of the kapu system affected the Kona settlement and land use pattern. The royal
IS
centers no longer functioned as focal points for religious and political activity. The population at the
royal centers dropped overall, and was altered with the departure of the royal entourage to Honolulu. The
remaining commoner population also dropped and spread out over the shoreline. Some heiau were
destroyed, and men and women were no longer separated by kapu during certain domestic activities.
Churches along the shoreline were among the earliest historic structures in the area. Western material
goods entered the region, and quickly changed the domestic artifact assemblage. Kuakini Wall was
completed during this period.
The ku/a was used less intensively than previously. The upper elevations began to incorporate new
crops such as coffee and cotton. Old agricultural features, such as terraces and mounds, were altered or
destroyed during the clearing of fields for cotton cultivation. More subsistence items, including native
and introduced crops, were grown near the shoreline habitations. Consequently, habitation within the
project area is likely to be represented by non -elite permanent residences built on stone, aith small
agricultural plots and pens for animals.
1848 to 1899 The Legacy of the Great Mahele
The implementation of privately owned land in Hawaii through the Great Mahele marks the
beginning of this period and results in major changes to the settlement and land use patterns in Kona. By
the end of this period, foreign landowners and business people had greater control over broad land use
practices. Ranching and coffee affected many acres and livelihoods. Upland agricultural fields were
modified to facilitate coffee plantations, and permanent habitations built with contemporary materials
and styles were established in the uplands. Although cattle were grazed at higher elevations, they were
moved through the lower elevations to the shipping ports in Kailua, Keauhou, and Napo'opo'). Some
older walls were modified to build corrals in the kula. Other walls are built to delineate ahupua'a
boundaries and private property. Old trails were used to move cattle down to port.
Permanent habitations were scattered along the shoreline. Old stone foundations were s -ill being
used for housing. Burials were being interred in nearby caves, and within stone burial platforms and
house platforms in the kula. Historic -era features can look like prehistoric ones, but associated material
remains will provide data to distinguish between the two. The population reached a low di. ring this
period, and began to climb due to the influx of foreign laborers and business people. The .videning
ethnic diversity was reflected in European and Asian material remains, cultivation choices, and
residential patterns.
1900 to 1959 Territorial Period
The population remained relatively stable through much of this period. Lowland occupation was
concentrated in the small villages of Kailua and Keauhou, with permanent residences with gardens and
pens scattered along the shoreline. Upland habitation was associated with the agricultural and ranching
Pursuits. More walls were added to the kula as cattle pastures expanded into the lower elevations during
this period. The Kuakini Wall was breached in many places, and cattle were pastured in the shoreline
area. Consequently, residential, economic. and burial patterns for this period were similar to these in the
preceding one. Material remains and house construction techniques reflect 20th century developments,
however.
1.7 METHODS
Field Procedures
The field work for the current project was conducted December 29-31, 1997 and January 13-18, 1998
under the supervision of Projects Supervisor Jack D. Henry, B.S. The field personnel were Field
16
Archaeologists Mike Fager, B.A., and Matthew Turec, H.A. Project Manager Tom Wolforth, M.S.,
provided overall guidance for the project. The pedestrian survey of the project area was conducted
December 29-31, 1997. Transects were oriented perpendicular to Palani Road and were spaced 10 in
apart. Features identified during the survey were flagged and assigned temporary PHRI designations.
Their locations were then plotted on a 1"=100' scale map obtained from Inaba Engineering, Inc.
Recording of all features and selective testing of 18 features was conducted January 13-18, 1998.
Limited information was gathered on the numerous agricultural features identified during the survey.
This information included determinations of length, width, height, orientation, and method of
construction. No plan maps of these features were drawn. The historic walls within the project area were
measured and described in detail and photographed. Scaled plan maps and PHRI site and fearure forms
were prepared for all the remaining sites and features, and photographs were taken.
Subsurface testing was undertaken at the 18 of the sites or features using the following methods.
Each site/feature was cleared of vegetation and carefully examined to determine the locatior in which
soil deposits appeared deepest. Once established, the units were dug in conformance with rue natural
strata, with 10 cm arbitrary levels dug within identifiable natural or cultural layers. All excavwed matrix
was sifted through 1/4" mesh. Recovered materials were placed within bags and returned to the PHRI
laboratory for analysis. The excavation of all units was terminated on bedrock.
PHRI excavation records were maintained for each stratum identified during the excavat on. Upon
completion of the excavations, photographs were taken, profile drawings prepared, and a stratigraphic
record was completed, utilizing Munsell color charts. The units were then backfilled.
Laboratory Procedures
Materials collected during these investigations were separated into two categories: screened material
and charcoal samples collected in the field. For the screened material, artifacts were removed and placed
in lots, rocks and recent organic materials were discarded, and bones, shells and other material were
bagged as faunal samples. Quarter -inch screened material was sorted to the lowest taxonomic level
possible.
Invertebrate faunal remains were analyzed by PHRI Lab Technicians and identified to t le lowest
taxonomic level possible. Vertebrate faunal remains were submitted to Dr. Alan Ziegler for
identification, and reinspected after analysis. The Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and the
Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) were determined. The NISP calculation is a count of the number
of bones identified to each taxon. This is also a calculation of the maximum number of individuals
(Collins 1990:346), since each bone is considered to represent one animal. A more accurate measure of
the abundance of certain taxa is the determination of MNI. This is a calculation of the minimum number
of individuals that the total bone assemblage for each taxon represents; in other words, several of the
bones from different parts of the body are assumed to belong to the same individual.
Radiocarbon Dating
Charcoal samples were collected in situ from excavated units, and picked from quarter -inch screened
material in the field. Radiocarbon samples were selected based on the amount and nature of datable
material present, stratigraphic context, and overall distribution within the project area. Five charcoal
samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, of Miami, Florida for radiocarbon dating. All samples were of
charred wood. Radiometric techniques for all samples included extended counting, and C13/C12 ratio
measurement. Beta Analytic, Inc. Report of Radiocarbon Dating Analyses is presented in full in
Appendix A of this report. The context and significance of the radiocarbon dates are included in the
discussion for each feature that has a radiocarbon date.
17
2. FINDINGS
The inventory survey identified 37 archaeoloeical sites comprising 44 component features, and 104
agricultural elements of the Kona Field System (Site 6601). The 37 sites include 17 identified during
previous surveys (Jensen 1990, Rosendahl 1993, Wulzen et al. 1996) and 20 newly recorded sites.
Table 2.1 presents a summary of the identified sites and features. This table gives site type, function,
number of features, elevation, distance from the coast, and soil type. Feature area is omitted for several
of the very long walls. The distribution of these sites and features is illustrated in Figure 2.I.
Table 2.1 Summary of Identified Sites
'SIHP Type
Function Total
Area
From
Elevation
Soil Type
Site #
Features
(sq m)
coast
(AMSL)
6302
Wall
Livestock Control 1
186
(m)
1371
255-27S
rPYD
6601
Complex
Agriculture 104
120531
1082-2204
206-480
rPYD/rLW
14225
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1592
425-430
rPYD
14226
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation 1
2
1964
399
rPYD
14227
C -shape
Temp. Habitation 1
6
1943
390
rLW
14228
Complex
Temp. Habitation 2
103
1921-1931
376-378
rLW
14230
Enclosure
Livestock Control 1
1019
1739-1402
353-368
rLW
14231
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1663
338
rLW
14232
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1452
290
rPYD/rLW
14233
Terrace
Temp. Habitation 1
15
1403
281
rPYD
14235
Enclosure
Livestock Control 1
15933
1371-1452
255-290
rPYD
14238
Complex
Temp. Habitation 3
157
1273-1280
253-255
rPYD
14239
Wall
Livestock Control I
-
1733-1813
200-435
rPYD/rLW
14244
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1120
221
rPYD
19485
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1379-1412
258-268
rPYD
19486
Complex
Temp. Habitation 2
105
1487-1494
302-304
rLW
19487
Wall
Livestock Control 1
-
1496
305
rPYD
21462
Cave
Temp. Habitation I
50
1155
214
rPYD
21463
Complex
Livestock 2
1883
1180-1199
228-230
rPYD
Control/Dump
21464
Platform
Temp. Habitation 1
24
1268
258
rPYD
21465
Complex
Perm. Habitation 2
454
1523-1527
312-314
rLW
21466
Cave
Temp. Habitation 1
10
1584
325
rLW
21467
Terrace
Temp. Habitation I
30
1699
345
rLW
21468
Cave
Temp. Habitation 1
4
1818
370
rLW
21470
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation 1
7
2069
429
rPYD
21471
Wall
Boundary I
-
1658-2230+
335-385+
rPYD/rLW
21472
C -Shape
Temp. Habitation 1
2
1930
390
rLW
21473
C -shape
Temp. Habitation 1
3
1944
399
rLW
21474
Complex
Temp. Habitation/ 3
272
1993-2012
419-425
rPYD
Livestock Control
21475
C -shape
Temp. Habitation 1
9
1973
406
rPYD
21476
Cave
Temp. Habitation 1
49
2029
424
rPYD
21477
C -shape
Temp. Habitation 1
8
2025
412
rPYD
21478
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation I
11
2053
430
rPYD
21479
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation 1
6
2058
427
rPYD
21480
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation I
S
2087
435
rPYD
21481
Enclosure
Temp. Habitation 1
15
2185
470
rPYD
_21482
Trail
Transportation 1
210
2102-2210+
430-465+
rPYD
* State
Inventory of
Historic Places (SIHP) numbers.
SIHP numbers are five -digit numbers prefixed by 50-10.28-
(S0=State of Hawaii; 10=Island
of Hawaii; 28=USGS 7.5' series quad map ['Kailuo,
Howoi't 1982])
rPYD = Puna. u Extremely Rocky I'm
d W = Pdhoehoe Lavo Flows
19
2.1 FORMAL SITE/FEATURE TYPES
The 44 features consist of six complexes and 30 single -feature sites. The 30 single -feature sites
consist of seven formal or morphological types: wall (9 features), enclosure (8), C -shape (5). cave (4),
terrace (2), platform (1), and trail (1). The complexes include from two to three component features of
variable formal type. The three remaining formal types, which occur only within complexes, consist of
cupboard, J-shape wall, and historic artifact scatter. Table 2.1.1 presents a summary of the 104 features
of the Kona Field System complex, including a breakdown of the 14 formal types. The types are defined
below.
C-shape/.T-shape - A walled structure that resembles a C or J in plan and partially enclose:. an area
Cave - A cave formed by a natural lava tube or blister that may or may not have been modified, but
which generally contains cultural material. Modifications to a cave may consist of internal, or adjacent
external structures such as mounds, platforms or terraces.
Enclosure - A wall constructed in a circular, square, or rectangular shape that encloses at least 75%
of an interior space. One or more sides of an enclosure my be formed by natural features, such as the
sides of an outcrop or an elevated lava flow.
Historic artifact scatter - A concentration of artifacts, historic in nature, present on the ground
surface. If the concentration is directly associated with a structural feature, it is considered an anribute of
that feature, and not defined as a separate entity.
Modified depression - A naturally formed depression in the ground -surface with an: type of
modification.
Modified outcrop - A natural stone outcrop modified by the addition of stones.
Mound - A stone structure more than two stones high, the sides and top surface of which are
irregular, displaying neither paving nor horizontal facing. Mounds may be ovoid, circular, linear, or
irregular in plan, and are typically domed -shaped in profile.
Planting area - An area from which stones have been removed to expose soil for acricultural
purpose. The removed stones are often stacked or piled around the perimeter of the area.
Platform - A free-standing, stone structure at least two stones high around its entire perip,tery. The
sides may be faced, and the top is usually relatively flat. Platforms are generally square to rectangular,
but can have more than four sides, or even be circular.
Terrace - A free-standing, relatively flatted topped structure, with at least one side flush with the
adjacent ground surface. Terraces may be rock -filled or earth -filled.
Trail - Linear pavements, alignments, or trodden linear surfaces. Trails may appear as wear patterns
in smooth pahoehoe or over rough 'a'a, or they may be constructed with steppingstones or kerbstones.
Steppingstone trails consist of alignments of stone slabs; kerbstone trails are post -Contact trails bordered
by alignments of kerbstones.
20
21
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21
Wall - A free-standing, linear structure at least two stones high and longer than it is wide. Walls
generally have stacked (sometimes faced) sides and a flat top surface, as opposed to linear mounds that
have sloping sides and irregular top surfaces.
In the project area, modified outcrops (40) are the most common formal type, followed by mounds
(36), enclosures (I8), terraces (17), walls (12), C -shapes (7), caves (5), platforms (5), planting areas (3),
modified depression (1), cupboard (1), trail (1), J-shape (1), and historic artifact scatter (1).
2.2 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES
There are seven feature functions represented in the project area, and these are defined an.] discussed
in detail below. Agriculture (104 features) is the most frequent feature function, followed by temporary
habitation (27), livestock control (12), permanent habitation (2), ahupua'a boundary (1), dispesal (1) and
transportation (1).
There are eight site functions in the project area: temporary habitation (21 sites), temporary
habitation/livestock control (1), livestock control (10), livestock control/disposal (1), permanent
habitation (1), ahupna'a boundary (1), transportation (1), and agriculture (1), as represented by the
portion of the Site 6601 Kona Field System complex within the project area.
Agriculture
Agricultural features are interpreted as such based on formal type, informal construction, .md lack of
habitation debris. Mounds and modified outcrops are piles of stones cleared from adjacent planting areas.
The platforms are types normally not assigned an agricultural function. These features probably result
from stone clearing activity, and through chance, or unusual care in building, resemble feature types
normally associated with non-agricultural activities. Terraces functioned to retain areas of soil for
planting. In many cases, the terraces appear to be by-products of stone clearing activity. Agricultural
walls and enclosures border garden areas, providing shelter from the wind, and possibly protection from
livestock. Modified depressions represent excavated, often sheltered, planting areas.
The agricultural features vary in density primarily based on the abundance of surface stones and
outcrops, being most common where there are many surface stones and outcrops. They are
opportunistically -placed and are not organized in obvious linear or gridded fields, as is the case in other
areas of the Kona Field System, where there is better soil. The soils throughout the project are Punalu'u
series extremely rocky soils, and the remaining areas are 'a'a lava flows. These are considered marginal
to unsuitable for modem subsistence agriculture, but were nevertheless cultivated intensively during the
prehistoric and historic periods.
Site 6601 is the Kona Field System agricultural complex which extends north at least to Ka'u
Ahupua'a and south to Honaunau (Cordy 1995:1). Examination of the project area during the survey
resulted in the identification of 104 features interpreted as agricultural elements of this prehistoric
complex. Of these, 23 are previously recorded agricultural sites and features, and 77 were identified
during the project. The 104 features include 39 modified outcrops, 36 mounds, 14 tetTaces, six
enclosures, three walls, three planting areas, two platforms and one modified depression. The cistribution
of these features is illustrated in Figure 2.2. /.
Table 2.2.1 summarizes the characteristics of the 100 agricultural features in the project area. As
indicated in this table, and evidenced in Figure 2.2.1, the agricultural features are present throughout the
project area, extending from the 206 to 483 ft elevation. The majority of these features (n=60) are below
22
23
the 300 -foot contour and are 1,082-1,355 in inland of the coast. This area is dominated b modified
outcrops (n=28) and mounds (n=23), though seven terraces, one enclosure, and one wall were also noted.
A second cluster of 29 features is located from the 300 foot elevation to 408 feet AMSL, from 1,355
to 1,969 in from the coastline. This cluster is again dominated by modified outcrops (n=9) and mounds
(n=5) though a greater diversity of feature types was also noted. The additional features include five
terraces, three planting areas, three enclosures, two walls, one platform, and one modified depression.
The final clustering of agricultural features occurs above the 448 -foot contour, extend,ng to the
eastern project area boundary at 483 feet AMSL. A total of 11 features (I1%) were located within this
area, at distances 2,167 to 2,204 in inland of the coast. Mounds were the primary feature caregory (9),
followed by two modified outcrops and one terrace.
Of the 100 agricultural features, 19 were previously recorded by Jensen (1990), our were
documented by Wulzen et al. (1996), and 77 were newly identified. The 19 features recorded by Jensen
include Features 1-4, 23, 26-27, 43-44, 52-56, 60, 85-86, and 97-98. Feature 60 was destroyed rrior to the
survey of the project area.
The four features recorded by Wulzen et al. are Features 61 through 64. Feature 64 was relocated
during the recent survey; however, Features 61-63 have been destroyed in conjunction with the
construction of Henry Street. Table 2.2.1 presents a correlation between the Site 6601 featunr numbers
and any previously assigned site/feature designations.
Modified Outcrops
The 39 modified outcrops identified in the project area are LO to 8.9 in long (averaging 3 6 m), 0.4
to 4.5 in wide (averaging 1.8 m), and 0.4 to 1.6 in high (averaging 0.7 m). The majority of these features
are irregular in plan view (n=29); nine are roughly oval in plan (Features 12, 16, 32, 39, 58, >9, 69, 74
and 80) and one is linear (Feature 44). These features are typically constructed of piled pahoch( e cobbles
and boulders. No portable remains were present at any of the modified outcrops.
Mounds
The 36 mounds range in length from 1.5 to 8.0 in (averaging 3.3 m), in width from 0.8 to 4.5 in
(averaging 2.1 m), and in height from 0.3 to 1.3 in (averaging 0.7 m). The majority of these features are
oval or circular in plan view (n=23). The 13 remaining mounds include nine which are irregularly in plan
(Features 27, 43, 52-56, 83 and 93), three linear -shaped (Features 26, 29 and 86), and one rectangular -
shaped mound (Feature 7).
The majority of the mounds were crudely constructed of piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders
(n=33). Two of the mounds evidenced piling and stacking of stones (Features 11 and 87), and one was
nicely constructed of stacked cobbles and boulders (Feature 7). A 1.0 by 1.0 in unit into the mound
during the project (EU 1854-2). This unit was excavated in order to determine if Feature 7 nay have
functioned as either a burial mound or a habitation area.
EU 1854-2 revealed a stone architectural layer (Layer 1) overlying pahoehoe bedrock. Layer I
consisted of 0.56 to 0.72 in (0-72 cmbd) of tightly packed pahoehoe boulders, cobbles, and pebbles. No
portable remains were present. This absence of cultural remains, and the feature's proximity to numerous
other agricultural features, indicates that Feature 7 likely functioned as a clearing mound. Figure 2.2.2
depicts the stratigraphy of EU 1854-2.
24
Table 7.2.1 - Summary of Site 6601 Kona Field System Elements
Feature
L
W
H
Meter
Elevation
Other
Dealg.
Type
(m)
(m)
(m)
Shape
Construction
From
Meter AMSL Site jls
Coast
I
Terrace
4.1
25
0.6
Rectangular
Stacked and piled
1082
206-14
T4 _7
2
Mound
4.0
1.8
05
Oval
Piled
1090
210
14246
3
Mound
3.0
1.0
0.3
Oval
Piled
1099
213
14245-b
4
Mound
3.0
25
0.9
Oval
Piled
1104
215
14245-a
5
Mound
2.7
1.8
0.7
Oval
Piled
1111
217
1854-11
6
Mound
4.9
3.1
0.6
Oval
Piled
1117
212
1854-10-i
7
Mound
2.3
1.9
1.3
Rectangular
Stacked
1118
210
1834-10-m
8
Modified Outcrop
2.7
1.1
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1133
222
1854-10-h
9
Modified Outcrop
6.2
2.2
0.5
Irregular
Piled
1126
218
18A.10 -i
10
Mound
3.3
2.6
0.7
Oval
Piled
1127
215
18;4-10-k
11
Mound
2.4
2.4
LO
Circular
Stacked and piled
1128
215
1804-10-1
12
Modified Outcrop
2.3
1.6
0.5
Oval
Piled
1134
214
18';4-10-n
13
Modified Outcrop
4.2
2.5
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1135
210
1854-9-d
14
Modified Outcrop
3.9
1.8
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1142
212
18';4-9-c
IS
Modified Outcrop
2.9
1,6
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1150
214
18,41-9-a
16
Modified Outcrop
3.1
2.1
0.6
Oval
Piled
1148
216
1854-9-b
17
Modified Outcrop
5.4
2.2
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1147
223
18:54-10-c
18
Modified Outcrop
4.1
3.1
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1154
224
111'*10-a
19
Terrace
5.0
4.3
0.9
Oval
Stacked
1153
225
1854-10-b
20
Mound
3.0
1.9
0.7
Oval
Piled
1144
223
18,4-10-e
21
Modified Outcrop
3.1
2.0
0.6
Irregular
Piled
I ISO
225
18!-4-104
22
Mound
2.3
1.7
0.6
Oval
Piled
1149
225
1854-10-g
23
Enclosure
6.5
3.2
1.0
U-shaped
Stacked and piled
1158
228
14;.43
24
Terrace
9.1
5.5
1.0
Irregular
Sucked and piled
1174
222
18!4.8-a
25
Mound
2.5
2.2
0.9
Oval
Piled
1173
221
1854-8-b
26
Mound
4.2
1.6
1.0
Linear
piled
1190
233
14:42
27
Mound
5.0
3.9
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1221
242
14:41
28
Terrace
8.0
2.3
0.7
Rectangular
Piled
1234
243
1854-1-1
29
Mound
4.1
1.3
0.5
Unear
Piled
1223
241
1854-1-m
30
Mound
3.0
2.1
0.6
Oval
Piled
1228
242
1854-1-n
31
Terrace
6.3
4.8
0.9
Irregular
Sucked and piled
1229
242
1854-1-o
32
Modified Outcrop
7.3
3.2
0.6
Oval
Piled
1244
245
1854-5-d
33
Modified Outcrop
6.0
4.5
1.2
Irregular
Piled
1235
243
1854.5.e
34
Modified Outcrop
2.1
1.2
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1216
240
1854-5-h
35
Terrace
6.5
3.0
0.6
Rectangular
Sucked
1209
238
1854-5-g
36
Modified Outcrop
3.1
1.7
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1255
246
1854-5d
37
Mound
2.2
1.2
OS
Oval
Piled
1254
248
1854-5-c
38
Modified Outcrop
1.4
0.8
0.5
Irregular
Piled
1270
252
1854-5-a
39
Modified Outcrop
3.7
1.9
0.4
Oval
Piled
1267
252
1854-5-b
40
Modified Outcrop
3.9
1.5
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1259
250
1854-1-i
41
Modified Outcrop
1.0
0.8
0.4
Irregular
Piled
1251
249
1854-1-1
42
Modified Outcrop
5.0
3.0
0.5
Irregular
Piled
1244
248
1854.1.k
43
Mound
4.2
2.1
0.4
irregular
Piled
1256
247
14240
44
Modified Outcrop
8.9
1.2
0.6
Linear
Sucked
1290
257
14238-d
45
Modified Outcrop
1.6
1.4
0.5
Irregular
Piled
1295
256
1854-1-g
46
Modified Outcrop
3.8
2.8
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1286
253
1854-1-h
47
Modified Outcrop
1.5
1.0
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1303
258
1854-14
48
Modified Outcrop
1.7
0.4
0.4
Irregular
Piled
1301
255
1854-3
49
Wall
9.0
1.0
0.6
L -shape
Piled
1334
262
1854-1-a
50
Mound
3.2
1.4
0.6
Oval
Piled
1322
262
1854-1-d
25
Table 2.2.1(Cont.)Mete" Elevation Other
Feature L W M
Desig. Type (m) (m) (m) Shape ConstructioSite #s
Construction From
AMSL -
52
Mound
8.0
45
1.3
wreguur
nice
Piled
•-•
1334
--
266
14236-a
53
Mound
35
2.0
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1337
268
14236-b
54
Mound
23
2.0
0.7
Irregular
Piled
1355
271
14236-c
55
Mound
1.9
1.0
0.5
Irregular
1349
268
14236-e
56
Mound
2.7
2.1
0.8
Irregular
Piled
Piled
1346
266
1854-1-a1357
57
Modified Outcrop
1.7
1,4
0.7
Irregular
254
1854-2-a
58
Modified Outcrop
2.5
1.0
O5
Oval
Piled
1355
251
1 b
59
Modified Outcrop
2.2
1.5
0.4
Oval
Piled
1387
278
144234234
60
Terrace
3.5
Linear
Piled
Piled
1479
300
194894.T.7
61
Mound
3.2
3.1
0.8
Oval
Piled
1480
301
19488<T-7
62
Mound
2.6
1.8
0.7
Oval
Piled
1486
302
19488c R7
63
Terrace
3.6
3A
0.6
Oval
Piled
1486
302
19486 -6,T -S
64
Modified
3.8
3.0
0.9
Irregular
65
Depression
Planting Area
4.3
4.0
-0.5
U-shaped
Piled
1543
316
1854-I:
i
66
Planting Area
13.5
5.0
-0.9
Oval
Stacked and piled
1574
321
1854-1
67
Planting Area
14.5
7.0
-0.6
Irregular
Piled
1614
325
332
,
1854-I1645
1854-1'
68
Platform
10.0
.
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1691
342
1854.1 ?-a
69
Modified Outcrop
2.1
1 8
0.6
Oval
Piled
1683
341
1854-19-b
70
Modified Outcrop
IA 1.4
0.7
Irregular
Piled
343
1854-19-d
71
Terrace
s o
50
4.5
0.6
irregular
Stacked and piled
1688
72
Modified Outcrop
5.0
O.S
1.0
Irregular
Piled
1705
345
1854-19-e
1854-19-f1776
73
Modified Outcrop
6.0
0.6
0.5
Irregular
Piled
1720
348
357
1854-20-b
74
Modified Outcrop
3J
09
OS
Oval
Piled
1776
358
1854-70-c
75
Modified Outcrop
3.5
2.1
09
Irregular
Piled
1779
360
185440-e
76
Terrace
4.5
2.0
0.6
Oval
Piled
1793
363
1854-30-f
77
Modified Outcrop
6.3
3.6
1.6
Irregular
Piled
1792
361
1854-.0-d
78
Terrace
2.5
2.2
0.6
Rectangular
Snicked and piled
79
Modified Outcrop
4.0
1.6
0.6
Irregular
Piled
1789
360
367
1854-20-a
1854:1-c
80
Modified Outcrop
1.7
IA
0.8
Oval
Piled
1805
1803
364
1854-:2-b
81
Enclosure
105
5.0
0.6
U-shaped
Piled
1815
368
1854-'� 2-a
82
Wall
15.0
0.7
0.7
Curved
Piled
1835
375
1854--, 1-b
83
Mound
2.S
2.5
0.8
Irregular
Piled
1866
385
1854/'3-a
8q
Wall
4.2
1.1
0.9
Curved
Piled
1833
369
14229
8S
Tema
43
3.0
0.9
Oval
Piled
1928
388
14228-c
86
Mound
5.0
1.5
0.6
Linear
Piled
Stacked and
1969
408
1854- L9-1,
87
Mound
1.7
1.6
0.8
Oval
piled
Piled
2164
460
1854-35-a
88
Mound
2.3
1.9
0A
Oval
Piled
2165
461
IIIS4-35-c
89
Mound
2.9
1.3
0.8
Oval
Piled
2174
465
1854-35-b
90
Mound
2.8
2.1
0.8
O val
Piled
2177
466
1854.35-d
91
Modified Outcrop
2A
2.4
0.9
Irregular
2188
471
185435-g
92
Modified Outcrop
2.6
20
1.0
Irregular
Piled
2181
470
1854-35-e
93
Mound
2.1
2.0
0.8
Irregular
Piled
2196
480
185436-c
94
Mound
1.5
1.4
0,6
Oval
Piled
2193
475
185436-a
95
Terrace
5.2
2.6
0.7
Irregular
Piled
2204
483
1854 36-b
96
Mound
3.7
23
0.7
Oval
Piled
2167
448
14223 a
97
Mound
1,6
0.8
0.3
Oval
Piled
2170
448
14223-b
98
Mound
6.0
40
0.8
Oval
Piled
1858
382
1854 23-1,
99
Enclosure
7.5
4.0
0.8
Oval
Piled
1888
391
185426
100
Enclosure
12.5
7.0
0.7 Oval
Piled
2070
430
14224-b
101
Platform
15.8
8.2
2.0 Irregular
Stacked
2080
437
14274-c
102
Enclosure
13.0
2.9Oval
Sucked
Sucked andpiled
2081
436
14224-a
103
Terrace
7.1
3.9
0.8,8
2.1
5 Oval
U-shaped
Sucked and piled
2069
430
142:4-d
104
Enclosure
11.6
92
Other Site # Designations
1854 #s
= PHRI Temporary Field Designations
14000 its = Sites recorded by Jensen (1990)
19000 #s = Sites recorded by Wulzen
et al. (1996)
T- tis = Sites recorded by Rosendahl (1993)
Italicized
id = Dert oyed SitelFeature,
26
EU 1854-2, West Face
so—j _ —
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. No cultural remains present. Excavation
of EU 1854-2 terminated on bedrock
O►ekoekoe Rock
Bedrock
7, EU 1854-2, West Face
27
Terraces
Agricultural terraces were identified in 14 locations within the project area. These features ranged in
length from 2.5 to 9.1 in (averaging 5.2 m), from 2.0 to 5.5 in wide (averaging 3.3 m), and from 0.6 to
1.0 m in height (averaging 0.7 m). Five terraces are roughly oval in plan (Features 19, 63, 76, 85, and
103), four are irregular in plan (Features 24, 31, 71, and 95), four are rectangular (Features 1, 28, 35, and
78), and one is linear (Feature 60).
The terraces were constructed with varying techniques, though all were built of pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. Of the 14 features, six consisted of piled stones (Features 28, 63, 66, 76, 85, and 95), six
were of stacked and piled stones (Features 1, 24, 31, 71, 78, and 103), and two were built of stacked stone
(Features 19 and 35). The surface of each of these terraces is uneven and irregular, and no portable
remains were present, suggesting agricultural functions.
Subsurface testing has been undertaken at three of the agricultural terraces. Features I ani 85 were
tested during the study, and Feature 63 was previously excavated by Wulzen et at. (1996).
Feature I was tested with the excavation of two 1.0 by 0.5 in test units (EUs 1854-3 and -4). This
feature was originally recorded by Jensen as Site 14247, and interpreted as a possible habi'ation site
(1990:23). EU 1854-3 was situated on top of the terrace, in approximately the center of the fe;rture. The
excavation of this unit evidenced a 0.33 to 0.52 in (0-0.52 cmbd) stone laver (Layer I) comprising loosely
packed pahoehoe pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. No portable remains were present within Layer I. The
excavation of the unit was terminated on bedrock. Figure 2.2.3 depicts EU 1854-3.
A second unit was excavated in an area of soil 1.4 in southeast of the terrace. The excavaton of EU
1854-4 revealed 0.06 to 0.32 in (0-32 cmbd) of a light brown powdery silt loam (Layer 1), over bedrock.
Several pieces of modem bottle glass were present within this deposit. The stratigraphy of this unit is also
presented in Figure 2.2.3.
Feature 63 was previously recorded as a component of Site T-7 by Rosendahl (1993:5) and as Site
19488, Feature A by Wulzen et al. (1996:46, 55). Testing of this feature was also undertaken during the
initial survey. A 1.0 by 0.5 in unit (TU-1) was excavated on the terrace by Wulzen et al., revealing a
cobble and boulder layer (Layer 1), underlain by a 0.37 in thick strong brown to dark brown, culturally
sterile silt loam (Layer 11). Bedrock was encountered beneath Layer 11.
Feature 85 was originally recorded as Site 14229 by Jensen (1990:18). Jensen interpreted tae terrace
a possible habitation feature, and subsurface testing was undertaken during the study to determine its
function. EU 1854-20 was situated on the surface of the terrace, in the approximate center. This unit
displayed a 0.4 to 0.72 in (0-82 cmbd) stone layer (Layer 1) over bedrock. Layer I comprised loosely
packed pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. No cultural remains were present. Figure 2.2.4 depicts the
stratigraphy noted within this unit. The absence of subsurface cultural remains within the thee tested
features discussed above confirms their function as agricultural terraces.
Enclosures
Agricultural enclosures were noted in six locations within the project area. Feature 23 was Freviously
documented as Site 14243 and Features 102 and 104 as Site 14224 by Jensen (1990). Features 8'., 99, and
100 were identified during the survey. Feature 23 is U-shaped and is c. 6.5 m long, 3.2 in wide and 1.0 m
tall. The walls are built of stacked and piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Soil is present in the
interior, and no portable remains were observed.
28
6..n
Oembd
10
EU 1854-3, Northwest Face
_„ ;
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulder. Modem glass fragments present
Excavation of EU 1854-3 terminated on bedrock
Pahoehoe Rock
i , ,_ Bedrock
EU 1854-4, Southwest Face
layer 1 Non -cultural layer of pale brown (I OYR 613) fine silt
loam. Excavation of EU 1854-4 terminated on bedrock
ure 2.2.3 Site 6601, Feature 1, EU 1854-3, Northwest Face and
EU 18S4-4, Southeast Face
29
EU 1854-20, East Face
Figure 1.2.4 Site
Layer I Architectural layer of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders. No cultural remains present. Excavation
of EU 1854-20 terminated on bedrock.
Pahoehoe Rock
n_iin= Bedrock
85, EU 1115430,
30
A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit was excavated within the enclosure, adjacent to the rear wall (EIJ 1854-5).
This unit evidenced 0.13 to 0.34 m (0-38 cmbd) of a dark yellowish brown silt loam overlying bedrock.
No cultural remains were present. Figure 2.2. t illustrates the stratigraphy of this unit.
Feature 104 is an enclosure formed by the vertical walls of an 'a'5 outcrop on the north and east
sides, and by a stacked stone wall along the southern side. The western side of the enclosure is open. The
interior has overall dimensions of 11.6 m long by 9.2 m wide. 'A'a cobbles and boulders have also been
stacked along the outcrop on portions of the northern side. There is a large, mound situated within the
enclosure, which effectively divides the interior into two compartments. This mound is c. 1 2 m long
(NW/SE), 3.9 to 5.0 m wide, and 2.1 m in height above the ground surface. The walls of this mound are
near vertical, though the surface slopes to the west.
There is a small overhang at the base of the outcrop, on the eastern side of the enclosure. This
overhang is 1.4 m long (NE/SW) and 1.0 m wide, with a ceiling height of 0.73 m. The interior floor of
the overhang is covered with a thin layer of a brown silt loam. No portable remains were obser,ed within
the overhang.
The floor of the enclosure also evidences soil, and a 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was du adjacent
to the southern side of the internal mound during the project (EU 1854-13). The excavation of this unit
revealed 0.03 to 0.17 to (0-19 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam. Bedrock was encountered below this
deposit, and no cultural materials were recovered. The stratigraphy noted within this unit is illustrated in
Figurc 6.
The four remaining enclosures range in size from 7.5 to 13.0 m long, 2.9 to 7.0 to wide, .tnd 0.6 to
0.8 to tall. Feature 81 is U-shaped and Features 99, 100, and 102 are oval. The walls of these enclosures
are built of stacked or piled cobbles and boulders. Soil was present inside each, though nes portable
remains were noted. These enclosures are interpreted as planting enclosures, due to their crude method of
construction, the lack of associated cultural remains, and on their proximity to other agricultural features.
Additionally, the orientation of these features to the prevailing winds, would potentially have provided
shelter for plants.
Walls
Three agricultural walls were identified during the recent survey (Features 49, 82, and 83). All of
these walls are crudely built of piled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Feature 49 is roughly L-shaped,
with one leg c. 9.0 m long (E/W) and the other 3.5 m. The wall averages 1.0 m in width and 0.6 m in
height.
Features 82 and 84 are both curvilinear in shape and are from 4.2 to 15.0 m long, 0.7 to 1. m wide,
and 0.7 to 0.9 m tall. No cultural remains were observed in association with any of these three w ails. This
absence of portable remains, and their proximity to other agricultural features, suggests that they
functioned as components of the Site 6601 agricultural complex.
Planting Areas
Agricultural planting areas were identified in three locations within the project area (Features 65, 66,
and 67). These features consist of areas in which stones have been removed in order to create level, soil -
filled spaces. The planting areas range in size from 4.3 to 14.5 to long, 4.0 to 7.0 m wide, and 0.5 to 0.9
m in depth below the surrounding ground surface. No portable remains were present within or adjacent to
these features, indicating their agricultural functions.
31
Figure
EU 1854-5, West Face
Layer I Non -cultural layer of dark yellowish brown (IOYR 414)
silt loam. Excavation of EU 1854.5 terminated on
bedrock
OPahoehoe Rock
i 1_ ( f Bedrock
6601, Feature 13, EU I
32
I oocm
EU 1854-13, West Face
Layer I Non -cultural layer of a very dark brown (IOYR 2/2) silt
loam. Excavation of EU 1854-13 terminated on bedrock
Pahoehoe Rocks (Portion of Wall Enclosure)
Bedrock
Figure 2.2.6 Site 6601, Feature 104, EU 1854-13. West Face
Platform
Two agricultural platforms were recorded during the recent survey. Feature 68 is irregular in plan
and measures c. 10.0 m long, 6.5 m wide, and 0.6 m in height. The surface is uneven and unpaved, and
no portable remains were present. The feature is crudely constructed of loosely piled pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders.
Feature 101 is a multi -tiered platform located c. 8.0 m west of Feature A. This surface of the f_ature
is level and measures c. 15.8 m long (E/W) by 8.2 m wide. The sides of the feature are built of stacked
'a'd cobbles and boulders, ranging in height from 1.2 to 2.0 m above the surrounding ground surface.
There are two raised tiers on the surface of the platform, one at the northeast end, and one along the
southern side. The northeastern tier is c. 4.4 m long (NW/SE), 3.7 m wide, and 0.7 m taller than the main
platform surface. The southern raised tier is 3.2 m long (NW/SE), 2.0 m wide, and 0.9 on in height ibove
the platform's surface.
A 1. I by 0.5 m excavation unit was dug into the surface of the southern tier during the studv. EU
1854-12 revealed 1.1 to 1.3 m (0-130 cmbd) of loosely packed architectural layer of 'a'a pebbles,
cobbles, and boulders overlying bedrock. No cultural remains were present, and no evidence was found to
suggest that the structure had been built during more than a single construction episode. The western
33
profile of this unit is presented in Figure _'?.7. These features are assigned agricultural functions due to
either their crude method of construction, the lack of cultural remains, and its proximit) to other
agricultural features within the complex.
Modified Depression
Feature 64 is an irregularly-shaped depression originally recorded as a component of Site T-5 by
Rosendahl (1993:5), and as Site 19486, Feature B by Wulzen et al. (1996:41). This depression consists of
pahoehoe cobble and boulders piled to form a wall which borders a collapsed pahaehoe bedrock
depression. The depression is c. 2.6 in long, 1.5 in wide, and 0.9 an deep. The wall is c. 3.8 an iong, 0.75
m wide, and 0.45 m tall. The interior of the depression is soilfilled though no portable remains are
present.
A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit was dug into the interior soil area by Wulzen et al. (1996:41,43). TU -3
revealed a c. 0.2 m thick, dark brown, culturally sterile silt loam deposit over bedrock. The nature of this
feature and the absence of surface and subsurface cultural remains indicates a probable agricultural
function.
Historic documentary research indicates that a sisal mill once existed in the northeastern portion of
the project area (Figure 2_2.8). The location of this mill corresponds to the approximate location of four
of the agricultural features discussed above. These include two enclosures (Features 102 and 104), a
platform (Feature 101) and a terrace (Feature 103). Subsurface testing at two of the feature (Features 101
and 104) yielded no cultural remains, however their location may indicate their association with the
historic processing of sisal.
Permanent Habitation
Permanent habitation features are the basic dwelling structures at permanent habitation :.ites. The
presence of a permanent habitation feature, typically a platform, terrace, or enclosure, is the basis for
classifying a site in this category. Habitation features were identified as permanent based en criteria
defined by Cordy (1981:66-82). In his revised model, Cordy presents the following criteria for Fermanent
habitation features: (a) external area greater than 16-19 sq m); (b) substantial construction (st3ne-filled
and bifaced walls); (c) presence of special purpose structures (small, special purpose structures for work
and storage: and (d) location (permanent housing tends to cluster mostly on the coast, either along the
shore or at the mouth of and on the sides of valley floors.
Only one site was found during the study which, based on feature type and area, would be classified
permanent habitation (see Figure 2.1). Site 21465 consists of two large platforms constructed of stacked
and faced cobbles and boulders held together with cement mortar. The platforms are 78 to 147 n in size.
The surfaces of these features are also paved with a mortared finish. The construction material; (mortar,
milled lumber, pipe), indicate a historic age for the structures.
Temporary Habitation
According to Cordy's model, temporary habitations are (a) less than 16 sq m in external area, (b)
insubstantial constructions, (c) contain numerous features of intemal stratification (multiple firepits), and
(d) have few to no associated structures. These are short -tern habitation structures (eg., small
enclosures, terraces) and natural overhangs and caves with evidence of modification or midden present
(or both).
34
EU 1854-12, West Face
acmbd
� Y A y
1�
Layer
I
1401
0
110C,
Layer I Architectural layer comprised of loosely packed aa
pebbles. cobbles and boulders. No cultural remains
present. Excavation of EU 1854-12 terminated on
bedrock
l� Pahoehoe Rock
Bedrock
Fi¢ure 2.2.7 Site 6601. Feature 101- EU 1854.12_ W..t F..c.
35
x
I -", a
r"te/
36
a,
i
a
'4
s
Temporary habitation sites are those where short-term or recurrent habitation is believed to have
taken place. Temporary habitation features in the project area (27 features at 22 sites) consist of
insubstantially constructed enclosures (8 features), C -shapes (7), terraces (3), a J-shaped wall (1),
modified outcrop (1), platform (1), and cupboard (1). Five caves are also interpreted as temporary
habitations. Table 2.2.2 lists all features interpreted to have functioned as temporary habitations and
Figure 2.2.9 illustrates their distribution.
Table 2.2.2 Summary of Temborory Habitation Sites
Site
Type
Shape
Insubstantial
Area
Associated
No.
Cave
Irregular
eonstructlon
(sq m)
FeaturesXomments
14226
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
10
present
14227
C -shape
C -shape
Unlaced walls
6
Small cave on adjacent
14228a
Cave
Irregular
N/A
I I
Agricultural features in area
14228-b
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
7
14233
Terrace
Rectangular
Unlaced walls
15
Destroyed
14238-a
Terrace
L -shape
Unlaced walls
10
to feature
14238-b
Enclosure
Oval
Unlaced walls
6
14238-c
Cupboard
Irregular
Propped stones
I
Ancillary feature
19486-a
Wall
J-shape
Unfaced walls
15
Agricultural features in area
19486-c
Modified
Irregular
Unfaced/Piled walls
4
agricultural features in area
21474-c
Outcrop
C -shape
Unlaced walls
6
21462
Cave
Irregular
N/A
51
21464
Platform
Irregular
Unfaced walls
24
Cupboard on surface of
37
feature
21466
Cave
Irregular
N/A
10
Subsurface soil feature
present
21467
Terrace
Irregular
Unlaced walls
30
Small cave on adjacent
outcrop
21468
Cave
Irregular
Unfaced walls
14
21470
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
4
Small cave in outcrop adjacent
to feature
21472
C -shape
C -shape
Unfaced walls
6
21473
C -shape
C -shape
Unlaced walls
9
21474-a
Enclosure
Oval
Unfaced walls
10
Livestock control and
agricultural features in area
21474-c
C -shape
C -shape
Unlaced walls
6
21475
C -shape
C -shape
Unlaced walls
9
21476
Cave
Irregular
Unlaced walls
642
Rubble -filled
21477
C -shape
C -shape
Unlaced walls
7
21478
Enclosure
Oval
Unlaced walls
10
21479
Enclosure
Oval
Unlaced walls
6
21480
Enclosure
Oval
Unlaced walls
5
21481
Enclosure
Oval
Unlaced walls
9
37
38
Most of the sites (18) have a single temporary habitation feature. Three sites have two features and
one has three. Most of the temporary habitation structures (23) have small areas less than 16 sq m. The
four remaining features are caves (2), a platform, and a terrace. Although the platform (Site 2 464) and
the terrace (Site 21467) are larger than the area criterion for temporary habitation features, they are
interpreted as such because of their isolation and insubstantial construction.
The temporary habitation sites are scattered throughout the project area, though there doe; seem to
be more of a concentration in the western portion. One site, Site 14233, has been destroyed, likrly during
construction of Henry Street.
Many of the small enclosures and C -shapes interpreted as temporary habitations, yielded no cultural
remains. The majority of the C -shapes (5) also are not open to the west or southwest, opposite the
prevailing trade winds. It is possible that these features may not be prehistoric in origin, and may in fact
modem historic hunting blinds. It is also possible that these features, located in the northeastern portion
of the project area, may have been associated with the historic cultivation and/or processing of sisal. The
location of a sisal mill in this general area is depicted in Figure 2.2.8.
Livestock Control
Twelve sites with walls (8) or enclosures (4) interpreted as livestock control features were noted
during the survey. There are ten single -feature sites (Sites 6302, 14225, 14230, 14231, 1423'_, 14235,
14239, 14244, 19485, 19487) and two features of two site complexes (Feature A of Site 21463 and
Feature B of Site 21474). The majority of these sites/features are interpreted as being associated with
historic ranching. Figure 2.2.10depicts the location of the livestock control features.
A portion of Kuakini Wall (Site 6302) is present within the project area. This wall, discus! ed in the
Previous Research section of this report, was constructed in the early to mid -1800s and functioned to
control the movement of livestock. Most of the walls within the project area are more than 50 m long
and many extend for much longer distances beyond the project area. They are distributed throughout the
project area. Some are oriented seaward -inland, parallel with the ahupua'o boundary wall along the
southern boundary, and presumably served to further subdivide areas into smaller pastures. Other walls
are oriented perpendicular to, or diagonally to, the seaward -inland walls, also serving to subdivide the
areas. Most of the walls are a meter or more in height and are faced.
The enclosures ranee in size from 75 to 9,000 sq m, and are all constructed of stacked coobles and
boulders. Sites 14230 and 14235 are bi-faced and core -filled. The larger enclosures likely were used to
contain cattle, and the smaller ones may have restricted the movements of pigs or other small animals.
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous features consists of an oheipuo'o boundary wall (Site 21471), a trail (Site 21482), and
a historic artifact scatter (Feature B of Site 21463). The location of these site/features is depicted in
Figure 2.1. The boundary wall separates Keahuolu in the north from Lanihau in the south, and is faced
and core -filled. The trail consists of a crude pavement of cobbles and appears to be historic in origin,
extending to the east out of the project area. The historic artifact scatter comprises numerot s bottles,
cans, junked cars, and debris and is interpreted as a dump site.
39
40
2.3 EXCAVATIONS
A total of 10.5 sq m of excavations were undertaken during the survey. These include the e(cavation
of 21 0.5 by 1.0 m units at 18 sites/features. Tested formal types include five enclosures, four caves, three
terraces, three C -shapes, two platforms, and a mound. The units were placed at 14 temporary habitation
features and seven agricultural features. The results of these units are discussed in the following sections
and summarized in Table 2.3.1. The excavation locations are shown on the appropriate site pian maps.
Stratigraphic descriptions of the units, profile drawings, and tabulations of portable remains are given in
the following site and feature descriptions.
A stone laver was noted in four units (EU 1854-2, -3. -6, -8, -12, and -20). In four of these units, this
stone layer is interpreted as fill associated with agricultural clearing (EUs 1854-2, -3, -12 and -20). In
EUs 1854-6 and -8, this layer represents a purposely constructed architectural layer. Bedrock was present
below the stone in EUs 1854-2, -3, -12, and -20). In EU 1854-8, a single cultural soil layer was identified
below the architectural laver, and a culturally sterile layer was noted in EU 1854-6. The excavat.on of the
architectural laver in these units found no evidence to suggest that these structures had been built during
more than a single construction episode.
A single soil deposit with no architectural layer was present in nine units. Of these single lavers,
seven were culturally sterile (1854-4, -5, -13, -14, -17, -18 and -19), and two contained cultural remains
(1854-10 and -I5). Two soil layers were present in six of the units, with one consisting of tNvo sterile
layers (1854-9), one with one cultural laver over a sterile layer (1854-1), and four with two cultural soil
deposits (1854-7, -11, -16, and -21).
A single subsurface feature was identified during testing. A fire -pit was noted at the interface
between Layers I and 11, in EU 1854-7, within the Site 21466 cave.
2.4 SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Site 6302
Site 6302 is situated in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. Thi; massive
core -filled wall extends for miles along the Kona Coast, and has been recorded by numerous researchers.
In the Native Testimony records of the 1860s and the Boundary Commission records of 1879 and the
1880s, reference is often made to a prominent stone wall, known variously as the Great Wall, the Pa pipi,
the Great Stone Wall, Governor Adam's Wall, or Kuakini Wall. Based on a number of historical records,
the construction of this wall was begun in the early 1800's. During 1820 to 1840, Kuakini, the brother of
Kamehameha's favorite wife Kaahumanu, acted as governor of the island of Hawaii. Although
construction of the wall may not have been originally ordered by Govemor Kuakini, by the mid 1850s the
final configuration of the wall was attributed to him. A variety of functions have been assigned to the
wall. It may have been designed to enclose pigs, built to keep cattle in the uplands out of the shoreward
houselots, or conversely, built to keep cattle in shoreward houselots out of the upland agricultrral areas
(Kelly 1983:75-76, Maly 1996).
a]
Table 3.3.1 - Summary of Excavation Units
Units
Site #
Feature
Type
Function
# of Soil
# of Cultural Soil
Comments
Layers
Layers
1854-1
21462
-
Cave
Temporary
2
1
Habitation
1854.2
6601
7
Mound
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer present
1854.3
6601
1
Terrace
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer presem.
1854-4
6601
1
Terrace
Agriculture
1
0
1854-5
6601
23
Enclosure
Agriculture
1
0
1854-6
21464
-
Platform
Temporary
1
0
Architectural layer pr -sent
Habitation
1854-7
21466
-
Cave
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
1854-8
21467
-
Terrace
Temporary
I
I
Architectural layer present
Habitation
1854.9
14227
-
C -shape
Temporary
2
0
Habitation
1854-10
14228
A
Cave
Temporary
I
I
Habitation
1854-11
21467
-
Terrace
Temponry
2
2
Habitation
1854-12
6601
101
Platform
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer presem
1854-13
6601
104
Enclosure
Agriculture
1
0
1854-14
21479
-
Enclosure
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-15
21468
-
Cave
Temporary
I
I
Habitation
1854-16
21474
A
Enclosure
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
1854-17
21475
-
C -shape
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-18
21477
-
C -shape
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-19
21478
-
Enclosure
Temporary
1
0
Habitation
1854-20
6601
85
Terrace
Agriculture
0
0
Stone fill layer presem
1854 21
21474
A
Enclosure
Temporary
2
2
Habitation
Site 6302 within the project area evidences partial disturbance. The northern end of the wall, south
of Palani Road is intact, measuring c. 1.7 m in height and 1.6 in in width, and is constructed of stacked
and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The southern portion has been disturbed in varying
degrees, likely through a combination of modern bulldozing activity and historic cattle grazing. Table
2.4.1 summarizes the characteristics of Site 6302 within the project area, and Figure 2.4.1 illustrates an
intact section of this historic wall.
The portion of the wall in the project area is comparable in size and morphology to other parts of the
wall elsewhere. To the south, in the ahi pua'a of Kahului 1, Kuakini Wall is 1.7 m high and most often
1.0 to 1.3 m wide (O'Hare and Wolforth 1997). Haun et al's work along the Ali'i Highway corridor
identified the wall in several ahipua'a, including Kahului and Pahoehoe I, 2, and 3 (1998). Though
disturbed, Haun et al. noted intact sections measuring c. 2.0 in wide and 1.7 in in height.
42
Table 2.4.1 -
Site 6302
Segment H
W
L
Vertical Horizontal
IN (m)
(m)
(m)
courses Courses Construction Status
Comment
1 1.7
1.6
28
6-8 6-8 Sucked, core -filled Intact
_
From intersection with Wall
Site 14239 to south
0.8 3.3 26 2-4 10 -IS Sucked Only base intact
1.3 1.3 11 5-7 5.7 Sucked Top wall collapse
Wall Missing 17 Bulldozed
1.3 1.8 38 5-7 6-8 Sucked Top wall collapse To south end of prciect area
at Henry Street
43
Site 6601
Site 6601 is the Kona Field System agricultural complex discussed at length in the Introduction of
this report. A total of 104 component features of this complex were identified within the project area. The
distribution and characteristics of these features are discussed under "Agriculture," in the preceding
Functional Categories section of this report.
Site 14225
Site 14225 is nicely constructed wall located near the eastern end of the project area, originally
recorded by Jensen (1990:16). The wall is oriented approximately north/south and extends between Wall
Sites 14239 and 21471. The wall is intact except for a c. 15.0 m long section at the north end. The intact
portions are 0.7 to 0.8 m wide (3-6 courses) and 1.2 m in height (4-6 courses), built of stacked pchoehoe
cobbles and boulders. A wooden gate has been incorporated into the wall c. 71 south of the north end.
The following table (Table 2.4.2) presents the characteristics of Site 14225 and Figure 2.4.2 illustrates an
intact section.
Table 2.4.7 — Summary of Wall Site 14225
Segment H
W
L
Vertical Horizontal
0 (m)
(m)
(m)
courses Courses Construction Status Comment
1 1.2
0.8
120
4-6 4-6 Stacked Intact From Wall Site 21471 north
to gate
Gate - 2 - - - -
1.2 0.7 56 5-6 3-5 Stacked Intact From gate to north
Wall Missing IS - - - - Gap between Segment 3 and
Wall Site 14239 to north
44
Site 14226
Site 14226 is an oval enclosure originally recorded by Jensen (1990:16). The interior dimensions of
the enclosure are 1.8 m long (NW/SE) by 1.3 m wide, with the walls built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles
and boulders, 0.4 to LO m wide (1-4 courses) and 0.72 to 0.95 m in height (3-4 courses). There is a c. 0.3
M wide entrance into the interior along the southwestern wall. Site 14226 is depicted in Figure 2.1.3.
Soil is present in the interior of the enclosure, though no portable remains were noted Jensen
excavated a 0.5 sq. m test unit within the interior (1990:16). The excavation of this unit evidenced 0.12 m
of a "light to dark brown humus soil'. No cultural materials were present in this unit. Bedr)ck was
encountered below the deposit. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitatio t.
Site 14227
Site 14227 is a C -shape constructed on top of a pahoehoe outcrop, first documented b} Jensen
(1990'.16-17). The enclosure is open to the northeast, and the interior measures c. 1.3 m long ();/W) by
1.15 m wide. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, measuring c. 0.5 io 0.9 m
wide (2-5 courses) and 0.4 to 0.8 m tall (2-5 courses). A small amount of soil is present in the interior.
Figure 2.4.4 depicts Site 14227. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
A total of 0.75 sq m of excavation has been undertaken at this site. Jensen excavated a 0.5 sq m test
unit within the enclosure (TU -1), and a LO by 0.5 m unit was excavated at the entrance during rte study
(EU 1854-9). Jensen cites the presence of 0.18 m of a light brown, culturally sterile soil over bedrock.
The excavation of EU 1854-9 evidenced 0.03 to 0.21 in (0-21 cmbd) of a very dark brown, very fine
powdery silt (Layer 1), with no cultural remains present. Bedrock was present below this layer is the
southern half of the unit, with a black very fine silt loam noted in the northern half (Layer II). This lower
deposited measured c. 0.04 to 0.09 m thick (21-30 cmbd), and also contained no portable emains.
Bedrock was present below Layer 11. The stratigraphy identified within EU 1854-9 is also presorted in
Figure 2.4.4.
Site 14228
This site was initially identified by Jensen as a complex of three features, including a cave Feature
A), a C -shape (Feature B) and a mound (Feature C) (1990:17-18). The site is situated in the eastern
portion of the project area, at the c. 376 -foot elevation. The site was reexamined during the study. A
discussion of the cave and the C -shape is presented below, though the mound has been re -interpreted as a
component of the Kona Field System (Site 6601, Feature 86), and is presented in a preceding section of
this report. Figure 2.4.5 depicts the Site 14228 features.
Feature A is a small cave within a collapsed lava blister. The opening into the cave measuns c. 1.5
m long (N/S) by 1.4 m wide, and there is a vertical drop of 1.2 m into the interior. The interior of the
cave is irregular in plan and is 5.6 m long (NW/SE) by 1.5 to 1.9 m wide. The ceiling height ranges from
0.40 to 0.85 in. Soil is present inside the cave and a variety of cultural remains were noted on the surface,
including marine shell, kukut nuts shells, and gourd fragments.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was placed within the cave during the project, in order to determine
the nature and extent of the occupation (EU 1854-10). The excavation of this unit evidenced 0.0: to 0.06
m (0-6 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam, over bedrock. Kukui nut shells were the only cultural
remains present. Figure 2.4.5 also presents a section view of the northeast side wall of this unit.
ray
Site 14226
Is
TU -1
zon.
■ Unit Excavated by Jensen (1990)
Stone
Feature B is a C-shaped enclosure c. 5.0 m to the southwest of Feature A. This enclosure is open to
the northeast and has interior dimensions of 3.1 m (NE/SW) by 2.3 m. The walls are built of stacked
p5hoehoe cobbles and boulders, and are 0.7 to 0.9 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.3 to 0.8 m tall (1-4
courses). Soil is present in the interior.
Jensen excavated a 0.5 by 1.0 m test unit inside the enclosure (1990:17). The excavation of TU -I
yielded 0.06 m of a light brown soil, overlying bedrock. Several marine shell fragments, and Nieces of
waterworn coral and basalt were present within this deposit.
The features within the Site 14228 complex are interpreted as temporary habitations. This is )ased on
the limited size and nature of the features. The excavation of the units indicates that the soil deposits
present are associated with the occupation of each surface feature.
Site 14230
Site 14230 is an enclosure formed by an L-shaped wall on the south and west, and by wall Site 14239
on the north. The enclosure is open at the east end, and evidences overall dimensions of 81.0 m long
(ENE/WSW) by 13.0 m wide. Jensen initially documented this site as a wall paralleling Site 14239 and
Palani Road, and indicated that the long axis of the site measured c. 230 m (1990:18). It is possible that
mauka portions of this site have been destroyed following Jensen's study, and prior to the current project.
46
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Several sections of the enclosure are damaged, potentially as the result of cattle grazing activity in
the area. The intact sections of wall range in width from 0.7 to 0.8 in (3-8 courses) and from 1.1 t ) 1.4 m
tall (4-8 courses). The majority of the enclosure walls are built of stacked and core -filled pidiochce
pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, though a non-core filled section is present along the west wall. The
following table presents a summary of the enclosure's characteristics. Figure 2.4.6 illustrates an Example
of an intact wall section. Table 2.4.3 summarizes the characteristics of the enclosure:
Table 2.4.3 Summary of Enclosure Site 14230
Segment
H W
L
Vertical Horizontal
#
(m) (m)
(m)
courses
Courses
Construction
Status
Comment
I
Wall Missing
4
-
-
-
-
Cattle break!
2
0.6 0.9
9
2-4
3-4
Stacked
Base intact- Top
From Segment I south to
collapsed
corner
3
1.1 0.7
31
4-6
5-8
Stacked, core -filled
-
From corner to northeast
4
Wall Missing
I
-
-
-
-
Cattle break
5
1.4 0.7
19
6-8
4-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
-
6
Wall Missing
I
-
-
-
-
Cattle break!
7
1.1 0.8
29
4.6
3.5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
From Segment 6 to northeast
end of site
M
Site 14131
Site 14231 was originally identified by Jensen as a short wall segment to the east of Wall Sitz 14239
(1990:18). The site is located in about the center of the project area. This short wall section was
identified during the study, although longer, intact sections were also noted to the south, ou side of
Jensen's area of investigation. Site 14231 extends between Wall Sites 21471 at the south end, to Site
14239 in the north, a distance of c. 99.0 m. Several segments are disturbed or missing, likely the result of
either modem bulldozing activity, or cattle grazing activity.
The wall is built of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Intact sections me isure c.
0.9 m wide (5-7 courses) and 1.0 to 1.1 an tall (4-6 courses). Table 2.4.4 summarizes the Site 142.i I wall,
and Figure 2.4.7 illustrates an intact segment.
Table 2.4.4 Summary of Wall Site 14231
Segment
H W
L Vertical Horizontal
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
(m) (m)
(m) courses courses Construction Status
Comment
1
1.1 0.9
25 4-6 5-7 Stacked, core -filled Intact
From Wall Site 214; I to
Top wall collapse
5 1 0.9
north
2
Wall missing
I - - - -
Cattle break?
3 1 0.9
5
4-6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
4 0.7 1.6
7
2-4
8-10
Stacked
Top wall collapse
5 1 0.9
18
4.6
5.7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
6 Wall missing
4
-
-
-
-
Cattle break?
7 1 0.9
27
4.6
5-7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
8 Wall missing
10
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed?
9 1 0.9
2
4-6
5.7
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
Wall stub on south -.ide of
Will Site 14239
so
Site 14232
Site 14232 was a wall initially documented by Jensen (1990:18), and subsequently recorded as Site
T-2 by Rosendahl (1993:5) and later examined by Wulzen et al. (1996:26). This wall was destroyed
during road construction at the Palani Road and Henry Street intersection, following Wulzen et al.'s
study. No remnants of this wall remain.
According to Wulzen et al., this wall originally measured c. 100.0 m in leneth and extenced from
Site 14239 (a wall) to the south/southeast, to the project area boundary (1996:26). The wall was
constructed of stacked and core -filled pohoehoe cobbles and boulders, and was from 0.8 to 1.15 no wide
and 0.5 to I.1 m tall.
Site 14233
Site 14233 was a rectangular -shaped terrace previously recorded by Jensen (1990:18). It was situated
in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. An examination of this area dt:ring the
study indicates that this site has been destroyed. The main portion of the terrace was 6.0 in long (VW/SE)
by 2.5 m wide, and from 1.0 to 1.3 m in height. A lower tier abutted the main terrace in the cent zr of the
southwest wall. This tier measured c. 3.0 in long (NW/SE) by 2.8 m wide, and from 0.85 to 00 m tall.
The terrace was constructed of stacked and pohochoe cobbles and boulders. The surface was level.
The eastern side of the terrace was disturbed, evidenced by the presence of a large bulldozer
pushpile. No portable remains were observed at the site by Jensen, though the size and nature of the
structure indicate a probable temporary habitation function. A plan view of this site is presented in Jensen
(1990:19).
Site 14235
This site was a large enclosure located in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry
Street. It was formed by four walls, each of which have been previously assigned STEP site numbers.
These walls include Sites 14239 on the north, 19485 on the south, 14232 on the east, and 630: on the
west, which are individually described elsewhere in this section. This enclosure was assigned a site
number by Wulzen et al. (1996:30). According to Wulzen et al.:
The constituent walls of Site 14235 were not built concurrently with one
another. The sequence of construction began with the Great Wall of
Kunkini, in the first half of the 19th Century, followed by walls 14232 and
19485, which were probably built in the latter half of the 19th century or
early 20th century. The 14239 wall was the last to be built and was
probably constructed in conjunction with Palani Road. (1996:30).
Site 14238
Site 14238 is a complex of temporary habitation features initially recorded by Jensen (1990:20). The
site is in the western portion of the project area, at the c. 255 -foot elevation. Jensen's documented
features include a terrace (Feature A), an enclosure (Feature B), and a cupboard (Feature C) but his site
map also indicates a modified outcrop and a mound. The terrace, enclosure, and cupboard were examined
during the study and determined to be components of a single site, though the modified outcrop was re-
interpreted as an element of the Kona Field System (Site 6601, Feature 44). The mound .vas not
relocated. Figure 2.4.3 depicts the Site 14238 features.
F21
O
\ Feature C
1.4.5 Plan Yiew o
Site 14238
FSA
0 �,m
■ Unit Excavated by Jensen (1990)
O Rock
—77
iin Bedrock
Feature A is a terrace built on the north and northwest side of a low pahoehoe outcrop. The feature is
L-shaped, with one leg measuring c. 3.8 in long (NE/SW) and the other 2.5 m longN r W/SSE). These
legs range in width from 1.0 to 1.6 in, and in height from 0.4 to 0.65 m. The feature is built of stacked
pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and the surface of the terrace is uneven and unpaved.
There is an area of soil adjacent to the terrace to the northwest. Jensen excavated a 0.5 sq m test unit
within this soil area (TU -3). Approximately 0.2 in of a brown silt loam was encountered within this unit.
No cultural remains were present, and bedrock was present below the deposit.
Feature H is an oval enclosure c. 5.5 m northeast of Feature A. Jensen describes this feature a C -
shape, though this is clearly not the case. The interior of the enclosure measures c. 3.7 m long (NE/SW)
by 1.7 m wide. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and are 0.9 to 1.45 m wide
and 0.35 to 0.55 in tall. Soil is present within the enclosure and Jensen excavated two 0.5 sq m test units
within the interior (TU -1 and -2). The excavation of these units revealed 0.11 to 0.3 m of a d, rk brown
silt loam over bedrock. Volcanic glass flakes were recovered from both of these units.
Feature C is a cupboard c. adjacent to Feature A to the northwest. The feature was c eated by
propping up a large pahoehoe slabs with cobbles and boulders, forming an enclosed space which is 1.5 m
long, 0.45 m wide and 0. l to 0.3 m tall. No soil or portable remains were observed inside the cupboard.
Site 14238 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site, based on the size and natue of the
component features. The Feature C cupboard likely functioned as a storage feature in conjunction with
the prehistoric use of this site, based on its formal type.
Site 14239
Site 14239 is a wall which borders the south and southeastern sides of Palani Road. The wall has
been documented by Jensen (1990:22), Rosendohl (as Site T -I) (1993:5) and Wulzen et it. (1996:30-31).
The wall's association with Palani Road suggests that it was likely built following the road construction
and is therefore modem.
The portion of Site 14239 within the project area is c. 1,147.25 m in length, and extends to the
northeast out of the project area. The wall is built of stacked and core -filled pahoehoe cobbles and
boulders, and ranges in width and height from 0.8 to 1.1 m. There are numerous breaks in the will, likely
attributable to modem bulldozing. Table 2.4.5 summarizes the characteristics of this wall, and Figure
2.4.9 illustrates an intact section.
Site 14244
Site 14244 is a short segment of wall first recorded by Jensen, located in the northwest cosier of the
project area (1990:23). The wall is crudely built of piled pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and is 14.9 m
long, 1.2-1.5 m wide, and 0.5 m in height. This wall is situated c. 10 m south of wall Site 142.49, and is
oriented parallel to it. No portable remains were found in association with it.
Site 19485
Site 19485 is a wall in the western portion of the project area, west of Henry Street. It was originally
recorded by Rosendahl as Site T-2 (1973:5), and revisited by Wulzen et at (1996:31). Wul,= et al.
identified the wall as extending east from the Great Wall of Kuakini (Site 6302), to wall site 14232.
Inspection of this site during the study indicates that most of this wall has been destroyed by the recent
construction of Henry Street.
53
Table 2.4.5 Summary of Wall Site 14239
Segment
H W
L
Vertical
Horizontal
collapse
to east
$
(m) (m)
(m)
courses
courses
Construction
status Comment
1
05 0.8
40
2-3
2-4
Stacked, core -filled
Top wall collapse From west end o wall to east
2
0.4 1.3
Al
1-3
5-6
Stacked
Only base intact
3
Wall missing
24
4-5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
Bulldozed
4
1.1 0.9
148
4-6
3-4
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
5
1.2 0.7
47
4-7
4-6
Stacked. core -filled
Minor top wall collapse
6
Wall missing
10
3-5
Sucked
Top wall collapse
7
0.6 1.2
6
3.4
5-7
Stacked
Top wall collapse To center of Wall Site 6302
8
0.8 0.9
8
3-5
2-5
Sucked, core -filled
Minor top wall From center of Wall Site 6302
An intact section of Site 19485 was identified during the project, originating at Site 6302 and
extending to the east for c. 18.0 m. The wall is stacked and core -filled, built of pdhochoe cobbles and
boulders. It is c. 0.9 m wide (4-6 courses) and 1.3 in in height (5-7 courses). Wulzen et al. note the
presence of concrete incorporated into the wall, though this was not observed during the project.
Numerous photographs of this wall are presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:32-37)..
Site 19486
Site 19486 is a complex of features located just east of Henry Street. The site ww initially
designated Site T-5 by Rosendahl (1973:5), and subsequently examined by Wulzen et al., and assigned its
current SIHP number (1996:31-45). The site, as described by Wulzen, included three features, including a
J-shaped wall (Feature A), a modified depression (Feature B) and a modified outcrop. An examination of
this site during the study indicates that Feature B is an agricultural feature associated with the Site 6601
Kona Field System Complex. Feature B has been redesigned as Feature 64 of this site, and is discussed in
a preceding section. An excellent map of this site is presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:38).
54
collapse
to east
9 Wall missing
84
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed
10 Henry Street
25
-
-
-
-
I I Wall missing
47
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed
12 1.1 0.9
37
4-6
4-5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
13 0.6 1.0
22
3-5
4-6
Sucked
Top wall collapse
14 1.0 0.8
6
4-6
4-5
Sucked, core -filled
Inuct
15 0.7 1.0
8
3-4
3-5
Sucked
Top wall collapse
16 0.8 0.8
21
4-6
4-6
Sucked, core -filled
Minor top wall collapse
17 Wall missing
16
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed
18 1.0 1.1
21
3-4
4-6
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
19 Wall missing
5
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed
20 0.8 0.9
69
3-5
3-4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
To north/south jeg
21 0.8 0.8
2
3-S
3-4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
North/south jog
22 1.1 0.8
213
4-6
3-5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
From north/souti jog to east
23 Wall missing
17
-
-
-
-
Bulldozed
24 0.9 1.0
74
4-6
4-5
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
25 OS 1.6
8
1-3
7-10
Stacked
Only base intact
26 LI 0.8
109
4-6
4-6
Stacked, core -filled
Intact
27 Wall missing
17.3
-
-
-
-
Road leading into beehive area
28 0.8 0.7
22
4-5
3-4
Stacked
Minor top wall collapse
29 0.8 0.8
2
3-4
3-4
Sucked, core -filled
Intact
30 Wall missing
145
-
-
-
-
To extreme east end of project
area
An intact section of Site 19485 was identified during the project, originating at Site 6302 and
extending to the east for c. 18.0 m. The wall is stacked and core -filled, built of pdhochoe cobbles and
boulders. It is c. 0.9 m wide (4-6 courses) and 1.3 in in height (5-7 courses). Wulzen et al. note the
presence of concrete incorporated into the wall, though this was not observed during the project.
Numerous photographs of this wall are presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:32-37)..
Site 19486
Site 19486 is a complex of features located just east of Henry Street. The site ww initially
designated Site T-5 by Rosendahl (1973:5), and subsequently examined by Wulzen et al., and assigned its
current SIHP number (1996:31-45). The site, as described by Wulzen, included three features, including a
J-shaped wall (Feature A), a modified depression (Feature B) and a modified outcrop. An examination of
this site during the study indicates that Feature B is an agricultural feature associated with the Site 6601
Kona Field System Complex. Feature B has been redesigned as Feature 64 of this site, and is discussed in
a preceding section. An excellent map of this site is presented in Wulzen et al. (1996:38).
54
Feature A is a 1 -shaped wall comprising two contiguous segments: a slightly curved wall at the
southern end and a rubble mound at the northern end. The curved wall is2.7 m long, 0.4 to 0.8 in wide,
and 0.7 to 0.95 m tall. The wall is built of stacked pahochoc cobbles and boulders. An area of soil is
located on the eastern side of this wall segment.
The mound forming the northern end of the feature measures c. 1.82 in long by 1.7 m wide, by I.1 in
tall. The mound is constructed of stacked and piled cobbles and boulders. There is a slightly recessed area
in the center which may have originally formed an enclosure, though its current state of collapse; makes
this difficult to determine.
There is a small cupboard -like space between the two sections of this feature. It is formed beneath a
low outcrop, and is c. 1.0 in long, 0.5 in wide, and 0.3 m in height.
Wulzen et al. excavated a 0.5 sq in test unit (TU -2) adjacent to the northwest end of the mound
portion of the feature (1996:39 and 41). The excavation of this unit revealed 0.08 in (0-8 cmbd) of a very
dark brown silt loam with large quantities of metal fragments and marine shell (Layer 1). Tris was
underlain by c. 0.35 m (8-43 cmbd) of a very dark gray silt loam with metal, marine shell, kukr:i nut, a
coral manuport, charcoal, and a bone fishhook tab (Layer II). The excavation of this unit was terninated
on several large boulders.
55
Feature C is a modified outcrop 2.0 in southeast of Feature A. This feature is 2.0 m long
(NNE/SSW), 1.8 m wide and, 0.7 in tall, and consists of four pahoehoe boulders placed over a domed
outcrop, forming a slight overhang. Cobbles and boulders have been placed within the boulders to fill in
the gaps. Soil is present within and in front of this feature.
A second unit (TU -4) was placed outside of the overhang to the north by Wulzen et al (1996:43 and
45). This unit evidenced c. 0. 1 m (0-10 cmbd) of a very dark brown duff/silt loam layer, which contained
no cultural remains (Layer 1). This was underlain by 0.06 m (10-16 cmbd) of a very dark gray silt loam,
with marine shell, non -human mammal bone, metal, anti charcoal. Bedrock was encountered below Layer
IL
Site 19486 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the relatively sma I size of
the component features and the lack of substantial construction. The metal recovered from both units may
suggest this site was utilized post -contact, or this material may have been secondarily deposi!ed from
above.
Site 19487
Site 19487 is a wall in the western portion of the project area, east of Henry Street. It .vas first
identified by Rosendahl as Site T-6 (1993:5), and revisited by Wuizen et al. (1996:46). The wall initially
originated on the south side of Site 14239 (a wall) and extended c. 103 in to the south/stutheast.
However, construction activity associated with Henry Street has destroyed the northern 10.0 in of the
wall. The remaining intact portion is c. 93 in long, and measures a uniform c. 1.2 m wide and 1.2 m in
height. The wall is in good condition, constructed of boulders stacked 5-6 courses tall, and 3-4 course
wide, with cobble and pebble core -filling. Numerous photographs of Site 19487 is illustrated in Wulzen
etal. (1996:47-52)..
Site 21462
Site 21462 is a cave within a lava blister, in the southwestern comer of the project area. The top of
the blister is c. 1.3 in above the surrounding ground surface. The entrance consists of an oval-shaped hole
in the surface of the blister (1.0 in by 0.8 m), with a 1.3 in drop to the interior floor. The interior of the
cave is irregular in plan view, and is 8.15 m long (ENE/WSW) by 6.25 in wide. The ceiling heights range
from 0.3 to 1.25 m. Soil is present inside the cave, and a single kukui nut was noted on the surface.
Figure 2.4 10 depicts the Site 21462 cave.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was dug into this soil deposit during the project. EL 1854-1
evidenced 0.16 to 0.23 m (0-23 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam (Layer l). Cultural remains
recovered from this layer included marine shell, kukui nut, volcanic glass, and non -human mamtnal bone
(Table 2.4.6. This was underlain by 0.02 to 0.05 in (23-28 cmbd) of a yellowish brown, culturally sterile
silt, over bedrock. The stratigraphy present within this unit is also presented in Figure 2.4.10.
The size and nature of this site suggest a temporary habitation function. The results of scbsurface
testing indicates that the soil deposit within the cave is associated with its occupation.
Site 21463
Site 21463 is a complex of two features situated near the southwestern comer of the project area..
This site contains the remnants of a crudely constructed enclosure (Feature A), and a large historic
artifact scatter (Feature A). This area appears to have been extensively bulldozed, which has likely
resulted in the partial destruction of Feature A.
M
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57
Table 2.4.6. Site 21462, EV -1, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genustspecies Layer I
NISP MINI
Gastropod
Conidae
0.91 1 1
Gastropod
Cypraeidae
0.28 N I
Gastropod
Non -marine
0.09 k I
Vegetal
Aleurites moluccana
6.08 1 1 1
Artifact
Volcanic glass
1.26 1 1
Mammal
Medium artiodactyl
14.39 1 1
*AU weights are in grams
The Feature A enclosure consists of a linear wall constricted of stacked and piled pahoeho., cobbles
and boulders, measuring 14.7 in long (NW/SE), 0.7 to 1.0 m wide (3-4 courses), and 0.65 to 0.8 m in
height (3-4 courses). There is a c. 2.1 in wide gap near the center of this wall. There are three piled
cobble and boulder walls extending perpendicularly to the northeast from this main wall. The first is
located at the southeast end of the main will. It is 1.9 m long (NE/SW), 0.65 in wide, and 0.6- to 0.85 m
in height, and is built of piled cobbles, 3-5 courses tall and 2-3 courses wide. The second wall is located
2.7 m northwest of the first perpendicular wall. It is c. 2.3 m long (NE/SW), 0.75 to 1.2 m wide (3-4
courses), and 0.65 to 1.0 m tall (3-5 courses). The final perpendicular wall is situated at the northeast end
of the main wall. It is c. 1.7 m long (NE/SW), 0.6 in wide (2-3 courses), and 0.75 m in height (4-5
courses)
The northwest and northeast sides of the enclosure are open, likely destroyed by bulldozer a, tivity. A
large pushpile of boulders and cobbles is located adjacent to the enclosure to the southeast. There are
numerous automobile parts, bottles and other debris incorporated into this pushpile. This enclosure is
interpreted as a probable historic animal pen due to the height of the walls and its proximity to other
livestock control features. Feature A is depicted in Figure 2.4.11.
Feature B is a large surface and subsurface scatter of historic debris, encompassing an area (f 60.0 m
(E/W) by 50.0 m (NUS). Junked cars, bottles, tin cans and other debris were scattered on th_ ground
surface throughout the area (Figure :.4.12). Pits and exposed cutbanks reveal that these materials extend
to depths of more than 1.2 m below surface. The presence of historic trash in both surface and
subsurface contexts indicates that this is likely the location of a dump site.
Examination of the numerous items in the dump is not feasible for inventory survey. A sma_I sample
of complete bottles (n=5) was examined to determine possible date ranges of deposal at the dump. Based
on the neck finish, glass color, manufacturer, and embossing, all five bottles could have been created as
early as 1880 (Fike 1987; Munsey 1970; Toulouse 1972). Cars built in the 1930s are also in the dump,
suggesting that the area was used for disposal at least until circa World War 11.
Site 21464
Site 21464 is a platform in the western portion of the project area, at the c. 258 ft elevation. The
platform is built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders, and is 5.0 m long (E/W) by 4.8 m wide, and
0.7 m tall. The surface is uneven and is crudely paved with cobbles and small boulders. This site is
depicted in Figure 2.4./3.
W
Site 21463
Feature A
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PusbpIle � 1
Figure 2.4.11 Plan View of Site 21463, Feature A
59
There is a cupboard situated on top of the platform, consisting of an oval depression, 0.75 m long,
0.7 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.5 m deep. A pdhoehoe slab has been placed horizontally over the depression,
partially enclosing the cupboard. No portable remains were present within the cupboard or on the surface
of the platform.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m unit was excavated into the platform during the study (EU 1854-6). The excavation
of this unit revealed an architectural layer of loosely packed pdhoehoe cobbles and boulders, 0.46 to 0.58
m thick (8 cmad-52 cmbd). Cultural remains within this layer included waterworn pieces of basalt and
coral. A brown, very fine powdery silt deposit (Layer 11) was encountered below the architectural layer.
This deposit measured 0.1 to 0.22 m thick (45-70 cmbd) and contained no cultural remains. Bedrock was
present below Layer 11. Figure 2.4. /3 also illustrates the stratigraphy noted in EU 1854-6.
Site 21464 is interpreted as a temporary habitation platform, based on its size and formal type. The
excavation of EU 1854-6 indicates that the structure was built during a single construction episcde, and
that the Layer 11 soil deposited naturally, prior to the erection of the platform.
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Site 21465
Site 21465 consists of two adjacent raised platforms that are constructed of stacked and mortared
pahochoe cobbles and boulders. The site is situated in the western portion of the project area, east of
Henry Street. Feature A is rectangular and measures c. 15.5 in long (NNW/SSE) by 9.5 in wide. The
sidewalls are vertical and are from 0.25 to 0.87 in in height. The surface of the platform is c. 0.1 in below
the top of the sidewalls and is covered by a thin laver of mortar. Sections of one -inch white °VC pipe
and pipe fittings are present on and around the feature.
Feature B is c. 5.0 in north of Feature A. This platform is not as well defined as Feature A, but
evidences similar construction. It consists of a rectangular section which is 12.5 in long (NNR/SSE) by
6.2 in wide, ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.5 in. There is a possible entryway along the south wall, near
the southwest comer; this wall is c. 5.0 in long by 3.2 in wide. A rectangular depression is situated c. 3.5
in north of this entry, measuring c. 3.0 in Ione, 2.4 in wide, and 0.3 m deep below the surface of the
platform. Milled lumber and PVC pipe were present on the structure.
The nature of these platforms, their portable remains, and their style of construction indi :ates that
they functioned as structural foundations, likely supporting wooden structures. The presence of the PVC
pipe further suggests a modem origin.
Site 21466
Site 21466 is a small blister cave in approximately the center of the project area, north of Site 14239,
a wall, and south of Palani Road. The blister has collapsed on the northwest side, exposing a domed
interior. The entrance is 3.5 in long by 1.35 in tall, with the interior measuring c. 4.5 in long (NS) by 2.3
m wide. The interior ceiling heights ranee from 0.3 to 0.9 in. Soil is present within the cave and one
kukui nut was noted. Site 21466 is depicted in Figure 2.4.14.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was dug within this soil deposit during the study. The excavation of
EU 1854-7 yielded two cultural deposits over bedrock. Layer I consisted of 0.14 to 0.21 in (0-21 cmbd)
of a very dark grayish brown silt loam including kukui nut, marine shell and non -human mammal bone
(Table 2.4.7). Two radiocarbon dates were generated from the unit matrix, and another from the pit
feature described below. Charred material from 10 to 20 embs dates (Beta # 119401) yielded a calibrated
range of A.D. 1680 to 1940. The calibrated date range for material from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # 119402)
is A.D. 1440 to 1950.
Site 21467
Site 21467 is a terrace built against a pahoehoe outcrop, with a small blister on the top. The site is
situated near the center of the project area at the c. 345 -foot contour. The terrace is buil on the
southwestern side of the outcrop, and is 3.5 in long (NE/SW) by 2.25 m wide. There is a relatively level
area at the northeast end, though the majority of the terrace slopes to the southwest. The southwest side is
built up with a stacked pahoehoe cobble and boulder wall, 0.8 in in height. Marine shell and kukui nut
were collected from the surface of the terrace.
62
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There is an open lava blister on top of the outcrop, at the northwest end. The opening into the blister
is 0.8 m long by 0.6 in wide, and there is a vertical drop of 0.85 m to the interior floor. The inside of the
cave is 2.25 in long (E/W) by 1.8 to 2.1 in wide. The ceiling height ranges from 0.35 to 0.9 m. There is a
small skylight (0.35 by 0.35 m) at the western end of the cave. No portable remains were present within
the interior.
There were several crude mounds of piled cobbles and boulders on the surface of the outc op. One
was on the northwestern end and was 2.3 m long (NW/SE), 1.4 m wide, and 0.8 m tall. Anothe was at
the northeast end and measured c. 4.0 m long (E/W) by 0.5 to 1.75 m wide and 0.65 in tall. Ne cultural
materials were found in association with either mound. Figure 2.4. 15 illustrates Site 21467.
Subsurface testing was undertaken on and around the terrace to determine its function. EL 1854-8
was a 0.5 by 1.0 m unit situated on the level area on top of the terrace. This unit revealed an arcl-itectural
laver of loosely packed pahoe/toe cobbles and boulders, 0.21-0.31 in thick (6-51 cmbd). No cultural
remains were present. The layer was underlain by a very dark grayish brown silt loam soil, 0.08 t t 0.49 m
thick (37-86 cmbd). A variety of portable remains were recovered from this layer, including marine shell,
kukui nut, sea urchin, non -human mammal bone, fish bone, bird bone, charcoal, and basalt flakes (Table
2.4.8). Bedrock was encountered below Laver 1I. The stratigraphy noted in EU 1854-8 is also Presented
in Figure 2.4.15.
Table 2.4.8 Site 21467, EU -8, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genusispeciea Surface Layer II Total
WN NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI
Gastropod
Cellana sp -
- - S.31
4
1 5.2 1
4 1
Gastropod
Conus sp. -
- - 1.45
2
1?5
2 1
Gastropod
Cypraea sp. 9.05
4 4 86.49
41
19 95_54
45 23
Gastropod
Nerna Picea -
- - 0.45
2
2 0.45
2 2
Gastropod
Thaididae -
- - .65
1
1 .E5
1 1
Bivalve
Isognomonidae -
- - 5.39
8
1 5.39
8 1
Bivalve
Unidentified -
- - .38
2
I .38
2 1
Echinoid
2.18
V 1 17.23
140
1 19! 1
141 1
Crustacean
-
- - .39
3
1 9
3 1
Fish
Acanthuridae -
- - 59
1
1 59
1 1
Fish
Holocentridae -
- - .24
1
1 .24
1 1
Fish
Scaridae -
- - S9
1
1 59
1 1
Fish
Unidentified -
- - .63
17
1 .f 3
17 1
Bird
Buteo solitarius -
- - .15
1
1 As
I I
Bird
Medium procellariidae -
- - 1.85
1
1 115
1 1
Mammal
Canis familiars -
- - 53
1
1 53
1 1
Mammal
Rattus exulans -
- - .20
2
1 2
2 1
Mammal
Sus scrofa -
- - 1.66
2
1 Lf 6
2 1
Mammal
Small to medium or medium -
- - 0.08
1
1 0.08
1 1
mammal
Mammal
Small to medium 8/or -
- - 1.28
4
1 1.:8
4 1
medium mammal
Mammal
Medium mammal -
- - .69
1
1 .k9
1 1
Vegetal
Aleurites moluccana 4.7
2 - 20.35
21
- 24.-2
23 -
Vegetal
Charcoal -
- - 0.02
2
- .02
2 -
Basalt
Flake -
- - 2.09
1
- 2.09
1 -
Artifact
Modified/cut bone -
- - 2.96
6
- 296
6 -
-All weights art in grams
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A second unit was excavated at this site, located adjacent to the terrace wall, on the southwest side
(EU 1854-11). This 0.5 by 1.0 in unit evidenced two soil layers overlying bedrock. Layer I was 0.18 to
0.2 in thick (0-20 embd) of a very dark brown silt loam. Kukui nuts were present within this deposit.
Layer 11 was 0.02 to 0.06 in thick (20-26 embd) and consisted of a black silt loam containing marine shell
(Table 2.4.9). Figure j.4. 15 depicts the stratigraphy identified within this unit.
Table 2.4.9 Site 21467, EU -11, Inventory of Material Remains
TypelFamily Genus/species Layer I Layer 11 Total
Wt* NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI
Gastropod Cypraea sp. - - - 5.37 2 2 S.27 2 2
Vegetal Aleurites moluccana 2.72 4 - - - - 2.72 4 -
*AII weights are in grams
Site 21467 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the site's size and formal
type. The excavation of EU 1854-8 indicates that the terrace was built in a single construction episode.
However, the presence of the cultural layer beneath the architecture, and the stratified deposits noted in
EU 1854-11 suggests that this location was likely occupied prior to the construction of the surface
feature. It is probable that the small cave may have functioned as a storage area in conjunction with the
use of the terrace.
Site 21468
Site 21468 is a small blister cave on the western side of a pahoehoe outcrop. The site is in the east -
central portion of the project area, at the 370 -foot contour. The entrance faces the west and is 2.25 in long
(NE/SW) by 0.7 to 0.9 m tall. The interior is domed -shaped and is 2.75 m long (NE/SW) by 1.:!5 in wide.
Soil is present inside the cave. No portable remains were noted.
There is a stacked pahoehoe cobble wall outside of the cave, c 0.9 in west of the dripline This wall
is 3.1 m long (NE/SW), 2.0 in wide, and 0.4 in in height. The stones are stacked 2-3 courses till and 6-8
wide. Site 21468 is depicted in Figure 2.4.16.
A 0.5 by 1.0 m excavation unit was placed beneath the dripline. EU 1854-15 revealed a 0 07 to 0.22
m thick (0-22 cmbd) layer of very dark brown silt loam. Marine shell was recovered from this deposit
(Table 2.4.10), and bedrock was encountered below it. A stratigraphic profile of this unit is also presented
in Figure 2.4.16. Site 21468 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This interpretation is based on
the site's formal type, and one the presence of cultural remains.
Table 2.4.10 Site 21468, EU -15, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer I
Wt* NISP MNI
Gastropod Cypraeidae 0.66 1 1
*All weights are in grams
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Site 21470
Site 21470 is an enclosure on the northwestern side of a low paboeboe lava blister. It consists of two
parallel walls which range in length from 1.25 to 1.35 m, and are 0.4 to 0.6 in wide (1-3 courses) and
0.45 to 0.7 m tall (2-4 courses). The walls are made of stacked cobbles and are spaced c. 1.1 nr apart,
creating the enclosed space between them and the blister. The enclosure is open to the Northwest.
Exposed bedrock is present on the floor of the enclosure and no portable remains were noted.
There is a small opening into the lava blister at the southeast side of the enclosure. This oprning is c.
0.9 in wide and 0.55 in deep, with a ceiling height of 0.25 in. Windblown soil over bedrock is )resent in
the interior. No portable remains were present. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary
habitation.
Site 21471
One site identified during the study is interpreted as a boundary feature. Site 21471 is a nicely
constructed wall which forms the southern boundary in the eastern two-thirds of the project area. This
nrauka-umkai wall is situated on the boundary between Keahuolu and Lanihau and is 602 in long. It is
core -filled and built of boulders and cobbles stacked to form a wall 0.69 to 0.9 in wide (3-6 courses) and
0.96 to 1.1 in tall (3-7 courses). The western end of this wall has been destroyed, likely during
construction of a ]rousing subdivision in this area, and has been replaced by a chain-link fence. Table
2.4. 11 summarizes the characteristics of this wall, and Figure 2.4.17 illustrates an intact section.
rue
Table 2.4.11 Summary of Wall Site 21471
Segment H W L Vertical Horizontal
I No - 210 -
- - -
Cyclone Fence - &tends east from
wall
sidewalk at Henri Street
2 LI 0.9 4 3-5
44 Stacked, core -filled Intact
From cyclone fence to center of Wall
Site 14231
3 1 0.7 458 3.7
3-6 Stacked, core -filled Inoct
From center of Wall Site 14231 to
center of Wall Siie 14225
4 1.1 0.8 141 5-8
34 Stacked, core -filled Intact
From Wall Site 11225 to east end of
Project area
Site 21472
Site 21472 is a C -shape. It is built on top of a pahoehoe outcrop and is open to the eastinortheast.
The interior of the enclosure is c. 1.25 m long by 1.25 to wide and the walls are built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders. The walls range in width from 0.50 to 0.75 in (2-5 courses) and from 0. W to 1.30
m high (3-6 courses). Exposed bedrock is present on the interior of the enclosure and no portable remains
were observed. Site 21472 is illustrated in Figure 2.4.18. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
FIM
Site 2 14 73
Site 21473 is a C -shape first recorded during the current survey. This enclosure is built cn top of a
pahoehoe outcrop c. 2.5 in in height above the surrounding ground surface. The entrance to the enclosure
faces the east/southeast, and the interior measures c. 2.0 in long (E/W) by 1.4 in wide. The wars are built
of stacked pahoehoe boulders and cobbles, and are 0.50 to 0.75 in wide (2-4 courses) and 0.45 to 0.80 in
tall (2-5 courses). Exposed bedrock is present on the floor of the enclosure. A large piece of black plastic
was wedged into the rocks near the base of the wall along the southern interior side. Figaro 2.4./9
depicts Site 21473. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
Site 21474
Site 21474 is a complex of three features in the eastern portion of the project area, at 411i to 425 ft
AMSL. The site consists of two enclosures (Features A and B), and a C -shape (Feature C. The site
encompasses 720.0 sq in, and is illustrated in Figure 2.4.20.
71
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Feature A is a small oval enclosure with interior dimensions of 2.8 m (WNW/ESE) by 1 85 m. The
enclosure is open to the east and the walls are built of stacked pdhoehoe cobbles and boulders The walls
range in width from 0.65 to 0.75 m (2-4 courses) and in height from 0.25 to LO m (1-5 courscs). Soil is
present within the interior.
Subsurface testing was undertaken within and around Feature A. EU 1854-16 was excavated within
the enclosure. This 0.5 by LO m unit evidenced 0.06 to 0.16 in (9-29 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt
loam (Layer 1). Portable remains within this depositincluded kukui nut, marine shell, sea urchin, and
volcanic glass (Table 2.4.12). Layer 11 was a dark grayish brown silt loam 0.11 to 027 m in thickness
(26-53 cmbd). Marine shell, fish bone, sea urchin, charcoal, volcanic glass, and kukui were recovered
from this layer. A stratigraphic profile of EU 1854-16 is presented in Figure 2.4?0. Charted material
from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # 11403) yielded a range of calibrated dates from A.D. 1525 to 1950
Table 2.4.12 Site 21474-A, EU -16, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer I Layer 11 Total
Wt* NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI Wt NISP MNI
Gastropod
Cellana sp.
10.02
5
1
1.49
10
4
11.51
15
5
Gastropod
Conidae
4.80
4
1
3.91
9
1
8.71
13
2
Gastropod
Cypraeidae
10.27
12
4
21.50
21
4
31.77
33
8
Gastropod
Nerita picea
2.66
8
8
6.52
24
21
9.18
32
29
Gastropod
Thaididae
2.80
9
3
1.76
6
1
4.56
IS
4
Gastropod
Unidentified gastropod
2.08
7
1
8.27
32
1
10.35
39
2
Bivalve
Isognomonidae
0.90
5
3
4.00
31
9
4.90
36
12
Bivalve
Unidentified bivalve
-
-
0.37
1
1
0.37
1
1
Echinoid
2.19
II
1
15.39
95
1
17.58
106
2
Crustacean
-
-
-
0.27
2
1
0.27
2
1
Fish
Unidentified
-
-
0.53
3
1
0.53
3
1
Vegetal
Aleurites moluccana
0.54
1
1
-
-
-
0.54
1
1
Artifacts
Volcanic glass
5.74
9
9
8.39
13
10
14.13
22
19
Charcoal
-
0.24
3
-
0.24
3
-
'All weights are in grams
A second 0.5 by 1.0 m unit was excavated outside the enclosure, 0.5 m to the west. EIJ 1854-21
revealed 0.02 to 0.19 m (0-19 cmbd) of a very dark brown silt loam, with marine shell, sea urchin, and
volcanic glass [lakes (Layer I)(Table 2.4.13). This was underlain by 0.04 to 0.15 m (21-40 cmbd) of a
black silt loam (Layer 11). Cultural material from this layer consisted of marine shell, coral, sea urchin,
and volcanic glass flakes. Bedrock was present below Layer IL Figure 2.4.20 also depicts the stratigraphy
of this unit. Charred material from 20 to 40 cmbs (Beta # l 19404) yielded a calibrated date range of
A.D. 1410 to 1665.
73
Table 2.4.13 Site 21474-A, EU -21, Inventory of Material Remains
Type/Family Genus/species Layer I Layer II Total
*All weights are in grams
Feature B is a large rectangular enclosure c. 12.0 m northeast of Feature A. It is c. 19.0 in long
(NNW/SSE) by 17.0 m wide and is built of stacked and piledpahoehoe cobbles and boulders 0.8 to 2.7 m
wide (4-8 courses), and 0.3 to 0.6 m tall (1-3 courses). The interior has some soil but most of it is
weathered pahoehoe. No portable remains were observed.
Feature C is a small, C -shape adjacent to the southeast comer of Feature B. This enclosure is open to
the west and has internal dimensions of 1.6 m (E/W) by 1.3 m. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders, 0.7 to 0.8 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.5 to 0.7 m tall (2-4 courses). A small amount
of soil is present inside the enclosure and several kukui nut fragments were observed.
Site 21474 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based the size and nacre of the
Feature A and C enclosures. Feature B is interpreted as a possible animal enclosure, used in conjunction
with the habitation features. This is supported by the large size of the enclosure. The low walls of this
feature suggest that cattle were likely not penned inside, and is likely not historic.
Site 21475
Site 21475 was identified during the project as a C -shape. This enclosure is built on top of a bedrock
outcrop, which measures c. 0.5 m above the surrounding ground surface. The enclosure is open to the
west/northwest, and the interior measures c. 1.6 m long (NNE/SSW) by 1.5 m wide. The walls are
constructed of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders and are 0.4 to 0.6 m wide (2-3 courses) and 0.45 to
1.05 m tall (3-5 courses). Soil is present in the interior of the enclosure though no cultural remains were
observed. Site 21475 is presented in Figure 2.4.2/. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
74
Wt*
NISP
MNI
Wt
NISP
MNI
Wt
NISP
MNI
Gastropod
Cellana sp.
-
-
-
2.13
7
1
2.13
7
1
Gastropod
Conidae
4.61
4
1
9.65
8
1
14.26
12
2
Gastropod
Cypraeidae
12.94
10
2
48.02
26
1
60.96
36
3
Gastropod
Nerim picea
1.15
4
4
8.63
32
29
9.78
36
33
Gastropod
Thaididae
3.74
3
2
6.71
IS
2
10.45
18
4
Gastropod
Unidentified
4.31
12
1
17.12
50
1
21.43
62
2
Bivalve
Brachidontes
0.16
1
1
0.89
4
2
1.05
5
3
Bivalve
Isognomonidae
-
-
3.15
26
8
3.15
26
8
Bivalve
Tellina palatam
-
-
1.70
2
1
1.70
2
1
Echinoid
3.57
16
1
18.62
122
1
22.19
138
2
Crustacean
-
-
1.16
1
1
1.16
1
1
Artifact
Volcanic glass
10.77
10
8
19.46
32
32
30.23
42
40
Coral frag.
-
-
-
4.92
21
-
4.92
21
-
*All weights are in grams
Feature B is a large rectangular enclosure c. 12.0 m northeast of Feature A. It is c. 19.0 in long
(NNW/SSE) by 17.0 m wide and is built of stacked and piledpahoehoe cobbles and boulders 0.8 to 2.7 m
wide (4-8 courses), and 0.3 to 0.6 m tall (1-3 courses). The interior has some soil but most of it is
weathered pahoehoe. No portable remains were observed.
Feature C is a small, C -shape adjacent to the southeast comer of Feature B. This enclosure is open to
the west and has internal dimensions of 1.6 m (E/W) by 1.3 m. The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe
cobbles and boulders, 0.7 to 0.8 m wide (3-4 courses) and 0.5 to 0.7 m tall (2-4 courses). A small amount
of soil is present inside the enclosure and several kukui nut fragments were observed.
Site 21474 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based the size and nacre of the
Feature A and C enclosures. Feature B is interpreted as a possible animal enclosure, used in conjunction
with the habitation features. This is supported by the large size of the enclosure. The low walls of this
feature suggest that cattle were likely not penned inside, and is likely not historic.
Site 21475
Site 21475 was identified during the project as a C -shape. This enclosure is built on top of a bedrock
outcrop, which measures c. 0.5 m above the surrounding ground surface. The enclosure is open to the
west/northwest, and the interior measures c. 1.6 m long (NNE/SSW) by 1.5 m wide. The walls are
constructed of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders and are 0.4 to 0.6 m wide (2-3 courses) and 0.45 to
1.05 m tall (3-5 courses). Soil is present in the interior of the enclosure though no cultural remains were
observed. Site 21475 is presented in Figure 2.4.2/. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
74
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A 1.0 in by 0.5 in excavation unit was excavated into the enclosure interior during the project (EU
1854-17). This unit revealed a 0.02 to 0.07 m thick (0-7 embd) of a very dark brown silt loam overlying
bedrock. No portable remains were within this deposit. The stratigraphy identified in this unit is
illustrated in Figure 2.4.2/.
Site 21476
Site 21476 is a collapsed lava tube cave in the eastern portion of the project area, at the c. 424 ft
contour. The entrance into the tube is on the top of a low pahoehoe outcrop, and it is 1.6 in long by 0.4 in
wide, with a 125 in vertical drop to the interior. The cave is c. 13.0 in long (WNW/ESE) and from 1.5 to
3.8 in wide. The interior of the cave is a jumble of pahoehoe slabs and boulders, which appear to
represent roof fall. The cave continues to the east, through a restricted passage too narrow !'or the field
crew to manage.
The ceiling heights within the cave vary from 0.4 to 1.2 in. An area at the west end of the cave is
free of stones, though no soil is present. Several kukui nuts were found with the stone rubble. Figure
2.4.22 depicts Site 21476. This site is interpreted as a possible temporary habitation, based cn its formal
type.
Site 21477
Site 21477 is a C -shape identified during the current project. It is located on a low pahoehoe outcrop
(02-0.4 in above ground surface). The interior is c. 1.85 in long (NW/SE) by 1_5 in wide. The northeast
side of the enclosure is open, and the walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. The walls
are 0.3 to 0.7 in wide (2-4 courses) and 0.5 to 0.75 in tall (2-5 courses). Soil is present in the interior
though no cultural remains were noted. Figure ? 4 23 depicts this enclosure.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was dug into the interior of the enclosure (1854-18). The excavation
of this unit evidenced 0.18 to 0.22 in (0-27 cmbd) of a black silt loam. No cultural ma,erials were
recovered and the unit was terminated on bedrock. The stratigraphy noted in this unit is also presented in
Figure 2.4.23. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a temporary habitation.
Site 21478
Site 21478 is an oval enclosure identified during the current survey. This enclosure is constructed on
top of a low pahoehoe outcrop (0.2-0.4 in above ground surface). The interior is c. 2.7 in long (E/W) by
1.5 in wide, and the walls are 0.4 to 0.6 in wide (1-3 courses) and 0.3 to 0.9 in tall (2-5 courses). The
walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. No portable remains were noted on the ground
surface of the enclosure. This site is presented in Figure 3.4.24.
A 0.5 by 1.0 in excavation unit was placed within the enclosure to test a soil deposit (EU 1854-19).
This excavation revealed 0.02 to 0.09 in of a very dark brown, culturally sterile silt loam. Bedrock was
encountered below this soil layer. Figure 3.4.24 illustrates the stratigraphy in EU 1854-19. This site is
interpreted as a temporary habitation based on size and formal type.
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Site 21479
Site 21479 is an oval enclosure located during the current survey. This enclosure is built on the
northern side of a low pahoehoe outcrop (0.5 in tall). The interior is 1.45 in long (E/W) by ..0 in wide.
The walls are constructed of stacked pahoehoe cobbles, and are 0.6 to 0.7 in wide (2-3 courses) by 0.30
to 0.65 m high (2-3 courses). No portable remains were observed on the ground surface, though soil is
present in the interior. This site is presented in Figure 2.4.25.
EU 1854-14 was dug in the enclosure's interior. This unit evidenced 0.07 to 0.10 in (0-10 cmbd) of a
very dark brown silt loam overlying bedrock. No portable remains were recovered from this ceposit. The
section view of this unit is also presented in Figure 2.4.25. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
Site 21480
Site 21480 is a small, oval enclosure identified during the current survey. The inte-ior of this
enclosure is c. 1.65 in long (E/W) by 0.95 in wide. The walls are 0.4 to 0.6 m (2-3 courses) w ide and 0.3
to 0.55 m high (2-3 courses). The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe boulders and cobbles. A thin layer
of brown silt loam (0.02 m thick), over bedrock is present in the enclosure's interior. No portable
remains were present. Figure 2.4.26 depicts Site 21480. The size and nature of this site indicate it is a
temporary habitation.
Site 21481
Site 21481 is an oval-shaped enclosure identified during the current survey. This enclosure is
constructed on top of a low pahoehoe outcrop (0.2-0.4 m above ground surface). The interior neasures c.
1.65 in long (NI/S) by 1.2 in wide, and the walls are from 0.5 to 1.0 m wide (2-5 courses) and 0.3 to 0.9 in
tall (2-5 courses). The walls are built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and boulders. Exposed bedrock is
present in the enclosure's interior. No portable remains were noted. The size and formal type of this site
suggest it is a temporary habitation. This site is presented in Figure '.4.27.
Site 21482
One site identified during the project is interpreted as a transportation feature. Site 21482 is a trail or
path located near the eastern project area boundary. It originates at Palani Road and extends c. 105.0 m to
the east, outside of the project area. The western end is well-defined and is 2.0 in wide and paved with
'a'd cobbles and pebbles. This pavement may be of recent origin however, as numerous woodon beehives
are located at the east end of this well -paved section. To the east of the beehives, the trail is more poorly
defined, consisting of scattered stones in a roughly linear configuration.
The path intersects Palani Road where the old sisal mill was (see Figure 2.2.8). The path may have
been used during sisal operations to directly connect the mill to the upper road, or as a main it insporation
artery for the 500 acre cultivated area. It is possible that this path coopted a prehistoric tail, but the
current wide, cobble path precludes
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3. CONCLUSION
Results of the this investigation do not deviate from the expectations generated in the Kona Field
System model of settlement and land use presented in the Introduction of this report. The project area is
within the kula and contains prehistoric temporary habitations and informal agricultural feanires. There
are no heiau or burial features in the project area. Historic walls, including Kuakini Wall, an ahupua'a
boundary wall, and ranching walls, are prominent historic -era features in the project area. Portions of the
project area were also used for sisal cultivation and trash disposal during historic times.
3.1 CHANGES OVER TIME IN THE PROJECT AREA
Colonization (AD 300 to 600) and Early Expansion (AD 600 to 1100)
Periods
No permanent habitation or agricultural features were expected for this time frame, and no direct
evidence of occupation and use of the project was encountered during the inventory survey. Based on
inferences drawn from pan -island development and resource utilization models, it is suggested that
temporary habitations in near -shoreline caves may have occurred during these early stages o� use in the
Kona region. The caves in the project area are small and are over one kilometer from the shoreline, so
they are not expected to have been used during these early periods of prehistory.
Late Expansion Period (AD 1100 to 1400)
There is no direct evidence of use of the projectarea for this period. Informal agricultural features
and formal walled fields are expected farther south and in higher elevations. Trail building may occur
during this period as the upland -lowland segregation of residences and agriculture begins to take shape.
Historic -era roads are often built over older transportation routes, and it is possible that Palmi Road is
situated over an older lowland -upland trail. There is no direct evidence of a potential earlier trail in the
project area, however.
Intensification Period (AD 1400 to 1600)
The numerous informal agricultural features in the project area were not directly dated during this
project. It is likely that some were built and used during this period, but most probably date to the
subsequent period. The model indicates that agricultural features are introduced in to the kula during this
period, but they are not expected to dominate the landscape at this time, and they are more likely to be in
the lower kula near shoreline habitation (Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984). Agricultural use during this
period can be inferred through association with the radiocarbon -dated temporary habitation at Site 21474.
The calibrated range for this date is AD 1410 to 1665 with an intercept at 1475 suggesting that the
material associated with cultural activity was deposited sometime around AD 1500 (Figure 3.1.1).
Temporary habitation is presumed to be associated with agricultural activity in the kula. Permanent
habitation sites are expected for this period farther seaward, and none are present in the project area.
Sites reflecting status differentiation and ceremonial activity that was developing during this period, such
as heiau, burials, and high status residences, could occur in the kola, but none are present in the project
area.
83
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Competition Period (AD 1600 to 1779)
Population increased during this period to the point of stressing the subsistence resource base and
causing inter -group tension. It is expected that the upper and lower elevations of the kula would have
been used more extensively for agriculture. Permanent habitation in royal centers along the shoreline
was expanding, and some habitations were located in the lower kulu. There are no prehistoric permanent
habitations in the project area, however. Four radiocarbon dates (with six intercepts: 1650, 1 )55, 1680,
1745, 1805, and 1935) from the two temporary habitations that yielded charred material sulticient for
dating (2 1466 and 21474) suggest that temporary habitation was common in the project area during this
period. The expected association between temporary habitation and informal agriculture l features
suggests that many of the agricultural features within the project area are probably products ol'this time
period.
An examination of informal agricultural features has been conducted across Palani Road in Keahuolu
and Kealakehe ahupua'a (Donham 1990) for the Kealakehe Planned Community (KPC). Rock mounds
occur more frequently in higher elevations (greater than 600 feet [ 180 meters]) than at lower elevations
(below 400 feet [120 meters]) in the KPC. Pahoehoe excavations are also present in the KPC, and this
type of informal agricultural feature occurs in nearly the same frequencies at all elevations in the KPC
property. This distributional pattern is interpreted to mean that rock mounds may "reflecct a more
specialized use or a more limited range of associated cultigens than pdhoehoc excavations" (Donham
1990:20).
The current project area (referred to here as QLT) is below 460 feet (140 meters) elev rtion, and
corresponds to the lower portion of the KPC. At this elevation, the KPC has 21 p5hoehoe exca%ations, 12
rock mounds, and one modified outcrop in an area that is about ten times larger than the QI T project
area. There are 36 rock mounds, three planting areas (similar to the pahoehoe excavations), and 39
modified outcrops in the QLT project area. Because the QLT area is roughly 1/10 the size of the KPC
area, the number of QLT features can be multiplied by 10 to provide a rough estimate of a conzentration
index to compare the KPC and QLT data. Multiplying by 10 yields 360 rock mounds, 390 modified
outcrops, and 30 planting areas. Consequently, the QLT differs from the neighboring KPC in that there is
a much greater density of rock mounds and modified outcrops in the QLT. There is roughly the same
density of pahoehoc excavations/planting areas in both project areas.
The high frequency of rock mounds below 460 feet (140 meters) elevation in the QLT indicates that
the correlation between rock mounds and elevation observed in the KPC does not hold for the QLT.
Consequently, the proposed explanation for the differential distribution of rock mounds, that of a more
specialized use or limited range of associated cultigens, cannot be supported by the QLT data.
Alternatively, the distribution of soil in the KPC and QLT displays a positive correlation with the
distribution of rock mounds and modified outcrops across the two project areas. Nearly the entire KPC
area below 400 feet (120 meter) elevation is on terrain classified as Lava flows 'A 'a or Lava flows
Pahoehoe (Sato et al. 1973); soil and vegetation coverage is sparse. About 30% of the QLT is classified
as Lava flow Pahoehoe (Sato et al. 1973), and the rest is covered with Kaimu or Punaluu soils.
The examination of the distribution of informal agricultural features in the KPC and the QLT
indicates that rock mounds and modified outcrops are more likely to occur on terrain with soi , than on
terrain lacking soil. This distribution is not a function of specialized use or limited cultigen association.
Rather, the informal agricultural features are placed on terrain with soil sufficient to support cultivation
of domesticated cultigens. This interpretation is further supported by the distribution of features at higher
elevations in KPC. The greater frequency of rock mounds in higher elevations of the KPC (Donham
1990) correlates directly with the presence of Punaluu soils (Sato et al. 1973).
M
Last of the Ruling Chiefs (AD 1779 to 1819) and Merchants and
Missionaries (AD 1820 to 1847) Periods
Direct evidence in the form of early historic artifacts or clearly historic radiocarbon dates is lacking
in the project area. Kuakini Wall (6302) is the only structure that is definitely a product of the first half of
the 19th century. The informal agricultural features in the project area may have continued to be used
during this early historic time frame. The ohupua'a boundary wall (21471) may also date to this period.
The Legacy of the Great Mahele (AD 1848 to 1899)
The project area was probably not extensively used for agricultural during this period, because the
native population was greatly diminished during this time. Sisal cultivation for hemp production is
introduced near the end of this period. A sisal mill was located near the eastern end of the project area,
and may be partly represented by some of the platforms and enclosures observed near the trail site
(21482) during the inventory survey. In addition, the small C -shapes lacking soil may also be associated
with sisal cultivation or production in some way.
:More informal agricultural features occur below Kuakini Wall than above the wall (Tee Figure
2.2.1). This distribution of agricultural features could be the result of different activities and impacts to
the landform above and below Kuakini Wall during the historic period. Rocks that wt -re part of
prehistoric features may have been moved to promote sisal cultivation, as is known to have occurred in
sugar cane fields.
The historic dump (2 1463) was probably being used by the latter portion of this period. It is situated
below Kuakini Wall, suggesting that it was not part of the sisal plantation. The presence of the dump in
the lower, western portion of the project area implies that the area was abandoned, or at least not part of
sisal production. Historic -era impacts to the western part of the project area may have been limited to the
immediate vicinity of the dump and transportation routes into the dump.
Territorial Period (AD 1900 to 1959)
The sisal mill and cultivated fields were abandoned before 1920. Soon after, alien pasture grasses
were introduced in to the lower kula, facilitating cattle ranching over much of the lowland area. The
livestock control walls date to this period. Prior to 1940, Palati Road followed a different path (see
Figure 2.2.8). Palani Road above Henry Street is the same as the old Palani Road, but tha old road
followed Henry Street further down slope. The wall alongside Palani Road (14239) was probably built
when the roadway was constructed in the 1930s. The dump was used at least through the 1930:..
3.2 INITIAL SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS
Pursuant to DLNR (1996) Chapter 275-6 (d), the initial significance assessments are not final until
concurrence from the DLNR has been obtained. The findings of the project are being evaluated under the
draft state rules and regulations governing cultural resource management. Consequently, sites identified
and relocated during this survey are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules
Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR I996:Chap 275). According to the rules
referred to above, a site must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship,
feeling, and association and shall meet one or more of the following criteria:
0
(1) Criterion "a". Be associated with events that have made an important contributio 1
to the broad patterns of our history;
(2) Criterion "b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
(3) Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of
construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value;
(4) Criterion "d". Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research
on prehistory or history;
(5) Criterion "e". Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian
people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional
cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to
associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts --these associations
being important to the group's history and cultural identity.
Two sites have been destroyed by construction of Henry Street prior to this project (14232 and
14233) and these are not evaluated for significance. Wall site 14239 is evaluated as initially not
significant. It was built in the 1930s in association with the paving and modem route of Palani Road.
The site does not contain any information pertaining to important research on prehistory or history, or
meet any of the other criteria for significance. Site 21465 is the remains of a historic -era habitation with
modern construction materials (PVC) and is not initially significant under any of the criteria. Trail site
21482 is evaluated as initially not significant. It is a wide, cobble path designed for truck travel. It is
currently being used, which further compromises any integrity that it may have once held. Consequently,
it does not contain any information pertaining to important research on prehistory or history, or meet any
of the other criteria for significance.
Thirty-two (32) sites are evaluated as initially significant (Table 3.2. 1). Thirty (30) are significant
for information important for research on prehistory or history (Criterion D). The wall sites have
information important for research on the history of the changing land divisions, and on cattl: ranching
strategies and technologies. The information that makes these sites significant is contained in their
location and morphology. The habitation sites have information on the architecture and material contents
of permanent and temporary habitation structures. The information that makes these sites significant is
contained in their location, morphology, and context of material remains.
Two sites are significant for multiple criteria: the Kona Field System (6601) and Kmkini Wall
(6302). These sites have already been determined significant, are on the State Register cf Historic
Places, and have been determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places
3.3 MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Final mitigation determinations will be made in consultation with the DLNR-SHPD. Consequently,
the recommendations below should not be considered the ultimate site treatments until all required
review and consultation has transpired.
87
Table 3.1.1 Initial Significance and Recommended Mitigation
Site No. Type Function Criteria Recommended No. of
'Already detenNned as significant also eligible for listing on the NRHP.
NA= Not applicable because site has been destroyed
No Further Work
No further work is recommended for 24 sites (representing 75% of the sites evaluated as significant)
(Table 3.2. 1). For each of these sites, the information that has made them significant has been recovered
during this investigation. Information on structure morphology, location, chronology, and content has
been retrieved through photographs, maps, descriptions, historic document review, and in some cases,
test excavations and analysis of materials within the context of appropriate models of prehistory and
history.
M
Data Recovery
Data recovery is recommended for seven sites. Six sites (14228, 21462, 21466, 21467, :1468, and
21476) include a prehistoric temporary habitation in a cave. Information contained in the six sites with
temporary cave habitation can contribute to important research in prehistory. Temporary habitation in
association with informal agricultural features is expected for both the Intensification and Competition
Periods. Examination of the quantity and chronological placement of temporary habitations and informal
agricultural features is important in understanding how the kula was used during the changing cultural
developments and growing population in the region.
The temporary habitation caves are more likely to contain charred material in undisbtrbed and
uncontaminated contexts, than are the surface temporary structures and informal agricultura. features.
Data recovery in these caves can be focused on this specific research topic (chronology of 'Ise of tite
kula) by structuring the field methods to maximize retrieval of charred material for radiocarbon dating.
Investigation of alternative dating methods, such as hydration rind dating, or the value of dating
subsistence debris, could contribute to the research value.
The historic dump (21463) is also recommended for data recovery. Disposal areas are rich in
information regarding status, resource distribution, and technology. The date range for the dump site is
estimated to be from around AD 1880 to 1940. Population fluctuations, changes in agricuitural and
industrial pursuits, and influx of foreigners mark this period. The dump is expected to contain important
information regarding the research of historical resource distribution, technologies used, and ways that
the changing multi-ethnic culture in Kona is expressed through its material culture.
Preservation
Preservation is recommended for Kuakini Wall (6302).
The descriptions, evaluations, and recommended treatments above are based on the findings
generated from the previous work, surface survey, and the limited excavations described in this report.
There is always a possibility that potentially significant unidentified cultural remains will be encountered
during future development involving modification of the ground surface. Should any cultural remains be
encountered during construction, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately to ensure
compliance with all pertinent cultural resource management rules and regulations.
M
4. REFERENCES CITED
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Cordy, R. H.
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1990 Addendum Report Archaeological Inventory Survey Kealakehe Planned
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1980 Archaeological Survey, Phase I: Portions of Keauhou-Kona Resort, Keauhou and
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.TI
Hammatt, H. H., D. F. Borthwick, B. L. Colin, 1. Masterson, J. J. Robins and H. Wong -Smith
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Han, T. L., S. L. Collins, S. D. Clark, and A. Garland
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Chapter VIi. Artifacts and Manuports from the Keopu Burial Site. Departmental
Report Series 86-1. B.P. Bishop Museum. Submitted to Department of
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Hann, A. E., J. D. Henry, J. A. Jimenez, M. A. Kirkendall, K. Maly, and T. R. Wolforth
1998 Alii Highway Phased Mitigation Program Phase I - Archaeological Intensive
Survey, Summary, vol. 1. Report 1320-052798. PHRI. Submitted to County of
Hawaii.
Henry, J. D., T. R. Wolforth, and P. H. Rosendahl
1996 Archaeological Inventory Survey Hienaloli 3-4 Mauka Parcel, Lands oftlienaloli 3
and 4, North Kona District, island of Hawaii (TMK: 7-5-11:2). Report 1348-
032996. PHRI. Submitted to Maryl Development, Inc.
Hommon, R. J.
1986 Social Evolution in Ancient Hawaii. In island Societies: Archaeological
Approaches to Evolution and Transformation, edited by P.V. Kirch, pp. 55-88.
University Press, Cambridge.
Jensen, P. M.
1990 Archaeological Inventory Survey Palani Road Improvements Project. Report 771-
060690. PHRI. Submitted to Department of Public Works, Hilo.
Kaschko, M. W., and P. H. Rosendahl
1987 Full Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kealakekua Ranch Makai Land
Subdivision, Land of Kealakekua, South Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-8-2-
02:2,33). Report 244-100186. PHRI. Subminted to Kealakekua Ranch, Lid.
Kawachl, C. T.
1989 Pua'a ?: An Upland Habitation and Agricultural Complex in North Kona, Hawaii
Island. Master's thesis, University of Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu. University
Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Kelly, M.
1983 NS Mala O Kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona Hawaii.
Departmental Report Series 83-2. B.P. Bishop Museum. Submitted to Department
of Transportation, Honolulu,
Kirch, P. V.
1982 The Impact of Prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian Ecosystem. Pacific Science
36(1):1-14.
1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Innoduction to Hawaiian Arehaealogy and
Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
92
Ladefoged, T. N.
1991
Hawaiian Architectural Transformations During the Early Historic 1.ra. Asian
Perspectives 30(1):57-70.
Maly, K.
1996
Historical Documentary Research. IN Archaeological Inventory Surve) Proposed
Henry Street Extension Road Corridor, by W. Wulzen, T. R. WolfortE and L. J.
Franklin, pp. 9-19. Report 1465-092696. PHRI. Submitted to Maryl
Development, Kailua-Kona.
Munsey, C.
1970
The Illustrated Guide to Collecting Bottles. Hawthorn Books, New York.
Newman, T. S.
1970
Hawaiian Fishing and Fanning on the Island of Hawaii A.D. 1778. Department of
Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu.
O'Hare, C. R., and T. R. Wolforth
1997
Archaeological Inventay Survey of the Gaines Property Parcel, Land <fKahalui
Ist, Island of Harai'i (TAX: 3-7-5-19:5,35,40). Report 1807-101017. PHRI.
Submitted to Towne Development of Hawaii, Inc.
Rosendahl, P. H.
1993
.Archaeological Field Inspection jor the Proposed Henry Street Extension. Letter
Report 1395-081393. PHRI. Submitted to MaryI Development, Kailua-Kona.
Sato, H. H., W.
Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, .)r.
1973
Soil Survey oflslavd ofHawai'i, State of Haivai'i. U.S. Department of Agriculture -
Soil Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agriculture Experiment
Station. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Schilt, R.
1984
Subsistence and Conflict in Kona, Havai'i. An Archaeological Study of the Kuakini
Highway Realignment Corridor. Report 84-1. B.P. Bishop Museum. Submitted to
Department of Transportation, Honolulu.
Silva, C. A.
1987
Preliminary Historical Documentary Research, Land of Kealakehe, North Kona.
IN Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations of a 15 -Acre Parcel, Kealakehe,
Kona, Hawaii, by H. H. Hamman, Appendix, Cultural Surveys Hawaii. Submitted
to Mauna Lam Resort, Inc.
Tainter, J. A.
1973
The Social Correlates of Mortuary Patteming at Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii.
Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 8(1):1-11.
Tomonarl-Tuggle,
M. J.
1993
Draft Report, the .archaeology of the 'Ohi'a Preserve: An Inventory Survey of
Sur(nce Structures. IARIL Submitted to Kamehameha Investment Corporation.
Toulouse, J.
1972
Bottle Makers and their Maks. Thomas Nelson, Inc., New York.
93
Walker, A.T., and P.H. Rosendahl
1988 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Pualani Subdivision, Lands of Puapuaa I"
and fid, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-5-J7:Por.28,29). Report
367-041988. PHRI. Submitted to Pualani Development Company, Kailua-Kona.
Wolfe, E. W., and J. Morris
1996 Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
Wolforth, T. R.
1998 Data Recovery jor the New Konawaena School:Kona Field System Development in
the 'Apa'a. Report 1659-101098. PHRI. Submitted to State of Hawaii
Department of Accounting and General Services, Honolulu.
Wong -Smith, H.
1990 Historical Documentary Research. IN archaeological Inventory Survey t:ealakehe
Planned Community Project Area, by T. K. Donham, Appendix B. Rt port 652-
010890. PHRI. Submitted to Belt Collins, Honolulu.
Wulzen, W., T. R. Wolforth, and L. J. Franklin
1996 Archaeological Inventory Survey Proposed Henry Street Extension Road Corridor.
Report 1465-092696. PHRI. Submitted to Maryl Development, Kailua-Kona.
Wulzen, W., and T. R. Wolforth
1997 archaeological Inventory Survev Proposed Henry Street Extension Road Corridor.
Additional Subsurface Testing at Site 50.10-28-19486. Report 15710-012797.
PHRI. Submitted to Maryl Development, Kailua-Kona.
94
APPENDIX A:
RADIOCARBON RESULTS
A -I
(_AL11i1<A11()A Ut AAL1Ul.A1<1SU1V AUL 1 U t_ALhAVAll YLAKJ
(Variables:C13/C12=-2 7.2:lab mult.=1)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119400
Conventional radiocarbon age:
+00
a 300
m
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercepts of radiocarbon ag=e
with calibration curve:
1 siema calibrated results:
(68% probability)
160 ± 50 BP
160 t 50 BP
cal AD 1655 to 1950
cal AD 1680 and
cal AD 1745 and
cal AD 1805 and
cal AD 1935
cal AD 1670 to 1950 and
cal AD 1825 to 1835 and
cal AD 1880 to 1915
100
0
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
cal AD
References:
Pretoria Calibration Carve for Short Lived Samples
Vogel, J C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates
Talmo, A. Sand Vogel. J C, 1993. Radiocarbon 35(7), p317-377
Calibration - 1993
Snover. bf, Long, d., Kra, R. S and Devine, J ,K, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 ■ Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail.: beta4radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: C13/C12=-30.1:lab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number:
Conventional radiocarbon age:
(2 sigma, 95%a Calibrated probability)
Intercept data:
Intercepts of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
70 ± 60 BC
30'
20C
Beta -119401
70 t 50 BP
cal AD 1680 to 1755 and
cal AD 1805 to 1940
NO INTERCEPTS
cal AD 1700 to 1720 and
cal AD 1820 to 1855 and
cal AD 1860 to 1920
•--- aauu 2000 21C7
References: "1 "n
Pretoria Calibration Curve jot Short lbeaSagokr
Vogel, J. C, Full, A., VOW, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(0, p73-86
A ShnpiiJiedAppmach to Calibrating 04 Data
Tabna, A. S and Vogel, J. C, 1993. Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Callbradon - 1993
Siur er, M. Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devua, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S. W. 74th Court, Atiami, Florida 33155 a Tel: (305)667-5167 ra Fax: (305)663-0964 0 E-mail. beta`^gradi,xarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENnalz Vr A 1342
(Variables: CI3/C]2=-28.1:lab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number:
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
70
601
80(
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
280 ! 90 8P
Beta -119402
280:L 90 BP
cal AD 1440 to 1890 and
cal AD 1905 to 1950
cal AD 1650
cal AD 1495 to 1675 and
cal AD 1775 to 1800 and
cal AD 1945 to 1950
200
100
I
•""' taco 2000 21 D7
References: cal R0
Prnorta COaratum Carvejor Short Lived Sampler
Vogel, J. C., Fair, A., Vim" F and Becker, B, 1993, Radiocarbon 33(f). p73-,46
A Slmplijied Approach to Calibrating C14 Data
Ta1ma, A, S and Vogel, J. C. 1993, Radiocarbon 3512), p317.322
CaBbradon - 1993
Sn'-er bf. Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devine, J M, 1993, Radiocarbon 33O)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S. W 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Fax: (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail: betarairadi,carbon.Com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables: CIRC12=27.9:lab. mutt --l)
Laboratory Number: Beta -119403
Conventional radiocarbon age:
400
& 300
m
a
A 200
u
0
R
100
a
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
250:1: 40 BP
cal AD 1525 to 1560 and
cal AD 1630 to 1680 and
cal AD 1755 to 1805 and
cal AD 1940 to 1950
cal AD 1655
cal AD 1645 to 1670
240 ± 40 SP I --I
I euu 1600 1700 1E00 1900 2000
cel m
References:
Pretoria Calibration Curve jor Short LivedSa Wje,
Vogel J. C, FuL. A., Visser, £ and Becker. B., 1993, Radiocarbon 33(1), p73-86
A SimpliJled Approach ro Calibradng C14 Data
Talmo. A. S. and Vogel J. C. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Calibration - 1993
Stuiver, M1f., Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devine, J M., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
4985 S.W. 74th Court, ,Miami. Florida 33155 9 Tel: (305)667-5167 ■ Farr (305)663-0964 ■ E-mail: beta(4radiocarbon.com
CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR VPADC
(Variables: C13/C12=-24.8:lab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number:
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Calibrated sigma, o p results:
70
601
i 30(
400
u
0 300
R
a
100
M
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
390 2 Go ap
Beta-1 19404
390 t 80 BP
cal AD 1410 to 1665
cal AD 1475
cal AD 1435 to 1640
••�� iuu0 1900 2C00
References: Cel M
Pretoria CaBbration Curve jor Short Uved Sampks
Fogel J C, FuG, A., YWer. E and Becker. B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
A Slm 4rwd Approach to Cafibradng C14 Dates
Talmo. A. S and Yagel, J C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p317-322
Calibradon -1993
Stuiver, At. Long, A., Kr, P S and Devine. J. M. 1993, Radiocarbon 35(U
Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
95 S W 741h Court, Miami. Florida 33155 ■ Tela (305)667-5167 ■ Far: (305)663-0964 0 E-mail: beta 2radiocarbon.com
Appendix C
Botanical Survey
QLT Keahuolu Lands
36.9 -Acre Site
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District,
Hawaii
Prepared by Char & Associates
September 1998
BOTANICAL SURVEY
QLT KEAHUOLU LANDS: 36.9 -ACRE SITE
KAILUA-KONA, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, HAWAII
by
Winona P. Char
CHAR & ASSOCIATES
Botanical Consultants
Honolulu, Hawaii
Prepared for: BELT COLLINS HAWAII
September 1998
SURVEY METHODS
Prior to undertaking the field studies, a search was made of the
pertinent literature to familiarize the principal investigator
with other studies conducted in the general vicinity. Topographic
maps as well as colored aerial photographs (1" = 400') were.
examined to determine vegetation cover patterns, terrain charac-
teristics, access, boundaries, and reference points.
A walk-through (pedestrian) survey method was used. Notes were
made on plant associations and distribution, substrate types,
drainage, exposure, disturbances, topography, etc. Plant identi-
fications were made in the field; plants which could not be
positively identified were collected for later determination in
the herbarium, and for comparison with the recent taxonomic
literature.
The species recorded are indicative of the season ("rainy" vs.
"dry") and the environmental conditions at the time of the survey.
A survey taken at a different time of the year and under varying
environmental conditions would no doubt yield slight variations
in the species list, especially of the weedy, annual plants.
Woody species have been censused to a greater degree of re:.iability.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION
The substrate on the project site consists of thin organic soils
over pahoehoe lava bedrock (Sato et al. 1973). On the mauka parcel
(TMK 7-4-08: por 1), the soil is thinner and pahoehoe outc-ops
are abundant. On this parcel, the koa haole scrub is dense and
tall and trees are more numerous. Ground cover is primaril-i air
plant.
2
On the smaller, makai parcel (TMK 7-4-08: 63), the dark gray to
black soils are deeper, but rock outcrops occupy 40 to 50% of the
surface. A portion of this parcel served as a landfill in the past.
The koa haole scrub is more open on this parcel with a few small
stands of kiawe trees. Ground cover consists of dense clumps of
Guinea grass.
Koa haole/air plant scrub and koa haole/Guinea grass scrub as
well as the weedy, roadside vegetation are described in mcre
detail below. An inventory of all the plants found on the project
site during the field studies is presented in the checklist at
the end of the report.
Koa Haole/Air Plant Scrub
Koa haole or ekoa (Leucaena leucocephala), a shrubby member of
the legume or pea family (Fabaceae), is native to the New World
tropics (Neotropics) where it is cultivated for various purposes
such as fodder, firewood, erosion control, soil improvement, and
shade trees for coffee and cocoa plantations. It escapes cultiva-
tion easily and is now widely naturalized throughout the tropics.
In Hawai'i, it is very common forming the dominant element of the
vegetation in low elevation, dry, disturbed habitats, from. sea -
level to about 1,000 ft. elevation (Wagner et al. 1990).
On the mauka parcel, koa haole forms a dense, closed scrub cover,
10 to 15 ft. tall. Scattered among the koa haole shrubs are small
stands or individual trees of 'opiuma (Pithecellobium dulce),
kiawe (Prosopis pallida), autograph tree (Clusia rosea), monkeypod
(Samanea saman), and jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), 15 to 30
ft. tall. Stands of autograph tree are common along the rock wall
which delineates the south boundary. Also locally common in this
area are low patches of 'ala'ala wai nui (Peperomia leptostachya)
and 'ilihe'e (Plumbago zeylanica). Other shrubs found scattered
01
throughout the mauka parcel are lantana (Lantana camara), klu
(Acacia farnesiana), Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius),
and alahe'e (Psydrax odoratum), a native species. A few small
patches of sisal (Agave sisalana) with sharp -pointed leaf tips
occur on the upper section of the parcel.
Air plant (Kalanchoe pinnata), a succulent perennial herb 1 to 3
ft. tall, is the main ground cover under the koa haole shrubs. In
places with pockets of shallow soil., clumps of Guinea grass
(Panicum maximum) or shrubs of Philippine violet (Barlerie
cistata) are locally abundant.
Koa Haole/Guinea Grass Scrub
This vegetation type occurs on the smaller makai parcel. Koa
haole shrub cover is open to semi -open, 40 to 60`/, cover, and 6
to 12 ft. tall. Small stands of kiawe trees, 20 to 40 ft. tall,
are found scattered throughout the parcel. On the lower portion
of the parcel lantana shrubs are common, but become less rumerous
as one moves upslope.
Guinea grass forms a dense, almost monodominant ground cover, 3
to 6 ft. tall, between the woody components. Plants of Philippine
violet, air plant, and talinum (Tal.inum fruticosum) are found in
only a few places where the Guinea grass cover is thin and the
substrate stony. The dense Guinea grass cover tends to exclude
many other species.
A portion of the old Kailua dump is located on the makai parcel
near Henry Street. Night -blooming cereus (Hylocereus undatus)
forms a sprawling tangle on the ground and over the rock wall and
trees around the former refuse site. There are piles of rusted
out barrels, cars, large appliances, and bed springs, bottles,
4
tires, broken dishes, concrete, etc., in this area. An even older
refuse site with cars from the 1920's and 1940's is located
midway on the property on the south side. A large patch o:` snake
plant or mother-in-law's tongue (Sanseviera trifasciata), a
common ornamental species, has established itself here, probably
from yard trimmings originally tossed out at this site.
Roadside Vegetation
This minor vegetation type is found as a narrow band along; Palani
Road and Henry Street. The roadside areas are periodically
maintained so there are rarely any woody species. The vegetation
along the roadsides consists of weedy, mostly annual speci.es
which occur as scattered, small patches of plants, and includes
such plants as hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), coatbuttons
(Tridax procumbens), wild spider flower (Cleome gynandra), comb
hyptis (Hyptis pectinata), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum),
Spanish needle (Bidens pilosa), swollen figergrass (Chlori.s
barbata), etc.
Part of the road to the former refuse site is found near the
intersection of Palani Road and Henry Street. A large ceara
rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) and a purple bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) are found here.
RARE PLANTS
At least six endangered species are known from the nearby
Kealakehe Villages of La'i 'Opua project site, the Lanihaii/Palani
ranch property, and the Kaloko lava flow by Hina Lani Street.
These plants are the uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis), hale pepe
(Pleomele hawaiiensis), Isodendrion pyrifolium, 'aiea (Not.hocestrum
breviflorum), Neraudia ovata, and Mariscus faurei (U.S. F..sh and
Wildlife Service 1996, 1998; Wagner et al. 1990). The plants are
5
found on the rougher 'a'a substrates where grazing animals are
lesslikely to venture.
One candidate species for listing either as threatened or endangered
is Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla; this ko'oko'olau is found
on the leeward slope of Hualalai on 'a'a as well as pahoehoe lava
flows. It occurs on the three properties mentioned above as well
as the QLT lands to the north of Palani Road.
We did not find any of these species or any other rare plants on
the 36.9 -acre study site. Substrate on the project site is thin
soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. The site also appears to have
been used for grazing in the past as there are remnant old fence
lines and a few bleached cattle bones here and there. The nakai
parcel has been used as a refuse site.
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The vegetation on the project site is dominated by introduced or
alien plant species such as koa haole, Guinea grass, air plant,
kiawe, and lantana. Introduced species are all those plants which
were bought to the Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or
accidentally, after Western contact:, i.e., Cook's discovery of
the islands in 1778. A total of 69 species were inventoried on
the site. Of these, 61 (88%) are introduced species, one (1.5%)
is a Polynesian introduction, and seven (10.5%) are native species.
Of the seven natives, six are indigenous, that is, they are
native to the Hawaiian Islands and also elsewhere, and one is
endemic, that is, it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species are: koali (Ipomoea indica), 'ilima (Sida
fallax), 'ala'ala wai nui (Peperomia leptostachya), 'ilihe'e
(Plumbago zeylanica), alahe'e (Psydrax odoratum), and 'uhaloa
(Waltheria indica). The one endemic species is the kauna'oa
(Cuscuta sandwichiana).
None of the plants found on the project site is a listed, proposed,
or candidate threatened and endangered species; nor is any plant
a species of concern (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1997,. All
of the plants can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats
throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. There are no sensitive
native plant -dominated communities on the 36.9 -acre site.
Given the findings above, the proposed use of the site foi a
residential subdivison (mauka parcel) and a commercial retail
development (makai parcel) should not have a significant negative
impact on the botanical resources of the site, or the general
region.
It is recommended, however, that native plants be considered for
landscaping the common areas, especially on the commercial retail
site. Native plants such as the loulu palm (Pritchardia affinis),
naio or false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), 'ohe makai
(Reynoldsia sandwicensis), nehe (Lipochaeta lavarum, L. cordata),
wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis), hala pepe, etc., should be
considered for landscaping. These plants are attractive and
adapted to the local environmental conditions, thus requiring
less water and little, if any, soil.. The Kona Outdoor Circle and
the Amy Greenwell Botanical Garden have excellent displays of
native plants used for landscaping and should be contacted for
more information and planting material.
VA
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Appendix D
List of Names and Addresses of
Property Owners within 300 feet
of Applicant's Property
TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District, Hawai'i
LIST OF NAMES, ADDRESSES AND TAX MAP KEYS OF ALL OWNERS AND
LESSEES OF RECORD OF SURROUNDING PROPERTIES WHO ARE REQUIRED
TO RECEIVE NOTICE (WITHIN 300 FEET OF SUBJECT PROPERTY)
7-4-08: 1 Fee: Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
7-4-08: 29 Fee: County of Hawaii
Harry Takahashi
Department of Finance
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
7-4-08: 56 Fee: State of Hawaii
c/o Dean Uchida
Land Administrator
State of Hawaii
Department of Land & Natural Resources (Land Division)
Kalanimoku Building, Room 220
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
7-4-08:
63
Fee:
Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
7-4-08:
66
Fee:
Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
7-4-20: 14 Fee: Liliuokalani Trust Estate (Applicant)
7-5-03: 10 Fee: Clarence Rapoza et Al
P.O. Box 1287
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
Fee: Irene Rapoza Trust
P.O. Box 4549
Kailua-Kona, HI 96745
7-5-03: 19 Fee: EHP Corporation
P.O. Box 1090
Greenwood, Arizona 72936
7-5-03:27 Fee: John C. Rapoza
P.O. Box 4549
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745
Application for Change of Zone
Queen Liliuokalani Trust Keahuolu Lands
North Kona, Hawaii
TMK 7-4-08: por 7
October 1999
Appendix E
Legal Description of the Property
in Map and Written Form
by Metes and Bounds
TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
Kailua-Kona, North Kona District, Hawaii
DESCRIPTION
Parcel 1
A -5a Zoning to RCX-2 Zoning
Being a portion of Royal Patent 6851, Land Commission
Award 8452, Apana 12 to A. Keohokalole
Situated at Keahuolu, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii
Beginning at the north corner of this parcel of land, on the easterly side of Palani Road, the
coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station
"KAILUA (North Meridian)" being 4,377.84 feet North and 3,584.34 feet East, thence running by
azimuths measured clockwise from True South:
1.
3320 00'
983.83 feet along the remainder of R.P. 6851, L.C. Aw. 8452,
Apana 12 to A. Keohokalole;
2.
570 25'
2,400.00 feet along R.P. 7456, L.C. Aw. 8559-B, Apana 11
to
William C. Lunalilo;
3.
560 25'
104.00 feet along R.P. 7456, L.C. Aw. 8559-B, Apana
11
to
William C. Lunalilo;
4.
191 ° 46'
93.44 feet along the easterly side of Henry Street;
5.
2370 25'
370.00 feet along Lot 2-A (Electrical Substation Site),
along
the
remainder of R.P. 6851, L.C. Aw. 8452, Apana
12 to
A.
Keohokalole;
6.
1470 25'
252.93 feet along Lot 2-A (Electrical Substation Site),
along
the
remainder of R.P. 6851, L.C. Aw. 8452, Apana
12 to
A.
Keohokalole;
7.
540 07'
36.06 feet along Lot 2-A (Electrical Substation Site),
along
the
remainder of R.P. 6851, L.C. Aw. 8452, Apana
12 to
A.
Keohokalole;
8.
1440 07'
20.00 feet along the southeasterly side of Palani Road;
9.
2340 07'
1,102.85 feet along the southeasterly side of Palani Road;
1
10. Thence along the southeasterly side of Palani Road, on a curve to the left with a radius of
11. 1870 18'
680 Ala Moana Boulevard
First Floor
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
October 28, 1999
1,452.70 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being:
2100 42' 30" 1,154.26 feet;
81.57 feet along the easterly side of Palani Road to the point of
beginning and containing an area of 23.339 acres, more or
less.
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BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
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BQueen0l .plh-01 /21/00
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
BACKGROUND REPORT
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 99-271
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST has submitted an application for a Change of Zone
by changing the district classification from Agricultural (A -5a) to Residential -Commercial
Mixed (RCX-2) for approximately 23.339 acres of land. The property is located along the
south side of Palani Road between the Queen Liliuokalani Village and the future HELCO
Palani Substation site, approximately 170 feet east of the Palani Road/Henry Street
intersection, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-4-8:Portion of 1.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Land Ownership: The subject property, which is part of a 663.079 -acre parcel, is
owned in fee by the Queen Liliuokalani Trust Estate, a non-profit organization.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2. June 22, 1998: The State Land Use Commission (SLUC) approved with conditions a
portion, approximately 432.91 acres of land, of the County of Hawaii's petitioned area
of 955.78 acres for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to
Urban District. A portion of subject parcel 1 and parcel 63, consisting of a total of 60
acres, are a portion of the reclassified Urban district. (See Exhibit A - Conditions of
Decision and Order)
3. August 26, 1998: Date of letter from the SLUC to Belt Collins Hawaii, Ltd., in
response to a boundary interpretation request for the area of the proposed development.
The SLUC determined that the portion of TMK: 7-4-8:1, depicted as approximately
24.937 acres on the map submitted by Belt Collins, is designated entirely within the
State Land Use Urban District.
4. December 4, 1998: Date of Final Subdivision Approval granted to the applicant for
the creation of a 2 -lot subdivision and the designation of a utility easement. Lot 2-A,
consisting of 1.598 acres, is designated as TMK: 7-4-8:66 and is the site of HELCO's
future Palani Substation. Lot 2-B, consisting of 663.079 acres, is designated as
TMK: 7-4-8:1. Running along the southern boundary of TMK: 7-4-8:1 is a 100 -foot
wide future easement for utility purposes.
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
5. Request: The applicant is requesting a Change of Zone for a 23.339 -acre portion of
TMK: 7-4-8:1 by changing the district classification from Agricultural (A -5a) to
Residential -Commercial Mixed Use (RCX-2) District.
6. Objectives: The following information was provided by the applicant:
"Earlier, on June 22, 1998, this site was included as part of a State Land Use
Commission (LUC) decision (LUC Docket No. A94-705) approving a County of
Hawaii petition to amend the land use district boundaries for lands from Keauhou to
Keahuolu. As a result, the land use district designation for the subject parcel was
amended from Agricultural to Urban. This application for a change of zone to the
County of Hawaii follows this decision and remains guided by the County's hong range
policy plans.
"The site is situated along Palani Road, near the mauka corner of the Palani
Road/Henry Street intersection. It is over 1/2 mile mauka of the Kailua Village area
and approximately 1 mile mauka of the coastline at Kailua Bay. The site is presently
vacant and has not been previously developed.
"The 23.339 parcel is proposed for mixed residential -commercial use, with residential
use in the mauka areas of the parcel and commercial retail use in the areas near the
Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. A 5.3 acre portion of the parcel along the
Keahuolu/Lanihau 151 boundary is proposed to be used as a utility easement by
HELCO.
"The use of this area as a utility easement precludes future residential or commercial
use within the forseeable future. The agreement between HELCO and Liliuokalani
Trust includes a reversionary clause whereby the easement reverts to the landowner, if
the land is no longer used for its intended utility purposes. For this reason, the
easement area has been included within the rezoning application and within the
preliminary schematic subdivision map.
-2-
"Please note that no subdivision of the area within this rezoning application is being
proposed at this time.
"The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of the recent LUC
decision and to secure entitlements to position itself for future residential and
commercial opportunities. On the basis of the County's General Plan and the State's
recent land use decision, the Trust recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the
long-term public policies for the area. Seeking mixed residential -commercial zoning
now would allow the land owner to begin; 1) site and area wide planning (to he
integrated with Liliuokalani Trust's overall master plan), 2) infrastructure planning,
and 3) traffic planning.
"Based on the proposed site plan, approximately 14.5 acres is proposed for multi-
family residential use and 3.5 acres is proposed for single story inline commercial retail
use. Over 250 dwelling units, averaging 600 s.f. to 800 s.f., are proposed on the 14.5
acres, while approximately 25,000 s.f. of commercial retail is proposed on the 3.5
acres.
"The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the part of the Trust,
but was completed for the purposes of assessing environmental impacts and
infrastructure requirements. The plan is based on similar commercial developments in
the area and is assumed to be representative of future development scenarios. "
7. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the following in support of the
request: (See Exhibit B - Change of Zone Application).
STATE AND COUNTY PLAN$
8. SLUC: Urban
9. Hawaii State Plan Consistency: Objectives and policies for the Population, Economy
- in general, Facility Systems - Solid and Liquid Wastes, Transportation and Energy,
and Socio -Cultural Advancement - Housing.
10, General Plan Consistency: Economic, Housing, and Land Use (Commercial
Development and Multiple Residential) goals, policies and courses of action for North
Kona.
-3-
11. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: Urban
Expansion, which allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density,
industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable.
12. Kona Regional Plan: The Kona Regional Plan adopted by the Planning Commission
in April 1984, designates the area as Residential -4 units/acre (RES 4).
13. Keahole to Kailua Development Plan: Adopted as Resolution Number 296- 91 by the
County Council on April 3, 1991, the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan was guided
by an overall goal to develop a mixed residential, commercial, resort, industrial and
recreational community, with approximately 8,000 or more residential units.
Although the subject property is not within the project area identified in the plan, it is
adjacent to its southern boundary, which runs along the north side of Palani Road.
14. Kailua Village Special District: The subject property is not situated within the project
area identified as the Kailua Village Special District.
15. County Zoning: The property is currently zoned Agricultural -5 acres (A -5a).
16. Special Management Area: The property is not situated within the Special
Management Area.
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA,
17. Property: The subject property is a 23.339 -acre portion of a 663.079 -acre parcel.
The subject property measures approximately 2,300 feet in the mauka-makai direction,
250 feet along its makai boundary and 1,000 feet along its mauka boundary. 'The site
has over 2,200 feet of street frontage along Palani Road. The subject property is
situated along the southern edge of Palani Road, between the Queen Liliuokalani
Village subdivision to the east and Henry Street to the west, approximately 1/2 mile
mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Within the next 3 to 5 years it is anticipated
that HELCO will run overhead power lines within the 100 foot wide utility easement
running along the southern boundary of the property. The property is currently vacant.
The mean annual temperature at the site is 75 degrees Fahrenheit with seasonal
variations and the annual rainfall varies from 35 to 40 inches. The site ranges in
elevation from 320 to 470 feet above mean sea level while slopes throughout the site
M
average between 8 and 10%.
18. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Lands adjacent to the subject property are zoned
Agricultural (A -5a) and General Commercial (CG -10). Farther from the property,
lands to the north are zoned Single -Family Residential (RS -15 and RS -10), lands to the
south are zoned General Commercial (CG -20), lands to the east are zoned Agricultural
(A -20a) and lands to the west are zoned General Commercial (CG -10), Agricultural
(A -5a) and Open (0). Adjacent surrounding land uses consist of an existing large lot
single-family residence and vacant lands, including the future HELCO substation on the
makai side of the subject property. Farther to the north are various residential areas,
including the Queen Liliuokalani Village Subdivision, the Kealakehe Homesteads area
and the Villages of Lai'o'pua. Lands farther to the west and southwest are primarily
commercial and include the Makalapua Shopping Center on the north side of Palani
Road and the Crossroads Development along Henry Street. Lands farther to the south
and east are primarily vacant with some single-family dwellings.
19. FIRM: According to the Flood Insurance Rate Map prepared by the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, the site is located within Zone X, an area outside the 500 -year flood
plain.
20. ALISH System: According to the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of
Hawaii (ALISH) Map, the site is not classified as having agricultural importance.
21. USDA Soil Conservation Services Soil Survey: Soils on the subject property consist
of Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW) and Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat (rPYD).
According to the Soil Survey, pahoehoe lava has a billowy, glassy surface that is
relatively smooth. In some areas, the surface is rough and broken, and there are
hummocks and pressure domes. Pahoehoe lava has no soil covering and is typically
bare of vegetation except for mosses and lichens. This miscellaneous land type is at an
elevation form sea level to 13,000 feet. Punaluu extremely rocky peat (rPYD) consists
of well -drained thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. The surface layer is
black peat about 4 inches thick. It is underlain by pahoehoe lava bedrock. This soil is
medium acid. The peat is rapidly permeable, although water moves rapidly through
-5-
the cracks. Runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is slight. This soil is used for
pasture.
22. Land Study Bureau: The Land Study Bureau's overall master productivity rating for
agricultural use of soils found within the area of the subject property is Class "E" or
Very Poor.
23. Flora Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary the plants
found on the property were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of concern. All of
the plants on the site can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the main
Hawaiian Islands. The survey also found no sensitive native plant -dominated
communities on the site. The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien
plant species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe and lantana. Cof the
sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one are introduced species,
one is a Polynesian species and seven are native species. Of the seven native species,
six are indigenous. One of the species is endemic. The six indigenous species include
the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala wai nui, 'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa. The endemic species
is the kauna'oa.
24. Fauna Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary that there
is no evidence found that any endemic or endangered species utilize the area. The
majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be exotic species. Mitigation
measures for the present site are not expected nor are they proposed as endangered
mammal species or endemic species of land or sea birds are not expected in the area.
Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats.
25. Archaeological Resources: The applicant's Environmental Report states in summary
that the entire property is situated within the Kona Field System. Twenty-six sites were
identified for evaluation within the survey performed by PHRI in November 1998.
Recommended mitigative actions include data recovery for five sites, no further work
for eighteen sites, and none for the remaining three sites. Of the twenty-six sites, five
were historically used for livestock control, eighteen for temporary habitation, one for
in
permanent habitation, one as a trail for transportation one is an ahupua'a boundary
wall. The only permanent habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No burial
sites, or potential burial features, were found in the project area.
PUBLIC. UTILITIES AND SERVICE$
26. Access: Access to the proposed development for the 23.339 -acre site would be from
three locations along Palani Road. Two of the accesses, located 1,000 feet apart,
would lead to an internal road servicing the residential area on the mauka portion of the
site. The remaining access would consist of a single driveway onto Palani Road,
located approximately 500 feet makai of the closest residential access, and would
service the commercial area in the makai portion of the site. A Traffic Impact Analysis
Report (TIAR) was completed for the proposed project and submitted to the State
Department of Transportation and the County Department of Public Works for their
review and comment. The applicant will make all improvements recommended by the
Traffic Impact Analysis Report, as well as any additional improvements required by the
above agencies. All roadways within the proposed development will be required to
meet with the approval of the County Department of Public Works.
27, Water: The applicant installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water well
and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway,
which was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this contribution to the regional
potable water supply system, water and storage are available for the development.
Based on Department of Water Supply standards and projected demand for the project,
an 8 -inch ductile iron pipe looped through roadways in both areas will be needed; these
8 -inch distribution lines would connect to a 16 -inch diameter line which runs along
Palani Road. The applicant notes, however, that this application, together with the
Trust's recently completed rezoning application for TMK: 7-4-8:63 (REZ 922), has
prompted increased discussions between the Department of Water Supply and the Trust
regarding the commitments and allocation of water. Until the issues being addressed
by these discussions are resolved, the applicant has requested that the public hearing be
postponed. (See Exhibit C - Applicant's Letter dated January 12, 2000)
-7-
28. Wastewater: The applicant proposes to tie into the County's Kealakehe Wastewater
Treatment Facility.
29. Solid Waste: The applicant proposes to take solid waste generated by the project to
the West Hawaii Landfill, which was designed to serve as the regional solid waste
disposal facility.
30. Utilities: In order to meet the projected demand for electricity for the project, HELCO
requires that the proposed Palani Substation be constructed and that existing 69 kilovolt
(KV) lines be extended from Palani Road and Mamalahoa Highway to the proposed
Palani Substation site. The applicant notes that the relocation of HELCO's 12.47 and
69 KV lines along Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of
the initial phase of Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. Furthermore, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or relocated to
accommodate the proposed development. Telephone and cable services must also be
extended from the existing HTCO and Sun Cablevision facilities located along; Palani
Road.
a 1 1_DI a_
31. Police Department (December 6, 1999 Memo):
"Staff has reviewed the above -referenced application and finds that our concerns on traffic
control have been adequately addressed. "
32. Real Property Tax Office (November 22, 1999 Memo):
"There are no comments at this time.
"Real Property taxes are paid through December 31, 1999."
33. Fire Department: (See Exhibit D - December 9, 1999 Letter and Applicant's
Response - January 13, 2000 Letter)
34. Department of Health: (See Exhibit E - November 29, 1999 Memo and Applicant's
Response - January 13, 2000 Letter)
35. Department of Public Works, Department of Water Supply and Department of
Transportation
in
Rikli 4 uMOO 0
36. No comments have been received from surrounding property owners or members of
the general public on the subject application.
In
919 col 4�I,
BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION C� ( .. P/I 1 yG
OF THE STATE OF HAWAII / ��^ 1:'/.
*411
In the Matter of the petition of
COUNTY OF HAWAII
PLANNING DEPARTMENT )
To Amend the Agricultural Land Use )
District Boundary into the Urban )
Land Use District for Approximately )
955.78 Acres at Keahuolu through )
Keauhou, North Kona, Island of )
Hawaii, State of Hawaii, Tax Map
Key No.: 7-4-08: por. 1; 7-5-03: 6,
7, 23; 7-5-10: 5; 7-5-17: 1, 19; )
7-6-13: 9; 7-7-04: por. 21 56; )
7-7-07: 41; 7-7-08: por. 27, 99, )
105; 7-8-10: por. 29, and por. 30. )
DOCKET NO. A94-705
FINDINGS OF FACT,
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND
DECISION AND ORDER
is to cert!ty that this Is a hue and correct
^:py cf ti? �eciss^.n 7-A 1)rder on file In the ofi:
ofthgStateL2tCLsc
JUN 2 2 1998 by+�—=�
pato Executive dti!e
FINDINGS OF FACT,
r•n,srrtta7ONS OF LAW AND DECISION AND ORDER
EXHIBIT
Pf,
0
DECTSrON AND ORDER
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that a portion of the Petition
Area being the subject of this Docket No. A94-705 filed by the
County of Hawaii Planning Department, comprised of a total of
approximately 432.91 acres situated in the land divisions from
Keahuolu to Keauhou, North Kona, Island, County and State of
Hawaii, identified as Hawaii Tax Map Key Nos. 7-4-08: portion of
1; 7-5-03: 6, 7; and 7-8-10: portion of 29 and portion of 30, for
reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural District to
the State Land Use Urban District, and approximately shown in
Exhibit "A" attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference,
shall be and is hereby approved, and the State Land Use District
Boundaries shall be amended accordingly, subject to the following
conditions:
1. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner, developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties, on an individual or
collective basis, shall provide or cause to provide affordable
housing opportunities for low, low -moderate, and gap group income
residents of the State of Hawaii to the satisfaction of the
County of Hawaii. The location and distribution of the
affordable housing or other provisions for affordable housing
shall be under such terms as may be mutually agreeable between
the developers and/or landowners and the County of Hawaii.
2. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and landowners of the affected properties and their
-50-
successors and assigns contribute to the development, funding,
and/or construction of public school facilities on a fair share
basis as determined by and to the satisfaction of the State
Department of Education. Petitioner shall ensure that a written
agreement between the affected developers and/or landowners,
their successors and assigns, and the Department of Education
setting forth the contribution and timing of contributions is
on-going as part of the County rezoning process and is fully
executed prior to the County issuing any building permits.
3. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties
participate in the funding and construction of adequate
wastewater transmission and disposal facilities, on a fair share
basis, as determined by the County of Hawaii Department of Public
Works (DPW) and the State Department of Health (DOH). Developer
and/or landowner participation shall also be in compliance with
conditions of approval of County zoning or determined prior to
applying for County building permits if County rezoning is not
required.
4. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties each submit for review by
and receive approval from the State Department of Transportation
(DOT) and the County of Hawaii DPW a Traffic Impact Analysis
Report (TIAR), prior to the County approval of a rezoning
application for each affected property or prior to applying for
County building permits if rezoning is not required. The TIAR
-51-
shall identify the traffic impacts attributable to the proposed
development and recommend proposed mitigation measures. The
report should also reflect the latest planning efforts for
transportation (i.e., the conditions, assumptions, and findings
for the upcoming Hawaii Land Transportation Plan). Based on an
analysis of traffic -related impacts, Petitioner shall ensure that
the developers and/or landowners also participate, on a fair
share basis, in the funding and construction of local and
regional transportation improvements and programs, including
dedication of rights-of-way as determined by the State DOT and
the County of Hawaii DPW.
5. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners of the affected properties, on a fair share basis,
fund and construct adequate civil defense measures as determined
by the County and State Civil Defense agencies as part of the
development of the affected properties.
6. The findings of the archaeological inventory
surveys prepared by the developers and/or landowners of each
affected property shall be submitted to the State Department of
Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division
(SHPD) in report format for adequacy review. Prior to making a
decision on the County rezoning or permit application for each
property, the County agency shall receive in writing from SHPD
verification that the survey report is acceptable, that
significance evaluations are acceptable, and that the mitigation
commitments are acceptable.
-52-
7. if significant historic sites, including trails
and railroad right-of-ways, are present, the developers and/or
landowners of each affected property shall submit a detailed
historic preservation mitigation plan for review by SHPD. This
plan may include preservation and/or archaeological data recovery
subplans (detailed scopes of work). SHPD must approve this plan
before any land alteration can occur on the project area. SHPD
must also verify in writing to the County agency approving the
permit that the plan has been successfully executed, prior to any
land alteration.
8. Should any previously unidentified burials,
archaeological or historic sites such as artifacts, marine shell
concentrations, charcoal deposits, or stone platforms, paving or
walls be found, the developers and/or landowners of the affected
properties shall stop work in the immediate vicinity and SHPD
shall be notified immediately. Subsequent work shall proceed
upon an archaeological clearance from SHPD when it finds that
mitigative measures have been implemented to their satisfaction.
9. Petitioner, developers and/or landowners of the
affected properties shall notify all prospective buyers of the
property of the potential odor, noise and dust pollution if there
are any Agricultural District lands surrounding the affected
properties.
io. Petitioner, developers and/or landowners of the
affected properties shall notify all prospective buyers of
property that the Hawaii Right -to -Farm Act, Chapter 165, Hawaii
Revised Statutes, limits the circumstances under which
-53-
pre-existing farm activities may be deemed a nuisance if there
are any Agricultural District lands surrounding the affected
properties.
11. Provided that the land uses proposed generate the
need for such facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties fund on a
fair share basis, the design and construction of drainage
improvements required as a result of the development of the
affected properties to the satisfaction of the appropriate State
and County agencies. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers
and/or landowners also participate, on a fair share basis, in
other drainage improvement programs in the area as determined by
the County of Hawaii DPW.
12. Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and/or
landowners participate on a fair share basis in the funding and
construction of adequate water source, storage, and transmission
facilities and improvements to accommodate the proposed
project(s). Water transmission facilities and improvements shall
be coordinated and approved by appropriate State and County
agencies. Petitioner shall transmit to the County of Hawaii DWS
any changes in water demand forecasts and in water development
plans to supply the proposed projects.
13. Petitioner shall timely provide without any prior
notice, annual reports to the Land Use Commission and the Office
of Planning, in connection with the status of the affected
properties and the developers, and/or landowners' progress in
complying with the conditions imposed herein. The annual report
-54-
C
shall be submitted in a form prescribed by the Executive Officer
of the Commission.
14. The Commission may fully or partially release
these conditions provided herein as to all or any portion of the
affected properties upon timely motion and upon the provision of
adequate assurance of satisfaction of these conditions by the
developers and/or landowners of the affected properties.
15. Within seven (7) days of the issuance of the
Commission's Decision and order for the subject reclassification,
petitioner shall: (a) record with the State Bureau of
Conveyances a statement that the properties are subject to
conditions imposed by the Commission in the reclassification of
the affected properties; and (b) file a copy of such recorded
statement with the Commission.
16. petitioner, shall ensure that the conditions
imposed herein by the Commission are recorded with the Bureau of
Conveyances pursuant to Section 15-15-92, Hawaii Administrative
Rules.
17, petitioner, landowner/developer, their successors
and assigns shall ensure that development of the reclassified
area is in substantial compliance with the representations made
before the Land Use commission. Failure of petitioner,
landowner/developer, their successors and assigns to ensure
substantial compliance may result in reversion of the
reclassified area to its former land use classification, or
change to a more appropriate classification.
-55-
18. petitioner, landowner/developer, their successors
and assigns shall give notice to the Land Use commission of any
intent to sell, lease, assign, place in trust, or otherwise
voluntarily alter the ownership interest in the reclassified area
prior to the visible commencement of construction.
IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED that the remainder of the
petition Area, as amended, consisting of approximately 522.87
acres, and identified as Tax Map Rey Mos.: 7-5-03: 23; 7-5-10: 5;
7-5-17: 1 & 19; 7-6-13: 9; 7-7-04: portion of 2 & 56; 7-7-07: 41;
7-7-08: portion of 27, 99, and 105, shall remain within the State
La
-56-
Done at Honolulu, Hawaii, this 22nd day of June 1998,
per motion on June 18, 1998.
Filed and effective on
June 22 , 1998
Certified by:
Executive Officer
LAND USE COMMISSION
STATE OF HAWAII
By —
UP K. UN
Chairperson and Commissioner
By (opposed)
M. CASEY JARMAN
Vice Chairperson and Commissioner
By
LAWRENCE N.0
Vice Chairper on and Commissioner
By (absent)
P. ROY CATALANI
Commissioner
ISAAC FIESTA, JR.
Commissioner
By (absent)
HERBERT S.j4. KAOPUA, SR.
Commissioner
By
MERLE 9. K. KELAI
By��0 Q l �►-i V-\
JOANN N. MATTSON
Commissioner
By (2,
PETER YUKIMURA
Commissioner
-57-
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
COUNTY OF HAWA1Tq td5U 10
Pn I � 1)
PLANNING DEPARTMENT° �,•;; UJ ij
(Type or legibly print the requested infortr 44, y 'jt''("„ { !I
APPLICANT: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: DA�' a auan Bank)
ADDRESS: First Hawaiian 0ank
P.O.Box 3708
✓ Honolulu, Hawaii 96811
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: —
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Trustees for QLT include:
First Hawaiian Bank, David Peters, Thomas Kaulukui
PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 525-7134 (ReS) (Fat) (808) 525-7044
LANDOWNER(S): Queen Lili alani Trust
LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE:
a be by: letter)
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESSc/o irs Haawaiian Bank, PO Box 3708, Horiolulu,HI 96811
A -5a TO RCX-2
REQUEST: (proposed Zoning)
(Existing zoning)
TAX MAP KEY: T1�IK 3-7-4-08: por 1
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: vacant Land/ undeveloped
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 23.339 AcresL.
AGENT: James -R. Bell
ADDRESS: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.
680 Ala Moana Blvd., First Floor
Honolulu, HI 96813-5406
TELEPHONE:(BusJ (808)521-5361 (Res,) (Fax) -=U -!1L --1&l-9-
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL:
Agent COPIES: Applicant/Lando ror
EXHIBIT
�� (See Instructions on Reverse Side)
ATTACHMENT
Residential Rezoning
r
i 2.
pLANNIJIG DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HWIAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide the
subject land in accordance with the approved change of zone
If yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then
to question 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend
to subdivide?
b. Into what lot sizes?
C.
it afteerruthe date of request sapprovalddcapproximately
tohsubmitlong
your subdivision plans to the you
Department
for preliminary approval?
d. Do you intend to build houses on the newly created
lots?
If yes, please answer the following questions:
On how many of those lots?
At what approximate price range? House
Lot
Total
Approximately how long, after approval of
the subdivision, would the first house be
available for occupancy?
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary
schematic subdivision plan together with your change of
zone application form.
If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a. sell or lease the land to someone who has firm plans?
b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative
plans?
c. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans?
d. Reap it?
a. Other (please state)
? Yes
The area(23.339ac.) prop
for rezoning would be subdiv
from TMK 7-4-8: 1
Same as area rezoned
-(See also item2F)
Unknown
Wo ( ee itemiF)
Subdivision would be one
parcel matching the area
proposed with rezoning
application (see plan attar
Yes (see item 2r.)
f, I£ you intend to do either a, b, or c, please
elaborate on the kind of plans the other party
has. Please, also, include in your answer
approximately how soon after approval of your
rezanin. do you expect to transfer the subject
land to another party.
Liluokalani Trust will likely enter into an agreement with a private
developer to develop the subject property. No developer has been
identified to date. The timing of such an agreement will greatly
depend on prevailing market conditions.
3. Do you think that your request and your further
plans for the land will alleviate the local yes
housing situation?
How?The configuration and lochtion.of the subject area is best
suited for low-rise multi -family housing catering to the local
residential market. The proposed site will further add to and
complement the residential housing in the Keahuolu and Kealakehe
area.
4. Are there any buildings on the subject area?
No
If so, what kind?
what do -you intend to do with those buildings if
your request is approved?
5. Is the subject land currently being used for any No
agricultural activity?
If so, please list the kinds of products grown
and on how many square feet or acres of land per
product.
6. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding
and/or drainage problem on the subject area? No
If so, please describe the problem, .
—2—
0
7, Do you think that the roads leading to the subject Yes
area needs improvement?
if so, what kind? See attached Traffic Impact Study
Future improvements recommended within the TIS directly relate to
the proposed project, including; 1) new left -turn storage lanes on
makai bound Palani Road, 2) new right -turn deceleration lanes at sitE
entrances, and 3) a new right -turn on mauka bound Palani Road at
Henry Street intersection.
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic Yes
volume or load?
p. Mhat sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements
do you feel will be needed in the subject area when
developed?
Yes No
X
a. Schools
X
b. Roads
C. sewer X
d, Drainage
e. police Protection
x
x
f, Fire Protection
x .
g. Recreational Facilities
h. Public Utilities x
sz
i. other
For those checked "yes", please elaborate what type or kinds
of improvements and/or assistance are needed,
Schools: The proposed rezoning would allow an increase in the
residential population in the area, thereby also
increasing demand for additional space at area schools,
_. including Kealakehe Elementary, Intermediate, and High
Schools.
Signature: t '
Address: Fir t HaVdiian Bank,POBox 3708,Honolulu, H
96811
Telephone: tQnni
- Date:
-3-
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ZONING PI
Proposed Change of Zone ApplImmummmummamam
for TMK 7-"B
Prepared for. Queen Uliuokalandimmmammummomm
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PROPOSED
ZONING PLAN
r Proposed Change of Zone Application
for TMK 74-08: W. I
i^L/MA Prepared for. Queen Lilivakalani Trust
No,,ember 1999
Background and County
N Environmental Report
County of Hawaii
IN Change of Zone Application for
Parcel TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
10 Queen Liliuokalani Trust
0 Prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.
■
■ November 1 399
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Vacant,.;
/ �To Queen o '
Uliwkalani
Village
ridsce�ed� Park'S
Buffer
Entrance to -
-Ral;Wential Development
Palani Road
Safeguarding Line
r• � Res'identlnt
el
---���' Parking'(Typ.) m.
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.- 1 Entraixa t )
\Residenaa Development
Coinmercwi EDevelapment
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-:(Prop'osed RCX-2 Zoning)
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SITE PLAN
for
.w ; --_�`
Proposed Change of Zona Application
_
TMK 7.4-08: Por 1 (A-Sa to RCX-2)
,�a
.�Exis6rg
Prepared for: Queen Lfliuokalani Trust
Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii
�Coumy of Hewa6
q tiFire Station
November 1999
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE FOR LILIUOKALANI TRUST
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, KEAHUOLU, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
A. SUBIECT REQUEST
Details of Proposed Use/Development:
a. Project description:
The applicant is requesting a change of the County Land Use Zoning
Map for a 23.339 acre portion of TMK 7-4-08:1 from A -5a to RCX-2.
Earlier on June 22, 1998, this site was included as part of a State Land
Use Commission (LUC) decision (LUC Docket No. A94-705)
approving a County of Hawaii petition to amend the land use district
boundaries for lands from Keauhou to Keahuolu. As a result, the
land use district designation for the subject parcel was amended from
Agricultural to Urban. This application for a change of zone to the
County of Hawaii follows this decision and remains guided by the
County's long range policy plans.
The site is situated along Palani Road, near the mauka corner of the
Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. It is over 1/2 mile mauka of the
Kailua Village area and approximately 1 mile mauka of the coastline
at Kailua Bay. The site is presently vacant and has not been
previously developed
The 23.339 parcel is proposed for mixed residential -commercial use,
with residential use in the mauka areas of the parcel and commercial
retail use in the areas near the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection.
A 5.3 acre portion of the parcel along the Keahuolu/Lanihau 1st
boundary is proposed to be used as a utility easement by HEL CO.
The use of this area as a utility easement precludes future residential
or commercial use within the foreseeable future. The agreement
between HELCO and Liliuokalani Trust includes a reversionary
clause whereby the easement area reverts to the landowner, if the
land is no longer used for its intended utility purposes. For this
reason, the easement area has been included within the rezoning
application and within the preliminary schematic subdivision map.
Please note that no subdivision of the area within this rezoning
application is being proposed at this time.
101
C.
13
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Statement of objectives and reasons for the request:
The Trust is proceeding with this request for rezoning on the basis of
the recent LUC decision and to secure entitlements to position itself
for future residential and commercial opportunities. On the basis of
the County's General Plan and the State's recent land use decision,
the Trust recognizes that its proposal is consistent with the long-term
public policies for the area. Seeking mixed residential -commercial
zoning now would allow the land owner to begin; 1) site and area
wide planning (to be integrated with Liliuokalani Trust's overall
master plan), 2) infrastructure planning, and 3) traffic planning.
Number of acres/square feet:
23.339 -acres
Proposed floor area of12r000sed building envelope•
Based on the proposed site plan, approximately 14.5 acres is
proposed for multi -family residential use and 3.5 acres is proposed
for single story inline commercial retail use. Over 250 dwelling units,
averaging 600 s.f. to 800 s.f., are proposed on the 14.5 acres, while
approximately 25,000 s.f. of commercial retail is proposed on the 3.5
acres.
The proposed site plan does not represent a formal proposal on the
part of the Trust, but was completed for the purposes of assessing
environmental impacts and infrastructure requirements. The plan is
based on similar commercial developments in the area and is
assumed to be representative of future development scenarios.
The proposed 100 ft. wide utility easement is based on a current
agreement between Liliuokalani Trust and HELCO for future
overhead powerlines.
2
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
e. Time frame and co
The anticipated time frame for completion of the development is Year
2020, and would ultimately be dependent upon market factors
If the project were constructed in a single phase, construction of on-
site improvements for both the residential is estimated to take about
18 months, with total contract time anticipated to be 24 months
allowing for mobilization, material ordering and the landscape
installation and maintenance period. Off-site improvements for the
driveway connections and utility service extensions could be
completed concurrent with the on-site work.
The total construction cost for the project is estimated to be $38.5
million, based on current construction standards and in current dollar
terms. This includes an estimate of $30 million for the proposed
building structures (based on $150/s.f.), and an estimated
infrastructure cost of $8.5 million, including necessary off --site
infrastructure work.
The timetable for HELCO's installation of the overhead powerlines
within the easement area is anticipated within 3 to 5 years.
f. Number of employees and clientele:
It is estimated that the proposed commercial retail portion of the
development will create approximately 125 employment positions,
based on an estimated space standard of 1 employee per 200 s.f. for
inline retail shops.
Additional employment would be created for the ongoing
maintenance of the residential development's common areas and
landscaping.
g. Parking arrangement:
The proposed site plan provides a total of 325 parking stalls in the
250 unit residential development, conforming to county code
requirements of 1.25 stalls per dwelling unit (multi -family), and 150
parking stalls in the commercial development, conforming to
commercial tenant standards of 6 parking stalls per 1,000 s.f of retail
floor area. The commercial tenant standards exceeds the 1 parking
stall per 300 s.f. (or 3.3 per 1,000 s.f.) of retail floor area required by
the county code.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
[7
As part of this application, Wilbur Smith Associates completed a
Traffic Impact Study in September 1999.
The study assessed existing and future traffic flows at three area
intersections including; Palani Road/Henry Street, Palani
Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Henry Street. All of the intersections are signalized.
Existing Conditions
The WSA report evaluated peak AM and PM conditions for the three
intersections and concluded that current traffic volumes were
_ accommodated within the existing capacity (varying from 60% to
90%) for each intersection.
Year 2020 without Project
Traffic conditions in the area for the Year 2020 were evaluated using
projections from the State's Long Range Transportation Plan Study.
Without the project and without any planned improvements,
significant capacity problems begin to occur at the Palani
Road/Henry Street (over 30% over capacity during the afternoon
peak) and at the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Henry Street
intersection (over 20% over capacity during the morning peak)
Based on these anticipated Year 2020 conditions without the project,
the following modifications were recommended to maintain
acceptable traffic flows:
Palani Road/Henry Street -Add right turn lane on
mauka bound Palani Road
(if 11.9 -acre QLT
commercial site
developed).
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy✓Henry Street: -Widen south leg of QKH.
-Add right turn lane to
mauka bound Henry Street.
-Add second left turn lane
to northbound QKH.
0
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Year 2020 with Project
Based on Year 2020 conditions with the project, the increased traffic
volumes result in
For the Year 2020 scenario with the project, WSA assumed that the
non -project modifications highlighted above had been completed.
Given this scenario, the most significant percentage increases in traffic
volumes arising from the project occur on the mauka side of Palani
Road/Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersection (4% to 5%). on the
mauka side of The Palani Road/Henry Street intersection (.3.5% to
4.9%), and along Palani Road at the project site (1.9% to 3.9%).
Based on both the increased traffic volumes and traffic delays arising
from the proposed project, WSA recommends the following
mitigations:
Palani Road/Henry Street: --Addrigght turn lane on
mauka-bound Palani Rd. (if
not completed prior to
project).
- Palani Road/Commercial Driveway: -Add left turn storage lane
on makai-bound Palani Rd.
- -Add right turn/deceleration
lane on mauka-bound
Palani Rd.
Palani Road/Residential Driveways: -Add left turn storage lane
on makai-bound Palani Rd.
at one of the residential
driveways.
-Add right turn/deceleration
lane on mauka-bound
Palani Rd.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
j. Proposed on-site and off-site infrastructure:
On-site infrastructure will consist of internal private roads and parking
areas for both the residential and commercial areas.
Both areas will have underground water, sewer, electrical, telephone
and cable television service. Storm water disposal will be collected
and disposed through an on-site dry well network.
Off-site roadways are County, owned and maintained. The location
of the proposed intersections and improvements identified in the
attached traffic study (including, widening of Palani Road to
accommodate storage and turning lanes) will be provided during the
development of the parcels. The plan also identifies a 20 ft. future
road widening buffer along Palani Road.
Utility services, other than sewer, are in-place along Palani Road and
can be extended to serve the parcels. Wastewater generated from the
proposed development will be conveyed by off-site sanitary sewer
lines to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. Demand for
water arising from the proposal will be met by an existing County
well and reservoir above Mamalahoa Highway.
B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS
2. State Land Use designation:
The State Land Use District Boundary Map designates the subject site within
the Urban District.
This designation is based on the recent LUC decision (LUC Docket No.
A94-705) on June 22, 1998 to amend the Agricultural District boundaries
between Keahuolu and Keauhou (919.366 acres) and increase the areas in
the Urban District. The petition to amend the LUC district boundaries was
` submitted by the County of Hawaii Planning Department.
3. Applicable goals/policies and objectives of the General Plan:
The General Plan for North Kona seeks to achieve greater diversity and
stability for the local economy, while stressing a balance of social, physical
and economic goals for both area residents and visitors alike.
L
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Based on the GP profile of population trends, population in North Kona is
increasing due to employment opportunities in the visitor industry. The
Keahuolu and Kealakehe areas have been targeted for continued residential
development. The proposed residential and commercial mixed use for the
parcel will allow continued development of residential housing options for
residents, while also providing additional goods and services (and
employment opportunities) to area commuters and visitors.
4. General Plan designation:
The subject site lies within the Urban Expansion Zone of the Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide Map, Hawaii County General Plan. Urban
Expansion areas allow for low to high density commercial and residential
uses in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the
specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined.
5. Zoning:
The current zoning for the site is A -5a, Agricultural (5 acre minimum)
6. Community Development Plan:
The site is not within any Community Development Plan areas.
The mauka boundary of the Kailua Village Special District is approximately
1/3 mile makai of the site's boundary at Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
7. Special Management Area:
The site is not within the Special Management Area.
rJ
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE
PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting-
8.
etting
8. Description of subject property, location, climate, topography, slope, soils
(including size, shape, existing structures):
Subject Properly
The subject parcel is 23.339 -acres. The parcel measures approximately
2,300 ft. in the mauka-makai direction, 250 ft. along its makai boundary and
1,000 ft along its mauka boundary. The site has over 2,200 h. of street
frontage along Palani Road.
The property is currently vacant and has not been the subject of prior
development. Future HELCO overhead powerlines are anticipated within 3
to 5 years within a 100 ft. wide easement along the property's
Keahuolu/Lanihau 1st boundary.
cati n
The parcel is situated along the southern edge of Palani Road, between the
-- Queen Lilioukalani Village residential subdivision and Henry Street,
approximately 1/2 mile mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
limat
The climate is generally mild with a mean annual temperature of 75 degrees
(F) with relatively small daily and seasonal variations. Annual rainfall varies
from 35 to over 40 inches. Winds are generally light to moderate and are
predominantly from the southwest as a result of seabreezes and Kona
storms.
T000?ra�hv
The site is situated on the western slope of Hualalai at elevation 320 ft. to
470 ft. above mean sea level.
leo e
The site is situated in a transitional area between the lowlands zone (5-10%
slope) and the lower uplands zone (10-20% slope) with average slopes of 8
to 10% throughout the site.
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
oil
Pahoehoe lava is found throughout the lower slopes of the site and Punaluu
extremely rocky peat soils are found on the upper slopes, neither of which
are recognized as being agriculturally significant.
9. Lava Hazard Zone:
Based upon a 1990 USGS report, "Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the
Island of Hawaii", the subject site lies within Zone 4 on the western slopes
of Hualalai. Zone 4 is based on a nine zone scale in which Zone 1 is the
area of greatest hazard and Zone 9 is the area of least hazard. Zone 4 is
described as an area which "includes all of Hualalai, where the frequency of
eruptions is lower than on Kiliauea (Zones 2-5) and Mauna Loa (Zones 2-
6)". The site was not affected by either of the two most recent flows on the
slopes of Hualalai, including the Huehue and Kaupulehu flows of 1800-
1801.
10. Distance from coastline:
The site is situated approximately 3/4 mile to over 1 mile from the coastline
at Kailua Bay.
11. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH)
designation:
The site does not lie within any areas designated of agricultural importance
(based on the January 1977 ALISH map).
12. U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Services Soil Service Report soil
type:
Based upon review of USDA Soil Conservation Service's Soil Survey for the
Island of Hawaii dated December 1973, the subject site contains soils
predominantly described as Pahoehoe Lava Flows (rLW) and Punaluu
Extremely Rocky Peat (rPYD).
Punaluu Extremely Rocky Peat is described as "well -drained, thin organic
soils over Pahoehoe lava bedrock" (typically at depths less than 10 inches),
with rocky outcrops occupying 40 to 50 percent of the surface. The Peat is
rapidly permeable while the Pahoehoe underneath is typically slowly
permeable, with water rapidly moving through cracks in the lava. This soil is
typically used as pastures.
N
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Pahoehoe lava is typically described with a billowy, glassy surface, with
occasional hummocks and pressure domes. The lava typically contains no
soil covering and is barren of vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.
13. Land Study Bureau soil rating:
Based upon the "Detailed Land Classification -Island of Hawaii" published
by the Land Study Bureau in November 1965, the soil predominantly found
on the site is described as Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe (e285) and
Almost Bare Pahoehoe (6292)
The Pakini and Waiaha over Pahoehoe contains shallow soils over the
Pahoehoe. Both soils rate "very poor" in terms of suitability for agricultural
production, the worst of five categories described by master productivity
u ratings for agricultural lands on the Big Island.
A
14. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designation:
The site is located within Zone X, an area outside the 500 -year flood plain.
15. Existing drainageways or improvements:
The existing topographic survey of the area shows no existing drainageways
or structures. In accordance with the "Keahole to Kailua Development
Plan," storm drainage in the region is to be addressed on-site within each
development. The proposed on-site infrastructure incorporates drywells
and catch basins with drywells to collect and retain storm water from the site
within each parcel. The intent of the regional development plan for storm
water handling is being implemented under the project.
10
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
16. Air Quality/Water Quality/Noise:
a. Air Quality
The preliminary findings available from the State Department of
Health indicate that there have been no exceedances of the state or
national standards for particulate matter and sulfur dioxide levels
observed at DOH's Kona air monitoring station (Memorandum for
the Record, December 30, 1998). Ambient air monitoring stations
detect pollutants from industrial, agricultural and natural sources. In
the Kona area, these would include the Keahole Power Plant and the
Kailua Landfill, as well as Kilauea Volcano which is located upwind
from the project site during prevailing winds. Carbon monoxide
emissions from vehicular sources typically exhibit a much smaller -
scale effect characterized as "hot spots" that may not be captured by
monitoring stations sited to measure ambient air.
Carbon monoxide hot spots occur along heavily traveled
transportation corridors and are a function of vehicular delays,
number of vehicles, and meteorological conditions. The potential for
CO hot spots increase when vehicular delays are significantly
increased as indicated by one of the following: (1) at intersection
operating near capacity,. a change in Level of Service (LOS)
classification, e.g., from LOS D to LOS E, or (2) at intersections
operating at or above a traffic volume to intersection capacity ratio
(V/C) of 0.95, an increase in the V/C of 0.02 or more. If vehicular
delays are not significantly increased, no significant impact to air
quality is expected.
Based on information provided in the Traffic Impact Study attached in
Appendix A, significant increases in vehicular delays in the year 2020
are not anticipated as a direct result of the proposed 17.979 -acre
development project at any of the existing intersections within the
project area. Non -project related congestion will occur by the Year
2020 at the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection. With the
proposed mitigation measures to alleviate the expected traffic delays
at the driveways into the project site and at the Palani Road/Henry
Street intersection, no significant impact to air quality from the
proposed project is anticipated.
During the construction period, short-term impacts to air quality will
be minimized by developing and implementing traffic mitigation and
_ parking plans. Fugitive dusts will be controlled in accordance with
the requirements set forth in Hawaii Administrative Rules 11-60.1.
11
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
b. Noise
The primary source of noise related to the project will be from
construction activity and from vehicle traffic in the commercial area,
and from household noise in the multi -family residential area.
As the site borders large undeveloped agricultural zoned parcels,
noise generated from construction activity is not expected to impact
any sensitive or residential areas. Similarly, noise from vehicle traffic
and household sources attributed to the proposed development is
not be expected to impact any sensitive or residential areas.
C. Water Quality
No adverse effects on surface water quality are expected given the
distance of the site from the ocean, the low rainfall in the area,
measures that will be taken to prevent runoff, and the results of earlier
monitoring surveys for the nearby Makalapua Center. The distance of
the coastline from the subject site is similar to the Trust's Makalapua
Center, 1/4 mile west of the site.
Earlier monitoring programs and site surveys for both Liberty House
and Kmart at the Trust's Makalapua Center revealed no changes in
water quality attributable to construction related activities.
Historic Resources:
17. Existing archaeological, cultural or historic sites on National Register or
_ Hawaii Register:
Based on an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the site by PHRI in
November 1998 (see Appendix B), 26 sites were identified for evaluation
within the survey report.
Recommended mitigative actions include "data recovery" for 5 sites, "no
further work" for 18 sites, and "none" for the remaining 3 sites.
Of the 26 sites, 5 were historically used for livestock control, 18 for
temporary habitation, 1 for permanent habitation, 1 as a trail for
= transportation, and 1 is an ahupua'a boundary wall. The only permanent
habitation in the area dates to the historic period. No burial sites, or
potential burial features, were found in the project area.
12
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona. Hawaii
The entire site is part of the Kona Field System which extends north to the
Ka'u Ahupua'a and south to Honaunau. The survey identified 704 features
representing agricultural elements of the prehistoric complex. No further
work is recommended for the features found on-site.
The original scope for the survey as found in Appendix B also extended
beyond the subject site to include areas makai of Henry Street (TMK 7-4-
08:63).
Natural Resources:
18. Flora/Fauna:
a. ELaIaL
In September of 1998, Char and Associates completed a Botanical
Survey which included the subject site. This survey can be found in
Appendix C. The survey concluded that plants found on the project
site were not listed, proposed or a candidate for threatened and
endangered species. Neither were any plants found to be species of
concern.
All of the plants on the site can be found in similar lowland, dry
habitats throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The survey also
' found no sensitive native plant -dominated communities on the site.
The existing vegetation is dominated by introduced or alien plant
species such as koa haole, guinea grass, air plant, kiawe, and lantana.
Of the sixty-nine species of plants inventoried on the site, sixty-one
(8894) are introduced species, one (1.5%) is a polynesian species,
and seven (10.594) are native species.
Of the seven native species, six are indigenous, meaning they are
- both native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. One species is
endemic, meaning that it is native only to the Hawaiian Islands. The
six indigenous species include the koali, 'ilima, 'ala'ala w'ai nui,
'ilihe'e, alahe'e, and 'uhaloa, while the endemic species is the
kauna'oa.
Though the botanical survey did not discover any threatened and
endangered species, it did recommend that native plants be
considered for future landscaping in keeping with the desired
regional character of future developments.
13
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Fauna
Findings below regarding existing fauna resources on site are
extracted from an earlier 1989 Survey of Avifauna and Feral
Mammals on QLT's Keahuolu lands by Phillip Bruner. The 1989
survey was completed as part of an EIS to accompany a Petition to
reclassify approximately 1,135 acres of QLT lands from State
Agriculture and Conservation Land Use Districts to the Urban District
(extending from Palani Road to the Kealakehe/Keahuolu boundary)
s -
The subject site is adjacent to areas covered within the earlier '89
study, with very similar habitat conditions. The survey concluded the
following:
• No resident endemic species of land and water birds observed
• No migratory indigenous birds observed
• No resident indigenous birds
• No resident Indigenous seabirds
• 17 species of exotic birds recorded during survey
• No endangered species of feral mammals observed
s Only feral mammals found included mongoose, mice and rats
The majority of bird and mammal life impacted were found to be
exotic species, "for which other habitat opportunities in West Hawaii
exist" As expressed in the earlier '89 report for the adjacent area,
mitigation measures for the present site are not expected nor are they
proposed as endangered mammal species or endemic species of land
or sea birds are not expected in the area.
_ 19. Scenic or coastal resources:
The site does not possess any significant scenic or coastal resources. The
site is situated at an elevation height of 320 ft. to 470 ft. and enjoys views of
the coastline over Palani Road.
14
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
Social -Economic Characteristics:
20. Social settlement pattern for the area:
In 1988, a West Hawaii Regional Plan prepared by the Office of State
Planning identified the Kealakehe area as one of four residential support
communities (the only one in the North Kona District, the others are located
further north along the Kohala Coast) for West Hawaii. Population growth
in the County of Hawaii is currently concentrated in this western region and
is directly related to the diverse and growing economy discussed in the
section below.
In keeping with the regional plan, residential development is ongoing at the
- "Villages of La'l'opua" subdivision in Kealakehe. The State of Hawaii
recently purchased portions of QLT's Keahuolu lands, mauka of a future
mid-level connector road (extending from Henry Street to the Kealakehe
boundary) for future residential development.
The continued development of these residential areas would coincide with
the proposed residential use, which forms a part of this application and is
also found mauka of the future mid-level connector road (Henry Street
extension)
21. Economic resources of the area:
As described in a June 1992 Working Paper for the Kailua-Kona Master Plan
prepared for the County of Hawaii Planning Department, "patterns of
population settlement and growth are defined primarily by an area's
economic opportunities". To this end, the West Hawaii region is
recognized as having "many opportunities to sustain a stable and diversified
economy supported by energy resources, high technology research and
development, aquaculture, diversified agriculture, commercial and sport
fishing, seafood marketing and ocean research. Expansion in this region will
increase job choice and the availability of high paying jobs."
In the North Kona District, the area between Kailua-Kona and Keahole
Airport has been identified for such economic growth. This economic
growth parallels continued population growth in the West Hawaii region
and especially the North Kona District.
The proposed residential -commercial mixed use project is consistent with
the continued economic growth in the North Kona and West Hawaii region.
15
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
22. Land values:
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records, the
23.339 -acre parcel is valued at $291,737.50 based on $12,500 per acre for
land classified State Urban and County A -5a.
Based on a review of available Real Property Assessment records for Jan. 1,
1998, TMK 7-4-08:1 was valued at $5,914,900 for the parcel's 665.471 -
acres. This valuation includes separate valuations for a 442.471 -acre
portion of the parcel zoned State Agriculture and County A -5a, and a 223 -
acre portion zoned State Urban and County A -5a. The 442.471 -acre
portion was valued at $3,127,400 (equal to $7,068 per acre), and the 223 -
acre portion was valued at $2,787,500 (equal to $12,500 per acre).
Surrounding Lands:
23. Land Use:
The existing land uses for surrounding parcels include the following:
North
TMK 7-4-08: 56
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 66
TMK 7-4-08: 63
rSouth
TMK 7-5-03: 10
TMK 7-5-03: 19
TMK 7-5-03: 27
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
16
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Undeveloped Vacant Land
(Future HELCO substation)
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Existing large lot single
family residence
Undeveloped Vacant Land
(in areas adjacent to TMK
7-4-08:1)
Undeveloped Vacant Land
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
24. Zoning:
Surrounding zoning based on the County of Hawaii Zoning Map (described
by TMK reference):
North
TMK 7-4-08: 56 A -5a
Makai
TMK 7-4-08: 66 A -5a
TMK 7-4-08: 63 CG -10
South
TMK 7-5-03: 10, 19 & 27 A -5a
Mauka
TMK 7-4-08: por 1 A -5a
D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES:
25. Description of access:
Based on the proposed site plan, access to the 3.5 acre commercial area is
provided via a single driveway onto Palani Road, approximately, 500 h.
mauka of the Palani Road/Henry Street intersection.
The proposed plan also provides two access points leading to an internal
road within the residential development area. The two access points are
located at the mauka and makai ends of the residential area, approximately
1,000 ft. apart with the makai entrance approximately 500 ft. mauka of the
commercial driveway entrance.
Access to the easement is expected to be either directly from Henry.Street or
indirectly via the future HELCO substation at the Henry Street/Palani Road
intersection.
17
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
26. Availability of water.
a. Existing Conditions
Liliuokalani Trust installed a 1.0 million gallon per day (mgd) potable water
well and 1.0 million gallon storage reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa
Highway, which was dedicated to the County in 1997. Based on this
contribution to the regional potable water supply system, water and storage
are available for development of the Trust's land in the region.
b. Projected Demand
The potable water demands for the proposed development were estimated
based on the County Department of Water Supply's, "Water Systems
Standards, Volume I' dated 1985 (DWS Standards). The site is designated
for residential and commercial usage, with average daily demand of 400
gallons per unit for the multifamily residential area (250 units), and 3,000
gallons per acre for the commercial area (3.5 acres). The computed average
daily demands for the proposed on-site developments total 110,500 gpd,
Y including 100,000 gpd for the residential area and 10,500 gpd for the
commercial area. The maximum daily demand for the parcel was calculated
by multiplying the average daily demand by 1.5, resulting in a demand of
165,750 gpd.
HU
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. Proposed Action
Based on DWS Standards, the fire flow for the residential area, based on
"Low Rise Apartments" type development, is 1,500 gpm for one hour. Fire
hydrant spacing is 300 feet. Fire flow for the commercial area, based on
"Neighborhood Business" use, is 2,000 gpm for two hours. Fire hydrant
spacing is also 300 feet. Using the maximum daily demands and fire flows,
the required potable water storage for the site is 405,750 gallons. This total
was obtained by adding the maximum daily demand for the commercial and
residential areas with the commercial area fire flow, which was the greater of
two demands. Given the computed parcel flows, existing water system
infrastructure, and the DWS requirements, an 8 -inch ductile iron pipe
looped through roadways in both areas will be needed. These 8 -inch
distribution lines would connect to the 16 -inch diameter line in Palani Road.
27. Sewage disposal:
a. Existing Condition
Wastewater generated from the development will be conveyed through new
on-site and off-site sewers to the existing sewer network for eventual
conveyance to the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. The current
plant capacity is about 2.8 mgd with three 1 mgd expansions planned to
support long-term regional development.
b. Projected Demand
In accordance with the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works
Wastewater Division practice, the project sewer requirements were
estimated using "Design Standards, Volume 1" of the City and County of
Honolulu Department of Wastewater Management, dated July 1993 (County
Standards). Based on the flow figure in the County Standards of 80 gallons
per. person daily, and an occupancy of 2.8 persons per dwelling, the
average daily discharge for the 250 multifamily residential units is 56,000
_ gallons. Discharge of the commercial area is computed based on 40
persons per acre (site area of 3.5 acres) at 80 gallons per person daily, which
results in an average daily discharge of 11,200 gallons. The resulting
discharge from the total site is 67,200 gallons, including both the residential
and commercial areas.
19
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
C. Prolosed Action
Design peak flows were calculated at 362,700 gpd or 0.56 cfs. Based on
this flow and the velocity criteria in the County Standards, it was determined
that an 8 -inch line would be needed to convey flows from both the
residential and commercial areas. Within the residential development, 8 -
inch lines would be required, which are the minimum size lines within
roadways. Within the commercial area, 6 -inch lines will be adequate. The
commercial and residential area flows would eventually join in an 8 -inch
main and connect to the 12 -inch diameter main on Henry Street. This main
would be routed through the 100 -foot wide powerline easement south of
the project area.
28. Solid waste:
Solid waste generated from the project will be taken to the West Hawaii
Landfill. This landfill was designed to serve as the regional solid waste
disposal facility.
29. Police and Fire Protection:
The subject property is situated within the Kona police district, and is served
by the Kealekehe Police Station, approximately 1.5 miles north of the site
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The site is served by the County of Hawaii Fire Department's Kailua Fire
Station along Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and 1/4 -
mile makai of the site's makai boundary.
30. Schools:
The project area is served by Kealakehe Elementary School, Kealakehe
Intermediate School and Kealakehe High School.
31. Parks:
Section 23-26 of the Subdivision Ordinance of the Hawaii County Code
requires "subdivider of a parcel of land capable of supporting two hundred
dwelling units shall reserve suitable areas for parks, play, rounds, schools,
and other public building sites that will be required for the use of its
residents. Five percent to ten percent of the land area, exclusive of streets,
shall be reserved for recreational and public use, for a period of two years
for acquisition by a public agency."
20
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
The residential area of the proposed site plan proposes 250 dwelling units
on 14.5 -acres, or approximately 11.8 -acres exclusive of internal roads and
parking areas. There are two separate park areas indicated on the site plan,
including a 0.5 -acre park in the lower makai area and a 0.6 -acre park in the
upper mauka area of the residential development.
As a result, the total park area of 1.1 acres is approximately 9% of the total
net residential land area, exclusive of roads and paved parking areas, well
within the 5% to 10% range specified within the subdivision ordinance.
32. Electricity:
a. Existing Condition
There are existing Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) 12.47 kilovolt
and 69 kilovolt overhead lines and GTE Hawaiian Tel (HTCO) and Sun
Cablevision of Hawaii overhead lines along Palani Road, and underground
facilities along Henry Street. HELCO's available generation capacity on
Hawaii is approximately 180 megawatts, with a present peak coincident
demand of approximately 163 megawatts
b. Projected Demand
The projected maximum demand for this project based on the Preliminary
Site Plan prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii (dated October 1999) is forecasted
to be approximately 8 megawatts. Based on the forecasted load, HELCO
requires that the proposed Palani Substation be constructed to serve the
project. Existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and
Mamalahoa Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site. The necessary
land acquisition for the substation is underway and procurement of the
equipment should be initiated shortly after the zoning change is granted so
that the substation can be in place and ready to serve the project loads as
facilities thereat are completed.
C. Proposed Action
Relocation of HELCO 12.47 kilovolt and 69 kilovolt lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the initial
phase of the Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead. In addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development. Furthermore,
existing 69 KV lines must be extended from Palani Road and Mamalahoa
Highway to the proposed Palani Substation site.
21
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
12.47 KV distribution feeders will be extended from the substation to
the project site and will be connected to service transformers located
adjacent to project facilities to serve the development.
33. Communications
Telephone and cable television facilities to serve this development must be
extended from HTCO and Sun Cablevision facilities located along Palani
Road. Relocation of HTCO and Sun Cablevision lines along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road are on-going as part of the first
phase of Makalapua Center, and will remain overhead in addition, the
existing pole line along Palani Road will need to be modified and/or
relocated to accommodate the proposed development.
a. Telephone
HTCO has requested that the easement (8' wide x 8' deep) for the
initial cross -connect site be located near the Henry Street - Palani
Road intersection, preferably along Henry Street.
Main telephone feeder cables will be tapped from existing cables
along Palani Road and will be extended to the proposed cross-
connect cabinet. Distribution cables will extend from the cabinet,
and will be routed along Palani Road and Henry Street, into the
project site to serve the development.
b. CAN
CATV cables must be extended from Palani Road into the
development. Sun Cablevision anticipates that its existing power
supply located on Henry Street, adjacent to K -Mart, will be adequate
to serve the proposed development.
E, ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS:
34. Relationship between local short term uses of environment and
maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity:
Development on the project site would increase residential housing options
in the Kailua-Kona area, and increased commercial services to the
community, further promoting the mauka areas of Kailua-Kona and
Keahuolu/Kealakehe as an attractive residential community.
22
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
35. Mitigative measures proposed to avoid, minimize, rectify or reduce impact:
Because of the undeveloped character of the site, development will alter the
existing natural features of the site. Landscape buffers will be provided along
roads and shared boundary setback areas to mitigate the visual impact of
low-rise residential and commercial structures on Palani Road and other
areas adjacent.
Based on the archaeology survey, there are no sensitive archaeological sites
in the project area that would be affected by proposed development.
Mitigative measures to address increased traffic volumes due to the
proposed project have been described earlier and include the addition of a
turning lane on Palani Road at Henry Street to facilitate through traffic, as
well as the addition of left and right turn storage lanes along Palani Road at
entrances into the project area.
Mitigation of construction impacts, including noise, dust and access along
public roads will be included within future construction plans and
W specifications to the standards of the relevant State and County Agencies.
Similarly, Erosion and Drainage control measures will be included within
future construction plans and specifications.
36. Alternatives to the proposed development:
a. Props sed Action
In proposing mixed residential -commercial use for the site, the Trust
took into consideration, the long-term intention of the County to
encourage ongoing residential development in Keahuolu and
Kealakehe, in areas mauka of Henry Street and the future mid-level
connector road. These plans are also consistent with commercial
growth in the Kailua-Kona area, as seen with the recent completion
,- of the Crossroads Shopping Center and continued development at
Makalapua Center.
The site enjoys the benefit of being near the crossroads of several
regional roads, including Palani Road, Henry Street and the future
mid-level connector road, and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The
site also benefits in this way from its proximity to Kailua-Kona, the
major urban center for West Hawaii.
23
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
The Trust recognizes the opportunity to develop the site to provide
commercial services and residential opportunities for area residents.
For these reasons, the Trust has decided to pursue mixed residential
commercial use on the subject site.
b. No -Action Alternative
The "no -action" or "no project" alternative would retain the present
status of the site. This alternative was not pursued as the Trust would
then lose an opportunity to generate income for the benefit of its
beneficiaries (i.e. funding for its children's centers). The "no -action"
or "no project" alternative would also preclude the benefits of using
the Trust's lands to increase residential housing options and
commercial services to area residents.
C. Alternative Use of the site
The Trust also considered the possibility of full residential or full
commercial use for the site.
Exclusive commercial use for the site would have been inconsistent
with the Trust's and the County's long-term plan for residential
development in Keahuolu and Kealakehe area mauka of Henry Street
and the future mid-level connector road.
Exclusive residential use was considered for the site as it would have
been consistent with the Trust's and the County's long-term plan for
residential development in the Keahuolu and Kealakehe area mauka
of Henry Street and the future mid-level connector road. However,
restricting the site for only residential use would not have allowed
future developers flexibility to take advantage of the commercial
opportunities offered by the site's proximity to the intersection of two
major regional corridors (the existing Palani Road and Henry
Street/Future mid-level connector road).
Limiting the site to residential use would have also resulted in some of
the residential housing units being in close proximity or adjacent to
the future HELCO Substation site adjoining the makai boundary.
For these reasons, the Trust decided not to limit the site to either
commercial or residential use, but to allow greater flexibility by
proposing a mixed residential -commercial zone. This is consistent
_ with the land use patterns in the area and recognizes the commercial
opportunities of the site's location.
24
Application for Change of Zone for Liliuokalani Trust
TMK 7-4-08: por 1, Keahuolu, North Kona, Hawaii
37. Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources that
would be involved if proposed action implemented:
The process of development will result in significant change to the natural
setting of the site. Based on previous studies, available surveys and the flora
and archaeological surveys included with this application, there are no
irreversible or irretrievable commitments of significant natural, cultural and
historical resources resulting from development on the site. Based on these
- studies, no significant natural, cultural, or archaeological resources were
identified for preservation.
F. AGENCIES - COMMENTS
38. You may consult with the following agencies and include discussion in
your report or attach their written comments regarding your proposal:
a. Department of Public Works -Wastewater Branch
{_. Based on discussions with DPW -Wastewater officials, Belt Collins
z was informed that available capacity exists within the Kealakehe
Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWTP) for a development of this
magnitude. Off-site sewer lines would need to be constructed by the
project developer along Palani Road to tie into the existing sewer
main on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, leading to the existing KWTP.
' b. Department of Water Supply
Based on discussions with Department of Water Supply officials, Belt
Collins was informed that available capacity exists within the existing
water reservoir in Keahuolu above Mamalahoa Highway for the
r, proposed development. This reservoir and a well were originally
developed by the Trust and conveyed to the County in 1997.
f. State of Hawaii Department_of Land and Natural Resources - Historic
Discussion with DLNR HPD is being initiated by way of this change
of zone application through the Planning Department. With regards
to the Archaeological Inventory Survey attached in Appendix B,
portions of the same survey were extracted for the earlier change of
zone application for TMK 7-4-08: 63 (REZ 99-006). In this earlier
change of zone application, DLNR HPD accepted the analysis and
recommendations from PHRI's survey, of which other portions have
been extracted for this application.
25
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
BELT COLLINS
January 12, 2000
445-0702
AN 13 Pf7
Y t.F 1:.;
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99.027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key 7-4-8: Portion of 1
Please refer to your letter dated January 4, 2000 notifying Liliuokalani Trust and Belt
Collins of the public hearing on Friday, February 4, 2000, by the Planning Commission for the
above application.
On behalf of Liliuokalani Trust, Belt Collins has been holding ongoing discussions with
the Hawaii County Water Supply Department regarding the commitments and allocation of water
from its Keahuolu wells (since dedicated to the County). Together with our recently completed
rezoning application for TMK 7.4-08:63 (REZ 99-006, Co. Ord. 99-96), the current application
has prompted increased discussions between the Water Supply Department and the Trust regarding
the commitments and allocation of water.
To allow the Water Supply Department and the Trust time to resolve these discussions and
for WSD to formally comment on the current rezoning application, the Trust would like to ask that
the scheduled public hearing for the application by the Planning Commission be postponed one
month.
Public Notice
Should the Trust be granted this one month postponement to the hearing date, we will
proceed to send a notice to adjoining property owners and lessees notifying them of the change of
date. Adjoining property owners and lessees had already been notified of the February public
hearing date (sec attached notice, certified mail receipts and list of surrounding owners and lessees
within 300 ft. based on available real property tax office records) by way of our second public
notice dated January 10, 2000.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to call me at (808) 521-5361
Sincerely,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong 000342
ee: Frank Jahrling
Director-goard of Water Supply
Enclosu
SELL' tJOro i.LINS HAWAII LTD. • WALA MOANA BOU LF.VARD, Pllt$T FLOOR, HONQCULU, IIAWAIl 968 )3 5406 U S.A.
'M+ BOB 521-3361 PAX: 808 5.78-7819 EMAIL: haw EOI>c1,1.111h .com W ..A: www.6cltcol6m.clnn
H' B' YLANNIMO ENWNEERINC. • LANGSCAPL ARCHI'fFr..T1JRE • BNVIAONMGNTAL CONSULTING
'Rr' pndnu • SINUAPORY • -ONG KONG • AL4� MALIA • THAILANu • MALAYSIA • PWLIMN" • tiuAM • SEATPLY:• SCQMI'rox
Pala C.11in, llPvpi, in .n Y!••I lWnn, Fmelur!!
BELT COLLINS
PUBLIC NOTICE FOR PUBLIC HEARING BY THE PLANNING COMMISSION
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
FROM A -SA TO RCX-2
TMK 7.4.08: POR 1
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
KEAHUOLU, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII
January 6, 2000
On behalf of the landowner, Liliuokalani Trust, and on November 9, 1999, Belt Collins
submitted a Change of Zone Application to the Hawaii County Planning Department for a 23.339 -
acre portion of TMK 7-4-08:1. Please refer to the attached Location Map.
The site is presently vacant and has neither been previously developed nor used for
commercial agriculture purposes. The application proposes to amend the district classification for
the site from Agriculture (A -5a) to Mixed Residential -Commercial Use (RCX-2). This application
coincides with a recent State Land Use District reclassification of the site from the Agriculture to the
Urban District aspart of LUC Docket No. A94-705. The Trust is proceeding with this application
to ensure greater flexibility to proceed with development plans when future opportunities arise.
The time frame for development will be dependent on market forces and is tentatively
scheduled for the year 2020. The Trust is proposing Mixed Residential -Commercial Use for the
site based on surrounding residential uses in the Kealakehe and Keahuolu area, as well as the
commercial opportunities afforded by the site's location along Palani Road near its intersection.
with Henry Street. At this time, the Trust neither has any detailed development plans nor has it
identified a developer for the project. The attached site plan was developed by Belt Collins for the
purposes of evaluating potential project impacts and infrastructure requirements.
On November 9, 1999, Belt Collins notified adjoining landowners and lessees (within 300
feet) of Liliuokalani Trust's Change of Zone application. Adjoining landowners and lessees were
identified from available Real Property Tax Office records. The notice was the first of two public
notices that are required as part of the review process.
Subsequently, the Hawaii County Planning Department has notified Liliuokalani Trust and
Belt Collins that Its change of zone application has been scheduled for a public hearing before the
Planning Commission as follows:
Date: Friday, February 4, 2000
Time: 9:00 a.m.
Place: Mauna Lan! Bay Hotel and Bungalows, Emerald Room 2
68-1400 Mauna Lan! Drive, Kohala Coast, South Kohala
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR. HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-540617.S.A.
TEL.- 808 521.5161 FAX: 808 538.7819 EMAIL W8& ---bll eoBlm.com
PLANNING • ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SMUAPGR6 • HONG TONG • AVSPRALIA • THAILA`W • NALA141A • PH111PPWLE • CUA1A • SPATTLR • gGpTPSGALE
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71
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Public Notice - Change of Zone Application
Queen Lllluokalani Trust
Page 2
This notice fulfill's the applicant's requirement for the second public notice for the subject
application.
Should you have any questions, please contact either Jim Bell or myself here at Belt Collins
at (808) 521-5361.
Attachments
cc: Frank Jahrling
Chris Kanazawa
With regards,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
Stephen K. Yamashlro
Magor
December 9, 1999
il1,11ul ij of paafvaxii
FIRE DEPARTMENT
777 Kilauea Avenue • Mall Lane, Room 6 • Hilo, Hawall 96720.4239
(808) 961.8297 • Fax (808) 9614296
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
From: Edward Bumatay, Fire Chief
Edward Bumatay
AM ChW
Russel M. Mlyao
Deputy F8* Chief
SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key: 7-4-008: Portion of 001
Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC
Section 10.207:
"Fire Apparatus Access Roads
"Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads
shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
"(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be
required for every building hereafter constructed when any
portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located
more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as
measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the
building.
"EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely
protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler
system, the provisions of this section may be modified.
"2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to
topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other
similar conditions, the chief may require additional
fire protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b).
'Dl
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 2
December 9, 1999
113. When there are not more than two Group R, Division
3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this
section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of
the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would not
be impaired.
"More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is
determined by the chief that access by a single road may be
impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain,
climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access.
"For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.L09.
"(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus
access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate
county jurisdiction.
"(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall
have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13
feet 6 inches.
"EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be
reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access
by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and
maintained indicating the established vertical
clearance.
"(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or
widths required by this section may be increased when, in the
opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not
adequate to provide fire apparatus access.
"(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed
and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus
and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-
weather driving capabilities." (20 tons)
,1(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus
access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet)
"(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads
in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with
approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus.
If (i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as
access under this section, it shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the
Building Code and using designed live loading suffLcient to
carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus.
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 3
December 9, 1999
11(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road
shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%)
"(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire .apparatus
access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including
parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances
established under this section shall be maintained at all
times.
"(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs
or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained
for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and
prohibit the obstruction thereof or both."
Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301:
"Sec. 10.301. (a) Type Required. The chief shall designate
the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and
maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the
jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This shall be
done according to the relative severity of probable fire,
including the rapidity with which it may spread. Such
appliances shall be of a type suitable for the probable class
of fire associated with such building or premises and shall
have approval of the chief.
"(b) Special Hazards. In occupancies of an especially
hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition
to the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for
fire apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may
be required consisting of additional fire appliance units,
more than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable
for the protection of the hazard involved. Such devices or
appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems,
automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and
hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable asbestos
blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers,
carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated and dry chemical or other
special fire -extinguishing systems. Where such systems are
installed, they shall be in accordance with the applicable
Uniform Fire Code Standards or standards of the National Fire
Protection Association when Uniform Fire Code Standards do
not apply.
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 4
December 9, 1999
"(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of
supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be
provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of
buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the
respective county water requirements. There shall be
provided, when required by -the chief, on-site fire hydrants
and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow.
"Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks,
elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of
providing the required fire flow.
"The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to
a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow
shall be protected as set forth by the respective county
water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the
fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the
requirements of Section 10.207.
I, (d) Fire Hydrant Markers. When required by the chief,
hydrant locations shall be identified by the installation of
reflective markers.
"(e) Timing of Installation. When fire protection
facilities are to be installed by the developer, such
facilities including all surface access roads shall be
installed and made serviceable prior to and during the time
of construction. When alternate methods of protecrion, as
approved by the chief, are provided, the above may be
modified or waived.
"(f) All fire alarm systems, fire hydrant systems, fire
extinguishing systems (including automatic sprinklers), Class
I, II, III (combination standpipe system) and combined
systems, basement inlet pipes, and other fire protection
systems and appurtenances thereto shall meet the approval of
the fire department as to installation and location and shall
be subject to periodic tests as required herein. Plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the fire department for
review and approval prior to installation."
EDW TAY
Fire Chief
EB/ek
BELT COLLINS
January 13, 2000
445-0702/OOA-036
:5
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Applicant response to Fire Department Comments
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key: 7-4-08: Por 1
Please refer to the December 9, 1999 memorandum from the Hawaii
County Fire Department regarding the Trust's Change of Zone Application for TMK
7-4-08: P6r 1. The memo was forwarded to Belt Collins (agent for the Trust) with
the Planning Department's letter dated January 6, 2000.
With regard to the Fire Department's comments relating to Fire Apparatus
Access Roads, Water Supply, and all other issues highlighted in its memorandum,
the Trust concurs and will comply or ensure that developers for the property will
comply with the Fire Department's requirements at the time of development.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact
either Jim Bell or myself here at (808) 521-5361.
With regards,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
GY:gk
cc: Hawaii County Fire Department
Frank Jahrling
BF.1_T COLLINS HAWAII LTD_ • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-3406 U.S,A.
TEL 808521-5361 FAX. 808 538-7819 EMAIL-hawali®belmolGnsmm WEB: v,,wbd,,,Ihn,.c.,
PLANNING • ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE • HONO KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA • PHILIPPINES • GUAM • SEATTLE • SCOTTSDAL
R'k Cn11m l[,, " ,m Dial Opp,v'.. , -,,J,,-
BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO
GOVERNOR
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
P.O. Box 916
HILO, HAWAII 98721-0916
DATE: November 29, 1999
TO: Virginia Goldstein
Planning Director, County of Hawaii
FROM: Aaron Ueno h^^
District Environmental Health Program Chief
SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key 7 -4 -008 -Portion of 001
Bruce S. Anderson ?R PGh oF HE
D. M.
4 3O
M
Sewage generated from the proposed subdivision would need to be discharged into the public
sewerage system.
Underground Injection Systems (Ph. 586-4258) which receive wastewater or storm run-offs from
the proposed development need to address the requirements of Chapter 23, Hawaii State
Department of Health Administrative Rules, Title 11, "Underground Injection Control."
The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air Pollution
Rules, Chapter 60. 1, Title 11, State of Hawaii for fugitive dust control. If there is need to
discuss these requirements, please contact our Clean Air Branch staff at Ph. 933-0401.
The applicant should contact the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to identify whether a Federal
permit (including a Department of Army (DA) permit) is required for this project. A Section 401
Water Quality Certification (WQC) is required for "Any applicant for Federal license or permit to
conduct any activity including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which
may result in any discharge into the navigable waters...," pursuant to Section 401(x)(1) of the
Federal Water Pollution Act (commonly known as the "Clean Water Act (CWA)").
k E�r WL U1.?P9
Virginia Goldstein
November 29, 1999
Page 2
If the project involves the following activities with discharges into State waters, an NPDES
general permit is required for each activity:
a. Discharge of storm water runoff associated with construction activities, including
clearing, grading, and excavation that result in the disturbance of equal to or
greater than five (5) acres of total land area;
b. Construction dewatering effluent;
C. Non -contact cooling water;
d. Hydrotesting water; and
e. Treated contaminated groundwater from underground storage tank remedial
activity.
The application for NPDES general permit coverage should be submitted to the Director at least
30 days prior to the discharge to State waters.
If there is any type of process wastewater discharge from the facility into State waters, the
applicant may be required to apply for an Individual NPDES permit. The application for an
Individual NPDES permit should be submitted to the Director at least 180 days prior to the
discharge of process wastewater to State waters.
Should you have any further questions regarding this matter, please contact the Engineering
Section of the Clean Water Branch in Honolulu at (808) 5864309.
Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter
11-46, "Community Noise Control."
a. The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the construction
activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the rules.
b. Construction equipment and on-site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or air
must be equipped with mufflers.
C. The contractor must comply with the requirements pertaining to construction
activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued with the permit.
BELT COLLINS
Janu:lry 13, 2000
445-0702/OOA-035
Ms. Virginia Goldstein -71
Director }
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Applicant Response to Department of Health Comments r�
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key: 7-4-08: Por 1
Please refer to the November 29, 1999 memorandum from the State of Hawaii,
Department of Health, regarding the Trust's Change of Zone Application for TMK 7-4-08:
Por 1. The memo was forwarded to Belt Collins (agent for the Trust) with the Planning
Department's letter dated January 6, 2000.
With regard to the Department of Health's comments relating to the following,
please find below our response on behalf of the Trust:
Sewage System - The Trust concurs and will comply or ensure that developers for
the property will comply.
Underground Injection Systems - The Trust concurs and will comply or ensure
that developers for the property will comply.
ACOE /Federal Permits - Prior to development activity on the subject site, the Trust
will consult or ensure that the developers will consult the ACOE to determine any
necessary permits required for the project.
NPDES/State Permit - Prior to development activity on the subject situ, the Trust
will consult or ensure that the developers will consult the Engineering Section of the
Clean Water Branch of DOH to determine any necessary permits required for the
project.
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813 5406 T1.S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX: 808 538-7819 EMAIL hawai, belmdhl , .o WEB: www.bel¢ollins.com
PLANNING ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMEN'PAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE • FONG KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA • PHILIPPINES •GUAM • SEATTLE • SCOTTSDA E
I:cl, '.'nl l.... H i,, 1 iu..l 1 pp,--, Em Cl,v,,
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
January 13, 2000 - OOA-035
Page 2
Community Noise Control - The Trust concurs and will comply or ensure that
developers for the property will comply,.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact either Jim
Bell or myself here at (808) 521-5361.
With regards,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
C
Gene Yong
GY:gk
cc: Director -State of Hawaii Department of Health
Frank Jahrling
BQueen02rezplh-10/03/00
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
BACKGROUND REPORT - SUPPLEMENT _
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 99-271
In addition to the background report prepared for this application, and related agency
or applicant comments previously distributed to the Planning Commission, the following
agency comments and applicant responses have since been received:
1. Applicant's Representative: (See Exhibit A — March 2, 2000 Letter)
This letter was submitted in response to Department of Land Natural Resources -State
Historic Preservation Division comments. The applicant concurs with those comments.
2. Department of Water Supply: (See Exhibit B - April 18, 2000 Letter)
As noted in the background report, this application, together with the Trust's recently
completed rezoning application for TMK:7-4-8:63 (REZ 922), prompted further
discussions between the Department of Water Supply and the Trust regarding the
commitments and allocation of water. These discussions necessitated continuation of
the public hearing before the Planning Commission in February and March. In its April
18, 2000, letter, the Department of Water Supply confirmed that water is available for
the proposed change of zone from the well and storage facility installed by the
applicant and dedicated to the County in 1997. Should the change of zone be approved
and a subdivision or related development be pursued, the Department of Water
Supply's final approval of such development shall be subject to additional
requirements.
3. Department of Health: (See Exhibit C - April 14, 2000 Letter)
At the February 4, 2000, Planning Commission hearing, Mr. Herb Saoloway expressed
concerns regarding potential health hazards to the residents of the proposed
development from electromagnetic waves generated by high voltage lines at the future
HELCO substation. In response to this comment, the Planning Department requested
clarification from the Department of Health. The Department of Health responded that
potential health impacts associated with electromagnetic radiation can not be
determined at this time.
4. Department of Education: (See Exhibit D - April 20, 2000 Letter)
Condition No. 2 of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to
the Urban District, which includes the project site, requires the County of Hawaii, as
petitioner, to ensure that developers and/or landowners of the affected properties
contribute to the development, funding and/or construction of public school facilities on
a fair share basis as determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department of
Education, if it is determined that the land uses proposed generate the need for such
facilities. This letter requested that the County of Hawaii impose a similar condition
should the change of zone be approved, thereby transferring the responsibility for
fulfilling the LUC condition from the County to the DOE and the developer.
5. Applicant's Representative: (See Exhibit E - April 20, 2000 Letter)
Condition No. 4 of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to
the Urban District, which includes the project site, requires the County of Hawaii, as
petitioner, to ensure that developers and/or landowners of the affected properties each
submit and receive approval from DOT and DPW for a Traffic Impact Analysis Report
prior to the County approval of a rezoning application. This letter indicated that the
applicant was awaiting DOT comments on the applicant's letter of January 27, 2000.
6. Department of Transportation: (See Exhibit F - May 8, 2000 Letter)
This letter indicates that the DOT's concerns were not adequately by the applicant's
letter of January 27, 2000.
7. Applicant's Representative: (See Exhibit G - May 16, 2000 Letter)
Addressed to DOT, this letter highlights the three outstanding concerns under
discussion with DOT.
8. Applicant's Representative: (See Exhibit H - July 10, 2000 Letter & Revised
Traffic Impact Study dated June 15, 2000)
Addressed to DOT, this letter and the accompanying Revised Traffic Impact Study
address the DOT's concerns.
-2-
9. Department of Transportation: (See Exhibit I — September 28, 2000 Letter)
This letter confirms the DOT's approval of the revised Traffic Impact Study.
-3-
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
BELT COLLINS
March 2, 2000
445-0702/00A-140
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-27)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
TMK: 7-4-08: Portion of 001
Keahuolu, North Kona District. Island of Hawai'i
Please refer to the February 3, 2000 letter from the Historic Preservation
Division of State DLNR regarding the Trust's Change of Zone Application for TMK
7-4-08: Por 1.
The Trust concurs with comments within Historic Preservation Division's
letter and will conform or ensure that developers for the property will comply with
its recommendations at the time of development.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact
either Jim Bell or myself here at Belt Collins at (808) 521-5361.
Sincerely yours,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
GY:gk
cc: Historic Preservation Division EXHIBIT
Mr. Frank Jahrling
� n �
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 9681,-5406 U.S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX: 808 538-7819 EMAIL: hawaii®belttolli.s.com WEB: www.beltrollins.wm
PLANNING •ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE • HONG KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA • PHILIPPINES • GUAM • SEATTLE • SCOTTSD, LE
Bele Golly, Hawoli is an Equal Opp -1--y EmPloper.
DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY a COUNTY OF HAWAII
25 AUPUNI STREET • HILO, HAWAII 96720
TELEPHONE (808) 961-8660 FAX (808) 961-8657
April 18, 2000
TO: Ms. Virginia K. Goldstein, Planning Director
Planning Department
FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager
SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 99-027)
REQUEST: A -5a TO RCX-2
APPLICANT — QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST
TAX MAP KEY: 7-4-008:POR. 001
We have reviewed the subject application.
$'4 CP
9�p3t-t,�3�S
G�
(' NF4 w
As stated on Page 18 of the applicant's application, they constructed a well and storage facility
which have been dedicated to the Department of Water Supply. Water is available from these two
facilities for the requested change of zone via a 16 -inch waterline in Palani Road fronting the
subject parcel.
For the applicant's information, should the subject change of zone be approved and a subdivision
or related development be pursued, final approval will be subject to the following requirements:
Construct necessary water system improvements, which shall include, but not be limited to:
a. water mains capable of delivering water at adequate pressure and volume under both
peak -flow and fire -flow conditions; minimum diameter of mains shall be 6 inches,
b. service laterals that will accommodate an appropriately sized meter to each lot, and
C. fire hydrants at a 300 -foot spacing.
Submit installation plans prepared by a professional engineer, architect, or land surveyor,
registered in the State of Hawaii, for review and approval.
2. Remit the appropriate facilities charge and capital assessment fee.
EXHIBIT
Ms. Virginia K. Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 2
April 18, 2000
Submit the appropriate documents, properly prepared and executed, to convey the water
system improvements and necessary easements to the Water Commission of the County of
Hawaii. A registered land surveyor shall stamp and certify the metes and bounds
description within the conveyance documents. Prior to water meter services being granted
to the development, or any of the lots within, the conveyance documents shall be accepted
by the Water Commission and approved by Corporation Counsel.
4. Comply with all other applicable policies and requirements of the Department's Rules and
Regulations. Noncompliance may be cause for voiding this water commitment, at which
time availability will be subject to change in accordance with the prevailing water system
conditions, policies, and Rules and Regulations.
If you have any questions, please contact our Water Resources and Planning Branch at 961-8665.
Sincerely yours,
�X
Milton D. Pavao, P.E.
Manager
BCM:gms
copy —Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Belt Collins Hawaii
o • n+
BEWABIN J. CAYETANO
GO+EPHOR `
STATE OF HAWAII.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
P.O. Box 018
HILO. HAWAII 9Pm-0 le
DATE: April 14, 2000
TO: Virginia Goldstein
Planning Director, County of Hawaii
FROM: Aaron Ueno kv-
District Environmental Health Program Chief
BRUCE 3 ANDERSON. PA.O.. MAK
GBECfOPO HPAI.TH
SUBJECT: Request for additional comments on Queen Liliuokalani Trust's Change
of Zone Application (REZ 99-027) to change the zone from Agricultural -
5 acres (A -5a) to Residential -Commercial mixed Use -2 acres (RCX-2a)
For 23.339 acres, TMK: 7-4-8:Portion of 1
At the present time, there are no general public exposure limits for electromagnetic radiation.
Science has not provided a validated basis for dose response. In other words, the amount of
exposure cannot be correlated with long term health effects. A number of scientific studies have
been done indicating correlations. However, these studies could not duplicate with the same
results and/or had inherent flaws which precluded validation of the study. As such, potential
health impacts associated with electromagnetic radiation cannot be determined at this time.
If you have any questions regarding this communication, please feel free to call Russell Takata,
Branch Manager of the Noise, Radiation, and Indoor Air Quality Branch, at 586-4700.
WP7.0:RFZ 99-027.m
EXHIBIT
BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO
GOVERNOR
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT
April 20, 2000
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
P.O. BOX 2360
HONOLULU, HAwAD 96804
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director
County of Hawaii Planning Department
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Queen Liliuokalani Trust Change of Zone — REZ 99-027
PAUL G. LeMAHIEU, Ph.D.
SUPERINTENDENT
The Department of Education (DOE) offers the following comments regarding the subject
change of zone application:
The area requested for a change in zoning is part of a larger area reclassified to the Urban
District by the Land Use Commission (LUC) in Docket No. A94-705. The LUC's
Decision and Order for this Docket contained the following Condition No. 2 (note that
the Petitioner is the County of Hawaii):
Provided that the land uses proposed generate the need for such
facilities, Petitioner shall ensure that the developers and
landowners of the affected properties and their successors and
assigns contribute to the development, funding, and/or construction
of public school facilities on a fair share basis as determined by
and to the satisfaction of the State Department of Education.
Petitioner shall ensure that a written agreement between the
affected developers and/or landowners, their successors and
assigns, and the Department of Education setting forth the
contribution and timing of contributions is on-going as part of the
County rezoning process and is fully executed prior to the County
issuing any building permits.
EXHIBIT
AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Page 2
April 20, 2000
2. To implement the LUC condition, we request that the County of Hawaii impose the
following condition should the zone change be approved:
The applicant shall contribute to the development, funding, and/or
construction of school facilities, on a fair -share basis, as
determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department of
Education (DOE). Terms of the contribution shall be agreed upon
by the applicant and the DOE prior to the issuance of building
permits for any residential structure within the project.
Attaching this condition at the county zoning level is a means by which the county can
ensure that the developer satisfies the DOE's fair -share requirements, per the LUC
condition.
The DOE does not feel that it is a duplicative condition since the LUC condition was
designed to place the responsibility for fair -share contributions with the county given the
generic nature of the petition. Now that the landowner and project area can be
specifically identified, the condition can be worded such that responsibility is transferred
to the DOE and developer.
3. Fair -share payments can be tied to the actual sale of residential units or lots. Therefore,
there is no upfront cost to the developer. Further, the actual number of units ultimately to
be built does not need to be known prior to the DOE and developer entering into the fair -
share agreement.
Thank you for the opportunity to comment. If you have any questions, please call Mr. Sanford
Beppu at 733-4862.
truly yours�
eu, Ph.D.
of Education
PLeM:hy
cc: Paula Yoshioka, DAS
Esther Ueda, LUC
RFLT C,C)1,1,1NS
April 20, 2000
445-0702/00A-264
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Correspondence with State Department of Transportation (DOT)
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCX-2
Tax Map Key: 7-04-8: Portion of 1
Please refer to DOT's letter dated January 25, 2000 with comments regarding the
above Change of Zone application. Please also refer to our letter dated January 27, 2000,
on behalf of Liliuokalani Trust, addressing concerns and issues raised by DOT in its letter.
With regard to satisfying Condition 4 of LUC Docket No. A94-705 and to the
upcoming public hearing on the application before the Planning Commission on May 5,
2000, Belt Collins and Liliuokalani Trust is awaiting DOT's comments to our letter dated
January 27, 2000 and will continue discussions with DOT to adequately address its
comments and concerns.
If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to call me at (808)
521-5361
Sincerely,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
GY:gk
cc: Frank Jahrling
Pam Harlow (Fax: 1/808/327-3563) 0013768
State of Hawaii Department of Transportation EXHIBIT
i r
E
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 968135406 U1 S.A.
TEL: 808 521-5361 FAX: 808538-7819 EMAIL hawail®belmollincmm WEB: www.belmnlbnx.mm
PLANNING ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCIIITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE • HONG KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA • PHILIPPINES • GUAM • SEATTLE • SCOTTSDAI c
Pel, CuILn. H-- . — E,—I Jpp-1-1, E.,k1,1-
BENJAMIN J. CAYEfANO
GOVERNOR
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
869 PUNCHBOWL STREET
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097
14i;P 8 2000
KAZU HAYASHIDA
DIRECTOR
DEPUTY DIRECTORS
BRIAN K. MINAAI
GLENN M. OKIMOTO
IN REPLY REFER TO:
HWY-PS
2.8272
Subject: Response to Comments, Change of Zone, REZ 99-027, Queen Liliuokalani 'Crust,
Keahuolu, North Kona, TMK: 7-4-08: por. 001
We have the following comments:
The applicant's consultant did not adequately address our concerns as stated in our attached
letter HWY-PS 2.695 1, dated January 25, 2000. Comments 1, 2, and 3 in that hatter are still
valid and applicable.
Very truly yours,
KAZU HAYASHIDA
Director of Transportation
Attachment
EXHIBIT
0
s- ,,.,. i,Ri...
11/14/99
HWY-PS
2.6951
JAN` 5 2000
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Change of Zone (REZ 99-027), A -5a to RCX-2, Queen Liliuokalani
Trust, North Kona, TMK: 7-4-8: por. 1
Thank you for requesting our review of the proposed Change of Zone.
We have the following comments:
The traffic impact analysis report (TIAR) is not satisfactory. We feel that the LOS results
as mentioned in the TZAR do not adequately reflect current traffic conditions. The traffic
report should be revised or updated.
2. The improvements proposed in the TIAR are not adequate to address highway congestion at
key intersections. Additional roadway improvements are needed at the intersections of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, with Palani Road and with Henry Street.
The overall Trust development should have a Master TIAR to deal with all of their
incremental developments. Improvements to the roadway system should be a part of the
TIAR's recommendations and keyed to various stages of the development instead of piece-
mealing the entire development.
Mr. Ronald F. Tsuzuki
Engineering Program Manager
Planning Branch
Department of Transportation
State of Hawaii
869 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Dear Mr. Tsuzuki:
BELT COLLINS
Response to DOT Comments
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Keahuolu, North Kona, Island of Hawaii
ME 16, 2000
445-0702/OOA-303
Please refer to our meeting at DOT's office on May 11, 2000 (attended by Paul
Hamamoto, Felipe Cabana, and yourself from DOT and Jim Bell and myself from Belt
Collins) to discuss DOT's comments within its response letter dated May 8, 2000.
We understand that three of the four original concerns highlighted by DOT in its
January 25, 2000 letter remain a concern following our letter response of January 25,
2000. As these concerns originated from DOT's Hawaii District Office, we will continue
to resolve DOT's concerns directly with Robert Taira and Stan Tamura of DOT s Hawaii
District Office at a meeting scheduled for May 18, 2000 in Hilo. At this meeting, we will
be accompanied by Terry Brothers of Wilbur Smith Associates, who prepared the TIAR.
In preparation for this meeting, we have received an email from Robert Taira (see
attached) further clarifying DOT's concerns to be discussed at the May 18th me -sting.
As highlighted in DOT's letter of May 8, 2000 and as discussed, the three
outstanding concerns include the following:
1. "The traffic impact analysis report (TIAR) is not satisfactory. We feel that
the LOS results as mentioned in the TIAR do not adequately reflect
current traffic conditions. The traffic report should be revised or
updated."
Together with the Trust's traffic consultant, we will review and address
DOT's specific concerns as outlined in Mr. Taira's email at the May 18th
meeting.
EXHIBIT
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FI. COR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5576 U.S.A.
TEL 608 521-5361 PAX: 806 538-7819 EMAIL: hawaii®bel¢ollinscom WEB, www.bel�eoll'ms.com
PLANNING • ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LNVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE • HONG KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES • GUAM • SEATTLE • SCOTTSDALE
8c4 Collins H-- a — Ego.J Opp --y Employer.
Mr. Ronald F. Tsuzuki
May 16, 2000 - OOA-303
Page 2
2. "The improvements proposed in the TIAR are not adequate to address
highway congestion at key intersections. Additional roadway
improvements are needed at the intersections of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway, with Palani Road and with Henry Street."
As discussed, roadway improvements for the intersections of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway at Henry Street and Palani Road were identified
within the application's TZAR, but only under recommended mitigations in
the Year 2020 without the project.
This is based on the TIAR's assessment that the source of incre sed traffic
at these two intersections will be primarily due to increases in the regional
traffic flow, and not from traffic originating from the project site.
Consequently, no direct improvements by the applicant for the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway intersections at Henry Street and Palani Road were
identified within the TZAR.
As development on the project site will contribute a small portion of traffic
volume to these intersections, Liliuokalani Trust may be Killing to
contribute, on a fair -share basis, to the funding of roadway improvements
at these two intersections, as stipulated within Condition 4 of the Decision
and Order of LUC Docket No. A94-705 (June 22, 1998) which reclassified
the subject property to the State Urban district.
As discussed, Liliuokalani Trust will further negotiate with DOT the terms
of its fair -share contribution, and will prepare a proposal to be submitted to
DOT. In this regard, we have arranged a meeting with Mr. Ed Yoshida
(DOT -Design Branch) to discuss DOT's program for improvements at these
intersections and to update Mr. Yoshida on the recommended mitigations
within the TZAR.
3. The overall Trust development should have a Master TIAR to deal with all
of their incremental developments. Improvements to the roadway
system should be part of the TIAR's recommendations and keyed to
various stages of the development instead of piecemealing the entire
development.
As discussed and as mentioned in our letter of January 27, 2000, the
Trust has been completing area wide roadway improvements including
construction of new roads, dedication of land for future road wide,iings,
and monitoring of traffic impacts from recent developments. these
Mr. Ronald F. Tsuzuki
May 16, 2000 - OOA-303
Page 3
actions resulted from conditions placed on the Trust by State and
County agencies during recent land use changes for the Trust's
Keahuolu lands.
In our upcoming discussions with DOT's Hawaii District Office, we will
highlight relevant traffic studies from recent entitlement applications,
relevant conditions for roadway improvements imposed by State and
County agencies arising from recent land use changes, and actions
undertaken by the Trust to improve the overall roadway infrastructure
on its Keahuolu lands.
Thank you again for arranging the meeting and for your assistance in
coordinating DOT's comments. Please do not hesitate to contact either Jim Bell
or myself at (808) 521-5361 if you have any questions.
With regards,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
GY:gk
cc: County of Hawaii Planning Department
Frank Jahrling
Attachment
To: geney
From: <robert_taira@exec.state.hi.us>
Subject: Re: OLT Rezoning Application
CC: "Stephan ie—Dodge @exec. state.hi.us"
Date Sent: Monday, May 15, 2000 1:28 PM
Gene:
If you are prepared to discuss the issues, you may schedule a
meeting with us at your convenience. You need not wait for
Stephanie Dodge to return from vacation.
1. Does the level of service calculations properly reflect the
true state of congestion?
The traffic consultant should justify the response in two
areas.
a. His raw data and methodology. This is the easy part.
b. Actual (timed) motorist delay times, existing
conditions, to confirm calculations. This is the practical
part.
2. What improvements are proposed for the affected
intersections on the State Highway System?
a. What are the possible mitigation measures?
b. Of these, which ones should be implemented and how will
they be implemented?
c. How will OLT participate in the cost of these mitigation
measures?
3. Master plan for OLT lands?
Be prepared to discuss overall plans.
4. Adequate setbacks.
Self-explanatory.
Page 1
BELT COLLINS
July 10, 2000
445-07 )2/OOA-423
Mr. Robert Taira
Department of Transportation
Hawaii District Office .o G`
50 Makaala Street nc-
Hilo, Hawaii 96720 0
Dear Robert: c
Response to DOT Comments T
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
TMK 7-4-08: por 1
Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Keahuolu. North Kona, Island of Hawaii
Please refer to your email reply dated June 2, 2000 and our meeting at the
Department of Transportation's (DOT) Hawaii District Office in Hilo on May 18, 2000.
Please find attached our revised Traffic Impact Study, with amendments to Page
Nos. 2-4 and 2-6 (see attached extracts with additions underlined) requested within the
June 2nd email. We have also included below our response to the June 2nd email, as well
as summaries of our meetings at DOT's Hawaii District office on May 18, 200) and with
Ed Yoshida (DOT Highways Division -Design Branch) on May 19, 2000. The purpose of
our meeting with Mr. Yoshida was to discuss the scope of DOT's upgrading program for
Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the area of Henry Street and Palani Road.
Response to DOT Email Dated lune 2, 2000
Please find below a summary of our response to DOT's comments within the June
2nd email (DOT's comments in bold):
Our (DOT -Hawaii District Office) comments on the revised 3 pages are:
For all intersections that. discuss delay times, please indicate
whether these were measured in the field, or estimated based on
traffic counts.
The delay times were estimated on the basis of traffic counts. Please
find our added comments on Page 2-4 and Page 2-6 attached.
EXHIBIT, 2
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. • 680 ALA MOANA BOULEVARD, FIRST FLOOR, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96.813.5106 U.S.A.
TEL 808521-5361 FAX: 808538.7819 EMAILWEB.Www_helmolllar.��m
PLANNING •ENGINEERING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING
HAWAII • SINGAPORE HONG KONG • AUSTRALIA • THAILAND • MALAYSIA PHILIPPINES • GUAM • SEATTLE • 5COTTSDALE
13do CoILm Hnw it — E,m1 I....oumry E.pI.,—
Mr. Robert Taira
July 10, 2000 - OOA-423
Page 2
• Revised comments for Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Palani
intersection appear factual.
OK.
• We question whether the delay times shown for the HBR (Queen
Kaahumanu Extension)/Henry Street are truly representative of the
conditions in the field. If they were estimated based on traffic
counts, please indicate that certain movements, in particular the left
turn from Henry Street onto Route 11 (southbound), may
experience greater delays. If they were measured, please submit
the sampling data.
The delay times were estimated on the basis of traffic counts. Please
find added comments in Paragraphs 2, 3 and 7 of the revised Page 2-
6 attached.
2. This only addresses the traffic study concerns. It does not address the
(following) key issues:
• What improvements should be implemented?
Within the applicant's Traffic Impact Study, the recommended
roadway improvements for impacts directly related to the project
included the following:
-A right-turn/deceleration lane along Palani Road at each of the
driveways into the site.
-A left turn storage lane on makai-bound Palani Road wherever left
turn access into and out of the project site is provided.
-A right -turn lane on the mauka bound approach of Palani Road at its
intersection with Henry Street.
The County of Hawaii Department of Public Works has accepted
these recommended mitigations, which are proposed to be
implemented at the time of development.
Mr. Robert Taira
July 10, 2000 - OOA-423
Page 3
Additionally, the applicant is setting aside a 20 ft. wide ;trip of land
along Palani Road for future dedication to the County for the
widening of Palani Road. The future dedication would take place at
the time of development.
All other improvements as discussed within the Traffic Impact Study
deal with the Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections at Palani
Road and Henry Street and are based on projected regional growth
without the project. The project has no significant impacts on these
intersections. These improvements are not proposed to be
implemented as part of this project, as they are due to projected
regional growth in West Hawaii and are not project related. They are
the responsibility of the State and County and are needed regardless
of the proposed project.
These two intersections along Queen Kaahumanu Highway service
almost all traffic (both north -south and mauka-makai) traveling
through the Kailua-Kona area. The project site is not located on
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and is situated approximately 1/4 to
1/2 mile mauka of the Palani Road/QKH intersection.
For further discussions on these recommended improvemE nts, please
see section below summarizing discussions with Ed Yoshida of DOT
on May 19, 2000.
• What share QLT should be responsible for?
Over the last 10 years, QLT has spent over $7 million dollars to
construct the following roads and intersections on its Keahuolu
lands, in part, to help alleviate traffic congestion on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway at its Palani and Henry Street intersections:
-Makala Blvd. (from Kamakaeha Ave. to Kuakini Highway)
-Kamakaeha Ave. (from Makala Blvd. to Palani Road)
-Luhia St. extension (from Makala Blvd. to Kaiwi Street)
-Signalized intersection at QKH/Makala Blvd.
-Kuakini Highway at its intersection with Makala Blvd.
These improvements have provided alternative traffic routes through
the Kailua Village area and have helped to redirect regional traffic
Mr. Robert Taira
July 10, 2000 - OOA-423
Page 4
away from and around the Queen Kaahumanu Higiway/Palani
Road intersection. QLT has also dedicated land along Palani Road
(between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Henry Street) to the
County of Hawaii to facilitate the future widening of Palani Road. In
addition, QLT has provided the right-of-way to allow the extension of
Henry Street to Palani Road.
On this basis, we respectfully submit that QLT has contriruted its fair -
share toward regional roadway improvements.
How such responsibility will be discharged?
Please see comments above.
Summary of Discussions with Ed Yoshida -DOT Highways Division (Design Branch) on
May 19, 2000 in Kapolei. Oahu
On May 19, 2000, Jim Bell and Gene Yong met with Ed Yoshida to better
understand the extent of DOT's proposed highway upgrading program and whether the
upgrading program had incorporated or was willing to consider recommendations within
the applicant's Traffic Impact Study report for improvements to intersection; at Queen
Kaahumanu Highway/Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Henry Street. These
recommendations were based on Year 2020 traffic volume projections and were
necessitated by increased traffic volume due to regional growth and not from traffic due to
the development of the project site.
The recommendations for roadway improvements at these intersections are listed
below with a summary of discussions in italics:
Add right -turn lane to mauka bound approach of Henry Street (at Queen
Kaahumanu Highway).
The scope of DOT's current upgrading program for Queen Kaahumanu
Highway stops north of Henry Street, approximately half wa,- between
Palani Road and Henry Street. As a result, improvements at Henry Street's
intersection with QKH are not included within the scope of DOT's current
upgrading program. No further expansion of DOT's scope is being
considered.
Mr. Robert Taira
July 10, 2000 - OOA-423
Page 6
Arising from these recommendations, Belt Collins forwarded revisions to the Traffic
Impact Study on May 25, 2000 for DOT's review. DOT responded with its email of June
2, 2000 (to which our response, on behalf of QLT, is submitted with this letter).
Conclusion
On behalf of the Queen Liliuokalani Trust, we thank you for the opportunity to
discuss DOT's concerns for the area's roadways and the potential impact of the subject
change of zone application on the regional road network. We continue to look forward to
working closely with DOT and welcome your comments to this letter.
With regards,
BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD.
Gene Yong
GY:gk
cc: Ronald F. Tsuzuki (DOT - Honolulu)
County of Hawaii Planning Department
Frank Jahrling
Attachments
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION
PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: Por 1
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI TRUST KEAHUOLU LANDS
Prepared for
Belt Collins Hawaii
Prepared by
��.MEW
June 15, 2000
I TABLE OF CONTENTS
'
CHAPTER
Page
'
1. INTRODUCTION
1-1
2. EXISTING CONDITIONS
2-1
'
Existing Roadway System
2-1
Existing Traffic Volumes
2-2
Existing Traffic Conditions
2-3
'
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service
2-3
Morning Intersection Conditions
2-4
'
Afternoon Intersection Conditions
2-6
3. 2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
3-1
Roadway Improvements
3-1
'
Traffic Growth Without the Project
3-1
Weekday Peak Hour Traffic Volumes
3-3
'
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections
3-3
4. 2020 CONDITIONS WITH PROJECT 4-1
' Project Description 4-1
Project Trip Generation 4-1
Peak Hour Traffic Volumes 4-2
Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections 4-3
Recommended Mitigative Actions 4-7
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KEAN UOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: PORI TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Page 1
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IILLUSTRATIONS
TABULATIONS
ITable Page
2-1
Figure
Follows
2-2
1-1
Proposed Site Plan
1-1
'
2-1
1998 Morning Peak Hour Traffic
2-2
4-2
2-2
1998 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic
2-2
4-3
2-3
3-1
Level of Service Diagram
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
2-3
3-3
3-2
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic Without Project
3-3
4-1
2020 Morning Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
4-2
2020 Afternoon Peak Hour Traffic With Project
4-2
TABULATIONS
ITable Page
2-1
Level of Service Criteria for Unsignalized Intersections
2-5
2-2
Existing Weekday Traffic Conditions at Key Intersection
2-5
3-1
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections Without Project
3-4
4-1
Vehicle Trip Generation for the Project
4-2
4-2
Traffic Increases With Project
4-3
4-3
2020 Traffic Conditions at Key Intersections With Project
4-4
342560
KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY WILBUR SMITH ASSOCIATES
Page 2
I
I
1
I
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop residential and commercial uses on its property
located along the south side of Palani Road, mauka of the Henry Street intersection, in the
Keahuolu area of Hawaii County. The parcel, identified as Tax Map Key 7-4-08: Por 1,
encompasses about 18 acres of vacant land. Development is anticipated by year 2020. The
location of the parcel is depicted in Figure 1-l. The Project site extends mauka along Palani Road
from the HELCO Substation to a distance about 2,500 feet mauka of Henry Street.
Most of the parcel is planned for development with multi -family residential uses (14.5 acres), with
the remaining 3.5 acres located adjacent to the HELCO substation planned for a neighborhood
commercial uses. The residential area is expected to contain approximately 250 dwelling units,
while the commercial area is expected to contain about 25,000 square feet of floor area.
Approximately 150 parking spaces would be provided on the commercial site. Three access
driveways would be provided to Palani Road, as depicted in Figure 1-1.
The purpose of this study is to assess the traffic impacts of the planned developm4,nt of this
parcel. The assessment addresses the following:
1. The number of trips generated by the development of the parcel.
2. The magnitude of the traffic increases on area roadways providing access to the
parcel.
3. Project impacts upon traffic conditions at the key intersections near the Project site,
which include:
• Each of the three Project access driveways
• Palani Road and Henry Street
• Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Henry Street
4. Identification of any actions that may be appropriate to mitigate traffi,; impacts
resulting from the development of the parcel.
The traffic assessment focuses on conditions during the morning and afternoon compute peak
hours on a weekday in year 2020.
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Chapter 2
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Project site is presently vacant land, as are most of the parcels adjacent to the site. An
HELCO substation is located between the site and Henry Street. A water tank is located across
Palani Road from the HELCO facility.
Commercial areas have been developed along Henry Street about one block south of the parcel.
These include a Walmart store, a Safeway supermarket, Borders bookstore, and several smaller
' retail uses and service businesses.
The Makalapua Center commercial area is located along Kamakaeha Avenue, on the north side of
' Palani Road approximately three blocks from the Project parcel. At present, a Kmart with
120,000 square feet of floor area and a Liberty House with about 50,400 square feet of floor area
have been opened within the Center.
' The commercial center of Kailua-Kona is located along Palani Road makai of Queen Kaahumanu
' Highway. Residential uses are located about one-half mile mauka along Palani Road.
EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEM
' Access to the Project parcel is provided by Palani Road. This road connects to several major
regional highways, which include Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Henry Street, and Mamalahoa
IHighway.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway - This two-lane State highway serves as the main north -south
' route through the Kailua area. At present, Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides one through
lane in each direction with separate left- and right -turn lanes at key intersections. The State
Department of Transportation (State DOT) is planning to widen the section between the Palani
Road area and the Airport to a four -lane divided highway.
Palani Road - Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Palani Road is a two-lane roadway. The
makai segment is a four -lane divided roadway that serves the Kailua commercial area. At its
intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
• Both approaches on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provide a left -turn lane, a through
lane, and a channelized right -turn lane.
• Both approaches on Palani Road provide a left -turn lane, a through lane, and a
channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal.
Henry Street - Henry Street is a four -lane roadway that extends from Palani Road t ) Kuakini
Highway. The roadway provides access to the commercial area located along the segment
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
between Palani Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The roadway is used by through traffic
traveling between the mauka residential areas along Palani Road and the areas south of the Kailua
' commercial center. The intersection of Henry Street with Palani Road has the Following features:
• The two lanes on the Henry Street approach are striped as a right -turn lane and a left -
turn lane.
• Eastbound (mauka-bound) Palani Road has only a single lane.
' • Westbound (makai-bound) Palani Road has a through lane and a separate left -tum
lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated signal.
' At the intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway:
' • Both approaches on Henry Street provide a left -turn lane and two through lanes, with
the right -turn movement made from the through lane. A raised traffic island is
provided on each approach to facilitate the right -turn movement.
' • The southbound approach on Queen Kaahumanu Highway provides two through lanes
while the northbound approach provides only a single through lane. Both approaches
provide a separate left -turn lane and a channelized right -turn lane.
• The intersection is controlled by a traffic -actuated, multi -phase traffic signal.
EXISTING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The most recent 24-hour machine counts of traffic were made by the State DOT at the
' intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Palani Road on October 6-7, 1998, and on Palani
Road mauka of Henry Street on October 7-8, 1998. The counts recorded weekday volumes as
follows:
Palani Road mauka of Henry Street
18,700 vehicles
Palani Road mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
11,300
I Palani Road makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
20,000
Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road
25,400
Queen Kaahumanu Highway south of Palani Road
19,700
Wilbur Smith Associates conducted traffic turning movement counts at the study intersections
during the peak commute periods on October 7, 1998. The counts were made from 6:00 to 9:30
AM and 3:00 to 6:30 PM. Based on a review of the counts, the 7:15-8:15 AM and 4:30- 5:30 PM
periods were selected as the peak traffic hours for the analysis since these represented the highest
volumes at most locations during the peak commute periods.
The traffic volumes at the key intersections are depicted in Figures 2-1 and 2-2 for the morning
and afternoon analysis hours, respectively.
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Figure 2-1
1998 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
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1998 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC
342560%9 E-Y/Y/YY
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Morning Peak Hour
In the morning peak hour, the traffic volumes along Palani Road are, heaviest in the n,akai-bound
i direction into the Kailua commercial areas. The highest volume occurs mauka of Henry Street
with approximately 1,150 makai-bound and 570 mauka-bound vehicles. At the Henry Street
intersection, the traffic splits between Henry Street and Palani Road with Henry Striset used by
slightly over one-half of the traffic in both travel directions.
i On Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the northbound traffic volumes through the study area range
between about 800 and 1,070 vehicles, with southbound volumes between 500 and 680 vehicles.
The highest turning volumes occur at Henry Street, between the mauka leg of Henry Street and
' the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Afternoon Peak Hour
' The traffic volumes on Palani Road, mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, are heaviest in the
mauka-bound direction. Makai of Henry Street, Palani Road traffic totaled about 630 and 460
vehicles in the mauka-bound and makai-bound directions, respectively. Mauka of Henry Street,
' the volumes increase to 990 mauka-bound and 690 makai-bound vehicles.
t The traffic volumes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway are approximately 15% higher than in the
morning peak hour. The southbound volumes in the afternoon peak hour range between 950 and
1,200 vehicles. Northbound volumes range between 730 and 880 vehicles. High volumes of both
left- and right turns occur at both the Palani Road and Henry Street intersections in the afternoon
peak hour.
' EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS
Traffic conditions were analyzed for the key intersections for the weekday morning and afternoon
peak traffic hours.
Methodology for Analyzing Levels of Service
IThe Transportation Research Board (TRB), a division of the National Science Foundation, has
developed standardized methods for use in evaluating the effectiveness and quality of service for
roadways and streets. Different methodologies are available for analyzing traffic signal -controlled
intersections and other types of roadways.
The TRB evaluation methods use a concept known as level -of -service (LOS). This concept
describes facility operations on a letter basis from A to F, which signify excellent to unacceptable
conditions, respectively. The methods generally compare traffic volumes on a facility to the
facility's theoretical capacity. Capacity is estimated based on the facility's physical characteristics
(e.g. number and widths of lanes), traffic characteristics (e.g. types of vehicles), and typ(t of traffic
controls. The comparisons are frequently referred to as the volume -to -capacity ratio (N'/C). The
methodologies are described in the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual (1994 HCM)'.
I Highwav Capacity Mmmal, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board. Third Edition 1994.
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EXISTINF- CONDITIONS
Signal -Controlled Intersections --Traffic conditions at traffic signal -controlled intersections were
evaluated using the Operations Analysis methodology described in the 1994 HCM. Using this
method, the level -of -service is based on the average delay time per vehicle passing through the
intersection. The delay time, calculated in seconds, is the result of the phasing and timing of the
traffic signal as well as the intersection's physical layout and the composition of the traffic.
Average delay time and level -of -service are estimated for the entire intersection, for eai;h roadway
approach, and for each traffic movement or lane group. A description of the characteristics and
criteria associated with LOS A through LOS F is provided in Figure 2-3.
The methodology also calculates a ratio of actual or estimated peak hour traffic volumes to the
theoretical capacity of the intersection. This ratio indicates the proportion of available capacity
being used by traffic volumes and where there is unused capacity available for furure traffic
increases. This volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C) reflects the physical characteristics of the
intersection and the traffic characteristics, and is somewhat independent of the efficiency of the
traffic signal phasing/timing.
Unsignalized Intersections—At intersections with STOP sign controls, the level of service was
calculated using the 1994 HCM procedures for intersections with STOP or YIELD signs. In this
methodology, the six levels of service, A through F, are used to describe traffic conditions for
those movements that must yield to other movements:
• Left -turn out of the side street or driveway,
• Through movement from the side street,
• Right -turn out of the side street or driveway; and
• Left -turn into the side street.
Through vehicles on the major streets are not required to yield to other movements at two-way
STOP controlled intersections.
The general indicator of intersection delay is determined by calculating the one-hour capacity for
each key movement, based on the conflicting traffic volumes, and then comparing the number of
vehicles making that maneuver to the calculated capacity. The unused or "reserve" capacity for
the movement is then used to identify a delay time and a level -of -service for that movement.
Unlike analysis at signalized intersections, an overall intersection level -of -service is not
calculated, but a level -of -service is calculated for each lane group subject to the STOP or YIELD
condition. The level -of -service criteria for unsignalized intersections with STOP c r YIELD
controls is defined in Table 2-1.
Morning Intersection Conditions
Traffic conditions at the key intersections are summarized for the morning and afternoon peak
hours in Table 2-2. The average delay time and level of service are estimated by the computer
model and represent the overall average operating conditions for all traffic movemenrs at each
intersection.
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KEAHUOLU PARCEL TMK 7-4-08: POR 1 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY
The OPERATIONS LEVEL METHODOLOGY, which is described in the
Transportation Research Board's Highway Capacity Manual, defines Level of Service
(LOS) for signalized intersections in terms of delay. Technically, delay is the amount
of time an average vehicle must wait at an intersection before being able to pass
through the intersection. For signalized intersections, the relationship between LOS
and delay is based on the average stopped delay per vehicle for a fifteen minute
period.
LEVEL OF SERVICE W- Delay 0.0 to 5.0 seconds
Describes operations with very low delay, i.e., less than 5 seconds per vehicle. This
occurs when signal progression is extremely favorable. Most vehicles arrive during
the green phase and are not required to stop at oil.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.00 to 0.60.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'B'- Delay 5.1 to 15.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 5 to 15 seconds per vehicle generally
characterized by good signal progression and/or short cycle lengths. More vehicles
are required to stop than for LOS 'A' causing higher levels of average delay.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.61 to 0.70.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'C'- Delay 15.1 to 25.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 15 to 25 seconds per vehicle.
Occasionally, vehicles may be required to wait more than one red signal phase. The
number of vehicles stopping at this level is significant although many still pass through
the intersection without stopping.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.71 to 0.80.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'D'- Delay 25.1 to 40.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 25 of 40 seconds per vehicle. At LOS
'D', the influence of congestion becomes more noticeable. Many vehicles stop, and
the proportion of vehicles not stopping declines. The number of vehicles failing to
clear the signal. during the first green phase is noticeable.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.81 to 0.90.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 'E'- Delay 40.1 to 60.0 seconds
Describes operations with delay in the range of 40 to 60 seconds per vehicle. These
high delay- values generally indicate poor signal progression, long cycle lengths and
high V/C ratios. Vehicles frequently fail to clear the intersection during the first green
phase.
Corresponding VIC ratios usually range from 0.91 to 1.00.
LEVEL OF SERVICE 7- Delay 60.1 seconds plus
Describes operations with delay in excess of 60 seconds per vehicle. This condition
often occurs with oversaturation, i.e., when arrival flow rates exceed the capacity of
the intersection.
Corresponding VIC ratios of over 1.00 are usually associated.
SOURCE: Transportation Research Board, 'Operations Level Methodology -Signalized Intersections,
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, 1985.
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LOS 'C'
LOS 'D'
LCIS 'F'
Figure 2-3
LEVEL OF SERVICE DIAGRAM
k
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Table 2-2
Table 2-1
LEVEL -OF -SERVICE CRITERIA
FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
LOS
Morning Peak Hour
Average Stopped Delay (seconds/vehicle)
q
ADPV
<5.0
B
ADPV
5.1 -10.0
C
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
10.1 -20.0
D
20.1 -30.0
E
Palani Rd. &
30.1 -45.0
F
HenrySt.
>45
Source:
Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209, Transportation Research Board, Chapter
10, 1994.
Table 2-2
EXISTING CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.786 22.4 C
0.890 26.0 D
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
0.566 13.9 B
0.819 16.4 C
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
HenrySt.
0.790 18.3 C
0.884 20.4 C
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
Wilbur Smith Associates; Juile 7, 1999
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Each of the intersections operate at very good overall levels of service in the morninc, peak hour.
The traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Queen Kaahumanu Highway use only
about 78% of the estimated capacity of the existing intersection. The estimated ove,-all delay at
the traffic signal averages 22.4 seconds per vehicle, or level -of -service (LOS) C.
The morning traffic amounts to about 57% of the capacity of the intersection of Palani Road and
Henry Street. The overall average delay per vehicle calculated by the computer analysis model is
equivalent to LOS B.
At the intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the morning peak hour
traffic uses 79% of the intersection capacity, with estimated average delays at LOS B for the
overall intersection. Field observations indicate that lonequeues of waiting vehicles occur for the
left turn from makai-bound Henry street onto Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and longer delays may
occur for these vehicles.
Afternoon Intersection Conditions
At the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Palani Road, the October 7`r traffic
volumes during the 4:30-5:30 PM period approximated 89% of the estimated capacity of the
intersection. The computer analyses, which are based on a sampling of the signal green time
allocation during the peak hour, indicate that the overall traffic conditions at the intersection were
LOS D during that period. Field observations indicate that the waiting traffic clears the
intersection with very little delay for most of the movements.
The exception to these acceptable conditions was the southbound through traffic on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway at the Palani Road intersection, where traffic queues extended back to the
vicinity of Kaiwi Street during the 4:45 to 5:00 PM period. Long vehicle queues were also
observed on this approach around 4:00 PM when the highest volumes of southbomd traffic
occurred along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The queue during this time period extended beyond
Kaiwi Street, and some vehicles on this approach were not able to clear the intersection within
each signal cycle.
Traffic volumes at the intersection of Palani Road with Henry Street use approximately 82% of
the estimated capacity, with delays at LOS C. The critical conflicting traffic movements that
determine the intersection conditions are the mauka-bound traffic on Palani Road and the vehicles
turning right from Henry Street.
The intersection of Henry Street with Queen Kaahumanu Highway operates at acceptable overall
conditions in the afternoon, with the estimated average delay of 20.4 seconds per vehicle (LOS
C), similar to that in the morning. The afternoon volumes amount to 88% of the intersection
capacity, versus 79% in the morning. As in the morning, long queues of vehicles wen: observed
waiting to turn left from makai-bound Henry Street. These vehicles likely experience delays
longer than the average delays estimated for the overall intersection.
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I
1 Chapter 3
' 2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
' The development of both the residential and commercial portion of the Project is planned for
completion and full occupancy by year 2020. Forecast traffic volumes and conditions are
presented for year 2020 without the Project as a base from which to identify the incremental
' effects of the Project.
ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
The Long Range Transportation Plan for Hawaii County includes the widening of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to a four -lane roadway through the Kailua-Kona area, with the widening
' extending north to Kawaihae and south along the Hawaii Belt Highway to the Honsunau area.
The State DOT is currently preparing design plans for the widening of the section from the Kona
' International Airport south to the centerline of the Henry Street intersection. The south leg of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Henry Street intersection is not being widened as part of the
present project, and the planned widening south of Henry Street is not included in the list of
e funded projects through year 2020. Accordingly, we have analyzed the Henry Street intersection
for 2020 both without the widening of the south leg of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, since the
widening of the south leg is not included as a funded project by 2020, and with the widening of
' the south leg, since the widening project is included in the long-range plan if funding should
become available.
The State Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening project is not expected to provide any additional
turn lanes at the Palani Road and Henry Street intersections.
The Long Range Land Transportation Plan also includes the construction of a new Mid Level
Road that would parallel Queen Kaahumanu Highway north of Palani Road through the study
area. The Mid Level Road would extend north from the Henry Street intersection with Palani
fRoad. The initial construction phase is planned as a two-lane roadway.
' However, the Long Range Land Transportation Plan indicates that funding is not expected to be
available for the Mid Level Road by 2020. Therefore, the roadway may not be built unless the
areas adjacent to the roadway alignment are developed, with the Mid Level Road con>tructed to
' provide access to these new developments. The development area immediately north of Palani
Road are Queen Liliuokalani Trust lands. Since the Trust does not expect to develop this area
prior to year 2020, the Mid Level Road is not included in the roadway network for this study.
' TRAFFIC GROWTH WITHOUT THE PROJECT
' The year 2020 traffic forecasts were developed from those made for the Long Range Land
Transportation Plan Study. The general methodology used to estimate the weekday peak hour
volumes was as follows:
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOU THE PROJECT
1. The base year (1992) and forecast 2020 traffic volumes, as developed iii the Long
Range Land Transportation Plan Study, were identified for the major roadways or
corridors at the periphery of or within the study area.
t2. Average annual growth rates were calculated at each location for the period between
the 1992 base year and 2020.
3. The average annual growth rates were applied to the 1998 peak hour volumes
recorded in the field counts for this study to estimate the year 2020 peak hour turning
' movements at each intersection in the study area.
4. The forecast volumes were adjusted as appropriate to balance the volumes at adjacent
intersections.
5. The volume of traffic entering and exiting Kamakaeha Avenue at Palani Road was
' increased to reflect the buildout of the Makalapua Center retail area.
At buildout, the Makalapua Center retail area is planned to contain about 250,000 squire feet of
floor area. Based on standard trip generation factors,' the retail uses would generate
approximately 355 and 1,458 vehicle trip ends (origins and destinations) during the morning and
' afternoon peak hours, respectively. Driveway counts made at the same time as the intersection
counts recorded the 1998 peak hour volumes for Kmart and Liberty House as:
Enter Exit Total
Morning Peak Hour 103 63 166
Afternoon Peak Hour 266 241 507
' The traffic volumes were increased to reflect the projected increase in peak hour trips with
buildout of the Makalapua Center retail uses, based on the continuation of the presl!nt traffic
' patterns in the area.
The Queen Liliuokalani Trust plans to develop a community shopping center on an 11.9 -acre
I parcel on the southwest corner of the Palani Road intersection with Henry Street. The traffic
volumes projected for the 11.9 -acre parcel, as presented in the traffic study for that project,2 were
included in the 2020 traffic forecasts along Palani Road.
' T„p Generation, Si
srh Edition, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Traffic Impact Swr/v, 11.9 -Acre Parcel South ofPalaW Road, Queen Lilinohalani 77irsr Keohrmhr Lands. prepared by Wilbur
Smith Associates for Belt Collins Hawaii, December 1998.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
WEEKDAY PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The estimated year 2020 traffic volumes are depicted in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 for the morning and
afternoon peak hours, respectively. The increase over the 1998 peak hour volumes are listed
below.
Location Morning Afternoon
Peak Hour Peak Hour
Palani Road
Mauka of the Project +66.7% +68.0%
1 Mauka of Henry St. +66.7% +68.0%
Makai of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. +71.6% + 73.1%
Henry St.
' Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. +88.7% +78,9%
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North of Palani Rd. +57.8% +65.5%
South of Palani Rd. +50.8% +55.6%
TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
' The traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours at each of the key intersections
within the study area are summarized in Table 3-1. The conditions at the Palani Road -Henry
Street intersection reflect the existing lanes, without the addition of a separate right -turn lane on
' mauka-bound Palani Road as proposed as mitigation for the development of the Queen
Liliuokalani Trust 11.9 -acre parcel located makai of Henry Street.
Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, this intersection would operate at acceptable
I conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximating 89% of the increased
intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS D.
I In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersectio T capacity
by about 3.5%, with average vehicle delays at LOS E.
With the forecast traffic volumes and planned widening, the most effective improvement action
for the afternoon conditions would be the construction of a second (double) left -turn lane on the
mauka-bound approach of Palani Road. This would serve the very high volumes of vehicles
turning left onto northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway in both peak hours, estimated at 255
and 400 vehicles in the morning and afternoon peak hours, respectively. With the double left -turn
lane, the forecast afternoon peak hour volumes would approximate 92.8% of capacity with the
average delay at 34.3 seconds per vehicle (LOS D).
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Figure 3-1
2020 MORNING PEAK HOUR WITHOUT PROJECT
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Figure 3-2
2020 AFTERNOON PEAK HOUR WITHOUT PROJECT
342560\B E.9/9/99
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1
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT
Table 3-1
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT PROJECT
Intersection
Morn ng Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C ADPV
LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.921 27.5 D
1.035 53.1
E
Palani Rd. &
_
HenrySt.
0.994 26.3 D
1.338 **
F
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Henry St,
No Widening South of
1.231 ** F
1.191 **
F
Henry St.
With Widening South of
0.938 23.9 C
1.138 **
F
HenrySt.
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates; June 7, 1999
Palani Road -Henry Street
The forecast morning peak hour traffic volumes would approach the capacity of the existing
intersection, with a volume -to -capacity ratio (V/C) of 0.973. The peak hour traffic is forecast to
operate at an acceptable service level (LOS C) since most of the delay would be experienced by
the low volumes of mauka-bound through traffic on Palani Road and vehicles turning left from
Henry Street.
The forecast volumes in the afternoon peak hour would exceed the intersection capacity by 29.9%
with delays at LOS F. The critical conflicting traffic movements would be the mauka-bound
through traffic on Palani Road and the right -turn vehicles from Henry Street.
The construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road was proposed
as mitigation for the impacts of development of the Trust's 11.9 -acre parcel located on the
southeast corner of this intersection. The forecast conditions in the peak hours with this proposed
modification are summarized on the following page:
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I
2020 CONDITIONS WITHOU'" THE PROJECT
Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Morning
0.932
20.4
C
Afternoon
1.096
**
F
Queen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
With the present widening project for Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which ends at Henry Street,
' the forecast 2020 morning peak hour traffic volumes would exceed the intersection capacity by
23.1%. If the south leg of the intersection were also widened by 2020, this intersection would
operate at acceptable conditions in the morning peak hour, with the forecast traffic approximating
' 93.8% of the increased intersection capacity, and average delays at LOS C.
In the afternoon peak hour, the forecast volumes would exceed the estimated intersection capacity
' both without (by about 19.1%) and with (by 13.8%) the widening project extending south of
Henry Street. Traffic delays would likely be at LOS F for either scenario.
' The traffic conditions in the afternoon peak hour could be improved to acceptable levels by the
widening of the south leg of the intersection and a combination of two additional modifications:
• Add a right -turn lane to'the mauka-bound approach of Henry Street, and
Add a second (double) left -turn lane on northbound Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
' With these improvements, the afternoon traffic would approximate 94.2% of the intersection
capacity, with average delay per vehicle at LOS D.
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n
Chapter 4
' 2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
' The development of the Project parcel is planned for completion by year 2020. The traffic
assessment of the Project reflects conditions in 2020 with the roadway improvements and traffic
growth presented in Chapter 3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
' The 18 -acre site is planned for development with commercial uses (3.5 acres) adjacent to the
HELCO substation at the makai end of the site, and residential uses (14.5 acres) in the mauka
portion of the site. The present plans are to develop the commercial area as a neighborhood
' shopping center with approximately 25,000 square feet of building floor area. The residential area
with be developed with multi -family housing, with 250 apartment units used as the basis of the
' traffic study. The preliminary site plan is depicted in Figure 1-1.
The site plan provides a single driveway connection to Palani Road for the neighborhood
e commercial area, with the driveway located approximately 600 feet mauka of the intersection with
Henry Street. The residential development would have two driveway connections to Palani Road
and a connecting roadway within the site for internal circulation. The residential driveways would
' be located approximately 1,000 and 1,700 feet mauka of the Henry Street intersection.
PROJECT TRIP GENERATION
' The numbers of vehicle trips to/from the Project site were based on average trip generation rates
for a neighborhood shopping center and a low-rise apartment complex as compiled by the
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE).' The trip rate for apartments is based on the number
' of occupied units. For this study, 95% of the units were assumed to be occupied at any given
time (5% vacancy rate).
The resultant numbers of vehicle trips traveling to or from the Project during a typical weekday
and during the peak commute hours are summarized in the Table 4-1. The Project is estimated to
generate a total of about 5,050 vehicle trip ends (origins and destinations) on a weekday, with the
commercial uses accounting for about 69% of the trip ends. A total of 198 vehicle t rips would
enter or exit the parcels during the morning peak hour. In the afternoon peak hour, a total of 454
vehicles would enter or exit the site.
The numbers of vehicle trips entering or exiting a commercial development include both new
vehicle trips and additional stops by vehicles that would be traveling through the area whether or
not the project is developed. These additional stops., referred to as pass -by trips, OCCL r primarily
for retail and service uses. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook provides a methodology and
' Trip Generation, Sixth Edition, hrstitttte of Transportation Engineers, 1997.
2 Trip Generation Handbook, An ITE Proposed Recommended Practice, htstitute of Tronsporin I inn Engineers, OL sober 1998.
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
' equation for estimating the proportion of the generated vehicle ends that are pass -by b ips. For a
25,000 square -foot neighborhood retail complex, approximately 65% of the Project rips in the
' peak hour would typically be pass -by trips.
Thus, the commercial uses would add an estimated 1,200 vehicle trips to the adjacent roadway on
a weekday, with the balance of trip ends made by vehicles entering or exiting the parcel as they
make an additional stop when passing by on Palani Road (pass -by trips). The rumbers of
additional vehicle trips on the adjacent roadway would amount to 171 and 246 in the morning and
' afternoon peak hours, respectively.
Table 4-1
VEHICLE TRIP GENERATION FOR THE PROJECT
Morning Afternoon
Land Use
Quantity
Peak hour Peak Hour
Daily
In Out In Out
Trip Generation Rates
Shopping Center
TSF
2.06
1.37
6.31
6.31
139.11
Apartments
Occupied
0.09
0.38
0.38
0.20
6.59
Units
Estimated Vehicle Tri s for Weekday
Neighborhood Center
25 TSF
52
34 158 158
3,480
Apartments (1)
238 Units
22
90 91 47
1,570
Occupied
TOTALS
74
124 249 205
5,050
TSF = Thousands of square feet of building floor area.
(1) Based on 95% occupancy of units.
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 9, 1999 11
PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES
The directional distribution and routing of the Project trips was based on the traffic patt,:rns in the
study area. The traffic volumes during the 2020 weekday morning and afternoon peak hours are
depicted in Figures 4-1 and 4-2, respectively. The estimated increases in peak hour traffic
volumes and the percentage increase as a result of the Project are listed in Table 4-2.
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2020 MORNING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT
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342560\9 E-9/20/99
2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
' The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
' between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by between 3.5% and 5% in the morning and afternoon peak
hours. The additional Project trips would increase morning peak hour traffic volumes on Palani
' Road mauka of the site by 1.9% and 3.9% in the morning and afternoon , respectively. Traffic on
most other roadway segments near the Project site would increase by 1% or less.
' TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
' summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-3. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-1 representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-3 do not reflect th potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter J.
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Table 4-2
TRAFFIC INCREASES
WITH PROJECT
Mornin Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak
Hour
Without
Project
Percent
Without
Project
Percent
Location
Project
Increase
Increase
Project
Increase
Increase
Palani Rd. Mauka of
Project Site
2,866
54
1.9
2,826
110
3.9
Palani Rd. Mauka of
HenrySt.
2,866
100
3.5
2,826
138
4.9
Palani Rd. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,304
65
5.0
2,002
78
3.9
Palani Rd. Makai of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
1,715
17
1.0
2,931
39
1.3
Henry St. Mauka of
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
2,035
13
0.6
2,735
23
0.8
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
North of Palani Rd.
2,486
33
1.3
3,309
28
0.8
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy.
South of He St.
2,631
8
0.3
3,228
9
0.3
Wilbur Smith Associates, June
9, 1999
' The largest numerical and percentage traffic increases would occur on the section of Palani Road
' between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Project site. The development would increase
traffic volumes on this segment by between 3.5% and 5% in the morning and afternoon peak
hours. The additional Project trips would increase morning peak hour traffic volumes on Palani
' Road mauka of the site by 1.9% and 3.9% in the morning and afternoon , respectively. Traffic on
most other roadway segments near the Project site would increase by 1% or less.
' TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS
Traffic conditions for the morning and afternoon peak hours with the Project traffic are
' summarized for the key intersections in Table 4-3. The table presents the overall conditions for
each intersection, with the difference in the values as compared to Table 3-1 representing the
incremental impact of the Project traffic. The conditions in Table 4-3 do not reflect th potential
improvement actions discussed in Chapter J.
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J
I
2020 CONDITIONS WI1 H THE PROJECT
Table 4-3
2020 CONDITIONS AT KEY INTERSECTIONS WITH PROJECT
Intersection
Morning Peak Hour
Afternoon Peak Hour
V/C
ADPV LOS
V/C
ADPV
LOS
Palani Rd. &
HenrySt.
1.011 29.1 D
1.399 ** F
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Palani Rd.
0.962 28.3 D
1.042 55.5 E
Queen Kaahumanu Hwy. &
Henry St.
No Widening South of
1.242 ** F
1.195 ** F
Henry St.
With Widening South of
0.949 24.4 C
1.144 ** F
HenrySt.
Palani Rd. &
Commercial Dwy.
591.8 F
* ** F
Palani Rd. &
Makai Residential Dwy.
853.2 F
* 495.8 F
Palani Rd. &
Mauka Residential Dwy. I*
** F
* 674.7 F
V/C = Ratio of the traffic volume to the theoretical capacity of the intersection.
ADPV = Average delay per vehicle, in seconds.
LOS = Level of service.
* V/C is not calculated for intersections with STOP sign controls.
** Delay not calculated since unreliable where traffic substantially exceeds capacity.
Wilbur Smith Associates, June 9, 1999
Palani Road -Henry Street
The Project traffic would increase the total traffic volumes to slightly more than the• estimated
intersection capacity (by 1.1%) in the morning peak hour, versus the total traffic using; 99.4% of
capacity without the Project. The average delay would increase slightly, but still remain at LOS
D. In the afternoon peak hour, the traffic volumes are estimated to exceed the existing
intersection capacity by 39.9% with the Project, an increase of 6.1 percentage points from
severely congested conditions forecast without the Project.
The construction of a right -turn lane on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road has been
proposed as a mitigation action for the Queen Liliuokalani Trust parcel on the southwest corner
of this intersection. The addition of the right -turn lane would more than offset the impacts of
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2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
' both Project's traffic on this intersection. With this lane, the intersection conditions would be as
follows:
Peak Hour V/C ADPV LOS
Morning 0.948 21.8 C
' Afternoon 1.153 ** F
' Palani Road- Queen Kaahumanu Highway
With the planned State DOT widening project, the intersection would operate at 96.2% of
capacity with average delays at LOS D in the morning peak hour.
' The Project would worsen the problem conditions anticipated in the afternoon peak hour with
only the planned addition of through lanes along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. With the Project
' traffic, the peak hour volumes would exceed capacity by 4.2%, versus 3.5% without the Project.
If the State provides double left -tum lanes on the mauka-bound Palani Road to address the very
high volumes anticipated for that movement, as discussed in Chapter 3, the intersection would
operate at acceptable conditions in the morning peak hour with the Project traffic. However, the
traffic conditions in the afternoon would slightly exceed desirable conditions, with the projected
tconditions as summarized in the following table.
Peak Hour V/C_Eq ADPV LOS
Morning 0.886 26.2 D
Afternoon 0.964 40.1 E
The afternoon conditions could be further improved by widening the makai-bound approach of
' Palani Road to provide either a second (double) left -turn lane or a second makai-bound through
lane. The second makai-bound through lane would require the modification of the channelization
in the northwest corner of the intersection, and eliminate the existing free right -turn movement for
' southbound traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway turning makai into Kailua-Kona commercial
area along Palani Road and Alii Drive. Therefore, the provision of double left -turn Innes would
appear to be less disruptive to overall intersection operations. With the double left -turn Fane, the
forecast afternoon peak hour volumes would approximate 95.5% of capacity with the average
delay at 39 seconds per vehicle (LOS D).
IQueen Kaahumanu Highway -Henry Street
The Project traffic would have only minimal impact on this intersection. In the morning peak
' hour, the Project would increase the proportion of intersection capacity used by 1.1%. both with
and without the widening of the south leg. With the widening of the south leg, the traffic
conditions would remain at acceptable levels with the additional of the forecast Project traffic
volumes.
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IPage 4-5
1
2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
' The Project traffic in the afternoon peak hour would contribute an incremental 0.6% increase or
less to the congested conditions anticipated at this intersection. With the widening cf the south
leg and the two intersection improvements discussed in Chapter 3 for the No Project scenario, the
forecast afternoon peak hour traffic with the Project would amount to 94.8% of capacity and the
intersection would operate at LOS D (average delay of 38.3 seconds per vehicle).
The Project traffic would not warrant additional mitigative actions beyond those needed without
' the Project.
Commercial Project Driveway at Palani Road
' The traffic conditions listed in Table 4-3 represent the delays for vehicles turning lett from the
Project commercial area driveway out onto Palani Road. In the afternoon peak hour, vehicles
turning left from the STOP sign -controlled exit would experience very long delays (LCIS F) while
' waiting for a gap in the Palani Road traffic flow. The left -turn movement from makai-bound
Palani Road into the site should experience acceptable wait times. With the forecast volumes, the
average delay for the left -turn movement into the site is estimated at 6.8 seconds (LOS B) in the
' morning and 233 seconds (LOS D) in the afternoon peak hours.
' The relatively small number of vehicles turning left into the Project commercial area driveway are
less than the minimum number used as a general guideline for provision of a left -turn lane (100 or
more vehicles turning left in one hour). However, it would be desirable to provide a lett-turn lane
' on makai-bound Palani Road at the driveway given the very high volumes of through traffic in
both directions. The roadway widening for the left -turn lane would also provide a median refuge
area for vehicles turning left out of the driveway. This would allow thein to first cross the mauka-
bound traffic lane when a gap occurs in the mauka-bound traffic flow, then wait in the median
lane for a gap in the makai-bound traffic to merge into the through lane. The median lane could
be extended to connect.to the left -turn lane at Henry Street, which would eliminate the need for
the need for the vehicles exiting the driveway from merging if they are going to turn left onto
Henry Street. The median refuge would greatly reduce the average delay for vehicles turning left,
with a reduction to about 80 and 290 seconds in the morning and afternoon periods, respectively.
Makai and Mauka Residential Project Driveways at Palani Road
The traffic conditions listed in Table 4-3 represent the delays for vehicles turning left from the two
Project residential area driveways onto Palani Road. In the afternoon peak hour, vehicles turning
left from these STOP sign -controlled exits would experience very long delays (LOS F) while
I waiting for a gap in the Palani Road traffic flow. The left -turn movement from makai-bound
Palani Road into the site should experience acceptable wait times. With the forecast volumes, the
average delays for the left -turn movement into the site would be equivalent to LOS B or C.
As discussed for the Project commercial driveway, a left -turn lane could be constructer. on Palani
Road at one of the residential driveways, with the widening for the left -turn lane both removing
from the through lane on Palani Road those vehicles stopped while waitin<, to turn into the
driveway, and also providing a median refuge area for vehicles turning left out of the residential
driveway onto Palani Road. The mauka driveway would likely be more desirable locat on for the
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' 2020 CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT
left -turn lane, but the final selection should be made after a more detailed study of the topography,
' sight distance, and construction issues.
RECOMMENDED MITIGATIVE ACTIONS
If not implemented prior to the development of the Project site, the following actions are
recommended to mitigate traffic impacts of the Project:
1. A left -turn storage lane should be provided on makai-bound Palani Road at the Project
' commercial driveway.
2. A left -turn storage lane should be provided on makai-bound Palani Road at one of the
' Project residential driveways.
3. A right-turn/deceleration lane should be provided along Palani Road at aach of the
' driveways into the site.
4. A right -turn lane should be constructed on the mauka-bound approach of Palani Road
' at its intersection with Henry Street to offset the impact of the Project on traffic
conditions at this intersection.
The other potential improvements identified in Chapter 3 are not included as mitigative actions for
the. Project since the assessment indicates that those or similar actions would be needed to
accommodate forecast 2020 traffic volumes, whether or not the Project parcel is developed by
2020.
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Poge 4 - 7
BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO
GOVERNOR
2 P� 1
ppb �c�j 2-cr �N�
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
HIGHWAYS DIVISION
HAWAII DISTRICT
50 MAKAALA STREET
P.O. BOX 4277
HILO, HAWAII 96720
TELEPHONE: (808) 933-8866 • FAX: (808) 933-8869
September 28, 2000
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Director, Planning Department
County of Hawaii
25 Aupum Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
Traffic Impact Study
Change of Zone Application (REZ 99-027)
Applicant: Queen Liliuokalani Trust
Request: A -5a to RCS -2a
Tax Map Key: 7-4-8: Portion of 1
1959 2000+
KAZU HAYASHIDA
DIRECTOR
DEPUTY DIRECTORS
BRIAN K. MINAAI
GLENN M. OKIMOTO
IN REPLY REFER TO:
HWY-H 00-2.0801
Based on both our discussions with QLT and Belt Collins and QLT's revised Traffic
Impact Study dated June 15, 2000, which was submitted to DOT on July 10, 2000 and
copied to the Planning Department, we approve the Traffic Impact Study for the subject
application.
Should you have any questions, please contact Mr. Robert Taira at telephone number
933-8866.
Very truly yours,
fgti
Stanley
Hawaii District Engineer
EXHIBIT