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How to Draw Redistricting Plans <br /> That Will Stand Up in Court <br /> Peter S. Wattson <br /> Senate Counsel <br /> Minnesota <br /> Contents <br /> I. Introduction <br /> A. Reapportionment and Redistricting <br /> B. Gerrymandering <br /> 1. Packing <br /> 2. Fracturing <br /> C. The Facts of Life <br /> 1. Creating a Gerrymander <br /> 2. The Need for Limits <br /> II. Draw Districts of Equal Population <br /> A. Use Official Census Bureau Population Counts <br /> 1. Alternative Population Counts <br /> 2. Use of Sampling to Eliminate Undercount <br /> 3. Exclusion of Undocumented Aliens <br /> 4. Inclusion of Overseas Military Personnel <br /> B. Measuring Population Equality <br /> C. Congressional Plans <br /> 1. "As Nearly Equal in Population As Practicable" <br /> 2. Unless Necessary to Achieve "Some Legitimate State Objective" <br /> D. Legislative Plans <br /> 1. An Overall Range of Less than Ten Percent <br /> 2. Unless Necessary to Achieve Some "Rational State Policy" <br /> III. Don't Discriminate Against Racial or Language Minorities <br /> A. Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act <br /> 1. No Discriminatory Effect <br />