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REQUIREMENT 2017 $1.6 M 2018 $1.4 M RESEARCH TO INFORM RESPOND 2019 $1.4 M Research required to adequately manage ROD falls into five main categories: 1) understanding the ep- idemiology and pathology of ROD; 2) determining modes of dispersal; 3) quantifying ROD impacts on the forest; 4) mapping the extent and dynamics of ROD on Hawai'i Island; and 5) developing prescrip- tions to treat disease impacted areas. Two collaborative ROD Working Group Teams have been meet- ing on a regular basis to identify ROD science needs and to define a framework for making urgently needed progress in these areas. Detecting ROD and understanding its pathology—There is an urgent need for information about the life history, pathology, warhosts, and host range of Ceratocystis Species A and Species B, Oka the genetic basis of Ceratocystis host plant specificity including the mechanisms by which Ceratocystis overcomes host defens- /s # es, and the genetics of host plant resistance. Further research NIP s ' * ", is needed to understand genetic versus environmental factors * of ROD disease susceptibility and disease progression in wild 14' h populations of 'ohi'a. Finally, there is a critical need for rapid, ir accurate, and reproducible methods for detecting and diagnos- ing Ceratocystis Species A and B in samples of wood, water, z soil, air, and insect frass, both in the field and laboratory. This information will lead to 1) a better understanding of how plant and pathogen genetics affect ROD pathology and virulence, and how they interact with the environmental factors described above; 2) precisely defined temperature ranges for Ceratocystis pathogenicity and virulence; 3) information about Ceratocystis The development of a molecular spore viability in 'ohi'a wood and in nursery seedlings under dif- detection technique for Cerato- ferent environmental conditions to support effective quarantine cystis Species A and B reduced actions; 4) information on how the pathogen enters into other- sample testing time from two wise healthy trees; and 5) development of molecular based ap- weeks to 24 hours. A rapid field proaches to detecting and confirming disease presence in the test is currently being developed. field. Such diagnostic tests will be integral for epidemiological (USDA ARS photo) studies, facilitating HDOA quarantine inspections, and early de- tection and rapid response efforts. Fundamental epidemiology research, including understanding genetic versus environmental factors of ROD disease susceptibility and resistance, is needed for varieties of Metrosideros polymorpha. Personnel and resources required for this work include three post-doc and two technician salaries, lab and greenhouse materials and supplies, and growth chambers ($661,000 for 2017 and $520,000 each year for 2018 and 2019). Understanding disease dispersal—There is an urgent need to understand how ROD is spread and whether this information can be used to control disease transmission from ROD infected forests to unaffected sites. This understanding is central to containing the disease and developing the most effective rapid response protocols. To this end, research is needed to determine: 1) potential insect vectors and the environmental factors correlated with their ecological activities, dispersal, and disease transmission; 2) differences in dust and frass created by different species of wood boring beetles, in- oculum production rates, and Ceratocystis presence across sites that may contribute to short and long 8