HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0042.073 2004-2006 K. Angel Pilago J~4Y of y~ Phone No.: (808) 327-3666
Council ,4~lember cP•'~,: ` Fax No.: (808) 329-4786
District 8 - t~'orth Kona ~`~~`'y~ E-Mail: kapilago@co.hawaii.hi.us
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9
IIAW~~I`I COU1v1TY COU101CIL
County of Hawai `i
Kailua Trade Center
75-5706 Hanama Place. Suite 109 ~~i:klV
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 ~?iY~nl~.~ C>~ ~jt _
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Covr~ty C~a,ncl~
January 24, 2005
MEMO TO: Gary Safarik, Chair
& Members Hawaii County Council
FROM: K. Angel Pilago, Co-Cha'
Committee on Planning
RE: Bill 163, Draft 5 -Relating to the Hawaii County General Plan
Attached for your review and transmittal is the above bill. On first reading, Draft 4 was
amended by
1. retaining the LUPAG map designation of the 1989 general plan for Puueo mauka
(deleting the proposed change at B 13 in Draft 4); and
2. making a number of technical changes, such as fixing the cover page and
pagination, specifically identifying the ordinances to be repealed, replacing the
term "extensive agricultural land" with the term "extensive agriculture" and
including all the maps.
Attached to this transmittal are both the clean and ramseyered document of Bill 163, Draft 5.
Please have this item referred to the Council for consideration.
Attachments
(IV~te: Ramseyer version of Bill 163, Dr. 5, is on file in the Clerk's Office.)
Conten. ldo.
Ref. To: ~
Ref. C`~e~~ ~
Ilawai `i County Is An Equal ®pportunity Provider And Employer
COUNTY OF HAWAII
GENERAL PLAN
February, 2005
Appendix A
(RAMSEYER VERSION -UNOFFICIAL)
~~SY Oi
COUNTY O~ ~I.~.I`I STATE O~ I-I~W~I`I
sep•. _ .yef .4~~
T~~o€ Hard
SILL NO. 163
(Draft 5)
ORDINANCE NO.
AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING TIIE COUNTY OF IIAWAII GENERAL PLAN AND REPEALING
ORDINANCE NO. 89 142, AS Al!'IENDED.
BE IT ORDINANCD BY TIIE COUNCIL OF TIIE COUNTY OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. Purim. The purpose of this ordinance is to adopt a General Plan in compliance with
Section 3-15, I4awaii County Charter and to repeal the 1989 General Plan adopted by Ordinance No. 89 142,
as amended.
SECTION 2. The attached document identified as Appendix A, which also includes the Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide Maps and the Facilities Maps, is hereby adopted as the Hawaii County General
Plan.
SECTION 3. Ordinance No. 89 142 (1989 General Plan) and subsequent amending Ordinance Nos.
88-118, 90-71, 91-48, 91-72, 92-115, 93-110, 93-111, and 97-64 are hereby repealed.
SECTION 4. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall
not affect the other parts of this ordinance.
SECTION 5. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.
INTRODUCED BY:
CO CI MBER, COUNTY WAII
COUNCILIvI BER, CO T OF HA All
Hawaii
Date on Introduction:
Date of 1 S` Reading:
Date of 2"d Reading:
Effective Date:
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Table of Contents
Element Pase
Introduction 1
Economic 28
Energy 68
Environmental Quality 79
Flood Control and Drainage 85
Historic Sites 107
Natural Beauty 129
Natural Resources and Shoreline 150
Housing 157
Public Facilities 206
Public Utilities 244
Recreation 279
Transportation 306
Land Use -Introduction 337
Land Use -Agriculture 356
Land Use-Commercial 367
Land Use -Industrial 379
Land Use -Residential 390
Land Use -Resort 407
Land Use -Open Space and 421
Public Lands
Plan Implementation 426
Amendment Procedures 430
[AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN AND
REPEALING ORDINANCE NO. 439, AS AMENDED.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. Purpose. It is the purpose of this ordinance to adopt by ordinance a General
Plan in compliance with Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter.
SECTION 2. Requirements. Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter, mandates that the
General Plan contain the following:
"A statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most
desirable use of land within the county for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial,
industrial and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural
resources and the preservation of [our] natural beauty and historical sites; the most desirable
density of population in the several parts of the county; a system of principal thoroughfare,
highways, streets, public access to the shorelines, and other open spaces; the general locations,
relocations and improvements of public buildings, the general location and extent of public
utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power,
transit, and other purposes; the extent and location of public housing projects; adequate drainage
facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matter as may, in the council's judgment, be
beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed
to assure the coordinated development of the county and to promote the general welfare and
prosperity of its people."
SECTION 3. Statement of Assumptions. The following Assumptions were the basis by
which the General Plan was developed:
1. Agriculture
Agricultural employment, especially in the sugar industry has been declining over
the past ten years. At best, employment in the sugar industry is projected to decline
slowly if normal attrition through retirement continues. Alternatively, national and
international economic and political forces could result in the demise of the
industry. Factors affecting this decline will be the expansion and labor demands of
the macadamia nut, papaya, flower and other diversified agricultural industries.
2. Tourism
The County's visitor industry is poised for rapid expansion, and employment in
tourism is expected to increase substantially.
3. Other Basic Industries
There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aquaculture,
astronomy, renewable energy, and research-development.
1
Introduction
SECTION 4. Council Policies, Statement of Development Obiectives. Standards and
Principles. The Council's policies for the long-range comprehensive physical development of the
county and the statements of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the
most desirable use of land within the county are set forth as follows.]
[SECTION 5. Courses of Actions. The courses of actions necessary to promote the
policies, development objectives, standards and principles as incorporated in Section 3 are hereby
set forth for the various elements within the designated districts.]
2
Innroduction
[INTRODUCTION
This section provides an overview of the General Plan with respect to its history, the
program and planning process used in its development and the intended means of implementing
the plan. The introduction also presents a discussion of the County's historical trends and
alternative employment and population projections.
OVERVIEW OF THE GENERAL PLAN
The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long-range
comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for
the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their
pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements which embody the expressed goals for present
and future generations.]
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF THE GENERAL PLAN
The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the Iona ranee
comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The purposes of the General Plan are
to•
• Guide the pattern of future development in this County based on lone-term Goals:
• Identify the visions, values, and priorities important to the people of this County:
• Provide the framework for regulatory decisions, capital improvement priorities.
acquisition strategies, and other pertinent government programs within the
County organization and coordinated with State and Federal programs.
• Improve the physical environment of the County as a setting for human activities:
to make it more functional, beautiful, healthful, interesting, and efficient.
• Promote and safeguard the public interest and the interest of the County as a
whole.
• Facilitate the democratic determination of community policies concerning the
utilization of its natural, man-made, and human resources.
• Effect political and technical coordination in community improvement and
development.
• Iniect long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions and
implementation.
3
Introduction
History of the Plan
General [plan] Plan studies in the County of Hawaii were initiated in the late 1950's[.] and
were limited to particular regions of the island such as the Hilo. Kona. Kohala. Hamakua.
and Puna Districts. As such, these initial general plans lacked a comprehensive,
coordinated, and integrated overview of the entire County. The first of these studies, "A Plan
for Kona was completed in 1960 and encompassed the districts of North and South Kona. "A
Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo" was completed in 1961 for the districts of South Hilo and
Puna. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan" was completed in 1963 and covered part of
the district of North Kona and the districts of North and South Kohala, Hamakua and North Hilo.
These regional plans were adopted by Ordinance No. 317 in July 1965, as the General Plan for the
County. The district of Ka'u was the only area in the County not covered by this plan.
With the adoption and ratification of the County Charter in 1968, the General Plan
emerged as a major policy document. Section 3-[16] 15 of the County Charter states:
"The county council shall adopt by ordinance a general plan which shall set forth the
Council's policy for Zong-range comprehensive physical development of the County. It
shall contain a statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect
to the most desirable use of land within the County for residential, recreational,
agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other purposes which shall be consistent with
proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of our natural beauty and
historical sites; the most desirable density of
population in the several parts of the County;
a system of
principal thoroughfares, highways, streets, public access to the shoreline, and
other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvement of
public buildings,
the general location and extent of
public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or
privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit and other purposes, the extent and
location o~'public housing projects, adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution;
and such other matters as may, in the Council's judgment, be benefzeial to the social,
economic, and governme~ual conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the
coordinated development of the County and to promote the general we~dre and prosperity
of its people.
~ The Council shall enact zoning, subdivision, and other such ordinances, which
shall contain the necessary provisions to carry out the purpose of the General
Plan.
l~ No public improvement. protect, subdivision, or zoning ordinances. shall be
initiated or adopted unless the same conforms to and implements the General
Plan.
~ Amendments to the General Plan may be initiated by the Council or the Plannine
Director. "
4
Introduction
The first General Plan document to be completed after the ratification of the County
Charter in 1968 was adopted by ordinance on December I5, 1971 by the County Council. Upon
adoption of the General Plan in 1971, the Council laid the foundation for establishing a
comprehensive planning program for the County of Hawaii. This program consists of three
interrelated parts arranged in a hierarchy as described below[.] and illustrated in Fieure I.
The General Plan represents the first level and encompasses long-range goals, policies,
[and] standards, and courses of action for the entire County. The General Plan also
provides the legal basis for all of the other elements of the County's planning structure. As
such, the General Plan is the highest order, or "umbrella" plan. It establishes the outer
limits or boundaries within which the County must operate.
The second level consists of short and middle range plans [which] that further define the
long-range goals and policies of the General Plan. These plans are related to specific
regions or districts (Hilo, Kona, Kohala, Ka'u, etc.), functions (recreation, agriculture,
drainage, highways, etc.)[;], and [for] specific areas within a region (Kailua-Kona,
Downtown Hilo, etc.).
The third level consists of specific mechanisms to implement the two higher levels of the
planning hierarchy. These include the Zoning and Subdivision Codes[,] and both the
operating and capita] improvement program budgets.
5
i~noa~~~~~~
Figure I
GENERAL PLAN
Functional Plan Community Development Plan Area Improvement Plnn
Hilo Downtown Development
Recreation Hilo
Sewerooe/Drainooe Kona PIPI-on
Historic Sites Kohala Koiluo Village Design Plan
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Land Use Development
Operating Budget Cgpitgl Improvements Program Codes
~C'jp~ Zoning Subdivision
Other Codes and Regulations
General Plan Pro¢ram
The initial development of the General Plan program, undertaken between 1968 and 1970,
[investigated, analyzed, and evaluated concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or
standard methodology. The General Plan program] was funded through an agreement between the
County of Hawaii and the [Federal ] U_S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
through the former State of Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development[.]
(currently the State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourisml. The
initial General Plan study program was conducted over a 36-month period and [was] completed by
the Planning Department with the technical assistance of professional consultants in the fields of
drainage and flood control, historic sites, sewerage, economics, and water.
The General Plan program is structured to investieate, analyze, and evaluate
concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or standard methodology. The
preparation of the General Plan involves the process of planning and provides the
opportunity to broaden the base of citizen participation, review, and understanding.
The 1971 General Plan required five and ten year comprehensive reviews and updates.
The reviews and updates are intended to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the General
Plan and to accommodate major changes and trends [which] that may occur within the County.
The County initiated a review of the Laid Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map iu 1978 [and which]
that led to several changes to the map. Other changes [which were made include] included the
addition of an Energy element and amendments to procedures for the comprehensive reviews and
proposals for specific amendments to the General Plan.
6
Introduction
The first comprehensive ten-vear review of the General Plan was initiated by the
Planning Department in the mid-1980's and completed with the adoption of Ordinance No.
89 142 by the Hawaii County Council on November 14. 1989. This comprehensive revision
program resulted in various revisions to supporting data as well as to the individual studv
elements and Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities mans.
The [Revised] Current General Plan Comprehensive Review Program
The planning process utilized for the current comprehensive review and revision of the
General Plan included an assessment of the General Plan elements relative to new data, laws, and
methods of analysis. Each study element was then analyzed and evaluated in relation to all other
elements, County and district goals, and the land use pattern. Potentially, a change in one element
could affect other elements as well as the land use pattern. Similarly, a change in County and
district goals could potentially be reflected in all elements and in the land use pattern.
The comprehensive review of the General Plan gathered and assessed the data related to each
element [in order] to identify present conditions and problems and future possibilities. The study
elements [which are] utilized in the General Plan included the following:
Economic f Activitiesl: Describes the human, capital, and natural resources used to
produce goods and services for consumption in local and overseas markets.
Enerev: Describes the energy situation for the County and explains the incentive for
promoting energy conservation and the development of indigenous energy resources
including solar, wind, hydrologic, and geothermal.
Environmental Ouality: Identifies the factors affecting the island's environmental quality
and describes the precautions and safeguards necessary to maintain and improve the
quality of the environment for the physical, psychological, and social well-being of
residents and visitors.
jFlood Control and Drainage_7 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards: Pertains to the
conservation and protection of life, improvements, and natural resources from excess
runoff due to either man-made improvements, natural causes, or inundation from tsunamis
and heavy seas.
Historic Sites: Identifies [artifacts and] sites and buildings of historical and cultural
importance.
Natural Beautv: Identifies areas of unique natural beauty [which] that are a principle asset
of the island, and [which require] encourages programs for their conservation,
preservation, and integration with other elements.
Natural Resources and Shoreline: Describes the valuable and often irreplaceable natural
assets of the island [which require] and encourages programs for their rp oiler
management and protection [and wise use].
7
Introduction
Housing: Addresses the requirements for and the quantity, quality, and distribution of
housing units in the County. [It] This element also addresses critical housing problems of
the County.
Public Facilities: Pertains to the location and distribution of facilities for education, [and]
public safety, [and for] social, [custodial and] health services[.] and other government
operations.
Public Utilities: Describes the distribution of power, light, and water[,]; the collection and
[disposition of waste, sewage,] disposal of solid waste and sewage; and the provision of
other communication [facilities which] utilities that are essential to the efficient
functioning of a [modern] community.
Recreation: Examines the requirements of the County for active and passive outdoor
activities, cultural events and pastimes, as well as attendant facilities and areas.
Transportation: Describes the requirements for air and water transport terminal Facilities
linking the County with the rest of the State and overseas areas, and the island's network of
streets, highways, and roads.
Land Use: Studies the relationship of human activities to the uses of land and the location,
spatial relationship, and topography [of land uses]. This element is subdivided [according
to uses] into the following designations[:] according to uses:
Agricultural: Encompasses all types of agricultural endeavors[,] and specified
industrial uses, residential and ancillary community and public and accessory uses.
Commercial: Comprised of industries in the retail trade and service categories and
certain non-noxious enterprises from other industrial classifications.
Industrial: Includes uses [which] that may not be compatible with commercial
areas (such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and
transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards) as well as other
industrial, manufacturing, or wholesaling uses.
Multiple Residential: Includes duplexes, apartments, town houses all] and
similar types of residential structures and ancillary community and public uses.
O en : S ace: Includes conservation lands, forest and water reserves, natural and
scientific preserves, and potential natural hazard areas.
Public : Lands: Includes Federal, State, County, and University owned lands.
Resort: Consists primarily of areas with basic amenities and attributes [which] that
attract developments of visitor accommodations and related facilities.
8
Introduction
Single-ffamilyl Familv Residential: Consists ofsingle-family detached houses and
ancillary community and public uses.
Each study element has been divided into sections [which are] described below.
Introduction and Analysis: Describes the element and summarizes findings, County-wide
characteristics and features, trends, changes, and problems [are discussed], as well as the
outlook and opportunities for the immediate and distant future. The analysis also
addresses the element's interrelationships with other elements.
Goals: [Indicates the desired long-range directions and seeks to provide a cohesive and
comprehensive framework within which social and economic programs and governmental
effort can be coordinated.] Indicates the desired Iona-ranee directions and situations
enunciated by community Qrouas, officially expressed in the east or implied in
governmental uroarams. Provides a cohesive and comnrehensive framework for the
coordination of social and economic oroerams and ¢overnmental effort.
Policies: States the methods or strategies [which] that should be undertaken to attain the
stated goals [stated]. These are action and program oriented and involve the formulation
of standard procedures, program evaluation and review, rules and regulations, ordinances
and laws, budgeting, specific projects, etc.
Standards: Concerned with qualitative and quantitative criteria by which situations can be
evaluated or benchmarks established. Standards are basically "yardsticks" or indicators,
minimum conditions or levels of quality necessary for the well-being of the public.
Courses of Action: Many study [element] elements require a more precise and definitive
discussion of community concerns and problems. These sections attempt to identify
specific alternatives on a community, district or regional basis.
As an aid to the understanding of the inter-relationship of the components of the General
Plan, the separate elements of the General Plan may also be described as follows:
The Introduction and the Economic element describe the foundations and factors
[which] that generate population and economic opportunities and growth on the
island of Hawaii. The Environmental Quality, Energy, [Flood Control and
Drainage,] Floodine and Other Natural Hazards. Historic Sites, Natural Beauty,
and the Natural Resources and [the] Shoreline elements describe those natural and
social conditions [which] that influence and set parameters [to] for development
opportunities on the island. The Housing, Public Facilities, Public Utilities,
Recreation, and Transportation elements describe those services, facilities, and
improvements [which are required] necessarv to accommodate the growth of
population and support the economy. The Land Use element describes the
distribution, pattern, and location of the various activities addressed in the other
elements of the General Plan.
9
lntrcxluction
[Plan Implementation
One of the most critical phases of the planning program is the implementation of the
General Plan. It is the use of the plan rather than its mere existence which is of benefit. Public
understanding and support are vitally necessary as the responsibility for the development of the
island of Hawaii rests not only with the administrative and legislative branches of the County but
with all people who live here. Widespread discussion will promote the understanding of unique
and innovative concepts which are presented in the plan.
Implementation of the General Plan requires the development of middle and short range
community, functional, and area plans. It also requires a systematic review of implementing
ordinances such as the zoning and subdivision codes and the adoption of amendments to these
codes in accordance with policies and standards of the Genera] Plan.
The implementation of the General Plan is also related to the capital improvement and
operating budgets. The capital improvements budget encompasses public improvements and
facilities to accommodate the anticipated growth, and the County operational budget encompasses
programs and services. Both are major components of the implementation of General Plan
policies.
Implementation of the General Plan policies also require the adoption of ordinances to
establish programs such as historic sites, housing, area improvement financing, areas of natural
beauty and the like.
Although fifteen years have elapsed since the adoption of the County's planning program
all of the major components have yet to be put in place. Furthermore, the planning process must
be viewed as a continuous non-linear and dynamic process instead of a static and linear one.
Unanticipated opportunities as well as unexpected delays necessitate adjustments to programs,
standards, and policies. Nevertheless, standard procedures must be followed to insure
implementation in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. The following procedures shall be
required to provide the necessary guidance:
The General Plan, and any comprehensive review, should be widely distributed for review,
discussion, and comments.
Input fiom community organizations shall be solicited to assist and advise the Planning
Department, Planning Commission and Council.
The Planning Commission shall hold public hearings in the principal communities
throughout the County.
After the completion of the public hearings for the revision program, the Planning
Commission can suggest modifications to the Planning Director and/or submit the revised
General Plan with recommendations to the Mayor for transmittal to the County Council.
]0
Introduction
After its deliberation, the Council shall adopt the revised General Plan ordinance as the
official County of Hawaii policy.
After the enactment of the revised General Plan Ordinance, the Planning Department shall
prepare drafts of revisions to existing and proposed new ordinances to address any
amendments to the Plan. These drafts shall be submitted to the Planning Commission for
review and recommendations prior to transmittal to the Council for consideration and
action.
The County administration shall prepare a Capital Improvements Program which will
insure that all County projects are in accord with the General Plan. The Capital
Improvement Program budget shall be submitted to the Council for consideration and
action.
Federal and State agencies should be officially requested to recognize the General Plan and
any amendments thereto, in the formulation and implementation of their projects and
programs.
Community Development plans and Urban Design Guidelines should be prepared or
amended by the Planning Department for administrative purposes and adopted by
resolution by the Planning Commission. These will show current and proposed public and
private capital improvements and services, existing zoning, areas appropriate for allocative
land use acreage and any other information which will assist the Planning Department and
Commission to implement the General Plan.
The General Plan for the County of Hawaii should be thoroughly reviewed at intervals of
not more than ten years. Land use acreage allocation should be reviewed at intervals of not
more than five years. All review processes shall be a joint effort of the communities,
residents, and the County government.]
11
Introduction
COUNTY [TRENDS] PROFILE
The County of Hawaii encompasses the island of Hawaii, which is the southeasternmost
and largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. The land area of the County is approximately
twice [that] the combined land area of all the other islands of the State.
The island of Hawaii has a diverse climate, topography[,] and scenic beauty.
Environments [range from] include dense tropical forests; majestic snowcapped mountains; active
volcanoes; black, white, and green sand beaches; deeply eroded valleys; and large expanses of
grazing land. Each [of the districts provide] district provides a variety of settings for human
activity, land and resource utilization, or wilderness areas of minimal human intrusion.
The Countv of Hawaii has expanded into new fields of industrv such as astronomy,
high technology, renewable energy, health and wellness, agricultural and eco-tourism.
diversified agriculture and aauaculture. The County's continuing support of research and
development in these emerging fields will ensure a promising future for the island's economv
and its residents. Specific examples include the establishment of the Agricultural Research
Center of the Pacific, conversion of the old sewer treatment plant near Puhi Bav in Hilo to
an aauaculture facility, and the construction of an agricultural water system in Ka'u.
The County's overall economic outlook remains mixed due to the County's
dependence on the condition of the State's economv. Since 1990, the State's economv has
been in a period of decline. While there are opportunities for expansion into new and
existing industries, external factors such as the world economv may have an impact on the
County's future economv.
[Agn-iculture] Throughout the County's history, agriculture has played an important role
in the County's economy [throughout its history]. In the late 1700's, [Hawaii] Hawaii's
agricultural industrv began by provisioning ships. During the 1800's, sugar production and
cattle ranching emerged as leaders of the modern agricultural industry. These industries
dominated the island's economy and social fabric well into the 1900s. The 1980's and 1990's saw
the demise of sugar cultivation and the steady decline in cattle production. These once
dominant industries have been replaced by fully diversified agriculture including flowers
and nurserv aroducts, coffee, macadamia nuts, troaical fruits, vegetable crops, orchards,
aauaculture, and forestry. Import replacement and expansion of export products and
markets are increasing. The three leading agricultural industries within the Countv are
flowers and nurserv products, vegetables, and macadamia nuts. Combined, these three
agricultural industries accounted for over 50 per cent of the total value of agricultural
production in the Countv in 1997. When compared statewide, the County of Hawaii
produces 35 per cent of fresh vegetables, 72 per cent of bananas, 30 per cent of coffee, 95 per
cent of macadamia nuts, and 51 per cent of flowers and nurserv products. Agriculture's
future remains favorable with the strong diversification and development of new export
protocol and technology.
[Sugar, ranching and diversified agriculture continues to bean integral part of the County's
economy. Commercial growing of nearly every tropical and semi-tropical product have been
12
Introduction
attempted here. From early experiments, the coffee, macadamia nut, papaya, and cut flower
industries have emerged. Experimentation with new agricultural products will continue to
contribute to the island's agricultural economic base. In addition, many of the County's
manufacturing concerns are closely associated with agricultural activities.]
Within the past [twenty-five] for years, tourism has emerged as the primary economic
activity on the island. Much of the economic growth experienced during this period can be linked
with the expansion of the visitor industry. Both the statewide and local economies have been
faced with an economic downturn since 1990. Visitor arrivals to the island peaked in 1991 at
1,189,000 and subsequently declined to a low of 1,079,000 in 1994 before rebounding to
],286,000 in 1998. The mainland economic recession of the early 1990's and the Asian
economic crisis in 1997 significantly impacted Hawaii's visitor industrv. These events
emphasized the dependency of the local economy upon the visitor industrv and its
vulnerability to external influences. While the tourist industrv is expected to continue
growing, it has matured to a point where healthy growth will demand a reinvestment in the
infrastructure supporting the visitor industrv. The Counri must continue to preserve,
protect and enhance the unique qualities of the Big Island and promote the island as a
vacation and business destination to respond to growing competition from tourist
destinations around the world.
In 1970, just prior to the initial adoption of the General Plan, the population in the County
of Hawaii numbered 63,468. The 1970 census count was the first to show an increase, albeit
small, since 1930 Population in modern history] when the population peaked at 73,325 [during
that year], largely as a result of the importation of labor for the sugar industry. The population
decline between 1930 and the ] 960s was primarily due to the increasing mechanization of the
sugar plantation, limited job opportunities in other economic sectors, and the out migration of
residents. This decline was reversed during the 1960s with a modest growth of 2,140 residents
between the 1960 and 1970 census.
Since 1970, the County's population has continued to grow. The 1980 census registered an
island-wide resident population of 92,053 people representing a growth of 28,585 residents or a
45 ep r cent increase over the 1970 census. The 1990 census revealed a resident population of
120,317 residents, or an increase of 31 per cent over the 1980 resident population. [Estimates
prepared by the Department of Planning and Economic Development suggest a population of
106,400 in 1985] The census registered 148,677 residents in 2000, a 24 per cent increase over
the 1990 resident population. [These estimates represent the County's population approaching
the island's native population in 1779 estimated to have been between 100,000 to 150,000.] The
County anticipates that its resident population will grow at an annual rate of 1.95 per cent to
2005 2.04 per cent between 2005 to 2010, and 2.1 per cent between 2010 and 2020.
Projected estimates for 2020 indicate an island resident population of 217,718, or an increase
of 46 per cent over the estimated 2000 population of 148,677.
Table 2 summarizes the growth in Hawaii County's job count, by industry, from 1970 to
[1984.] 1997. [The data indicates a shift of employment from agriculture towards tourism and
other service categories. While there have been substantial increases in non-agricultural
categories, farm and agricultural employment have also increased, particularly in those districts
which are not primarily dependant on the sugar industry. Another noticeable change is the
13
Introduction
absolute decline in construction and manufacturing jobs between ] 970 and 1984.] Since 1980,
employment trends within the County have appeared to shift from the non-service industry
to the service industry in iobs such as wholesale and retail trade, finance, hotels, etc. In
1980, the service industries accounted for approximately 61 per cent of the private industry
workforce and 49 per cent of the total wales earned. By 1997, the service industries have
dominated the private industry, accounting for 79 per cent of the workforce and 74 per cent
of the total waves earned. This Growth in the service industry is mainly attributable to the
Growth in the County's tourism sector.
[The value of sugar, diversified agriculture and construction output increased during the
1970s. These increases together with net gains in the travel industry provided support for a period
of unprecedented growth in employment and population in Hawaii County.
Hawaii County's employment expanded at an average rate of 3.4 percent annually since
1970 as compared to 2.3 percent between 1960 and 1970. The County added a total of 16,050
new employees since 1970. Since 1970, statewide employment increased at an average rate of 2.8
percent or more than 10,000 new jobs annually, compared to an average rate of 3 percent and
about 6,500 jobs added annually during the previous decade.] Employment within the County in
1980 totaled 40,850 on a population base of 92,053 residents. In 1990, employment increased
to 55,200 on a population base of 120,317, representing a 3.05 per cent and 2.71 per cent
annual compounded increase, respectively. The 2000 census showed a population of 148,677
and an employment base of 69,937. For the year 2020, the Planning Department anticipates
a population of 217,778 with an employment base of 106,492. Average annual employment
growth rates are anticipated at 2.05 per cent between 1999 and 2005, 2.1] per cent between
2005 and 2010, and 2.16 per cent between 2010 and 2020. These employment proiections are
below the robust 3.05 per cent average annual employment growth rates during the 1980s,
but above the l.6] per cent average annual growth rate during the 1990s.
Unemployment rates for the County of Hawaii dropped drastically from 1980 (6.2 per
cent) to 1990 (3.8 per cent) due to the strong economy during this period. As the County
entered the economic downturn that extended throughout the 1990s, its unemployment rate
increased to 10.2 per cent by ]997. Per capita income during these same periods also saw a
corresponding strong increase during the 1980s and a decline in growth during the 1990s.
14
Introduction
Table I. Population, Hawaii County
[1930 - 1985] 1930-2000
Change from Previous Census
Year Population Change in Population Percentage
7930 73,325 N/A N/A
1940 73,276 - 49 -0.1%
] 950 68,350 -4,916 - 6.7%
] 960 61,332 -7,018 -10.3%
]970 63,468 2,136 3.5%
]980 92,053 28,585 [31.1]45.0%
[ 1985 106,400 14,347 15.6%]
1990 120.3] 7 2264 30.7%
2000 148.677* 28,360* 23.6%
* U.S. Census, 2000
]5
Introduction
Table 2. Job Count By Industrv
1970-[1984] 1997
[1970 % of 1984 % of % Change
Total Total 1970-84
Contract Construction 1,670 5.72% 1,150 2.72% - 31.14%
Manufacturing 2,990 10.24% 2,800 6.62% - 6.35%
Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% -16.67%
Non-durable goods 2,870 9.83% 2,700 6.38% - 5.92%
Food Processing 2,350 8.05% 2,350 5.56% 0.00%
Transportation, Commercial, and Utilities 1,400 4.80% 1,950 4.6]% 39.29%
Trade 5,110 17.51% 8,250 19.50% 61.45%
Wholesale 1,260 4.32% 1,450 3.43% 15.08%
Retail 3,850 13.19% 6,800 16.08% 76.62%
Finance, Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1,350 3.19% 51.69%
Services & Miscellaneous 3,760 12.R8% 8,100 19.15% 115.43%
Hotels 1,750 6.00% 3,800 8.98% 117.14%
Other Services & Misc. 2,010 6.89% 4,300 10.17% 113.93%
Government 4,370 14.97% 6,700 15.84% 53.32%
Federal 360 1.23% 600 1.42% 66.67%
State 2,950 10.11% 4,350 ]0.28% 47.46%
Local ],060 3.63% 1,750 4.14% 65.09%
Agriculture 5,830 19.97% 6,200 14.66% 6.35%
Sugar 1,900 6.51% 1,350 3.19% -28.95%
Self-Employed 2,280 7.8]% 2,400 5.67% 5.26%
Other 1,700 5.82% 2,400 5.67% 41.]8%
Total Non-Ag. Wage & Sal. 20,190 69.17% 33,200 78.49% 64.44%
Total Non-Ag. Self Emp. 3,170 ]0.86% 2,900 6.R6% - 8.52%
Total Self-Employed 4,360 14.94% 5,300 12.53% 2].56%
TOTAL JOBS 29,190 42,300 44.91%]
16
Introduction
° o of ° o of %t ° han e
1970 1984 1997
Total Total Total 1970_97
Contract Construction 1~ 5.72% 1~ 2.72% 3.810 7.33% 128.14%
Manufacturing 2990 10.24% 2y800 6.62% l 3.70% - 35.79%
Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% 210 0.40% 75.00%
Non-durable goods 2~ 9.83% 2~ 6.38% 390 0.75% - 86.41%
FoodProcessine 2350 8.05% 2~ 5.56% 1.320 2.54% -43.83%
Transpor[a[ion.Commercial' 1.40a 4.80% 1950 4.61% 3~ 6.28% 132.86%
And Utilities
Trade Ss170 ]7.51% 8150 ]9.50% 1810 28.51% ]89.82%
Wholesale 1160 4.32% 1y450 3.43% 2i 4.56% 88.10%
Retail 3,,850 13.19% 6i0 16.08% ly 23.95% 223.12%
Finance, Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1_,350 3.19% 2,740 5.27% 207.87%
Services & Miscellaneous 3~ 12.88% 8~ 19.15% ly 30.97% 327.93%
Hotels 1_i 6.00% 3i 8.98% 6i 13.44% 298.86%
Other Services & Misc. 2~ 6.89% 4~ 10.17% 9y 17.54% 353.23%
Government 4i 14.97% 6y 00 15.84% 9i 18.17% 116.02%
Federal 360 1.23% 600 1.42% 650 1.25% 80.56%
State 2i 10.11% 4i 10.28% 6i 12.57% 121.36%
Local 1060 3.63% 1y750 4.14% 2i 4.35% 113.21%
Agriculture Si 19.97% 6200 14.66% 4i 9.53% - 15.09%
Sugar 1_~ 6.51% h 3.19% 0 0.00% -100.00%
Selt-Employed 2i 7.81% 2400 5.67% h 3.46% -21.05%
Other l 5.82% 2y400 5,67% 3150 6.06% 85.29%
Total Non-Ag. Wage & Sal. 2y 69.17% 3y 78.49% 4y 95.19% 144.92%
Total Non-Ag. Self Emp. 3170 10.86% 2900 6.86% N/A N/A N/A
Total Self-Employed 4360 14.94% 5~ 12.53% N/A N/A N/A
TOTAL JOBS 2y 42,300 Sy ~ 77.97%
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
Slate Department of Agriculture Statistics, 1997
N/A -not available
17
lotroduction
STATEMENT OF ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions were the basis by which the General Plan was developed:
• Agriculture
Since the mid-1980s, the Countv of Hawaii has seen a dramatic shift in its
agricultural emplovment profile. The sugar industrv was the island's most
significant economic contributor from the mid-1800s to its peak production
vear of 1983. Since 1983, the sugar industrv steadily declined until its ultimate
demise in 1997 with the closure of the last sugar operation in Ka'u. The is)and
of Hawaii has since established itself as the center of diversified agriculture
production, research, and education in the State. Hawaii's new agriculture
industrv is characterized by a few large operations such as agroforestrv and
ranching along with manv smaller family-owned farms that produce a
multitude of high quality fresh and processed products for local and export
markets. Agricultural emplovment will increase signiTicantly as former
sugarcane lands are brought into production with import replacement, export
and value added crops and products. Additional emplovment will be derived
from expanding agrotourism enterprises. The expansion of the industrv will
be facilitated by the establishment of a new air cargo distribution center apd
post-harvest processing facilities that will allow for significant increases in the
volume and types of products exported to the continental United States and
foreign countries. Agricultural research and education will be greatly
enhanced.
• Tourism
The Countv will continue to pursue the development of a strong multi-market
base for the visitor industrv that includes direct oversea flights to Kona,
Growth of the cruise ship industrv, strong resort-based emplovment centers
and integrated product development for local products that can generate a
healthy small business economic base. The County's visitor industrv will
continue to successfully grow and expand. Likewise, emplovment in the visitor
industrv and its related industries will continue to grow.
• Other Basic Industries
There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as
aauaculture, astronomy, renewable energy, research and development, and
special events such as cultural festivals and athletic events.
18
Introduction
EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION PROJECTIONS
The County's General Plan is a policy document [which] that sets forth [guidelines] the
direction for future activities [in] on the island of Hawaii for the next few decades. In order to
plan for the future, it is necessary to understand both historical [trends] and future trends related to
the number of residents and visitors to be served and the kinds of facilities and resources needed to
fulfill their needs.
In traditional public planning efforts, entire plans have been based on the achievement of
the projected levels of population. In many of these cases, where population numbers are goals,
plans become obsolete when the projected number of residents is not achieved or is surpassed.
Thus, the population projections presented within the General Plan are not intended to be used
as goals. Rather, this General Plan effort uses the projected levels of population as a guideline in
land use planning. The projections represent what could reasonably be expected to occur in the
future. The goals, policies, standards, and recommendations of this plan are intended to be
flexible enough to [cope with] accommodate population levels below or above the projections
stated in this section.
Employment and population projections for the County of Hawaii were developed through
the analysis of relationships between economic activity, employment, and population. The
analytical approach used entails the forecasting of employment in basic industries and the
relationship that changes in employment have [relative to] uuon population. [An econometric
model was developed and utilized to project total employment and population.]
[Basic industries which receive] Primarv Income Generators are those industries that
Generate income from outside the County. They are assumed to be the foundation of the local
economy and the key to the development of the island. [Industries which aze considered basic are]
Primarv Income Generators include agriculture, tourism, the manufacturing of export products,
and research and development. These Primarv Income Generators, in turn. "drive" the
secondary industries, or those enterprises that service the Primarv Income Generators or the
local population and includes wholesaling, retailing and services. The Primarv Income
Generators determine the long-run pattern of population and income growth for the County.
[Secondary industries are those enterprises which service basic industries and/or
population. Retail and wholesale trade, bakeries, utilities, financia] institutions, and local
government are examples of industries in this category.]
Three sets of projections were developed for the comprehensive review program, Series A,
B, and C. The major variables in each of these projections [was] were the rate of growth of the
visitor industry[.], the construction of the proposed State prison, the expansion of the
University of Hawaii at Hilo, and the utilization of apost-harvest treatment facility for
export agricultural products. [Plans for resort complexes and other factors were considered in
the forecast of hotel rooms.] It should [again] be emphasized that the projections are not
statements of goals. The population proiections, and the strength of the correlation between
Primarv economic generators and population growth, must be viewed with caution. The
1989 General Plan contained a similar set of economic and population proiections. Visitor
19
Introduction
arrivals from 1990-2000, a primarv economic Generator, Brew far less than proiected. The
1989 "Series A" proiected a 35 per cent Growth in westbound visitor arrivals in the 1990-
2000 period; the actual number barely increased. AGriculture, the other maior primarv
economic sector, lost iobs because of the loss of the sugar industry. DurinG the same time
period, the county's population Grew about 24 per cent, iust slightly less than the 1989 Series
A proiection of 27 per cent. It appears that there has been substantial population Growth
not driven by economic opportunities in the primarv industries. This may be due to in-
miaration of people seekinG other amenities such as a clean environment and rural lifestyle.
Series A
Series A is the most conservative projection. It assumes [the demise of the sugar industry
and modest expansion] a 1 per cent annual growth rate in the visitor industry. [The overall
1985-2005 rate of growth for Series A of 2.0 % per annum is less than the 2.9% rate of growth of
employment in the County during the last five years.] It also assumes that the proposed State
prison will not be constructed, iob Growth at the University of Hawaii at Hilo will be limited
to l6 positions per year, and the papaya industry will Grow at an annual rate of 1 per cent.
Without the construction of the proposed State prison on the island, 2,000 construction iobs
over three years and approximately 1,000 permanent iobs to run the facility will not be
realized.
SERIES A
POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY
PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [20051 2020
[Resident Westbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ Total Visitor
Population Visitors to 70% 50% Units
County
1985 ]06000 837000 4100 2000 6100
1990 122000 1096000 5300 2400 7700
1995 138000 1337000 6400 3000 9400
2000 155000 1485000 7100 3400 10500
2005 173000 1553000 7600 3600 11200]
20
Introduction
Resident Total Visitors to Hotel Room
Population Coun Inventory
1985 105,900 760,000 7
1990 120,317 1,171,000 8
1995 137,290 1,084,000 9y
2000 148,677 1,231,700 10,041
2005 159,397 1,283,700 10,503
2010 175,388 1,364,600 10,877
2015 193,118 1,434,200 11,177
2020 213,452 1,507,400 11,421
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
U.S. Census, 2000
EMPLOYMENT PROJECT]ONS
HAWAII COUNTY. 1985-(20051 2020
[PRIPdARY SEC""ORS
Hotel Sugar Div Ag New Total Total Total Jobs
Ind Primary Secondary
1985 3900 2600 6500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800
1990 4700 1200 6700 ] 00 12,700 34,200 46,900
1995 5700 0 7300 300 13,300 38,400 51,700
2000 6400 0 7800 300 14,500 43,300 57,800
2005 6800 0 8400 300 ] 5,500 48,300 63,800]
21
Introduction
PRIN[ARY SECTORS
Hotel New Total Total Total
Services Aericulture Manufacture Industries Primary Secondary Jobs
1985 3950 5_,650 2~ 0 12,400 30,000 42,400
1990 6~Z50 51700 2~ 0 14,250 42,736 56,986
1995 Si 4_,850 l 0 12,150 39,800 51,950
2000 61620 5~ 1650 356 13,729 56,154 69,883
2005 6~ 5358 1~ 517 14,461 62,349 76,810
2010 7~ 5665 1~ 690 15,300 69,338 84,638
2015 7~ 6135 h650 774 16,195 77,089 93,284
2020 7,969 6~ 1650 870 17,458 85,992 103,450
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
Series B
Series B projections were developed as a medium series. These projections represent a
moderate Qrowth rate [lie] between Series A and C. [Sugar employment is maintained and the]
The overall per annum employment growth rate anticipated in Series B [is approximately 3.7%.]
ranees between 2 per cent and 2.2 per cent. It also assumes a modest 2 per cent annual
Growth rate for visitor arrivals, compared to a historical growth rate of 1.45 per cent
between the vears 1977 and 1998. This projection also assumes that an additional 70 new
positions will be created at the University of Hawaii at Hilo to accommodate the additional
1 000 students expected to be enrolled within the next ten vears. Finally, the establishment
of the Hilo Call Center will ultimately create an additiona1300 new jobs.
SERIES B
POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY
PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985 - [2005] 2020
[Resident Westbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ To[al Visitor
Population Visitors to 70% 50% Units
County
1985 106,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100
1990 124,000 1,096,000 5,600 2,600 8,200
]995 148,000 1,396,000 8,600 4,000 12,600
2000 ]80,000 1,713,000 11,900 5,600 17,500
2005 217,000 ],800,000 13,900 6,400 20,300]
22
Introduction
Resident Population Total Visitors to Hotel Room
Coup Inventory
1985 105,900 760,000 7511
1990 120,317 1,171,000 8952
1995 137,290 1,084,000 9575
2000 148,677 1,265,700 10,041
2005 159,908 1,401,800 10,513
2010 ]76,937 1,551,100 10,892
2015 195,965 1,712,500 ]1,200
2020 217,718 1,890,700 11,452
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- (20051 2020
[PRIP?IARY SECTORS
Hotel Sugar Div Ag New Ind Tota] Total Total Jobs
Primary Secondary
1985 3,900 2,600 6,500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800
1990 5,000 2,100 6,700 300 14,100 34,900 49,000
]995 7,700 2,100 7,300 500 17,600 43,700 61,300
2000 ]0,600 2,100 9,800 500 23,000 53,000 76,000
2005 12,400 2,000 8,400 500 23,300 65,700 89,000]
23
Introduction
PRIMIARY SE(:TORS
Hotel ew Total Total To al
Services Aericulture Manufacture Industries Primary Secondary obs
1985 33950 53650 23800 0 12,400 30,000 42,400
1990 63250 53700 2300 0 14,250 42,736 56,986
1995 53550 43850 13750 0 12,150 39,800 51,950
2000 63642 53103 13650 356 13,751 56,186 69,937
2005 73014 53358 13650 607 14,629 62,797 77,426
2010 73417 5,665 13650 870 15,602 70,359 85,961
2015 73819 63135 13650 954 16,558 78,865 95,423
2020 83221 63969 13650 1_,050 17,890 88,602 106,492
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
Series C
Series C [is an optimistic outlook of the County's future. It is assumed that 17,800 hotel
rooms plus additional condominium units will be built in the County by 2005. The average annual
~n-owth rate of employment in Series C is 4.7%.] projects a more rapid growth. It assumes that
visitor growth rates are in the 3 per cent-plus range as compared to the Series B assumption
of a 2 per cent growth rate. The construction of the proposed State prison will generate
2.000 construction jobs over three years and 1,000 permanent fobs to support the facility.
This projection also assumes that the papaya industry will grow at 4 per cent, rather than 2
per cent, because of the utilization of apost-harvest treatment facility.
SERIES C
POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY
PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [2005] 2020
[Resident Westbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Uni[s @ Total Visitor
Population Visitors to 70% 50% Units
County
1985 ]06,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100
1990 ]29,000 1,242,000 8,600 4,000 12,600
1995 167,000 ],500,000 12,200 5,800 ]8,000
2000 2]2,000 ],664,000 15,000 7,000 22,000
2005 258,000 1,973,000 17,800 8,400 26,200]
24
Introduction
Resident Total Visitors to ~ Hotel Room
Population County Inventory
1985 105,900 760,000 7511
1990 120,317 1,171,000 8952
1995 137,290 1,084,000 9575
2000 148,677 1,278,700 10,041
2005 166,576 1,489,900 10,519
2010 188,031 ],729,200 10,906
2015 211,357 2,004,600 11,223
2020 237,323 2,323,900 ]1,487
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
U.S. Census, 2000
EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS
HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- (20051 2020
[PRIP~IARY SECTORS
Hotel Sugar Div Ag New Ind Total Total Total Jobs
Primary Secondary
]985 3,900 2,600 6,500 ]00 13,100 29,700 42,800
1990 7,700 2,100 8,000 300 18,100 39,900 58,000
1995 11,000 2,100 9,400 500 23,000 53,900 76,900
2000 13,500 2,100 9,500 500 25,600 66,400 92,000
2005 16,000 2,000 9,600 500 28,100 79,700 107,800]
25
Introduction
PRIMARY SECTORS
Hotel N~ Total Total Total
Services Aericulture Manufacture Industries Primary Secondary Jobs
1985 3}950 5~ 2800 0 12,400 30,000 42,400
1990 6250 5_,700 2300 0 14,250 42,736 56,986
1995 Sy550 4,850 1~ 0 12,150 39,800 51,950
2000 6,651 5~ 1650 356 13,783 56,205 69,988
2005 7071 5~ 1~ 1y607 15,748 65,784 81,532
2010 7~ 5~ h650 1x870 16,851 75,466 92,317
2015 8~ 6280 1650 1y954 17,894 86,087 103,981
2020 8_,506 7146 1.650 2i 19,352 97,954 117,306
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
[The economic activity experienced by the County over the past five years reflects growth
in the County's population and employment. The projections indicate that there will be heavier
dependencies on tourism.] Economic activity within the County is anticiaated to Brow at a
moderate rate with a continuing, although declining, denendencv uaon the tourism industry.
[At present 9.1 In 2000, aaaroximately 9.3 aer cent of the County's employees [work] were
employed by [in] hotels. By [2005] 2~ hotel workers may account for employment in the
total workforce ranging from [10.7%] 7.7 per cent in Series A to [14.8%] 7.3 per cent in Series
C.
Population Distribution
From the estimates of the islandwide resident population, other estimates have been made
[which attempt] to project the distribution of population over the districts of the island. These are
not intended to be included as population achievement levels for the districts, nor as firm
statements or descriptions of future conditions. They are based on assumptions of potential
employment growth rates described in the previous islandwide employment and population
estimates, past district growth trends, and trends in the distribution of population [over] on the
island.
26
Introduction
District Resident Population Distribution
Year [2005] 2020
Series
A B C
Puna 39,790 49,910 59,340
S. Hilo 44,115 55,335 65,790
N. Hilo 1,211 1,519 1,806
Hamakua 5,363 6,721 7,998
N. Kohala 5,363 6,721 7,998
S. Kohala 19,203 24,087 28,638
N. Kona 43,250 54,250 64,500
S. Kona 10,899 13,6'71 16,254
Ka'u 3,806 4,774 5,676]
A B C
Puna 57,105 58,246 63,491
S. Hilo 48,815 49,791 54,274
N. Hilo 1~ 1879 2048
Hamakua 7~ 7328 7988
N. Kohala ]1,053 11,273 12,289
S. Kohala 23,947 24,426 26,625
N. Kona 41,447 42,275 46,082
S. Kona 13,816 14,092 15,361
Ka'u 8243 8~ 9i
Total 213,452 217,778 237,323
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
27
Introduction
ECONOMIC
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The development of sound public policy requires an understanding of the economic
factors affecting the planning area or region. Such factors are largely responsible for growth or
lack of growth, and any planning effort which does not take them into account cannot be very
effective. In varying degrees the other elements of the planning process are affected by the local
economy.
[The existence of population in any given area is based in part on economic reasons.]
Population usually settles, expands or declines within a eiven area in some correlation to
economic opportunities or the lack of them. Besides affecting the number and density of
population, economic activity has a direct bearing on income level, which to a certain extent
determines the standard of living of the individual.
Different types of employment influence the social character of communities. The size
and character of [the population in turn] a community will define its [needs] need for housing,
transportation, public utilities and facilities, special combinations of land use, recreation, and [so
forth.] other Torms of public and social services and facilities. Economic studies are thus one
of the necessary first steps in developing plans for public and private actions.
Government has a responsibility to identify, understand, forecast, protect and promote
local economic sectors and to balance economic growth with desired environmental, social and
other objectives of the [host] community. Government has many policy instruments available to
influence and guide developments, investment, and operation of private and public interests.
The economy, however, should not be considered as the [only goal] primary focus of the
General Plan. The planning process is geared towards the achievement of a higher quality of life
for the residents of the County. Working towards the goals, policies, and standards of [this] the
economic element are only one aspect of accomplishing this desired end.
The [Island] island offers several amenities conducive for economic growth. Many of
these are natural amenities such as a favorable and equitable climate, scenic vistas, high
mountains, deep [oceans,] ocean, active volcanoes, large land areas, and an enviromnent [fairly]
Generally free of pollution.
Despite these amenities, there have been a number of problems that [tended to retard or
limit growth on] have limited the Growth of the island. Most imported goods [have to] must be
[transhipped] transshipped through Honolulu. The distances from the population [center]
centers of Honolulu, the mainland, and other major markets have limited the growth of export
products from the Big Island. [With the exception of sugar, only products] Products [which]
that are unique and/or have high value (such as macadamia nuts, flowers and nursery
products, coffee, and papaval [are] have been successfully exported such as macadamia
nuts, flowers, coffee, and papaya].
28
Economic
As the [island of Hawaii's] Coun 's population and its tourism industry [grows] grew
larger and the export volume increases, more favorable rates on overseas carriers maybe
instituted.
The relatively small population in the State, coupled with the distance to mainland
markets, creates a disadvantage for local businessmen. [This situation is commonly called a
"pocket market".] The size of the State's population does not allow for efficient operations, and
when exportation is considered in order to expand [the] a particular market, the entrepreneur is
faced with high transportation costs.
[Physical catastrophies,] Natural disasters such as tsunamis, volcanic activity, flooding,
and droughts, [have also retarded growth on the island.] are events that have and continue to
shape the economic development on this island. For example, while volcanic activity has
destroyed homes and historic features, it is also the County's largest single tourist
attraction. In addition to actual physical damage, the fear of the recurrence of natural hazards
[presented] presents a psychological barrier for investment. Measures to protect life and
property have been planned and instituted throughout the County. Further [control] hazard
mitigation measures are reported in this plan.
The economy of [Hawaii] the County has experienced significant changes over the past
[two] three decades[.] since the adoption of the County's first comprehensive General Plan
in 1971. [While agriculture remains an important part of the County's economy, it has been
eclipsed by tourism as the primary contributor to the County's economy. Despite these changes,
most of the communities maintain a rural character.] Sugar cultivation was the leading
agricultural activity during the 1970s and early 1980s. The latter half of the 1980s and
throughout the ]990s saw the decline and eventual demise of the sugar industry on this
island. Tourism replaced sugar as the County's primary economic generator during the
mid-1980s and saw its peak visitor arrival numbers in 1989. Since 1990, external factors
such as the Asian economic crisis, the Persian Gulf War, and a brief economic downturn in
the U.S. Mainland have contributed toward the State continuing in a protracted economic
doldrum. Nevertheless, the County was still successful in attracting several world-class
events and saw the completion of several major projects including the opening of the 351-
room Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel and the 243-room Hualalai Resort, the start of direct
national and international flights to Kona, the filming of the movie Waterwarld, and the
arrival of the PGA Seniors MasterCard Tournament of Champions at the Hualalai Resort
and Golf Course.
Agriculture
[With sugar as its leader, agriculture] Agriculture currently constitutes a major economic
sector of the island of Hawaii. Including processing, the agricultural industry accounts for about
[ ] 0 percent] 9.5 per cent of the island's employment. [Besides sugar cultivation and processing,
local] Local agricultural pursuits [consist ofJ include the raising of cattle and other livestock, the
29
Economic
growing of coffee, macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers and nursery products, vegetables,
aquaculture, forestrv and several processing plants [which] that utilize locally grown products.
[Agribusiness is basically conducted on two levels. On one end of the spectrum are the
three sugar plantations which account for a large percentage of agricultural employment. At the
other end are the small, family-operated farms and ranches. The latter accounts for about
three-fourths of the people engaged in agriculture.] Some large corporate agricultural
ventures such as macadamia nut plantations, operate on the island. However.
diversification of the industry has led to smaller operations producing an ever increasing
array of fresh vegetables, fruits, forestrv, and aquaculture products.
Hawaii County accounts for approximately one-third of the [sugar] fresh vegetables
produced in the State of Hawaii, over half of the beef consumed, [all] one-third of the coffee
grown, most of the macadamia nuts, and varying percentages of the other crops and livestock.
The total value of agricultural [marketings rose 181 percent from 1970 to 1984, in part a result of
higher prices.] marketing declined approximately 20 per cent between 1985 and 1997. The
number of farms and livestock operations during this same period increased from [2,500 to]
2,650 [in the same period.] to 3.319 operations. Acreage in farms, however, declined [15
percent during the 1970 - 1984 period.] 57 per cent between 1985 and 1997. [Diversified
agriculture (non-sugar, non-pineapple)] Agriculture has shown substantial growth on the island
[of Hawaii]. The island accounted for [56 percent] 55 per cent of the [diversified] crops in the
State in [1984] 1997 while livestock on the island accounted for [27 percent] 18 per cent of the
State total. [These shares have remained relatively constant since 1970. The island's total
diversified agricultural sales total has risen by 271 percent between 1970 and 1984.] While the
County's share of statewide agriculture production has remained relatively constant, its
livestock production has been steadily declining since peaking in the late 1980s. Much of
this decline can be attributed to the closing of all feedlots within the State by 1993 due to
the high cost of importing Teed. Approximately 90 per cent of all beef cattle are pow
exported to mainland feedlots to be "grain-finished" before slaughter. New ventures in
forestrv and aauaculture have expanded opportunities and show promise for the future.
One of the most pressing problems faced by today's agricultural industries is their ability
to attract labor. Agriculture is facing increasing competition for labor from other sectors of the
economy, such as the [rapidly expanding] visitor, retail and construction industries. There is
also a demand for a greater number of personnel with technical and professional agricultural
training. A related problem is the housing shortage [which is found throughout the island.] for
both minimum wage and seasonal labor.
Competition from urban [forces] uses for agricultural lands has intensified. The
protection of [prime] important agricultural lands, however, has long been a policy of the
County [of Hawaii].
The [pocket market situation and transportation difficulties mentioned earlier in this
section ]relatively small population of the State and its isolation from overseas markets are
limiting factors for the production of agricultural products for local consumption and export.
30
Economic
The State Department of Agriculture, the Department of [Planning and] Business. Economic
Development[,] and Tourism, the University of Hawaii the] _College of Tropical Agriculture,
and the County have programs to assist the industry.
The opportunities for the expansion of agriculture on the Big Island seem to be immense.
The demand for fresh, locally grown products continues to Brow as restaurants, grocery
stores and hotels seek the highest quality products for their Guests. Export products grown
mostly on the Big Island, such as coffee, papaya, macadamia nuts, and flowers, [have expanded
rapidly over recent years.] also continue to expand. These commodities and others, such as
ginger, guava and other tropical fruits, have potential for growth. There are also new high value
crops which have the potential to he successfully cultivated [here]. One such high value crop
is Kava (Awal, a medicinal plant which has the potential to be a viable cash crop. Locally.
small growers as well as a few large growers are producing Kava. Vanilla bean, cacao.
nutraceuticals, hard wood forestry products, and medicinal plants are other types of high
value crops that hold much promise for Growth.
The expansion of the agriculture industry can also be measured by the success of
overcoming some of the restrictive governmental regulations that prevent many locally
grown products from being exported to domestic or foreign markets. Concerns regarding
the transmission of plant pests and diseases during export have or could be adequately
addressed by current treatment or processing technologies. The development of new
protocol and processing facilities for quarantine treatment will assure the further
expansion of the agricultural industry.
[With the introduction of intensified pasture management and a feed lot operation located
on the island coupled with changes in consumer patterns, there is also a potential for cattle
ranching expanding.] In order for Hawaii's cattle industry to strengthen, new techniques
need to be developed for raising forage-finished cattle to compete in the marketplace with
grain-finished cattle. Hawaii cattle will then be able to finish grazing on island pastures
and remain for consumption within local markets. Local producers also need to find new
venues such as processed meats and are-fabricated meals to market locally raised cattle.
By creating a market niche for forage-finished beef, ranchers will be able to keep cattle in
Hawaii, increasing production weights and revenues Tor the State economy.
Forestry
As one of the most heavily traded commodities on the global market and the tenth
largest industry sector in the world, forest products grown in Hawaii may be able to
capitalize on its central Pacific location, excellent growinG climate, and the availability of
vast expanses of former sugar lands. Hawaii's growth rates for forest products are among
the fastest in the world. As a result, at least 24,000 acres are now being cultivated for
eucalyptus production, with thousands of additional acres being planned. Dozens of
landowners within the County are currently involved with the commercial production of
forest products, both eucalyptus and higher value hardwoods such as toon, maple, and koa.
A 1981 State Division of Forestry and Wildlife study identified approximately 80,000 acres
31
Economic
of former sugarcane land as ideal for the establishment of a forest plantation. An
additional 100,000 acres of pasture and brush lands were identi£ed for longer-rotation
forest plantations. The study concluded that there are ample lands available on the island
to establish a forest plantation industry.
Fishing and Aquaculture
Fishing and aquacultural activities are also basic economic sectors. The commercial
fishing industry on the island accounted for [$3.7 million in 1984.] $6,]00,000 in 1997 and
remains the second largest commercial fishing producer in the State. The Counri's
commercial fishing industry has shown a stable catch and poundage sold during the past
five years ending in 1998. This stability in the local fishing industry is expected to continue
for the foreseeable future. [Fishing has long been a part of the island's economy while
aquaculture has shown renewed emphasis only in recent times. This industry remains in its
infancy with only a few operators. Recent activities at Keahole may hold promise for significant
future expansion.]
The deep cold coastal waters off Keahole Point are nutrient rich and pathogen free.
[Experiments with the water have proven successful growing media for a variety of marine
products.] The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is a State-
funded faciliri located on 870 acres of land at Keahole, North Kona. The facility provides
support for various research, commercial and educational programs that seek to locate at
the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authoriri project site to take advantage of its
unique resources, including its cold, nutrient-rich ocean waters and high solar insolation.
Microalgae, lobsters, abalone, ornamental fish and other sea vegetables and animals are
grown at Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authoriri.
The Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resource Center is a joint effort by the
University of Hawaii at Hilo, the Counri. State and the Keaukaha Hawaiian Homelands
Communiri Association to establish a research and training faciliri in Hilo for local
aquaculture farmers and universiri students. The center has the capacity to create water
of any saliniri or temperature necessary to raise fish. Operation of this center is expected
to generate approximately $650,000 annually to the local economy. Value added benefits
are expected to add another $3,000,000.
Aquaculture operations Counri-wide have grown from eight operations in 1982 to
forty-three in 1996. During this same period, annual revenues have grown from $90,600 to
$13,200,000. The County accounts for 37 per cent of the total aquaculture operations
within the State but accounts for over 80 per cent of the total production and over 84 per
cent of the production value. While most of the production from aquaculture farms is now
sold locally, there are large markets overseas that these producers would like to tap. To
assist the export of products overseas, the State has an Aquaculture Development Program
(ADPI. This organization provides a variety of support services to the aquaculture
industry, such as information dissemination, business counseling, marketing, animal health
management, and research and development funding. The key to the future growth and
32
Economic
success of the aquaculture industrv in the County is the ability of Natural Energy
Laboratory of Hawaii Authority to obtain funding to increase the flow of deep sea water to
its facilities and tenants and the expansion of its support facilities. These improvements
will encourage longer residency at the facility by its current tenants as well as attract
additional projects.
The Federal government has shown its support of Hawaii's aquaculture industrv by
approving $9,000,000 for Hawaii aquaculture initiative in Julv 1997, of which $1,600,000
has been appropriated for Tropical Aguaculture Research. In addition, the venture capital
partnership HMS Hawaii Management Partners announced in December 1998 their
commitment to contribute up to $10,000,000 to help island entrepreneurs finance their
aquaculture operations.
Manufacturine
[Manufacturing or processing activities in the County of Hawaii have mainly been related
to the agricultural industry. About 50 percent of the employees in the manufacturing sector are
involved in the processing of sugar. Other forms of manufacturing associated with agriculture
include the processing of macadamia nuts, the production of jams and jellies, and preserved
vegetables. The food processing enterprises, excluding sugar processing, accounted for
approximately 700 employees in 1984, 30 percent of the total manufacturing employment.]
Congress recently funded construction and committed to staffing the USDA's ARS
(Agricultural Resource Services) Pacific Basin Agricultural Resource Center in Hilo. The
purpose of the facility is to improve the well-being of Hawaii and the Pacific Basin by
strengthening the agricultural sectors, fortifying small farm profitability and sustainability
by increasing efficiency of farming practices, identification of preservation and
improvement of germplasm adapted to island environments, the development of pest
controls and post-harvest technology, and increasing the value of products through the
development of value added processing.
Other manufacturing activities are service-oriented, such as bakeries, printing and iron
works. These operations are usually located close to population centers or transportation
facilities.
Visitor Industry
[The visitor industry has become the County's major economic activity in the past
decade. The number of westbound visitors to the island of Hawaii in 1970 was 446,400. By
1984, the count showed 760,900 visitors. The hotel inventory during the same period grew from
3,200 to 6,944 rooms. Employment in hotels, services, and trade also experienced similar
increases.] Tourism became the primary economic generator in the County during the
1980s. From 1982 to 1990, visitor arrivals grew at an average annual rate of 5.66 per cent.
Visitor arrivals started to decline in 1991 due to recessions in the United States and Japan
and the advent of the Persian Gulf War. These external events impacted visitor arrivals
until 1996, when direct flights from Japan to Kona International Airport at Keahole were
33
Economic
initiated. In the eight vears endiny in 1998, the annual visitor arrival erowth rate was 1.18
per cent, much less than the previous eight vears.
The growth of Hawaii County in terms of employment, population, income and economic
activity during recent years has been more closely tied to the visitor industry than any other
sector of the economy. Employment opportunities spurred by the growth of this industry has
been the catalyst for economic growth in the County. As tourism became the primary
economic venerator during the 1980s, a shift in emplovment from the non-service to the
service industry sector was evident. In 1980, the service industrv accounted for
approximately 60.6 per cent of averave emplovment, risiny to 71.3 per cent in 1990 and
78.5 per cent in 1997. The County experienced the larvest erowth in hotel job count
statewide with an averaye annual erowth rate of 5.2 per cent between 1981 and 1997.
The principal visitor destination area of the Big Island is the South Kohala-North Kona
region in West Hawaii. The single most popular attraction is Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
[There is] The island continues to attract substantial investor interest in the visitor
industry [on the island of Hawaii. To date, over one billion dollars of planned construction of
resort-residential complexes have been announced in addition to the substantial investment
already in place. Most of these plans are for the Kohala-Kona coastal areas. Resort
developments have also been announced for the district of Ka'u. By and large the west side of
the island has dominated the visitor market and this trend is expected to continue into the future].
Various resort and resort-residential complexes are currently under construction or are
planned for construction in the near future. Most of these developments are concentrated
in West Hawaii in the Kohala and Kona Districts, which will continue to accommodate the
majority of the visitor market within the County. Visitor accommodation units within the
County totaled 9,655 units in 1998, up from 8,952 units in 1990. Bed and breakfast units,
althouvh not a siynificant part of the total visitor unit count, have been the fastest vrowinv
sevment of the industrv, vrowinv from 55 units in 1990 to 171 units in 1998. Historically.
the County records the lowest visitor unit occupancv rates of all the major Hawaiian
islands. Only in 1998 did the County's occupancv rate finally surpass that of Kauai.
Continued investor interest in resort and resort-residential development in the County
suggests an economic future that promises new jobs and more commercial, recreational, and
cultural activities. Along with these promises of a "better" life is the realization that the visitor
industry is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as the national economy. High quality
development, however, seems less subject to these factors. The key to orderly growth lies in
proper planning and controlled development.
The cruise ship industrv is a potential erowth area for the Countv. In recent vears,
the total number of visitors to the County from cruise ships has increased substantially
from 124,000 in 1997 to 184,000 in 1998. Based on 1998 visitor counts, cruise ship visitor
annual expenditures are estimated to ranee from $16,000,000 to $23,000,000. Cruise ship
visitors are expected to continue to increase in the future due to the recent resurvence and
popularity of this industrv alone with the projected construction of additional cruise ships.
34
Economic
The County's natural beauty, historical and cultural attributes and its numerous
educational institutions and programs lend themselves to provide the catalyst to allow new
niche markets to flourish. Niche markets for the County's visitor industry such as
ecotourism, health and wellness tourism and educational tourism. have growth potential
The health and fitness resources of the various luxury hotels look towards health and
wellness tourism as one of its target markets. The expansion of tourism should include
careful planning to identify, promote and preserve the island's unique resources
Research and Development
[To a limited degree,] Hawaii County has participated in the reseazch and development
industry through the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa Observatories, the University of Hawaii Cloud
Physics Laboratory, Hawaii Volcano Observatory, and various agricultural research centers. The
University of Hawaii at Hilo [College has become afour-year institution] has and will play an
increasingly important role in this community. The university complex itself is an important
economic force. The University of Hawaii at Hilo's Long Range Development Plan [19961
envisions a target enrollment of 5.000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students by 2025, or
roughly twice the 1995 enrollment. The plan outlines the program and facilities
requirements necessary to accommodate the projected growth in enrollment.
The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority [(NELH)] NEf LHA1 at Keahole,
North Kona is currently involved in research and development in energy, materials and
aquacultural projects. Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) pazk, an integral part of
the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, is located adjacent to [NELH] NELHA
and is being developed for similar projects on a commercial scale. [NELH will soon be
involved in geothermal-related research at the Hawaii Geothermal Project site in Puna.]
The County is also participating in the development of the Pacific Aguaculture and
Coastal Resources Center at Keaukaha, South Hilo for research in the spawning activities
of several fish species and providing a research and training facility for university students
and local farmers. The USDA's PBARC facility will bring substantial research resources
to Hawaii.
[Further, interest has been expressed for several years in developing a space launching
facility in Ka'u.
Technological advances are occurring in many sectors and is not limited to the "high
tech" computer industries. These changes brought by such advances have and will continue to
affect Hawaii's industries.]
The summit area of Mauna Kea has the worldwide distinction as the best
international center for observational astronomy. Mauna Kea currently accommodates
twelve of the world's most state-of--the art telescope facilities. The newest telescope is the
$300,000.000 Subaru telescope developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of
35
Economic
Japan. The recent completion of the University of Hawaii-Hilo Institute of Astronomy
complex at University Park will support the relocation of the Institute of Astronomy staff
from UH-Manoa to UH-Hilo. The UH-Hilo is also working to offer a Bachelor of Science
degree in astronomy to allow observatories to hire local astronomers. Approximately
$619,000,000 of capital investments into the County have been made by the astronomy
industry, including the creation of approximately 270 permanent lobs. Astronomical
activities contribute approximately $50.000,000 annually to the County's economy.
Military presence within the County is represented by the United States Armv. The
U.S. Army operates a field training facility at the Pohakuloa Training Area on Mauna Kea
and a recreational camp at the I{ilauea Military Camp-Joint Services Recreation Center
located within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Permanently stationed military units
are not located on this island. The Department of Defense appropriated direct expeditures
or obligations of $37,800,000 within the County in 1997. an increase of 84.4 per cent over
1987 appropriations. However, the Federal government's downsizing and restructuring of
the U.S. military may eventually lead to base closings. As a result, military activities may
not be a major economic sector in the foreseeable future.
Secondary Industries
Secondary industries, such as government, construction, trades (retail and wholesale),
utilities, financial institutions, and professional services are most often located close to
population centers. Population usually locates close to employment centers [which,] t~ in
turn, are based on primary income generators, such as tourism or agriculture. Major
transportation facilities also attract secondary industries.
Annual employment in the secondary industry between 1980 and 1990 increased a
healthy 4.54 per cent. Latest census information from the State Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations reveal that employment within the secondary industry between 1990
and 1997 increased by only 1.2 per cent annually, a dramatic slowdown in the growth of
employment within the secondary industry due to the protracted growth of the local
economy. The secondary economic sector employment accounted for 67.8 per cent of the
County's workforce in 1997, compared to 69.7 per cent in 1990 and 60.5 per cent in 1980.
The largest secondary employment sector is the wholesale and retail trade, which
reported the greatest percentage gain in average employment of 78.6 per cent between 1980
and 1990, but a mere 2.8 per cent between 1990 and 1997. The services sector has replaced
the government as the second largest secondary economic sector in the County.
The major governmental, service, commercial, transportation, and educational center on
the island of Hawaii is the city of Hilo. Of the island's population, approximately 30 percent
[resides] reside within the city limits. Key to the growth of the city [have] has been [the] its
transportation facilities. Until Kawaihae Harbor was constructed on the west coast of the island,
Hilo Harbor was the only deepwater port in the County. [Hilo's General Lyman Airport] The
Hilo International Airport has been improved to accommodate [inter-continental jets] larger
36
Economic
aircraft while [Kong's Ke-ahole] Kona International Airport at Keahole has been receiving
direct national and international overseas flights.
[In addition to the developing urban center at Kailua, there are many other communities
throughout the island, which, for the most part, are small and rural in nature. These
communities, ranging in population from 300 to 1,500, constitute the remainder of the "urban"
areas of the County.]
The future economic outlook for the County is uncertain due to the state of foreign
economies and its impact on tourism. Tourism is expected to continue as the primary
economic Generator in the near term. As a result, the services industry is expected to also
be a dominant factor in the future of the County.
The County's vast quantity of natural resources and land will support the future
Growth of the County's non-service industries, especially agriculture. The willingness of
the County and its residents to innovate and expand into new fields of industry will help
the future expansion of the entire economy. As the primary sectors of the economy expand,
the expansion of the secondary economic sectors will follow accordingly.
Enterprise Zones
The Hawaii Enterprise Zone (EZl program is a partnership between State and
County Governments and the private sector to stimulate, via tax and other incentives.
certain types of business activity, iob preservation, and iob creation in areas most
appropriate or needed. To be eligible for EZ benefits, at least half of a firm's annual gross
income must be derived from one or more of the following activities -agricultural
production or processinG, manufacturinG, wholesale/distribution, aviation or maritime
repair/maintenance, telecommunications switching and delivery systems, information
technology design and production, medical research/clinical trials/telemedicine or for-
profit training programs in international business management or environmental
remediation. Within the County of Hawaii, businesses that satisfy all of the requirements
will qualify for the following tax benefits for up to seven consecutive years: 11 l00 per cent
exemption from the General Excise Tax (GETI and Use Tax every year (contractors are
also exempt from the GET on construction done within an EZ for an EZ-enrolled
business); 2) an 80 per cent reduction in State income tax the first year (this reduction goes
down ]0 per cent each year for six more years); 31 an additional State income tax
reduction equal to 80 per cent of annual Unemployment Insurance premiums the Tirst year
(this reduction goes down ]0 per cent each year for six more vearsl; and 4) a three-year
exemption from any increase in County property taxes resultinG from new construction in
an EZ by EZ-enrolled businesses.
Within the County of Hawaii, Enterprise Zones have been established within
portions of the Hilo, Hamakua, North Kohala, North Kona, South Kona and the Ka'u
districts,__In 1999 there were approximately 40 EZ-enrolled businesses located throughout
the island.
37
Economic
Employment
Employment opportunities have increased by over [13,000] 22,700 jobs [during the
period] from 1970 through [1984.] 1997. The 1980s saw employment crow at an annual
compounded growth rate of 3 per cent. From 1990 to 1997, employment crew at an annual
compounded rate of only 1.61 per cent, a reflection of the County's recessionary economy
during this period. [The industry category experiencing the largest increase was hotel
employment, followed by retail trade. This is evidence of the impact that the visitor industry has
had on stimulating the County's economy.] Employment in secondary industries also expanded.
The largest employment decrease was in the sugar industry which [reduced labor needs in
harvesting and processing.] saw the closing of the island's last sugar processing facility in
1997.
Unemployment rates during the 1980s and 1990s followed a similar trend as
employment. Unemployment rates dropped drastically from 1980 to 1990 (6.2 per cent to
3.8 per cent, respectivelvl due to the County's strong economy during this period. As the
economy slowed during the 1990s, unemployment increased to 10.2 per cent by 1997. For
1997, the districts of Puna and Ka'u experienced the highest unemployment rates at 15.6
per cent and 14.8 per cent, respectively.
The following table depicts the shifting of employment between the major sectors of the
County's economy. ]t indicates that the County's economy has shifted from an economy
dominated by agriculture in 1960 to a more diversified economy with a significant service-
oriented component.
1960 1970 ]984 1997
Percent Employed in Hotels 2.2% 6.0% 9.0% 13.4%
Percent Employed in Other Services 5.4% 6.9% 10.2% 17.5%
Total Service Employment 7.6% 12.9% 19.2% 31.0%
Percent Employed in Agriculture 27.0% 20.0% 14.7% 9.5%
Estimates -County of Hawaii Planning Department
[Much of the increase in employment, especially in hotels and retail trade, has been
absorbed by the women in our population. The current ratio between Hawaii County's total
employment and population is the highest in the State. The participation rate indicates that the
County's labor supply has been largely utilized. This situation indicates that new labor demands
may have to be partially met through in-migration.]
[Rising wage levels and more secondary workers caused per capita personal income to
rise from $4,059 in 1970 to $9,396 in 1983.] Per. capita income in the County grew at an
annual compounded rate of 5.18 per cent during the 1980s and 2.91 per cent through 1996.
The increase during the 1980s are reflective of the strong economic conditions that existed
38
Economic
at the time with a corresponding decrease in per capita income growth during the
recessionary periods of the 1990s. Median household income also increased at a healthy
rate from 1980 to 1990, increasing from $16,975 to $29,712 at an annual compounded rate
of 5.76 per cent. During this period, every district within the County also recorded
increases in median family household income with the greatest increases occurring in the
districts of South Kohala and North Kohala (8.43 per cent and 8.29 per cent. respectively).
According to statistics from the State Department of Labor and Industrial
Relations. there has been a shift in emplovment trend from the non-service industrv to a
dominant service industrv within the County. In 1980, service industries (wholesale/retail
trade, finance, hotels, etc.) accounted for approximately 61 per cent of the private industrv
workforce and 49 per cent of the total wages earned. By 1997, the service industries
dominated the private industrv, accounting for approximately 79 per cent of the total
workforce and 74 per cent of the total wages earned. This shift in emplovment trends has
significantly changed the economic make-up of the County as workers have in-migrated to
the Big Island to meet the demands of emplovment growth in the service industrv, which is
primarily fueled by the tourism sector. Additionally, non-service industrv workers,
primarily in agriculture, adjusted and shifted to new emplovment opportunities in the
service industries as agricultural lobs dwindled.
Upon completing high school, an increasing proportion of the County's youth have
pursued higher education. However, despite this trend, there is still scarcity of employment
opportunities for the college-educated who desire to return to the island.
P~ulation
The population of Hawaii County has grown steadily since [ 1970. District estimates for
1984 also show changes in the distribution of population. The South Hilo district still contains
over 40 percent of the island's population. The remainder of the nine judicial districts have
resident counts ranging from 1,576 in North Hilo to 18,226 in North Kona.] 1980. According to
the 2000 U.S. Census, the County's population increased 23 per cent between 1990 and
2000. During the same period, the State's population grew by 9 per cent. The district of
Puna saw the largest increase at 51 per cent, followed by South Kohala (44 per cent), North
Kohala_(41 per cent), Ka'u (31 per cent), North Kona (28 per cent), South Kona (12 per
cent), North Hilo (12 per cent), Hamakua (10 per cent) and South Hilo (6 per cent).
Utilizing Series B, the County's population is projected to grow 46 per cent to
217,718 from 2000 to 2020. South Hilo. currently the most populous district within the
County, will be eclipsed by the Puna District in 2020 with an estimated population of
58,246 compared to South Hilo's 49.791.
39
Economic
Projection of Resident Population by District
Year 2000 to 2020 (Series B)
District 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Total 148,677 159,907 176,938 195,965 217,718
Puna 31,335 36,351 42,591 49,801 58,246
South Hilo 47.386 46,273 47,477 48,614 49,791
North Hilo 1720 1_~ ]720 1798 h79
Hamakua 6~ 6196 6~ 6,933 7i
North Kohala 6038 6~ 7917 9446 11,273
South Kohala 13,131 15,659 18,184 21.072 24,426
North Kona 28,543 30,467 34.024 37.922 42,275
South Kona 8589 10,253 11,414 12,681 14,092
Ka'u Sy827 6i 7i 7i 8i
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
[The growth of district populations in the last twenty years is closely associated with the
existence of visitor industry facilities in an area. North Kona and Puna experienced the largest
increases. The population of North Hilo and Hamakua declined. The district of Puna, in spite of
the closing of the Puna Sugar Company, grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent reflecting the
continuing settlement on relatively less costly lots created decades ago.] The Puna District will
continue to experience relatively strong population growth due to the availability of
relatively inexpensive lots that were created around the 1960s. The growth of the
population in North and South Kohala. North Kona and South Kona are closely associated
with the continuing erowth of the visitor and agricultural industry within these districts.
GOALS
• Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life[.] throueh
economic development that enhances the County's natural and social
environments.
• Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical,
[and] social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii.
• [The County of Hawaii shall strive] Strive for diversity and stability in [its] the
economic system.
40
Economic
• [The County shall provide]Provide an economic environment [which] that
allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible
with the County's eulturah natural and social environment.
• Strive for an economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity for
choice of occupation.
• Strive Tor diversification of the economv by strengthenins existins industries
and attractins new endeavors.
• Strive for full employment.
• Promote and develop the island of Hawaii into a unique scientific and
cultural model, where economic rains are in balance with social and physical
amenities. Development should be reviewed on the basis of total impact on
the residents of the County, not only in terms of immediate short run
economic benefits.
POLICIES
• [The County of Hawaii shall assist] Assist in the expansion of the agricultural
industry [,especially diversified agriculture,] through the protection of important
agricultural lands, development of marketins plans and programs, capital
improvements [and other programs], and continued cooperation with appropriate
State and Federal agencies.
The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which provides its
residents an opportunity for choice of occupation.]
• [The County of Hawaii shall continue to encourage] Encourase the expansion of
the research and development industry by working with and supporting the
[university,] University of Hawaii at Hilo and West Hawaii, the Natural
Energy Laboratory at Hawaii Authority [private sector], and other agencies'
programs [developed to aid the County of Hawaii.] that support sustainable
economic development in the County of Hawaii.
• [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourase the development of a visitor
industry [which is consistent] that is in harmony with the social, physical, and
economic goals of the residents of the County.
• [The County shall require] Require a study of the significant cultural, social and
physical [impact] impacts of large developments prior to approval.
The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by
strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.]
41
Economic
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the [expansion] sustainable
development of the fishing industry, various forms of aquaculture, and other
fresh and [ocean] sea water-based activities.
• [The County shall support] Suuaort all levels of educational, employment and
training opportunities and institutions[for its residents].
The County of Hawaii shall study the feasibility of establishing a business
development loan program.]
• [The County's capital] Ca ital improvements program [should] shall improve the
quality of existing commercial and industrial areas.
• The [County of Hawaii's] land, water, air, sea, and people shall be considered as
essential [economic] resources for present and future generations and should be
protected and enhanced through the use of economic incentives.
The County shall strive for full employment.]
• [The County of Hawaii shall] Continue to encourage the research, development
and implementation of advanced technologies and processes [in existing and
potential economic endeavors].
• Support the development of high technology industries.
• [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development and utilization
ofby-products from alternate energy conversion projects.
The County shall conduct a re-evaluation of all economic goals and policies,
particularly in the area of tourism, coincident with any County-initiated overall
land use acreage allocation and General Plan review.]
• [The County shall identify] Identify and encourage primary industries that are
consistent with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the
County.
• [An] Encourage active liaison [between the County and] with the private sector
[should be encouraged] with respect to the County's requirements for establishing
[business] businesses on the island.
• [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the [continuing]
development of the retirement industry.
42
Economic
The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the
sugar industry.]
• [The County shall promote] Promote a distinctive identity for the island of
Hawaii to enable government, business and travel industries to promote the
County of Hawaii as an entity [separate and] unique within the State of Hawaii.
• Identify the needs of the business community and take actions that are
necessary to improve the business climate.
• Support research and development that would lead to the removal of
marketing restrictions on Hawaiian fruits and other perishables.
• Assist in the development of a film and video industrv program to market
Big Island sites and coordinate film and video activities on the Big Island.
• Assist the further development of agriculture through the protection of
important agricultural lands.
• Assist in the promotion of the agriculture industrv whose products are
recognized as being produced on the island of Hawaii.
• Encourage the establishment of open farmers markets to allow local
agricultural producers to market their products.
• Assist in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand
opportunities for local agricultural products for export as well as to the local
market.
• Encourage the further development of the overseas capacity of Hilo
International Airport for the exportation of agricultural crops.
• Encourage the health/wellness industrv.
• Encourage new industries that provide favorable benefit-cost relationships to
the people of the County. Benefit-cost relationships include more than fiscal
considerations.
[STANDARDS
• The island of Hawaii should be developed into a unique scientific and cultural
model. The island should become a model of living where economic gains are in
balance with social and physical amenities. Development should be reviewed on
the basis of total impact on the residents of the County, not only in tenns of
immediate short run economic benefits.
43
Economic
• New industries which provide favorable benefit-cost relationships to the people of
the County should be encouraged. Benefit-cost relationships as used here include
more than fiscal considerations.]
DISTRICTS
The following is a brief analysis by judicial district for each district. The entire County,
however, is an economic system [and there are] with many interrelationships and
[interdependencies] interdeaendence among the various districts. Each district is an integral
part of the County and is treated as such. The courses of action shall be consistent with and
supportive of the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the overall economic element.
PUNA
Profile
[Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 1970-80
Change % Change
Puna District 5,030 5,154 11,775 2.5 128.5
Keaau 1,334 951 776 -28.7 - 8.4
Mountain View 566 419 545 -26.0 30.1
Pahoa 1,046 924 925 -11.7 - 0.1
Other 2,084 2,860 9,529 37.2 133.2]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
%Chanee %Chanee
Puna 11,751 20,781 31,335 76.8 50.8
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii Coun[v Department of Research and Development
[Population] The aonulation increased in Puna as a result of employment opportunities
in agriculture as well as iob opportunities in [the city of] Hi]o [and in agriculture within the
district]. Also contributing to this increase was an in-migration into subdivided areas due to the
affordability of parcels within Puna. The table above reflects the continuing population
growth within the Puna District. The population in Puna during the past 30 years has
increased at a substantially higher rate than the growth in employment.
44
Economic
Puna is primarily an agricultural district. The area also includes part of the Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park, large [undeveloped] substandard subdivisions, forest reserves, and
several small concentrations of population. Most of the subdivisions were created prior to the
adoption of the [Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance] Zoning Code in 1967 and are in
agricultural zones.
[Diversified agriculture] Agriculture in the form of truck farming in the Volcano area;
papaya [groves] in the Kapoho area; and flowers, principally anthuriums and [vandal orchids, in
the Mountain View, Pahoa and Kapoho areas are important. The papaya and flower industries
[have experienced rapid growth in recent years] continue to experience moderate growth.
Factors currently [inhibiting the] limitin growth of these industries are the shortage of labor,
housing, processing requirements, and plant disease. Over 90 per cent of the State's papava
production comes from this County, with the majority from the Puna district. The
infestation of Puna papava by the ringspot virus in the 1990s resulted in 1997 production
levels falling 55 per cent from 1992 production levels. It also resulted in the dispersion of
papava acreage to other areas of Puna, South Hilo and Hamakua to escape the virus. With
the acceptance of the genetically-engineered and disease-resistant Rainbow variety and the
recent opening of a post-harvest treatment facility, the future production of papava within
the Puna district is expected to increase. The County also produces most of the State's
bananas, with the Puna district accounting for a large percentage of production. The
banana industry in Puna is expected to grow at a moderate rate.
Geothermal resource utilization is a small part of the existing economy of Puna. Future
[potentials remain uncertain though they maybe] expansion of the geothermal industry within
the district is promising [if implemented properly].
Except for the Kulani Prison project, there are no major government installations in the
Puna district.
The Kamehameha Schools East Hawaii Campus opened in the Fall of 2001. The
campus will be able to accommodate an overall student population of approximately 2,300
students in grades K-l2, and become a major employment generator in the Puna District.
The visitor industry has very little visible effect on the Puna district other than some
roadside stands[.] and a few visitor accommodations. such as bed and breakfast and
vacation-rental operations. There are a number of visitor attractions frequented by tourists,
such as the lava-inundated former Kaimu Black Sand Beach[,] area portion of the Volcanoes
National Park, and the Painted Church.
Puna's population will probably continue to grow [at its past rate.] at a rapid rate. The
major sector of its economy will continue to be agriculture, such as papaya, macadamia nuts and
flowers. However, there are several problem areas [which] that have already been mentioned as
well as others such as capital requirements [which] that have to be overcome for expansion.
There is also potential for a limited amount of visitor facilities in the form of small
45
Economic
accommodations and support facilities, such as recreational azeas, botanical parks, and others.
Puna also will continue to serve as a residential area for [some] people working in [the city ofJ
Hilo.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of the agricultural
industry by providing support services such as co-operation with other agencies
in developing manpower training programs,] to commodity grouas and other
organizations such as farmer's cooperatives. protecting important agricultural
lands, and requesting and providing necessary capital improvements.
The overseas capacity at Hilo's General Lyman Field is extremely important to
the development of Puna's export crops. The County shall continue to encourage
the further development of this facility.]
• [There is potential for limited visitor facilities in the form of small
accommodations and support facilities, such as natural areas, botanical gardens,
and limited commercial facilities.] Resort growth should enhance and be in
keeping with [this] the area's rural character.
• [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Puna should be assisted by the County]
through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
• [The County shall support] Suaaort the development and utilization of
geothermal resources and by-products consistent with the environmental, social,
economic and other goals expressed elsewhere in the General Plan.
Assist the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii in acquiring land
adjacent to geothermal exploration sites to expand research programs or
alternative uses of geothermal by-products.]
46
Economic
SOUTH HILO
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980
Change % Change
South Hilo 31,553 33,915 42,320 7.5 24.8
H;lo Cary 25,966 26,353 35,303 1.5 34.0
Hakalau 650 742 249 14.2 -66.4
Honomu 663 737 560 11.7 -24.0
Papaikou 1,591 1,888 1,565 ]8.7 -17.1
Other 2,683 4,195 4,643 56.4 10.7]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
%Chanee %Chanee
South Hilo 42,278 44,639 47.386 5.6 6.2
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Deuartment of Research and Develoument
Population gowth [has occurred primarily] in [the city ofJ Hilo [while] and in the older
plantation based communities on the [Hamakua] coast north of the city declined[.] or saw little
growth. Between 1990 and 2000, the population for Hilo increased by 6.2 per cent.
[The city ofJ Hilo [(hereafter referred to as Hilo)] is the County seat and the only
metropolitan area on the island. Hilo also functions as the island's industrial, commercial,
distribution and population core. Approximately [30 percent] 33 per cent of all Big Islanders
live in this city. The rest of the population is scattered [in other settlements] throughout the
island.
[Sugar is one of the largest single industries in the South Hilo area. Although plantings
of sugar cane are found within the city limits, most of the cane is grown in the rural areas. Hilo
Harbor serves as the primary shipping point for the sugar industry. A number of related
industries are also located in the city, such as fertilizer distributors, petroleum product
distributors, machine and equipment dealers, repair facilities, and some light manufacturing.
Several crop and livestock businesses are located in South Hilo.] Sugar was one of the largest
single industries in South Hilo. The commercial growing of ornamental plants is now the
largest agricultural product Brown in the district. Bananas and papayas are some of the
other major products grown in the district. More than half of the total acreage cultivated
47
Economic
statewide for flowers and nursery aroducts are located within the County, which also
accounts for over half of the total statewide revenue of flowers and nursery aroducts.
[Hilo is also known as the Orchid Capital of the world, as flowers aze grown extensively
throughout the vicinity. In addition to orchids, anthuriums have been making remarkable
progress in marketability.]
Several kinds of manufacturing operations are located in Hilo, including the processing
of food, fruit, [sugar,] livestock, and garment manufacturing. [The forest reserves represent a
large, virtually untapped economic resource.]
[With the establishment of a four-year college there is potential for further research and
development industries in the city. Already established in Hilo are the University of Hawaii
Cloud Physics Laboratory, agricultural experiment stations and astronomy related base facilities.
Tourism in Hilo grew then declined between 1970 - 1984, beginning with 1,308 hotel and
condominium units available for visitors in 1970, then peaking at 2,152 units in 1976 and
returning to 1,313 in 1984.] There were 1,165 visitor accommodation units available in 1998.
a decline of 11.3 uer cent since 1984 and a 46 aer cent decline since its peak in 1976. Hilo
continues to attract its share of visitors to the County with aoaroximately 380,000 visitors
(30 aer cent) in 1997. As the center of business and government within the County, Hilo
accommodates numerous business and local travelers for saecial events such as hula
comaetitions and snorting finals. The South Hilo district will also benefit from the
continued Growth of the cruise shin industry, which saw a substantial increase in island-
wide arrivals from 124,000 in 1997 to ]84,000 in 1998 with annual expenditures estimated
to range from $16.000,000 to $23,000,000. Overall, the future growth in tourism in the
South Hilo district is anticipated to remain at current levels.
[Commercial endeavors are being expanded. The largest project is the recently
completed Prince Kuhio Plaza, anchored by Liberty House, Woolworth and Sears. Numerous
other office buildings, shops, and services are serving the growing needs of the island
community.]
Hilo with its population size, harbor and airport facilities, higher education complex, and
new investment has potential for economic growth. [There are, however, some problem areas.
Major] However, manv public facilities, such as the airport facilities and the university facilities
in Hilo, rely heavily on State funds and [this] the County must compete with other aeeas of the
State. [A new shopping center has intensified the competitive situation between new and older
commercial areas. Finally, the recent declines in the visitor and sugar industries in east Hawaii
are resulting] The closing of Hilo Coast Processing Company and Hamakua Sugar
Comaanv in 1994 resulted in some [declines] decline in allied sectors. New economic [base]
based activities in [east] East Hawaii are needed if the city is to continue its role as the island's
commercial and service center in the future.
48
Economic
There are several significant projects that could propel South Hilo's economy in the
near future. Subject to the availability of funding, construction of the Saddle Road
improvements could commence in late 2001 and will substantially reduce the commute time
between Hilo and Kailua-Kona. Already in operation is apost-harvest fruit treatment
plant that will allow a substantial increase in the amount of agricultural products to be
e~orted worldwide. In addition, a call center established in Hilo could ultimately provide
as many as 300 new lobs.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State to provide the necessary funds
for the development of the university complex and airport facilities. [The County
shall also provide] Provide necessary support services and facilities to aid the
deve]opment of these complexes.
• [The County shall continue] Continue to implement a program to revitalize
historic downtown Hilo.
The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the
sugar industry.]
• [Manufacturing] Encourage manufacturing operations [which] that utilize local
raw materials, such as [bagasse,] macadamia nut shells[,] and timber [should be
encouraged].
• [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Hilo should be assisted by the County]
through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
• [The County shall continue to assist] Assist in the formulation and
implementation of management education and manpower training programs[.] to
strengthen the overall skill levels of its work force to be compatible with
existing and emerging industries.
• [The County shall support] Support the development of a master plan for lands
within the vicinity of the University of Hawaii at Hilo to incorporate a "college
town" concept utilizing an appropriate mixture of residential, commercial and
other land uses to complement the university's infrastructure.
• [The County shall explore] Explore the feasibility of expanding the Afook-
Chinen Auditorium into an athletic-exhibition-conference facility that can attract
additional activities and visitors to the Hilo area.
• Support the efforts of the Pacific Apuaculture and Coastal Resources Center
to renovate the abandoned sewage treatment plant in Keaukaha into an
aauaculture center.
49
Economic
• Coordinate with the University of Hawaii at Hilo to establish an aauacultural
1>roQram alone accessible areas of the Hilo coast for research, demonstration
and develoament auraoses.
• Suaaort the construction and develoament of the USDA's Pacific Basin
Aericultural Resource Center facility.
NORTH HILO
Profile
[Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 1970-80
Change % Change
North Hilo 2,493 1,881 1,691 -24.5 -10.1
Laupahoehoe 407 452 503 11.1 11.3
Ookala 562 486 401 13.5 17.5
Papaaloa 449 319 267 28.9 16.3
Other 1,075 624 520 -41.9 16.7]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
Chance % Chance
North Hilo h679 1541 ]720 -8.2 11.6
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii, January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
[Population] The aoaulation in North Hilo has [declined] been declining for more than
50 years. However, in the ]0-year period from 1990 to 2000, there was an 11.6 per cent
increase in aoaulation. [One of the major factors attributing to this decline has been the
decrease in the demand for workers of the district's major industry, sugar.] The major population
and service center for the North Hilo district is Laupahoehoe.
Like Hamakua to the north, the North Hilo district is agriculturally oriented. On the
arable lands of the lower elevations which stretch] from Honohina-Ninole to Ookala, [sugar
cane dominates the landscape, with smaller acreages of diversified crops scattered in between]
former swear cane lands are being cultivated in smaller acreages with a diverse range of
cross as well as slanted in eucalyptus trees. Large tracts of land within the district are
used for cattle grazing and loeeing of native and planted forests. Macadamia nuts, ginger,
50
Economic
bananas, tropical foliage, orchids, tropical fruits, cacao, kava, assorted leafv vegetables,
papaya and taro are some of the other agricultural products crown in North Hilo.
[The Hamakua Sugar Company represents the single most important source of income
and employment for the residents of this district.
Manufacturing in this area is limited to the processing of sugar cane. It is expected to
remain stable as newer and better methods are utilized and as lands are more efficiently
cultivated for sugar cane growing. The amount of land available for growing sugar cane,
however, is limited.
At higher elevations are large tracts of grazing lands, native and planted forests, and the
sparsely vegetated slopes of Mauna Kea. Some of the planted timber stands and certain species
of native hardwoods have been logged.]
There are no visitor accommodations in North Hilo. Given current land uses. it is
not anticipated that this area will provide overnight visitor accommodations aside from
independent bed and breakfast operations.
Economic growth under present conditions is limited in the district. [The young have
continued] Residents of North Hilo, especially the young, continue to leave the area because
of the lack of employment opportunities [and social life. The mill at Ookala will cease
operations and the demand for labor will continue to lessen . Diversified agriculture].
Agriculture shows the greatest potential for growth.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall, in cooperation with other agencies, assist] Assist the further
development of [diversified] agriculture [in North Hilo]. A program to expand
[diversified] agriculture should be developed and implemented.
• [The County shall work] Work with community groups [to search for alternative
forms of employment.] an_d organizations to identify and develop potential
cottage industries.
The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the
sugar industry.]
• Support the development of a native hardwood industry.
51
Economic
HAMAKUA
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change
Hamakua 5,221 4,648 5,146 -11.0 10.7
Honokaa 1,247 1,555 1,944 24.7 25.0
Kukuihaele 424 3 ] 0 331 -26.9 6.8
Paauilo 1,059 710 758 -33.0 6.8
Other 2,491 2,073 2,]13 -16.8 1.9]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
%Chanee %Chanee
Hamakua 5_,128 5545 6~ 8_1 10.2
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census, 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
Hamakua's population has grown over the past [ten] 30 years[.]; even when faced with
the closing of sugar operations in 1994. [This] The continuing growth of the district's
aoaulation has been largely due to [increasing] the major resort [activity] activities in the
neighboring district of South Kohala and the continuing settlement of the rural homestead areas.
There has been some internal movement in this district into the town of Honokaa, which
represents the commercial and residential center of the district. There are several smaller
communities [strung out] along the Belt Highway [which] that serve primarily as residential
settlements related to the former sugar plantations. At the higher elevations, there are scattered
homesteads and ranches. [The towns of Honokaa and Paauilo act as the main trading areas for
this district.] Visitor accommodations are available at a l9-unit hotel in Honokaa as well as
various bed and breakfast operations scattered throughout the district.
The economic mainstays of this area are [sugar,] cattle, macadamia nuts, and [diversified]
various crops. These are the greatest sources of income and employment for Hamakua. There
are numerous cattle ranches and several different varieties of [diversified] crops [at the higher
elevations.] in the district. Of these, macadamia nuts are expected to continue to play an
important role in the future of agricultural development. Other crops grown in this area are taro,
watermelons, tomatoes, Qinger, kava, coffee, and other vegetables. [A cattle feedlot and
slaughterhouse operation have been developed and should increase the role of the Hamakua
district in the beef industry as well as promote diversification ofsugar-related products.]
52
Economic
The closing of sugar operations has made lands available for various crops A large
timber operation has initiated plantings of eucalyptus in its effort to establish a 15.000-acre
eucalyptus plantation. The investment includes X29,000,000 in Hamakua and has already
created 100 full-time lobs. A 1981 study to identify the best potential forest lands within
the County identified 80,000 acres, mostly located alone the Hamakua coast between the
1,000 to 3,000-foot elevations.
On Julv 28, 2000, a joint announcement was made by the Hawaii Forestrv and
Communities Initiative (Na Hoa Mahi ail and the State Department of Land and Natural
Resources to cultivate a 40-acre parcel of State land at Ookala with high value hardwoods
such as koa, milo, kamani, mahogany, pheasantwood, and narra, with 25 per cent of the
area dedicated to the restoration of a lowland native rainforest. The proiect is unique in
that the land. under the jurisdiction of the DLNR Division of Forestrv and Wildlife, will be
actively managed by a consortium of community groups from the Ookala-Laupahoehoe
area, with technical assistance provided by forestry and other natural resource experts
from the State, the University of Hawaii, and several federal agencies, including the USDA
Forest Service and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. Community representation
in the proiect includes the North Hilo Community Council, the Laupahoehoe Train
Museum, and the Laupahoehoe High School.
Manufacturing within the district is limited to the processing of [sugar,] macadamia nuts
beef and other food products.] and other agricultural products. The 60-megawatt co-
generation power plant at Haina will encourage other manufacturing activities by
providing thermal energy (waste head that could be utilized for drying of macadamia nuts
or aauaculture activities.
[At the present time Hamakua does not directly play a significant role in the tourism
industry. There is a total of twenty hotel rooms which are primarily utilized by local travelers
and construction workers.
The Hamakua area also serves as a residential community for people who work in South
Kohala.]
The astronomical facilities located atop Mauna Kea are also part of the Hamakua
District. The facilities are located within the 11,228-acre Mauna Kea Science Reserve,
which includes those lands situated above the 12.000-foot elevation. with the exception of
areas within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve.
Mauna Kea is considered the world's premier site for ground-based astronomical
observatories. Mauna Kea is home to 13 observatories and includes 12 of the world's most
state-of-the-art telescopes. More major telescopes are located on Mauna Kea than on env
other single mountain peak in the world. Mauna Kea is widely recognized as offering
optimum conditions for optical, infrared and millimeter/submillimeter measurements. In
addition, the local availability of support technicians and personnel also contribute to make
Mauna Kea one of the finest astronomical sites in the world. Astronomy has contributed
~3
Economic
over $619,000,000 in capital investments to the State as well as generated approximately
270 permanent lobs.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of [diversified]
agriculture [in Hamakua] and continue to cooperate with the agricultural sector
and other appropriate agencies to provide the necessary services to assist
agriculture. [For example, the County can protect important agricultural land
from urbanization through zoning. Capital improvement programs should be tied
into enhancing agricultural areas.]
• [Although there is potential for limited visitor facilities in this area, the County
shall allow] Allow the development [which] of limited visitor facilities that will
not detract from the natural beauty of the area.
• [The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the
sugar industry.] Develop a tourism industry that will promote small business
development by maintaining the plantation heritage of the area.
• Diversify the economic base and enhance historical aspects of the area
including existing ranching operations and the former sugar industry.
• Support the growth of a forestry industry within the district.
• Support the growth of astronomical research and development.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980
Change % Change
North Kohala 3,386 3,326 3,256 - ].8 -2.l
Hawi 985 797 798 -19.1 0.1
Kapaau 937 237* 614 -74.7 159.1
Makapala 353 201 191 43.] 5.0
Other l,lll 2,091 1,653 88.2 -21.0]
*Note: Kapaau Statistical boundary changed for 1970 census.]
54
Economic
1980-90 1990-00
Population 1980 1990 2000
Chanee %Chanee
North Kohala 3~ 4~ 6~ 32.1 40.7
Economic Assessment. P1CF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii Coun[v Department of Research and Develoument
Population in North Kohala has grown [only slightly in ten years.] significantly over the
last 20 years. [A major factor preventing a more substantial decline due to the closure of Kohala
Sugar is development in South Kohala, particularly the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel.] The erowth in
population between 1980 and 2000 can be attributed to the continuing development of
various resort complexes alone the South Kohala coast as well as a growing number of
people who wish to establish their retirement home within the district. New
entrepreneurial activities, both in health and wellness and eco-tourism enterprises, also
contribute to the erowth in population.
Cattle, nursery products and macadamia nuts are the major agricultural products. On
smaller acreages, truck crops are grown. [The cattle industry which utilizes the bulk of the land
area is the second most important source of income for the area.] The largest tracts of grazing
land extend from the top of the Kohala mountains to Akoni Pule Highway.
[There are several hundred acres of macadamia nuts in the area. All production from
these orchards are transported out of the district for processing.]
Another important source of income and employment is tourism and its related service
industries. Chalon International, Inc., a major landowner within the district, has developed
plans fora 240-unit resort and residential development adjacent to Mahukona Harbor.
Economic conditions in Hawaii and Japan have delayed the construction of this proposed
resort. [Major tourism facilities, however, are not located in North Kohala, although the area
does contain] There are many natural and historical amenities within the North Kohala
district that are conducive to the development of tourist related facilities. There are many
residents of this district who work in the adjoining district of South Kohala.
[There are several sites in this district with the potential of becoming small resort areas.
To date, however, no significant resort development has occurred in the district.]
[The] Besides Chalon International. Inc., other major private landowners within the
distict include [are the Kohala Sugar Company, Bishop Estate, Richard Smart] Kamehameha
Schools, Parker Ranch Foundation Trust and Kahua Ranch. Together with the State of
Hawaii, these landowners account for 90[%] per cent of the land in this district.
The Upolu Airport can serve a limited number of flights. There [is no regular] are no
regularly scheduled [service] Bights to Upolu by the [three] two primary inter-island carriers.
[With the completion of the Akoni Pule Highway, a circuit into the district was formed. Prior to
the completion of this project, the North Kohala area was serviced by a single highway which
55
Economic
wound through the Kohala mountains.] U~olu Airport is used occasionally by sightseeing air
taxi services using both fixed wine aircraft and helicopters, flight training activities.
medical emergency flights, and the military.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall aid] Aid in the expansion of [diversified] agriculture [in the
district by providing direct and indirect assistance.] through the protection of
important agricultural lands.
• Resort facilities compatible with the physical, social and economic goals of the
residents of the district should be [encouraged.] considered.
The County shall work closely with the people of the district and with industry to
plan alternative uses for the lands affected by the termination of sugar operations.]
• Encourage the establishment of an open farmer's market in North Kohala.
• Assist in the formulation and implementation of education and manpower
training programs to strengthen the overall skill level of the local residents to
compete in existing and emerging sustainable and environmentally sound
industries and businesses.
• Work with communities and residents (community groups and
organizations) to identify and develop potential cottage industries and
provide flexibility in land use to accommodate these potential cottage
industries.
• Support efforts to promote small business development that is consistent with
the rural, agricultural, and historic character of the area.
• Assist the communities and residents in diversifying the economic base in
ways that are consistent with the rural, agricultural, and historic character
of North Kohala.
56
Economic
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change
South Kohala 1,538 2,310 4,607 50.2 99.4
Waimea 657 756 1,179 15.] 56.0
Other 88l ],554 3,428 76.4 120.6]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
%Chanee %Chanee
South Kohala 4607 9140 13,131 98.4 43.7
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
The primary economic activities of this area are tourism, cattle ranching, [and diversified
crops. Other activities which contribute to the economy are education and] sericulture, uublic
and arivate educational institutions. scientific research associated with the [Mauna Kea]
observatories[.] located on Mauna Kea and health and wellness oreanizations.
Due to the erowth in tourism within the district. the population of South Kohala
increased dramatically over the past 30 years. The benefit of this erowth for the residents
of South Kohala is the lowest unemployment rate and the hiehest median household
income of all the districts for 1997.
Kawaihae Harbor is the second deepwater port on the island. The Kawaihae small boat
harbor [add] adds to the inventory of amenities in the district and provides limited recreational
and commercial sport fishing activities.
The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which began operations in 1965, opened the door to [the]
resort development of this area. [The areas which surround proposed developments have
attractions for tourists and residents alike.] South Kohala has evolved into one of the world's
Dremier resort destinations with luxury hotel comalexes. Hunting on the slopes of Mauna
Kea and the Kohala mountains, deep sea fishing, world-class golf courses, hiking trails, historic
sites, sandy beaches, and a diversity of [climate] climates are some of [these] the attractions[.]
available to tourists.
There is considerable investor interest in South Kohala. The three large [resorts] resort
comalexes in the district -Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lani Resort, and the Waikoloa Beach
Resort - [have the capacity to accommodate 8,000 hotel rooms and a like number of
57
Economic
condominiums. This potential growth can become a major economic factor on the island. One
of the emerging problems is labor supply and another is the availability of housing.] currently
account for 40 per cent of the total hotel rooms within the Countv. The South Kohala
district is one of the best destinations in the State for world-class golf courses. During the
period between 1980 and 1998, ten properties were developed totaling 3,400 visitor units.
The larger of these resort properties include the 547-unit Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel.
the 350-unit Mauna Lani Bav Hotel & Bungalows, the 1,240-unit Hilton Waikoloa Villa e-
the 539-unit Orchid at Mauna Lani, and the 351-unit Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel.
[The cattle ranching industry utilizes most of the land area, and pastures are found from
the higher slopes of the mountains down to the seashore. Parker Ranch, one of the largest
privately owned ranches in the world, has its headquarters in Waimea. The cattle industry utilizes
feed lot operations. This technique opens the door for the expansion of the cattle industry and
silage crops.]
Al_thouQh tourism is currently the leading economic industrv in the district. the area
is also well known for cattle ranching, vegetable production, egg production, and other
forms of agriculture. Waimea is one of the most productive areas for vegetable crops on the
Big Island. Cabbages, celery, lettuce, daikon (turnip), peppers, broccoli and carrots are lust
some of the vegetables grown [here]. Experiments are being conducted on different crops as
well as on the improvement of those presently grown. The agricultural industry, especially truck
farms, has potential for further expansion. This industry, faced with competition for resources
from tourism and other urban forces, needs governmental assistance.
The cattle ranching industrv utilizes most of the land area within the district with
pastures situated on the higher slopes of the mountains and extending down to the sea.
Parker Ranch, one of the largest privately owned ranches in the word, has its
headquarters in Waimea. The closing of all feedlots within the Countv has resulted in the
export of 90 per cent of all cattle to mainland feedlots. Hawaii cattle producers need to
expand their presence in the local market in order to keep cattle in Hawaii for finishing
and local consumption.
The educational sector includes Hawaii Preparatory Academy (HPA) with a 1999 total
enrollment of [600] 578 students in grades K through 12, which [including 240] includes l90
boarders [from 23 countries.] from grades 6 through l2. In addition, Parker School is a day
school [of 122] with a 1999 enrollment of l29 students. [Parker School includes the New
Kahilu Theatre which is among the top five theater facilities in the State. HPA is also building a
performing arts center.] Waimea has three performing arts venues: Kahilu Theatre. Gates
Performing Arts Center, and Parker School Auditorium.
The Canada-France Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea has its base facility in Waimea.
The base[, which is under expansion,] has a [full time] staff of [47] 51 and an annual operating
budget of [$4.2 million] $6,200,000. As several planned telescopes are built on Mauna Kea,
additional base facilities may choose to locate in Waimea due to its desirable environment. []n
late-1986,] Waimea is also home to the headquarters of the W.M. Keck Observatory
58
Economic
[Telescope base facility was announced for development in Waimea.] on Mauna Kea, the
largest optical and infrared telescopes in the world. The headquarters employs about 80
people and has an annual operating budget of $10,000.000.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall assist] Assist in the development of agriculture [in South
Kohala] by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, [by]
providing or having provided the necessary capital improvements, such as water,
and [by] working cooperatively with [other agencies.] the agricultural sector
and government.
• [The County shall work] Work closely with the State and the Department of
Hawaiian Home Lands to provide [in providing] adequate land close to
Kawaihae Harbor for industrial activities.
• [The] Recognize the diversity of climate, the quality of the ocean water and the
natural beauty of the hills [which create aback-drop for Waimea town are natural
resources that have attracted scientific and educational activities and that may
attract research industries to the district. These resources should be recognized]
as vital economic and social assets of the region [and should be protected] to be
protected through appropriate regulations.
• Resort development in the district shall be in an orderly fashion and [shall be]
consistent with the physical and social goals of the [people] residents of the area.
[The County may utilize] Utilize tools such as incremental zoning to insure
development that will best meet the needs of the County.
• Encourage the preservation of the rurah ranching character within the town
of Waimea.
• Support the growth of astronomical research and development.
59
Economic
NORTH KONA
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change
North Kona 4,451 4,832 13,898 8.6 187.6
Kailua - 365 4,763* - 1204.9
Other - 4,467 9,135 - 104.5
*Census boundazy of Kailua expanded for 1980 census.]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
%Chanee %Chanee
North Kona 13,748 22,284 28,543 62.1 28.1
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census, 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
Spurred primarily by the employment opportunities created by the expanding visitor
industry, population has rE eatly increased in North Kona [in the last ten years.] over the last 30
ev ars• [Most of the population is located along the major highways of the district.] The t=rowth
of the visitor industry in recent years can be largely attributed to the expansion of runway
and terminal facilities at Kona International Airaort at Keahole, which now aermits the
arrival of national and international direct flights.
Tourism [has expanded tremendously] continues to expand in North Kona primarily
in Kailua Village]. Currently, there are about [4,748] 4y81 visitor units in the area. Durine the
aeriod of 1980 to 1998, six new resort Droaerties were developed in North Kona for a total
of 900 visitor units, including the comaletion of the 243-unit Hualalai Resort at Kauoulehu
and 263-time share unit Kona Coast Resort in Keauhou. North Kona now accounts for
over 45 per cent of total hotel rooms on the island.
The visitor industry [is expected to expand at a rapid rate] in North Kona[.] is expected
to grow at a moderate rate. [One major problem faced by this industry is attracting labor and
providing housing for their employees. Investor interest in the area has caused land prices to
soar, especially in coastal areas.] Once the major visitor industry area on the island, the
North Kona district now shares this distinction with the South Kohala district. Many of
North Kong's aging hotel aroaerties need major renovation. This effort began with the
renovation of the Keauhou Beach Hotel in 1999.
[Kona has traditionally been a coffee producing district and population has centered
around the mauka coffee areas. The coffee situation has taken a dramatic upturn in recent years
afrer many years of decline.] Most of the Big Island's coffee aroduction is in the North and
South Kona Districts. which has been producing coffee since the 1800s. Between 1982 and
60
Economic
1995, the Kona coffee industry experienced sales fluctuations between $2.100,000 and
$8.700,000. Since 1995, the value of Kona coffee sales has steadily increased to
approximately $16,200,000 in 1997. Coffee production on the other islands has far
surpassed this island; which now accounts for one-third of the coffee produced statewide.
However, the market and price for Kona coffee continues to Brow due to its distinct flavor
and quality unique to coffee Brown elsewhere in the world.
Besides coffee, agricultural enterprises include cattle ranching and the growing of fruits
[(bananas and avocados)], macadamia nuts, and vegetables, particularly tomatoes.
Timber and fishing are small industries in Kona. Logging of native hardwood at one time
provided a major source of income in the district. The [Kailua harbor] Kailua-Kona Wharf is
considered a major center for big game fishing and international tournaments [are] usually held
annually.
Quarrying operations for building materials are also conducted in North Kona. [Other
forms of industrial activity include construction and printing.] The Old Kailua Industrial Area
and the Kaloko Industrial Area provide the largest concentration of industrial activities
within West Hawaii. These industrial areas accommodate a wide range of manufacturing,
service, wholesale and retail activities.
[The ownership pattern of land is characterized by a few owners holding vast parcels of
land. In recent years a number of these owners have announced plans for large resort-residential
complexes in Kona. An example is the Kamehameha Investment Corporation, which is the
developer of Bishop Estate lands. Their master plan for the Keauhou area calls for the
development of aresort-recreational destination area. This project is just one of several
announced for North Kona.] The North Kona district was once the major visitor destination
on the island. However, this distinction is now shared with the South Kohala district due to
the recent development of numerous hotel complexes along the South Kohala coast. While
the majority of visitor accommodations were once centered in Kailua-Kona, visitor
accommodation facilities now stretch from the Kona Village Resort to Keauhou. The
North Kona district includes approximately 4,081 visitor units including hotels, resort
condominiums, bed and breakfast operations and other transient units. The 1,900-acre
Keauhou-Kona area provides approximately 1,300 hotel and resort-condominium units.
There are several government projects of significance to the district's economic future. A
small boat harbor at Honokohau has been constructed just outside of Kailua Village. This
facility will complement the already world famous big game fishing of the area. Further north
along the coast, the runwav at [Keahole Airport] Kona International Airport at Keahole has
been [built.] expanded to accommodate larger aircraft utilized for overseas flights. [It
replaced the old airport in Kailua which was considered inadequate to service the increasing air
traffic in the area. Presently, the] The State [is initiating] has completed an update of the
[Keahole Airport's] master plan[.] for the Kona International Airport at Keahole, which will
include extensive terminal, runwav and support facility improvements. [Airport terminal
and runway expansion is expected to be pursued after the master plan is revised.]
61
Economic
[Finally, the] The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority INELHA) at Keahole
Point [and the proposed Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park adds the potential
for the development of a new industry in Kona and further diversification of the economic base
of the community.], an ocean science and technology park utilizing deep cold seawater
pumped from 2,000 feet off of Keahole Point, has demonstrated the effectiveness and
feasibility of various technologies and industries that use this unique, cold-water resource.
Ocean thermal energy conversion, aauaculture, air conditioning of buildings using cold
seawater, and the growing of cold-climate vegetables and fruits are just some of these
successful activities. In 1999, the 870-acre NELHA complex hosted 26 projects employing
more than 160 individuals and contributing aparoximately $30,000,000 annually to the
local economy.
Kona is considered the center for government, commercial and industrial activities
for West Hawaii. In addition to being the center for government, retail, and banking
services, Kona is also home to "big-box" retailers such as Costco, K-Mart, and WalMart
and international sporting events such as the IronMan Triathlon. the Hawaiian
International Billfish Tournament, and the Senior PGA Tournament of Champions at the
Hualalai Resort.
Courses of Action
• Resort development in the area shall be in balance with the social and physical
goals as well as economic desires of the residents of the district. Necessary
pollution controls [should] shall be available prior to development. Other
necessary support facilities such as transportation and nursery facilities shall also
be provided.
• [The County, in order to achieve greater diversity and stability of the economy,
shall assist] Assist in the further development of agriculture, including
[aquacultural] forestry and aauaculture activities in North Kona]. Necessary
capital improvements [which] that will aid agriculture, such as water, should be
given priority for funding.
• [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development [and utilization
of by-products from the University of Hawaii's Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) project.] of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii
Authority as a marine research and commercial facility.
• [The County should explore the possibility of encouraging a small resident
college and other new industries in the area.] Encourage and support the
development of Hawaii Community College in West Hawaii, including the
University of Hawaii Center.
62
Economic
• [The] Assist the fishing and boating industry [in Kona should be assisted by the
County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
• [The] Recognize the natural beauty of the area [should be recognized] as a major
economic and social asset. This resource should be protected through appropriate
review processes when developmentis proposed.
• Improve Kailua Village to maintain its viability as a uoaular visitor
destination.
• Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980
Change % Change
South Kona 4,292 4,004 5,809 - 6.7 45.1
Captain Cook 1,687 1,263 2,025 -25.1 60.3
Kealakekua 579 740 1,039 27.8 40.4
Other 2,026 2,001 2,745 - 1.2 37.2]
Population 1980 1990 2000 1980-90 1990-00
Change % Change
South Kona 5~ 7~ 8~ 29.5 12.2
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
South Kong's population has increased by [45.1 percent in the last decade.]
aaproximately 12 aer cent between 1990 and 2000 and 30 ner cent in the arevious decade.
The major trade and population concentrations are along the Mamalahoa Highway at
Kealakekua, Captain Cook, and Honaunau.
The primary economic activity of this district is agriculture, with [the] its most important
[industry] industries being coffee growing and processing[.], macadamia nuts, citrus fruits
and cattle ranching. [Macadamia nut orchards have increased in acreage due to the massive
orchards in the Honomalino area.] Within the South Kona district, roughly 4,000 acres of
macadamia nut orchards are planted with aaaroximately 237.000 macadamia nut trees.
63
Economic
The operation entails the second largest macadamia nut processor in the State, accounting
for roughly 20 to 25 per cent of all macadamia nut production.
[Due to the upturn in coffee prices, the] The number of coffee farms has [increased in
recent years.] fluctuated over the years with a high of 635 farms in the late 1980s to a low of
550 farms in 1996. During the same period, coffee acreages have fallen from 3,000 to 1,960
acres. However, the total value of coffee sales within the County has recovered from its low
of $3,700,000 in 1992 to a high of $16,200,000 in 1997. Although the price of Kona coffee
has been suite volatile, it is still considered one of the most promising agricultural product
Grown within the County. Compared to other coffee producing areas of the world, the Kona
coffee growers have a comparative disadvantage because of higher wages paid to laborers and
the [lack of technological advances in the industry.] topography of crime Kona coffee lands.
which limit farmers to manual harvesting methods compared to mechanical harvesting
methods utilized by coffee Growers on other islands and in other parts of the world. [To
date, there has been no successful coffee picking machine produced. Due to the higher unit cost
of production, the profits of Kona coffee growers are relying upon high prices created by the
gourmet appeal of the coffee. The marketing agreements between a variety of companies may
stabilize this industry.] However, the manual harvestinG methods utilized by Kona coffee
Growers may be a significant factor contributing to the superior taste of Kona coffee
compared to other coffee Grown throughout the State and the world.
Also grown in the South Kona district are bananas, citrus crops (oranges and tangerines),
[avocadoes,] avocado, [winter tomatoes,] vegetables and other truck crops, and macadamia nuts
[which are expected to be one of the prime industries in the district]. Cattle ranching is also one
of the prominent industries in the district.
Manufacturing in South Kona is confined to coffee roasting and macadamia nut
processing.
Unlike the North Kona area, the South Kona district has limited accommodations For
overnight visitors. [There are plans and proposals for developments, such as residential
subdivisions and State park systems.] There are approximately 88 units located at Captain
Cook (Manago Hotep, catering primarily to local business travelers and agricultural
workers. A 730-lot agricultural-residential and golf course community and 80-unit private
members' lodge development (Hokulia) is being developed north of Kealakekua Bav in
South Kona. This development will cater primarily to out-of-state second homebuvers.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of agriculture by
protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, and by providing
necessary resources, such as water and through other assistance].
• Resort development in the area should not destroy the natural resources and
historical significance of the area.
64
Economic
• [The] Assist the fishing industry [in the South Kona should be assisted by the
County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies.
• [The County should encourage] Encourage ocean-based industries, such as
aquaculture, in the area.
• Encouraee eco-tourism and aericultural tourism as regional opportunities.
• Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bav to assure
preservation of the region's unique environment and cultural resources.
KA'U
Profile
1960-70 1970-80
[Population 1960 1970 1980 0 °
/o Change /o Change
Ka'u 3,368 3,398 3,704 0.9 9.0
Naalehu 952 ],014 1,161 6.5 14.5
Pahala 1,392 1,507 1,631 8.3 8.2
Other 1,024 877 912 -14.4 4.0]
1980-90 1990-00
Population 1980 1990 2000
%Chanee %Chanee
Ka'u 3699 4438 5827 20.0 31.3
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
U.S. Census. 2000
Hawaii County Department of Research and Development
[Population remained fairly stable in the Ka'u district. The major communities of
Naalehu and Pahala experienced growth reflecting the plantations' effort to centralize these
communities.]
Located on the southern and eastern flanks of Mauna Loa, the Ka'u district is the largest
on the Big Island. [This massive district is made up of barren lava fields, lush green acreages of
sugar cane, large tracts of grazing lands, forest reserve lands, and macadamia nut orchards.]
Although Ka'u is the largest of the nine districts on the island, the population of Ka'u is the
second smallest only to that of North Hilo. Between 1990 and 2000, the Ka'u District saw
an approximately 3l per cent increase in its population. Much of the increase in the Ka'u
population has been concentrated in Ocean View and other smaller communities.
65
Economic
Agriculture is the economic mainstay of the Ka'u region. [Sugar cane,] Coffee, orchids,
vegetables, flowers, cattle, and macadamia nuts are grown [here.] in this district. [The sugar
company located here provides the basic source of income and employment for the majority of
the residents.] Approximately $5,000,000 has been invested in an effort to establish a
forestrv industry on approximately 5,000 acres that could generate 30 to 40 new lobs.
Within the Ka'u area are several cattle ranches [which] that utilize vast acreages of
grazing lands. Although employment in this sector is not large, it plays an important role in the
area's economy.
[The macadamia nut industry, like the cattle industry, does not have a large labor force,
but as more trees come of bearing age, employment will increase. Many acres in the
Honomalino area are in macadamia nut orchards]. The macadamia nut industrv remains one
of the primary industries within the district. However, growing competition from foreign
producers are beginning to affect the industrv due to increased worldwide production,
weakness in the Asian economv, and more aggressive marketing of these foreign-grown
macadamia nuts in the United States. Similar to the competition faced by the once-
dominant sugar industrv, future growth of the macadamia nut industrv must quickly
respond to the threat of foreign competition by focusing on the duality of Hawaii's
macadamia nuts and developing alternative markets for the nuts and its bv-products.
C.Brewer & Co., Ltd., the major landowner in this area, [has a master plan for resorts
along the Ka'u coast. They have developed golf and tennis facilities at Punaluu beach. The
master plan includes the expansion of resort facilities there] continues its efforts to explore new
economic initiatives within the Ka'u District in the absence of its sugar industrv. In
addition to maintaining the largest macadamia nut orchard in the Ka'u District, C. Brewer
& Co., Ltd. is also engaged in and promotes other forms of agriculture such as vegetables
and coffee production. The establishment of a forestrv industrv upon lands once utilized
for sugar cultivation is also being explored.
The existing Punaluu Resort and Seamountain Golf Course complex is the center of
tourism activity within the Ka'u District. However, the only accommodations available at
this complex is the 56-unit Colonv One at Sea Mountain. The golf course remains in
operation, but no other facilities or amenities are available. The 12-unit Shirakawa Motel
in Waiohinu and various bed and breakfast operations provide the only other visitor
accommodations within the district.
Courses of Action
• [Resort] Balance development [in Ka'u shall be kept in balance] with the social
and physical environment of the area. Provisions for orderly development,
housing, and pollution controls shall be implemented.
The County shall assist the further development of agriculture in the area.]
66
Economic
• [The] Assist the fishing industry, other ocean based industries, and aquaculture
located in Kau should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort
with State and Federal agencies.
The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the
sugar industry.]
• [The] Recognize the natural beauty of the azea [should be recognized] as a major
economic and social asset. [This] Protect this resource [should be protected]
through appropriate review processes when developmentis proposed.
Preliminary to the consideration of any proposed space-related launch activities,
the County shall require, in addition to standard E1S requirements, special impact
assessments.]
67
Economic
ENERGY
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
[Nationally, for the remainder of the 20th Century, most of the energy demand will be
met with fossil fuels and nuclear fission. In turn, fossil fuels aze fast becoming a scazce world
commodity due to the increasing demand.] For the foreseeable future, Hawaii will continue to
be dependent on petroleum to meet its energy demands. Fortunately. Hawaii is [currently
most vulnerable to dislocation in the global oil mazket, but is also] endowed with a variety of
natural energy [resource alternatives which] resources that are renewable [or inexhaustible and
potentially] for ]ow polluting sources of electricity. Hawaii's [near total] dependence on
imported petroleum provides the incentive for the promotion of energy [conservation] efficiency
and the development of [technology] technologies to harness [local] natural [(solar, hydrologic,
and geothermal)] energy resources[,] (solar, hydrologic, wind, and geothermal) and to convert
solid waste into [an alternate] a fuel resource.
Petroleum provides [approximately 60-65%] up to 75 per cent of the Island's energy
needs. [One hundred percent] All of the petroleum [products] used in the State must be
imported [into the State] in one of several forms. Most of the petroleum consumed in the State is
imported as crude oil, which is then processed [in the] at two local refineries, Chevron and
[Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc.] Tesoro, both located at Barber's Point, Oahu in the
Campbell Industrial Park. Both refineries receive crude oil from Indonesia, Alaska, Africa,
Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf. Petroleum products, primarily jet fuel, fuel oil, and [liquid
petroleum gas,] propane, are also imported from California, the Caribbean, Singapore, and other
areas to meet the demand not met by the refineries. [Synthetic natural gas] Propane, which is
widely used on the Island of Hawaii, is also manufactured from petroleum on Oahu. Petroleum
products are received [on the Big Island] at the Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors.
Under normal circumstances, an estimated 30-day aggregate supply of most petroleum
products is stored at the oil terminals and tank fauns. A major interruption of petroleum supply
due to a lengthy maritime strike, a disaster at the source of crude oil supply, the sinking of a
petroleum tanker or barge, or an aviation disaster at Campbell Industrial Park etc.] could
seriously affect the County of Hawaii's petroleum supply. The island's economy is also
vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of oil from the Middle East.
The County of Hawaii must decrease economic vulnerability and energy costs. To do so,
the County must combine the efforts of energy [conservation] efficiency and the development of
natural renewable energy alternatives that reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels and
increase energy self-sufficiency.
68
Energy
ELECTRICITY
Electricity is a major form of energy utilized on the island of Hawaii. The Hawaii
Electric Light Company, Inc., (HELCOI which isregulated by the State, owns [6] and operates
a number of power generation plants in the County. Most of these plants operate on steam
[energy] or combustion eases and burn imported fuel. Two [of the Hilo] plants in Hilo generate
power through hydroelectric means[.] and a South Kohala location produces wind enerev. A
few [sugar plantations generate their own power by burning bagasse, wood chips, coal and fuel
oil, selling their excess to the utility company and often buying power when their demand
exceeds supply.] Independent Power Producers (IPPsI venerate power using various fuels
and resources, and sell enervv to HELCO. The methods of power production include
yeothermal, hydropower, wind, coal, and oil plants. Most recently, the construction of a 60
meeawatt (MWl co-veneration power plant in the Hamakua district will provide a firm
power source and the excess heat venerated by the power plant will be used to further
develop avriculture and product manufacturinv in the district.
[Electricity sold in the County increased 125% between 1960 and 1969, despite a
population increase of 3.5%. The average annual residential power used in 1960 was 3,084
kilowatt hours. By 1969 the average amount of power consumed per household was 4,845
kilowatt hours. The population increased from 61,332 in 1960 to 106,403 in 1984 and
correspondingly the average annual residential consumption increased to 5,827-kilowatt hours.]
The averaee annual residential power used in 1990 was 6,794-kilowatt hours (kWh).
In 1999, the averaee residential usaee decreased to 6,563-kilowatt hours.
Electric Utility for the County of Hawaii
1999
Number of Customers Power Sold (1,000 Ratio of Power
Customers & Percent of Total kWh] & Percent of Sold (1000
Number Total Sold kWh to
Customer
Residential 52,277 = (84%) 343,085 = (37%) 6.563 to 1
General Loads 9,654 = (15%) 308,493 = (34%) 3].955 to 1
Commercial Cookiny and 396 = (Less than 1 25.964 = (3%1 65.566 to 1
Heatin
Larne Power Service 65 = (Less than 1 234,889 = (26%) 3,613.677 to 1
Street Liehtinv 86 = (less than 1 3.879 = (Less than l %I 45.105 to 1
Total 62,478 = (l00%) 9]6,310 (]00%] 14.666 to l
Hawaiian Electric Comoanv. 1999
Estimate - Plannine Deoar[ment
69
Energy
Residential refers to single-metered residential customers and may include
condominiums for visitor use but excludes master-metered apartment and condominium
buildings used by residents classified as commercial customers. General Loads refer to
General light and/or power loads supplied through a single meter. Commercial Cooking
and Heating applies only to commercial heating (heat pump water heaters), air
conditioning, and refrigeration service. Large Power service is applicable to ]arse light
and/or power service supplied and metered at a single voltage and delivery point.
The table presented on the previous page clearly indicates that of the 62,478
customers of electrical power, approximately 84 per cent are residential customers.
However, of the 916,310 total kilowatt hours used, residential customers accounted for
approximately 37 per cent. This yields a ratio of about 6,563 kilowatt hours aer customer
as opposed to Large Power Service customers that account for less than 1 per cent of the
customer base but use 26 per cent of the total kilowatt hours. These customers yield a ratio
of 3,613,677 kilowatt hours per customer.
Power rates on this island are among the highest in the nation. One factor [which] that
contributes to the [is situation] high cost of sower is the present method of power generation.
Most of the electricity is obtained through the burning of imported oil. The cost of fuel, coupled
with transportation costs, cause higher rates. [The two hydroelectric plants in Hilo cannot
generate enough power to service the city's needs.] Additionally, the size of the service area
and length of transmission and distribution lines necessary to transfer the power to the
load centers are significant factors. A good example is the fast Growing loads in West
Hawaii. The major GeneratinG plants are located in East Hawaii. This requires generating
more in East Hawaii to compensate for losses in lines going over to West Hawaii. Other
factors creating higher costs are the small market and the sparseness of population in a relatively
large service area.
[Power generating plants will be faced with increasingly stringent air and water pollution
standards. Heated water discharge into the ocean, for instance, may be affecting the
environment. The effects, however, are not fully understood at the present time. More stringent
pollution controls for a better environment could possibly result in higher costs of power.]
Except in a few instances, most of the power lines in the County are overhead [ones.]
lines. Although underground wiring has an aesthetic desirability, there are several problems in
establishing such a standard. Underground power lines will probably last longer but cost more to
install, especially in rocky areas. There is a problem of common sharing of trenches with other
utilities. Another problem [concerns the repair of breaks,] is repair and maintenance, for while
broken lines will probably occur infrequently, they will be more difficult to locate. There has
been, however, considerable progress in solving the technological problems concerning
underground power lines.
[Consumption of power will continue to accelerate faster than population growth as
people become more affluent. Utility companies will probably design new plants which are
70
Energy
more efficient and less polluting.] As affluence of the noaulation increases, the consumation
of sower tends to accelerate faster than aogulation Growth. Studies of sources of energy
other than the burning of fuel are being conducted. On Seatember 1. 1998, HELCO submitted
its second Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) to the Public Utilities Commission with inaut
from a public advisory Group.
Electrical Energy Self-Sufficiency for the Big Island
The County of Hawaii must strive to attain energy self-sufficiency in order to minimize
[the] its dependence on imported fossil fuels. A commitment by both the government and the
public must continue [for] in research, planning, and development to attain the goal of energy
self-sufficiency for the County of Hawaii.
As a result of the 1974 and 1978 oil crisis, there has been concern over Hawaii's
dependence on imported petroleum. In 1974 and 1976, the State Legislature enacted several
significant bills [which were] designed to promote the research and development of natural
energy resources, and the conservation of energy in order to foster a greater independence from
imported fossil fuels.
The State Legislature adopted Act 237 (Chapter 196, H.R.S.) in 1974, which [among
other things,] created the position of a State Energy Resources Coordinator to review and
formulate existing and proposed energy resource programs.
Also in 1974, the State Legislature established the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute
(HNEI, Act 235) to foster development of local natural energy research at the University of
Hawaii. The HNEI maintains cooperation and coordination between all levels of government
and private organizations involved with energy related projects with potential for Federal
funding, and serves as the central source of information on natural energy policies and programs.
Act 236, adopted by the State Legislature in ] 974, established the Natural Energy
Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) at Keahole (North Kona, Hawaii) to provide essential support
facilities for future electrical energy research programs. The legislature selected Keahole Point
through the criteria for development of three of the proposed natural energy programs (OTEC,
Biomass conversion, and direct solar energy utilization systems).
In 1976, the State Legislature adopted Act 189 which complemented the development
half for energy self-sufficiency by the creation of tax incentives for the installation and use of
"solar energy devices" and "alternate energy improvements" to promote energy conservation.
These devices and improvements increase the level of efficiency, and decrease the utilization of
electrical power [which] that accounts for 42[%] aer cent of the total energy demand in the
County of Hawaii.
]n January of 1980, a final report prepared for the County of Hawaii entitled "Energy
Self-sufficiency for the Big Island of Hawaii" was released. The report recommended that the
County government provide a favorable climate for energy savings and new energy production.
71
Energy
It also recommended establishing an Office of Energy Coordinator. The Energy Coordinator [is
to]:
• [Coordinate] Coordinates and [provide] provides information regarding
conservation and energy production;
• [Organize] Organizes ride sharing and travel reduction programs;
• [Assist] Assists business in obtaining information and financial support for
energy-related development;
• [Fund] Funds necessary information gathering programs;
• [Monitor] Monitors the progress of energy departments;
• [Recommend] Recommends changes in the county's energy program;
• [Analyze] Analyzes the impact of proposed developments on the energy balance
of the Island.
In addition, the development of naturally occurring energy resources will become an
increasingly important factor in determining future industrial activity on the Island of Hawaii.
Gas
Propane gas is widely available and is a major source of energy for the Island of
Hawaii. The two primary methods used in deliverine eas are via an undereround pipeline
or tank/cvlinder refill. The Public Utilities Commission regulates the undereround sas
delivery system in Hilo and alone Alii Drive in Kailua-Kona. Gas is delivered by tanks or
cylinders for the remainder of the island.
The use of propane gas diversiTies the island's enerev supply and creates less
pollution. Compared to electricity seneration and diesel emissions, propane offers a
cleaner, less pollutins fuel. Alternatives like propane eas offer opportunities to lessen the
island's dependence on electricity and minimize land use conflicts created by the shine of
large-scale electric seneration, transmission and distribution facilities.
Propane can be used for self-generation (e.g. cogeneration, micro turbines) for large
customers, thereby delaying the need to site and construct large, centralized electric
generation facilities.
~1.] Geothermal Enerev
Geothermal Energy is natural heat energy from the earth that can be harnessed for direct
thermal use and for electrical power generation. [There are] The four basic ways [in which] that
this type of natural heat energy maybe found[: 1)] are steam[; 2) ],hot water[; 3) ],magma[; 4)],
and hot[,] dry rock. [The construction of electrical power plants using hot water, brines, or steam
separated from hot water or brine deposits is the most probable development of geothermal
energy resources.]
Geothermal drilling on the Big Island started in the early 1960's. Initial wells were either
found to be unsuccessful or once drilled, were not further developed.
72
Energy
In 1972, the Hawaii Geothermal Project (HGP) was organized to investigate the
development of geothermal energy in Hawaii, [and is] as a cooperative project involving
Federal, State, County, and private funds. In April 1976, a successful well was completed near
Kapoho in the Puna District, and HGP [has since] installed a power plant to demonstrate that
geothermal energy is an economically viable natural energy alternative for the Big Island. The
plant [has been in operation for several years.] commenced operations in 1982 and ceased in
1989.
In 1983 and with subsequent amendments, the Legislature amended the State Land Use
Law, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, by authorizing the State's Board of Land and
Natural Resources to conduct a county by county assessment of areas with geothermal potential
for the purpose of designating geothermal resources subzones. Geothermal resource subzones
maybe designated within the urban, rural, agricultural and conservation land use districts. Only
those areas designated as geothermal resource subzones maybe utilized for the exploration,
development or production of electrical energy from geothermal resources. Other amendments
to the State Land Use law provide authority to regulate the direct use applications of geothermal
resources.
]n addition, the 1983 Legislature set criteria for [legislatively] designating geothermal
resource subzones. Three geothermal resource subzones were established by this legislative
method. The Board of Land and Natural Resources has subsequently designated the Kapoho,
Kamaili, Kahaualea, and Kilauea Middle East Rift Geothermal Resource subzones. The
Geothermal resource subzones are shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) map.
In April 1993, Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) completed its Geothermal power
plant on the Kapoho 5ubzone on the East Rift Zone. The geothermal power plant uses
steam and steam separated from hot water or brine resources at deaths of around 5.000
feet below the surface. The closed loop system infects the spent fluids into infection wells at
deaths of 7.000 feet to be recycled. Although PGV currently produces 30 megawatts of
power to the HELCO grid. PGV has been permitted under Geothermal Resource Permit
No. 2 to provide up to 60 megawatts of geothermal power. PGV has been supplvinG
approximately 25 per cent of the electricity for the County of Hawaii. Geothermal power
Generation has displaced nearly 1l0 million gallons of fuel oil that would have been used
for electricity production. The reduction in fuel oil use has resulted in a reduction in
carbon dioxide and other emissions common to fossil fuel plants and contributed to a
cleaner environment in Hawaii.
~2.J Hydroelectric Power
Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest generators of electrical energy. On the Big
Island, hydroelectric power fulfills [only a very small portion] about 5 per cent of the County's
electrical energy demand[.] at any Given time.
73
Energy
On the Big Island, the percent of total demand supplied by hydroelectricity will probably
[remain insignificant] not increase due to the reliance on normal stream flows and the lack of
impoundment required to store enough water for continuous or increased energy output.
However, small-scale hydroelectric units have been [installed] constructed at Hawi, Onomea,
Wailuku River in Hilo, and Waimea [and others have been proposed for the Wailuku and
Honolii Rivers]. The Wailuku River Hydroelectric facility has the capacity to supply 11
mecawatts of power to the electric power arid.
~3.J Solar Eneray
Solar energy is the basis of many natural energy alternatives in Hawaii. Solar energy
generates the global winds; stores energy in biomass through photosynthetic activity; wanes the
oceans, [can produce] produces electrical power directly via photovoltaic cells; and can be used
directly for heating through solar heat collection devices.
[Solar Devices/Improvements:] There are two direct forms of solar energy applicable to
households; solar heat collection and solar light energy to electrical power via photovoltaic cells.
Solar heat collection is adaptable to domestic water heating, which accounts for [a major
portion] approximately 30-35 per cent of the electrical power demand [per] for an all-electric
household.
[Advances in the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electrical power is also applicable
on a public utility scale as well as on a domestic basis.] Photovoltaic technoloav uses solar
cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Industrial, commercial, and residential
applications of photovoltaic technoloav are still being researched. However, advances in
photovoltaic technoloav are resulting in improved efTiciencies, lower costs, and integration
into building products and designs. In Mav of 1998, the Mauna Lani Bav Resort installed a
100-kilowatt photovoltaic system on the rooftop, covering 10,000 square feet. The enercv
production is expected at approximately 423 kilowatts per day and the measured roof
temperature reduction has exceeded 60 decrees. This project is expected to save operation
costs for the hotel by providing electricity to 20 per cent of the 350 hotel rooms and
reducinc air conditioning costs. The resultant success of the project led to the installation
of photovoltaic systems for the resort's golf facilities. The photovoltaic system will also be
used to recharge Mauna Lani's golf carts.
These solar energy devices and improvements can be considered energy conservation
technologies since their domestic use will possibly decrease the total energy demand in Hawaii
County.
~4.] Wind Enercy
[The University of Hawaii, Department of Meteorology, initiated afive-year program in
1977 for Solar Energy Meteorological Research for the purpose of continuing wind surveys to
establish the relationship between weather conditions and wind strengths, speeds, and
74
Energy
distribution.] The process of generating energy from wind simply uses the force and speed of
wind to rotate the blades on windmills. This wind [Wind] energy can be used [directly] to
generate electricity through windmill electrical generators or by pumping water into storage for
use in hydroelectric power systems. [Wind energy technology has been advancing, but as yetis
not competitive enough to be a serious natural energy alternative. Once the technology is
developed, Hawaii will be in an advantageous position due to favorable wind regimes in many
areas of the island.] Wind energy is a relatively clean form of energy. in that it produces no
emissions or chemical waste. Unfortunately, wind energy is inconsistent and electrical
grids cannot rely solely on wind and must provide a back up supply from another source.
Such is the case with the wind energy generation farms at Kahua Ranch, Lalamilo Wind
Farm, and Kamaoa Wind Farm.
[5.] Biomass Conversion
Biomass is defined as "the total mass or amount of living organisms in a particular area
or volume." Solar energy is converted into plant biomass through photosynthesis. [Biomass]
Plant biomass can be used by [direct combustion] power plants to produce thern~al energy,
then steam to generate electrical power.
[On the Big Island, biomass conversion generates about 34% of the County's electrical
energy. Locally, bagasse, the fibrous waste of sugar cane processing, is one source of biomass in
use. Other sources of biomass that have been used for alternate energy include forest products
from planted as well as natural stands of native and exotic species.]
Historically. biomass has been the Big Island's largest renewable energy resource.
As recently as 1994, almost l3 per cent of the Big Island's electricity production were still
being provided by two sugar processing companies that burned a mixture of biomass, coati
and fuel oil. With the closure of sugar operations, the companies have ceased burning
biomass completely. However, one company continues the production of electricity using
coal and fuel oil. Other uses of biomass are currently being reviewed by both the public
and private sectors.
Biomass conversion is one of the proposed projects of the NELH program at Keahole
point, and involves the cultivation and harvest of plant and animal life forms as a natural energy
alternative.
Biomass can also be considered solid waste, since it is the basis for most of mankind's
organic refuse, and can be processed into ethyl alcohol. Alcohol fuel is adaptable for use in
hydrocarbon combustion systems [which] that account for about 58[%] per cent of the total
energy demand of Hawaii County. Through combustion, alcohol can generate electrical power
(via heat and steam) which represents the remaining 42[%] per cent of the County's total energy
demand.
75
Energy
[6.] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
[Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a form of solar energy where the ocean
acts as a solar heat collector. This process uses the thermal differences between the warm
surface waters and the cold deep waters to power a turbine/generator for electrical power
generation. The NELH program at Keahole point has installed an OTEC project plant to
research the potential of this natural energy alternative.]
The oceans are the earth's largest solar energv collector and storage system,
covering approximately 70 per cent of the earth's surface. Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion or OTEC is a power production method by which energv is derived from the
difference in temperatures between the warm surface and cold deep ocean waters. In 1974.
the Natural Energy Laboratorv of Hawaii (NELH) was founded. In establishing the
NELH, the Hawaii State Legislature set aside 321 acres of land for research and
development of alternative energv resources, primarily OTEC.
In 1984, The State Legislature set aside an additional 547 acres of land adjacent to
NELH for the commercial expansion of successful NELH research projects. This area was
called the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOSTI Park. However, in 1990 the
legislature combined NELH and HOST Park into the Natural Energy Laboratorv of
Hawaii Authority (NELHAI. There are now 26 tenant companies that operate at NELHA.
OTEC research began in earnest in 1982 following the construction of the
Laboratorv and administration buildings and deployment of the first 30 centimeter
diameter, 600 meter intake deep sea water pipeline. Currently. NELHA continues to
conduct experiments and is working with other organizations to plan the construction of a
1 megawatt OTEC experimental facility and additional ocean pipelines for sufficient water
su 1 .
GOALS
• Strive towards energy self-sufficiency [for Hawaii County].
• Establish the Big Island as a demonstration community for the development and
use of natural energy resources.
POLICIES
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of alternate energy
resources.
• Encourage the development and use of agricultural products and by-
products as sources of alternate fuel.
76
Energy
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the expansion of energy research
industry.
• [The County shall strive] Strive to educate the public on new energy technologies
and foster attitudes and activities conducive to energy conservation.
• [The County shall ensure] Ensure a proper balance between the development of
alternative energy resources and the preservation of environmental fitness and
ecologically significant areas.
• [The County shall strive] Strive to assure a sufficient supply of energy to support
present and future demands.
• [The County shall provide] Provide incentives [which] that will encourage the
use of new energy sources and promote energy conservation.
• [The County shall seek] Seek funding from both government and private sources
for research and development of alternative energy resources.
• [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate energy research and development
efforts ofboth the government and private sectors.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the continuation of studies concerning
the development of power [which] that can be distributed at lower costs to
consumers.
• Strive to diversify the energv suualy and minimize the environmental
impacts associated with energv usage.
• [The County shall encourage the study of the effects of discharging heated water
directly into the ocean.]
• [The County shall] Continue to encourage the development of geothermal
resources to meet the energy needs of the County of Hawaii.
• Encourage the use of solar water heating through the continuation of state
tax credit arograms, through the Building Code, and in County construction.
• Encourage energv-saving design in the construction of buildings.
• Suaaort net-metering and other incentives for independent power producers.
[STANDARD]STANDARDS
• New power plants shall incorporate devices [which] that minimize pollution.
77
Energy
• Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 46. "Community
Noise Control" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules.
• Applicable standards and regulations of Title l 1. Chapter 59, "Ambient Air
Quality Standards" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules.
• Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 60.1, "Air
Pollution" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules.
78
Energy
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The people of the County of Hawaii live in an environment with qualities that other areas
have long since lost. Economic expansion and population growth in the County are bringing
about more demand for products, transportation, services, energy, and other necessities [which]
that could affect the environmental quality of the County. [Further, a higher standard of living
and advances in technology are changing the life styles of people from "fix and re-use" to
"discard and buy."]
The County's basic industries, agriculture, tourism, and [research] scientific and
technological enterprises, depend upon a "clean" environment for optimum [development.]
re owth• [Major crops, particularly flowers such as orchids, require clean air For healthy growth.]
The agricultural industry depends upon the availability of clean air, soil, and water. The
island's major visitor attraction, especially For tourists from large urban centers, is [the] its
natural beauty [of the island, which is] accentuated by the quality of the air, land, and water.
The environmental quality of the County thus not only enhances the quality of life [ofJ for its
residents, but is also a major economic asset.
In order to maintain an ecological balance for the biological, physical, social, and
psychological well-being of the island community, it is essential to control [abuses such as]
pollution[.], develop more effective solid waste and sewer treatment programs, control soil
erosion, water run-off, and scrawl development, as well as protect endangered slants and
animal species. [The price for greatly disturbing aspects] Greatly altering aspects of the
ecological system [is not only an economic but a social cost as well.] could destabilize its
existing balance and translate into high economic and social costs. Increasing population and
urbanization place a greater demand on [our] the limited [resource base,] natural resources,
making their utilization and protection a vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii.
The increasing number and affluence of residents and visitors will increase the rate [at which we
consume] of consumption of [our] local resources[;], the [amounts] amount of sewage and solid
waste[,] slitter, junk cars, and other scrap metals[;] the demand for electrical power [which] that
will necessitate additional sources[;], and the number of motor vehicles in use. In urbanizing
areas, the generation of pollutants will be greater with increased [residential] density[.] and
intensiTied use of the land. [The long-range intent is to establish an optimum environment with
the least amount of cost. Through legal and technological means the quality of the environment
can be maintained.]
Pollutants maybe classified by characteristics, such as organic or inorganic, by stimuli,
or by the type of environment affected, such as air, land, or water. Legislation [of varying types]
relating to the appropriate disposition of specific pollutants [have been enacted at different times.
These are] is administered by [different] Federal, State, and County agencies. [Current legal
controls are inadequate to prevent, abate, or control environmental pollution of the island at both
the State and County levels. In addition, the] The large area of the County makes it difficult to
adequately monitor and enforce environmental quality standards. The General Plan is concerned
79
Environmental Quality
primarily with those controls [which] that can properly be formulated and enforced by County
agencies.
Current sources of pollution are [becoming] a problem not only in the amount and type of
discharge but also in patterns of dispersal [which] that cause local concentrations of pollutants.
There is also a lack of basic information [ofJ on the existing [conditions] condition of the
County's environment. This is needed to establish a baseline from which future deterioration of
the air, land, water, and noise levels can be measured. In order to prevent, abate, and control
pollution, [it must be possible to recognize] deteriorating conditions must be recognized before
they reach critical proportions.
Air
The County of Hawaii, alone with the other counties comprising the island State.
enjoys the unique situation of being geographically isolated from env large land mass and
major sources of man-made pollutants. The island's geographical isolation combined with
very minimal locally generated man-made air pollution has contributed toward the Island
of Hawaii's world wide recognition for the clarity of its air at the summits of Mauna Kea
and Mauna Loa. These sites offer some of the best areas in the world for astronomy.
combining optical clarity and accessibility.
As in env metropolitan area, though, there is some air pollution. The major sources
of air pollution are open burning[,] (bv permit only). [the spraying ofJ s rp eyed agricultural
chemicals, modes of transportation, and fixed combustion sources[,] such as [sugar mill and]
power plant [stacks.] emissions. Natural pollutants are also contributing factors. These can be
organic, [include volcanic gases, open spray, and] including plant [and insect products and
fragments.] pollens and spores, or inorganic, including airborne dust and volcanic gases.
Salt ladened ocean spray, though not a pollutant in itself, is a contributing factor towards
increased amounts of suspended particulate matter.
[The burning of cane fields before harvest is staggered and infrequent and usually occurs
in rural areas. The spraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and
branches of the State Department of Agriculture and Health. Smoke from sugar mills are
regulated through State and Federal standazds.]
Prevailing [patterns of air circulation can cause local concentrations of pollutants. The
northeast trade wind pattern on the windward coast is complicated by local upslope-downslope
winds from the mountains. On] northeast trade winds and diurnal land and sea breezes
sculpted by the Big Island's topography forms air circulation patterns that can create local
concentrations of pollutants. The windward or eastern coast is dominated by trades, while
on the leeward coast, [which is] the side of the island sheltered from the trade winds, the diurnal
land [and sea breeze pattern prevails.]-warmed, upslope winds of the day and the cooling,
nightly downslope winds prevail. In areas where the topography favors a confluence of air
currents, the [Since this circulation pattern is self-contained within a limited azea, as opposed to
the trade winds which are part of a much larger circulation system, a concentration of pollutants
b0
Environmental Quality
can occur. The] potential is great for [smog] hazv conditions to develop, especially if vehicular,
volcanic, and other air pollution sources increase. [The Kona coast is typical of this situation.]
Volcano induced smoe, known since the 1950s as voe, has been a lone standine issue
of concern. In 1983, Kilauea Volcano beean a lone eruptive cycle at Pu'u O'o with brief
pauses between eruptive phases. Volcanic eases are released at the rate of about 385 tons
per day during eruptive pauses, and 2,000 tons per day durine active eruptions. Volcanic
eases are composed primarily of sulfur, silicon, sodium, and chlorine with lesser amounts
of potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, and iron. The sulfur, measured in
the form of sulfur dioxide, is believed to be oxidized into sulfuric acid. an ineredient in acid
rain, in the presence of sunlight and water.
The effect of emissions from Kilauea Volcano on the acidity of rain during
noneruptive periods rapidly decreases within six miles of the site and studies sueeest that
the volcano's influence on the chemistry of rain is localized. However, this minimum level
of impact is altered when the volcano is actively erupting. Vog has affected those with
chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease.
The spraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and
branches of the State Department of Aericulture and the State Department of Health.
Emissions from other private and municipal sources such as power generation facilities,
are controlled through [There are] State and Federal regulations [relating to air quality
standards and air pollution control in the County]. Under the guidance of the Federal
government, the State Department of Health [is in the process of reviewing air quality standards
and will amend its regulations.] continuously scrutinizes and updates the State's standards
and regulations to address current issues, either meeting or exceeding Federal standards.
Water
The waters of the County are [readily subject] vulnerable to contamination. These
include fresh, marine, and potable water. As population increases and further development
occurs, there will be an increased demand for drinking and irrigation water. Recycled water is
currently being used for erosion and dust control at lined land fills and there [There] may
be a [possible] need in the future to recycle sewage and waste water for use in irrigation [and
possibly as a drinking water source]. The major sources of water pollution are sewage, natural
surface runoff, and [waste from] the bv-products of agricultural activities.
There are [six] five municipal sewage systems with treatment plants [which] that serve
limited areas. As a result, only a small portion of the County's sewage is treated. Most sewage
is disposed of in private cesspools, septic systems, or private wastewater treatment plants
that must [or is dumped untreated directly into coastal waters or rivers. Raw sewage outlets are
primarily found along the steep cliffs of the east and north coasts of the island from older
plantation housing areas. These methods of disposal inadequately] meet the State Department of
Health's Water Quality Standards. The State Department of Health (DOH) intends to
promulgate rules that will prohibit the installation of cesspools.
8]
Environmental Quality
[Because] Since much of the volcanic soil of the island is highly permeable and
underground lava tubes are widespread [and], seepage from cesspools have been known to
contribute to the pollution of coastal waters and may pose a potential threat to underground
sources of drinking water.
The State Department of Health is responsible for establishing, monitoring, and enforcing
the Water Quality Standards. These standards are intended to protect the environmental quality
of the waters of the island as well as to maintain the public health.
Soil
The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash.
The young age and form of some of these soils make certain areas temporarily non-productive.
Much of the volcanic soil is also highly permeable.
Soil pollution has occurred with the accumulation of industrial, agricultural, and domestic
chemicals and [by] the improper disposal of solid wastes, such as [rubbish,] refuse. old cars,
refrigerators, stoves and other scrap metal, thus creating both unsanitary and unsightly
conditions.
There is no comprehensive program for the surveillance and monitoring of chemicals to
be able to detect the rate and extent of accumulation[.] within the soil. Little is known of their
short- and lon~[terms] term effects on the environment and public health. [In the future,
increasing amounts and varieties of chemicals will be used and will accumulate in the
environment.]
Noise
Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on
people. Noise that is loud or out of character, especially from low flying aircraft, is [becoming]
critically disturbing to residents. Residential and resort aeeas near the Hilo [airport]
International Airport are particularly affected. Noise levels will become increasingly more
disturbing due to more jet service, vehicular traffic, construction, and the increasing size and
density of urban areas. The Department of Health is responsible for establishing standards and
regulations for noise control. [However, there are presently no State noise regulations for the
Neighbor Islands.] State noise level regulations and standards are uniform throughout the
State. The Federal Aviation Agency has established noise guidelines for determining
compatible land uses surrounding airports, however the regulation of surrounding lands [aze left
to] remain with the State and County.
Increased air transportation activity and changes in aeronautical technology, [which] that
could allow service by super-sonic aircraft[,] could change the "noise contours" that affect lands
surrounding the Kona International Airport at Keahole and Hilo [Airports.] International
Airport. [n order to eliminate the likelihood of surrounding land use development conflicting
s2
Environmental Quality
with future airport activity and/or expansion, appropriate easements and/or covenants should be
required in conjunction with land use approvals for lands in the vicinity of the County's two
major airports.
[GOAL] GOALS
• Define the most desirable use of land within the County that achieves an
ecological balance uroviding residents and visitors the auality of life and an
environment in which the natural resources of the island are viable and
sustainable.
• Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island.
• Control pollution.
POLICIES
• [The County of Hawaii shall take] Take positive action to further maintain the
quality of the environment [for residents both in the present and in the future].
• [Minimum controls are established by the Federal and State governments; through
its powers the County shall reinforce] Reinforce and strengthen established
standards where it is necessary, principally by initiating, recommending, and
adopting ordinances pertaining to the control of pollutants [which] that affect the
environment.
• [The County should keep apprised of and advise] Advise the public of
environmental conditions and research undertaken [about] on the island's
environment.
• Encourage the concept of recycling agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste
material.
• [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the State to establish air and water
quality monitoring stations in areas of existing and potential urban growth.
• Encouraee the State to continue aircraft noise abatement strateeies at Hilo
International Airport and the Kona International Airport at Keahole.
• Participate in watershed management protects to improve stream and
coastal water auality and encourage local communities to develop such
protects.
• work Wlth the appYOpYlate aeen ClQS t0 adopt apprOpritate meaSUres and
provide incentives to control point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
83
Environments] Quality
• Suaaort arograms to arevent harmful alien saecies from becoming
established.
• Require golf courses to implement best management practices to limit
leaching of nutrients to groundwater in areas where thev may affect streams
or coastal ecosystems.
• Require implementation of the management measures contained in Hawaii's
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program as a condition of land use
aermitting.
• Review the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they
adequately address aotential erosion and runoff problems.
STANDARDS
• Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels [which] that will
protect and preserve the public health and well being, through the enforcement of
appropriate Federal, State and County standards.
• [Environmental] Incoraorate environmental quality controls [are to be
incorporated] either as standards in appropriate ordinances or as conditions of
approval.
• Federal and State environmental regulations shall be adhered to.
84
Environmental Quality
[FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE]
FLOODING AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The problems of flooding in the County of Hawaii are attributed to [three basic factors:]
pondins, surface runoff, high seas, storm surge, and tsunami inundation. Flood control is
usually limited to confining runoff within natural or man-made [water courses] watercourses
and standing bodies of water. Drainage involves the collection and conveyance of runoff. The
problems of high seas and tsunami inundation are generally alleviated by structural criteria,
building setbacks, and land use restrictions.
The island [of Hawaii] is geologically very young and has not had a chance to develop
defined [water courses] watercourses in many azeas. These poorly defined [water courses]
watercourses often overflow during rain storms. The South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona,
Ka'u, Puna and South Hilo districts are particularly [troubled with] impacted by this problem.
On November 1, 2000, torrential rains stuck East Hawaii. The National Weather
Service reported approximately 27 inches of record rainfall at the Hilo International
Airport within a 24-hour period. More than three feet of rain fell on some areas of the
island, causing floodins in many areas of the County. The hishest rainfall total was at
Kapapala Ranch in Ka'u, where more than 36 inches was recorded within a 24-hour
period. In Hilo, the Waiakea-Uka area was inundated with approximately 29 inches. the
Piihonua area approximately 24 inches, Mountain View, nearly 29 inches, and Glenwood,
26 inches.
The record downfall overflowed streams and sullies, flooding roadways throughout
downtown Hilo and isolating neighborhoods in some areas of the eastern side of the island.
The districts of South Hilo, Puna and Ka'u were the hardest hit, with roads, bridles, power
lines, businesses and homes either damaged or destroved. In Hilo, a portion of Komohana
Street was destroved, and near Pahala, three bridles and portions of Hishwav 11 were
washed away. During the heisht of the storm, various sections of Highway l l were
impassable. Most of the major storm damase on the hishwav occurred in the Puna and
Ka'u Districts. Besides severe scourins of the roadway pavement, shoulders and drainage
outlets and inlets in Mountain View, Glenwood, Volcano and Pahala, as well as bridles at
the Makakupu ford crossins, Kaalaala Stream, Keiawa Stream and Paauau Stream, were
damaged beyond economic repair. Portions of the hishwav from the 49 to 52 mile markers
were closed for approximately three weeks. Farms suffered heavy damase to crops and
massive erosion, telephone service was disrupted, and some residents experienced power
failures for nearly 12 hours. Althoush no lives were lost as a direct result of the storm.
flood damage was estimated at $20,000,000. On November 9. 2000, a Federal disaster was
declared for the island.
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Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
The coastline of the island is susceptible to high seas and tsunami inundation. Tsunamis
may be of local or distant origination. Historically, those of distant origin have caused the most
damage. [Of the 305+] However, of the nearly 305 miles of coastline, [however,]
approximately 225 miles, or 75 per cent of the coastline is predominantly undeveloped cliff area
and not subject to property damage[.] from coastal flooding or tsunami inundation. [Damage]
Pro er damage from tsunami activity has [been experienced] occurred in [the] Hilo-Waiakea,
[area, the] Laupahoehoe Point, [area, the] Waipio Valley, [area, the] Kawaihae-Puako, [area,
and] some portions of [the] Napoopoo, Keauhou, and Kailua-Kona areas of the [Kona] coastline.
Low lying coastal areas of Ka'u and Puna have been devastated by tsunamis generated by local,
large [scale] offshore earth movements. Since 1819, the island has experienced about twenty-
three tsunamis with a run up of two meters (6.56 feet) or more. Due to the freuuencv of
tsunami events and warnings, the Armv Corps of Engineers initiated the planning for a
tsunami protection svstem after the tsunami of April 1946. By a congressional resolution
adopted in 1957 and the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960. authorization was given to
proceed on an offshore protection svstem that incorporated breakwaters and navigational
improvements. However, further studies revealed that the high costs involved in the
proposed tsunami barrier proiect made the proiect unfeasible. The proiect was
subsequently abandoned. [There are now warning] Warning procedures have been
established to alert the public of the approach of a tsunami of distant origination. However,
locally generated tsunamis give little or no warning for evacuation. An ongoing program to
educate the public on tsunami hazards is needed.
Present drainage and flood problems are mainly due to the development of vacant lands,
which are often subject to serious flooding[,] without any commensurate, coordinated
development of new drainage systems or expansion of the existing drainage systems. In many
areas, the capabilities of existing drains, channels, and culverts have been exceeded during heavy
rains. Additional problems occur when debris accumulates and clogs waterways. The absence
of easements in drainage and flood courses also hinders maintenance.
Except for the metropolitan area of Hilo and portions of Kona and [Waimea,] South
Kohala, the majority of the existing flood and drainage systems [are] were provided by the
sugar plantations. [Each] In the past, each plantation town [has] developed its own sewerage,
water, and drainage systems. This policy of the plantations to "take care of one's own" has
worked well in the past. However, [with the conversion and development of plantation land that
has historically been planted in sugar,] government will need to take a more active role in
providing flood control[.] and erosion mitigation on all developed properties via the
County's grubbing and grading ordinances and providing incentives to landowners and
lessees to work with the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCSI in developing and implementing soil and water conservation
lp ans.
Since 1971, much progress has been made in alleviating flood and drainage problems and
[in] establishing flood plain regulation. The general plan for the development of a
comprehensive drainage system is the "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii." This
report, along with newer reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, [and] the [U.S.
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Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS),] Natural Resources
Conservation Service and the Federal EmerQencv Management Aeencv, has guided the
flood control and drainage improvements made to date. The "Drainage Master Plan" [needs to]
should be revised and updated to include the new studies that have become available.
Technical and financial assistance from agencies outside of the County has been
instrumental in the progress made in drainage and flood control in Hawaii County. The U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers has provided studies identifying the problems, needs and extent of
Federal participation in flood control measures in particular floodplains. The [U.S. Department
of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS)] Natural Resources Conservation Service
has provided technical assistance in carrying out flood plain management studies. The [SCS,]
Natural Resources Conservation Service along with the Soil and Water Conservation
Districts, also provides conservation programs to reduce and control surface water and sediment
runoff for individual agricultural and conservation landholders. The continued assistance of
these agencies is essential for further progress in flood control and drainage and erosion and
sedimentation control in [Hawaii] the County.
In 1982, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published the "Flood
Insurance Study" for Hawaii County. This study investigates the existence and severity of flood
hazards in Hawaii. The flood boundaries for streams, and the flood insurance zones and base
flood elevation lines are delineated [in] on the [Flood Boundazy and Floodway Map (FBFM),
and the] Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) [respectively]. These maps are the principal result
of the "Flood Insurance Study," and have been incorporated into Hawaii County's Flood Plain
Management Program.
Unfortunately, there have been problems with the use and accuracy of the Flood
Insurance Rate Maas. It has been demonstrated that the current Flood Insurance Rate
Maas are not very accurate as to the location, position, and formation of geographic and
geologic attributes. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to determine if a parcel is on the Flood
Insurance Rate Maas. Furthermore, there are many areas where there is no data to
determine the flood potential. The absence of data does not mean an absence of potential
flooding in any particular area. Therefore, there is an assumption that flood risk is
minimal if a parcel is not in a designated Flood Insurance Rate Map area.
The State participates in drainage and flood control through the Department of Land and
Natural Resources' [Division of Water and Land Development.] Engineering Branch, Land
Division. This agency is responsible for the implementation of a statewide flood control
program, and [for] providing technical and financial assistance to the counties and the Soil and
Water Conservation Districts.
[Because] Hawaii County exercises flood plain regulations because of the need for
better coordination between the construction of properly planned drainage systems and urban
development Hawaii County now exercises flood plain regulations]. The "Flood Insurance
Study," identifying critical flood plain azeas, coupled with the appropriate rules and regulations
of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has been incorporated into what is now Chapter
87
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
27 of the Hawaii County Code [entitled] titled "Flood Control." This chapter serves to promote
public health, safety, and general welfare, and [to] minimize public and private losses due to
flood conditions [in specified areas]. Chapter 27, along with the flood control provisions within
the subdivision, building, and wading codes, is the legal authority for Hawaii County's Flood
Plain Management Program.
The Big Island experiences thousands of earthquakes each vear, most undetectable,
but some strong enough to be felt or causing minor damage. Most of the island's
earthquakes are related to volcanic activity caused by magma moving beneath the earth's
surface and concentrated beneath the island's two active volcanoes. Kilauea and Mauna
Loa. Since 1868, there have been 14 earthquakes greater than magnitude six, most
occurring on the south flank of Kilauea or Mauna Loa. including the Kaoiki region.
Honomu, Hualalai and Kona also experienced earthquakes greater than 6.0 on the Richter
scale.
With an estimated magnitude of 7.5 to 8.1, the largest Hawaiian earthquake in
recorded history occurred in 1868 in the Ka'u district on the southeast flank of Mauna
Loa. The 1868 earthquake caused islandwide damage, and the devastation was greatest in
Ka'u, where an earthquake triggered mudflow and coastal subsidence produced a tsunami
that destroved several villages and killed 79 people.
In 1975, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake on Kilauea's south flank generated a tsunami
that claimed two lives in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. destroved homes in Punaluu,
sank fshng boats in Keauhou Bav. and damaged boats and piers in Hilo. The most recent
large earthquake of magnitude 6.1 occurred on Kilauea's south flank in June. 1989.
Earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and 6.6 have occurred approximately once every l0 vears
in the Kaoiki region, located between Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The most recent large
earthquake with a magnitude 6.6 shook the region in 1983.
The island of Hawaii is sinking, or subsiding, at different rates for various reasons.
Tide gauge data suggest that Hilo has sunk at a rate of 2.3 millimeters per vear or
approximately 4.5 inches in 50 vears. At the same time, the sea level has risen about 1.8
millimeters per vear, so Hilo has actually sunk about 8 inches relative to sea level in the 50-
year period. Other studies suggest a slightly slower subsidence rate of 2.2 millimeters per
vear over 39,000 vears. Hawaii is slowly sinking due to the great weight of the island that
slowly bends the outer rigid laver of the earth. As the volcanoes grow, their weight is
greater than what the earth can support. Large earthquakes also produce coastal
subsidence. The magnitude 7.2 Kalapana earthquake in 1975 produced coastal subsidence
of approximately ]0 to 11 feet near Halape, 3.5 inches at Kaena Point. 20 inches in
Kalapana and nine inches in Kapoho. An earthquake related subsidence event such as this
is equivalent to approximately 1,500 vears of slow subsidence. Following the 1975
Kalapana earthquake, coastal areas near Kapoho continue to subside at a rate of
approximately a few centimeters per vear as the Lower east rift zone near Kapoho slowly
widens. Portion of Kapoho Vacationland Subdivision fronting the ocean are nearly
ss
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
completely submersed. Other areas of the island subject to earthquake-related subsidence
are located between Palima Point and Naalehu. and Kealakekua Bav to south of Hookena.
The island is composed of five volcanoes, two of which -Kilauea and Mauna Loa -
are expected to erupt frequently in the future. As such. the U.S. Geological Survev has
identified lava hazard zones for the island. The U.S. Geological Survev Lava Flow Hazard
Zone Map divides the island into Zones 1 through 9 based on the probabiliri of coverage
by lava flows. Zone 1 is the area of greatest hazard, and Zone 9 the least. Hazard zones
from lava flows are based on the location and frequency of both historic and prehistoric
eruptions. The zone boundaries are approximate, and the hazard posed by lava flows
decreases as the distance from vents increases. Zone l includes the summits and rift zones
of Mauna Loa and Kilauea where vents have repeatedly been active in historical times.
More than 25 per cent of the area in Zone 1 has been covered by lava since 1800. Zone 2
includes the areas adjacent to and downslope of the most active parts of the rift zones.
About 15-25 per cent of the area in Zone 2 has been covered by lava since 1800.
GOALS
Conserve scenic and natural resources.]
• Protect human life.
• Prevent damage to man-made improvements.
• Control pollution.
• Prevent damage from inundation.
• Reduce surface water and sediment runoff.
• Maximize soil and water conservation.
POLICIES
• [In areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action,] Enact
restrictive land use and building structure regulations [must be enacted relative to
the potential for loss of life and property.] in areas vulnerable to severe damage
due to the impact of wave action. Only uses [which] that cannot be located
elsewhere due to public necessity and character, such as maritime activities and
the necessary public facilities and utilities, [would] shall be allowed in these
areas.
• [The County shall continue to review] Review land use policy as it relates to
flood plain, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas.
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Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards
• [The County of Hawaii shall update] Update and improve the Flood Insurance
Rate Maps and other flood [way] maps in compliance with [Chapter 27] the
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIPI as needed.
• Anv development within the Federal Emergency Management Agency
designated flood plain must be in compliance with Chanter 27.
• [The County shall promote] Promote and provide incentives for participation in
the Soil and Water [Conservations] Conservation Districts' conservation
programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands.
• The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii" shall be reviewed and
updated to incorporate new studies [available] and [to] reflect newly identified
priorities.
• [All development] Development-generated runoff shall be disposed of in a
manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works[.] and in compliance with
all State and Federal laws.
• [The County shall develop] Develop a comprehensive program for the
coordinated construction of a drainage network along a single drainage system.
• [The County shall explore] Explore new methods of funding for the provision of
adequate drainage systems[.] and regulating potential flood inundation areas.
• [It is the responsibility ofboth the government] The County and the private
sector shall be responsible for maintaining and improving [to maintain and
improve] existing drainage systems and [to construct] constructing new drainage
facilities.
• Develop an integrated shoreline erosion management plan that ensures the
preservation of sandy beaches and public access to and along the shoreline.
and the protection of private and public property from flood hazards and
wave damage.
• [The County shall continue] Continue to promote public education programs on
tsunami, hurricane, storm surge, and flood hazards.
• Encourage grassed shoulder and Swale roadway design where climate and
grade are conducive.
• Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that considers
non-structural alternatives, minimizes channelization, protects wetlands that
serve drainage functions, coordinates the regulation of construction and
90
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
agricultural operation, and encourages the establishment of floodplains as
public Breen wavs.
• Encouraee and provide incentives for aericultural operators to participate in
Soil and Water Conservation District Programs.
• Where applicable, natural drainage channels shall be improved to increase
their capacity with special consideration for the practices of proper soil
conservation, and Grassland and forestry management.
• Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting.
• Discourage intensive development in areas of hieh volcanic hazard.
STANDARDS
• "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised.
• Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the
Hawaii County Code.
• Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA).
• Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter ] 0, "Erosion and Sedimentation
Control," of the Hawaii County Code.
• Applicable standards and regulations of the Natural Resources Conservation
Service and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts.
DISTRICTS
A general geographical description, a description of present flooding and drainage
problems, and courses of action for the reduction of the flood and drainage problems are
presented for the nine districts of the County. [Maps showing drainage plans, flood hazard areas,
and tsunami inundation zones shall be incorporated as part of the General Plan.]
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Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
PUNA
Profile
The climate of the Puna District varies considerably from the rocky shoreline to the rain
forest areas in the upper elevation. Rainfall amounts are generally heavy and most of the district
receives over 100 inches per year.
The district is subject to heavy rainfall and there is record of severe flooding [in 1979 and
1980]. [Flooding] Historically, flooding along the Belt Highway and [along] the highway from
Keaau to Pahoa [were] had been the [major] most prominent problems of the district [but have
been greatly alleviated due to highway improvements]. However, highwav improvements
have done much to alleviate the flooding on the roadways.
[The] Currently, the lack of [extensive] development and the extremely permeable soils
have helped to minimize major flooding[.] and damage to life and property. [As urbanization]
However, as the amount of development increases within the district, [however,] flood
problems [are likely to increase.] will also increase. [The] Furthermore, the conversion of
land historically planted in sugar to other crops [could also] may increase runoff. In this
regard' Soil and Water Conservation District conservation programs can help lessen the
potential problem.
[The] Some of the flood hazard areas for the Puna district are difficult to delineate due to
the lack of defined drainage ways. Recorded flood damage has mainly been caused by surface
sheet flows [which] that are likely to occur anywhere when heavy storms strike. Examples of
this [problem] are found in [Pahoa and Mt. View,] Fern Forest, Eden Rock, Fern Acres.
Orchidland, and Hawaiian Paradise Park. In addition to these subdivisions. flooding
occurs in certain areas of Pahoa. Other areas, such as Hawaiian Acres, may be more
defined. The flooding below Mt. View may be the result of diversion of the Mt. View
watershed into some of the substandard subdivisions.
[Agricultural lands along Wright Road in Volcano have a recent history of flooding and
erosion. The Soil Conservation Service is currently studying the problem and possible
solutions.]
Systems [which] that incorporate diversion channels to intercept sheet flows and main
channels to transport the flows away or through the area have been proposed for the communities
of Keaau[,] and Pahoa and Kalapana-Kaimu]. Along the Keaau-Pahoa Road, the State
Department of Transportation (DOT) has installed culverts to facilitate the movement of
water and minimize overtopping of the road in certain sections. In addition, the DOT
plans to replace those culverts that are ineffective or inadequate.
Drainage systems incorporating the use of diversion channels to collect and transport
surface flows safely through the area are also proposed for Mt. View. A portion of this system
92
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
has been constructed and a study of the Glenwood/Mt. View watershed is being made by the
Soil Conservation Service to evaluate the feasibility of constructing more drainage systems.
Comparable systems would be applicable for the communities south of Keaau].
The entire coastline is susceptible to tsunami impacts[.] and hurricane storm surve
inundation. [Most of the coastline, however] However, much of the coastline is undeveloped
and/or has [steep] hiyh cliffs. This renders most developed areas outside of the inundation
zone and [where development is] not subject to damage. On November 29, 1975, [a tsunami
was generated by an earthquake centered approximately three miles offshore of Kalapana
(magnitude 7.2 on the Richter Scale). Two people were killed and property damage of about
$1.4 million was incurred.] an earthquake measuriny 7.2 on the Richter Scale centered
approximately three miles off shore of Halape venerated a tsunami that killed two people
and resulted in $1,400,000 of property damage. The total damage of the earthquake and
tsunami amounted to [about] approximately [$4.1 million.] $4,100,000.
Courses of Action
• As [urbanization] development increases within the district, the drainage systems
designed for the existing village areas shall be implemented. [These systems are
designed to collect and transport surface runoff through the communities.]
• [Provide improvements as shown by] Conduct an update of the County of
Hawaii "Drainage Master Plan" and the "Mountain View Drainage Study"[.] and
provide improvements as recommended by the updates.
Support development of the Glenwood/Mt. View Watershed project.
• Encourage diversified agricultural farmers to participate in Soil and Water
Conservation District programs.]
• Seek assistance to develop a comprehensive flood study for the subdivisions
between and alone Hivhwavs l l and 130.
• Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real property are fully informed
of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
With the Wailuku River as a dividing line, the South Hi]o district can be separated into
two watershed study areas. To the north of the river, the coastline has abrupt cliffs 30 to 80 feet
high that are broken by deep stream channels. Usable land areas have a ground slope of six to
twelve per cent. Above the 4,000 foot elevation, the stream channels diminish in number and
93
Flooding and Other Natura] Hazards
depth and have all but disappeared above the 7,000 foot elevation. Flooding problems in this
area are primarily caused by local water runoff from former sugar cane fields situated above the
communities.
South of the Wailuku River is a relatively flat plain of less than one per cent slope
[which] that extends towards [the Hilo-Keaau Road.] Highway 11. Above [the road,] Highway
I1, the slope steepens to approximately six to twelve per cent. Stream channels are poorly
defined and disappear at elevations above 2,500 feet.
[Since 1837, Hilo has experienced about thirty tsunamis, an average frequency of one
every four years. After the wave of April 1946, planning for a tsunami protection system was
initiated by the Corps of Engineers. By a congressional resolution adopted in 1957 and by the
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960, authorization was given to proceed on an offshore protection
system which incorporated breakwaters and navigational improvements. Subsequent studies
have revealed that the high costs involved in the proposed tsunami barrier project made the
project unfeasible. The project was subsequently inactivated.]
Waiakea
Until recently, the existing drainage system was the result of uncoordinated development.
Lacking a comprehensive plan, property owners have constructed and installed drainage facilities
to protect their own interests. In many instances, these facilities have seriously concentrated
flows and aggravated situations downstream. Many [of the] proposals of the "Hilo Drainage and
Flood Control Report" have been completed in the Waiakea area reducing the flooding problems.
Many [of the] culverts in upper Waiakea are inadequate. Roadside ditches, though small
in cross-sectional area, are aided by the highly porous ground and are fairly effective even during
heavy storms. One of the most serious problems faced by County maintenance crews is the
frequent washout ofcinder-gravel shoulders along road pavements. Another problem is the
accumulation of vegetation growth and debris in waterways, which causes overflow.
The Waiakea Stream Preliminary Investigation report prepared by Natural
Resources Conservation Service in November. 1999 identified the channel constrictions at
the Hoaka, Kupulau, and Kawailani bridges as a major factor in the flooding of the
Waiakea Stream Watershed. Several recommendations in the report suegests an increase
in the level of maintenance for the Waiakea stream channel. reconstruction of the three
bridges to handle the 100-vear flood, installation of a flood levee above the properties along
Kupulau Road, and Stream channel improvements to manage the volume of a 100-vear
flood.
In the lower Waiakea area, storm damage is minimal due to the effectiveness of the
Wailoa and Waiakea-Uka Flood Control Projects.
The Waiakea coastal area is subject to tsunami and hurricane storm surge inundation
and has suffered considerable loss to life and property from tsunami activity.
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Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
Kaumana-Ainako-Wailuku River
Kaumana's drainage system consists of roadside ditches, culverts, and narrow channels.
Except for the Ainako Avenue area, all of upper Kaumana's storm water runoff is discharged
either through the Waipahoehoe [Stream] or the Alenaio [Channel.] Streams. The Chong Street
Diversion No. 3 and the Wailuku-Alenaio Diversion No. 4 along Akolea Road serves to reduce
flooding in the lower areas and the Ainako Avenue sections.
The Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed Reinvestigation resort urenared by Natural
Resources Conservation Service in December. 1999 identified a new flood diversion
alternative for the watershed. The alternative will control stormwater in Waipahoehoe and
Kaluiiki Streams and could arovide 100-vear flood protection to communities on the south
side of Kaumana Drive in the vicinity of Akolea Road and Chong Street. The County has
requested the Natural Resources Conservation Service's assistance to further Ulan and
implement the new alternative.
The drainage system in the Ainako-Wailuku River area is comprised of box culverts that
pass the discharge of the Ainako River across Kokea, Koula, and Kapaa Streets. The residential
areas bordering the Wailuku River have a system of collection ditches. Except during very
intense storms, there are few problems in the area.
Hilo Urban Area
Between tsunamis and runoff from higher elevations, the commercial district has
displayed amazing recuperative abilities. Prior to the completion of the Waiolama Canal in 1924
and the Ponahawai Stonn Drain System in 1926, this area was a virtual "sea" during heavy rain.
The construction of the canal and the storm drain system [have] has since provided some degree
of protection for the area.
The Alenaio Stream Flood Control Proiect, completed in 1998, begins iust below
Kapiolani Street and ends below Kilauea Avenue with an earthen levee leading into the
Waiolama Canal. The project consists of three flood walls, a 1,790-foot rectangular
concrete-lined channel, a 200-foot concrete entrance transition, and an 830-foot earthen
levee. The project also included the reconstruction of four bridges located at Kapiolani,
Ululani, Kinoole Streets, and Kilauea Avenue. The Alenaio Flood Control uroiect
mitigated much of the flooding that occurred in the Alenaio flood plain.
[The Alenaio Channel discharges into the Waiolama Canal, conveying runoff from the
upper area through the central business district. These major conduits in the downtown section
are supplemented by pipe drains on Shipman, Waianuenue, Haili, Mamo, Ponahawai and Ululani
Streets.]
Except for the northern section of the business district, all of downtown Hilo falls within
the Wailoa River basin and within the area tributary to the Alenaio Stream. The State
95
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
Department of Transportation (DOT) has indicated that there are periodic shifts of beach
material alone the Hilo bav front shoreline. In addition, occasional storm events will close
the roads at bav front due to storm surge. A study detailine the level of storm suree and
the periodic shifts of beach material is needed before a solution can be developed.
[During periods of heavy rain, the runoff in Alenaio Stream has exceeded the capacity of
several of the culverts in the drainage system downstream of Komohana Street.]
The shoreline areas south of the Wailuku River are subject to damage from tsunami and
hurricane storm suree inundation.
Paukaa, Papaikou, Pepeekeo, Honomu, Hakalau
These communities have no serious flood problems although Honomu and Papaikou have
experienced minor flooding. These result from runoff from the areas above the communities.
Although the entire coastline is subject to tsunami activity, the majority of the area [is]
has high cliffs and is not subject to property damage. [The only developed area affected by
tsunami and high seas damage is the Hakalau Mill which is located at the base of the cliffs.]
Courses of Action
• The [remaining proposals of the] "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" by
Wilson, Okamoto and Assoc., Ltd., January, 1967, shall be updated and
implemented [as further need is shown. Some of the proposals include the
construction or improvement of drainage channels and primary intercepting
ditches and improvements to culvert systems].
• [The Waiakea Stream improvements as described by the] The "Hilo Area
Comprehensive Study for Flood Damage Reduction" shall be updated and
[completed.] implemented.
Systems to intercept flows from higher elevations to be discharged into the
Waipahoehoe or Ainako streams shall continue to be implemented as described
by the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report," the "Watershed Work Plan-
Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed," or the subsequent amendments to these reports.]
• The proposals of the "Final Report and Environmental Impact Study of Alenaio
Stream" shall be implemented. Studies shall continue for the upper Alenaio
Stream, the upper Wailuku River and its tributaries, the upper Waiakea
Stream and Palai Stream.
• [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan"
for the Honomu, Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Paukaa areas [should] shall be
updated and implemented. [These systems involve the collection and diversion
96
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
of surface runoff into nearby gulches for disposal.] In addition, proper soil
conservation measures shall be applied to reduce the amount of surface water and
sediment runoff.
• Assess the aossibility of implementing the recommendations of the NCRS's
"Waiakea Stream Preliminary Investigation" and the "Wailuku-Alenaio
Watershed Reinvestigation" reports.
• Encourage a study of storm surge and the annual change in shoreline beach
movement as a solution to the closing of the bay front highway during storm
events.
NORTH HILO
Profile
The district is characterized by an average ground slope of approximately [ten percent]
10 per cent with scores of deep intermittent and perennial streams.
Other than runoff from former cane lands, there is little record of flooding in urban areas
[being flooded]. Each community is in close proximity to one or more gulches [which] that
carry flows from the upper watershed areas. The key to flood control within the district is to
collect and divert surface runoff to the gulches. In addition, soil conservation practices are
highly recommended.
The flood hazard areas are extremely difficult to delineate. High intensity storms can
produce localized flooding in almost any area. The only definite flood hazard area is
Laupahoehoe School.
The community of Ookala has not experienced heavy flooding although there are minor
problems due to surface waters [coming out of] from the former cane fields above the town.
There is no record of any flooding within the community of Ninole. The existing flood
control system [provide] arovided by the plantation is adequate.
The community of Laupahoehoe has not experienced any extreme flood flows. However,
there will be a need to supply flood protection for the community since Laupahoehoe School,
which is located just to the south of the urban center, has experienced some flooding. Water
[comes down] flows from the former cane fields, [especially] when [fields have been recently
harvested or when the cane] the natural vegetation does not form a complete cover.
The community of Papaaloa has not experienced any serious flooding problems. With
the projected expansion of the community, there will be a need to provide flood protection for
the area.
97
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
The North Hilo district is characterized by high sea cliffs, most of which rise 300 feet
above the sea. Except for the Laupahoehoe Point area, development is not subject to tsunami or
hurricane storm surge damage.
Course of Action
• [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan"
for the Ookala and Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa areas shall be undated and
implemented to alleviate problems of runoff from higher elevations. [These
systems are designed to collect and divert surface runoff to the surrounding
gulches.]
HAMAKUA
Profiile
The Hamakua District can be divided into two major watershed areas. The northern
watershed, which affects the Waipio Valley area, extends upward into the Kohala Mountains.
The second watershed extends to the peak of Mauna Kea and affects the communities of
Kukuihaele, Honokaa, Paauhau, Paauilo, and Kukaiau.
[Sixty-five years of records show that the district has suffered from twenty-six major
storms and several times from high seas and tsunamis.] The majority of the flood damage in this
area is felt by the [sugar industry, the] State[,] or the County through damage to improvements
within former cane fields, roads, ditches, and bridges.
Streams originating above and flowing through Honokaa have caused flooding in the
town. The existing culverts within the town also do not have adequate capacity to handle
volume flows.
The communities of Paauhau and Kukaiau have not been subject to any high flood flows
in the past and the only recommended flood prevention measures would be the construction of
diversion channels above the communities to divert water from [the] former sugar cane fields
and into the surrounding gulches.
Occasional flooding alone the Hawaii Belt Road between Ahualoa and Waimea
occurs when rainwater comes down from the pastures and overtops the road. Although
there are no mitigation measures planned at this time, road improvements have alleviated
some of the flooding and improved sheet flow.
Localized drainage problems exist within the limits of Paauilo. These problems are
caused by allowing surface waters to collect from large areas within the town and flow down
98
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
narrow roadways. [These] The problems could be eliminated if this water was intercepted and
transported to the gulches for disposal.
The only area that is subject to tsunami and hurricane storm surge inundation within
the Hamakua district is Waipio Valley and three other uninhabited valleys to the north. Damage
in Waipio Valley has been primarily to crops caused by periodic stream meandering,
overflow[.], and stream blockages. Requested solutions and subsequent studies of the problem
have found approaches to be economically unfeasible.
Courses of Action
• [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan"
for the Waipio-Kukuihaele, Honokaa-Paauhau, and Paauilo-Kukaiau areas shall
be updated and implemented. [These systems incorporate the construction of
diversion channels above the communities which would collect and transport
surface flows to surrounding gulches.]
• Support the use of natural channels and proper soil conservation practices to
manage flood control and drainage problems.
• [A reduction in surface flows from agricultural and Forest reserve land above the
communities of the district is of prime concern. Proper soil conservation
practices to reduce surface water and sediment runoff must be implemented.
Examples of some of the practices include contour farming to reduce erosion and
runoff, replanting with grass or woody vegetation in areas where vegetative cover
has been destroyed, and providing protective cover for soil by leaving trash and
leaves on the fields, returning bagasse to fields or planting fast growing inter-row
crops.] Implementation of proper flood control measures and soil
conservation practices shall be used to minimize sheet flow. flooding, and
sediment runoff from agricultural and forest reserve land above the
communities of the district.
• The Waipio Valley area shall be [kept open except] retained for limited
recreational and agricultural activities due to its high susceptibility to flooding
and tsunami inundation.
• Encourage the State to develop mitigation measures for the occasional
flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road between Ahualoa and Waimea.
99
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The North Kohala district is subject to occasional heavy rainfall [which] that creates
heavy runoff Streams collect water from the upper watershed and convey most flows safely
through the urban centers. Although the gulches are generally smaller than those on the
Hamakua coast, they have adequate capacity to handle storm flows.
Other than damage to [cane field improvements and] highway culverts, there is no record
of any [extensive] flood damage [within the district.] to structures. There are areas, however,
which are subject to [minor] flooding problems. These include the town of Hawi which has
[suffered from] exuerienced surface sheet flows concentrating along the highway within the
town, the highway and road culverts at Lipoa Gulch, and Halelua and Pueka gulches.
The community of Kapaau has problems similar to those of Hawi. The existing highway
culverts are inadequate to handle peak flood flows and have caused minor flooding problems in
the past. On each side of the highway, the Makapala area is relatively flat and is susceptible to
flooding by the Niulii and Waikani Streams.
The solution to the flood control and drainage problems of this district lies [within two
measures. These are] in the practice of proper soil conservation in agricultural lands and forest
areas to help reduce and retard surface water and sediment runoff [and improvements to natural
channels to increase their capacity]. In addition, there are the improvements to natural
channels to increase their capacity.
The North Kohala district has recorded runup from tsunami and hurricane storm surge
activity. Areas subject to inundation include [the] Pololu Valley [area, the Hoea Mill area], [the]
Upolu Point Airport [area], and the Mahukona Harbor [area.] areas.
Course of Action
• [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan"
for the Hawi and Honomakau-Kapaau areas shall be undated and implemented.
[These systems propose improvements to natural channels to increase their
capacity. This, combined with the practice of proper soil conservation, is the
solution to flood control and drainage problems within the district.]
100
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The South Kohala district can be divided into two separate watershed areas. The Waimea
Village watershed extends into the Kohala Mountains. [These mountains have high rainfall]
Heavy rainfall occurs in these mountains and several intermittent streams [descend from them
and] flow through the Waimea area. Upon reaching the Waimea plains, these streams turn to the
west and flow toward Kawaihae across the extremely permeable lava flows of Mauna Kea. The
Waikoloa stream has caused flooding within the town of Waimea during high intensity storms
when waters overflow due to sharp stream bends and generally inadequate flow-carrying
capacities. In addition, there is some flooding concern around the area abutting the
Kawaihae road.
The second watershed area above the Kawaihae to Anaehoomalu shoreline extends from
the coast to the peaks of Mauna Kea to Mauna Loa. The area is semi-arid with few well-defined
channels and infrequent stream flows.
[There are two flood control projects are in progress within the district, both within the
town of Waimea. The first project, which consists of a lined channel and flood water retarding
structure for the Lanimaumau Stream, has been constructed under the authority of the Watershed
Protection and Flood Control Act. The second study and planned flood control measure is for a
lined channel along the Waikoloa Stream northward from Lindsey Road. This channel will
alleviate much of the flooding from the Waikoloa Stream.]
High intensity storms have caused flooding along the [Mamalahoa] Oueen Kaahumanu
Highway [at Puako and along the highway] from Kawaihae to Puako[.] ,and at Puako. These
storms are very infrequent and tend to create flash floods. High flows have been experienced in
the Hapuna Beach and Spencer Beach Park areas due to the flash floods. The Puako Beach lots
have also been subject to flooding. During the evening of September 8, 1996, heavy rains
generated a flash flood along Auwaiakeakua Stream. The floodwaters overtopped the
existing drainage ways causing damage to private properties, particularly the Fairway
Terrace Condominium at Waikoloa Village, County roads and drainage facilities.
In 1997, construction was completed on the Parker Ranch drainage improvements.
The improvements diverted the Kamuela and Lanimaumau Streams toward open pasture
lands. Flooding has done substantial damage to the residential subdivision at the Mauna
Kea Beach Resort. To mitigate the flooding, the developer has constructed flood control
measures off site and the State Department of Transportation intends to install three sets of
new culverts on site. The State Department of Transportation also intends to realign and
replace Waiaka Road.
An added threat to the coastal areas results from tire [which] that leaves the upper slope
areas with limited ground cover and thus more susceptible to flooding.
]O1
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
The entire coastline of this district from Kawaihae southward is subject to tsunami and
storm sure wave inundation. Runup has been recorded in Kawaihae and Puako.
[Course] Courses of Action
• [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan"
for the Kawaihae, Hapuna Bay-Puako, Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay, and Waimea
areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems propose improvement
to natural channels to increase their efficiency. These, combined with the practice
of proper soil conservation with special emphasis put upon grassland and forestry
management practices, would be the solution to flood control and drainage
problems in the district.]
• Conduct a flood study for the Auwaiakeakua Stream.
NORTH KONA
Profile
The North Kona district can be divided into two watershed areas. The area north of
Keahole Point and the summit of Hualalai have very low rainfall and runoff Rainfall for this
area reaches a maximum average of 40 inches per year, but most of the area receives less than 20
inches per year. The soils [ofJ in the area are extremely permeable and there is no record of
hazardous flooding in this area.
The southern area, extending southward from Keahole Point, contains most of the urban
development and is subject to increasing hazards from floodwater damages as land is more
intensively utilized. The area is characterized by dry vegetative growth along the coastal areas
and thick tropical vegetation in the upper forest reserves. The ground slope is steep, averaging
approximately [fifteen percent.] 15 per cent.
The steep slopes, shallow soils, frequent high intensity rains, and the lack ofwell-defined
drainageways make many areas in the North Kona district susceptible to flooding and overland
flows.
Flash floods, primarily from overflows of the [Kawanui/Lehuula/Kainaliu,]
Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways, have
been identified by the [USDA, SCS,] Natural Resources Conservation Service's "North Kona
Flood Plain Management Study."
Flood water and sediment damage occurs along the entire coffee belt with the Kainaliu,
Holualoa and Kailua village areas experiencing the heaviest damage.
]02
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
The entire coastline of the North Kona district is subject to inundation by tsunamis.
Kailua and Keauhou have recorded run up and damage from tsunami activity in the past. In
addition, the coastline has also been subject to damage from storm waves.
Courses of Action
• Drainage systems for the Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the
Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways shall be [developed and implemented.]
studied and remapped to determine the actions necessary to mitigate
negative impacts. [These systems, in addition to the installation and
maintenance of proper soil and water conservation practices could alleviate the
major flood control and drainage problems.]
• Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and
debris producing areas.
• Encourage the mapping of the floodways in North Kona to develop more effective
flood control programs.
• Encourage the use of natural drainageways as greenwavs in the development
of the region.
• Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauka areas to improve the capacity of
the ground to absorb heavy rainfall.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
Being geographically young, there are few well-defined drainage ways in the district.
[The soils of the area are extremely permeable and few streams show evidence of reaching the
ocean.] Overland and stream flows are rare and can only be detected when the rainfall intensity
exceeds the rate of infiltration.
The district is subject to sudden high intensity rainstorms that can strike anywhere and
cause localized flooding. Flood prone areas have been identified by the [USDA, SCS,] Natural
Resources Conservation Service's "South Kona Flood Hazard Analyses."
Coffee and other agricultural lands are subject to erosional damage and roads and
culverts are sometimes damaged by high flows and sediment deposition. The Sunset Coffee Mill
Flood Prevention Project has provided substantial relief in the Napoopoo area.
There are also records of minor flooding from Kiilae, South Keokea, Honaunau and
Wailapa Streams. In general, an area within 150 feet of the stream channels can be considered
103
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
subject to flooding. Other areas with records of minor flooding include the areas along the Belt
Highway in the area of the 19501ava flows and at Hookena Road.
The entire shoreline is subject to inundation due to high seas and swells caused by
hurricanes and distant storms. Coastal areas have received damage to roads, harbor facilities and
ocean[ ]front buildings. The shoreline areas are also subject to tsunami activity. This includes
the coastline from Napoopoo to Honaunau and the Milolii village area. Tsunami runup has been
recorded in two locations along the South Kona shoreline, in Milolii and Hookena.
Courses of Action
• [Drainage recommendations proposed by the] The "South Kona Flood Hazard
Analyses" for the Kealakekua, Napoopoo and Honaunau areas shall be undated
and implemented. [These consist of diversions and catchments to collect and
transport water and reduce peak flows from the upper watershed areas through the
urban area. The practice of proper soil conservation measures and the
improvement of existing drainage features complement these proposals.]
• Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and
debris producing areas.
• Encourage the use of natural drainageways as greenways in the develoament
of the region.
• Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauka areas to improve the
caaacity of the ground to absorb heave rainfall.
• Ensure that aurchasers of homes and other real uroaerty are fully informed
of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions.
K.A'U
Profile
The Ka'u district can be divided into three separate regions. The northeastern region is
dominated by the Ka'u desert. The average annual rainfall here is approximately 20 inches.
There are few defined stream channels, none of which are perennial. The soils are very shallow,
covering rough lava flows that are extremely permeable.
The southwestern region [which] that extends westerly from the South Point [road] Road
is characterized by moderate slopes, extremely permeable soils, and relatively young ]ava flows.
The median annual rainfall varies from less than 20 inches at South Point to 75 inches at the
5,000-foot elevation. There is little evidence of stream flow within this region and no record of
104
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
damage from flood flows other than the flooding of roads within the Hawaiian Ocean View
Estates subdivision.
The central region contains the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu. There
are several streams within the region, none of which are perennial. Flood flows occur when the
soils are saturated and rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. Storm runoff descends
steep slopes behind the communities and causes flooding and deposition of sediment and debris
in the communities.
There are three existing flood control measures in this district. A flood water channel and
debris basin in Naalehu was completed in 1965 with additional improvements and modifications
completed in 1969 and 1982.
The second project is within the town of Pahala and consists of diversion channels in the
former sugar cane fields above the town and the improvement of Paauau Stream. [Since their
construction, there has been minimal flood damage in Pahala.]
The third project is within the town of Waiohinu. It is designed to collect flows from the
watershed areas and transport them around Waiohinu for disposal in the rock land area. This
project has been implemented, but needs additional improvements.
Although major flooding within the communities has been addressed, flash flooding
along the Hawaii Belt Road still occurs. The Piikea, Keaiwa, Paauau, Punaluu, Hilea, Kawaa,
and Honuapo streams often exceed the capacity of the existine bridges['] and culverts and flood
the roadway. This temporarily closes the road and effectively cuts off this district from the
Puna[/], Hilo and Kona [district.] districts.
However, in the Piikea ford area, the State DOT completed the construction of a
new Piikea bridge in 1998. In addition to the bridee, improvements to the Piikea ford are
aroaosed with the construction of three large box culverts. At the Paauau stream, there
are clans for the construction of a new bridee. There are also plans for the replacement of
the Ninole bridee located iust oast Punaluu. Anew culvert is proposed in the Kawaa flats
region•
The entire coastline of the district is subject to tsunami and high seas activity, with the
Punaluu and Honuapo Bay areas having been severely damaged from past tsunami activity.
Courses of Action
• Improve and upgrade existing flood control measures as necessary.
• Continue proper soil conservation measures to complement the existing systems.
• Investigate potential solutions to prevent the closure of the Hawaii Belt Road due
to flooding.
]OS
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
• Ensure that uurchasers of homes and other real groaerty are fully informed
of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions.
]06
Flooding and Other Natural Hazards
HISTORIC SITES
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The heritage of a community is documented by its history a series of past events]. The
physical evidence of such a documentation is often contained in archaeological and historic sites
[which] that support the written or traditional legacy.
The identity of a community evolves from the past. One way of understanding the
present is through historic perspective, as [our] cultural values are basically derived from past
generations. [A three-dimensional record of the past puts us in a better position to judge and
understand our contemporary values, progress, and lifestyles, as well as to illustrate our history.
Much of the early surviving history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the island
of Hawaii. Archaeological evidence indicates that this island was settled by the Polynesians at
least as early as 700 - 800 A.D. Tentative evidence also suggest that it is likely to have been
settled as early as 300 - 600 A.D. Many of the significant figures of Hawaiian history before the
arrival of Captain Cook had their domains on the island of Hawaii; Paao, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa,
Keawe-a-Umi, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapainui. This is also true of many significant figures of the
early historical times; Kalaniopuu, Kamehameha, Keoua, Ka'ahumanu, Keeaumoku, Kuakini and
Kapiolani. The island was also home of special deities such as Pele and Her relatives, and
Poliahu. Today historic sites are found throughout each district of Hawaii.
The State's Historic Sites Section indicates that over 10,000 have been identified and that
there may be a total of 100,000 - 300,000 sites on the island. These sites often provide
information of Hawaiian history and culture prior to the arrival of Captain Cook and for which
there often are no written sources. Other sites include those which have been significant in
historical times. The historical process encompasses the development and evolution of Hawaii
from the earliest settlement to the arrival of the various ethnic groups whose cultural lifestyles
have blended to form what is now Hawaii.]
According to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources' Historic
Preservation Division (SHPD), an estimated 11.500 archeological and historic sites have
been identiTed on the island of Hawaii. However, only 5 per cent of the island has been
surveyed. The other 95 per cent of the island contains an undeterminable number of
historic and archeological sites. The abundance of historic sites can be attributed to the
fact that much of the early history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the Big Island.
Archeological data indicates that Polynesian voyagers may have settled here as early as 600
A.D. Furthermore, significant historic figures such as King Kamehameha I conquered and
ruled the Hawaiian Islands from the Big Island. The Historic Sites element also
encompasses the recent past such as the coming of the various ethnic groups that have
blended to create today's Hawaii.
]07
Historic Sites
There is continuing concern for the historic and archaeological sites of the County of
Hawaii on the part of residents, governmental agencies, and private developers. [It is realized
that once destroyed, historic sites and the information which they contain cannot be replaced.]
As the early history of Hawaii was kept through oral tradition, the reconstruction of this period is
[to a large extent] Iargely based on the physical evidence [ofJ and data recovered from
archaeoloaical and historic sites. It is realized that once destroved, historic sites and the
information thev contain cannot be replaced. Many landowners are becoming aware that
Hawaiian artifacts used in daily living are being removed from their ]ands for or by collectors.
Consequently, sites have been despoiled and information regarding the function of the site itself
and the artifacts have been destroyed. [Increased land development and the prices being paid for
artifacts by collectors endanger many historic sites.
It is important to recognize that the history of this island is the history of those who live
here. Public access to major historic sites has not always been available, and the information
derived from sites and its significance have not always been distributed.]
[The State's Historic Sites Section in the Department of Land and Natural Resources]
The SHPD is charged with a variety of tasks within the State's historic preservation program. [It
keeps] The SHPD maintains an inventory of known historic sites and promotes surveys to
identify and document new sites. [It] The SHPD also has a program element to place significant
sites on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and [also] coordinates the nomination of sites to
the National Register of Historic Places. SHPD also administers the Burial Sites Program.
This program manages those burial sites that are over 50 vears old. Approximately 98 per
cent of the burial cases handled by the SHPD relate to native Hawaiian skeletal remains.
Anyone who wishes to relocate, or preserve in place previously identified Hawaiian burials
over 50 vears old must obtain the approval of the appropriate Island Burial Council, that
meets monthly on its respective islands. Any skeletal remains accidentally discovered must
be reported to the SHPD and County police. If burial remains are estimated to be less than
50 vears old, they fall under the jurisdiction of the police. Other programs, such as the
Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program, seek to preserve historic sites by enabling non-
profit organizations in the various County districts preserve historic sites and buildings
along a transportation corridor or the Department of Land and Natural Resources Ala
Kahakai trail that will connect various historic sites and parks along the shoreline.
Information regarding historic sites may be obtained by contacting the SHPD.
Archaeological investigations continue to be conducted on the island [of Hawaii], adding
to the list of known sites. These investigations, as well as cultural and historical research, are
important in identifying significant cultural resources and helping to provide the basis for their
protection and management. However, as indicated by the large number of estimated sites on the
island, it is also important to establish criteria for determining what is significant.
The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) decision of 1995 allows native
Hawaiians the right to conduct their cultural traditions and practices upon lands where
those activities had been conducted in the past.
108
Historic Sites
GOALS
• Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant
historical and cultural importance to Hawaii.
• [Access] Appropriate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects
of public interest should be made available.
• Enhance the understanding of man's place on the landscape by
understanding the system of ahupuaa.
POLICIES
• Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about
historic sites should keep the public apprised of projects.
• [The County of Hawaii shall incorporate sections to evaluate, manage, or protect
historic sites, buildings and objects into appropriate ordinances.] Amend
appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of
historic sites, buildings and objects.
• [The County of Hawaii shall require] Require both public and private developers
of land to provide [a] historical and archaeological [surveyl surveys and
cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development
of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical
significance.
• Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired[.], where
appropriate.
• [The County of Hawaii shall embark] Embark on a program of restoring
significant historic sites on County lands. [Through a joint effort with the State,
the County can assure] Assure the protection and restoration of sites on other
public lands[.] through a joint effort with the State.
• [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the restoration of significant
sites on private lands.
• [The County of Hawaii shall collect] Collect and distribute historic sites
information of public interest and [in conjunction with the State,] keep [a current]
an inventory of sites.
• [The County of Hawaii shall aid] Aid in the development of a program of public
education concerning historic sites.
109
Historic Sites
• Signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects shall be in keeping with the
character of the area or the cultural aspects of the feature.
• [The County of Hawaii shall develop] Develop a continuing program to evaluate
the significance of historic sites.
• Develop policies to protect Hawaiian rights as identified under judicial
decisions.
• Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritase Corridors.
• All new historic sites placed on the State or Federal Resister after the
adoption of the general plan shall be included in the General Plan.
• Consider requiring Cultural Assessments for certain developments as part of
the rezoning process.
• Recognize the importance of certain natural features in Hawaiian culture by
incorporating the concept of "cultural landscapes" in land use planning.
STANDARDS
The evaluation of the importance of specific historic sites is necessazy for future action.
The following standards establish a framework for evaluating sites.
• Importance in the life or activities of a major historic person.
• Associated with a major group or organization in the history of the island or
community.
• Associated with a major historic event (cultural, economic, military, social, or
political).
• Associated with a major recurring event in the history of the community (such as
annual celebrations).
• Associated with a past or continuing institution [which] that has contributed
substantially to the life of the community.
• Unique example of a particular style or period.
• One of the few of its age remaining.
• Original materials and/or workmanship [which] that can be valued in themselves.
110
Historic Sites
• Sites with a preponderance of original materials in context and complexes rather
than single isolated sites unless they are of great significance.
• Sites of traditional and cultural significance.
DISTRICTS
The following is a historical profile of the districts. The brief historical sketches of each
district are intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the island as a whole.
The list of sites [which] that are included for the districts are those that have been officially
placed on either the Hawaii Register or the National Register of Historic Places. It is important
to understand that the listing of sites and their evaluation is an on-going process. Many other
sites for the districts have been identified and may be equally significant but the process of
evaluation and placement on a register has not been completed. New sites are constantly being
[found] discovered and these must be evaluated in conjunction with those already known.
PUNA
Profile
[]n the history of the island of Hawaii,] Historically, the district of Puna did not have [a
great] much political influence. However, Puna is [most] closely associated with the volcano
goddess Pele. For the most part, Puna followed the course of the adjacent districts of Ka'u and
Hilo. No strong family lines evolved in the district [to have] for power over any of the other
districts, and the lands of Puna almost always went to the ruler of Ka'u or Hilo.
The most significant historical feature known in Puna [is] was the Waha'ula Heiau,
located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Unfortunately, it was destroyed in 1997 by the
onaoina eruution of Kilauea. This was the first luakini heiau (temples presided over by the
high chiefs) to be built by the priest Pa'ao, circa 1275 A.D., and the last in use until its
destruction was ordered by Liholiho in 1820.
[Mackenzie Petroglyphs Malama-ki Hawaii Register
King's Highway Malama-ki Hawaii Register
Puna-Ka'u Historic District Various National Register]
111
Historic Sites
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahunuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Resister Resister
Johnson Summer
Home/Hale Ohia Cottases 1-1-05:19, 42 Keaau x
Hale Ohia Tract Historic 1-1-05: 24-26:
District 29-33 Volcano x
Star of the Sea Catholic
Church, Kalaaana Painted 1-2-06:81 Kaimu x x
Church
Ala Loa 1-2-09:3 Kehena x
Keauohana Ahuaua'a 1.2_09:3 Kehena x
Archeolo¢ical District -
Oaihikao Evangelical 1-3-04•l8 Oaihikao x
Church Residence -
King's Highway 1-3-07:26 Malama Ki x
MacKenzie Petroglvahs 1-3-07:26 Malama Ki x
1-3-08:1 -
Mountain View Theater 1-8-02:1 Olaa x
Course of Action
• Suaaort the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors.
312
Historic Sites
NORTH AND SOUTH HILO
Profile
In Hawaiian tradition, the district of Hilo played an important role. A cave behind
Rainbow Falls was the home of Hina, the beautiful woman who bore the demigod Maui for the
islands' traditional founder, Hawaii Loa. Pele herself shaped the area of Hilo by sending fingers
of lava down the slopes of Mauna Loa. Kamehameha I spent part of his youth in the district and
moved and overturned the Naha Stone, an omen of his later rise to power.
]n 1778, the first written reports of Hilo were made by Captain James Cook, who said
that heavy seas prevented his landing at "Aheedoo." One of the explorers who came after Capt.
Cook was Lord Byron, who first charted Hilo Bay. For years, the bay was known as Byron's
Bay and the entrance to the harbor, Blonde Reef, was named after his ship.
Following the explorers [came] were fur traders and other seamen who found the islands
an ideal location for wintering and [for] obtaining provisions. By 1791 the exploitation of
sandalwood began and Hilo's reputation as a port had emerged.
At the end of the sandalwood era, Christian missionaries arrived, led by William Ellis. In
1822, Ellis searched [Ellis, in 1822, came looking] for a suitable location for a mission station.
At [this] the same time, Hilo was the starting point of pilgrimages to the volcano and a market
place for people from Ka u to Haznakua. The main settlement of Hilo was initially located at the
mouth of the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Until the arrival of David Belden Lyman and Titus Coan
in 1832, the mission's effect was not [great.] sieniticant. By the end of 1837, however, two-
thirds of the population of the area had relocated themselves to Hilo to join Coan's "Great
Revival," leaving villages around Hilo deserted. When the mission eventually moved to the top
of Haili Street from Waiakea, the new Christians followed. This established the present location
of Hilo town.
Close to the end of Coan's revival, new explorers interested in commerce came to Hilo.
The whaling industry had a great effect on the local population, luring Hawaiians away from
home with a [taste] rp omise of adventure and money. The whaling industry declined after 1868
when petroleum was discovered in far-off Pennsylvania. The great [tidal wave] tsunami and
earthquake also occurred in this year.
The sugar industry began [developing] to develou in the early 1800's but]. However,
it was not until the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875[,] with the United States[,] that the industry
[gained firm ground.] firmly established itself. The treaty assured that no duty would be
imposed on Hawaiian sugar[.] imported into the United States. [Before the turn of the century,
labor was imported from Asia and Europe to satisfy manpower needs of the growing industry.
New mills were established and by 1900 Hilo was sugar-prosperous.] Thus, by the turn of the
century. new sugar mills were established, Labor was beine imported from Asia and
Europe, and Hilo became a thrivine economic center. The present population reflects the
various groups who have made their homes in the area.
113
Historic Sites
Most [of the] historic sites of North and South Hilo have been either destroyed by
agriculture, urban growth, and natural changes in landforms. Those sites [which] that have been
protected should [continue to be] remain as the area grows. Other sites, particularly historic
buildings, should be the focus of these districts. These buildings, although not of ancient
vintage, reflect the historic growth of the area.
[SOUTH HILO
Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register
Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register
Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register
Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register
United States Post Office Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register
and Office Building
W. H. Shipman House Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register
Rev. D. B. Lyman House Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register
District Courthouse Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register
and Police Station
Hilo Breakwater Eligible for National Register
Hilo Iron Works Piopio ili Eligible for National Register
Wailoa Bridge Waiakea Eligible for National Register]
(Kamehameha Avenue)
]14
Historic Sites
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
Reeion Resister Resister
Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x
Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x
Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x
Burials 2-1-13a Waiakea x
Kamehameha Hall 2-1-21:43 Ponahawai x x
United Community Church 2-2-20:2 Ponahawai x
Volcano Block 2-3-03:9 Punahoa x x
United States Post Office and 2-3-05:3 Piihonua x
Office Buildine -
Hilo Masonic Lodes 2-3-05:7 Punahoa x x
District Court House and 2-3-06:4 Punahoa x x
Police Station - -
Palace Theater 2-3-07:21 Punahoa x x
S. Hate Buildine 2-3-08:16 Punahoa x x
Michael Victor House 2-3-14:2 Punahoa x
W.H. Shipman House 2-3-15:4, 5 Piihonua x x
Rev. D.B. Lvman House 2-3-16:24 Punahoa x x
Ludloff Residence 2-3-28:22 Punahoa x
Masao Kubo Residence 2-3-28:44 Punahoa x
A.J. Williamson Residence 2-6-06:11 Kalalau x x
H. Tanimoto Residence 2_g_14•l5 Honomu x
(Honomu Theater) -
Yamamoto Store 2-9-03a8 Wailes x
[Course] Courses of Action
• [The County shall support] Support the development of Kalakaua Park and its
surrounding area as the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area and the restoration of its
historic significance to Hilo.
• Identify historic sites within the South Hilo District for inclusion within the
Hawaiian Heritaee Corridor Proeram.
Historic Sites
HAMAKUA
Profile
Most of the early history of the Hamakua district centers on Waipio Valley. The valley
was settled early and was the home of several strong rulers [since at least the early] as early as
the 13th century. Among the chiefs of Waipio were Liloa and his son Umi. The traditions
regarding Liloa indicates he was the first to rule over the entire island [of Hawaii] and [that] his
rule was one of peaceful diplomacy.
In 1823, the Rev. Ellis counted 265 houses in the valley and estimated the population [to
be] at 1,325. The number of residents has declined steadily since Ellis' estimate. The same is
true of the once populated Waimanu Valley.
Hawaiians also lived in the smaller valleys and gulches along the Hamakua coast and
were known to cultivate taro.
In relatively recent historical times, there have been Asian and European influences in
Hamakua, due primarily to the sugar industry. These influences have erased much of the
physical evidence of the earlier culture, but have also introduced a different perspective on
historic sites.
[Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Kaohe Hawaii Register/National Register
Chee Ying Society Nienie Hawaii Register/National Register]
Clubhouse
Site Tax Maa Kev Ahuouaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Reeister Reeister
East Hamakua Protestant 4-4-06.1 Keahua x
Church
Pa'auhau Plantation House 4-4-06:22 Pa'auhau x
Mauna Kea Adze Ouarrv 4-q-15a, 9, ]0 Kaohe x x
Chee Yine Society 4-5-09:9 Nienie x x
Clubhouse - -
Honokaa Plantation q_g_06a3 Kanahonua x
Manaeer's Residence
Course of Action
• Coordinate with the community to identify historical sites and buildings for
inclusion in a heritage corridor program.
]]5
Historic Sues
NORTH AND 50UTH KOHALA
Profile
Historically, the present districts of North and South Kohala were considered to be a
single unit. Kohala is the birthplace of Kamehameha I. Mo'okini Heiau at Upolu Point is said to
have been built by the priest Pa'ao in the 12th century. Other important historic events occurred
in the district, particularly at Kawaihae. Kamehameha I gained complete control of the entire
island [of Hawaii] after [constructing] the death of chief Keoua of Ka'u at the Pu'ukohola
Heiau [where Keoua was killed].
It was at Kawaihae that John Young and Isaac Davis in the service of Kamehameha I
cleared foreign arrivals who came to Hawaii. They persuaded Capt. George Vancouver to [first]
leave cattle in the area and [Capt.] Richard J. Cleveland to leave horses.
In 1820, the brig Thaddeus, carrying a group of Christian missionaries, made its first
anchorage at the village of Kawaihae. John Young is credited with the decision [of allowing] to
allow the missionaries to disembark at Kailua.
John Palmer Parker was influential in shaping the character of Kohala. He started
ranching in Kawaihae and hunted the large number of cattle [which] that had turned wild under
the kapu or protection placed on them by Kamehameha[.] I. Parker eventually moved to
Waimea where he expanded his operation into what is today one of the oldest and largest
privately owned ranches in the [world.] United States.
In ] 832, the missionary Lorenzo Lyons amved in Kawaihae. He established his station
at Waimea and his parish included the districts of Kohala and Hamakua. Ten years later,
Reverend Elias Bond took over the mission duties in [northern] North Kohala and [soon]
established an excellent English school.
Although the character of Kohala has changed through history, the district's relative
isolation has preserved many pre-contact sites. The leeward North Kohala coast still [contain]
contains many remnants of coastal fishing villages [which] that were occupied from the pre-
historicperiod through the early 1900s. Likewise, remnants of the large agricultural complexes
[which] that supported the population are still found in both North and South Kohala. Mo'okini
and Pu'ukohola Heiau still stand as monuments to the past, as do John Young's house site and the
early Christian churches.
117
Historic Sites
[NORTH KOHALA
Lapakahi Complex Lapakahi Hawaii Register/National Register
Heiau in Kukuipahu Kukuipahu Hawaii Register/National Register
Bond District Tole Hawaii Register/National Register
Kohala Pilgrim Church Pahoa Hawaii Register
Tong Wo Society Building Halawa Hawaii Register/National Register
Kohala District Courthouse Honopueo Hawaii Register/National Register
Mo'okini Heiau Puuepa Hawaii Register/National Register
Possible Heiau Kehena Hawaii Register
Vault Complex Paoo Hawaii Register
Makeanehu Complex Makeanehu Hawaii Register
Habitation and Burials Makeanehu Hawaii Register
Habitation Complex Paoo Hawaii Register
SOUTH KOHALA
Pu'ukohola Heiau Kawaihae National Register
Imiola Church Waikoloa Hawaii Register/Nationa] Register
Puako Petroglyph Lalamilo Hawaii Register/National Register
Archaeological District
Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Hawaii Register]
118
Historic Sites
NORTH KOHALA
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Resister Resister
5-3-05:4, 5, 17,
Bond District tole x x
19.20, 26, 27
Tons Wo Society Buildins 5-3-08:20 Halawa x x
Kohala District Courthouse 5-4-05:1 Honopueo x x
Nanbu HoteUHolv's Bakery 5-4-05:22 Honopue x
Union Mill Manaser's Puehuehu-
Residence 5-4-10:58.59 Laaumama x
Mo'okini Heiau 5-5-05:20 Puuepa x x
Kohala Pilsrim Church 5-5-15:25 Pahoa x
James M. Hind Residence 5-5-15:35 Hawi x x
Hashimoto House 5-5-15:38 Hawi x
Hawi Plantation Manaser's 5-5-15:41 Hawi x
Residence -
Heiau in Kukuipahu 5-6-01:75 Kukuipahu x x
Habitation Complex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x
Vault Complex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x
Makeanehu Complex 5-8-01:12 Makeanehu x
Habitation and Burial 5-8-01:12 Makeanehu x
Possible Heiau 5-8-01:13 Kehena x
Lapakahi Complex (District Various Lapakahi x
w/ multiple sites) -
Courses of Action
• Coordinate with the communities and residents of North Kohala to identify
historic sites and buildinss for protection and preservation.
• Encourase the preservation of historic buildinss and promote new
development, that matches the style of historic commercial buildinss in the
area.
119
Historic Sites
• Recoenize the natural beauty and history of the area as a major economic
and social asset to be protected and perpetuated as part of the uniqueness of
the island.
SOUTH KOHALA
Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Re¢ister Resister
Pu'ukohola Heiau National
Historic Park (District w/ 6-2-02:9, 10,16 Kawaihae x
multiple sites)
'Imiola 6-5-04:4 Waikoloa x x
Old Lindsey House 6-5-06:42 Lalamilo x
Portions of 6-8-
Ala Loa Foot Trail 01:32, 35
{Southernmost Kohala and 6-8-22:32 Various x
Northernmost Kona 6-9-01:15
Districts 6-9-07
7-1-03:22
Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Various x x
Puako PetroQlvph 6-9-01:15 Lalamilo x x
Archeological District - -
Course of Action
• Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritaee Corridors.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
The Kona districts have been very significant in the history of Hawaii. Before the arrival
of [Capt.] Captain Cook, a large population was settled in villages along the coast. Various
rulers lived in the area and have left evidence ofthe complex religious, social, and political
systems [which] that evolved in Hawaii. In North Kona, the major complexes are located at
Kailua, Holualoa, and Kahaluu. ]n South Kona, they are located at Kealakekua and Honaunau.
When [Capt.] Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, he reported that
the area was flourishing. It is well known that he was accepted as the god Lono and visited heiau
120
Historic Sites
and village sites at Napoopoo. Following [Capt] Caatain. Cook's death, no foreign ships
stopped in Kona for several years. In 1792, [Capt.] Caatain George Vancouver arrived in Kona
and lefr orange trees, grapevines, other plants, and cattle[.] for King Kamehameha I and his
chiefs.
In 1812, Kamehameha I in 1812,] established his pennanent residence and [his] capital
in [Kailua.] Kailua-Kona. The royal family remained in Kona until the capital was moved to
Honolulu. The districts prospered during the sandalwood and whaling eras, with Kealakekua
serving as the main port. In 1820, the first missionary station on the island was established in
Kailua.
Although Kona has experienced rapid change since Caatain Cook's arrival, it still
contains many undisturbed historical sites. Most of these sites are of traditionally Hawaiian
origin and can reveal information important in reconstructing Hawaii's early history.
[NORTH KONA
Hulihee Palace Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register
Mokuaikaua Church Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register
Ahuaaumi Heiau Keauhou National Register
Hale O Kane Heiau Kealakehe Hawaii Register
Habitation Site Kealakehe Hawaii Register
Shelter and Pen Ooma Hawaii Register
Wawaloli Habitation Ooma Hawaii Register
Habitation Cluster Ooma Hawaii Register
Lanihau Papamu Lanihau Hawaii Register
House and Burials Lanihau Hawaii Register
Honokohau Settlement Kaloko, National Register
(32 Sites) Honokohau
Kamakahonu (Residence of Lanihau National Register
King Kamehameha I)
Keauhou Holua Slide Keauhou National Register
Kuamo'o Burials Keauhou National Register
Kamoa Point Complex Holualoa Hawaii Register/National Register
Kahalu'u Historic Kahaluu, National Register
District (18 Sites) Keauhou
Kamehameha 111 Birthplace Keauhou Hawaii Register/National Register
(Kauikeaouli Stone)
Great Wall of Kuakini Various Eligible for National Register
SOUTH KONA
Greenwell Store Onouli Hawaii Register/National Register
Pu'uhonua O Honaunau - Honaunau, National Register
Place of Refuge Keokea
121
Historic Sites
Kealakekua Bay Various National Register
Historical District
Kahikolu Church Kahauloa Hawaii Register/National Register
St. Benedict's Honaunau Hawaii Register/National Register
Catholic Church
Burial Cave Honomalino Hawaii Register
North Honomalino Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register
Ahole Holua Complex Kapua National Register
Okoe Bay Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register
Kaulanamauna Upland Kaulana-mauna Hawaii Register
Complex
Kona Field System Various Eligible for National Register]
(e.g. Amy Greenwell Botanical (N. & S. Kona)
Gardens)
]22
Historic Sites
NORTH KONA
Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Resister Resister
Francis li Brown Beach 7.1-03:3, 12, 13 Puuanahulu x x
Residence - -
Bobcat Trail Habitation
Cave 7-1-04:6 Puuanahulu x
Shelter and Pen 7-3-43:3 Ooma x
Wawaloi Habitation 7-3-43:3 Ooma x
Habitation Cluster 7-3-43:3 Ooma x
Kalaoa Permanent House Portion of 7-3- Ooma x x
Site 10,205 43:42 -
Honokohau
Settlement/Kaloko- 7-3-09:2 Kaloko,
Honokohau National 7-4-08:3, 10, 25 Honokohau x
Historic Park
Haleokane Heiau 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x
Habitation Site 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x
Lanihau Papamu 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x
House and Burials 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x
Kamakahonu (Residence of 7.5-06:24, 32 Lanihau x x
Kins Kamehameha I)
Moku'aikaua Church 7-5-07:18 Keopu x x
Hulihe'e Palace 7-5-07:20 Keouu x x
Pua'a 2 Asricultural Fields Portion of 7-5- puss x x
Archeolosical District 14:23 - -
Hale Halawai o Holualoa 7-6-16x3 Holualoa x x
Keolonahihi
Complex/Kamoa Point 7-7-04:12, 28, 31, Holualoa x x
Complex (District w/ 51, 52, various
multiple sites)
Ahu-a 'Umi Heiau 7-8-01:3 Keauhou x
Kahaluu Historic District 7.8.10:2, 4, 35 Kahalu'u x
(District w/ multiple sites) -
Keauhou Holua Slide 7-8-10:30 Keauhou x
123
Historic Sites
Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Register Resister
Kuamo'o Burials 7-8-10:66 Keauhou x
Kamehameha III Birthplace 7-8-12.17 Keauhou x x
(Kauikeaouli Stonel - -
Course of Action
• Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi
complexes as a condition of rezonine or Special Manaeement Area permits,
for nearby properties.
124
Historic Sites
SOUTH KONA
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Reeion Resister Rearster
Greenwell Store 8-1-04:50 Onouli x x
Christ Church Episcopal 8-1-05:8 Kealakekua x
Kahikolu Church 8-2-07:6 Kahauloa x x
Daifukuii Soto Zen Mission 8-2-10:20 Kalamaumi x x
Uchida Coffee Farm Portion of 8-2- Kaawalo x x
15:13 - -
Kealakekua Bav Historical 8_2 Various
District (District w/ multiple 8_3 Various Various x
sites
Saint Benedict's Catholic 8-4-06.6 Honaunau x x
Church - -
Pu'uhonua oHonaunau
Honaunau,
National Historical Park 8-4-11:7 Keokea x
(District w/ multiple sites)
Burial Cave 8-9-03:7 Honomalino x_
North Honomalino Complex 8-9-03a Honomalino x
Okoe Bav Complex 8-9-03:1 Kaulana, x
Mauna
Kaulanamaluna Upland g_9-062 Kaulanamal x
Complex una -
Ahole Holua Complex 8-9-06:3 Kapua x
Course of Action
• Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritaee Corridors.
• Adopt the Heritaee Corridor Plan, which includes lands from Holualoa to
Honanau.
• Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bav to assure
preservation of the reeion's unique environment and cultural resources.
125
}iistoric Sites
KA'U
Prole
The district of Ka'u has historically been a relatively independent district, isolated from
the rest of the island. Historical data indicates that [it] Ka'u was probably settled very early by
the Polynesian voyagers. As population increased, the rest of the island was inhabited. Most of
the early settlement in Ka'u consisted of small fishing villages.
In ] 791, Kamehameha 1 became ruler of the entire island [gaining the district of Ka'u
when its chief Keoua was killed] after the death of Keoua, the chief of Ka'u at the dedication
of Pu'ukohola Heiau at Kawaihae.
Ka'u later became the stopping point for seagoing travelers on their way to Hilo. ]n the
1860's, Mark Twain lived in Waiohinu and wrote extensively about his stay in Ka'u. While
living in Waiohinu he declared Hawaii to be "the loveliest fleet of islands."
[Keawaiki Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Manuka Bay Petroglyphs Manuka Hawaii Register/National Register
Platform and Mounds Manuka Hawaii Register
Kuleana Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Ko'a Manuka Hawaii Register
South Manuka Bay Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Ma1ua Kipuka Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Platform and Shelters Manuka Hawaii Register
Lava Tube Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Kaiakekua Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Habitation Complex Manuka Hawaii Register
Manuka Bay Holua Slide Manuka Hawaii Register
Heiau and Trail Manuka Hawaii Register
Shrine and Heiau Manuka Hawaii Register
South Point Complex Kamaoa National Register
Kii Petroglyphs Waiohinu Hawaii Register/National Register
Ainapo Trail (Menzies Trail) Kapapala National Register
Wilkes Campsite Kapapala National Register
Kilauea Crater Kapapala, Keauhou National Register
Whitney Seismograph Keauhou National Register
Old Volcano House No. 42 Keauhou National Register
]790 Footprints Kapapala National Register]
]26
Historic Sites
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Region Resister Resister
Manuka Bav Petroslvphs 9-1-01:3 Manuka x x
Platform and Mounds 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Kuleana Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Koa 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
South Manuka Bav Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Platform and Shelters 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Lava Tube Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Kaiakekua Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Keawaiki Complex 9-1-01:3 Kaupua a x
Manuka Bav Holua Slide 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Heiau and Trail 9-1-01:3 Manuka x
Kipuka Malua Complex 9-1-01:3, 6 Manuka x
Shrine and Heiau 9-1-01:3, 7 Manuka x
Habitation Complex 9-1-01:7 Manuka x
South Point Complex 9-3-01:1, 3, 7, 11 Kamaoa x
Mahana Archeolosical Portion of 9-3-
District 01:2 Kamaoa x
Kapalaoa Archeolosical Portion of 9-3-
District 01:2 Kamaoa x
Ki'i Petroslvphs 9-5-06:1 Waiohinu x x
Hawaii
Kilauea Crater 9-9-01:1 volcanoes x
National Park
1790 Footprints 9-9-O1:1, 2 Kaoaoala x
Forest Reserve
'Ainapo Trail (Menzies Hawaii
Trail 9-9-01:3 Volcanoes x
National Park
Hawaii
Wilkes Campsite 9-9-01:3 volcanoes x
National Park
Hawaii
Ainahou Ranch House 9-9-O1:6 volcanoes x x
National Park
127
Historic Sites
Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National
- Re on Re ister Reeister
Whitnev Seismoeraph Vault Hawaii
No. 29 9-9-01:23 Volcanoes x
National Park
Hawaii
Old Volcano House No. 42 9-9-01:23 volcanoes x
National Park
Mauna Loa Trail Various Various x
Puna-Ka'u Historic District
Hawaii Volcanoes National Various Various x
Park (District w/ multiple
sites
Course of Action
• Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritaee Corridors.
]28
Historic Sites
NATURAL BEAUTY
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The natural beauty of Hawaii is a universally recognized characteristic and [as such is]
one of [our] the most significant and valuable assets[.] of this island. In a relatively small area
exists a great range of environments, from lush green tropical valleys to snow-capped mountains.
[This diversity enhances the liveability of the island by providing a preference of physical
settings.]
Hawaii's natural and scenic beauty is the [manifestation] result of the [interplay]
interaction of various physical elements and forces. Three primary factors contribute to the
variety of environments: elevation, relative location, and geologic origin and age. A further
factor is modification by man. The types of landform and vegetation depend on these basic
factors. Due to different elevations and locations of the island, the landscape features have
particular characteristics. These include barren fields of lava, heavily vegetated valleys, kiawe
deserts, native forests, rolling grasslands, and rocky coastlines. The differences in the
environment and the landscape Features are important in giving identity to areas of the island and
[in supporting man-made elements.] enhances the livability of the island by providing a
preference of physical settinES.
[As a resource, natural] Natural beauty [has many aspects.] is a multifaceted resource.
It is an aesthetic resource experienced by human perceptions. [Natural and scenic beauty has] It
is an economic [ramifications,] resource, as evidenced by the scale of resort development and
by visitor-related activities. Real property values [also] further substantiate the economic value
of Hawaii's dramatic beauty. [The comparison of a shoreline or mountain home with a
panoramic view to a home across the street; or a condominium overlooking mountains and ocean
as to a view of a neighboring condominium reflects the importance of scenic beauty. Another
aspect is that the] The physical elements [which] that make up the landscape and the
interrelationships of these elements are also of scientific interest. Investigating and
understanding the physical environment are necessary [in order] for man to live in [balance]
harmony with [it and not destroy it.] the environment.
As the population increases, the desire to experience natural beauty will continue and
may increase. If uncontrolled, the development necessary to accommodate an increasing
population as well as resort development could have detrimental effects on the natural beauty of
the island. Areas with special amenities of natural beauty have been and will continue to be the
focus of pressure for resort development. Present regulatory process provide an assessment of
impacts of development projects in order to protect, preserve and restore natural and scenic
resources. [However, planning decisions lack standard methods for assessing aesthetic values
and evaluating impacts. The cost of restoring or regaining natural beauty is greater than the cost
ofprotecting it.]
129
Natural Beauty
Hawaii's natural beauty is both an irreplaceable asset and [an asset that is] a part of the
public trust It is fragile and although often enhanced by man can easily be adversely affected.
Measures must be taken to insure its protection, both now and in the future, for the enjoyment of
Hawaii's residents and visitors.
Through the Zoning and Subdivision [ordinances,] codes, and the Special Management
Area and shoreline setback regulations, the County of Hawaii has the means to protect the
island's natural and scenic beauty as an integral part of the living environment of the island.
Safeguards of this valuable asset are a major consideration [ofJ for any construction or
development [which] that may alter, eliminate, or intrude upon it. They are also important so
that man-made elements are kept in an aesthetic perspective with the physical surroundings.
The County Arborist Advisory Committee was established to determine guidelines to
identify the physical and botanical importance of trees and tree masses on the island. Criteria
such as the aesthetic quality, rarity, cultural significance and endemic status are evaluated in
designating exceptional trees or tree masses. Preservation for those selected are enacted by
County ordinance or regulation.
The Hawaii County Planning Department adopted Rule l7 that implements
landscaping requirements. The purpose of the rule is to use landscaping requirements to
create screens and buffers from noise, lights, and litter; moderate the visual impact and
microclimates of paved parking lots and parked vehicles; enhance the street scape of
commercial and industrial areas; and promote ecological and cultural values through
landscaping with native and other appropriate plants.
The importance of natural and scenic beauty and its true evaluation as an asset of public
trust to be protected for future generations remain with the people of this island. While public
planning and regulation are instrumental in achieving the goals set forth for this element, it is
public awareness and interest [which] that will maintain the natural beauty of the island of
Hawaii.
GOALS
• Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty,
including the quality of coastal scenic resources.
• Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed.
• Maximize opportunities for present and Future generations to appreciate and enjoy
natural and scenic beauty.
POLICIES
• Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas.
130
Natural Beauty
• [The County of Hawaii shall develop] Develop and establish view plane
regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from
specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values.
• [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to
identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island.
• Access easement to public or private lands [which] that have natural or scenic
value shall be provided or acquired for the public.
• [Standard] Develop standard criteria for natural and scenic beauty [shall be
developed] as part of design plans.
• [The County shall consider] Consider structural setback from major
thoroughfares and highways and [shall] establish development and design
guidelines to protect important viewplanes.
• [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to identify
exceptional trees or tree masses.
• Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully
considering the effects of proposed construction during all land use reviews.
• Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty.
STANDARDS
The following standards provide guidelines for designating sites and vistas of
extraordinary natural beauty [which] that shall be protected.
• Distinctive and identifiable landforms distinguished as landmarks, e.g. Mauna
Kea, Waipio Valley.
• Coastline areas of striking contrast , e.g. Laupahoehoe Point.
• Vistas of distinctive features.
• Natural or native vegetation [which makes a particular area attractive.] attractive
to a particular area.
• Areas [which] that are harmoniously developed and enhanced by man [so as] to
appear natural.
13l
Natural Beauty
DISTRICTS
The following describes the characteristic natural and scenic beauty of the districts of the
County of Hawaii. Examples of sites and vistas are listed. The goals, [and] policies, and
standards of the element shall set forth the courses of action for sites and vistas of natural
beauty.
PUNA
Along the coast of Puna district the black sand beaches and tidal ponds are noted features
of natural beauty. [The Kaimu-Kalapana Black Sand Beach is an often used travel poster scene
of Hawaii.]
The inland areas of Puna are lava land. Major areas of natural beauty are the 1960
Kapoho and the [recently formed] Pu'u O'o volcanic regions. [Its significance is] The region is
significant in that it represents the force of nature in altering the landscape feature into a cone
and desolate field of lava.
A portion of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is also located within this district.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Puna district.
[Waiakolea Pond 1-2-03:5, 6 Kalapana
Viewpoint (Ka Lae Ahole) 1-2-03:12 Kalapana
Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao
Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki
Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-08:5 Pohoiki
Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka
Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka
1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho
Viewpoint (Puu Kukae) 1-4-02:2 Kapoho
View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-02:31 Kapoho
Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai
Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landing) 1-4-03:19 Honolulu
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakahuila
Cove with Stone Beach l -6-0] :25 Keaau
Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4-02 Kapoho
Viewplane from Pahoa- ]-2-04, 06, 07, 09
Kalapana Highway looking makai
MacKenzie Park ]-3-07:26 Malama-Ki
132
Natural Beauty
Mango Grove along Kapoho- 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai &
Honolulu Landing Road Halepuaa
1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone) 1-2-10:1 Kamaili
Ironwood Groves along 1-3-03:5 & Kauaea
Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki
]rrnwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-03:18 Nanawale
Albizzia Grove along Pahoa- 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku
Kapoho Road
Royal Palms fronting Keaau Middle 1-6-02 Keaau
School
View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from Pahoa-Keaau, Volcano-Keaau Roads, and
Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Region]
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion
Viewplane from Pahoa-Kalapana Hiehwav lookine
makai 1-2-04, 06. 07, 09
Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee
1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Conel 1-2-10:1 Kamaili
1-3-03:5 & Kauaea
Ironwood Groves alone Kapoho-Kalapana Road
1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao
MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki
Maneo Grove alone Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki
Keahialaka Sprine & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka
Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka
Warm Sprines 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki
Albizzia Grove alone Pahoa-Kapoho Road 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku
1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho
Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4=02 Kapoho
Viewpoint(Puu Kukae) ]-4-02:2 K
Kapela Bav (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-03:]3 Kahuwai
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai
Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai
Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-03:]8 Nanawale
133
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landingl 1-4-03:19 Honolulu
Mango Grove alone Kanoho-Honolulu Landing Road 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Haleouaa
View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-91:18 Ka oho
Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakahuila
Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-01:25 Keaau
Roval Palms fronting Keaau Intermediate School 1-6-02 Keaau
View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from
Pahoa-Keaau. Volcano-Keaau Roads, and various Puna Various
subdivisions
Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Reeion Various
The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Grove of Mangoes (Pohoiki Road) 1-3-08
SOUTH HILO
The nature] beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.
From various locations in the area, there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay
provides a picturesque front yard for [the city ofJ Hilo. From the bay the land gently slopes
upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.
Throughout the district there are waterfalls, [such as] including the famous Akaka Falls
and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Hilo district.
[Banyan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-01, 03, OS Waiakea
Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area 2-1-03:2 Waiakea
with Mauna Kea in Background
Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with 2-1-03:17 Waiakea
Mauna Kea in Background
Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-03:19 Waiakea
Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-05:1 Waiakea
1cePond 2-1-06:10 Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-L1 :5 Waiakea
Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea
134
Natural Beauty
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Keokea Point) 2-1-14:13 Waiakea
Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach 2-1-14:13 Waiakea
Park shoreline
Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea
Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea
Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea
Lokoaka Pond, Akahi 2-1-16:1 Waiakea
Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea
Wailoa River Area
Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-]3:3 Waiakea
Mohouli Fish Pond 2-2-29:27 Waiakea
Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31:1 Waiakea
Puu Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai
Rainbow Falls and Area 2-3-27:1, 2 Piihonua
(Wailuku River Park)
Kaimukanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3, 5 Piihonua
Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua
Viewpoint on hilltop 2-3-37:4 Ponahawai
looking over Hilo Bay
Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua
Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-02 Piihonua
Bridge looking makai
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-03 Piihonua
Bridge looking mauka
Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua
Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua
Alealea Point looking 2-6-15:1 Wailua
towards Hilo Bay
Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae
Onomea Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26 Kahalii-Onomea
2-7-]0:]
OnomeaArch(fallen) 2-7-]0:] Onomea
Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu
Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15, 2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki
Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02, 3-1-01 Hakalaunui-Kamaee]
]35
Namra] Beauty
Site Tax Man Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion
Banvan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-01.03, OS Waiakea
Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea
Viewpoint of Hilo Bav area with Mauna Kea in 2.1.03:2 Waiakea
Backeround
Viewpoint of Hilo Bav with Mauna Kea in Backeround 2-1-03:17 Waiakea
Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-03:19 Waiakea
Reeds Bav (Shoreline) 2-1-05:1 Waiakea
Ice Pond 2-1-06:10 Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi PoinU 2-1-11:5 Waiakea
Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Keokea Point) 2-1-14:13 Waia ea
Lihikai(Onekahakaha) Beach Park shoreline 2-1-14:13 Waiakea
Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea
Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea
Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea
Lokoaka Pond. Akahi Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond 2-1-16:1 Waiakea
Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea
Wailoa River Area
Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-13:3
2-2-29:27 Waiakea
Mohouli Fish Pond
Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31'1
Puu Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai
Rainbow Falls and Area (Wailuku River Park1 2-3-27:1 2 Piihonua
Kaimukanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3, 5 Piihonua
Bodine Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua
Viewpoint on hilltop lookine over Hilo Bav 2-3-371:41 Ponahawai
Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua
Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridee lookine makai 2-6-02 Piihonua
Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridee lookine mauka 2-6-03 Piihonua
Alealea Point lookine towards Hilo Bav 2-6-15:1 Wailua
136
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua
Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua
Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae
Onomea Bav Area 2-7-09:1.2. 26; Kahalii-Onomea
2-7-10:1
Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea
Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu
Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15.2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki
Hakalau Bav/Gulch Area 2-9-02.3-1-01 Hakalaunui-
Kamae
The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.
[Monkeypod (Suisan Fish Market) 2-]-03:27
Coconut trees (Waiolama Canal) 2-2-04:2
Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) 2-2-27:1
False Kamani (Haiti Church) 2-3-12:9
Surinam Cherry (Hilo United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7
Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Falls Park) 2-3-27:1]
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Monkevood (Suisan Fish Marked 2-1-03:27
Coconut trees (Waiolama Canal) 2-2-04:2
Grove of Monkev Pod Trees fKamehameha and Pauahi 2.2.04:35
Streets
Grove of Monkev Pod Trees fKamehameha and Pauahi 2.2.04:56
Streets
Gold tree (Forestrv Arboreteum) 2-2-07:1
Chinese Weeoine Banvan (Kilauea Ave.l 2-2-28:8
Indian Banvan (Kalakaua Park) 2-3-05:1
Quinine (Kalakaua Park) 2-3-05:1
Divi-Divi (Kalakaua Park) 2-3-05:1
Loulu Palm (Kalakaua Parkl 2-3-05:1
False Kamani (Haiti Street Church) 2-3-12:9
Surinam Cherrv (Hilo United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7
137
Natural Beauty
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Bo or Peepul Tree (Old 12iverside Schooll 2-3-15:1
Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Fallsl 2-3-27:1
NORTH HILO
One of the most outstanding areas of natural beauty in North Hilo is Laupahoehoe Point.
The point juts out calmly, ending in a rugged coastline with pounding surf. In either direction
along the coast are views of the high cliffs.
The deep gulches with silvery green Kukui trees [contrast] contrastine with the darker
green vegetation along the highway are also points of natural beauty, [especially] aarticularly
Honohina Falls in Nanue Gulch.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Hilo district.
[View point ofUmaumaGulch 3-1-01:1,24 Wailua
(makai from bridge)
Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma 3-1-01:23, 30 Wailua
Gulch (mauka from bridge)
Nanue Gulch--Makai 3-2-01:1, 8 Nanue
Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) 3-2-01:11, 17 Nanue
Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:9, 11, 12 Maulua Iki
Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. 3-6-01:9 Alaea
Laupahoehoe Gulch 3-6-04 Laupahoehoe
Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwilahilahi
Kilau Gulch 3-6-01 Laupahoehoe
Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-04 Manawaiopae
Kihalani Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani
Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani
Kaawalii Gulch 3-6-05, 3-9-01 Waipunalei-Humuula]
138
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion
View point of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridael 3-1-01:1.24 Wailua
Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from 3-1-01:23.30 Wailua
brid e
Nanue Gulch-Makai 3-2-01:1. S Nanue
Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and streaml 3-2-01:11.17 Nanue
Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:9.11.12 Maulua Iki
Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwilahilahi
Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-04 Manawaiopae
Kihalani Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani
Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani
Kilau Gulch 3-6-O1 Laupahoehoe
Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. 3-6-01:9 Alaea
Laupahoehoe Gulch 3-6=04 Laupahoehoe
Kaawalii Culch 3-6-05, 3-9-O1 Wainunalei-Humuu
la
The Tollowing designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Pua Kenikeni(Laupahoehoe Police Station) 3-6-09:31
HAMAKUA
The Hamakua district is tropically lush along the lower elevations. The coast is marked
by densely vegetated gulches and valleys highlighted by silvery green Kukui trees. The most
famous of these is Waipio Valley. This valley is the most accessible in the series of windward
valleys. The natural and scenic beauty of Waipio with its waterfalls and tropical rainforests has
attracted people for many years.
Mauna Kea is also included in the Hamakua district and with Mauna Loa dominates the
landscape along the Hamakua part of the Saddle Road.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Hamakua district.
139
Natural Beauty
[Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa
Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3
Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie
Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nienie
Viewpoint--Lookout Waipio 4-8-04:17 Lalakea
Valley, Kukuihaele
Hiilawe Falls 4-9-09 Waipio
Windward Valley System 4-9-O1 to 15 Waipio,
Muliwai to Awini Muliwai-Awini,
Waimanu Valley Area Waimanu
Waipio Valley Area]
Site Tax Man Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa
Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3 Kaohe
Ahualoo Rood 4-5_10 Kaao-Nienie
Nienie (Native 1'oresO -6-12:25 Nienie
View pint-LookouT Wai io Volle Kukuihaele 4-8-04:17 Lalakea
Windward Vallev Svs[em
Muliwai to Awini Watoto'
Waimanu Vallev Area 4-9-O1 to 15 Muliwai-Awini
Waipio Vallev Area Waimanu
Hiilawe Falls 4-9-09 W81p10
The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park1 4-4-14:1
Hame (Kalopa State Park) 4-4-14:1
Kopiko (Kalopa State Parkl 4-4-]4:1
Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Parkl (21 4-4-14:1
Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (31 4-4-14:1
Koaiko (Kalopa State Parkl f21 4-4-14:1
Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park (4) 4-4-14:1
Koa (Kalopa State Park) 4-4-14:]
Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (51 4-4-]4?
140
Natural Beauty
NORTH KOHALA
The natural beauty of the leeward area of North Kohala is chazacterized by undulating
hills and gullies. The arid landform slopes gently from the eroded higher elevations of the North
Kohala Mountains to the sheltered coastal waters. The shallow soil cover and grasslands are cut
by numerous gullies which empty storm waters into embayments along the coast. Akoni Pule
highway bisects the area along the lower elevation and provides distant views to both the coast
and uplands.
On the windward side of North Kohala, the landscape takes on the appearance of a
tropical rain forest with lush green vegetation in the valleys and gulches. At the eastern end of
the highway is Pololu Valley and a view down the coast towards Hamakua.
The Kohala mountains provide [background] a backdrop to both these landscapes, and
along the higher elevations of windward Kohala are green grazing lands with a panoramic vista
of the coast.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Kohala district.
[Windward Valley System 5-1-O1 & 02 Awini, Pololu
Honokane Valley
Islands off Awini Valley
Pololu Valley
Viewpoint-Pololu Valley 5-2-0] a Pololu
Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waiapuka
Nanue Bay Area 5-2-01:7, 8 Waiapuka
Kapanaia Bay Area 5-2-01:14 Makapala
5-2-07 Aamakao
Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt. 5-2-0]:14-16 Makapala
Kauhola Point 5-3-07:] Kukuiwaluhia
Upolu Point 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-Upolu
Old Honoipu Landing 5-6-01:24 Puakea
Kapaa Park 5-6-01:60 Kapaa
Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-7-03:3, 4, 14 Mahukona-Hihiu
Keawanui Bay Area 5-8-01 Puanui
Kaiopae Point 4-9-01:6 Waiaka
Waiakailio Bay Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii
Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Highway
Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road
Ironwood trees along Kohala Mountain Road
Indian Banyan trees at Kohala Corporation office in Hawi]
]4]
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Windward Vallev Svstem
Honokane Vallev 5-1-O1 & 02 Awini. Pololu
Islands off Awini Vallev
Pololu Vallev
Viewpoint-Pololu Vallev 5-2-01:1 Pololu
Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waiaouka
Nanue Bav Area 5-2-01:7.8 Waianuka
Kaoanaia Bav Area 5-2-01:14: 5-2-07 Makanala, Aamakao
Keokea Beach & Kalalae PL 5-2-01:14-16 M aoala
Kauhola Point 5-3-07:1 Kukuiwaluhia
Indian Banvan trees at Chalon International of
Hawaii's office in Hawi 5-5-2:23 Hawi
Uoolu Point 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-Uoolu
Old Honoiou Landine 5-6-02 Puakea
Kauaa Park 5-6-01:60 K8n88
Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-7-03:3,4,14 Mahukona-Hihiu
KeawanuiBav Area 5-8-01 Kehena.Puanui
Kaiouae Point 5-9-01:6 Waiaka
Waiakailio Bav Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii
Coastline viewolane from Akoni-Pule Hiahwav Various
Coastline viewolane from Kohala Mountain Road Various
Ironwood trees alone Kohala Mountain Road Various
SOUTH KOHALA
The district of South Kohala has two distinct physical environments, each with its own
kind of natural beauty.
The Waimea region lies in a plateau between the Kohala mountains and Mauna Kea. The
Kohala mountains provide a backdrop of rolling hills and volcanic cones covered with pastures
kept green by fog, fine mist, and rain. Mauna Kea provides a distant but dramatic mass as it rises
steeply above the plateau. Viewed at a distance, [the built environment ofJ Waimea town lies
nestled at the base of the Kohala mountains.
]42
Natural Beauty
West of Waimea, the land forms a long slope down to the arid coastline; changing in
color with drops in elevation from green to pale yellow and beige to the red and browns of the
coast. The edge of the coast is contrasted with green kiawe stands, pockets of white sand
beaches, and coastal waters. Barren lava flows stretch down from Mauna Loa and meet the sea
near the southern boundary of South Kohala.
Between these two extremes, the range of landscape quickly changes. Along the mauka
road to North Kohala, there are impressive viewplanes to Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai.
Thepastures and uu'u immediately above Waimea Town have been identified as a
vista of exceutional natural beauty. This area is best defined by runnine an imaainarv line
from the top of the trees below Hokuula west to the trees at Hawaii Preaaratorv Academy
and east to the tree line above Church Row.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Kohala district.
[Kawaihae Bay & Harbor Area 6-1-03:14 Kawaihae 1st
6-1-04:1, 3, 20
Mauumae Bay/Beach 6-2-02:7 Kawaihae 2nd
Viewpoint (Puu Makela) 6-2-01:25 Kawaihae 2nd
Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd
Kaunaoa Bay/Beach 6-2-02:4 Ouli
Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd
Upper Waipio Lookout 6-3-01:4 Waipio
View of Kohala mountains 6-5-01:14 Waiauia
Na Puu (Waimea) 6-5-01 Keoniki-Puuiki
Puu Laelae
Hokuula
Puuiki
Hapuna Bay/Beach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo
Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli
Scenic countryside around Waikii 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa
Puako Bay Area 6-9-01:2 Lalamilo
6-9-02:7, 8
Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuipuaa
Pauoa Bay Area 6-9-01:3 Kalahuipuaa
Anaehoomalu Bay Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu
Wailea Bay Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo
Viewplane along Queen Various
Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka and makai
Kiawe Forest mauka of Puako Beach Lots]
143
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Viewpoint (Puu Makelal 6-2-01:25 Kawaihae 2nd
Mauumae BavBeach 6-2=02 Kawaihae 2nd
Kaunaoa BavBeach 6-2-02:4 Ouli
Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd
Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Parkl 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd
Uooer Waioio Lookout 6-3-01:4 W81D10
View of Kohala mountain 6-S-Ol Waiauia
Na Puu (Waimea)
Puu Laelae 6-5-O1 Keoniki-Puuiki
Hokuula -
Puuiki
Waimea Church Row and Surroundine Churches 6-5-04:1-6. 8 Waikoloa
Waimea
Haouna Bav/Beach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo
Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli
Waimea Nature Park (Utu Laau) 6-6-03:7 Lalamilo
Scenic countryside around Waikii 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa
Makaiwa Bav and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuiouaa
Pauoa Bav Area 6-8-22 Kalahuiouaa
Puako Bav Area 6-9-01:2; 6-9-02:7.8 Lalamilo
Anaehoomalu Bav Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu
Wailea Bav Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo
Viewolane alone Oueen Ka'ahumanu Hiehwav lookine Various
mauka and makai
144
Natural Beauty
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA DISTRICTS
The Kona districts have long attracted people because of their natural beauty. Although
man-made structures are in some places dominant, the vast expanse of the Kona landscape is still
the area's most striking feature.
North Kona, in the area called Kekaha, is characterized by a sense of openness created by
expansive areas of lava flows. Vegetation on the lava is comprised of low pockets of grasses and
scrub trees. From the coastline, the land climbs slowly to the distant saddle plateau between
Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. This long natural grade also contributes to the sense of openness
and space.
The rest of North Kona is dominated by Hualalai. [It's] Its steep slopes provide a green
backdrop when viewed from the coast[;], or spectacular views of the coastline, ocean and
horizon from higher elevations.
Part of Kona's natural beauty is also due to the wide range of climatic conditions in a
relatively short distance. Such variations extending from the coastal areas to the higher
elevations are evidenced by changes in vegetation, producing a wide scope of different physical
environments.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Kona districts.
North Kona
[Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa
Kiholo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa
Keawaiki 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa
7-1-03:2 Puuanahulu
Hualalai 7-2-01, 7-8-01 Kaupulehu
Kaupulehu 7-2-03:1, 2 Kaupulehu
Opae Ula Pond 7-2-04:1 Makalawena
Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena
Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3, 4 Awakee
Kakapa Bay Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd
Kua Bay Area 7-2-04 Maniniowali
Kukio Bay/Beach Area 7-2-04:5 Kukio 1st
Mahaiula Bay/Beach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula
Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko
Honokohau Fish Pond 7-4-08 Kealakehe
Keahole Point 7-3-10:34 Kalaoa
Honokohau coastline 7-4-08:4, 3 Honokohau
-Kealakehe
Aimakapa 7-4-08: ] 0 Honokohau
White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau
145
Natural Beauty
Kailua Bay Area 7-5-04:52 Lanihau
7-5-05:23, 24, 32
White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu
Keauhou 7-8-12 Keauhou 1 & 2
Kahaluu Bay Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2
Viewplane from Kuakini 7-7 and 7-8 Holualoa-Keauhou
Highway going mauka &makai
Viewplane from Kamehameha III 7-8-]0 Kahaluu-Keauhou
Road going mauka &makai
Viewplane along Queen Various
Ka'ahumanu Highway going mauka and makai]
Site Tax Man Kev Ahunuaa or Region
Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawea
Kiholo Bav/Beach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawea
Keawaiki 7-1-02:8:7-1-03:2 Puuwaawea:
Puuanahulu
Hualalai 7-2-01.7-8-01 Kauoulehu
Kauoulehu 7-2-03:1.2 Kauoulehu
Kua Bav Area 7-2-04 Maniniowali
Opae Ula Pond 7-2-04:1 Makalawena
Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena
Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3.4 Awakee
Kakana Bav Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd
Kukio Bav/Beach Area 7-2-04:5 Kukio Ist
Mahaiula Bav/Beach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula
Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko
Honokohau Fish Pond 7-4-08 Kealakehe
Honokohau coastline 7-4-08:4,3 Honokohau-Kealakehe
Aimakapa 7-4-08:10 Honokohau
White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau
White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu
Viewplane from Kuakini HiQhwav eoine mauka &
makai 7-7 and 7-8 Holualoa-Keauhou
Viewplane from Kamehameha 111 Road eoine mauka & 7_8_10 Kahaluu-Keauhou
makai -
]46
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahunuaa or Reeion
Keauhou 7-8_12 Keauhou 1 & 2
Kahaluu Bav Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2
Viewotane atone Oueen Ka'ahumanu Hiahwav spine Various
mauka and makai
South Kona
[Kealakekua Bay from 8-1-07:1 Keopuka
Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1, 2 Kaawaloa
Government Road 8-]-11 Kaawaloa
8-2-02, 04 Kealakekua
Viewpoint 8-3-03:29 Kahauloa (2)
Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei (1)
White Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei (1)
Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.) 8-3-04:5 Keei (1)
Honaunau Bay & Scenic View 8-4-I1, 12, 13 Honaunau,
from Ke Ala o Keawe Road Keokea
Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia
Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae
Hookena--Kauhako Bay Area 8-6-13, 14 Hookena, Kauhako
Milolii area 8-9-04 Milolii
Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919 Various]
Site Tax Map Kev Ahunuaa or Reeion
8-1-07:1 Keopuka. Kaawaloa.
Kealakekua Bav from Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1.2
Government Road 8_1_11 Kaawaloa.
8 2
~2
04 Kealakekua
Viewpoint 8-3=03 Kahauloa (21
Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei 1
While Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei 1
Viewpoint (Palemano PL) 8-3-04:5 Keei 1
Honaunau Bav & Scenic View from Ke Ala o Keawe
Road 8-4-11. 12. 13 Honaunau. Keokea
Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia
Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae
Hookena-Kauhako Bav Area 8-6-13.14 Hookena. Kauhako
Milolii area 8-9=04 Milo ii
147
Natural Beauty
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahunuaa or Reeian
Lava flows of 1950. 1926 and 1919 Var10US
The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.
[Canarium sp. 8-1-09:1
Otaheite Apple or Wi 8-l -09:1
Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4]
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Pili Nut 8-1-09:1
Loulu Palm 5-9-06:4
I{A'U
Within the Ka'u district is located most of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The park is
a natural area with a minimum of man-made objects blended into the character of the physical
environment. The landscape is a contrast between open lava land with little or no vegetation and
dense ohia lehua forests.
In the southern part of Ka'u the natural beauty of the landscape is characterized by vistas
from the mountain slopes to the ocean. The coast is highlighted by Manuka Bay, Green Sands
Beach, and Punaluu Black Sand Beach.
The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Ka'u district.
[Manuka Bay 9-1-01:3 Manuka
Pohue Bay 9-2-01:1 Kahuku
Volcano area including 9-2-01:4 Kahuku
National Park 9-9-01 Keauhou
South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-0] :1-3, Pakini Iki
:7, 9 Kamaoa
Mahana Bay 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa
Waiakukini 9-3-O1:b Pakini Nui
Honuapo 9-5-14:1, 7 Honuapo
Ninole Cove & Springs 9-5-19:12 Ninole
Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-0] Punaluu
Lava Flows of 1868, ] 887, & 1907
Kaalualu Bay 9-4-O1: l2, 14 Kiolakaa
Kawa (Kawaa) Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20 Kaalaiki
9-5-17:7 Hilea Nui
View of Mauna Loa frotn Volcano-Kau Highway
Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu
14s
Natural Beauty
Waiohinu Park
Na puu: Enuhe, Makanau, Various
Kaiholena and One]
Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion
Manuka Bav 9-1-01:3 Manuka
Pohue Bav 9-2-01:1 Kahuku
Volcano area includin¢ National Park 9-2-01:4.9-9-O1 Kahuku. Keauhou
South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-01:1-3. 7.9 Pakini Iki, Kamaoa
Mahana Bav 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa
Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 Pakini Nui
Kaalualu Bav 9-4-O1: 12. 14 Kiolakaa
Honuaoo 9-5-14:1.7 Honuaoo
Kawu (Kawaal Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20: 9-5-17:7 Kaalaiki. Hiles Nui
Ninole Cove & Surines 9-5-19:12 Ninole
Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-01 Punaluu
Lava Flows of 1868, 1887. & 1907 Various
View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Ka'u Hiehwav VariOUS
Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu Various
Waiohinu Park Various
Na uuu: Enuhe, Makanau, Kaiholena and One Various
The following designated exceptions) trees are adopted by ordinance.
[Kokio (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8
'Ohe (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8]
Tree Tax Mao Kev
Kokio (Manuka Slate Parkl 9-1-O1
'Ohe (Manuka State Parkl 9-1-O1
149
Natural Beauty
NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
[The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are those physical facts in our environment
which are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable in our lives. They constitute a basic part
of the General Plan, as they relate to every element and land use. If mismanaged or used without
care, natural resources are for the most part irreplaceable. Increasing population and
urbanization places a greater demand on our limited resource base. Thus, the utilization and
protection of these are of vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii.
The natural resources of the County of Hawaii are basically land, water, and air and
include flora and fauna of the island, soils, geologic features, the geothermal steam, the climate,
the wind, the sunshine, the deep ocean waters, and the shoreline. Some of these resources have
been covered in the recreation, open space, natural beauty and water elements.]
The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are the phvsical and environmental
assets that are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable. These natural resources
include, but are not limited to, the land, water, air, flora, fauna, soils, geologic features.
geothermal steam, climate, wind, sunshine, ocean waters, and shoreline. Some of these
resources are finite and irreplaceable. However, several are replaceable at extreme cost
and others are renewable. The island's growing population and expanding urbanization
places a greater demand on the limited resource base. Thus, in order to conserve these
resources, best management practices and enforcement of zoning and environmental laws
are critical. Some of these resources have been covered in other sections in the General
Plan.
Largest and youngest of the Hawaiian Chain, the island of Hawaii [consists of 4,037]
covers a land area of 4.028 square miles with 4.4 square miles of inland water bodies, and is
still growing. The [island] Big Island, as it is known today, was formed by five volcanoes and
three [of them,] _ Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and Kilauea, are still active. Extensive scientific
research on active volcanic processes is being conducted. This is the only place in the [U.S.]
United States where such processes can be continuously studied. Land and marine volcanic
regions are also possible sources of geothermal energy. At [13,784] 13,796 feet above sea level,
Mauna Kea is the tallest of the island's mountains. The topography of the island extends from
craggy ocean cliffs and beaches ofblack, green and golden sand to [the] snow-covered mountain
peaks [which are snow-covered] during the winter months. Vegetative cover generally
corresponds with elevation and ranges from tropical rainforest to grazing land to barren lava
fields. Leeward and windward directions are equally important in determining vegetation types
and landscape characteristics. In some windward areas, rainfall reaches an average of 300 inches
annually, while some leeward areas have virtually no rainfall throughout the yeas [Rainfall has
proven to be a scientific resource and is studied by the Hilo Cloud Physics Laboratory.]
150
Natural Resources & Shoreline
:..1..«,l ..«.l 41... «1..«4 ..«.l .......1 1:C ...:41.:« 41...... ._F ,1:..4..... a: 1 .l 'F
The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash.
The young age and form of some [of these] lava make certain areas temporarily non-productive.
11~~ ..b.. » ..y v Yv..,~a.w vr~.
FMi1° .~........4.~. ...i1' ~.:a:`. u:u..~~ uaaa~s ua vfv ..4......1 1.....:4....,. T]
,....1.1:4:,.«..11.. :«,.,,...a....a .....4....,.1...,1 .l
Y J Y
41,.x....«.l C 1.,.41. «..4:..,...«,1 :«4.....1..,....1 f C 1.
.........u.......6 .....w..... i.v.u u..v-. , e
.mu.aa.T w.. uuv~. uu ..uu.arv..w u
The island [of Hawaii] has more than 305 miles of coastline, but approximately 75[%]
aer cent is comprised of cliffs of varying height. The porous nature of the lava flows have
produced unique ecological niches in the anchialine ponds along the coast. The coastline can be
divided into seven general areas.
t,,.. vn,. n,,.. ..,.a ,.c...,,.,. „l:rc 1 nn
. ,,.,u.
lea,. T ..1 D,.:«• V........ al.,. ~....1..
.u. ..Jo . ........,,vu ,
The Puna coast from Keaau along Cape Kumukahi to Kalapana is partly low sea cliff and
partly the constructional surface of recent lava flows. The irregularity of the coast a few miles to
either side of Pohoiki is the result of several earthquakes and subsidence. There are also black
sand beaches on the Puna coast [which resulted from explosions caused by the generation of
steam] that were created when hot molten lava [reaches] reached the ocean[.], solidiTied, and
shattered in the surf.
The coast of Ka'u and South Kona varies in composition and height. Sections are formed
of soil, other areas are pahoehoe benches or a'a cliffs of varying height. The cliffs are especially
high where the major sets of faults are close to and parallel to the sea. Several cones are present
along the shoreline and some have adjacent black sand beaches.
The low coastline of North Kona extends north from the end of the fault-controlled sea
cliff of Kealakekua Bay to Kawaihae Harbor. Like the northern Puna coast, the shoreline is
highly irregular [and has] with sea cliffs a few feet high. There are also pocket beaches found
along bays between adjacent flows. The best beaches on the island are along the coast between
Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae.
151
Natural Resources & Shoreline
The west and north slopes of the Kohala volcano from north of Kawaihae to Pololu
Valley are marked by sea cliffs of moderate to low height. The coastal cliffs aze interrupted by
pockets of boulder beaches at the mouths of the intermittent gullies and small streams.
The coastline along the windwazd deep valleys between Pololu and Waipio [alternate]
alternates between steep cliffs [which rise] risine as high as 1,400 feet and boulder or sand
beaches [which front] frontine the deep valleys.
The State's Shoreline Setback statute was passed in 1970. It established a restrictive zone
40 feet from the upper reaches of the wash of waves (20 feet for certain parcels) [in which]
where construction and other coastal alterations are generally prohibited except by a [special
approval-] variance procedure.
The Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act (Public Law 92-583) was signed into
law in 1972. This Act affirms a national interest in the effective protection and development of
the coastal zone and provides assistance and encouragement to coastal States to develop and
implement rational programs for managing their coastal zones. In 1975, the Legislature enacted
a Shoreline Protection Act which established such an interim program through a Special
Management Area (SMA) extending a minimum of 100 yards inland from the shoreline
vegetation or debris line. Guidelines to manage and protect the resources in the [SMA's] SMA
were set forth by the Shoreline Protection Act. In 1977, the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management
(CZM) Act became law and incorporated many of the features of the Shoreline Protection law
and mandated objectives and policies for the management of Hawaii's coastal zone.
The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) decision resulted from the implementation
of the CZM and the SMA. This decision rendered by the Hawaii Supreme Court in 1995
unanimously upheld the validity of native Hawaiian gathering rights that were asserted by PASH
and other individuals during the SMA permit proceedings before the County of Hawaii Planning
Commission. The decision spoke to the standing of Hawaiian gathering rights and the
governments' duty toward protecting those rights.
In addition to surface and coastal natural resources, the island also possesses sub-surface
resources. Areas in Puna have been designated geothermal sub-zones for the development of
geothermal energy and other areas of the island contain geological features such as lava tube
caves.
Lava tube caves are among the island's more important geological natural resource. The
island has thousands of lava tubes, but only a few are large enough to be lava tube caves. On
Kilauea volcano, Kazumura cave is the longest lava tube cave in the world, at more than 30
miles long. Kaumana Cave is an important historic site, formed in the ] 881 Mauna Loa lava
flow. Other large lava tube caves exist on Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and possibly Mauna Kea.
Among the most significant of the island's natural resources are upland forests that
provide the essential groundwater recharge areas. All groundwater sources in North and South
Kona ultimately depend upon recharge that primarily occurs in a band between the 1,500 and
152
Natural Resources & Shoreline
5,500-foot elevations. In the lower part of this band, rainfall dominates from approximately the
1,500 to 3,000-foot elevation. In the upper part of this band, above the 3,000-foot elevation, fog
that collects on trees and drips to the ground is a major contributor to the aquifer. In recognition
of the importance of the mauka Kona area for watershed and other environmental values, the
County Council established a policy in Resolution No. 330-96 (1996) that no lands in North or
South Kona above 2,500 feet in elevation (except in the existing Kaloko Mauka Subdivision)
should be rezoned to lot sizes less than 20 acres, without a corresponding reduction in density on
contiguous lands. In Kaloko Mauka, the Council found that the concerns could be mitigated by
specific rezoning conditions which would require that at least 80 per cent of the property be kept
in forest cover, in the area above 3,000 feet in elevation (Resolution No. 58-97). A similar
concept was expressed in the conditions of rezoning for Kealakekua Development Company,
which required an 8,000-acre forest management area in the mauka area of the property while
rezoning the lower portion to a higher density.
GOALS
• Protect and conserve the natural resources [of the County of Hawaii] from undue
exploitation, encroachment and damage.
• Provide opportunities for [the public to fulfill] recreational, economic, and
educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources.
• Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant
environmental and natural resources.
• Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii.
• Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and
natural areas.
• Ensure that alterations to existing land Forms, [and] vegetation, [except crops,]
and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources,
and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides,
erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake.
]53
NaNra] Resources & Shoreline
POLICIES
• [The County of Hawaii should require] Require users of natural resources to
conduct their activities in a manner'that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on
the environment.
• [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage a program of collection and
dissemination of basic data concerning natural resources.
• [The] Maintain the shoreline [of the island of Hawaii shall be maintained] for
recreational, culturah educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is
protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public.
• [The] Protect the shoreline [shall be protected] from the encroachment of man-
madeimprovements and structures.
• [The County of Hawaii shall coordinate] Coordinate programs to protect natural
resources with other government agencies.
• [The County shall investigate] Investigate methods of beach replenishment and
sand erosion control.
• [The County shall promote] Promote sound management and development of
Hawaii's land and marine resources for potential economic benefit.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage public and private agencies to manage
the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the
environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use
of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and
significant natural resources of the County of Hawaii.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the protection of watersheds, forest,
brush, and grassland from destructive agents and uses.
• An identification and inventory of forest lands suitable for watershed purposes
should be conducted jointly by County, appropriate State and Federal agencies,
and private landowners.
• [The County shall encourage and work] Work with the appropriate State, Federal
agencies, and private landowners to establish a program to manage and protect
identified watersheds.
154
Natural Resources & Shoreline
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage appropriate State agencies to review
and designate forest and watershed areas into the conservation district during
State land use boundary comprehensive reviews.
• The installation of utility facilities, highways and related public improvements in
natural and wildland areas should avoid the contamination or despoilment of
natural resources where feasible by design review, conservation principles, and by
mutual agreement between the County and affected agencies.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the continued identification and
inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of native Hawaiian flora and fauna
within the Natural Area Reserve System.
• Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping.
• Develoa policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected
as identified under judicial decisions.
• Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, aublic trails and hunting
areas, including free public narking where aanronriate.
• Establish a system of aedestrian access trails to alaces of scenic, historic.
cultural, natural, or recreational values.
• Preserve and protect significant lava tube caves.
• Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damaee
important natural resources.
• Within the Kona high rainfalUfog-drip belt, around disturbing activities such
as excessive soil comaaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should
be minimized and mitigated consistent with management strategies that
encourage the retention of existing forested and pasture areas, reforestation.
minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other strategies that encourage
effective infiltration to groundwater.
• Imalement Council Resolution Nos. 330-96 and 58-97 in land use aaprovals.
• Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in
upland watershed areas with emahasis on native forest saecies.
155
Natural Resources & Shoreline
STANDARDS
The following shall be considered for the protection and conservation of natural
resources.
• Areas necessary for the protection and propagation of specified endangered native
wildlife, and conservation for natural ecosystems of endemic plants, fish and
wildlife.
• Lands necessary for the preservation of forests, park lands, wilderness and beach
areas.
• Lands with a general slope of 20 per cent or more [which] that provide open
space amenities or possess unusual scenic qualities.
• Lands necessary for the protection of watersheds, water sources and water
supplies.
• Lands with topographic, locational, soils, climate or other environmental factors
that may not be normally adaptable or required for urban, rural, agricultural or
public use.
• The Coastal Zone and Special Management Area as defined by statute and in
accordance with the adopted objectives and guidelines.
156
Natural Resources & Shoreline
HOUSING
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
[The three primary functions of housing are to provide: 1) physical shelter; 2) a setting,
both within the structure and in its neighborhood, for the day-to-day activities of the family
members; and 3) the grouping of families within the larger neighborhood or community.
Housing provides more than just shelter from the natural elements. It embodies the
social, economic and emotional values of families and individuals. Collectively, housing
represents a community's aspirations which are in tum influenced by larger economic and social
processes.] Housine provides more than iust shelter from the natural elements. A person's
home is not only a place of security and comfort, but also a place for entertainment and
recreation. Housine also allows a person to express his/her individual living styles by
providing a place from which one can seek a psycholoeical, socioloeical, economic and
aesthetic balance. If the various functions that take glace in the home do not meet the
individual's personal and social needs, a housing problem may exist for that person.
Housing programs, therefore, influence and are influenced by the manv diverse needs of a
person or persons.
In an economic setting, the construction of housing is an essential contributor to business,
industry and employment. The location of housing on the other hand is [dependant] dependent
upon the location of other economic and employment opportunities, such as agriculture or resort
developments.
In the physical and environmental setting, housing and its residential land use
component residential use,] utilizes a significant portion of the County's urban lands. The
placement or settlement patterns of these residential lands and the form of housing [is a] are
major [influence] influences on the environment and aesthetic setting of the island.
In the social and human realm, [the adequacy of a house is a major factor of a family's
sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.] adequate housing is one of the primary factors that
provides a person a sense of satisfaction and well being. For most families, it is a major
expenditure of the household income and represents, in varying degrees, long term commitments
to a place and/or community. In turn, these commitments contribute to a community's sense of
well being and stability. When the cast of land, land improvements and home construction
i_n_creases beyond a commensurate rise in personal income, it tends to discouraee and
prevent manv individuals and families from purchasing a home.
From governments' perspective, adequate housing for [its] residents is part of the
considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Housing and residential use of land is a
generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balanced
by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other
capital [improvements] improvement projects [which] that service residential areas. Thus, the
]57
Housing
provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of
government.
The availability of housing is [dependant] dependent on a number of interrelated factors,
including the availability of appropriately zoned land the availability ofinfra-structure,] and
infrastructure, and the [costs] cost of raw land and [the] its development [of the land]. The
Housing element must consider future costs of constructing a house and the ability of individuals
to purchase or rent these units. In the social sense, the provision of housing needs to consider the
kinds of people who reside here or are likely to reside here and [what the] their preferences [are]
with respect to type, size, location and other factors.
In the collective sense, the Housing Element is related to all other elements of the
General Plan. It is most directly related to the Land Use element, Single family and Multiple
family residential sections. Moreover, the Housing Element is directly influenced by the growth
directions [which] that the County wishes to take.
The Role of Government
Since the 1930s, the Federal government has played a major role in the provision of
housing and home ownership through direct housing construction projects, home mortgage
insurance programs, loan programs for special groups such as veterans and farmers, and direct
subsidies to State governments.
The Territory of Hawaii and subsequently, the State of Hawaii, through the Hawaii
Housing Authority, has been responsible for administering Federal housing programs. Until the
mid-1970, the State Hawaii Housing Authority served as the major agency to develop rental
housing projects for low income families and [to] provide housing for sale to low and moderate
income groups. In 1998 three State housing agencies, including the Hawaii Housin¢
Authority, were consolidated into the Housing and Community Development Corporation
of Hawaii (HCDCHI. The Hawaii Community Development Corporation of Hawaii seeks
to expand the supply of safe and affordable housing; provide for well-maintained. socio-
economically integrated housing proiects; assist residents in reaching higher levels of self-
sufficiencv: and effectively address the housing needs of Hawaii's residents.
In addition, through a 1920 Congressional act, lands have been set aside For eligible
native Hawaiians for residential and agricultural purposes. Through the State Hawaiian Homes
Commission and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, houselots on a leasehold basis are made
available to eligible native Hawaiians. In the mid-80s, the Department established an accelerated
program to provide lands for residential and agricultural purposes.
Since the adoption of the County of Hawaii's General Plan[,] in 1971, Federal housing
and community redevelopment programs have been reorganized under the 1974 Housing and
Community Development Act. This federal legislation placed much of the initiative for
addressing community housing needs to the local government level.
]ss
Housing
Additionally, county governments have been granted similar and parallel authorities to
the State's Hawaii Housing Agency. As a result, the County [has] established [a] the Hawaii
Coun Housing Agency Hf CHA1 and [an] the Office of Housing and Community
Development (OHCD)[.] that provides staff services to the HCHA. The [Housing Agency]
Hawaii County Housing Agencv, which is comprised of the members of the Hawaii County
Council, has the capability to develop affordable housing either on its own, in conjunction with
the State, or through joint programs with the private sector. The [OHCD] Office of Housing
and Community Development administers the Federal Section 8 rental assistance program
benefiting low income families, manages several housing projects and administers grants funded
under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. Consequently, the County has the
authority and the funds to directly address the housing problems of the County along with the
Federal and State governments.
Since 1975, the [Agency] Office of Housine and Community Development has
developed on its own, and/or coordinated various housing projects with other government
agencies, developers, and nonprofit housing corporations. These projects have been aimed at
providing housing for a variety of need categories such as employee housing, low and moderate
income groups, special needs groups and [for] the elderly. [To date 1,795] Since the
construction of the Tirst affordable housing project in Hilo in 1951, approximately 5,600
units, both single family and multiple family units have been constructed or rehabilitated
through various projects of the [Housing Agency] Office of Housine and Community
Development, [Hawaii Housing Authority] Housing and Community Development
Corporation of Hawaii (HCDCH) and the private sector. In 1999, there were approximately
1,299 contracts for rental assistance through the Office of Housing and Community
Development, with 474 persons on the wahine list. The Housine and Community
Development Corporation of Hawaii has also participated in the provision of housing units
for low income groups.
While the County has been granted more authority in the provision of housing, in recent
years, the programs administered by both the Federal and the State governments have changed.
The State's programs are giving greater emphasis to distributing funds for housing and/or rental
programs and servin as a coordinator of financing programs and has placed less emphasis on
both direct housing construction activities and the management of housing programs. The State
as a major landowner, however, has the ability to release lands for housing projects.
In support of the County's ongoing efforts to provide adequate affordable housine
to its residents, the Hawaii County Council established an affordable housing policv in
1998 through the adoption of Ordinance No. 98 1. The objectives of this affordable housing
policv are to: 1) implement the eoals and policies of the General Plan relative to housing;
2) promote and assist private development of affordable housing for senior citizens and
qualified households; 31 use available eovernmental grants and funds in the development
of affordable housing and increase the capabilities of qualified households to obtain
affordable housing; 4) support innovative, lower-cost approaches that may be used in the
development of affordable housing; and 51 require large resort and industrial enterprises
l59
Housing
to address related affordable housing needs as a condition of rezonine approvals, based
upon current economic and housine conditions.
The change in the Federal programs are largely reflected in drastic reductions in funds for
housing projects and programs, and reduced subsidies to the State. It is also apparent that there
will continue to be a reduction in Federal funds, particularly for the construction of housing for
low and moderate income groups. As the major source of funds for housing programs, these
changes have had major implications on the County's role in the provision of housing for its
residents; particularly since significant factors [which] that contribute to the ability of residents
to purchase homes aze outside the direct influence of the County government and are external to
the economy of Hawaii. These factors include loan interest rates [which] that are significantly
impacted by federal financial and monetary policies.
The development of assisted housing in Hawaii County will increasingly depend on non-
Federal funds. Additionally, a broad range of mechanisms must be utilized by the County to
facilitate, coordinate and implement the development of both assisted and market residential
housing.
ProTile
]n order to identify and anticipate the housing needs within the County of Hawaii, and to
encourage the opportunities for housing, the demographic, economic, housing construction and
land inventory data for the County [is] are provided in [the following] tables[.] on the following
paces.
Analysis -Trends
Several [of the] major issues and problems faced by Hawaii County continue to involve
housing. Rapid population growth in some areas of the County has not been accompanied by
parallel growth in affordable residential housing construction. [In addition, the] The rate of
increase in the price of ]and, [particularly in West Hawaii, has grown proportionately more than]
the cost of housing construction and [more importantly,] the rate of growth in earning power of
many residents[.] also contribute to the lack of affordable housine opportunities. Thus,
proportionately fewer residents are able to afford the purchase of a home. [As indicated in Table
2, 44% or 12,992 of the island's households eazned less than $15,000 per year in 1980.] In 1997,
SMS Research & Marketing Services and Locations, Inc., in cooperation with the State
Housing Finance and Development Corporation tHFDC) and the various Counties'
housing agencies, prepared the Hawaii Housine Policv Studv Update 1997 that reviewed
various housine issues throughout the State of Hawaii. According to the study, a family
with a median annual income of approximately $30,300 would aualifv for an "affordable"
home priced in the neiehborhood of $140,000. However, this study also concluded that
approximately 36 per cent of the total households on this island fall below the median
annual income.
160
Housing
Accordine to the 1999 Homeless Needs Assessment Studv-Summary of Findines
prepared by the State Housine and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, the
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the various counties, the most prominent need
for unsheltered homeless people within the County of Hawaii is housine placement. The
study found that existine housine placement services were only able to service 40 per cent
of the unsheltered homeless people residine in the County, the largest percentage of who
were lifetime or lone-time residents. The study also estimated that there are between 585
and 733 sheltered/unsheltered homeless people islandwide. There are an estimated 10.871
individuals in the County de£ned as "hidden homeless". or those who share
accommodations with others dependent on public assistance for monthly shelter payments.
Accordine to experts in homeless services, the most prominent need of service providers
was additional funding for services such as transitional housine, affordable housine, iob
and life skills training, and other assistance services.
The ability of households to purchase or rent a home, or what is commonly understood as
"affordability", is [dependant] dependent upon many factors [which] that vazy among
households and individuals' choices in lifestyles and also differ due to location and financing.
While quantitative descriptions of need groups and limitations maybe made for the present, only
general trends and order of magnitude estimates may be made for the future. It is expected,
however, that the proportion of the resident population [needing] requiring some assistance in
purchasing a home will continue to increase.
Housing sales activity, both new and resale, has been uneven and difficult to predict. The
housing industry's traditional construction cycle has been complicated by [a sustained period]
erp iods of high interest rates. Federal housing policies and funding have also changed. The net
result is that housing activity and housing programs will be difficult to predict for the foreseeable
future. Housing priorities and programs today may be very different from those in [three to five
years.] the future.
In existing urban areas, the supply of readily available housing and residential zoned
lands is nearing a point where flexibility in choice of location and price will be limited and will
contribute to rising costs of housing unless additional and alternative areas are made available for
residential development.
In rural and agricultural areas, affordable housing for both independent farmers and
agricultural employees place competitive demands on the land. In addition to the expanding
urban needs, rural and agricultural lands are being sought for rural/residential estate use. [This is
part of a growing and continuing nationwide trend of the "gentrification of the land" and will
contribute to rising costs of land.]
In addition, in rural areas, the age of the existing housing stock [suggest] sueeests that
future new housing will be [needed] necessary to replace these units.
The increasing role of [diversified] agriculture [in our economy also] has created
implications for housing of the agricultural worker. The residents of the rural areas of the
161
Housing
County constitute a special population by virtue of their relative isolation, lower average
incomes, lack of employment opportunities and mobility. The housing problems of these areas
are proportionately more acute in the rural areas and communities than in the urbanized areas in
the State.
[Furthermore, the] The residents of the rural areas tend to be [farm and] agricultural
workers or individuals directly employed in self-contained destination resort areas; industries
[which] that play a vital role in Hawaii's economy but [which] tend to be associated with
relatively low average annual income, particularly compared to non-service industry jobs.
Table I
County Profile
Population Households
2000 148,677 not available
1997 141,848 49,617
7990 120,317 42,413
1980 92,053 29,237
[l 970 63,468 18,397
Growth 45% 9%]
Estimate-Coun[v of Hawaii Plannine Department
Estimate-Coun[v of Hawaii Da[a Book. 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Inventor - Housin Units
[Total SF DUP. APT. OTHER
1985 39,157 29,688 768 7,624 1,077
] 980 34,792 26,755 696 6,267 1,074
1970 ] 9,957 17,020 550 1,636 751 ]
Total Sinele Family Multiple Family.
Condominium. Other
1997 54,643 43,979 ]0,664
1992 45,408 36,170 9
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997
162
Housing
Occupancy Fee Rental
1997 33,446 72% 12,825 28%
1992 26,977 68% 12,812 32%
1980 ]7,731 61% 11,506 39%
[1970 10,744 56% 8,439 44%]
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997
Occupied Vacant
1997 47,793 95% 2,770 5%
1992 41,461 95% 2,231 5%
1980 29,237 86% 4,717 14%
[1970 18,397 96% 786 4%]
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997
[Age of Structure 0-5 6-] 5 16-30 30+
1985 4,587 9,533 5,087 1],513
1970 5,255 2,822 4,752 6,364]
Age of Structure 0-7 8-20 21-30 30+
] 997 9127 11,335 10,398 12,619
of Total Units 21.9 25.8 23.6 28.7
Hawaii Housing Policv S[udv -SMS Research, 1997
163
Housing
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Zones
Total 1997 1985 1980 1970 %Growth annual
Zone 1 Puna 10,902 4,925 4,126 1,891 [160] 8_6
Zone 2 S.Hilo 16,346 15,188 14,301 9,585 [58] 2_3
Zone3 N.Hilo 626 627 581 511 [21] l_0
Zone4 Hamakua 2,,019 ],768 1,741 1,441 [23] 1_2
Zone 5 N. Kohala 1599 ],206 1,122 932 [29] 21
Zone 6 S. Kohala 5798 2,681 2,218 980 [74] 8_8
Zone 7 N. Kona 12,254 9,150 7,540 2,485 [268] 9_1
Zone 8 S. Kona 2714 1,971 1,722 1,169 [69] 3_6
Zone 9 Ka'u 2~ 1,647 1,441 963 [71] 3_9
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997
Parcellnventory 1999 ]985 1969 %GrowthL1985-1999)
County Total 124,930 120,353 101,848 [18] 3_8
Zone ] Puna 57,363 56,992 54,654 [4] 0_7
Zone 2 S. Hilo ]9.440 18,126 14,323 [27] 7_3
Zone 3 N. Hilo h 1,416 1,217 [16] 6_5
Zone 4 Hamakua 3i 3,601 2,857 [26] 5_6
Zone 5 N. Kohala 2i 2,284 ],712 [33] 29.5
Zone 6 S. Kohala 6~ 4,822 2,526 [9]] 30.0
Zone 7 N. Kona 11,169 10,094 5,100 [98] 10.7
Zone 8 S. Kona 5_,529 5,737 4,770 [20] -3.6
Zone 9 Ka'u ]6,945 17,281 14,689 [l8] -1.9
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997
Estimates -Planning Department
164
Housing
Table 2
Income Distribution
[LESS THAN $10,000 $10,000 TO $15,000 $15,000 TO $25,000
1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980
Puna 1,019 783 1,340 69 254 701 0 146 965
S. Hilo 4,109 3,623 3,856 682 2,131 1,884 242 1,612 3,079
N. Hilo 498 282 161 32 62 90 0 80 172
Hamakua 1,029 662 388 48 254 237 12 132 524
N. Kohala 691 412 381 25 214 184 18 105 330
S. Kohala 274 317 284 24 723 323 16 97 510
N. Kona 682 622 1,110 41 313 649 26 202 1,275
S. Kona 514 377 526 21 185 313 4 199 420
Ka'u 591 510 343 41 153 222 0 88 417
TOTAL 9,407 7,588 8,389 983 3,689 4,603 330 2,661 7,692
$25,000 to $50,000 OVER $50,000 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS
1960 1970 1980 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980
Puna 0 33 672 6 ]48 1,100 1,222 3,826
S. Hilo 81 403 3,694 92 728 5,114 7,861 13,241
N. Hilo 0 5 102 0 0 530 429 525
Hamakua 4 25 383 13 38 1,093 1,086 1,570
N. Kohala 4 16 123 11 18 738 758 1,036
S. Kohala 0 18 287 7 145 314 562 1,549
N. Kona 17 72 1,175 13 349 766 1,222 4,558
S. Kona 4 29 423 6 116 543 796 1,798
Ka'u 0 5 163 0 9 632 756 1,154
TOTAL 110 606 7,022 148 1,551 10,830 14,b92 29,257]
165
Housing
LESS THAN $10.000 $10.000 TO $15.000 $15.000 TO 525.000
1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 19~ 1990
Puna 783 1~ 1~ 254 701 863 146 965 1
S. Hilo 3,623 3~ 2,322 2.131 1,884 1_209 1~ 3_,079 2341
N. Hilo 282 161 425 62 90 316 80 172 678
Hamakua 662 388 131 254 237 88 132 524 259
N. Kohala 412 381 157 214 184 116 105 330 240
S. Kohala 317 284 248 123 323 182 97 510 378
N. Kona 622 1~ 707 313 649 590 202 1275 1y76
S. Kona 377 526 361 185 373 199 199 420 499
Ka'u 510 343 212 153 222 270 88 417 350
TOTAL 7y 8389 6i 3i 4_ 603 3i 2i 7i 7i
U.S. Census
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
1989 General Plau
$2s,ooo To $so.ooo ovER $so.ooo Totcl Households
1970 1280 ~'L 1970 12so 1290 1970 12so 1,~
Puna 33 672 2098 6 148 h 1,222 3i 7y29
S. Hilo 403 3y 4,404 92 728 3~ 7861 ly 13835
N. Hilo 5 102 1~ 0 0 418 429 525 2y862
Hamakua 25 383 509 13 38 222 1~ 1~ 1y09
N. Kohala 16 123 495 ll 18 291 758 l h
S. Kohala ]8 287 1~ 7 14s 1~ 562 ] 54 3y085
N. Kona 72 I~ 2953 13 349 2~ l 4i 7i
S. Kona 29 423 848 6 116 781 796 1,798 2,688
Ka'u 5 163 504 0 9 220 756 1154 1556
TOTAL 606 7022 1979 148 1551 9~ ly 2y 4y
U.S. Census
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
1989 General Plan
]66
Housing
The United States Department of Agriculture-Rural Development Agencv, formerly
known as the Farmers Home Administrations progams [which] that have historically been
targeted to rural households. However, these progams have been experiencing increased
interest rates, cut backs in progam funds, and a general curtailment in the effectiveness of the
program.
At the same time, the smaller [diversified] agicultura] operators will not [as easily] be
able to easily carry the costs of providing homes for their employees, nor will it be as easy to
identify the magnitude of the need and distribute opportunities for employee housing as it has
been in the past with major sugar companies.
Housing for the elderly also presents changes for the future. Nationwide changes in the
Bowing segment of the older population, due to technological advances in medicine have also
[had their impact in the County of Hawaii.] impacted the County. The 60 and over age goup
will be the fastest Bowing sector of the population over the next twenty years. This goup [is
projected to increase from 13.7% of the total population in 1985 to 16.7% in the year 2000.]
represented 13.7 per cent of the total population in 1985 and 17.3 per cent in 1990.
According to the State Executive OfTice on Aging, the number of individuals statewide age
60 and over grew by 52.5 per cent between the veers of 1980 and 1990 while the total State
population grew by only 14.9 per cent. Those 85 veers and older grew by 87 per cent
during the same period. It is anticipated that by the Year 2020, one in every four residents
in the State will be 60 veers and older. Changes in social attitudes and expectations on both
the part of the elderly and young may dictate changes in the types of structures [which will be
required] necessary or desired by the elderly population.
In addition to the [naturally] increasing size of this population, the encouragement of
retirement communities or the attractiveness of Hawaii as a [retirement place] lap ce of
retirement will require a reassessment of [their] housing and public service needs.
GOALS
• Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of
Hawaii.
• Attain adiversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of
the County.
• Maintain a housing supply [which] that allows a variety of [choice.] choices.
• [Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating] Create viable
communities with [decent] affordable housing and suitable living environments
[for our people].
167
Housing
• Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing [stock.]
inventory.
• Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee-simple housing in the
County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires
of families and individuals.
• Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital
status, ethnic background, and income.
• Make affordable housing available in reasonable proximity to employment
centers.
• [The cornerstone of the County's housing programs and activities shall continue to
be the encouragement and expansion of appropriate] Encourage and expand
home ownership opportunities for [our] residents.
POLICIES
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage a volume of construction and
rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing
deficiencies.
• [The] Encourage the construction of specially designed facilities or
communities for elderly persons needing institutional care and small home care
units for active elderly persons[shall be encouraged].
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage corporations and nonprofit
organizations to participate in Federal. State and private programs to provide
new and rehabilitated housing for low and moderate income [households.]
families.
• Support the construction of housing for minimum wage and agricultural
workers.
• [The County shall continually] Continue to review [its] codes and ordinances [to
see if there are] for overly stringent restrictions [which] that may impose
unnecessary hardship and adopt amendments if warranted.
• [The County shall] Continue to study and implement appropriate measures to
curb property speculative practices [which] that result in increased housing costs.
The County shall protect residential property values from depreciating
influences.]
168
Housing
• Large industries or develoaments [which] that create a demand for housing shall
provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be determined by an analysis of
the locality's needs.
• [The County shall formulate] Formulate a program for housing [which] that
identifies specific mechanisms to implement the housing goals.
• [The County shall utilize its] Utilize housing powers and uroarams to
accomplish [its] housing goals and [shall utilize existing programs and] seek out
new programs and resources to address the housing needs of [its] the residents.
• [The County shall initiate] Initiate and participate in activities with the private
sector including the provision of leadership and expertise to neighborhoods and
nonprofit organizations in the development of housing and community
development projects.
• Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style
and size of housing, especially For low and moderate income households.
• Support programs [which] that improve, maintain, and rehabilitate the existing
housing [stock] inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities.
• Accommodate the housing requirements of [the] special need groups including
the elderly, handicapped, homeless and those residents [living] in rural areas [of
the County].
• Investigate, develop, and promote the creation of new innovative and timely
financing techniques and programs to reduce the cost of housing [in Hawaii
County].
• Encourage the use of suitable public lands for housing purposes in fee or lease.
• [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the construction of homes for lease or
]ease with option to purchase.
• Promote research and development of methods, programs, and activities including
the review of regulatory requirements and procedures as they affect housing, to
reduce the costs consistent with the public health, safety and welfare.
• [The County shall adopt] Adopt appropriate ordinances and rules as necessary to
implement its housing programs and activities.
• Utilize financing [technique] techniques that reduce the cost of housing,
including the issuance oftax-exempt bonds and the implementation of interim
financing programs.
169
Housing
• [Seek to ensure] Ensure that adequate infrastructure is available in appropriate
locations to support the timely development of affordable housing.
• Investigate the use of the County's taxing powers as a possible means to increase
the supply of affordable housing.
• [The County shall work] Work with, encourage and support [the] private sector
efforts in the provision of affordable housing.
• Encouraae the development of affordable retirement communities.
• Vacant lands in urban areas and urban expansion areas should be made
available for residential uses before additional aericultural lands are
converted into residential uses.
• Aid and encouraee the development of a wide variety of housine to achieve a
diversity of socio-economic housine mix.
STANDARDS
Housing standards shall consist of and comply with:
Housing Code]
• Building Code
• Electrical Code
• Plumbing Code
• Zoning Code
• Subdivision Code
Standards of the single-family and multiple residential land use [element.]
elements.
(DISTRICT PROFILE]
DISTRICTS
The following are [brief and summarized] summary profiles and [analysis] analyses of
each [of the districts.] district.
170
Housing
PUNA
Profile
The Puna district [has experienced a] continues to experience tremendous growth in
population and housing construction. The availability of residential sized lots at relatively
inexpensive prices, and its proximity to the Hilo urban and employment center has contributed to
this growth.
Most of the growth in housing construction has been single-family residential units,
[(3,034 additional units since 1970) with few (69) multiple dwelling units added to the initial
stock of 6 in 1970. Moreover, most of this] This growth [has] occurred in the non-conforming
subdivisions [which were] created prior to the adoption of the zoning and subdivision codes and
are without basic [utility systems.] infrastructure. As a result, many of the homes are served by
individual water catchments, electric generators, [and] propane tanks[.] and substandard
roadways.
[In 1984, Puna Sugar Company ceased operating its sugar plantation. Since its closure the
company has sold its plantation camp houses to its employees and has also made available one
acre subdivided parcels to its former employees. There may however be future problems as the
plantation houses are old and while the structures are individually owned, the land is held in joint
tenure with others in the plantation camp. Future subdivision or transfers in ownership in this
situation are likely to be complex.
While the district has shown an 177% increase in home construction, this district also has
the largest number of vacant parcels, (51,002) which indicates further potential for in-filling of
the subdivisions.] According to the Hawaii Housing Policy Update Study 1997, an additional
3,780 single family dwellings were constructed in the Puna District between the years 1990
and 1996; more than double the number constructed in the other districts. However, the
Puna District also has the largest number of vacant parcels, which indicates further
potential for in-filling of existing subdivisions.
The Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation (HICDCI has provided
assistance with the construction of self-help housing within the Puna district. Since 1985.
the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation assisted with the development of
the l5 single-family residential units within the Pacific Paradise Gardens development and
additiona120 units within Keaau.
]71
Housing
DISTRICT: PUNA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 31,335 Not available
1990 20,781 7136
]980 11,751 3,831
[ 1970 5, 154 1,626
Growth 128.00 135.611
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book. 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Invento - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 4,925 SF: 4,822 DUPX: 20 MF: 69 OTHER: 14
1980 Units: 4,127 SF: 4,028 DUPX: 16 MF: 69 OTHER: l3
1970 Units: ],891 SF: 1,870 DUPX: 6 MF: 3 OTHER: 12]
Total Single Family Mul[iole Family,
Condominium
1997 10,872 10,818 54
1992 7456 7j418 38
Hawaii Housing Policv S[udv -SMS Research, 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 2,842 74.18%
Rental 989 25.82%
1970 Fee 1,024 57.63%
Rental 753 42.37%]
Single Familv % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 97 59
1992 96 56
Hawaii Housing Policv Study -SMS Research, 1997
172
Housing
Occu iedNacant
1980 Occupied 3,831 86.99%
Vacant 573 13.01
1970 Occupied 1,626 91.50%
Vacant 151 8.50%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 1,099 22.66% 1970 0-5 788 44.10%
6-IS 1,941 40.03% 6-IS 278 15.56%
16-30 510 10.52% 16-30 336 18.80%
30- 1,299 26.79% 30- 385 21.54%]
1950- 1960. 1970- 1980- 1990_
No data 4950 Total
1959 1969 1979 1989 1997
Single Family 0 696 263 364 2077 3638 3780 10.818
Multiule Family. 0 2 0 23 28 1 0 54
Condominium - - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 1,891 48 55 62 115
1980 4,126 ]37 95 132 344
1985 4,925 226 ll 8 ] 68 426
Diff 3,034 178 63 106 311
]970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 363 379 361 248 260
1980 1,486 841 430 353 308
1985 1,739 ],030 462 415 341
Diff 1,376 651 ]O] 167 81
1970-85
173
Housing
Parcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 54,654 10,976 2,464 2,621 4,714
1985 56,992 11,786 3,686 2,853 5,664
Vacant 51,002 11,505 3,491 2,606 5,105
Sec 5 Sec 6* Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 13,284 14,367 931 4,313 984
1985 13,508 11,725 1,124 5,469 1,177
Vacant 1 ],468 10,754 403 4,886 784
*King's Landing Subdivision
According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district
earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35 % reporting incomes of less than $10,000.
Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a
fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs
within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.] According to the Hawaii
Housing Policy Study Update 1997, there are approximately 8,155 households in the Puna
District. Approximately 33 per cent of the households in Puna have annual household
incomes of less than $25.000. Approximately 18 per cent have annual household incomes of
less than $15,000. Nevertheless, approximately 82 per cent of the housing units are owned
in fee. Another interesting figure is that 98 per cent of all housing units in the Puna
District are single family dwellings, the highest percentage of all the districts on this island.
[Available housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for
this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and
water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home
mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.]
Courses of Action
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety housing choice for this area.
• Since the sugar company has ]ands zoned for residential use within existing urban
areas, they should be encouraged to make these lands available on the private
market.]
• Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the
necessary infrastructure in [the] nonconforming subdivisions.
174
Housing
• Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing [stock]
inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The South Hilo district remains the center for commercial, industrial, governmental and
service activities for Hawaii County. The growth in population and housing construction in the
[area continues to increase at rates exceeding the years prior to 1970.] district has slowed from
its weak in the 1970's, which saw the construction of approximately 3,600 homes.
Aaaroximately 2,350 homes were constructed in the 1980s and in the last six years ending
in 1996, an additional 1,710 homes were built.
[Of the additional dwelling units constructed since 1970, 3,679 were single family
residential units, with 1,774 new multiple family units being constructed.]
Within [the city ofJ Hilo, residential subdivisions have occurred mostly within the
Kaumana, Waiakea Homesteads[;] and Waiakea Uka areas (southwest portion of the city).
[There are approximately 3,227 vacant parcels in these residential sections of the city of Hilo.]
Nevertheless, available and accessible ]ands for residential use within the city limits and
southeast of Wailuku River are very nearly reaching the limits presently allowed by the General
Plan. Existing areas allowed for alternate urban expansion in the area between Kaumana and
Waiakea will require infrastructure (including major access roads) improvements and are also
severely limited by drainage and floodway zones. Without improvements in the channelization
or diversion at upper elevations, there is limited potential for use.
Other housing problems continue to revolve around the provision of housing for low-
income and elderly housing needs. According to [1980] 1990 census data, approximately [43%
of the households] 11 oer cent of all families in the district of Hilo [reported incomes of less
than 5,000.] were below the aoverty level. [These account for 5,440 households in the
district. There were approximately 513 contracts for rental assistance through the County's
Office of Housing and Community Development, with 753 persons on the waiting list in 1985.
The Hawaii Housing Authority has also participated in the provision of 290 additional units for
low income groups.]
175
Housing
DISTRICT: SOUTH HILO
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 47,386 Not available
1990 44,639 15.533
1980 42,278 13,251
[ 1970 33,915 9,415
Growth 24.66 40.74]
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii. January 2000
Coun[v of Hawaii Da[a Book. 1998
U.S. Census, 2000
Existin Invento -Housin Units
[1985 Units: 15,188 SF: 11,505 DUPX: 444 APT: 2,681 OTHER: 558
1980 Units: 14,301 SF: 10,787 DUPX: 432 APT: 2,525 OTHER: 557
1970 Units: 9,585 SF: 7,826 DUPX: 354 APT 907 OTHER: 498]
Total Single Family Multiple Family,
- Condominium
1997 16,035 13,829 2
1992 14,600 12,398 2
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research, 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 8,031 60.61%
Rental 5,220 39.39%
1970 Fee 6,183 64.05%
Rental 3,471 35.95%]
Sinele Familv % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 94 6l
1992 93 62
Hawaii Housin¢ Policv Study -SMS Research, 1997
176
Housing
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 13,251 95.13%
Vacant 678 4.87%
1970 Occupied 9,415 97.52%
Vacant 239 2.48%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 949 7.94% 1970 0-5 2,180 22.58%
6-15 3,183 26.62% 6-]5 1,524 15.79%
16-30 2,607 21.80% 16-30 2,686 27.82%
30- 5,217 43.63% 30- 3,264 33.81%]
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990-
No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total
Single Family 0 2743 1622 h6 3y610 2i h 13,829
Multiple Family, 340 53 6 433 983 lOl 290 2206
Condominium - - -
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research, 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 9,585 540 2,265 1,455 2,169
1980 ]4,301 926 2,751 1,810 4,]5]
]985 ]5,188 984 2,818 1,890 4,656
Diff 5,603 444 553 435 2,487
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 992 880 678 483 123
1980 1,567 ],325 741 903 127
1985 1,669 1,341 758 941 131
Diff 677 461 80 458 8
1970-85
177
Housing
Parcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 14,323 1,354 3,231 1,558 3,323
1985 18,126 1,234 3,011 ],640 5,893
Vacant 4961 456 553 286 1,932
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 2,267 819 1,032 565 174
1985 2,890 957 1,253 ],005 243
Vacant 1,127 195 226 150 36]
There has been a recumng shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii at
Hilo [College]. A study prepared for the State in 1985[,] concludes that the shortage of student
housing has been a deterrent to the realization of [higher levels ofJ an increase in enrollment at
the Hilo Campus. A 1990 Housing Program Review found that in addition to the recurring
housing shortage, all of the housing facilities are faced with serious maintenance and
renovation needs.
[]n the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which
generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that
the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the
responsibility of the public or governmental sector.]
The [Hawaii Housing Agency] State's housing agency and the Office of Housing and
Community Development has also participated in constructing [156] l82 units for elderly
housing within the district. Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Communiri Development
Corporation has assisted with the construction of eight self-help single family dwellings in
Pepeekeo. The Hawaii County Economic Opportuniri Council is responsible for the
development of 30 single family self-help dwellings on Hawaiian Home Lands in Keaukaha
during the past decade.
The State and Countv [has] have been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of
State-owned lands for low and moderate income families[, these accounted for 677 lots].
Courses of Action
• Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the
University of Hawaii at Hilo and the Hawaii Community College.
178
Housing
• [Participate] Aid and encourase in a variety of programs for the replacement or
rehabilitation of housing units [in the Hilo area].
• [Participate in and coordinate] Aid and encourase housing projects for low and
moderate income families, "gap-groups" and the elderly [in this area].
• Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in the South Hilo area] for
housing for all socio-economic levels through leasehold or purchase.
NORTH HILO
Profile
The communities of this district are the direct result of the former sugar industry.
Housing in the past [has been] was provided by the sugar companies. [However one of the sugar
companies has been phasing out of their employee rental housing program.] The closins of Hilo
Coast Processins susar company in 1994 also terminated the susar company's employee
rental housins program.
The district has had little activity with respect to housing construction. Over half [(68%)]
of the residential structures in the district are over 30 [or more] years old. Further, this district
has [the smallest percentage ofJ seen a dramatic increase in fee home ownership [(40%).]
durins the 1990s. [Thus replacement housing for the sugar employees and continued sale of
homes to the employees continue to remain a housing need for the district. In addition,
approximately 66% of the households in the district (251) reported incomes of less than $15,000
in 1980. Clearly some housing assistance will become necessary.] In the mid 1980s, only 40
per cent of homes in the district were owned in fee simple. With the closins of the susar
companies came the opportunity for many former plantation workers to purchase their
homes. This dramatic chance in homeownership is evidenced by 98 per cent of all homes in
this district now owned in fee simple.
The district also has a limited supply of vacant parcels available for housing and the least
amount of subdivision activity over the past [15 years.] few decades. However, since the
district's economic and employment opportunities are anticipated to remain stable with little or
no population growth, this limitation on the availability of lots is not likely to present or cause
major housing problems for the district.
179
Housing
DISTRICT: NORTH HILO
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 1~ Not available
1990 1~ 506
1980 1,679 510
[1970 1,881 534
Growth -10.74 -4.49]
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii. January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Inventor - Housin Units
[]985 Units: 621 SF: 566 DUPX: 36 APT: 11 OTHER: 8
1980 Units: 581 SF: 537 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 8
1970 Units: 511 SF: 468 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 7]
Total Sinole Family Multiple Family.
Condominium
1997 626 612 14
1992 599 585 14
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997
Occu anc
[ 1980 Fee 204 40.00%
Rental 306 60.00%
]970 Fee ]63 27.63%
Rental 427 72.37%]
Sinele Family % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 98 66
1992 98 46
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997
180
Housing
Occu iedNacant
1980 Occupied 510 92.06%
Vacant 44 7.94%
1970 Occupied 534 90.51%
Vacant 56 9.49%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 31 5.30% 1970 0-5 53 8.98%
6-15 73 12.48% 6-IS 54 9.15%
16-30 81 13.85% 16-30 95 16.]0%
30- 400 68.38% 30- 388 65.76%]
1950- 1960- 1970_ 1980- 1990-
Nodata <1950 Total
1959 1969 1~ 1989 1997
Single Family 0 235 49 38 109 98 83 612
Multiole Family. 0 10 0 0 0 0 4 14
Condominium - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 511 19 47 0 17
1980 58] 20 51 0 17
1985 621 21 57 0 17
Diff 110 2 10 0 0
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 171 134 1 0 122
1980 178 179 1 0 135
]985 207 183 1 0 135
Diff 36 49 0 0 13
1970-85
181
Housing
Parcel Invento
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 1,217 151 156 7 86
1985 1,416 144 208 16 86
Vacant 313 22 27 7 8
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 303 411 8 13 82
1985 385 460 13 17 87
Vacant 97 126 7 4 15]
[Courses] Course of Action
Encourage the sugar companies to continue assistance in providing their
employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market.
• Since the majority of the lower lands in this district are owned by the sugar
companies, they should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private
market.
• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.
• Support the plantations' plans to centralize housing in certain areas.]
• Coordinate and participate with the State and [the sugaz companies] Federal
governments in providing [for] rural housing programs for low and moderate
income families, "gap groups" and the elderly.
HAMAKUA
Profile
Most of the historical population growth in the communities of this district [have been
the direct result of the past] was directly related to the growth of the now defunct sugar
industry. However, a number of the dispersed communities in the area [have been the result off
were created through the Homesteading Acts of the Territory of Hawaii.
The district has increased slightly in population from [4,648 in 1970 to] 5,128 in 1980[.] to
approximately 6,108 in 2000. This was an increase of 10 per cent over a 20-vear period.
The relative proximity of this district to the South Kohala resort areas and urbanizing Waimea
182
Housing
has contributed to [its role] defining the Hamakua District as a residential "bedroom"
community to these employment centers. [Recently, the sole remaining sugar company in the
district was sold by its former owner, Theo H. Davies, Co. to a privately held family corporation
which has expressed its intention to continue sugar operations in the district.
Early plans by the Davies Hamakua Sugar Company to exchange good privately held
sugar cane lands for lands closer to Honokaa have been partially implemented, and have resulted
in subdivision activity and housing construction activity around Honokaa] Upon the closing of
the Hamakua Sugar Companv in 1994 and the cessation of its housing arograms for its
emplovees, the Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD) coordinated the
use of Federal funds totaling $1,600,000 to preserve the economic vitality and secure the
social structure of communities from Hilo to Hamakua. This was accomplished by
assisting the non-profit Hamakua Housing Corporation to subdivide the defunct Hamakua
Sugar plantation camps into individual houselots. Assistance in obtaining title to the newly
subdivided houselots was then provided to those former Hamakua Sugar Comaanv's
employees who participated in the final harvest. Upon comaletion of the conveyance
process, OHCD established a program by which qualified owners of the plantation homes
were given a $2,250 grant specifically for emergency improvements to the plantation
homes. Over 300 plantation homeowners benefited from this grogram. Other programs
included the design of water distribution systems in Paauilo and Ookala, training for six
newly formed community associations, and the closing of existing gang cesspools and
sewage lagoons.
Other subdivision and home construction activity has occurred in the homestead areas
between Kalopa and Ahualoa.
In spite of the [increase in the number ofJ continued construction of new dwelling units
[(327),] within the district, [68%] approximately 60 per cent of all of the district's residential
structures are 30 years or more in age.
[Nearly 40% of the population reported incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.] In 1990,
approximately 5.7 per cent oT all households within the district fell below the poverty level.
Housing concerns for the district are likely to focus on replacement housing for
plantation employees, suitable dwellings for the elderly and the availability of a wide variety of
housing opportunities. With respect to the latter, Honokaa residents and business community
representatives have expressed a desire for the community to continue and expand its role as a
residential "bedroom" community for South Kohala resort workers.
183
Housing
DISTRICT: HAMAKUA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 63108 Not available
1990 Sy545 13209
1980 5,128 ] ,577
[1970 4,648 1,445
Growth 10.33 9.13]
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
U. S. Census, 2000
Existin Inventor - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 1,768 SF: 1,650 DUPX: 22 MF: 44 OTHER: 52
1980 Units: 1,741 SF: 1,625 DUPX: 20 MF: 44 OTHER: 52
1970 Units: 1,44] SF: 1,369 DUPX: 20 MF: OTHER: 41]
Total Sitwle Familv Multiple Family.
- Condominium
1997 2,3019 13906 113
1992 13783 1~ 54
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research, 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 830 52.63%
Rental 747 47.37%
1970 Fee 648 42.9 ]
Rental 862 57.09%]
Sinele Familv % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 98 67
1992 82 48
Hawaii Housine Policv S[udv -SMS Research, 1997
]84
Housing
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 1,577 93.87%
Vacant 103 6.13%
1970 Occupied 1,445 95.70%
Vacant 65 4.30%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 31 1.86% 1970 0-5 251 16.62%
6-15 285 17.12% 6-15 137 9.07%
16-30 208 12.49% 16-30 321 21.26%
30- 1141 68.53% 30- 801 53.05%]
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990-
Nodata <1950 Total
1959 1969 1979 1989 1~
Single Family 0 788 192 136 293 283 214 1y906
MultioleFamily. 40 76 2 1 5 13 36 ]l3
Condominium - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
]970 1,44] 21 42 252 247
1980 1,74] 29 46 283 300
1985 1,768 29 46 283 304
Diff 327 8 4 31 57
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 570 122 56 106 25
]980 710 ]65 65 ll5 28
1985 730 168 65 115 28
Diff 160 46 9 9 3
1970-85
185
Housing
Parcel Invento
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 2,857 14l 109 311 390
1985 3,601 133 ]l8 440 596
Vacant 8]0 26 35 115 137
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 793 352 183 167 411
1985 1,018 453 220 205 418
Vacant 263 107 20 43 70]
[Courses] Course of Action
Support the sugar company's plan to centralize housing in certain areas. This
would not only minimize cost of services within the communities but would also
maximize the efficiency of the available services.
• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing.
• Since much of the lands in and around the existing urban centers are owned by the
sugar company, it should be encouraged to also make lands available for the
private market.]
• [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing
housing [stock,] inventory, including wnsideration for self-help programs.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Since 1971, Kohala Sugar Company has terminated its sugar operations and many of the
plantation's former employees moved out of the district to seek employment elsewhere. [The
overall decline in population amounted to only a 2% decrease. However, the number of
households has increased. Thus while there has been an out migration of some of the former
residents of North Kohala, it appears that there has also been an in-migration of others into the
area who form smaller, but more households.] However, the district witnessed only a 2 per
cent decrease in its population during the 1970s. Population in the 1980s crew at an annual
rate of 3.2 per cent with the 1990s averaging about 2 per cent. The population increases by
about 40 per cent between 1990 and 2000. Most of the residents of North Kohala are
employed in agriculture, including ranching, as well as the visitor industry. Approximately
186
Housing
[54%] 6.4 per cent of the households in the district reported incomes [of less than $15,000.]
below the poverri level in 1990.
DISTRICT: NORTH KOHALA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 6038 Not available
1990 4_,291 l
1980 3,249 1,022
[1970 3,326 880
Growth -2.32 16.14]
Economic Assessment. Pl{F Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
U.S. Census, 2000
Existin Inventor - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 1,206 SF: 1,174 DUPX: 14 APT: 7 OTHER: 11
1980 Units: 1,122 SF: 1,092 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 11
1970 Units: 932 SF: 903 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 10]
Total Single Family Mul[iole Family.
Condominium
1997 1y599 1y496 l03
1992 1y228 1,3210 18
Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 692 67.71%
Rental 330 32.29%
1970 Fee 579 60.82%
Rental 373 39.18%]
187
Housing
Sinele Family % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 96 ~ 66
1992 97 62
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997
Occu iedNacant
1980 Occupied ],022 91.17%
Vacant 99 8.83%
1970 Occupied 880 92.44%
Vacant 72 7.56%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 105 8.88% 1970 0-5 517 54.31%
6-15 188 15.91 % 6- ] 5 100 10.50%
16-30 167 14.13% 16-30 213 22.37%
30- 722 61.08% 30- 122 12.82%]
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990-
Nodata <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 ]997 Total
Sinele Family 0 211 283 141 215 276 370 1496
MultioleFamily. 0 3 3 3 ]0 28 56 103
Condominium - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, ]997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 932 2 68 185 308
1980 1,122 2 91 212 338
1985 1,206 2 96 214 351
Diff 274 0 28 29 43
1970-85
188
Housing
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 314 14 5 16 20
1980 409 16 6 17 31
1985 469 16 6 18 34
Diff 155 2 1 2 14
1970-85
Parcel]nventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 1,712 34 160 285 429
1985 2,284 33 202 317 505
Vacant 774 29 92 62 105
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
]969 601 57 66 43 37
1985 855 110 79 64 119
Vacant 328 60 25 30 43]
Although the population in North Kohala declined slightly in the years between 1970 and
1980, the North Kohala district [has experienced] continues to experience moderate increases
in housing construction and subdivision activity. [Nevertheless, approximately 60%]
Approximately 41 per cent of the district's housing [stock] inventory was built over 30 years
ago. [The area around Hawi has experienced the greatest number of housing and subdivision
activity in the past decade due to the subdivision and opening of both Kohala Corporation and
State lands for residential use.] While subdivision activity continues to occur throughout the
district, most are limited to smaller subdivisions by individual landowners who seek to
subdivide their large agricultural parcels into smaller parcels. Exceptions include the 113-
lot Maliu Ridge subdivision and the 477-lot Kohala Ranch subdivision.
Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation has assisted
with the construction of ten self-help single family dwellings in Ainakea Village.
[North Kohala has recently been the focus of plans to subdivide vacant lands into rural
and agricultural lots. These have ranged in size from one acre to 20 acres. Locationally they
occur both within windward areas as well as on the leeward areas of North Kohala.
In addition, plans have been submitted for urban and resort uses along the leeward North
Kohala coast. Both the subdivision of rural and agricultural lands and the encroaching urban
uses will have implications on the costs of housing in the North Kohala district.]
189
Housing
Courses of Action
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
attain adiversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing.]
• Require [that] developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing
[shall] provide for that need.
• [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing
housing [stock,] inventorv, including consideration for self-help programs.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
[In 1970, South Kohala had a population of 2,310 and by 1980, the population nearly
doubled to 4,607 persons.] Since the 1970s, the population of South Kohala nearly doubled
with every passing decade with a 1990 population of 9,140. According to the 2000 census.
the population of South Kohala was13,131 fora 44 per cent increase since 1990. [The
increase in dwelling units however grew by nearly four-fold the 1970 housing stock. Major
increases in the number of apartments and/or condominium units accounted for approximately
20% of the overall increase in dwelling units.] Between the years 1992 and 1997. the number
of housing units within the South Kohala District grew by 23 per cent.
Housing construction and subdivisions of land have been most active [in two areas;] on
the eastern side of Waimea and in Waikoloa Village. Slightly more than half of the newly
created parcels in the district occurred at Waikoloa. Housing construction in Waikoloa Village
increased by 589 units (including multiple-family apartments and condominiums) between the
years 1970 and 1985[.] with a total of 2,170 units by the end of 1997.
Government agencies have participated jointly with private developers and nonprofit
housing corporations to provide employee housing for the coastal resort developments in South
Kohala at Waimea and Waikoloa. [These projects have amounted to 43 units.] In addition,
Boise Cascade, the original developer of Waikoloa Village, provided lots in the Waikoloa
Village subdivision to its initial employees. Waikoloa Village contains a sizable amount of
undeveloped, residential-zoned lands that will eventually contribute significantly to the
district's housing inventorv. While these residential-zoned lands will most likely be
developed as market-priced homesites, approximately 300 acres of land situated makai of
Waikoloa Village was dedicated by the Waikoloa Development Company to the County of
Hawaii for affordable housing proiects.
190
Housing
By the end of 1997, 177 single family dwellines and 94 aaartment units were
constructed. Since 1985, a total of l2 self-help single family dwellines were constructed in
Ouli. An additional ten self-help units are currently under construction.
The continuing resort development along the coast is anticipated to increase the need for
employee housing and other residential needs as more in-migration occurs.
[Although there is still a sizeable number of residential zoned and subdivided pazcels
available at Waikoloa, market prices of existing parcels preclude purchase by persons of low
income. Other residential zoned but not subdivided lands are also available at Waikoloa,
development of these lands however are dependent upon plans by new owners.]
It is apparent that in addition to residential lands, other commercial and urban lands will
be required to service incoming populations.
DISTRICT: SOUTH KOHALA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 13,13] Not available
1990 9y40 3
1980 4,607 1,483
[1970 2,310 803
Growth 99.44 84.68]
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Da[a Book, 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Inventor - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 2,681 SF: 1,989 DUPX: 50 APT/COND:637 OTHER: 5
]980 Units: 2,218 SF: ],692 DUPX: l0 APT/COND:511 OTHER: 5
1970 Units: 980 SF: 821 DUPX: 10 APT/COND:146 OTHER: 3J
Total Single Fotnily Multiole Family.
Condominium
1997 Si 3625 2i
1992 4i 2841 l
Hawaii Housing Policy S[udv - SMS Research, 1997
191
Housing
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 879 59.27%
Rental 604 40.73%
1970 Fee 393 46.29%
Rental 456 53.71
Sinele Family % of All Uni[s
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 90 38
1992 89 30
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research, 1997
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 1,483 75.70%
Vacant 476 24.30%
1970 Occupied 803 94.58%
Vacant 46 5.42%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 529 25.58% 1970 0-5 345 40.64%
6-] 5 759 36.70% 6-15 195 22.97%
16-30 374 18.09% 16-30 209 24.62%
30- 406 19.63% 30- 100 11.78%]
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- ]990-
No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 To[al
Sinale Family 0 189 194 214 804 h h 3625
Multiple Family. 43 7 9 6 147 1~ 839 2173
Condominium
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997
192
Housing
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 980 23 13 2 253
1980 2,218 25 98 2 667
1985 2,681 25 175 2 794
Diff 1,701 2 162 0 541
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 377 131 30 13 138
1980 519 229 45 421 212
1985 562 252 48 602 221
Diff 185 121 18 589 83
1970-85
Parcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 2,526 138 64 6 1,387
1985 4,822 141 308 8 ],916
Vacant 2,328 74 124 7 907
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 387 284 50 8 202
1985 559 378 117 1]67 228
Vacant 202 99 33 815 67]
Courses of Action
• [The County shall require that] Re uire developments [which] that create a
demand for employee housing [shall] provide for [the] that need.
• Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in this area] for housing for all
socioeconomic levels through leasehold or purchase.
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.]
193
Housing
• [Participate and coordinate] Aid and encourase housing programs for low and
moderate income, "gap groups" and the elderly.
• County-owned land at Waikoloa Villase shall be made available for the
development of affordable housins.
NORTH KONA
Profile
[Of all the districts in the County of Hawaii, the] The North Kona district [has] had the
second greatest percentage increase in population[,] over the last 30 years, from 4,832 persons
in 1970 to [ 13,748 persons in 1980] 28,543 in 2000. The Puna District saw a slightly greater
percentase increase in population during the same period.
Housing units have increased from [2,485 in 1970 to] 9,]50 in 1985[.] to 12,254 in 1997,
representing an annual growth rate of approximately 2.8 per cent. [Approximately 43%
were multiple family units.]
[Both single-family housing construction activity and subdivision activity occurred
largely in the areas from Kaloko mauka through Holualoa.]
In spite of [the increase in both] continuing moderate growth of subdivision activity
and housing construction in the North Kona district, housing problems for the low and moderate
income groups have been particularly acute. [Although the proportion of low income households
in the North Kona area has decreased from 1970, in terms of the actual households, there has
been an increase from 935 households to 1,759 reporting incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.]
In 1990, approximately 7 per cent of all households within the district reported incomes
below the poverty level. In addition, these families compete with the visitor market for rental of
apartment and condominium units.
State and County housing agencies have participated directly in the provisions of house
and lot packages at Kealakehe Houselots, [which] that account for 92 single family units for low
and moderate income groups. Additionally, both have participated jointly either with private
developers and/or nonprofit housing corporations to provide both low income and elderly units
[which has resulted in] Tor a total of [271 ] 1025 units constructed in the district[.] since the
early 1970s. The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands developed the Kaniohale
(La'i'opual Residential Subdivision in Kealakehe, iust north of Kailua-Kona. The proiect
consists of 184 developer-built single family dwellinss, 41 self-help homes and a community
center. This proiect is part of a 1,015-acre master-planned community called the Villases
of La'i'opua, which will consist of 4,082 single-family and multiple-family residential units,
recreational facilities, and community and neishborhood commercial complexes. This
194
Housing
project is being managed by the State Housing Finance and Development Corporation
H( FDC)•
Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation has assisted
with the construction of l9 self help single family dwellings in Kalaoa View subdivision, an
affordable housing development located north of Kailua. Hualalai Elderly complex, a 30-
unit affordable housing complex, was also constructed in Kailua.
[While sizable areas mauka of Ali'i Drive have been designated for residential and other
urban uses through the 1970 General Plan, actual rezoning of these lands has not occurred at a
pace which could have opened lands for residential use.]
It is anticipated that the rate of in-migration into the district will continue, as will the
need for housing for residents. [Recent rezoning] Rezoning actions for large scale residential
subdivisions have occurred in the [Kealakehe mauka] area between Kailua and Keauhou[,],
[which when] When subdivided, [may provide] additional lands will be provided for residential
use. Nevertheless, land costs and market prices [which] that have been influenced by investor
and resort/residential markets may preclude purchase of house and lot packages by [most
households] many households in the district.
DISTRICT: NORTH KONA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 28,543 Not available
1990 22,284 7898
1980 l 3,748 4,602
[1970 4,832 ],733
Growth 184.52 165.55]
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Inventor -Housin Units
[1985 Units: 9,150 SF: 4,697 DUPX: 132 APT/COND:3,941 OTHER: 380
1980 Units: 7,540 SF: 4,105 DUPX: ]22 APT/COND:2,934 OTHER: 379
1970 Units: 2,485 SF: 1,748 DUPX: 74 APT/COND: 527 OTHER: 136]
195
Housing
Total Single Family Multiple Family.
Condominium
1997 12,258 6,880 5378
1992 10,890 6.067 4823
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 2,536 55.11%
Rental 2,066 44.89%
1970 Fee 873 49.49%
Rental 89 ] 50.51
Sinele Familv % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occa ied
1997 93 39
1992 92 33
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 4,602 66.75%
Vacant 2,292 33.25%
1970 Occupied 1,733 98.24%
Vacant 31 1.76%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 1,327 26.21% 1970 0-5 824 46.71%
6-15 2,200 43.46% 6-15 286 16.21%
] 6-30 679 13.41 % ] 6-30 310 17.57%
30- 856 ] 6.91 % 30- 344 19.50%]
1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990-
No data <1950 Total
1959 1969 1~ L 7997
Sinale Familv 0 227 277 605 2i 2i l b
Multiple Familv. 226 5 0 410 2i h 878 Si
Condominium - - -
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, ]997
196
Housing
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 2,485 41 31 105 161
1980 7,540 49 38 978 662
1985 8,650 51 55 1,168 765
Diff 6,165 ] 0 24 1,063 604
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 764 275 356 364 388
1980 2,659 677 860 1,121 496
1985 3,275 770 940 1,427 199
Diff 2,511 495 584 1,063 189
1970-85
Parcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 5,]00 86 144 877 187
1985 10,035 117 108 2,682 ],025
Vacant 4,074 60 100 837 369
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 1,131 709 696 814 456
1985 1,980 1,086 1,246 1,109 682
Vacant 813 572 572 531 220]
Courses of Action
• [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall] Eucouraee the use of
innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit
developments, [which] that take advantage of the steeu topographic conditions.
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.]
197
Housine
• [The County shall require that] Re wire developments [which] that create a
demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need.
• Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
Moderate growth in both population and housing construction has occurred in the district
of South Kona. Although the district is still [dependant] dependent upon [diversified]
agriculture, [nevertheless] some of the growth has been the result of the urban and resort growth
in North Kona. This is reflected in an even distribution of new housing construction in sections
from Kealakekua town through Captain Cook. Subdivision activity has not occurred at equal
rates to housing construction and suggests an in-filling of existing agricultural and rural parcels.
[Of the 802 new dwelling units, at least 80 were multiple family dwellings.
The district has a sizable number of parcels, 5,737 of which 3,359 are vacant in
comparison to the number of households in the district. Some of these parcels are still in
agricultural use. The potential in-tilling of these parcels as rural/residential estates at market
prices comparable to urban uses does present problems of competitive use with the agricultural
needs and also precludes the purchase of these lots by low and moderate income households.]
Sales of these agricultural parcels have sometimes been accompanied by the demolition
of older structures [which has] that served as employee housing, farm tenant household, or low
and moderate income families.
Construction of government-assisted affordable housing proiects within the district
were limited to two proiects, Hale Hookipa (32 units) in 1976 and the Captain Cook Elderly
project (21 units) in 1992. The Hawaii County Economic Opportunity Council was
responsible for the development of 46 single family self-help homes on State lease land in
Milolii during the past decade.
While there are some non-conforming residential lot sized subdivisions in South Kona,
they are not serviced by adequate infrastructure [nor] or public services. There is the potential
[here also] of in-filling [much as] that has occurred in the nonconforming subdivisions of Puna
though it is anticipated to occur at a slower pace because of the distances to employment centers.
198
Housing
DISTRICT: SOUTH KONA
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 8~ Not available
1990 7~ 2_,591
1980 5,914 1,853
[ 1970 4,004 996
Growth 47.70 86.04]
Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000
Coun[v of Hawaii Data Book. 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Invento - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 1,971 SF: 1,846 DUPX: 30 APT/COND:80 OTHER: 15
1980 Units: 1,722 SF: 1,631 DUPX: 28 APT/COND:48 OTHER: 15
1970 Units: 1,169 SF: 1,130 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 8 OTHER: 11]
To[al Single Family Multiple Family.
Condominium
1997 2~ 2539 175
1992 254 2~ 108
Hawaii Housine Policy Study -SMS Research. 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 977 52.73%
Rental 876 47.27%
1970 Fee 441 42.36%
Rental 600 57.64%]
Single Family % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occo ied
1997 81 57
1992 8l 50
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997
199
Housing
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 1,853 90.30%
Vacant 199 9.70%
1970 Occupied 996 95.68%
Vacant 45 4.32%]
A e of Structure
[1985 0-5 283 15.11% 1970 0-5 135 12.97%
6-15 530 28.30% 6-15 179 17.20%
]6-30 280 14.95% ]6-30 251 24.]1%
30- 780 41.64% 30- 476 45.73%]
1950- 1960_ 1970- 1980- 1990_
No data X1950 Total
195 1~ 1979 1989 1~
Single Family 0 257 203 197 586 706 590 2i
Multiole Family. 74 ] 2 1 l6 32 49 175
Condominium - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 ],169 321 261 221 164
1980 1,722 5I5 384 292 226
]985 ],971 Ell 438 328 245
Diff 802 290 177 107 81
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 10 57 48 32 55
1980 42 75 61 52 75
1985 43 80 81 67 78
Diff 33 23 33 35 23
1970-85
200
Housing
Pazcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 4,763 761 493 644 487
1985 5,737 1,010 781 769 52]
Vacant 3,367 374 334 281 195
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 162 240 603 1,052 321
1985 95 276 665 1,195 425
Vacant 50 188 557 1,088 300]
Courses of Action
The County shall provide assistance and encourage the State to negotiate with
large landowners for land exchange or purchase to provide for those people who
would be affected by the future plans of landowners.]
• [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall encourage]
Encourage the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster
and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the steep
topographic conditions.
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to
attain adiversity of socio-economic housing mix.]
• Increase affordable housing opportunities in South Kona.
201
Housing
KA'U
Profile
Several [of the] communities in this district [are the] were established as a direct result
of the former sugar industry. [Though the major employer in the district has converted some of
its sugar lands into macadamia fields, the district has seen little change in terms of its population
size.
Some housing construction and subdivision activity has occurred as the sugar company
has actively pursued creating residential subdivisions to provide fee simple land for their
employees. It has also participated jointly with the Hawaii Housing Authority in the
construction of employee housing. This has been reflected in the increased rate of fee home
ownership, from 42% in 1970 to approximately 67% in 1980.] Prior to the closing of its sugar
operations in Ka'u in 1996, Ka'u Agribusiness was the primary employer within the
district. The companv, in cooperation with the Housing and Community Development
Corporation of Hawaii, also facilitated the construction of housing for its employees. The
closing of Ka'u Agribusiness sugar operations saw the end of these companv-supported
housing programs. Nevertheless, these efforts resulted in fee home ownership increasing
over the years from 42 per cent of all single family residential units in 1970 to 94 per cent in
1997.
[The district has a resort area which has been long planned by C. Brewer. To date
development of this resort includes a golf course and tennis courts, restaurant, condominiums
and conference center. Should the Punaluu resort area continue to expand to planned capacities,
employee housing needs should be anticipated.] The district has a resort area at Punaluu
that encompasses a total of 432 acres. Situated between the towns of Naalehu and Pahala,
the Punaluu Resort and Seamountain Golf Course complex is the only resort destination
area within the Ka'u District. Currently, the only accommodation available at this
complex is the 56-unit Colony One at Sea Mountain. The golf course remains in operation,
but no other facilities or amenities are available. C. Brewer Properties, Inc., the original
landowner, initially proposed a 300-room hotel, 410 residential units and related facilities
within this resort area. Plans for the area by the current landowner are not known at this
time. Future expansion of facilities at Punaluu Resort will need to include employee
housing.
This district has large non-conforming subdivisions [which were] created prior to the
adoption of the present Subdivision and Zoning Codes. [Some building] Building activity [has
occurred] continues in these subdivisions however,]. However, the subdivisions lack basic
infrastructure systems such as water and, in some cases, electricity. Most of the interior roads of
the subdivisions are substandard. [Thus while] While continued in-filling of the subdivisions
may occur, the lack of adequate infrastructure will continue to present problems, and may
restrain the ability to secure conventional mortgage loans for housing construction. These
subdivisions are also not located near areas of employment.
202
Housing
DISTRICT: KA'U
PROFILE
Population Households
2000 5827 Not available
1990 4i 1,530
1980 3,699 1,108
[1970 3,398 965
Growth 8.86 14.82]
Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000
County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998
U.S. Census. 2000
Existin Inventor - Housin Units
[1985 Units: 1,647 SF: 1,439 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 54 OTHER: 34
1980 Units: ],441 SF: 1,258 DUPX: 20 APT/COND:129 OTHER: 34
1970 Units: 963 SF: 885 DUPX: ]8 APT: 27 OTHER: 33]
Total Units Sinele Family Multiple Family,
Condominium
1997 2_.385 2y278 107
1992 1x876 1~ 100
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997
Occu anc
[1980 Fee 740 66.79%
Rental 368 33.21
1970 Fee 440 42.07%
Rental 606 57.93%]
Sinele Family % of All Units
Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied
1997 94 55
1992 92 53
Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997
203
Housing
Occu ied/Vacant
1980 Occupied 1,108 81.41%
Vacant 253 18.59%
] 970 Occupied 965 92.26%
Vacant 81 7.74%]
A e of Structure
[]985 0-5 233 15.74% 1970 0-5 162 15.49%
6-15 374 25.27% 6-15 69 6.60%
16-30 181 12.23% 16-30 331 31.64%
30- 692 46.76% 30- 484 46.27%]
1 50- 1960- 1970- 1980_ 1990-
Nodata <1950 1859 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total
Single Family 0 480 120 133 374 543 628 2i
Multiple Family, 0 0 1 4 86 12 4 107
Condominium - - - - - - - -
Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research, 1997
Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1970 963 0 69 24 21
1980 1,441 0 192 30 49
1985 1,647 0 285 32 93
Diff 684 0 216 8 72
1970-85
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1970 334 378 0 9 128
1980 444 567 0 9 50
1985 475 578 0 9 175
Diff 141 200 0 0 47
]970-85
204
Housing
Parcel Inventor
Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4
1969 14,689 9 11,568 147 1,377
1985 17,281 12 12,721 154 2,243
Vacant 15,450 l0 ]2,395 106 2,098
Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9
1969 854 528 19 7 180
1985 832 761 21 8 529
Vacant 259 131 20 6 425]
[Courses] Course of Action
Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area in
order to attain a diversity of housing mix.
• Encourage the sugar company to continue their assistance in providing employees
with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market.
• Since many of the lands in and around the existing communities are owned by the
sugar company, they should be encouraged to make lands available for the private
market.]
• [The County shall require] Require developments [which] that create a demand
for employee housing [shall] provide for that need.
205
Housing
PUBLIC FACILITIES
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Public facilities are those service systems [which] that are provided, staffed, and
maintained by government to directly serve the [individual citizens in his desire to realize his full
self-potential, to enjoy the protection of his rights and his property, to be secure in his need for
medical and health care, and to live in a wholesome and sanitary community.] residents of the
Coun .Public facilities include the systems of schools, libraries, fire stations, police stations,
detention and correctional facilities, refuse disposal areas, harbors, and airfields. ([The latter
two] Harbors and airfields are further described under the [section dealing with the
transportation element.] Transaortation Element)
These facilities [have most] are often [been] located in larger towns or centrally situated
areas [which] that are in close proximity to the commercial, industrial and cultural activities of
established communities.
[Although the inhabitants of Hawaii County are serviced by three levels of government,
public facilities generally fall into two jurisdictional categories:] The majority of public
facilities that service the residents of this County are manased by the State and County. For
example, the State operates the public school system, libraries, and the public hospitals. [while
the county] The County provides police and fire protection[,] and solid waste disposal.
Additionally, both the State and [county] Coun maintain administrative offices on the island to
serve the residents' needs.
It is necessary to carefully coordinate the provision of public facilities in order to use
them most effectively and to maximize the effect of the public dollar. It is equally necessary to
realize that the type, quality, capacity and location of facilities and services have a significant
impact on the community, the people and the total environment.
GOAL
• Encourage the provision of public facilities that effectively service community
and visitor needs and seek ways of improving public service through better and
more functional facilities [which are] in keeping with the environmental and
aesthetic concerns of the community.
POLICIES
• Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of
service and [by] maximizing the use of personnel and Facilities.
• [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the
provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community.
2(>fi
Public Facilities
• [The County shall develop] Develop short and long-range capital improvement
programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services.
• Develop and adopt an Impact FeCs Ordinance.
• [The County's] Capital Improvement and Operating budgets shall reflect the goals
and policies of the County General Plan.
• [The County shall require] Require a [6] six-year, long-term, capital
improvements budget by County Departments and agencies [which] that shall be
reviewed for consistency with the [County's] General Plan.
STANDARDS
Standards have been established in each of the four major groupings of public facilities.
The various public facilities have been categorized into education, protective services,
health and sanitation, and government operations.
The following are set forth for the overall provision and maintenance of public facilities
in the County [of Hawaii].
207
Public Facilities
PUBLIC FACILITIES: EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
There are [thirty] 39 public [school complexes] schools in the County [of Hawaii] with a
total enrollment of [20,962] 27,557 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level].
The schools range in size from [105] 169 students at Haaheo to [1,700] 2,180 students at
Waiakea High School. There are [fifteen] l7 licensed private regular education schools serving
a total of [2,085] 2~ students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level]. The number
of students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade on the island, public and private
school complexes combined, total [to 23,047 or 22%0]
30,209 or approximately 20 per cent of
the total island population [of 106,403].
In 1999, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii created a new educational initiative
with the passage of Act 62, SLH 1999 or "The New Century Charter Schools" law. Charter
schools are more autonomous with greater flexibility in decision-making. Charter schools
are excluded from many State laws and department rules and regulations. However,
charter schools are public schools in that they receive public funds. These schools must
still meet all applicable federal, State and County requirements and are not exempt from
collective bargaining, discriminatory practice laws, health and safety laws and standards,
and the implementation of the Hawaii content and performance standards.
Each charter school is responsible for selecting their own sites. If a public school has
space available, a charter school may seek to enter into an arrangement with the Department of
Education for the use of a portion of the school's facilities. This law allows up to 25 charter
schools to be established statewide. Thus far, charter certificates have been issued for five
schools.
[Population shifts and the resultant consolidation of schools and/or grade levels have in
some instances resulted in time-distance hardships on students, parents, and teachers.] School
complexes with limited enrollment have not always been able to maximize educational
opportunities in comparison with the ability of larger facilities to provide a wider scope of
educational opportunities. Some older schools lack adequate parking facilities and sufficient
area for [overall] expansion and some have [drainage] infrastructure and traffic problems.
The Hawaii Library District is comprised of a regional library in Hilo; six community
libraries in Honokaa, Kapaau, Holualoa, Kailua-Kona, Kealakekua, and Naa]ehu (part-time); and
six joint community-school libraries in Keaau, Mountain View, Pahoa, Pahala, Laupahoehoe and
Waimea. Size is described by the number of volumes (books, periodicals, etc.) and range from
[2,464] 6~ volumes at Holualoa to [151,672] 208,065 volumes in Hilo. [To extend service to
outlying communities and rural areas, the bookmobile, consisting of vans filled with library
materials, visits various sectors of the island on a twice monthly basis.]
208
Public Facilities
Some library facilities will require improvements as the demand for learning and
information increases. More up-to-date facilities are also required in some areas.
The University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH), located in [the City ofJ Hilo provides
alternative higher educational opportunities within the University of Hawaii system through its
variety of high quality certificate, [associate and ]baccalaureate, and masters degree programs.
[The UHH is the only public institution of higher education in the County of Hawaii and is the
only institution in the University organization that incorporates atwo-year community college, a
four-year university, and a continuing education and community service program.]
The 1973 "University of Hawaii at Hilo Long Range Development Plan" was updated
and revised in 1981 [to serve] and again in 1996. The University of Hawaii at Hilo Long
Rance Development plan serves as a physical planning guide [affecting] for the UHH campus.
The Plan emphasizes the "spine" concept [which] that organizes all campus structures along a
main pedestrian accessway and assures that future development would continue in relation to the
various existing structures. As such, new facilities would be developed towards Komohana
Street. [One of the immediate problems the University has to deal with is providing adequate
student and faculty housing.] The University continues to lack adequate student and faculty
housing.
Hawaii Community College provides access to higher education, and workforce
training for the entire County. The College offers an extensive program of certificate and
associate degree programs in technical fields as well as the first two years of a
baccalaureate degree. The College also offers an extensive program of short-term training
programs throughout the County. The community college serves the entire County with
programs on site in the communities and utilizes distance education technologies.
The Long Range Development Plan for Hawaii Community College was approved
by the Board of Regents in 1996 and calls for the construction of a new campus in Hilo
mauka of Komohana Street. In West Hawaii, in addition to Hawaii Community College
programs, the college is responsible for the University of Hawaii Center, through which it
delivers baccalaureate and masters degree programs from other institutions in the
University Center.
The Long Range Development Plan for the West Hawaii campus of the University of
Hawaii was completed in 1998. The State is currently in the process of preparing an
environmental impact statement for the initial phase of development of the new campus
(University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii) to be located on a 33-acre portion of a 500-
acre State-owned parcel in Kalaoa. North Kona. The proposed campus, which will
accommodate approximately 1,500 students upon completion, will be located mauka of the
Oueen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole.
[The only private university on the island is located on a 4] -acre site in North Kona. The
Pacific and Asia Christian University has an enrollment of 350 to 400 students.]
209
Public Facilities
POLICIES
Educational policies [here] relate to the provision of facilities rather than programs,
which are the province of the State. It is nevertheless recognized that the facilities and
programs are the tools necessary to improve total educational service.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourase continuous joint pre-planning of
schools with the Department of Education and the University of Hawaii to ensure
coordination with roads, water, and other support facilities and considerations
such as traffic and safety, and access for vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian.
Encourage master planning of present and proposed public and private
institutions.
• [The County shall encourage the joining of] Encourase combinins schoolyards
with county parks and [the availability ofJ allow school facilities for afterschool
use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourase joint community-school library
facilities, where a separate community library may not be feasible, in proximity to
other community facilities, affording both pedestrian and vehicular access.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourase implementation of the Department of
Education's 'Educational Specifications and Standards for Facilities.'
• Encourase the Hawaii State Library Svstem to seek alternate sites for public
libraries located on the campuses of public schools.
STANDARDS
• In proposed communities, sufficient acreage shall be reserved for school facilities.
Sites shall be free from flooding and drainage problems, excessive slope and shall
incorporate appropriate street and driveway design and location to minimize
traffic interference, pedestrian hazard, and [to] enable safe and easy access for
vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians.
• State Department of Education's education specifications and standards for
facilities.
DISTRICTS
The following is an examination and analysis of educational facilities by districts. For
the purposes of this section, a complex refers to a hish school and its associated feeder
schools. Feeder schools are the elementary and intermediate tmiddlel schools that send
210
Public Facilities
students to an associated high school. For instance. the Waiakea High School complex has
Waiakea High School as its designated hieh school and Waiakea Intermediate.
Waiakeawaena Elementarv, and Waiakea Elementary as its feeder schools.
PUNA
Profile
Public school complexes in the Puna District are located in the communities of Keaau,
Mt. View and Pahoa. [The 16.57-acre Keaau complex serves a total enrollment of 683 students
and the 12.36-acre Mt. View complex serves 554 students, both from kindergarten through the
eighth grade level. High school students commute to the Waiakea School complex in South
Hilo. The 28-acre Pahoa complex serves an enrollment of 1,577 students from kindergarten
through the twelfth grade level. Two private schools, located between Keaau and Pahoa, have a
total enrollment of 282 students. The Henry Opukahaia School accounts for 200 students from
kindergarten through twelfth grade.]
The Keaau High School complex is comprised of Keaau High School, Keaau Middle
School, Keaau Elementarv School, and Mt. View Elementarv School, and serves a total
enrollment of 2,441 students. Existing complex facilities are adequate to serve the current
enrollment. The new Keaau High School is being built in phases. As each phase is
completed, the incoming class (i.e. freshman, sophomores, etc.) can be accommodated. The
Keaau Elementarv School is being built in a similar fashion. Thus, in a few vears, the need
to transport students from the Keaau and Mt. View area will not be necessary. Currently.
11th and l2th graders from Keaau commute to Waiakea High School in South Hilo. At
this time, the first phase of Keaau High School has been completed and is in operatiop.
The Pahoa High School complex is comprised of Pahoa High and Intermediate School,
Pahoa Elementary School, Keonepoko Elementary School and serves 2,323 students from
kindergarten through the 12th grade level. The natural population growth and in-migration into
the subdivisions in the area are contributing to the increased pressure on education facilities at
the Pahoa complex. In response to these growth pressures, facilities have been expanded to
accommodate the increased enrollment. However, there is still overcrowding at the elementary
school.
[Over the past 15 years, the enrollment at the Pahoa complex increased by four times than
that reported in ] 970 (384 students). The in-migration to the subdivision areas contributed to
this tremendous student population. Facilities have been expanded to accommodate present
enrollment, however, the elementary school is still overcrowded. The State Department of
Education is currently conducting a site selection study to meet the present and future elementary
student projection needs.
211
Public Facilities
The Keaau and Mt. View complexes showed slight increases in enrollment also due to
population growth in subdivision areas. The existing complexes are adequate to meet student
needs.]
The Keaau, Mt. View and Pahoa branch libraries are joint community-school facilities.
The Keaau facility has [11,587] 21,332 volumes [and is sufficient to serve the school and
community needs]. The Pahoa and Mt. View facilities house [17,225] 34,365 volumes and
[7,083] 18,345 volumes, respectively but both]. Both librarv facilities are inadequate in size
to meet the needs of the students and community. [The] Furthermore, the lack of adequate
pedestrian access and parking at these facilities is [also a] an ongoing problem.
Courses of Action
• Improve existing school complexes to meet the standards established by the State
Department of Education.
• School facilities [shall] should be made available to the community for recreation
and other compatible uses during afrer school hours.
• Encourage the Department of Education to Ulan and develop school facilities
as the need arises.
Encourage the implementation for relocation and development of a new
elementary complex in Pahoa]
• Encourage improvements to pedestrian access between the village of Pahoa and
the school and library facilities.
Encourage expansion or development ofcommunity-school library complexes at
Pahoa and Mt. View.]
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The public school complexes in the South Hilo district [comprise ofJ includes two high
schools, three intermediate and eight elementary schools. One of the intermediate schools is a
combined elementary-intermediate facility serving [from] the kindergarten through the eighth
grade level. The school [population] enrollment of South Hilo is about [9,347] 10,339 students.
The [Enrollment at] Hilo High School complex is comprised of Hilo High School,
Kalanianaole Elementarv and Intermediate School, Hilo Intermediate School, DeSilva
Elementarv School, Haaheo Elementarv School, Hilo Union Elementarv School, Oueen
Kapiolani Elementarv School, Kaumana Elementarv School, and Keaukaha Elementarv
2l2
Public Facilities
School and serves about [1,481] 5.576 students. [Students from two intermediate schools in the
district transfer to this complex. The Waiakea High complex has an enrollment of 1,700
students. The facility serves students from the Waiakea, Keaau and Mt. View intermediate
schools.]
The Waiakea Hiah School complex is comprised of Waiakea Hieh School, Waiakea
Intermediate School, Waiakeawaena Elementarv School, and Waiakea Elementarv School
and has an enrollment of 4,763 students. The facility serves students from the Waiakea.
Keaau and Mt. View intermediate schools. Anew hieh school in Keaau opened in 1999.
Upon completion of all phases, the new hieh school will serve the students from the Keaau
complex.
The Waiakea Intermediate [complex] School presently accommodates [the sixth] 6th
grade students from the Waiakea Elementarv and Waiakeawaena Elementary facilities [so as] to
relieve the overcrowded student population. Al] three [complexes] schools have an [average]
enrollment of [920] 2y83 students. [The Department of Education is tentatively planning a site
selection study for a new school in the Waiakea Uka area, provided enrollment continues to grow
and the new school will serve a minimum enrollment of 400 students.
Private school complexes in the district have a combined total of 778 student enrollment.
St. Joseph High and Elementary complex (including Hamakua Branch) accounts for 550
students, from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level.]
Traffic congestion [and hazards] occur in the area of the Waiakea High-Intermediate-
Elementary School and the Hilo High-Intermediate-Union School-Haili Christian (private)
complexes where [approximately 3,535 and 2,851 ]students respectively, enter and emerge]
commute to and from school twice daily at nearly the same time. The areas surrounding some
school complexes have practically no sidewalks or curb separations for the students' ease of
access and safety.
[Relocation of Kapiolani School has continuously been considered due to its location
within the tidal wave zone and because of commercial uses replacing the surrounding residential
areas.]
The regional library, with a collection of [151,672] 208,065 volumes, is located in [the
city ofJ Hilo and is the administrative center for all the branch libraries in Hawaii County.
Although conveniently located [and adequately maintained and equipped], it lacks a meeting
room or auditorium [in which] to conduct cultural or similar programs.
The University of Hawaii at Hilo complex has an enrollment count of [3,200] 2
students. The main or mauka campus encompasses an area of approximately [ 137] 115 acres.
[Currently, there are 51 major buildings and 29 portable structures.] Hawaii Community
College has an enrollment of 2,100 deeree students and shares the campus, as well as the
[The 23] 21-acre makai campus, [serving the Hawaii Community College (HCC) and the Center
for Continuing Education and Community Service (CCECS) is] located approximately 1/4 mile
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Public Facilities
away. The mauka campus has undergone [great] expansion over the past [10] ten years_ [to
consolidate the HCC and CCECS on the main campus. Facilities for the nursing program are
located at the Hilo Hospital complex.] The mauai campus is being renovated to
accommodate some Hawaii Community College programs until a new campus can be
constructed.
A recent addition to the mauka campus is the 163-acre University Park, located
between Komohana Street and the northern portion of the mauka campus. In addition to
University Park, an additiona1323 acres directly mauka of the Park on the mauka side of
Komohana Street is expected to be transferred to the University and will be developed to
include a new campus for Hawaii Community College. The University also owns an
additiona133 acres across Kawili Street adiacent and above Waiakea High School. These
three properties are designated for University expansion. In addition, the University also
uses 110 acres in Panaewa for its agriculture program.
The [new] Edwin H. Mookini Library, located on the main university campus, has a
collection of 180,000 bound volumes and other library materials, including periodicals,
newspapers, audio/video cassettes and microfilms. It has a capacity of 450,000 volumes and
study space for 800 students and faculty members. The library also houses a media production
center, providing graphics and duplicating facilities as well as audio and television studios.
Course of Action
Encourage site planning for a third high school and/or intermediate school to meet
regional growth needs.]
• Encourage the establishment of [an] additional [elementary school] schools [in
the Waiakea-Uka area.] as the need arises.
• [The County shall actively participate] Participate in the development of student
and faculty housing for the university and other joint-use facilities.
• Provide pedestrian walkways to and around all school complexes.
A joint community-school library shall be considered in conjunction with plans
for a third high school in Hilo.]
• [The County shall support] Support the continued expansion of the University
system and the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College
campus [master plan which encompasses a 600+ acre development] and
encourage the continuing education programs throughout the community. The
transfer of State lands to the University [of about 600 acres of State lands
adjacent to the present campus] should be actively pursued.
• Encourage continua] improvements to existing educational facilities.
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Public Facilities
Evaluate the possibility of relocating Kapiolani School.]
• [The County shall support] Suaport and encourage the strengthening of the
University of Hawaii at Hilo through the transfer of appropriate colleges and
departments from the University of Hawaii at Manoa to the University of Hawaii
at Hilo.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourase the implementation of existing State
and University of Hawaii plans for the [establishment of a] continued
develoament of the "Research and Technology Park" on the campus of the
University of Hawaii at Hilo.
NORTH HILO/HAMAKUA
Profile
The [16.88 -acre school complex located in] Laupahoehoe Hi¢h and Elementarv School
complex serves [365] 250 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th Bade level.
The existing facility is adequate, as enrollment has been relatively stable due to [plantation
employment and general] the aging of the district's population.
The physical disadvantages of the Laupahoehoe School facility include the steep grade
and narrow access from the highway, the lack of adequate pedestrian walkways leading to the
school, and the abruptness of the road junctions.
[Schools serving the Hamakua district include the Paauilo complex serving 216students
from kindergarten through ninth grade; and the Honokaa School complex serving 1,034 students]
The Honokaa High School Comulex is comarised of Honokaa Hiah School, Waimea
Elementarv and Intermediate School, Paauilo Elementarv and Intermediate School,
Honokaa Elementarv School, and Waikoloa Elementarv School and serves 3,258 students
from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. Honokaa High School accommodates
students from South Kohala as well as from the Hamakua district.
A traffic problem exists within the Honokaa School complex due to athrough-street
bisecting the campus. Vehicular and pedestrian problems also exist in Paauilo.
The Laupahoehoe library is a joint community-school facility housing [16,211] 20,277
volumes. The community facility in Honokaa has [10,571] 16,705 volumes. [Both libraries are
adequate to meet the needs of the students and community.]
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Public Facilities
Courses of Action (North Hilo)
• Improve pedestrian and vehicular access to the Laupahoehoe and Hamakua
School [complex.] complexes.
• Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Courses of Action IHamakua)
• Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
• Encourage traffic re-routing to resolve school traffic problems.
• Implement the Honokaa school campus master plan.
• Encourage expansion of the present library facility and services.
NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The Kohala High and Elementary School complex is comprised of Kohala High and
Intermediate School and Kohala Elementary School. The complex services all of North
Kohala's [752] 994 student [population.] enrollment. The existing facilities are sufficient for the
district's needs.
The South Kohala district public school is located in Waimea [on a 13.31-acre site,
accommodating] and accommodates an enrollment of [848] 1,,,195 students from kindergarten
through the [ninth] 8th grade level. High school students commute a distance of 16 miles to
Honokaa. An additional elementarv school has been constructed and is in operation at
Waikoloa.
Department of Education is developing a master plan for Waimea School that
provides for a new elementarv school, an expanded intermediate school, improved access
and parking areas.
[Private schools in the Kohala district have a combined total of 799 student enrollment.
Hawaii Preparatory Academy complex is located in Waimea and accounts for 603 students from
kindergarten through the twelfth grade level. It also has a school branch in the Kona district.
Parker School, also in Waimea, serves a 125 student enrollment from seventh through the twelfth
grade level.]
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Public Facilities
The [Kapaau] Bond Memorial Library has a collection of [7,985] 16,435 volwnes [and
adequately serves the needs of the district]. The Parker Memorial community-school library,
located adjacent to [the] Waimea school is the second largest [island] public library[.] on the
island. The facility has a collection of [25,725] 43.309 volumes [and adequately serves both
school and community needs. Bookmobile service is provided from the Waimea branch to
outlying communities and rural areas].
Courses of Action (North Kohalal
• Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs
[arises.] arise.
• Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to establish a public library
separate from the school facility.
Encourage joint use of facilities.]
• Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
Courses of Action (South Kohalal
• Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs
[arises.] arise.
Encourage joint use of facilities.]
• Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
• Encourage the installation of walkways to and around schools and street crossing
facilities for pedestrian safety.
Department of Education shall develop a master plan for Waimea School which
provides for an expanded intermediate school, improved access and parking areas.
• Department of Education shall initiate planning for a high school, including site
selection, in South Kohala to meet regional growth needs.]
• Encourage the development of State and private higher educational facilities in
West Hawaii.
• Support the development of an intermediate or middle school in Waikoloa.
• Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to establish a public library in
Waikoloa.
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Public Facilities
• Encourage the State Department of Education to explore the feasibility of
establishing a high school in the South Kohala district.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
The Kona public school system [comprises] is comprised of the Konawaena and
Kealakehe High School [complex, situated on a 50.64-acre site, serving 2,087 students from
kindergarten through the twelfth grade level and five elementary schools serving a total of 2,690
students from kindergarten through eighth grade.] complexes.
The Konawaena High School complex includes Konawaena High School,
Konawaena Middle School, Konawaena Elementarv School. Hookena Elementarv School,
and Honaunau Elementarv School and serves 2,882 students.
Ho'okena Elementary/Intermediate and Honaunau Elementarv/Intermediate [grades
seventh and eighth] kindergarten to 8th grade may be transferred to the Konawaena complex
due to extremely limited program offerings as only about [30] 364 students are presently enrolled
[in those grades]. The construction of a new Konawaena Elementarv School was recently
completed.
The Kealakehe High School complex is comprised of Kealakehe High School,
Kealakehe Intermediate School, Holualoa Elementarv Schooh Kealakehe Elementarv
School, and Kahakai Elementarv School. The Kealakehe High School complex serves 4,063
students.
Kahakai Elementarv School [complex] opened in 1982 to relieve the overcrowded
enrollment at Kealakehe Elementarv School [complex]. However, the Kealakehe High School
complex continues to experience [the] student population growth problems. It [recently] has
developed separate facilities for the kindergarten through [sixth] 6th grade level and [seventh]
7th through [eighth] 8th grades. [The Department of Education is currently conducting a site
selection study for a new elementary school.] The new Kealakehe High School will serve
grades nine through twelve.
[The private schools in this district have a total of 221 students. The International
Christian School serves 149 students from first through the twelfth grade level. Hawaii
Preparatory Academy School branch, located in Kailua, has 56 students from kindergarten
through third grade. This school is currently proposing development of a new facility in
Keauhou to serve kindergarten through the fifth grade level.]
The Holualoa Library, located near the school, has a collection of [2,464] 6~ volumes;
Kealakekua library has [7,934] 28,467 volumes[;] and the Kailua-Kona branch library has
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Public Facilities
[13,019] 47,955 volumes. The Kailua-Kona library is inadequate in size to serve the needs of the
area. [The Kona bookmobile operates from the Kealakekua library.]
The State is currently in the alannins stases for the University of Hawaii Center at
West Hawaii (UHCWH). The new University campus will initially be located on a 33-acre
portion of a larser 500-acre site on the mauka side of the Oueen Kaahumanu Hishwav,
directly mauka of the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Uaon comuletion, the new
campus is anticiaated to accommodate 1,500 students. For administrative ouraoses, the
UHCWH will be assisned to the Hawaii Community Collese at Hilo.
Courses of Action (North Konal
Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central
Kona.(under construction)]
• Encourage expansion of the Holualoa school complex to meet school district
needs.
• Encourase the State Deaartment of Education to add facilities as the need
arises.
• Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards.
Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.]
• Encourage construction of a new librazy facility to serve the Kailua-Keauhou
area.
[Courses] Course of Action (South Konal
Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central
Kona.(under construction)]
• Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards.
Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.]
KA'U
Profile
The Ka'u Hi h School complex located in Pahala,] is comprised of Ka'u Hish
School, Pahala Elementary Schooh and Naalehu Elementary and Intermediate School, and
serves a total [an] enrollment of [530] 810 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th
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Public Facilities
grade level [Naalehu complex serves an enrollment of 355 students from kindergarten through
the eighth grade level.] The overall physical facilities at Naalehu and Pahala are adequate to
serve the district needs.
Pahala and Naalehu both have adequate library facilities. Pahala is a joint community-
schoo] library facility located within the school complex and [has] houses a collection of [8,836]
19,564 volumes. [Naalehu's facility is a substation of the Pahala Library. Both staffing and
books are supplied from Pahala.] Naalehu's facility is located behind the local cost office and
houses a collection of 7,631 volumes.
[Course] Courses of Action
Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities.
• Encourage the State Department of Education to plan a K-8 School at Ocean
View.
PUBLIC FACILITIES: PROTECTIVE SERVICES
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Protective services consist of fire, police, detention and correctional facilities, civil
defense, the Coast Guard, and National Guard armories.
Fire and Emergency Medical Services
There are presently 14 regular fire stations, 18 volunteer fire stations and 2 federal
fire stations located throughout the island. The Kilauea Military Camp (KMCI and
Pohakuloa Tire stations are federally operated facilities. KMC provides emergency medical
services under an agreement with the County. The regular fire stations and three of the
volunteer stations (Laupahoehoe, Pahala, Naalehul provide 24-hour fire fighting and
emergency medical services. The Waiakea and Kailua-Kona stations provide rescue
services, the Kaumana and South Kohala stations provide hazardous waste response and
the South Kohala station provides air medical services.
The County has contracted with the State Department of Health for emergency
medical ambulance services. All fire department personnel who provide basic and
advanced life support are licensed or certified as required by State law. In general,
emergency medical services account for 75 per cent of all incidences. Fire fighting
comprises another 5 per cent, and the balance is divided between rescue, hazardous
substances, special services, and natural disasters.
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Public Facilities
Police
[Each district, with the exception of North and South Kona, is served by a single police
facility. A single facility serves both the North and South Kona districts.] Each of the eight
districts is served by a main aolice station. There are four substations (Pahoa, Mauna Lani
Fire Station, Captain Cook and Pahalal.
Based on aoaulation, the islandwide average is about 2.5 officers aer 1,000
residents. By district, Puna is significantly below this average (1.56 aer 1,0001. while North
Hilo has a significantly higher ratio of 7.05 per 1,000. The other seven districts are close to
the island average.
[Training, counseling, and corrective facilities basically combine detention and
rehabilitation functions. There are two such facilities on the island: a Community Correctional
Center in Hilo and a minimum security facility, the Kulani Correctional Facility, located 18
miles from Hilo at the end of the Stainback Highway on the lower slopes of Mauna Loa. The
police facilities in Hilo and Captain Cook also have holding cells for overnight detention.]
Detention and Corrections
The State Department of Public Safety operates correctional facilities for the confinement
of pretrial inmates and convicted offenders, and intake service centers for the supervision of
offenders. An array of rehabilitative programs is available through the correctional facilities and
intake service centers. The Hawaii Intake Service Center and the Hawaii Community
Correctional Center) and its annex are located in Hilo. Aminimum-security facility (Kulani
Correctional Facility) is located at the end of Kulani Stainback Highway on the lower slopes of
Mauna Loa. Police facilities in Hilo and Kealakehe also have holding cells for overnight
detention. The construction of a new 18-cell detention center at the Hilo Police Station is
expected to be completed in 2002.
Civil Defense
The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency directs and coordinates the development and
administration of the County's total disaster preparedness and response program to ensure
prompt and effective action when natural orman-caused disaster threatens or occurs anywhere in
the County [of Hawaii].
Currently, the County does not have a database of natural disasters or events and
cannot determine the time and date of an event, the extent of the damage, or recommend
mitigation measures. A database could assist the State and County in identifying where
funding for improvements should be directed.
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Public Facilities
Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard provides ocean rescue and navigation services. The Coast
Guard Patrol cutter Cape Small,] Kiska is stationed at Hilo Harbor, and a Loran navigational
transmitting station is located at Upolu Point.
National Guard Armories
National Guard armories are State and Federally funded facilities housing the State
militia. There are four [modern well-equipped] armories in Hilo (Headquarters), Honokaa,
Kealakekua, and Keaau. [Other facilities are located in Kapaau and Pahala. They] The Pahala
armory is under the iurisdiction of the State. In addition to housine the militia, the
facilities are also used by the community for public service functions. In time of emergency, the
National Guard, at the call of the Governor, can assist with transportation, evacuation,
communication, crowd control, security, and emergency electrical power.
The scattered and small population centers on the island generally make protective
services difficult in terms of effectively providing fire and police coverage. Some of the small
centers are growing in population and some are already stabilized or decreasing, but both
categories need strengthening to better serve the public [in view of increasing crime rates and
trends]. Rural areas are handicapped by the lack of an adequate hydrant system [which] that
lessens the effectiveness of fire protection service. Furthermore, some facilities aze in sub-
standard physical condition. Expenditures for these services will increase as the population
grows and the population becomes increasingly dispersed.
Enhanced 9L7 is a three-digit telephone number that provides residents with direct
access to an emereencv answering center located at the Hawaii County Police Department
Dispatch Center. Every resident or visitor to the island with access to a telephone could
request assistance by dialing 911, regardless of location, time of day. or emereencv type.
Computer-aided Dispatch (CAD) is the svstem being utilized by both the fire and
police departments in its guest to better serve the Bie Island. This CAD technoloev will
greatly enhance the abilities of both departments in obtainine the goal of fully automatine
the process of call taking, dispatchine, and records management in providing a hiehly
efficient svstem for response to emereencv incidents.
[STANDARDS] POLICIES
• Development of police and fire facilities should entail joint use structures
whenever feasible.
• The establishment of a fire/police facility shall consider site size and locations
[which] that permit quick and efficient vehicular access.
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Public Facilities
• Development of volunteer fire facilities with proper planning to be replaced
or to co-exist with full time Fire/EMS personnel.
• Police headquarters shall be near the geographic center of the service area and
near concentrations of commercial and industrial use.
• Stations in outlying districts shall be based on the population to be served and
response time rather than on geographic district.
• [Additional rehabilitation and counseling centers shall be established as needed.]
Correctional facilities should emphasize rehabilitation. Establish additional
rehabilitation and counseling centers, including drug and behavioral
treatment facilities in secure settings, when necessary.
• Encourage the further development and expansion of community policing
programs and neighborhood and farm watch programs in urban, rural and
agricultural communities.
• The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center shall be improved to meet
the requirements set forth by federal and State regulations.
• Maintain funding of two emergency medical helicopters.
• Mitigate hazards through the areparation of disaster assessment reports and
appropriate follow-up on the assessment recommendations.
• Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response, especially
proper responses for sudden impact hazards.
• Encourage the State to evaluate the disaster shelters' ability to withstand
various natural disasters.
• Consider the proximity to fire stations in approving any rezoning to permit
urban development.
• The Fire Department, in cooperation with other related governmental agencies
and the involved land owners, shall prepare a fire protection and prevention plan
for forest reserves and other natural areas and such plan shall be approved by
the County Council].
STANDARDS
• 2.5 police officers per ],000 resident copulation.
• Fire stations within five miles of concentrated settlement areas.
223
Public Facilities
• First response emergency medical service within eight minutes of concentrated
settlement areas (alternative means, such as training police officers or volunteer fire
personnel, could be available to provide first response).
PUNA
Profile
Pahoa has a [twelve-man full time,] fire/EMS operation This operation] that serves
the Pahoa-Paradise Park and Kalapana-Kapoho areas. Thirteen miles away in Keaau is a 24-
hour 18-man] fire/EMS facility. Hawaiian Beaches, [Leilani Estates, and] Hawaiian Paradise
Parks, Hawaiian Acres, Fern Acres, Fern Forest and Waa Waa subdivisions and Volcano
Villaee have [eight] 24-hour volunteer facilities [with 10, 5, and 18 men respectively].
The police station headquarters for Puna is housed in the Keaau public office complex
[with a 24-man force] covering the entire district. A district substation is located in Pahoa.
Courses of Action
• A review of the possibility of 24-hour fire and emergency medical service for
the entire district should be conducted and expansion of the public office facilities
should be considered in accord with district needs.
• Police services and facilities should be expanded to adequately meet the needs of
the district.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[The County's fire station headquarters is located on Kinoole Street in Hilo.] The
County's Fire Administration is located in the County Building. There are [also three] four
24-hour full time substations within the city at Central, Waiakea, Kaumana, and Kawailani.
Central Fire Station is a full-time fire/EMS operation; Waiakea Fire Station is a
fire/EMS/Rescue operation; Kawailani Fire Station is a fire/EMS operation; and Kaumana
Fire Station is a fire/EMS/Hazardous Materials operation. [An eight-hour, 11-man volunteer
station exists] A 24-hour, on-call volunteer facility is located in Pepeekeo. Communities
outside Hilo are about two minutes per mile away from service. Parking is inadequate at the
Waiakea and Kawailani fire stations and access problems exist at the [Kinoole,] Central,
Kaumana and Kawailani stations. Plans are being formulated for a centralized
Tire/rescue/hazardous materials training facility.
224
Public Facilities
The combined police headquarters for Hilo and the County is located in the Hilo Public
Safety Building on Kapiolani Street. The Hawaii Community Correctional Center[,] is operated
by the State Department of Social Services and Housing, has a capacity of 24 [and has a total
staff of 33]. The State's Kulani Correctional Facility has a capacity of 90 and is served by a
staff of 54]. As aminimum-security facility, it has no perimeter walls or fences and is primarily
a rehabilitation center.
The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center, the Civil Defense office, is located
in the [old hospital building on Rainbow Drive] Hawaii Public Safety Complex on Kauiolani
Street in Hilo. [This center has been classified as not meeting the minimum requirements as set
forth by federal and state regulations. There are plans to move the center to the Public Safety
Building on Kapiolani Street.]
[Courses] Course of Action
• Expansion of Police, [and] Fire, and emeraencv medical facilities should be
considered in [accord] accordance with district needs.
Relocate and upgrade the Emergency Operations Center to meet federal and state
requirements.]
NORTH HILO
Profile
Protective service facilities are located at Laupahoehoe. Fire protection consists of a
[three-man, 8] 24-hour fire/EMS service supplemented by [three] on-call volunteers. Police
services are [provided by a 12-man force.] also available.
Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.
HAMAKUA
Profile
The district's fire facility is located in Honokaa and provides 24-hour [,20-man]
fire/EMS service. A volunteer station is located in Paauilo.
The district police headquarters is also located in Honokaa within the government office
center. [It adequately services the district with a 17-man force.]
225
Public Facilities
Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Kapaau is the site of [an 8-hour, one-man fire facility] afull-time fire/EMS operation
supplemented by 15 volunteers.
The police station adjoins the court building at Kapaau [where a ]0-man force serves the
district].
Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
A 24-hour 15-man] fire/EMS facility is located in Waimea, with an eight hour one-man
facility located at Kawaihae. [There are also eight-hour volunteer facilities located at Waikoloa
and Puako. Another 24-hour fire facility with a police substation is planned for construction at
the Mauna Lani Resort entry road off the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.] South Kohala is a full-
time fire/EMS/Hazardous Materials and Aero Medical operation. Waikoloa is a full-time
fire/EMS operation. 24-hour, on-call volunteer facilities are located in Waikoloa Village,
Kona Villaee Resort and Kohala Ranch Subdivision.
[Police service emanates from Waimea with a 17-man force housed in the public office
complex shared with the Court and State government agencies.] The South Kohala District
Substation is located in Kalahuipuaa off the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav. Police service is
available from a public office complex shared with the Court and State eovernment
agencies located in Waimea.
Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
226
Public Facilities
Profile
A [33-man,] 24-hour fire facility is located in Kailua-Kona with [air, ]and, and sea
rescue] fire/EMS/Rescue capabilities. A full-time fire/EMS operation is located at Keauhou
and a full-time [An 18-man, 24-hour fire fighting facility] fire/EMS operation is located in the
[Capt.] Captain Cook public office center. Twenty four-hour, on-call volunteer services are
located in Kalaoa Mauka, Milolii Village and Kona Paradise Subdivision. There is also a
proposed fire station in a subdivision at Kaupulehu. [There is also asix-man volunteer
station in Hualalai Ranch, and a 15-man volunteer station at Kona Village Resort. A police
facility, serving all of Kona, is also housed in the Capt. Cook public office complex and consists
of a 60-man force. This facility is overcrowded and will be relocated at the new public safety
building planned for Kailua.] The main police facility is located in Kealakehe, and
substations are located in Captain Cook, Kailua-Kona and Keauhou.
[Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.]
Course of Action
• Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.
KA'U
Profile
There is a [six-man eight] 24-hour [volunteer] fire/EMS operation in Naalehu and a [six-
man] 24-hour facility located in Pahala. [The military camp in the Volcano area has its own
crew and fire apparatus.] Twenty-four hour, on-call volunteer services are provided within
[Hawaiian] Ocean View [Estates has an 11-man volunteer facility.], Discovery Harbour,
Naalehu and Pahala.
A [police force of 14 men, stationed in an old plantation dispensary] newly built police
station in Naalehu[,] serves the entire Ka'u district. [The building is inadequate however, and
should be replaced.] The Ka'u District substation is located in Ocean View.
Courses of Action
• Fire protection [service] and emeraencv medical services for [more adequate
coverage ofJ Ocean View, Naalehu and Pahala shall be encouraged.
The replacement of police facilities shall be encouraged.]
• Consideration shall be given to a joint police-fire facility.
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Public Facilities
PUBLIC FACILITIES: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
This section discusses facilities housing various governmental agencies and baseyard
operations. However, many public facilities are either covered or referred to in other
elements of the General Plan.
Public office centers consist of a building or complex of buildings [which] that house
governmental agencies. Such centers exist in Hilo, Honokaa, [Capt.] Caatain Cook, Kailua,
Naalehu, Keaau, Waimea and Kapaau.
Baseyards are the operational, storage and maintenance centers for public works
services such as those provided by the road and water departments. These baseyards
also serve as agency field offzces.
The "one roof' or "one stop" concept of housing governmental agencies centralizes
services and maximizes the utilization of land and capital expenditures.
STANDARDS
• Public office center sites shall satisfy modem and reasonable requirements of
accessibility and compatibility with the surrounding neighborhood.
• The multipurpose concept of flexibility to satisfy changing requirements should
be part of the design for [these] public buildings.
• Architectural and landscaping shall reflect as much as possible the community's
attributes.
PUNA
Profile
The Keaau public office complex serves the entire district and houses police, fire and
courtroom services. No other State agencies are located here due to the district's relatively close
proximity to the Hilo complex. Post office facilities are located at Keaau, Kurtistown, Mt. View,
Pahoa and [in] the Volcano area.
The County maintains a public works baseyard in Kurtistown and a State Highways
baseyard is located in Mt. View. The State facilities appear adequate the county].The County
baseyard maybe relocated if land becomes available.
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Public Facilities
Course of Action
• Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The center of Federal, State and County government operations [on the island] is located
in [the city ofJ Hilo. [New] State and County buildings are situated on part of a 40-acre
commercial [re-use pazcel] area called Project Kaiko'o.
The [Hilo] Hawaii County building in Hilo houses [all local government agencies except
the fire, police, civil defense, research and development, housing, and Hawaii Redevelopment
Agency departments. Inadequate parking facilities and the need for additional operational space
is already evident] manv Counties agencies including the Department of Public Works,
Finance Department, Planning Department, Fire Administration, Elections, Parks and
Recreation, Research and Development, County Clerks, Legislative Auditor, Data Systems,
and other departments and divisions. However, the County is currently in the process of
developing plans to move several departments currently located in the Hawaii County
building to a large commercial area in the old Kaiko'o Shopping Center. The State building
headquarters [all] State agencies with the exception of the Department of Transportation,
although some of the State agencies, such as the Health Department, Department of Social
Services and Housing, and the Department of Education, have other bases of operation.
The State Highways Division office and baseyard are located in the Kanoelehua
industrial area and the Airports and Harbors Divisions are located at their respective terminals.
The County Department of Public Works baseyard is located in the Schultz Siding area and
requires area improvements.
Postal facilities are located in Hilo, both downtown and at the airport, Honomu,
Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Hakalau.
Courses of Action
Expansion plans for the Hilo public office center shall be evaluated and
implemented if feasible.]
• Consolidate government offices in a public office center.
• Improvements to County baseyard facilities shall be undertaken.
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Public Facilities
NORTH HILO
Profile
Police and fire facilities are located in Laupahoehoe.
[A County Public Works baseyard is located in Laupahoehoe. No improvements are
contemplated for the future.]
Postal facilities are located in Laupahoehoe, Ninole, Ookala, and Papaaloa.
Course of Action
• Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
HAMAKUA
Prole
The State Highways Division and County Department of Public Works both have
baseyards in Honokaa. The County facility is of sufficient size to accommodate present and
future needs while the State baseyard is inadequate.
The public office complex houses the fire station, police station, court building, library,
and State agencies. The various agencies within the complex are each housed in separate
buildings [which] that result in an uneconomical use of the site.
Postal facilities are located in [Haina,] Honokaa, Kukuihaele, Paauhau, Pohakuloa, and
Paauilo.
Course of Action
• Multi-use buildings housing public office center facilities shall be encouraged in
overall improvements and expansion plans.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The courthouse, police, and fire stations, library and hospital are located in Kapaau. A
State Highway baseyard site is located in the Puuepa-Kokoiki Homestead area and the County
Public Works baseyard is located in Kapaau. Postal facilities are located in [Halaula,] Hawi[,]
and Kapaau.
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Public Facilities
Course of Action
• Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
Governmental operations, including the district court, are conducted in the [new] public
office center in Waimea Village. [A postal facility is also] Postal facilities are located in
[Waimea.] Kamuela, Waikoloa, and Kawaihae.
Storage and maintenance functions are situated at the 2.4-acre State Highway baseyard in
Waimea Homesteads. A [3] three-acre County baseyard is also located in Lalamilo.
Courses of Action
• Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
• A civic center site shall be reserved at Waikoloa.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
Kona's public office centers are located in the [Capt.] Cautain Cook village area, and
Kailua. [Police, fire,] Fire and State agencies are individually housed on the [4] four-acre
[Capt.] Captain Cook site. The Court is [now] housed in the old Kona Hospital. [Public Works,
the Deputy Managing Director, Licensing, and Liquor Control have offices in the First Federal
Savings Building in Kailua Village.] The nearest police station is situated in Kealakehe.
One State baseyard is located in Kaloko, with another at Honaunau. The County
baseyard in [Capt.] Cautain Cook adequately serves the needs of the district.
Post offices are at [Capt.] Cautain Cook, Holualoa, Honaunau, Kailua, Keauhou, and
Kealakekua.
Courses of Action (North Konal
• Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken.
• Consolidate [county] Coun offices in one public office center.
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Public Facilities
• [The County shall designate] Desienate a second urban center in West Hawaii to
facilitate government services and centralize facilities.
• Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible.
Courses of
Action (South Kona)
• Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken.
• Consolidate county offices in one public office center.
• Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible.
KA'U
Profile
The courthouse police station,] and State agencies are located in Naalehu and
adequately serve the needs of the district. The new police station in Kaunamano Homesteads
adequately serves the needs of the district.
The State baseyards in the Kaunamano Homesteads area and Manuka adequately serve
the needs of the district. The County Public Works baseyard in Waiohinu is adequate.
Postal facilities are located in Naalehu, Pahala, Ocean View, and the Hawaii Volcanoes
National Park area.
Course of Action
• Expand/improve facilities as necessary.
232
Public Facilities
PUBLIC FACILITIES: HEALTH AND SANITATION
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The County is responsible for the general welfare of its residents and must continue to
make every effort to ensure that adequate health services are provided. Actual planning of health
programs and facilities is the direct administrative responsibility of the State. Under this section,
hospitals and related facilities, solid waste disposal facilities, and cemeteries will be discussed.
The latter two are County administered.
Hospitals and Related Facilities
Currently there are [five] six licensed hospitals operating on the Big Island: Hilo, Kona,
Honokaa, North and South Kohala, and Ka'u. Together these [five] six hospitals make up the
Hawaii County Network. The island's geography and population distribution determine the roles
played by each community hospital. The current roles are:
[Hilo - Major referral center and key support for shared services; specialty
care and long-term care.
Kona - Medical and surgical care; some specialty care and long-term care.
Honokaa - Emergency services; uncomplicated medical and surgical care;
long-term care.
Kohala and Ka'u - Emergency services; uncomplicated deliveries and short medical
stays; primarily long-term care.]
Hilo Maior referral center and kev support for shared services, emereencv
services, specialty care, and lone-term care
Kona Medical and surgical care, some specialty care, emereencv care, out
patient, and lone-term care
Honokaa Lone-term care
North and South Emereency services, uncomplicated deliveries, short medical stavs, and
Kohala and Ka'u primarily long-term care
State Department of Health
North Hawaii Community Hospital
[The "Hawaii County Hospital Network Comprehensive Implementation Plan" of
January 1985 recommends three secondary care sites linked with two enhanced community
medical centers as the Hawaii County Hospital Network. The recommendation includes:
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Public Facilities
Two enhanced community medical centers, Kohala and Ka'u, will improve the quality of
primazy care in rural areas.
Consolidating administration and operations of Kohala and Ka'u facilities with that of
Kona will result in administrative cost savings as well as more coordinated sharing of
medical staff and equipment.
Building a new secondary care facility in the Honokaa service area and upgrading
secondary facilities in Hilo and Kona will result in improved quality and availability of
secondary care throughout the County.]
Primary healthcare is defined as "non-bed related diagnosis, treatment and prevention
services; includes general medical caze in a doctor's office or outpatient clinic, emergency
medical care, diagnostic radiology and clinical laboratory services, and continuing care of the
chronically ill and those requiring rehabilitation." Secondary healthcare is defined as "inpatient
diagnostic and therapeutic services provided in an acute care hospital to patients who stay
overnight and at least 50[%] ea r cent of whom leave less than 30 days following admission."
In addition, [one] two private intermediate care [facility,] facilities, Life Care Center[,]
and Hale Anuenue Restorative Care Center, [is] are located in Hilo. [There are also medical
group practices in Hilo and Kona.] Private practitioners are located throughout the island. [The
Lucy Henriques Medical Center operates in Waimea. Plantation clinics are located in Honokaa
and Ka'u.] As the number of elderly increases, there will be a greater need for assisted
IlVing, skilled nursing, and intermediate care facilities in the various districts.
The County's Fire Department provides emergency medical services. [Each of the five]
Five of the six hospitals provide emergency room services. [Lucy Henriques Medical Center in
Waimea also provides emergency room services.]
The County's Fire Department also provides ambulance service from the Captain Cook,
Central, Honokaa, Kailua-Kona, Keaau, and Waimea Fire Stations. The County's ambulances
are first response units for these service areas while the ambulances at the Kohala and Ka'u
hospitals are the first response units for their respective azea.
The majority ofnon-institutional health services are located in Hilo. [There are 24 care
homes on the Island: 13 in Hilo, 4 in Papaikou, 3 in Honokaa, 2 in Keaau, and 1 each in Pahala
and Kailua-Kona. Adult] However, adult boarding homes are also located in Hilo, Hamakua,
Waimea, and Puna. Honolulu's St. Francis Hospital operates a renal dialysis facility at Hilo
Hospital and plans another for Kona.
Solid Waste [Disposal] Management Facilities
Solid waste [disposal] management has significant effects on the health, aesthetic, and
land use characteristics of a community. The County maintains two landfill sites, one active
landfill in east Hawaii in Hilo, and another active landfill in West Hawaii [and one in Kona]
234
Public Facilities
at Puuanahulu. In addition, there are [and] twenty_one solid waste transfer sites throughout
the island. [Another six new transfer stations as well as improvements to existing stations are
planned. The "Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Transportation Cost Study for the County
of Hawaii," May 1984, suggests the recycling of solid waste as a cost effective alternative to the
existing landfill and transfer station operation.]
The manatiement of solid waste on the island has undertione significant chanties in
the past few decades. Prior to the early 1970's, solid waste disposal was handled throutih
an informal network of open dumpsites near maior residential towns around the island.
From the mid-1970's, a svstem of residential transfer stations was developed and updated
landfill operations were implemented at the Hilo and Kailua landfill. In 1994, a new
landfill was constructed at Puuanahulu in compliance with Federal environmental and
health standards. That same vear, the landfill in Kailua was closed and continues to be
monitored.
Currently, residents take their solid waste to anv one of 2l transfer stations around
the island. The solid waste is then hauled to either the Hilo or Puuanahulu landfills. In
some areas, residents pay private haulers to pick-up their refuse from their residences for
disposal at a landfill.
The County's solid waste svstem continues to evolve to meet the requirements of
State and Federal regulations and the public. For example, the State of Hawaii's
Intetirated Solid Waste Management Act includes waste reduction goals of 25 per cent by
1995 and 50 per cent by 2000. Both the County and the State as a whole has failed to meet
the desired coal of 50 per cent by 2000. To reach this tioal of 50 per cent, the County needs
to implement an Intetirated solid waste manatiement svstem. However, there are barriers
to implementing this solid waste management svstem.
• A recvcling ethic is not vet firmly rooted among Hawaii's people and businesses.
• Waste disposal appears to be cheap and easy. The actual cost of dumping is not
readily evident to people.
• The high cost of operating a recvcling business in Hawaii.
• Local recycled materials markets are underdeveloped, and access to out of state
markets are expensive due to Hawaii's isolated geography.
Overcoming these barriers is possible but it will require a commitment of enertiv
and resources from the public and private sectors. In Autiust of 1993, the Department of
Public Works published an Intetirated Solid Waste Management Plan for the County of
Hawaii. The maior objective of the plan was to "...provide a foundation for decision
making that would guide solid waste management on the island." It was not intended to
provide specific details on the day to day operation of solid waste manatiement protirams,
but rather to provide assistance to the County administration and Council as to the type of
protirams to fund, implement ,and administer.
235
Public Facilities
Each County must update its Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan in the near
future. Hawaii County's update is still under review. This update will address several
maior issues facing the County at this time.
Some issues examined by this plan are the closure of the South Hilo Landfill, user
fee approach, and siting of rural transfer stations. The Hilo landfill is an unlined landfill
that was permitted to continue operations until October, 1998. The State Department of
Health is reviewing the application for afive-year extension of the Hilo landfill for
additional time to develop an alternative means of handling the solid waste from East
Hawaii. Options such as a material recovery facility/long haul transfer station that would
minimize solid waste to be hauled and disposed of at the Puuanahulu landfill; or the
development of new technologies to manage east Hawaii refuse would be considered.
Tipping fees account for 35 per cent of revenue to operate the Solid Waste Division.
The remainder of the funds needed to operate the division comes from the general fund.
Various options have been studied. The most recent is aPav-As-You-Throw concept where
each resident and business is assessed a fee based on the amount of solid waste disposed.
This program would help to promote greater recycling and diversion to minimize the
amount of refuse being disposed of at landfills. However, the most effective means of
making aPav-As-You-Throw program work is to implement curb-side pickup. The
question becomes how best to transition from a public accustomed to self-hauling to a
transfer station, to paving a private hauler or increase taxes for the County to commence
this service.
Solid waste transfer stations normally were sited at apre-existing old community
oxen dump These sites were located based on copulation centers 30-40 years ago.
However, with the development of new subdivisions and the expansion of existing
communities, some of the existing transfer stations may no longer be located at the most
convenient site to serve the majority of residents.
The illegal disposal of solid waste continues to be a problem throughout the County.
Illegal dumping is a visual nuisance to residents adjacent to these dumps as well as a health
hazard to the rest of the community. Illegal dumping lacks the necessary safety
precautions that prevent hazardous materials and pollutants from contaminating soil and
Around water sources.
Cemeteries
As of Julv 1, 2000, management of County cemeteries was transferred from the
County's Department of Public Works to the Department of Parks and Recreation. The
County has [nineteen] 21 public cemeteries. The size of cemeteries ranges from one-half acre to
[fourteen] 14 acres with the average size in rural areas being two acres. There are several private
cemeteries, notably the Homelani and the Chinese cemetery in Hilo, and the Mauna Kea
Memorial Park in Kaieie, Papaikou.
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Public Facilities
POLICIES
• [The County should encourage] Encourase the development of new health care
facilities or the improvement of existing health care facilities to serve the needs
of Hamakua, North and South Kohala, and North and South Kona.
• Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the shins of future
cemeteries.
• Appropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites
shall be located in areas of convenience and easy access to the public.
Encourase the State to continue operation of the rural hospitals.
• Encourase the establishment or expansion of community health centers and
rural health clinics.
• Continue to encourase prosrams such as recvclins to reduce the flow of
refuse deposited in landfiills.
• Investisate the possibility of developins new landfill sites on the island.
• Encourase the full development and implementation of a Breen waste
recvclins prosram.
STANDARDS
• Sanitary landfill sites for refuse disposal shall be established in accordance with
the needs of communities and [shall be landscaped. Appropriately designed and
cost effective transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and
easy access to the public.] the State Department of Health and U.S.
Environmental Protection Asencv's rules and resulations.
• Hospitals should be on sites capable of handling moderate expansion of facilities.
Quiet surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatibility with
adjoining uses shall be required.
• Hospitals shall be served by a public sewerage system or have self-contained
sewerage systems. [Hospital solid waste disposal methods shall be by
incineration.]
• Hospital solid waste shall be disposed of in accordance with all Federal,
State, and County laws and resulations.
237
P~b1ic Facilities
• Private and public cemeteries shall be compatible with surrounding land uses and
[shall be] provided with adequate access and drainage systems.
PUNA
Profile
Health
Health [service] services in the district of Puna [is] are provided by [a] privately operated
[clinic in] clinics in Pahoa and Keaau.
Solid Waste
Solid waste transfer stations are located in Pahoa, Kalapana, Volcano, Glenwood and
Keaau.
Cemeteries
There are three public cemeteries serving the district at Kaimu, Malama-Ki and Kehena.
The latter has been covered by a lava flow. Use and maintenance of these sites is on a limited
basis.
[Course] Courses of Action
• Maintenance of cemetery sites shall be improved.
• Provide additional solid waste transfer stations as the need arises.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
Health
Hilo [Hospital] Medical Center (HMCI is a [new] secondary healthcare facility [which]
that was completed in 1985. [Hilo Hospital] HMC is intended to provide major secondary care
for the Puna, South Hilo, and North Hilo Districts. Also located within the Hilo District is the
Department of Health's and Department of Social Services and Housing district offices [which]
that provide public health and health care services. A variety of voluntary agencies and
organizations providing health education, healthcare support, nutrition, and other specialized
services are located in Hilo.
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Public Facilities
Solid Waste
The County has its [first] East Hawaii landfill waste disposal system in operation at the
former [dumpsite] dump site in Hilo. Unfortunately, the impending closure of the Hilo
landfill site will cause substantial aroblems unless an alternative East Hawaii site is found.
The impending closure of the landfill site is due to the high costs necessary to retrofit the
existing Landfill to conform to current EPA and State uollution regulations. If an East
Hawaii alternative cannot be found, the island's only landfill will be at Puuanahulu.
Transfer station sites supplementing the landfill system have been built in Hilo, Papaikou and
Honomu. [Transfer stations are planned for Kaumana and Pepeekeo.]
Cemeteries
There are three public cemeteries in South Hilo: [the two Veterans' Cemetery sites
located in Hilo and the Alae cemetery located between Wainaku and Paukaa.] a Veteran's
Cemeterv (two sites consolidated into a single location at Ponahawai), a cemetery in
Waiakea-Uka and Alae Cemeterv, located between Wainaku and Paukaa.
Courses of Action
Expansion of parking facilities at Hilo Hospital shall be undertaken.]
• Improvement and expansion of hospital facilities shall be undertaken as the need
arises.
• Expansion of existing cemeteries or creation of new sites shall be undertaken.
NORTH HILO
Profile
Health
Healthcare services in the North Hilo district [is] are extended through services located
in South Hilo and [Hamakua.] South Kohala.
Solid Waste
The solid waste disposal [via an open dump which emptied into the ocean at] in
Laupahoehoe [has been replaced] is handled by a solid waste transfer station.
239
Public Facilities
Cemeteries
There are two public cemeteries at Piha and Kihalani, both of which are not adequately
maintained.
Course of Action
• Maintenance of cemeteries shall be improved.
HAMAKUA
ProTile
Health
[The Honokaa Hospital was established in 1951 and a public health center presently serve
the districts of Hamakua, South Kohala and North Hilo. The hospital still retains its original
all-wood structure. Honokaa Hospital maintains acute care and skilled nursing facilities. The
Hamakua Sugar Company also operates a dispensary located in Honokaa]
The old Honokaa Hospital built in 1951 was replaced in 1995 with a long term care
facility, renamed Hale Ho~ola Hamakua and administered by the Hawaii Health Systems
Corporation. Hamakua Health Center, a non profit community health center, provides outpatient
medical care services and North Hawaii Community Hospital located in Waimea provides acute
and emergency care services. A State public health center also serves the area.
Solid Waste
[The solid waste disposal site located at Haina where waste was dumped into the river
mouth has been replaced with solid] Solid waste transfer stations are located at Honokaa and
Paauilo. [Another transfer station has been planned for Kukuihaele.]
Cemeteries
There are four cemeteries at Kaapahu, Kainehe, Kukuihaele and Paalaea. Limited use
and maintenance of the cemeteries are evident.
[Courses] Course of Action
• Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved.
Renovation and modernization of the Honokaa hospital building.]
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Public Facilities
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Health
Kohala Hospital in Kapaau was completed in 1963. This facility provides acute, skilled
nursing and intermediate care, as well as emergency room, laboratory, and x-ray and 24-hour
ambulance service.] services.
Solid Waste
[An old quarry in Kaauhuhu which served a. a refuse disposal site has been replaced by a
solid waste transfer station. A second transfer station is planned for Halaula.] A solid waste
transfer station has replaced the refuse disposal site at the old quarry in Kaauhuhu.
Cemeteries
There are two public cemeteries, at Kahei and Aamakao. [Both require proper
maintenance.]
Course of Action
• Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
Health
[Health services for the district of South Kohala are provided by the Waimea dispensary
and the hospital in Honokaa. The Lucy Henriques Medical Center provides emergency room
services.] The North Hawaii Community Hospital, which includes the Lucv Henriques
Medical Center, provides health services for the districts of South Kohala and Hamakua.
This hospital is a private, full service, acute care facility.
Solid Waste
The open dump sites in Waimea and in Puako have been replaced by solid waste transfer
stations. Furthermore the West Hawaii landfill is located in and oaeratina in Puuanahulu.
Cemeteries
Public cemeteries [for the district] are located in Paulama and Waimea.
24]
Public Facilities
Course of Action
• [Solid waste transfer site(s) shall be reserved at Waikoloa.] A solid waste
transfer site or alternative means of refuse collection should be established
for Waikoloa.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
Health
[The present Kona Hospital was established in 1975 with medical/surgical, obstetrical,
and skilled nursing facilities. Its intensive and critical care units opened in 1977. In 1979 and
1980 additions to the skilled nursing and intermediate care facilities were made. In ]981 an
expanded emergency room which included critical care rooms, an orthopedic room, and
ambulance parking was completed.]
Kona Community Hospital is a full service hospital located in Kealakekua. Hospital
services include acute inpatient medicaUsurgical, obstetrics, skilled nursing, intensive care,
and outpatient surgery. Outpatient and ancillary services include a 24-hour emergency
room laboratory. radiology, pharmacy, occupational, physical, respiratory and speech
therapy, and dietary services.
The hospital was constructed in 1975, and has undergone numerous renovations. A
new ICU and expanded operating room area was added in 1990. In 1998-99, the obstetric
unit was remodeled, emergency department renovated, and supply and admissions areas
expanded. A special service building with conferencing and administrative departments
was also constructed. The hospital has completed a building with a 12-bed mental health
unit and expanded outpatient services.
Solid Waste
Solid waste disposal sites, all of which utilized open pit dumping, were located in
Keauhou, Kailua, Waiea and Keei. Transfer stations have replaced the dumps at Kailua,
Keauhou, Napoopoo, Waiea and Milolii. The landt311 [site] at Kealakehe [serves both Kohala
and Kona.] has been closed. Anew landfill [is needed and the site selection process is being
conducted, with the possibility of the landfill being located] is now in operation at Puuanahulu .
In accordance with State Department of Health and Environmental Protection Agency
Regulations, [The] the Kailua Landfill [site will soon be moved to Puuanahulu.] continues to
be monitored.
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Public Facilities
Cemeteries
[One] Two public [cemetery is] cemeteries are located in [Hienaloli] Kona, the West
Hawaii Veterans Cemetery and the Cemetery at Hienaloli.
[Courses of Action
• New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought.
• A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii
area shall be implemented.]
[Courses] Course of Action
• New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought.
A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii
area shall be implemented.]
KA'U
Profile
Health
Ka'u Hospital, located in Pahala, was completed in 1979. Ka'u Hospital provides IonE_
term care and minor acute care, obstetrics, emergency room, ambulance, and outpatient
services. A public health center is also located in Naalehu.
Solid Waste
[The refuse disposal site was located in Waiohinu, 2 miles from Naalehu. The Pahala
area was served by open gulch dumping on a plantation-owned site. Both the Waiohinu and
Pahala sites have been replaced with solid waste transfer stations.] Solid waste transfer sites
are located at Waiohinu and Pahala.
Cemeteries
Public cemeteries are located in [Kowala] Naalehu and Waiohinu.
Course of Action
• A solid waste transfer station should be established for Ocean View.
243
Public Facilities
PUBLIC UTILITIES
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Public utilities are services regulated by government and provided in response to existing
and prospective patterns of development. Changes inland use [and the intensity ofJ, population
density, and development usually generate changes in the demand and supply of utilities.
This section is concerned with the planning aspects of the water, electricity, [telephone,]
telecommunication. gas and sewerage systems. Planning for the location of utility facilities
such as reservoirs and pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, and [telephone exchanges]
telecommunications, is an important aspect of the land planning process.
Changes in the intensity of land [development] use greatly influence the quantitative
design of utilities and services, particularly their design capacity. [There also] Furthermore.
there may be distinctions in [kind and] the quality and a of [service] services offered for
each utility as land use intensities vary. These distinctions also depend on local codes and
ordinances, health and sanitary considerations, and practices followed by the utility companies.
GOALS
• Ensure that properly regulated. adequate, efficient and dependable public and
ru ivate utility services [will be] are available to users.
• Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services.
• [To have] Design public utility facilities [which are designed] to fit into their
surroundings or concealed from public view.
POLICIES
• Public utility facilities shall be designed [so as] to complement adjacent land uses
and shall be operated [so as] to minimize pollution or disturbance.
The County shall encourage the use of properties or easements owned by public
or private utility companies or agencies as supplemental open space and
recreational areas whenever practical.]
• Provide utilities and service facilities [which] that minimize total cost to the
public and effectively service the needs of the community.
• Utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the natural
environment and natural resources.
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Public Utilities
• Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of
users.
• Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing
utilities.
• [The County shall develop] Develou short and long range capital improvement
programs and plans for public utilities within its jurisdiction [and which] that are
consistent with the [County] General Plan.
Water, sewerage, electricity, gas, and [telephone] telecommunication services are
treated individually in this section to clarify the factors [which make up] that comarise the
public utilities element.
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UTILITIES: WATER
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The availability of water is crucial to any [kind] tyLe of development, whether urban,
rural, or agricultural. Land use allocation therefore must be closely related to water availability,
including the quantity and quality of the water, and the adequacy of the transmission and
distribution system.
Sources of water supply include ground water and surface water. The most common
sources of water supply are springs, tunnels, streams, and deep wells.
The demand for water is [primarily] directly related to population and industry usage is
expressed as gallons per day [(GPD)] (gpd) or million gallons per day [(MGD).] (med).
Demand does not represent domestic consumption alone, but also includes alt agricultural,
industrial and commercial uses, fire protection, and other uses. In some areas, however, non-
domesticusers are likely to create the major demand, and careful attention must therefore be
given [them] in any study of probable future water needs.
[All public water systems are required to be in compliance with the State and Federal
drinking water regulations.] Sources of water for the Department of Water Supply's water
system include surface water and groundwater, both of which must comply with the
Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWAI. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
through the State Department of Health administers regulation for this act.
The most common sources of surface water are streams, springs, and tunnels.
Groundwater sources include either basal or high level aquifers.
Surface water or a groundwater source under the influence of surface water is
required to be treated and quality monitored to ensure compliance with the SDWA,
whereas groundwater need only be chlorinated. As such, the maintenance of surface water
svstems are much more expensive and Labor intensive.
The Federal SDWA regulates all public water svstems. Regulation compliance is a
major impact for the Department of Water Supply. Within the next seven nears, the
department will spend approximately $20 million for compliance projects.
The Department of Water Supply operates and maintains [over twenty] twenty-three
separate water systems in the County [of Hawaii]. In addition, the State [of Hawaii] operates an
agricultural water system in Lalamilo and the Hamakua/Paauilo Irrigation District, and there
are several agricultural and domestic water systems within the county that are privately owned,
maintained and operated.
The State Department of Land and Natura] Resources, Division of Land and Water
Development also has the capacity to explore and develop new ground water sources. The
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Public Utilities
County has in the past depended upon this agency for source development. The development of
new sources requires the cooperation between State and County agencies in the delivery of
municipal water systems.
The high rainfall areas between the 2,000 and 4,000-foot elevations on the windward side
of the island and also on the western slope of Hualalai contribute the bulk of the water to the
island's streams, springs and basal aquifer. Each type of source has its advantages and
disadvantages. Surface water flows depend on weather conditions. During extremely dry
weather conditions, the flow may drop below the required rate. During high rainfall periods the
water may be turbid. Spring and tunnel sources are also susceptible to these problems but
usually to a lesser degree. These high level intakes are generally located above the communities
they serve and have the advantage of gravity flow. Deep well sources on the other hand are
more dependable but higher operational expenses are incurred since electrical energy is required
to lift the water. Since some wells are located in the lower sections, contamination from urban
expansion is a possibility. Controlled land use would minimize this problem. Wells can also be
contaminated by seawater intrusion if pumped at a high rate. One solution to improve systems
presently served by only surface sources is [obvious:] to install a well in these systems[;], use the
surface sources when available[;], and use the pump when the surface sources are deficient. This
would minimize operational costs and upgrade systems so they are more dependable. Another
solution is to construct large storage reservoirs. These, however, require high initial capital
expenditures.
Many systems, though adequate to fulfill domestic needs, are inadequate for fire
protection[.] and do not meet the needs of current aericultural production. Such systems
serving urban areas are proposed to be upgraded.
The present average water consumption for the County water system is approximately
[163 million gallons per day.] 22.35 m¢d.
In several subdivisions throughout the island, roof catchment is also the primary means of
water supply and is supplemented by trucking during drought periods. These subdivisions were
approved prior to the adoption of the Subdivision Control Code.
The exploration for new water sources will continue. It is anticipated that these new
water sources and systems will further influence land development.
POLICIES
• Water system improvements [and extensions] shall [promote] correlate with the
County's desired land use development pattern.
• All water systems shall be designed and built to Department of Water Supply
standards.
• Improve and replace inadequate systems.
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Public Utilities
• Water sources shall be adequately protected to prevent depletion and
contamination from natural and man-made occurrences or events.
• Water system improvements should be first installed in areas [which] that have
established needs and characteristics, such as occupied dwellings, agricultural
operations and other uses, or in areas adjacent to them if there is need for urban
expansion or to further the expansion of the agricultural industry].
• A [systematic program] coordinated effort by [the] County, State and private
[interest] interests shall be developed to identify sources of additional water
supply and be implemented to ensure the development of sufficient quantities of
water for existing and future needs of high growth areas[.] and agricultural
production.
• The fire prevention systems shall be coordinated with water distribution systems
in order to ensure water supplies for fire protection purposes.
• [The County shall consider the feasibility, desirability, and the attendant
responsibilities of establishing] Develop and adopt standards for individual water
catchment units.
• Cooperate with the State Department of Health to develop standards and/or
guidelines for the construction and use of rainwater catchment svstems to
minimize the intrusion of anv chemical and microbiological contaminants.
• Cooperate with appropriate State and Federal agencies and the private
sector to develop, improve and expand agricultural water svstems in
appropriate areas on the island.
• Promote the use of ground water sources to meet State Department of Health
water quality standards.
• Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey's exploratory
well drilling program.
• Seek State and Federal funds to assist in financing projects to bring the
County into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
• Develop and adopt a water master plan that will consider water yield,
present and future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines and
policies Tor the issuing of water commitments.
• Expand programs to provide for agricultural irrigation water.
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STANDARD
• [Water] Public and private water systems shall meet the requirements of the
Department of Water Supply and the Subdivision Control Code.
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district for water systems. The brief analysis of each
district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
[There] Currently, there are four major water systems in the district: Olaa-Mt. View,
Pahoa, Kapoho, and Kalapana. The total average consumption of these systems is [0.76 minion
gallons per day.] 1.2 med.
The Olaa-Mt. View water system consists of [eight] eleven service areas and extends
along the Volcano Road from the former Puna Sugar Company mill to the Olaa Reservation
Lots and along the Keaau-Pahoa Road [till] to the vicinity of Kaloli Drive. Water for this
system is supplied by [two] three deep wells. Two of the wells are located at the former Puna
Sugar Co. mill [with pump capacities of 1,125 gallons per minute and 750 gallons per minute.]
site and the third is near Olaa, between Keaau and Kurtistown. The average consumption of
this system is about [0.42 million gallons per day.] 0.82 mad. Olaa Well C, the primary
source for this system, has a maximum pump capacity of 2.0 mad. Olaa Wells A and B
have capacities of 1.6 mad and 0.72 mad, respectively.
The Pahoa water system, located in the geographic center of the lower Puna region,
extends from Keonepoko Homesteads down along portions of the Kapoho and Pohoiki Roads[.]
to Kapoho. The rp went average consumption is [0.23 million gallons per day.] 0.40 med.
[The total amount of water available in the area of the Pahoa wells is very high. All evidence
indicates that the Pahoa wells can obtain water of excellent quality, insofar as salinity is
concerned, in amounts limited only by the capacity of the pumps.
The Kapoho water system presently services farm lots in the vicinity. The total average
consumption of these lots is 0.05 million gallons per day. This low average is due to the ideal
location and climate for agriculture which keeps irrigation at a minimum. A majority of the
existing dwelling units are vacation type homes located in the residential zoned areas of Kapoho
Beach Lots and Kapoho Vacationland subdivisions. These subdivisions are under private
ownership and the installation of water lines to service these subdivisions will be the
responsibility of the subdivision owners. An analysis of pumping test data indicates that the safe
yield of the Kapoho well is 200 gallons per minute or 288,000 gallons per day.]
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Public Utilities
The Kalapana Water System extends from the Keauohana Forest Reserve along Highway
13 down to the Kaimu Beach intersection and [from there] continues in a southwesterly
direction along Highway 13, ending in the vicinityof [the Queen's Bath. The total capacity of
the Kalapana Water System is 0.60 million gallons.] Kaimu. The water for the Kalapana
system is supplied by two deep wells at Keauhana with maximum puma capacities of 0 38
mad and 0.50 med.
The Hawaiian Beaches subdivision located in Waiakahiula It] is served by a privately
owned water system. [This non-dedicable system has been constructed by the developer.] The
developer had constructed this non-dedicable system.
The Glenwood and Volcano areas are presently not serviced by any ublic water system.
Many of these areas still depend on roof catchment systems.
Courses of Action
• [Improve] Continue to improve inadequate water system facilities.
• Water source investigation and exploration should be continued in order to
provide service for anticipated needs.
• Investigate additional groundwater sources in the Olaa area.
• Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to
subdivisions that rely on catchment.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The Hilo Water System extends as far as Alae Point to the north, Panaewa Agricultural
Park to the south, [6 miles] Keaukaha to the east, and [6 miles] Kaumana and Waiakea Uka to
the west. The Hilo Water System is supplied with water from both surface and groundwater
sources. The sources are:
[1. Piihonua Source: This is a surface water source and, therefore, flow varies with the
weather. There are three intakes at this source: Kahoama, Puka Maui and Lauoli.
Kahoama and Puka Maui intakes are normally used. During heavy rains, however, the
Puka Maui intake is too turbid to be used. The Lauoli intake is used only during
emergencies when the other flows are low.
2. Lyman Spring: Water from this source is bought from Orlando Lyman under a 7-year
agreement which began in 1980. The average flow from this spring is about 3 million
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gallons per day and water supply uses are about 270,000 gallons per day. This source
feeds the 4 and 5 mile Kaumana area and supplements the Piihonua source in serving the
"lower" city area.
3] 1. Olaa Flume Source: This spring source flow capacity ranges from a low of less than I.0
[MGD] mad to a high of about 11.0 [million gallons per day] med depending on climatic
conditions.
[4. Waiakea Uka Spring: Present use from this source is about 0.7 million gallons per day.
There is no record of the overflow and the actual capacity of this source is not known. It
is known that the flow varies greatly with the weather. Despite the inconsistent nature of
the flow, the quality of this spring is unusually excellent.
5] 2. Panaewa Well: Water from this source is pumped from the basal aquifer with three
pumps; one, with a [2.0 million gallons per day] 2.2 mad capacity and two each with
[3.0 million gallons per day capacity.] a capacity of 3.1 mad.
[6] 3. Piihonua Well: This source has a capacity of 3.0 [million gallons per day.] med• From
this location, water maybe pumped up to higher elevations during dry weather
conditions. Water from this source is pumped from the basal aquifer with two
pumas; both with a maximum aumpine capacity of 2.100 gallons per minute or 3.0
med•
These [six] three sources supply [the city ofJ Hilo, which presently consumes an average
of approximately [5.3 mimillion gallons of water per day.] 6.0 mad. When the surface sources are
low, more water is used from the Panaewa and Piihonua Wells. These [six] three sources have a
total normal capacity of over 20 [million gallons per day.] mad•
The Papaikou water system serves Papaikou Village, Puueopaku, Paukaa and Kalaoa.
This system is served by two perched water sources, Kaieie and Papaikou intakes and a well
source located just above Papaikou Village. Kaieie is the most dependable surface source while
the Papaikou intake source [goes low frequently.] is inconsistent. The present average
consumption is about 0.23 [million gallons per day.] mad.
Pepeekeo is served by [the Maukaloa, or Makea, spring intake located above the
Kulaimano development and] a deep well [located below]. Present consumption is about 0.16
[million gallons per day.] mad•
The Honomu system, dedicated to the County by the former Pepeekeo Sugar Co., has an
average daily consumption of [78,500 gallons.] 0.06 mad. This system obtains its water supply
from Kolekole Stream [near] above Akaka Falls.
The Wailea-Hakalau system is a low capacity system comprised of one well and one
storage tank together with connecting lines and limited distribution facilities. Currently, [48] 95
customers consume about [0.013 million gallons per day.] 0.028 mad.
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Public Utilities
Courses of Action
• [The Hilo Water System should be improved) Continue to implement water
system maintenance and improvement proerams in order to provide the city
with a dependable and consistently [clean] safe drinking water supply.
Booster pumps and water transmission lines to boost Panaewa Well water to
higher elevations should be installed.]
• Investigate groundwater sources in the upper Waiakea Uka. Kaieie Mauka
Kulaimano. Saddle Road, and Honomu areas.
• Further investigate future [surface and] ground water resources.
Replace portion of the Honomu system transmission line and add new storage
tanks.]
• Replace existing surface sources with eroundwater sources to meet State
Department of Health standards.
NORTH HILO
Profile
Domestic water is available in the built-up areas of the North Hilo district. The private
and public systems provide a wide range of levels of service.
The Laupahoehoe system obtains its water from high level springs in Manowaiopae and
Kuwaikahi Gulches and two deep wells with Well No. 1 outfitted with a []00 GPM] O.14 mad
pumping unit and Well No. 2 with a [300 GPM ] 0.43 mad pumping unit. None of the spring
sources are dependable during dry weather. The present average daily consumption is [86,500
gallons.] 0.11 mad.
The Ookala system consisting of several thousand feet of cast iron pipes, serves the
Ookala Houselot Subdivision. This system was dedicated to the County by Kaiwiki Sugar
Company in 1955. The County purchases water from the sugar plantation. The present daily
water consumption is 8,000 gallons.] is currently serviced by the Ookala Well.
[Private water systems in this area serve from a few homes to entire plantation camps.
Many of the springs which supply the private systems are not dependable during periods of
drought. The systems are old and in need of rehabilitation and replacement.]
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Public Utilities
Courses of Action
Coordinate plans for new systems with the relocation program for plantation
camps.
• Install a deep well pump which will be used to supplement the spring
sources during dry spells.)
• Replace old [and], substandard. or deteriorating lines and storage facilities.
• Develop a standby well for the Ookala system.
HAMAKUA
Profile
Domestic water is available in all of the urban areas of the district. Some of the existing
lines, however, are small and would be inadequate for a denser population.
The service area of the Hamakua [system] Water System extends from Ahualoa to
Pohakea. Except for the town of Honokaa, the major portion of the system serves a scattered and
dispersed population in the Ahualoa, Kalopa, Kaapahu, Pohakea, Paauhau and Paauilo
Homesteads. [This] The Hamakua system obtains its water from the [Waimea Treatment Plant]
huh level streams in the Kohala Mountains and the Haina deep well. Over fifty-five per cent
of the [0.35 million gallons per day] 0.63 mad used by the Hamakua system is used in Honokaa.
The Paauilo system, although presently connected to the Hamakua system, has an
additional source. The caaacity of the Paauilo deep well is 0.43mad and the service area
extends from Paauilo Village to Kaao. [Water is obtained from the plantation's groundwater
source situated below Paauilo Village.] The present average daily consumption is [0.025 million
gallons.] O.10 mQd.
[Plantation camps and mills are in many cases serviced by plantation-owned water
systems.]
Courses of Action
Extend the water line from Kukaiau to Keehia.
• Extend Honokaa system toward Kukuihaele.
• Replace inadequate mains.
• Improve existing storage, transmission and distribution facilities.
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Public Utilities
• Develop Paauilo Exploratory Well into a production well.]
• Continue to coordinate programs with State and Federal agencies to develop
a well at Kukuihaele and Honokaa Hospital to the standards of the
Department of Water Supply.
• Replace old, sub-standard, or deteriorating lines and stora a facilities.
• Investigate Groundwater sources in the Honokaa and Kukuihaele areas.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The North Kohala [systems] District obtains water [from high level tunnels in the Kohala
Mountains.] primarily from two wells and a sprint. [These tunnels supply an adequate
amount of water. Generally, the systems have adequately sized mains to supply present domestic
needs, but they are inadequate to provide fire protection.]
The [North Kohala systems include] Hawi Wells No. 1 and 2 serve the following areas:
Kaauhuhu, Hawi-Kokoiki, Kynnersley-Kapaau, and Halaula [and Makapala-Keokea]. The
average consumption for this system is 0.30 mtd.
[The Kaauhuhu system obtains its water from Lindsey Tunnel under a lease agreement
from Kohala Sugar Company. The average daily consumption for this system is 36,600 gallons.
The Hawi-Kokoiki system obtains its water from Watt Tunnel No. 1 and a deep well in
Hawi. The average consumption for this system is 130,600 gallons per day.
The Kynnersley-Kapaau system consists primarily of the Kapaau system which was
acquired from Kohala Sugar Company in 1927 and the Kynnersley Subdivision system which
was developed by Kohala Sugar Company. The sources serving this system are Tunnels ] 7 and
] 8, Watt Tunnel No. 1, and Hapahapai Tunnel.
The Halaula system, which is basically the Halaula Subdivision system, was developed
and dedicated by Kohala Sugar Company. Average usage of this system is 57,800 gallons per
day. Most of the distribution mains are adequate for domestic and fire flow needs. The major
problem of this system is that the flow from Bond Tunnel is low during drought. To presently
take care of this in emergencies, water can be piped in from Kohala Ditch. There is a possibility
of drilling a well and obtaining ground water to take care of emergencies.]
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Public Utilities
The Makapala-Keokea water system source is from the Murphy Tunnel owned by
[Kohala Corporation.] Chalon International of Hawaii. Present consumption is 0.0281
[million gallons per day.] mgd•
Courses of Action
• Pursue a around water source for the Makapala-Keokea water system.
• Explore further sources for future needs.
• Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and storage facilities.
• Encourage efforts to improve the Kohala ditch system and its use for agricultural
purposes.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The [Waimea system, which includes the Kawaihae-Puako and the Waimea-Puukapu
systems, extends from Puukapu to Kawaihae.] South Kohala District acquires its water from
the Waimea and Lalamilo systems. The present average daily consumption of both systems is
[2.34 million gallons.] 3.9 mad.
The Waimea system primarily services the Waimea and Puukapu area. The source
feeding the Waimea System is the Waikoloa [Stream.] and the Kohakohau Streams. [The
Kawaihae and Puako areas are supplemented by three deep wells.] Flow from the streams varies
greatly with the weather. During extended drought periods, the supply is not sufficient to meet
demands. [Large reservoirs are, therefore, required to store water for drought periods.]
Presently, the system has five reservoirs with a total capacity of [114.5] 162.5 million gallons
[and a soon to be completed 50 million gallon reservoir]. The Waimea-Puukapu system uses
an average of 0.91 mad.
Two exploratory wells tapping high level ground water were drilled in South
Kohala. An exploratory well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply treatment
plant site to support the Parker Ranch 20/20 development plan. The second exploratory
well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply's Waiaka tank site.
In addition, the high level aquifer has been tapped for agricultural emergencies at
the State Department of Agriculture's' Puukapu well, and there is a private well at the
Waimea Country Club.
The [Kawaihae-Puako] Lalamilo system obtains its water [through a transmission line
from Waimea. ]t is supplemented by three] from six deep wells at the 1,200-foot elevation. The
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Public Utilities
area of service for the Lalamilo svstem extends from Kawaihae to Mauna Lani The present
average daily consumption however,] is [ 1.60 million gallons.] 3.0 med.
[The Waimea-Puukapu system uses an average of 0.74 million gallons per day.]
The Waikoloa Development Company [has] developed its own water system to serve the
needs of Waikoloa Village and the Waikoloa Beach Resort. The water system is [to be kept] in
private ownership.
Courses of Action
• Seek alternative sources of water for the Lalamilo svstem.
• Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and steel tanks.
Further efforts should be made to develop adequate quantities and acceptable
quality of basal ground water at appropriately placed sites mauka of the shoreline.]
• [Additional] Continue to seek additional groundwater sources for the Waimea
System [shall be investigated].
Encourage expansion of sources and storage capacity for both the agricultural and
domestic water systems.]
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
[The Kona system can be divided into the North Kona and South Kona systems with the
division line at about the Kaawaloa ahupua'a.] The Kona svstem can be divided into the North
Kona and South Kona svstems. Althoueh the two svstems are connected, the line dividine
the two svstems runs along the Honalo ahunua'a. These systems are interconnected [and it is
possible] to transport water from one system to the other. This is done only during emergencies
and [at] on a very limited [rate.] basis.
[The North Kona system is supplied by four wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well
at Holualoa.] Four wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well each at Holualoa. Keahuolu.
Kalaoa, Honokohau and Hualalai suaply the North Kona svstem. The Kahaluu wells
provide the bulk of the water for the North Kona system with a total capacity of [11.4 million
gallons per day.] 14.9 mgd. The estimated safety capacity based on the largest pump on standby,
however, is [9.4 million gallons per day.] 12.9 mgd. The present average water usage is about
[5.4] million gallons per day.] 8.5 mgd.
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Public Utilities
[From the Kahaluu wells the water is pumped to Mamalahoa Highway and fed by gravity
to the lower areas. The upper service area extends from Kealakehe School in the north to
Kaawaloa in the south where it connects to the South Kona system. The average water
consumption in the upper area is approximately 1.85 million gallons per day.
The lower service area is fed by gravity from Kahaluu Reservoir. The system extends
from Ke-ahole Airport to Keauhou Bay. The average consumption is 3.564 million gallons per
day. The lower area can be roughly divided into three sections: 1) Ke-ahole Airport to Kailua
(Casa De Emdeko); 2) Casa De Emdeko to Kahaluu Bay; and 3) the Keauhou Bay area.
The Keahole to Kailua area is fed mainly from a line along Kuakini Highway. The
present demand is 1.767 million gallons per day. The second section along Alii Drive presently
delivers 0.9153 million gallons per day. The present water demand for the Keauhou area is
0.882 million gallons per day.]
The four deep wells at Kahaluu and the Holualoa Wells service the upper service
area alone Mamalahoa Hiahwav from Honalo to Waiaha. Demand in the area averages 0 6
mad. The Keahuolu and Honokohau wells supply water alone Mamalahoa Hiahwav from
Waiaha to Kalaoa and alone Palani Road from Mamalahoa Highway to Kealakehe.
Demand in these areas average 0.8 med. The Hualalai and Kalaoa wells supplement the
subdivisions in Kaloko. Kalaoa and Kona Palisades with an additional 0.4 mad.
The Kahaluu Shaft services the lower service area alone the Oueen Kaahumanu
Hiahwav from Keauhou to the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Demand in this
area averaees 5.7 million eallons per day. the highest consumption rate in Kona.
The South Kona system is supplied by three wells at Keei[,] and a well at Halekii. with
a total capacity of [1.58 million gallons per day] 5.0 mgd and a safe capacity of [0.79 million
gallons.] 3.0 mgd. The average usage is [0.496 million gallons per day.] 0.97 mgd. [Like the
North Kona system, the South Kona system can be divided into the upper and lower service
areas.] This system serves the area from [Kaawaloa] Honalo to the Hookena Beach Road
junction.
Courses of Action (North Konal
• [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and
development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would
provide for] an efficient and economic system operation.
• [Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] Continue to
evaluate eowth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the
existing water system in accordance with the North Kona Water System
Master Plan.
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Public Utilities
Improve the system along Alii Drive. Reservoirs to serve this area should be
balanced with the Kailua and Keauhou reservoirs.
• Improve the size of the water line and provide an additional reservoir in the
Keauhou area.
• Construct reservoirs as needed.]
• Explore and develop a well in Waiaha.
Courses of Action (South Kona1
• [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and
development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would
provide for] an efficient and economic system operation.
• [Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] Continue to
evaluate Growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the
existing water svstem in accordance with the South Kona Water Svstem
Master Plan.
Increase capacity of the booster pump for the South Kona water system as the
demand increases.
• Construct reservoirs as needed.]
KA'U
Profile
The water source for the Pahala area is Alili Tunnel and a deep well source. The present
average consumption of the Pahala system is [254,600 gallons per day.] 0.23 mgd.
The sources supplying Waiohinu, Naalehu and South Point are Haao Springs, [and]
Mountain House Tunnel Spring and a deep well in Naalehu. The water from the Mountain
House Tunnel is piped to Haao Spring and distributed to South Point, Waiohinu, and Naalehu on
separate lines.
[There is an agreement between Hutchinson Sugar Company and] The Department of
Water Supply has a license with the State [of Hawaii on water rights] that allows the
department to obtain water from the Mountain House Tunnel.
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Public Utilities
The Waiohinu system receives its water supply from an 8-inch line from Haao Springs.
Presently, the average consumption is [78,000 gallons per day.] 0.12 med.
The Naalehu system receives its water supply from the Waiohinu system. [The system
within Naalehu Village has been dedicated to the County by the plantation.] The former swear
plantation has dedicated the svstem within Naalehu Village to the County. The Naalehu
deep well with a capacity of [540,000 gallons per day] 0.54 mad supplements the system. The
average water consumption is [151,200 gallons per day.] 0.08 mad.
The present average consumption on the South Point system is [66,200] 75.730 gallons
per day. [This system was installed by the Army during World War II.]
The Ka'u area has several large subdivisions [which] still [depend] deaendent on
individual roof catchment.
Courses of Action
• Provide additional [source and storage capacity] water svstem improvements for
the currently serviced areas of Naalehu, Waiohinu, and Pahala.
• Pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and well development at
Ocean View. Pahala, and Waiohinu.
• Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as
required to the existing water svstem.
• Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to
subdivisions that rely on catchment.
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Public Utilities'
UTILITIES: [TELEPHONE] TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The telephone is an essential means of voice communication for the majority of residents
in Hawaii County. However, over the last decade. the County has seen an acceleration in
the devel moment of telecommunication technologv and a transformation of the
telecommunications industry. In addition to traditional phone communication. the
telecommunications industrv now includes technologies such as wireless cellular and digital
mobile phones, the internet and world wide web.
During the last decade, wireless telecommunications has experienced a dramatic
decrease in cost and a phenomenal increase in availability. Changes in technologv and
competition in the industrv have made wireless communication more affordable to the
general public.
The wired infrastructure that was once used to connect a telephone to the phone
system has evolved to include the world wide web and internet. The world wide web and
internet uses the telephone infrastructure to transfer digital data from one computer to
another. Thus, everything from simple text messages to high level banking and commerce
transactions can be conducted almost instantaneously. In the near future, the changes in
technologv and the wireless industrv may make wireless access to the internet more widely
affordable and/or available.
As of August 7, 1998, the entire island of Hawaii had 100 per cent digital switching.
Digital switching is significant because it enables the existing telephone infrastructure to
accommodate high-speed data transfers and access to many of the latest
telecommunications services and features.
Currently, every region on the island has access to phone service. In 1998, the last
rural areas restricted to party line service were upgraded with additional telephone cables
allowing single line services islandwide.
Advances in fiber optic technologv provide the backbone for the island's high-
capacity broadband requirements and the necessary services for specialized users such as
the telescopes atop Mauna Kea. Furthermore, frame relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATMI and internet services are transmitted via Verizon Hawaii's fiber optic network.
Currently, high speed internet connections such as Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLI are only
available in certain areas on the island. However, these services are bound to expand.
Advances in telecommunications are not without cost or concerns. One such
concern is the construction and location of telecommunication towers. Telecommunication
towers are the physical structures to which antennas are attached to facilitate wireless
communication. Because of the need for a clear line-of-site, telecommunication towers are
usually located in areas with minimum obstructions between the tower and its area of
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Public Utilities
service. Line-of--site refers to the imaginary line between a mobile phone antenna and a
telecommunication tower. If there are impediments between the mobile phone antenna
and the telecommunication tower, there may be signal degradation or signal loss. For
example, the loss of line-of--sight occurs when a person uses a mobile phone while driving
through a tunnel. Most often, communication is lost or unclear. The line-of--sight
requirement often necessitates the conspicuous location of many telecommunication towers.
Consequently, the telecommunications tower is usually much taller than the surrounding
structures or vegetation and may negatively impact the scenic nature of a given area.
[During the past decade the number of telephone lines have increased by over 19,000
while population rose by 34,000.] Currently there are over [47,000] 95.000 switched telephone
connections in service on the island. The State Public Utilities Commission regulates
telephone service statewide.
[The deregulation of customer premise equipment in 1982 has made it possible for
customers to purchase their telephones outright. The telephones are available from the Hawaiian
Telephone Company or from any of the numerous other telephone retailers that have resulted
from the deregulation. Dial and touch tone service is available on each island and radio
telephone is furnished between the islands. Communication via undersea cable and satellite is
provided to the U.S. mainland and the Far East.
In the past ] 0 years, many new computer linked telecommunication systems have been
developed that greatly increase the utility of the telephone.
The State Public Utilities Commission regulates telephone service on all of the Hawaiian
Islands.
There are two problems which currently involve the County. One concerns the aesthetics
of overhead telephone lines. There is also a problem of sharing transmission facilities with
electrical lines.
The proximity of the electrical and telephone lines can result in electro-magnetic
interference in the phone service. New fiber-optic telephone transmission lines greatly reduce
this interference, and are much more efficient than standard copper lines. Use of fiber-optic lines
has already begun on Oahu, and should begin in the near future on this island.
The problems of underground telephone lines are similar to those found with power lines,
however, advances in technology have reduced the cost of underground lines making them a
more economically viable option. Land and building requirements for the expansion of
switching centers and substations will become less critical with the conversion to space-efficient
digital electronic systems.]
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Public Utilities
POLICIES
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage underground telephone lines where
they are economically and technically feasible.
• Work with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of
emergeney teleghoues throughout the island.
• Develop standards for the construction of wireless telecommunication facilities.
• [The County shall work] Work closely with the telephone company to provide all
users with efficient service.
[STANDARDS]STANDARD
• In the development and placement of telephone facilities, such as lines,
telecommunications and cellular towers poles, and substations, the design of
the facilities shall consider the existing environment, and scenic view and vistas
shall be considered and preserved where possible.
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Public Utilities
UTILITIES: ELECTRICITY
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
[Electricity for the County of Hawaii is supplied by the Hawaii Electric Light Company,
Ina (HELLO). Peak electrical load on the Island of Hawaii more than doubled during the 20-
year period between 1965 and 1985. In 1985, the peak load was 102 megawatts.
HELCO's power generation system presently has a total firm capacity of 127 megawatts.
HELLO purchases a total of 26 megawatts of firm power from two privately-owned biomass
generators, Puna Biomass and Hilo Coast Processing Company, and from one geothermal
generator owned by Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii. The balance of 101
megawatts is produced by steam units, diesel units, a gas turbine, and hydroelectric units at six
power plants owned by HELLO. These power plants are located at Keahole, North Kona;
Waimea, South Kohala; and Waiau, Puueo, Waiakea Peninsula, and Kanoelehua, South Hilo.
There are three levels of transmission voltages to deliver energy to the Big Island. First,
there are three 69KV cross-island transmission lines. The northern line connects Pepeekeo to
Waimea on the highway along the Hamakua Coastline. A middle line connects Kaumana to
Keamuku along the Saddle Road. On the southern side, several lines connect Kanoelehua to
Kealia along the highways through the Puna and Ka'u Districts. Next, there are five 34.SKV
transmission lines that serve smaller communities located some distance from the route of the
69KV lines. Finally, there are three 13.8KV tie-lines in Hilo connecting the Shipman and
Kanoelehua Plants.
The existing distribution system consists of several different voltage levels. The
distribution system basically consists of overhead polelines although some of the newer
subdivisions and developments have installed underground systems.
HELLO currently operates major switching stations, used to transfer the flow of power
between different circuits, at critical locations around the island. These switching stations
provide greater system flexibility and increased reliability in supplying electricity to the island's
residents. Distribution substations, which transform transmission voltages to distribution
voltages, are also located island-wide in proximity to communities and developments.
In addition to the traditional sources of power generation alternate means are being used
and considered for the future. Additional biomass generation is anticipated with Hamakua Sugar
providing 10 megawatts of firm power. A private enterprise is committed to the development of
an additional geothermal power plant by 1989. Many private companies are also studying the
feasibility of developing hydroelectric power at various stream sites along the Hamakua coast.
In the fall of ] 986, HELLO will begin construction of its first 138KV transmission line
paralleling the existing 69KV line along the Saddle Road. This line is required to maintain an
acceptable voltage level in the West Hawaii area and to improve system reliability. Preliminary
planning has also begun to add additional cross-island transmission lines within the next 5-] 0
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Public Utilities
years based on projected load growth in the West Hawaii area. 'A dependable cross-island
transmission system is a necessity because while new developments, and therefore the demand
for electricity, is expected to increase dramatically in West Hawaii, most of the generating
sources are in East Hawaii.
HELCO plans for the eventual conversion of all distribution circuits to 12.47KV.
Therefore, any new distribution improvement or extension is designed for ]2.47KV. Although
the trend today is toward underground distribution systems, the high cost of installation makes it
economically unfeasible for many developers.
There are plans to construct or renovate over 15 switch/sub stations by the end of 1988.
Renovation of existing switching stations is required for transmission purposes, such as the
improvements to Kaumana and Keamuku stations to accommodate the new 138KV line, or to
meet additional loads. Most of the new distribution substation construction is to service new
developments and subdivisions.]
The Hawaii Electric Lisht Companv, Inc. (HELCOI. supplies electricity for the
Countv. Peak electrical demand in 1999 was 170.2 mesawatts (MW). HELCO's power
Generation svstem presently has a total firm capacity of 260.4 mesawatts. HELCO
purchases a total of 112 mesawatts of firm power from three privately-owned companies--
Hilo Coast Power Companv (coal at 22 mesawatts). Hamakua Enersv Partners t60
mesawatts) and Puna Geothermal Venture (seothermal at 30 mesawatts). The balance of
148.4 mesawatts is produced by HELCO-owned steam units. diesel units, and sas turbines.
These power plants are located at Keahole, North Kona; Waimea. South Kohala; Waiakea
Peninsula and Kanoelehua. South Hilo; and Keaau. Puna.
HELCO owns four hydroelectric units and a windfarm that provide enersv to the
svstem. HELCO also purchases enersv from an independent power producer with a
capacity of about 11 mesawatts of hydropower. All hydro units are run-of-the-river and
are on the Wailuku River. The Lalamilo Windfarm is located west of Waimea.
There are two levels of transmission voltases to transfer power between areas on the BiG
Island. The main transmission voltase is 69kV. HELCO has four 69kV cross-island
transmission lines. One line is the northern line connectins the Kanoelehua substation to
West Hawaii via the Waimea substation alone hishwav 19 followins the Hamakua
coastline. Two lines connect the Kaumana substation to the Keamuku substation alone the
Saddle Road. The fourth is the southern line connectins the Kanoelehua substation to
West Hawaii via the Kealia substation alone Hishwav 11 throush the Puna and Ka'u
Districts. The other transmission voltase is 13.8kV that includes three tie-lines in Hilo
connectinG the Shipman and Kanoelehua power plants. HELCO uses 34.SkV as a
subtransmission voltase and three lines are used to service the Puna. Ka'u and North
Kohala areas.
The. existipG distribution svstem consists of several different voltase levels: 2.4kV,
4.16kV, 7.2kV, 12.47kV and 13.8kV. The distribution svstem basically consists of overhead
polelines and underground systems. Because of the vastness of the Bis Island, the maiority
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Public Utilities
of the distribution svstem consists of overhead pole lines. Underground svstems have been
used more extensively in West Hawaii in the newer subdivisions and developments.
HELLO currently operates major switching stations (used to transfer the flow of power
between different transmission circuitsl at critical locations around the island. These
transmission switching stations provide greater svstem flexibility and increase svstem
reliability in supplying power to the various distribution substations and eventually, to
customers. Distribution substations. which transform voltages to distribution voltages, are
also located island-wide in proximity to communities and other developments.
The Big Island has a potential to use more alternative energy in the form of
geothermal, hydro, wind, solar thermal and photovoltaic svstems. These sources have been
included in HELCO's Intergrated Resource Planning QRPI process. The goal of integrated
resource planning is the identification of the resources or the mix of resources for meeting
near and long term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest
reasonable cost including the need and timing of any new generation and new cross-island
transmission lines. As identified in the IRP process, HELLO is planning to expand its
generation facilities at Keahole, North Kona. The added generation at Keahole will
improve the svstem voltage level in West Hawaii, improve svstem reliability and allow for
the retirement of older generators in East and West Hawaii. Because of the planned
addition at Keahole, additional cross-island transmission lines can be deferred.
HELCO's long term plans include the eventual conversion of distribution circuits to
12.47kV where necessary. Therefore, any new distribution improvement or line extension
will be designed for 12.47kV.
POLICIES
• Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where [feasible.]
practical. [The County shall encourage] Encourage developers of new urban
areas to place utilities underground.
• Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration
for setbacks from major thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible,
delineate energy corridors for such high voltage transmission lines.
• [The County should encourage] Continue to advise the electrical utility
companies [to develop a] on the future revisions of their comprehensive [plan
for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power to the various
parts of the island.] Integrated Resource Plans.
• [Safety standards for power systems shall conform] Conform to safety standards
as established by appropriate regulatory [authority.] authorities.
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Public Utilities
STANDARDS
. There shall be [a minimization ofJ minimal obstruction of scenic views and vistas
by electrical facilities.
• Facilities such as substations shall [be aesthetically pleasing.] mitigate and
minimize anv aesthetic imaacts to surrounding aroaerties and scenic vistas.
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Public Utilities
UTILITIES: GAS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Propane gas is widely used on the island of Hawaii. In some rural aeeas of the County,
gas is the only source of power. Gas consumption on the Big Island rose from [ 1.3J 3 million
therms in [1960] 1969 to [3.0] 8 million therms by [1969.] 1998.
[There aze 120 miles of gas transmission and service lines in the city of Hilo. Gas lines
are regulated by the State Public Utilities Commission. Kailua-Kona has a dry line along the
new walkway of the Kona Hilton. Rural communities utilize tanked liquid propane gas, which is
not governed by the Public Utilities Commission. There aze substations in Waimea, South
Kohala; Kealakekua, South Kona; and Naalehu, Ka'u which service surrounding areas.
Propane gas is used by households and commercial facilities. Residents usually acquire
150-gallon tanks which are refilled every two months at an average cost of $60-70 a month.
Restaurants and hotels are the most frequent users of gas systems.
A problem faced by gas companies is the cost of transporting gas in the State. This factor
coupled with the relatively small and sparsely located market aze major difficulties. Because of
the danger of fire, storage facilities have a detrimental effect on property values.]
The Public Utilities Commission regulates 67 miles of gas mains and service lines on
the BiG Island. These lines serve approximately 1.600 customers and are located mainly in
Hilo.
In addition, approximately 9,300 customers throughout the County are provided
Gas service by tank or cylinder. The Public Utilities Commission does not regulate this type
of service. Maior liquid propane gas substations on the island of Hawaii are located in
Hilo, Kailua-Kona. Waimea, and Ka'u.
Propane gas is used in both residential and commercial facilities. The primary uses
for propane are water heating, cooking, and the drying of clothes. Other uses of propane
include fuel for vehicles, emergency back-up electric Generation, and decorative lighting.
Residential customers are normally provided a 124-Gallon tank.
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Public Utilities
POLICY
• Gas storage facilities shall be located [so asJ to minimize danger to commercial
and residential areas.
STANDARD
• [The County's] Coun ordinances shall reflect appropriate safety standards for
gas facilities.
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Public Utilities
UTILITIES: SEWER
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Adequate sewer disposal systems are vital to safeguard public health and [to] preserve the
environment. An adequate system is one [which] that minimizes contamination of both the
ground water supply and the coastal waters, beaches and waterborne recreational areas and
[which] is not a visual and odor nuisance.
About [95 percent] 77 per cent of the County's population is served by cesspools. There
is an increasing need to create a better system than individual cesspools, particularly in highly
urbanized and shoreline areas. This is due to the possible pollution of ground water as well as
cesspool seepage into coastal waters. More stringent pollution controls, especially in water
quality standards, are being imposed by regulatory agencies. The State Department of Health
{DOH) intends to promulgate rules that will prohibit cesspools in the County of Hawaii.
The problem of sewage disposal is discussed in more detail in a completed study of
sewerage for all urbanized and urbanizing areas in the County of Hawaii. Portions of that study
are incorporated in this report.
Hawaii County presently operates [six] municipal sewerage systems one each in the
city of ] in Hilo, Papaikou, Kapehu, Pepeekeo[, Kailua] and [Keauhou.] Kealakehe. The
remaining communities are served by private wastewater treatment facilities or individual
facilities such as cesspools [which serve adequately except in the shoreline areas where coastal
water contamination becomes a problem.] or septic tanks.
It is difficult to measure the adequacy or inadequacy of cesspools in a given area. Many
factors, such as density of population, porous condition of the soil, underground geologic
structure, and rainfall levels, have to be taken into account to determine the effects of cesspools.
In some areas, they maybe effective and in other areas, they may not. In August 1991, the
State Department of Health adopted rules that require the use of septic svstems in the most
critical wastewater disposal areas. Critical wastewater disposal areas are areas around the
island where cesspools are permitted. Sewerage disposal system designs must be examined
with the particular area in mind. However, it is important to note that the critical wastewater
disposal areas may be eliminated in the near future when the State Department of Health
implements the prohibition of cesspools.
Of critical importance in an examination of sewerage disposal for a community is the cost
of the system, including construction and operation costs. These costs vary with the
characteristics of each area.
Land development plans for resort-residential complexes located in shoreline areas pose a
[difficult problem For sewerage control.] potential water uuality problem for adjacent near
shore waters. Adequate treatment facilities are essential prerequisites for development.
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The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (PL 93-523) legisyated the protection of all aquifers
or portions of aquifers currently serving as drinking water sources and any other aquifer capable
of yielding consumable water. This mandate was based on a national concern for the quality of
[our] the ground water and the increasing evidence of contamination of this valuable resource.
In 1976, the State Legislature enacted Act 84, Relating to Safe Drinking Water, which
requires the State Department of Health to establish an underground injection control program in
order to protect the quality of the State's underground sources of drinking water. Because of the
importance of ground water as a source of municipal water supplies, the underground injection
control program is considered [as] a beneficial approach in the identification of aquifer that
should be protected from subsurface disposal of wastewater through injection wells. [Excluded
from this program are individual wastewater systems serving residential household which
generate less than 800 gallons per day.]
The protection of these [aquifer] aquifers is established by designating areas [which are]
now being used or will be used in the future for drinking water supply. The Underground
Sources of Drinking Water (USDW) will be protected from pollution by prohibiting the
construction of new injection wells that may pollute the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in
exempted areas. The boundary lines between the USDW and the exempted areas have been
developed. Under Chanter 62, "Wastewater Systems", the DOH adopted a 1,000-foot
setback of wastewater systems from all aublic drinking water wells and sarings.
In compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(Public Law 92-500), the State Department of Health and the County of Hawaii jointly prepared
the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii" in 1978 and subsequently
updated the plan in 1980. In 1979, the County Council adopted the plan through resolution to
serve as the planning guide for development of regional waste treatment systems and the control
of non-point source of pollution. To implement the management plan, the [county] Coun has
prepared facility plans for various areas on the island. Facility Plans are clans developed by
the County to satisfy a requirement for the application of loans from the State to develop
wastewater treatment facilities. The facility clans identify aroblems, potential solutions
and costs.
In 1985, the State Legislature enacted Act 282, Relating to Environmental Quality, which
reassigns the [county,] Coun effective July 1, 1987 or upon receipt of State funds, to assume
complete administration and implementation for the regulation of sewerage and wastewater
treatment system programs.
POLICIES
• The "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of
Hawaii, State of Hawaii," December 1970, and the "Water Quality Management
Plan for the County of Hawaii," December 1980, shall be undated and used as
guides for the general planning of sewerage disposal systems.
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Public Utilities
• Private systems shall be installed by land developers for major resort and other
developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where
connection to nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the
County's long-range plans, and in conformance with State and [county] Coun
requirements.
• [The County shall take immediate] Immediate steps should be taken to
designate treatment plant sites, sewerage pump station sites, and sewer easements
according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition.
Disposal of raw sewage directly into waterways and the ocean shall be
discontinued as soon as possible.]
• [The County shall] Continue to seek State and Federal funds to [assist in
financing] finance the construction of proposed sewer systems[.] and imurove
existing svstems.
• [Schemes] Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for imgation and
biosolids composting (remaining solids from the treatment of wastewater is
processed into a reusable organic materiall shall be utilized where feasible and
needed.
• Re_guire maior developments to connect to existing sewer treatment facilities
or build their own.
STANDARDS
• Incorporate sewage works standards proposed in the "Sewerage Study for All
Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii" and the "Water Quality
Management Plan for the County of Hawaii."
• Sewerage systems shall be designed for [the] a particular area, depending on
topography, geology, density of population, costs, and other considerations of the
specific area.
• There shall be a minimum of visual and odor pollution emanating from sewerage
treatment facilities.
• Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter
23 "Underground Injection Control."
• Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter
54 "Water Quality Standards."
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Public Utilities
• Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter
55 "Water Pollution Control."
• Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health.
Chapter 62, HRS, "Wastewater Systems."
• Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 342, HRS; Act 282, Session
Laws of Hawaii 1985; and Act 302, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, Relating to
Environmental Quality.
• All wastewater disposal svstems shall conform to the applicable provisions of
Chapter 11-62, Hawaii Administrative Rules for the Department of Health to
ensure proper treatment and disposal of wastewater and to prevent further
contamination of waterways, underground water sources, and the coastal
waters.
DISTRICTS
The district analysis was conducted on a planning area basis rather than by judicial
districts. [Districts were combined by economic feasibility and urgency of service.]
PUNA
Profile
The Puna district is characterized by many small towns, lazgest of which are Keaau and
Pahoa, and [the widely spread] large non-conforming subdivisions.
At present, most residents in the Puna district are served by individual sewerage systems.
The use of cesspools and individual household aerobic treatment units will probably be
continued until such time as increased population distribution and densities make it economically
feasible to install municipal sewerage systems.
Residences near the coastal areas are much more vulnerable to unsatisfactory results with
individual disposal systems because of the relative proximity of the groundwater table to the
ground surface. The close proximity of the groundwater table reduces the efficiency of
individual disposal svstems because there is less filtration that can occur before the effluent
reaches the ground water. This reduced efficiency may also affect the quality of nearshore
waters due to the reduced filtration.
[Course] Courses of Action
• The use of cesspools shall be discontinued in the coastal areas where cesspools do
not function satisfactorily to meet water quality standards. ]ndividua] household
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Public Utilities
aerobic treatment units approved by the State Health Department and the County
of Hawaii could be utilized in these areas. Future sewerage systems for the Puna
area would then naturally commence with service to the lower coastal areas.
• Coordinate with W.H. Shuman Ltd. in the alanninQ and development of a
sewerage system for the Keaau area.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The basic concepts of the Hilo regional wastewater management system aze described in
detail in the "Facilities Plan for the Hilo District, South Hilo, Hawaii (Februazy 1980)."
[The city ofJ Hilo [in the South Hilo district] is designated as an urban sewerage planning
area. The County of Hawaii owns, operates, and maintains a sewerage system [within the city.]
located on the Puna side of the Hilo International Airuort. At present, the system consists of
a [7.0] 5_0 million gallons per day fined) [primazy] secondary sewage treatment plant with an
ocean outfall effluent disposal and a collection system of sewage pump stations, force mains, and
gravity lines.
[The 7.0 million gallons per day sewage treatment plant at Puhi Bay, although having
sufficient capacity for future sewage flows, provides only primary sewage treatment and may be
required to be upgraded to secondary sewage treatment.
The proposed regional sewerage system essentially involves extending the existing
interceptor trunk and collector sewers to provide sewer service to the upper regions of the service
area. Further, due to the relocation of the treatment plant site, pressure (force) mains and related
pumping stations will need to be constructed to transport the collected sewage.
The proposed scheme calls for the construction of a treatment facility near the airport
industrial area. The design capacity of this plant is 5.0 million gallons per day. The treatment
facility will be either an advanced primary or secondary treatment facility, depending on the
outcome of the application for modification discharge to the Environmental Protection Agency.]
The existing municipal wastewater treatment facility in Pepeekeo has a design capacity of
500,000 gallons per day. [There are no existing problems, although replacement of equipment
for the activated sludge treatment plant will be required in five years. Planned developments
include additional interceptor and collection sewers to service the homestead areas and new
housing developments.]
[Construction of the] The Papaikou-Paukaa sewerage system [is required to correct the
present undesirable discharge of raw sewage into the stream and ocean. The system] consists of
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Public Utilities
a 0.35 [million gallon per day] mad secondary wastewater treatment plant, collection and
transmission lines, and an outfall to convey effluent to the shoreline for discharge.
Courses of Action
• [Monitoring of the receiving waters should be done so as] Encourage the State
Department of Health to monitor the wastewater received to provide sufficient
base line data regarding the need for any future extension[.] or expansion of
waste water collection svstems.
• Expand the existing sewer collection system to include [interceptors and pump
stations.] all densely populated areas in and around Hilo.
Construct a new treatment plant to eventually provide either advanced primary or
secondary treatment to incoming sewage flows.
• Extend the existing ocean outfall sewer to dischazge beyond neazshore water.]
• Upgrade and/or rehabilitate aging sewer pump stations and collector sewers.
NORTH HILO [/HAMAKUA]
Profile
[Many small plantation towns are located along the coast. The population of these towns
are less than 1,000 people; for some towns, the population is even expected to decline.] The
towns along the coast of the North Hilo district are small plantation towns characterized by
populations of less than one thousand. For some of these towns, the population is expected
to decline.
At present, most residents are served by individual cesspools. [No unusual cesspool
complaints have been received. The] Kapehu Camp [of Kapehu will be] has been provided
with [an innovative system which is] a soil purification wastewater treatment system. Municipal
sewerage systems for the small towns would not be economically feasible for some time and
there appear to be no problems at the present time.
[The Hamakua district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which aze
Honokaa and Paauilo. There are no public sanitary sewer systems in the Hamakua azea. Some
plantations operate sewer systems, but most sewage is disposed of in individual cesspools.
Oxidation ponds serve the towns of Paauilo, Paauhau and Haina and are presently adequate. A
small system in Honokaa discharges raw sewage into an underground cave. Municipal sewage
systems for the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time.]
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Public Utilitieti
Course of Action
• Continue operation of the existing sewerage svstem at Kapehu.
HAMAKUA
Profile
Manv small communities, largest of which are Honokaa and Paauilo. characterize
the Hamakua district. There are no public sanitary sewer svstems in the Hamakua area.
Oxidation ponds (pond that acts as a settling pond where bacteria can break down the
sewage as the liquid seeps and filters down through the earthl serve the towns of Honokaa.
Paauilo. Paauhau and Haina and are presently adequate. Municipal sewage svstems for
the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time.
Course of Action [(Hamakua)]
Complete and implement an on-going study to determine the feasibility of
installing complete sewage treatment facilities in the town of Honokaa.]
• Investigate possible alternatives to eliminate the need for and continued use of the
oxidation ponds.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The North Kohala district is characterized by many small communities the population
of which are generally less than 1,000 people.] with populations under one thousand. There
are [no] neither County-operated collection or treatment facilities in this district nor any plans
for constructing a collection and treatment system. Domestic sewage disposal is via cesspools[.]
or other individual wastewater svstems. Individual sewage treatment units in the North
Kohala area [apparently] are functioning adequately. [Thus considering] Considering the
density and distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth
anticipated, individual household waste disposal units will continue to be utilized[.] unless
restricted by the DOH.
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Public Utilities
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
Most residences in the Waimea area are now being served by cesspools. As the
population is expected to increase, a municipal sewerage system should be made available.
[Disposal of the treated effluent, however, will require compliance with new underground
injection control regulations.] Parker Ranch has constructed a limited collection svstem and
treatment ulant to service its develoament needs.
Existing sewerage systems within the Kawaihae-Puako area consists mainly of domestic
sewage disposal via cesspools[.] and individual wastewater svstems. However, [the Mauna
Kea Beach Hotel, Kawaihae Village, Puako Beach Apartments, Mauna Lani Resort, and
Waikoloa] resort developments operate their [respective] own private treatment facilities.
Cesspool problems are generally located along the Puako residential lots where the groundwater
table is near the surface.
Courses of Action
• Construct a Waimea sewerage system to provide sewer service [for the main part
of Waimea] and wastewater treatment facilities with an ultimate treatment
capacity adequate for foreseeable growth. Consider water reclamation or
subsurface type disposal.
• Construct a [control facility] sewerage svstem in the Puako beach lot area to
service flows by utilizing existing resort wastewater treatment facilities as a
means of wastewater disposal.
Construct a Kawaihae sewerage system to provide for residential and industrial
growth in the area.]
NORTH KONA
ProTile
The basic concepts of the North Kona regional wastewater management system are
described in detail in "The Facility Plan for the Kailua-Kona [Sewerage] Sewage System, Phase
]V (Northern Zone), April 1981" and "Area wide Wastewater Management Plan for North Kona,
December 1976 (w/1981 Supplement)."
Most residences in the North Kona area are serviced by individual sewerage systems.
Kailua and [Keauhou] Kealakehe are being serviced by a municipal sewerage system. The
existing [Kailua] Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant [is rapidly approaching its] has a design
capacity of [1.4 million gallons per day.] 5.31 mad. [This system serves only resort hotels,
276
Public Utilities
commercial and industrial sources, and some high density residential developments (apartments
and condominiums) in Kailua Village.]
The Keauhou area sewerage system [consists of a 0.7 million gallons per day] is a 1.8
mad [activated sludge] secondary sewage treatment plant at Heeia to serve the Keauhou-Kona
resort community. This sewage treatment facility is proiected to eventually handle 3.6 mgd
when the final increment is completed. This facility is owned by Keauhuou Community
Services Inc., a subsidiary of Kamehameha Investment Coro. [The plant is scheduled to be
expanded to 2.0 million gallons per day.]
Because of the limited extent of the existing collection system, developments in
unsewered areas are relying on cesspools and [small package treatment units] individual
wastewater svstems for sewage disposal. Due to the permeable nature of the lava strata [which]
that allows the raw sewage disposed [ofJ in cesspools and effluent disposed [ofJ in seepage pits
to seep rapidly through the strata and contaminate groundwater and adjacent coastal waters, great
precaution must be exercised in averting the contamination of the waters.
Courses of Action
Construct a new wastewater treatment plant at Kealakehe near Honokohau,
provide sewage pumping station, force mains and interceptor sewers to handle
existing and proposed wastewater flows.
• Construct wastewater pumping stations, force mains, and interceptor sewers along
Alii Drive, between Keauhou and Kailua. The waste flow will be conveyed to the
new wastewater treatment facility at Kealakehe.]
• Expand the existing sewer collection system.
• Upgrade the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to produce tertiary
(R-1) quality effluent.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
Cesspools and individual wastewater svstems are the primary on-site treatment system
in the South Kona area. Several small on-site package plants are also used to service shopping
centers, a hospital, and a park. They discharge treated effluent into [cesspools] seepage nits or
infection wells. [With proper design and installation, adequate soil characteristics and adequate
maintenance, cesspools have been known to function indefinitely. Since the soils in the Kona
area are highly permeable, cesspools in this area have successfully functioned for many years.
Very little, if any, pumping of cesspools is required in the area.]
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Public Utilities
Courses of Action
• [Insure the maintenance of] Continue to work with the Deuartments of Health
and Land and Natural Resources to areserve the Class AA [waters] water
uali of Kealakekua Bay.
• [The] Continue the current methods of wastewater disposal in unsewered areas
[will continue] in compliance with [the] State and [county] County requirements.
This includes [cesspools] individual wastewater svstems in low density
developments and [individual aerobic treatment units] arivate wastewater
treatment slants in high density developments. [They will be privately
constructed, owned, and operated.]
I{.A'U
Prot3le
The Ka'u district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which are
Naalehu [and Pahala.] and Ocean View. The County has no sewerage system in the Ka'u
district. A private system exists for the Punalu'u Resort development at Punaluu, but most
residents are served by individual waste disposal systems. The cesspools and seatic svstems
presently in use in the Ka'u area apparently function adequately. Thus, considering the low
density and wide distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth
anticipated, the individual treatment units will continue to be utilized.
Course of Action
• Work closely with [C. Brewer] landowners to insure the development of
adeyuate sewerage treatment facilities.
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Public Utilities
RECREATION
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Recreation provides an avenue for the fulfillment of social, cultural, physical and
educational needs of people through leisure experiences. [Recreation includes not only the
provision and maintenance of physical facilities (e.g. gyms, ballfields, pavilions) and diverse
programs (social, cultural, health/fitness and educational). It also requires natural recreational
resources such as sandy beaches, snorkeling areas, and surf sites. People of all ages should have
the opportunity to participate in public recreation.]
Recreational facilities may be deSned within two categories: Resource-based and
Facility-based. Resource-based parks provide public access to and eniovment of an
outstanding natural or cultural resource. Valued resources include sandy beaches, non-
sandv but protected swimming areas, scenic areas and hiking areas. The Federal and State
governments play a dominant role in establishing resource-based parks such as the Hawaii
Volcanoes National Park and Hapuna Beach State Park. Resource-based parks developed
by the County are primarily beach parks. The other park category is facility-based parks.
These types of parks are primarily developed by the County and provide for organized,
spectator, or informal play recreational activities that are not dependent upon a natural
resource. Playfields, gymnasiums, swimming pool complexes, and tennis courts are lust
some examples of facility-based parks.
The Federal government provides approximately 231,400 acres of resource-based
parks on the island. The State government provides approximately 800 acres. The
County's resource-based parks, which are primarily beach parks, tota1260 acres.
Heavy demands will be placed on the recreational resources of the County as a result of
an expanding population increasing leisure time,] and a growing number of visitors. The
resident population is expected to [become larger and the work week is expected to become
shorter,] grow, thus increasing [leisure time and] the use of recreational facilities.
[Comprehensive recreational planning is essential in providing recreational opportunities for now
and the future while preserving the quality of recreational resources.] Ideally, all residents
should have convenient access to the most popular recreation facilities, such as
playgrounds, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and multi-purpose community centers.
Although beach parks usually require suitable shoreline conditions, the popularity of
shoreline activities mandate that beach parks be established in relation to population
distribution, even if the area does not provide the best recreational resource. Some
districts have benefited more than others in terms of the number of facilities-based parks
and beach parks relative to population. North Kona. South Kona, South Kohala and Puna
have the least amount of County facilities-based parks and beach parks in relation to
population. State beach parks within the South Kohala and North Kona districts help to
offset, in part, some of these deficiencies. The North Hilo and North Kohala districts have
279
Recreation
a disaroaortionately large number of County nark acreage in relationship to their small
aouulations.
The island [of Hawaii] has a pleasant climate throughout the year and a variety of scenic
areas ranging from snow-capped volcanic peaks to tropical rain forests and sunny beaches. With
such natural assets, the people of the island generally go outdoors for their recreation.
Traditionally, the shoreline areas have been preferred for fishing, swimming, picnicking,
camping and informal passive recreation. Of the County's total [313] 305 miles of tidal
shoreline, [however,] only 1.2 miles are prime sand beach [which] that is generally favorable for
swimming and other water-oriented activities. The demand on these limited areas for public
recreation is heavy and crowding occurs in some areas. Crowding is usually due to inadequate
or undeveloped park acreage, roads and parking areas occupying usable recreation area, and the
lack of adequate facilities[.] in adjoining areas or other narks. Options for developing beach
parks should include privately operated or maintained facilities or private concessions of beach
park facilities.
The quality of recreation areas often diminishes with heavy expanded use. Sewage and
industrial waste have penetrated into some swimming, surfing, fishing, and boating areas,
reducing the availability and/or quality of these areas for recreation. There is also competition
for prime beach area between the visitor industry and the residents. This competition will
continue to increase in the future.
The County has a variety of pazks including small neighborhood playgrounds, larger
playfields, and parks of County-wide scope for active and passive recreation. On the island [of
Hawaii], there are [3] 4 National parks, [18] 20 State parks and a total of [74] 118 County [parks,
including] nark sites, in addition to regional, district, community, and neighborhood parks.
The County also manages recreational facilities including [7] 9 swimming pools, [ 16] 19
community/senior centers, [20] 21 gymnasiums (includes [7] 6 Department of Education [and 1
National Guard] facilities), [3 playgrounds,] and 15 miscellaneous facilities such as rodeo
arenas, boat ramps, scenic lookout, drag strip, etc.[)] Neighborhood parks and playfields lack
adequate facilities in some communities. ]n some areas, community centers are used for
meetings and cultural activities. School buildings are also used for community meetings, and
school yards sometimes function as neighborhood playfields. Park pavilions are used for
community activities and family socials. There are also facilities for specific recreational
activities, such as golf courses, small boat harbors, and swimming pools.
[As lot sizes become smaller and yard space diminishes and as urban areas expand, there
will be an increased need to provide recreational facilities. Especially in urban areas, open space
will have to be provided and protected.]
The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" was prepared in 1974 to serve as a guide in the
planning efforts for expansion, acquisition, and development of the County's recreational areas.
This plan, however, needs to be revised and updated to reflect new and/or updated priorities.
Such a plan is needed in order for the County to identify significant resource areas with
recreational value. A detailed plan will allow the development of an acquisition program
280
Recreation
that could utilize a variety of tools or coordinate with other involved agencies or
organizations to acquire lands for narks or access.
The recreational program of the County is presently targeted toward diversification of
activities. Active team sports for all children and adults are continually being maintained.
Recreational programs have been targeted for all ages with [renewed emphasis on promoting]
saecial emuhasis to promote activities for [women, adolescent, and pre-adolescent girls.]
ov uth•
In some rural areas where the population is saarsely dispersed [along highways (i.e.
Kona)], the lack of convenient aublic transportation makes it difficult [for people in these areas]
to take advantage of recreational facilities and programs.
Summer fun activities in the mornings are being conducted for six weeks during the
summer at County parks as well as Department of Education facilities for all children, grades one
to six. Additional enrichment programs may be offered in the mornings and afternoons
when funding is available. Intercession programs are offered to accommodate students on
vear-round schedules.
The lack of adequate facilities and programs for pre-school children should be addressed
with more intensity in the future. The construction of new facilities, the renovation of some of
the existing ones, and [qualified personnel] the provision of adequate staffing should meet this
need.
Cultural and social programs are offered to senior citizens in all communities. Activities
include arts, crafts, games, dance, music, and educational classes. As the number of retired
persons increases, additional activities and a broader program will be needed.
The county operates [seven (7)] nine swimming pools offering recreational swimming,
water safety instruction, and competitive swimming activity. To serve the [metropolitan area ofJ
Hilo[,] a~ one of two pools is operated primarily for water safety instructional purposes. Most
county beaches are staffed with beach lifeguards on weekends and holidays as well as during
summer school breaks to provide lifesaving and first aid services. Lifeguards are on duty
every day of the week at the most heavily utilized beaches.
The Department of Education and the University of Hawaii system offer adult education
courses for enrichment. They also sponsor lecture and film series in communities throughout the
County. Various volunteer citizens' groups organize and encourage art exhibits, drama, dance,
music, and other cultural performances.
Many of the cultural and educational programs are available only in the more densely
populated areas. The need to expand these programs as well as other recreational opportunities
for people in ]ow density rural areas will continue.
281
Recreation
Public access to the ocean and mountains have special recreational and cultural
significance to the residents of this island community. Public access to coastal and
mountain areas have been an essential element in the lathering of food, the transport of
goods, and recreational purposes for both the island's residents and their ancestors. In
recognition of the need to provide residents with the right of free movement in public space
and access to and use of these public coastal and mountain areas. the Hawaii County
Council adopted Ordinance No. 96 17 in 1996 to reauire the dedication of land for public
rights-of--way as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a building permit for the
construction of amultiple-family residential development, under certain circumstances.
The County may also reauire the establishment of public rights-of--way as part of the
issuance of other types of land use approvals, such as changes of zone or Special
Management Area Use Permits. Information regarding the State parks system, as well as
public hunting areas, may be obtained by contacting the State Department of Land and
Natural Resources.
GOALS
• Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors
of the County.
• Maintain the natural beauty of recreation areas.
• Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits.
POLICIES
• Strive to equitably allocate facility-based parks among the districts relative
to population, with public input to determine the locations and types of
facilities.
• [The County of Hawaii shall improve] Improve existing public facilities for
optimum usage.
• Recreational facilities [in the County] shall reflect the natural, historic, and
cultural character of the area.
• The use of land adjoining recreation areas shall be compatible with community
values, physical resources, and recreation potential.
• [The County shall develop] Develop short and long range capital improvement
programs and plans for recreational facilities [which] that are consistent with the
General Plan.
• The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" shall be [reviewed and] updated to
reflect newly identified recreational priorities.
282
Recreation
• Facilities for compatible multiple uses shall be provided.
• [The County shall provide] Provide facilities and a broad recreational program
for all age groups, with special considerations for the handicapped, the elderly,
and young children.
• [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate recreational programs and facilities
with governmental and private agencies and organizations. Innovative ideas for
improving recreational facilities and opportunities shall be considered.
• [The County shall develop] Develop local citizen leadership and participation in
recreation planning, maintenance, and programming.
• [The County of Hawaii shall adopt] Adopt an on-going program of identification,
designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational
resources, such as ]and with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline
recreation[.] in cooperation with appropriate governmental agencies.
• Public access to the shoreline shall be provided in accordance with an adopted
program of the County of Hawaii.
• [The County shall establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of
scenic, historic, natural, or recreational values.] Develop a network of
pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural or recreational
values. This svstem of trails shall provide, at a minimum, an islandwide
route connecting maior parks and destinations.
• [The County in coordination with appropriate State agencies shall establish]
Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cart roads and old government
roads on the island[.] in coordination with appropriate State agencies.
• [The County shall develop] Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for
walking, jogging, and biking activities.
• [The County shall continue to maintain] Develop a recreation information
dissemination system for the public's use.
• [The County shall review and, if appropriate, revise its ordinance] Revise the
ordinance requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and recreational
use or pay a fee in lieu thereof.
• Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance.
• Consider alternative sources of funding for recreational facilities.
283
Recreation
• Develop best manaeement practices for the development of eolf courses in
coordination with developers, State Department of Health. and other
Qovernment a¢encies.
• Provide access to public huntin¢ areas.
STANDARDS
• Regional Parks:
Major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor
activities. A major center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include
features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests. Minimum size: 50
acres.
Vicinity of major populated areas.
Facilities include: multi-purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming
pool, adequate [and defined] parking [area,] areas, and facilities for spectator
sports: football, baseball, softball, track field, tennis, basketball and volleyball.
• District ['arks:
Offer diversified types ofrecreational activities to an entire district [which] that
include indoor and outdoor sports [during the day as well as nights]. Minimum
size: 10 to 30 acres.
Within a district consisting of several populated communities [and good
topography].
Facilities include: gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, showers; a center
for community and recreational programs; swimming pool (if justifiable); play
area and equipment for young children; courts for basketball, tennis, and
volleyball; ballfields for soccer, baseball, softball, and football; night lights; and
an adequate parking area.
284
Recreation
• Community Pazks:
Community recreation area serving [a 1 mile radius in] surrounding urban areas,
and entire community in rural areas. [Provide] Provides active and passive
activities.
Between 4 and 8 acres, within the center of the community or several
neighborhoods.
Facilities include: [recreation building with] multi-purpose [room] building
office, storage, restrooms and pazkkeeper's room; swimming pool]; gymnasium
(where not serviceable from a district park); courts for basketball, volleyball and
tennis; ballfields for softball baseball, soccer, football; play area and equipment
for young children; walking and jogging paths; picnic and passive area; night
lights and an adequate [defined] pazking area.
• Neighborhood Parks:
Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the
outdoors, play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the
neighborhood.
Up to 4 acres, within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a
school.
Minimum facilities include: restrooms; drinking water; [parkkeeper's storage;]
walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths); courts for basketball,
volleyball and tennis; ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball and soccer; play
area and equipment for young children; and an adequate [and defined] parking
area.
• Community Centers:
Major center for spectator sports, [and for] cultural and social activities.
Size depends on facilities proposed and accessory uses.
Facilities include: multipurpose building; auditorium; gymnasium; facilities for
spectator sports; swimming facility; and an adequate [and defined] parking[.]
area.
• Parks for General Use:
zss
Recreation
Centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a
volcanic feature and [including] includes historic sites whenever feasible.
Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County.
• Beach parks provide opportunities for swimming/sunbathing, surfing, camping,
fishing, boating, nature study, and other pastimes. Every section of the island
should be adequately served. Facilities depend on size and intensity of use but
should include: restrooms with showers [and changing area]; picnic [area with
tables and cooking] facilities; a defined tent camping area when allowed; drinking
water; [defined and] adequate parking; pavilions of various sizes; and lifeguard
facilities and storage for groundskeeper and lifeguard equipment].
• Wilderness and wildland areas are remote from population centers and have
limited access by jeep, hiking, biking, or horseback.
Facilities include: trails and unimproved roads; designated hunting and fishing
areas; designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities;
and wilderness camp sites [with simple shelters where needed; outhouse
Facilities; and drinking water].
• Park Dedication Code
The County's Park Dedication Code (Chapter 8, Hawaii County Codel
provides standards for the dedication of land, facilities or assessment of in-
lieu fees for recreational purposes upon the subdivision of land or the
development of multiple family residential units. The code requires a
minimum ratio of five acres of land for park and playeround purposes for
every 1,000 persons in each district.
• Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas
The County's Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas Code
(Chapter 34, Hawaii County Code) requires the dedication of land for public
rights-of-way as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a buildine
permit for the construction of amultiple-family residential development,
under certain circumstances.
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis of recreation in each district. It is intended to bring into
focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole.
286
Recreation
PUNA
Profile
[The present] Presently, the parks in the Puna district are inadequate to serve the needs
of the residents. [Optimum use, however, has not been achieved.] Recreation programs are
centered around team sports for young people, and social and cultural activities are limited. Cool
and rainy weather requires that there be extensive covered and indoor recreational areas. County
community pazks are located at Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, Mountain View, and Kurtistown.
Tennis courts and ballfields are available at the district park (Herbert Shipman Pazk) in Keaau.
However, parking facilities need improvement. There is a neighborhood center in Pahoa [which]
that is heavily used for community meetings and events; educational, cultural, and senior
citizens programs; health and welfaze programs; and indoor recreational activities. A 50-meter
Olympic-size swimmina pool at the Pahoa Neishborhood Facility, completed in 1997. now
provides the residents of Puna with aworld-class swimmina facility. School playfields are
used at Keaau, Mountain View, and Pahoa. Drainage is often a problem on the playfields. The
Department of Education maintains gymnasiums at Pahoa and Keaau, covered and outdoor
basketball courts at Mountain View, and tennis courts and ballfields at Pahoa. The County has a
gymnasium at Mountain View, outdoor basketball court at Kurtistown and Hawaiian Beaches
and tennis courts at Keaau and Kurtistown. Ballfields are also located in Mountain View,
Kurtistown, and Hawaiian Beaches subdivision. Amulti-purpose sports field is proposed at
the Hawaiian Beaches Park.
School activities take precedence over public use of joint-use facilities. There are lighted
ballfields in Pahoa and Keaau. [However, the lack of lighting in other parks and on tennis and
basketball courts prevents night use.]
Many of the other parks in the Puna district are heavily used by Hilo residents for
picnicking, camping, swimming, surfing, and fishing. The proximity of Puna makes it easy for
people in Hilo to travel to these areas.
The County's 1.7-acre Isaac Hale Beach Pazk is a beach area [which offers] offerins
picnicking, camping, fishing, surfing, and swimming when the ocean is calm. A boat launching
ramp facility is presently provided adjacent to the park at Pohoiki Bay. The present park area
and facilities are inadequate. Cars, boats, and boat trailers often occupy areas within the [Isaac
Hale Park which] park that could be used for recreational opportunities. Expansion of this
park has been initiated by the County with the purchase of an adiacent 22 acres of land
mauka of the existins park to be developed with additional parkins areas, plavsrounds,
boat parkins area, picnic facilities and restrooms.
[Harry K. Brown Park (22.8 acres) and Kaimu Beach Park (11.4 acres) are County
recreational areas in Kalapana used for picnicking, camping, surfing and fishing. The ocean is
generally too rough for swimming. The highway separating the park from the shoreline is a
safety hazard and limits the use of recreation areas along the coast. Kaimu Beach is enjoyed for
its scenic quality, picnicking, surfing and fishing, however there are no restroom facilities and
287
Recreation
parking facilities are inadequate.] Kaimu Beach Park's famous black sand beach and
adjacent coconut grove, once one of the most photoeraphed scenic attractions on the Bie
Island, were covered by lava flows from Pu'u O'o Crater, Kilauea Volcano in 1990. Less
than a mile away, Harry K. Brown Park, at one time the Puna district's most popular
beach park, was inundated in the same eruption.
In 1993, the County purchased approximately six acres of land situated 2.000 feet to
the northeast of Isaac Hale Beach Park in an effort to replace park land destroyed by lava.
The new Ahalanui Park features anaturally-occurring warm spring (Mauna Kea Pondl
and a grassed area with scattered ornamental and coconut trees. Proposed improvements
include the construction of a 54-stall parkins lot, renovation of existing structures to
accommodate a caretaker's cottage and community center, the construction of restrooms,
access roadway and infrastructure improvements.
[The state-owned ancient canoe landing site area adjacent to the Kalapana Star of the Sea
Catholic Church is often used for picnicking, fishing and swimming. However, the area does not
have adequate parking facilities and restrooms are not available.]
MacKenzie State Recreation Area (13.1 acres) is an ocean-oriented and forest park
located between Pohoiki and Opihikao at the edge of the Malama-Ki Forest Reserve. Fishing,
picnicking and tent camping are recreational activities of this park. Within the park is a
well-preserved segment of the ancient Hawaiian King's Trail.
The [County's] State's undeveloped Nanawale Park site, consisting of 78.3 acres, is
located adjacent to Honolulu Landing, along the Puna Coastal Road between Kapoho and the
Hawaiian Shores Subdivision.
Near the Kapoho-Pohoiki junction, the Lava Tree State Monument (17.0 acres) features
lava trees and large volcanic earth cracks and has a footpath, picnic facilities, parking area, and
restrooms. The park is landscaped, well maintained, [and has] with adequate facilities and area
for present use. An additional area adjacent to the present park has been reserved for fixture
expansion.
The County's Glenwood Park (1.1 acres), located along the Volcano Highway,
adequately serves travelers as a picnic and rest stop.
[Within the Puna district are 60,000 acres of the total area of Hawaii Volcanoes National
Park.] Approximately 60,000 acres of the 229,176-acre Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is
located within the Puna District. The facilities of the park for passive and active recreation are
readily accessible.
288
Recreation
Courses of Action
A swimming pool should be provided in Pahoa in cooperation with the
Department of Education.]
• As the population increases and need arises, neighborhood parks in large
subdivisions between Keaau and Pahoa should be provided and improved.
Implement the County of Hawaii Park Development Plan for the Kalapana-Kaimu
area.
• Recommend that the State develop the ancient canoe landing site area as a
recreation area.]
• [Recommend establishing a wilderness camp and] Encourage the State to
establish a park reserve on State-owned land east of Kaimu.
• Recommend the establishment of beach reserves at Kehena Beach and Opihikao
(west of Opihikao junction).
• Recommend that the State expand the MacKenzie State Recreation Area.
• Develop [and expand] the expanded Isaac Hale Beach Park recreation area.
Provide trail access to Keahialaka Spring and Pond and Mahinaakaka Heiau.
• Develop the Kapoho Tidepools as a marine park.
• Establish a small scenic park overlooking Kapoho and provide minimum
facilities.
• Develop recreational areas along the coast between Hilo and Kapoho, including
areas at Papai, Haena (Keaau), Kaloli Point, Keonepoko Nui, Honolulu Landing,
and Nanawale.
• Establish small scenic viewpoints along the Puna Road to overlook the rift zone
and [Kauileau,] Kaueleau, Keekee and the 1955 flows.
• Explore means to maximize the use of the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility site
to serve the recreational needs of the lower Puna area.
2x9
Recreation
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[The city ofJ Hilo is the major urban center in the County and [as such) has a diversity of
recreational facilities. Within the city, there are [six] eight neighborhood parks. All of these
parks are between 3.0 and 7.7 acres in size and five [of them] have playfields. Nine school yards
provide additional playfields. These parks are not used to their optimum capacity. In many of
the parks, there are drainage problems. [The lack of lights does not allow evening use of
playfields.] Lack of playground equipment, inadequate landscaping, and the lack ofbenches and
adequate shelters have restricted the use of some parks. Some residential areas do not have easy
access to neighborhood parks, and newer communities lack recreational areas[.] altogether.
Hilo also has [fourteen] 17 gymnasiums: two are at University of Hawaii at Hilo, [two]
three are with the Department of Education, [six are County owned, one with the Department of
Hawaiian Home Lands,] nine are under County jurisdiction, and three are privately owned
and maintained. [A gymnasium at Waiakea High School is presently under construction.]
Outside of urban Hilo, there is a County community park in Kaiwiki; a gymnasium in
Wainaku; a playfield [and gymnasium (Department of Education maintained)] in Hakalau; a
gymnasium[,] and playfield in both Honomu[;] and Pauaikou; and a community center and
playfield in [Papaikou and Pepeekeo.] Kulaimano. Public use of facilities jointly administered
by the County and the Department of Education is generally limited to after school hours.
Regional recreational facilities located in [the city of] Hilo serve South Hilo and
neighboring districts. There are three swimming pools, two owned by the County and the other
administered by the Department of Education.
Hoolulu [Park] Complex is the major regional recreational center and consists of [58.7]
56 acres. There is an auditorium with a seating capacity of 2,800 [which] that is used for
pageants, private fundraising, musical entertainment, and sports events. Although adequate for
sports, the acoustics and seating are poor for entertainment. A large stadium (Wong) for sports
events, a swimming pool, outdoor tennis courts, a covered tennis stadium (utilized for cultural
events, car shows and other events), and a tri-baseball field are also located in the park. Parking
is currently inadequate for large events. Anew footbalUsoccer field and narking area will be
developed on lands located to the west of the Hoolulu Complex on Manono Street. The
County is currently working with the owners of these lands to secure the site for its
exaansion clans.
The Hilo Armory is utilized for county programs, [private fundraising] and organized
sport events. It also houses various county [offices.] agencies.
Five miles south of [the City ofJ Hilo, the County maintains the Panaewa Recreation
Complex located on a 173-acre parcel. The complex includes the Rainforest Zoo and the
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Recreation
Equestrian Center, consisting of a race track, [and] rodeo [facilities.] arena, and other
equestrian facilities. The County also maintains the [Panaewa] Hilo Drag Strip (70.66 acres)
located east of Railroad Avenue. There is athree-fourth mile race track, spectator area and other
support facilities. Also near the drag strip is aCounty-operated skeet and trap range.
Most beach areas in the district have little depth due to coastal roads or residential lots.
Pazking is ofren a problem and vehicles occupy valuable recreation area. There are [seven] eight
developed beaches with about 3,000 linear feet of shoreline in Hilo. These are the Hilo
Bayfront[,] Beach. Mokuola CCoconut [Isle,] Island Reed's Bay, Onekahakaha[,] Beach Park.
Leleiwi[,] Beach Park, James Kealoha[,] Beach Park, Carlsmith, and Richardson Ocean Park
Beaches. Lihikai jOnekahakaha~ has a small sand beach with shallow water and is especially
good for children.
There is a [2] two-mile stretch of coastline from Lehia Beach Park through Lihikai
(Onekahakaha) [which] that can be developed for recreation. The Reed's Bay area and Kuhio
Bay (Baker's Beach) have sand beaches with potential for more intensive recreational use.
The County has [three] two Eeneral use oceanfront parks: Liliuokalani Gardens
[-Coconut Island (22.5 acres),] (19 acresl, currently undereoina extensive renovation and
modification to improve accessibility, and Bayfront-Mooheau Park (20.9 acres)[, and Reed's
Bay Beach Park (3.8 acres)]. Near the mouth of the Wailoa River is the [State] State's [has a
]49.6-acre [park] Wailoa River State Recreation Area, [with] that includes a pond maintained
as a public fishing area. These parks provide scenic landscaped open space and are used for
picnicking, pleasure walking, quiet relaxation, and fishing. Large pavilions at Wailoa River
State Recreation Area are frequently used for community meetings and banquets. Mooheau Park
has a bandstand [which] that is used for community gatherings and events. Noise from the
nearby highway, however, ofren interferes with the use of the bandstand.
Steep cliffs make the coastal waters of the northern portion of the South Hilo district
inaccessible except at the mouths of a few large gulches. North of [the city ofJ Hilo are two
beach parks located at the [mouth] mouths of gulches. Honolii Beach Park (2.77 acres) is used
primarily by surfers. Kolekole [Beach] Gulch Park at Wailea is used mainly for picnicking and
camping with limited swimming in the stream.
The County's 4.9-acre park at Kaumana Caves and the Wailuku River State Park (16.3
acres) in Hilo and Akaka Falls State Park (65.4 acres) in Honomu have outstanding natural
features. The State maintains a scenic viewpoint at Alealea Point and the County has [one] a
scenic viewpoint at Onomea Lookout Point.
The three forest reserves in South Hilo offer limited wilderness recreation, primarily
hunting and camping. The Waiakea Arboretum is used as a demonstration area for visitors.
There are three facilities for small boats in Hilo. One is located at the mouth of the
Wailoa River and is used by fishing crafr and other power boats. A launching ramp is provided.
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Recreation
The others are moorages with minimal facilities in Reed's Bay and Radio Bay [which are] used
by sailboats.
An 18-hole municipal golf course with an area of 164.9 acres is located in the Waiakea
Homesteads area. [However, improvements such as parking areas are needed.] A 9-hole
privately owned golf course (63.2 acres) is located on the Waiakea Peninsula.
Three privately-owned museums provide educational resources to the community.
The Pacific Tsunami Museum memorializes those who have lost their lives in tsunamis.
Hawaii Shima Japanese Immigrant Museum chronicles the solicitation of Japanese
nationals to work the sugar plantations and vividly illustrates their strong traditional
cultural heritage and entrepreneurial spirit in braving adversities. The Lyman House and
Memorial Museum [is the district's only museum. It is privately owned.] strives to promote
awareness and instill community pride by presenting programs and exhibits relating to the
cultural, artistic, religious, and historical heritage of Hawaii.
Courses of Action
• [Develop] Maintain Clem Akina Pazk, Gilbert Carvalho Park, Keikiland
Playground and Wainaku Camp 2 Field as community recreation centers [with
improved drainage and landscaping, a sitting area for passive recreation, and play
sculpture and equipment].
• Improve Kalakaua Park as an open space amenity and the Jocal point of the
Kalakaua Park Heritage Area.
Provide shaded areas with benches at Keikiland, Villa Franca.]
• Encourage the [State to maintain a strip] development of a park along both sides
of the Wailuku River in the central business district of Hilo and provide major
viewpoints with pedestrian walkways and benches.
• Community and/or neighborhood recreational areas should be provided in areas
such as Piihonua, upper Ponahawai, Kaumana-Ainako, upper Kaumana, Haihai,
and upper Waiakea and at Kulaimano Subdivision].
• Develop urban commercial areas with [small] landscaped parks for passive
recreation.
• Expand the depth of coastal recreation areas. Park aeeas should be connected with
trails to increase public access.
• Develop the coastal area between Lehia and Lihikai for [recreation.] recreational
use.
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Recreation
• Develop Reed's Bay for more intensive water-oriented recreation.
• Encourage the State to develop [an adequate] a small boat harbor and additional
moorage facilities.
• Develop Kuhio Bay and the Baker's Beach area as a public recreational facility.
• Encourage the implementation of the "Environmental and Urban Design
Proposals, East Hawaii Project, City of Hilo," and the "Downtown Hilo
Redevelopment Plan" for the [open space ofJ Kaiko'o and Bayfront areas. This
includes the deepening of Waiolama Canal, the development of the proposed
Waiolama River State Park, the elimination of Bayfront [Drive] Hiahwav and the
widening and realigning of Kamehameha Avenue, and the establishment of
botanical gardens.
• Provide trail and access systems to recreational areas.
• [Provide a large auditorium which can be used for] Develop acenter/complex
[and] for major cultural [events.], educational and recreational activities.
• Develop a second municipal golf course.
• Return Kaumana Caves County Park, a natural resource recreation area, to
the jurisdiction of the State.
NORTH HILO
Profile
Recreational facilities in the North Hilo district are generally limited. The population of
the area is small and scattered and transportation is a major problem. The community at Ookala
has a gymnasium and ballfield [provided by the sugar company while] that were previously
owned by the sugar plantation but are now owned and maintained by the County. The
Papaaloa community has a county gymnasium, community center, ballfield, and tennis courts.
In Laupahoehoe, community groups use the former Court House as a meeting place. The
Laupahoehoe School complex, with a 6-acre playfield, a gymnasium, two tennis courts and a
County swimming pool, is also used by the community. There is an old gymnasium at
Laupahoehoe Peninsula [which is] used primarily by [senior citizens] area residents for various
functions.
Two parks are located [at] adjacent to the [mouth] mouths of the larger gulches.
Waikaumalo Park at Honohina is 3.4 acres in size and offers stream swimming and picnicking.
Laupahoehoe [Peninsula] Point Beach Park has an area of 24 acres and is being developed to
serve as a regional recreation area. Facilities include a playfield, a boat ramp, four picnic
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Recreation
shelters and a large pavilion. Camping, picnicking and fishing are featured activities in this
scenic location. The water, however, is unsafe for swimming and the parking area is not defined.
A [new boat launching ramp is being proposed] joint effort undertaken by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers and the County[,] provided the community with a new breakwater and
boat IaunchinQ ramp.
Within the district are the Hilo Forest Reserve (54,020 acres) and the Manowaialee Forest
Reserve (1,410 acres). Neither have facilities and are [not much] rarely used for recreation.
Courses of Action
• Implement the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park master plan.
• [Implement] Improve the boat launching [ramp] facilities at Laupahoehoe
Peninsula[.] by encouraQine the Armv Corps of Engineers to extend the
breakwater.
HAMAKUA
Pro51e
With the combined recreational facilities made available by the former sugar company,
the schools[,] and the County, the communities of the Hamakua district are adequately served.
[If private facilities are discontinued or not maintained, however, pubic ones will be needed.]
The sugar company [provides] previously provided neighborhood playground and playfield
facilities in Haina and Paauhau. The County [has leased] now owns the ballfield in Haina and
the ballfield and gym at Paauilo Park [from the sugar company. Haina has a lighted softball field
with bleachers which has been used for State tournaments]. A community center was built by
the [county] Coun at [the] Paauilo [park] Park [.Paauhau has a playfield, community hall and
tennis courts, and Paauilo] which, in addition, has [a] an inadequately lighted [playfield] field
and gym. [However, there is inadequate lighting at the Paauilo Park.] The Paauilo community
also uses the [5] five-acre school playfield.
[There is a 3.9-acre playfield and a social hall in Kukuihaele which is administered by the
County. The old school lot in Ahualoa has been set aside as a park but is yet undeveloped. The
Ahualoa Community Association has expressed an interest to lease and develop this site.]
In Honokaa, the school grounds serve as a [regional recreation center] district park
[which is] administered by the Department of Education. Other facilities include a 4.5-acre
playfield, a swimming pool (County-owned and maintained), and a National Guard gym. [South
Kohala residents also use these facilities.] Honokaa has a large [county] Coun -developed park
with two ballfields, [and] a football/track field,[.] and a [A] gymnasium facility [is presently
being constructed here]. The [county] Coun also owns a rodeo arena mauka of the Hawaii
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Recreation
Belt Highway. The Hamakua Country Club, a 9-hole golf course (19 acres) facility, is
privately owned.
Two wildland State parks provide facilities for hiking, picnicking, camping and hunting.
Cabins are available for overnight use. Mauna Kea State Recreation Area is 20 acres in size and
[is] located in the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From this park, there is a hiking
trail to the summit of Mauna Kea. During the winter months, the summit of Mauna Kea
provides opportunities for skiing and other snow sports. Kalopa State Recreation Area (100
acres) is located in a native ohia forested area five miles southeast of Honokaa.
The State Division of Forestry and Wildlife administers four game management areas
with a total area of about 290,000 acres. These provide an extensive area for hunting. There are
also three forest reserves within this district [which] that can be used for hunting, hiking, nature
study, and wilderness camping. No facilities aze provided and access to the forest reserves is
limited.
The County maintains a scenic lookout area above Waipio Valley [which] that has a
shelter and facilities for picnicking. There is a State hiking trail into the [adjacent] adjoining
valleys, including Waimanu Valley.
Courses of Action
Encourage close coordination between private and public recreation agencies.]
• Construct multipurpose rooms adjacent to the gymnasium in Honokaa Park
to accommodate community meetings and functions.
• Encourage the recreational development of Waipio and Waimanu Valleys as
natural and wilderness areas. Encourage the State to provide small recreation
sites on the edge of Waipio Palley.
• Encourage the development of a general use pazk in the Kaao-Ahualoa section of
the Hamakua Forest Reserve as recommended by the Hamakua community].
Develop the former school lot in Ahualoa as a neighborhood park as the need
arises.]
• [Develop] Encourage the State to develop a scenic park on the Kohala side of
Hiilawe Falls [after the completion] in conjunction with the development of the
scenic highway.
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Recreation
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Scattered settlement in the North Kohala district makes it difficult for residents to get to
recreation areas. Parks in this district consist of two school grounds and four County parks. The
Halaula Middle Annex for Kohala High and Intermediate Schools, formerly the Halaula
Elementazy School, has a 5-acre playfield, [and] playground, and basketball court used by
[children] residents in the area. Kohala High School has a gym, playground, track, and a 4.5-
acre playfield. The gym is used by the community for gatherings. Kamehameha Park in Kapaau
is a major [community] district park [and has] with an azea of 18.4 acres. Facilities include a
grandstand, lighted playfield, lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a large
gymnasium/community center complex. The park, however, is not lazge enough to
accommodate [people at] major events. A community park to serve the Kahei area is being
proposed.
Along the windward coast of the district, the County's Keokea Beach Park at Niulii, with
an area of 7.1 acres and two pavilions, is the only developed beach area. Swimming [here,
however,] at this park is limited because of ocean conditions. On the leeward side of the
district are two County beach parks. Kapaa Beach Park has a total area of 28.3 acres, but only a
small portion has been developed. Mahukona Beach Park has a total area of less than three acres
and is located close to the harbor, which is popular for fishing and swimming. The harbor has a
launching derrick maintained by the County but lacks docking and mooring facilities for small
boats. Parking is inadequate at these beach parks. With the approval in 1993 of the proposed
240-unit Mahukona Resort on lands adjacent to Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks, the
Hawaii County Council required the developer to provide various improvements to both
Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks. These improvements will include facilities for active
recreational uses and improvements to the existing access roadway, pavilion and restroom
facilities, among others. Improvements to Kapaa Beach Park include accommodations for
camping and passive recreational uses and the construction of restrooms and additional
parking.
The Pololu Valley lookout at Niulii has limited parking but no other facilities. The valley
itself is an area of scenic beauty. An access trail from the lookout descends into the valley.
The State manages three historical parks: Lapakahi State Historical Pazk, Kamehameha I
Birthsite State Monument, and the Mookini Heiau State Monument.
Courses of Action
Encourage the development of Pololu Valley as a recreation area with a minimum
of man-made elements.]
• [Encourage the use of the total area ofJ Expand facilities at Kapaa Beach Park.
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Recreation
• Encourage the State to further develop the Lapakahi complex as a historic park
and establish a marine park].
• Recommend the expansion of small boat harbor facilities at Mahukona Harbor
[and multi-use recreation area on adjacent lands].
• Expand the multi-use recreation areas at Mahukona and Kapaa Beach
Parks.
• Encourage the State to dedicate approximately 12 acres of its lands
surrounding Mahukona Beach Park to the County to accommodate the
expansion of Mahukona Beach Park.
• Encourage the development of the Upolu Point area for recreation, including
access to fishing areas.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
Recreation areas in the South Kohala district are limited. The Waimea Elementary and
Intermediate School has a playground and a gymnasium used during school days; and jointly
operated by the County after school hours. The County's Waimea Park (10.5 acres) is the
district's recreation center with a community center, playfields and facilities for spectators, tennis
courts, restrooms, and an attractive playground for young children. One playfield and the tennis
courts are provided with lights for night activities. This park is often a rest and picnic stop for
travelers. Parking, however, is undefined and restroom facilities are inadequate. The County
also maintains a 2.8-acre passive roadside park area in Waimea. A four-acre neighborhood
park was developed in Waikoloa Village and a community park adjacent to the Waikoloa
School is currently being developed.
The Waimea community center is a [county] Counri facility. A senior citizen center is
operated by the County at the former courthouse in Waimea. There are private rodeo facilities at
Parker Ranch and Waikoloa.
[The district of South Kohala should now have at least 30 acres of community recreation
areas.]
The island's major white sand beaches stretch along the coast of South Kohala. Hapuna
Beach State Recreation Area and the County's Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park are the major
developed areas. The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway between Kawaihae and Kailua has made the
beaches of South Kohala more accessible. Hapuna is 61.1 acres in size and is the major
water-oriented recreation area in the County. Samuel M. Spencer Park near Kawaihae Harbor
has an area of 13.4 acres and a sandy coastline of approximately 1,200 feet. The water is
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Recreation
shallow and is [especially] frequently used by family groups. Both Hapuna Beach and Samuel
M. Spencer Parks receive intensive use. [Facilities and parking are inadequate.] In addition to
these public beach parks, public access to the beaches at Anaehoomalu, Mauna Lani, and Mauna
Kea have been provided. [Plans exist to locate the improved and expanded] The perimeter
breakwater of the Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor [north of the beach park.] is now complete.
This new breakwater was constructed at the southern end of the harbor by the Armv
Corps of Engineers in 1998. Infrastructure will be added by the State when funding can be
appropriated. The present small boat harbor has [catwalks for 33 boats and mooring] moorings
For [12.] 40 boats and a pier with 3-point (Tahitian-stvlel moorings that can accommodate
six boats.
The National Park Service manages the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site [which
overlooks the] overlooking Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park.
There are 18-[holes] hole golf course sites located at the Mauna Kea [Beach Hotel]
Resort 2 ,Waikoloa Village, Mauna Lani [Hotel] Resort 2 ,and [Sheraton] Waikoloa Resort
(2). These courses are privately owned but open to the public. Also open to the public is the
18-hole Waimea Country Club.
Courses of Action
• Encourage the full implementation of the Hapuna Beach State Park Master Plan
including Wailea Bay Area.
• [Implement the Spencer Park development plan.] ]mprove picnic and camping
facilities at Samuel M. Spencer Beach Pazk.
• [Reserve, acquire] Acquire and develop additional public shoreline recreation
areas [in South Kohala].
• Encourage the establishment of neighborhood [pazk reserves in the district.]
ap rks.
• Ensure public use of and access to beach areas [in South Kohala].
Implement the development of the petroglyph fields at Puako as a historic park.
• Recommend the State to implement plans for small boat harbor facilities at
Kawaihae.]
• Develop [and implement a master plan] parking areas for Waimea Park [to
include basketball courts, improved parking and restrooms].
• Develop additional recreational facilities in Waimea, including an
approximate 30-acre regional park on land to be donated by Parker Ranch.
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Kecreation
• Encourage the expansion of outdoor recreational areas around Waimea School.
Playfields and four neighborhood playground sites shall be set aside within
Waikoloa.]
• Develop recreational facilities in Waikoloa, including an enclosed community
center/sports complex.
• Develop trail systems linking residential areas to Waimea's urban center.
• Support the passive use of Church Row Park.
• Encourage development of Waimea Trails & Greenways and Waimea
Nature Park (Ulu Laau).
NORTH KONA
Profile
The existing recreational areas and facilities in the North Kona district are generally
inadequate. [The almost 18,500] Approximately 27,400 residents are served by nine County
parks. Hale Halawai (3.2 acres) provides a meeting place for the community and also serves as a
[rest stop and] picnic area. Acoustics are poor and parking is inadequate. The distance of Hale
Halawai from mauka areas is a problem for many residents in the district. The small Kailua
Playground (0.7 acre) is used by Kailua residents for tennis and basketball; however, its limited
area restricts active team sports. The Hill Crest Subdivision Park is too small for competitive
team sports has no restroom facility] and has inadequate parking. The Harold H. Higashihara
Park is also too small for competitive team sports, although its tennis and outdoor basketball
courts and newly constructed playground are well utilized and a small playground with
swings for children and a pavilion are available]. The one-acre school yard at Holualoa is used
for organized sports. Holualoa School and the Kona Imin Center in Holualoa also serve as
community centers for meetings, social gatherings, and recreational purposes.
The newly completed Kealakehe High School offers facilities that are open to the
public during non-school hours. Kealakehe currently has a gymnasium, two General use
plavfields, four tennis courts and outdoor basketball courts. The general use plavfields also
accommodate baseball, football, soccer and track activities. Construction is in progress to
provide dugouts, bleachers and other improvements to these plavfields.
The Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) consists of [14] 34 acres and provides lighted fields
for baseball, sofrball, and football. New baseball and soccer fields were recently constructed.
Also situated here are tour lighted tennis courts [and a bike (BMX) track]. The old terminal
building houses restrooms, [and] offices[/], and a meeting place. [Nineteen (19) additional
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Recreation
acres, acquired in a 40-year lease from the State in 1986, will be used to develop a] A
multipurpose gymnasium track and field/football stadium, baseball stadium] was completed in
1993 and a 50-meter Olympic-size swimming pool was completed in 1999.
Using the ratio of 5.0 acres of recreation area for every 1,000 people, the district of North
Kona should now have at least [91 ] 137 acres of area For community recreation.
The County has three developed beach parks in North Kona. [White Sand Beach
(Disappearing Sands)] Laaloa Bav Beach Park is located along Alii Drive south of [Kailua.]
Kailua-Kona. Pahoehoe Beach Park is located north of the White [Sand] Sands Beach.
Kahaluu Beach Park (5.4 acres), also along Alii Drive, is located in close proximity to the hotels
at Keauhou and receives intensive use from visitors and residents. The park also has a unique
and readily accessible coral garden with an abundance ofmarine life. It is usually overcrowded
[and has inadequate parking facilities].
There aze three small boat harbors in the district: Kailua Bay, Keauhou, and Honokohau.
Honokohau harbor has a capacity for 450 small boats and has other facilities to accommodate
boat repair, restaurant, dry storage, etc. The Kailua Bay anchorage provides limited docking
facilities and offshore anchorage for small boats and commercial charter and tour boats. The
wharf is used as a promenade, a fishing area, and is the center of the Annual Billfish
Tournament. Parking and comfort facilities are inadequate. The nearby small sand beach is used
for swimming. Keauhou Boat Harbor is a small marina and has a launching ramp as does
Honokohau. Facilities are inadequate.
The Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is the only developed State park. Activities
at this 84-acre coastal park include picnicking, sunbathing, fishing, wading, tidepooling, and
surfing. Facilities include a special events pavilion[.] and a iossinB path.
Kekaha Kai State Park (formerly known as Kona Coast State Parkl is a 1,700-acre
park and wildlife sanctuary situated alone the coast between the ahupuaa of Kukio to the
north and Kaulana to the south. Facilities at the park are minimal with portable toilets
and a waded, unpaved access road and parking area at Mahaiula. A conceptual plan for
the park was developed in 1998, and will provide low intensity use of the park to preserve
the unique natural, cultural and recreational resources of the area. Most of the limited
facilities within the park, such as an activity center, Park Ambassador's residence, picnic
facilities, restrooms and a dry botanical Barden, will be concentrated at Mahaiula. Access
roads and parkins areas will be provided at both the northern and southern ends of the
park near Kua and Mahaiula Bavs, respectively. Awakee will remain a wilderness area
and Manini'owali will be an intermediate level activity area adjacent to the resort and
residential developments of Kaupulehu and Kukio.
There [is a 27] are two 18-hole golf [course] courses at Keauhou jwhich is private]y
owned. Another 9 more holes are proposed to be constructed.] and a private 18-hole course at
Puuanahulu, Makalei, and the Hualalai Resort.
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Recreation
The Honuaula Forest Reserve on the upper western slopes of Hualalai is used for limited
wilderness recreation. No facilities are available and access roads are privately owned and in
poor condition.
Courses of Action
• Encourage the development of community and district recreational facilities, a
gymnasium and community center with easy access for residents.
• Encourage the development of Alii Drive within the Kailua Village area as a
pedestrian mall with open space areas for passive recreation.
• Improve facilities at [White Sand] Laaloa Bav Beach Park and [expand]
Kahaluu Beach Park.
• Implement the development of the Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) as a major
regional or district park.
• Encourage the development of a maior multi-purpose regional recreational
and snorts complex.
• [Reserve, acquire and develop] Acquire, and/or encourage the development of
additional public shoreline recreation areas [in North Kona].
• Establish public access to and the development of shoreline regions along the
North Kona Coast [so as to provide recreational opportunities] in areas such as
Keawaiki, Kiholo Bay, Kaupulehu, Kukio and Kapapa Bays, Kua Bay, Kahoiawa,
Makalawena, [Mahaiula,] and Honokohau.
• Encourage the State to continue with the establishment of Kekaha Kai State
Park reaching into Mahaiula, Awakee, and Maniniowali Ahupuaa.
• Protect the marine life at Kahaluu Bay.
• Protect Opaeula, Kaloko, and Honokohau (Aimakapa) Ponds as natural areas.
• Encourage the development of historic trails.
• Develop a municipal golf course.
• Encourage the establishment of a historic park at Kamoa Point [and protect the
historic sites].
• Encourage the acquisition and establishment of the summit area of Hualalai as a
wilderness park.
30]
Recreation
• Increase mauka nark lands.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
In all of South Kona there is one [community] district recreation center, the County's
Arthur C. Greenwell Park (2.7 acres) in Captain Cook. Facilities include tennis and basketball
courts, a newly developed plavground, and a lighted playfield. Multipurpose facilities at
Rodnev J.T. Yano Memorial Hall are utilized by the County, individuals, and community
organizations. Kona Scenic Park, a neighborhood nark, has abaseball/football field
Outdoor],outdoor courts, and a restroom [and parking facilities are being proposed].
The Konawaena School in Kealakekua has a swimming pool (County-owned and
maintained), a gymnasium [and playfield area.], baseball and football fields. Sour tennis
courts, and an eight lane all-weather track. [The playfield area is inadequate to serve both
school and community needs.] Communities in North Kona [which do not have] without
recreation areas use this field. School yards at Hookena and Honaunau Schools are available for
community use. Honaunau School has a small playfield used by community organizations and
teams from as far away as Milolii. The playground and restrooms are available only during
school hours. Hookena School has lighted basketball and volleyball courts and a small playfield.
These are occasionally used by community teams.
[For the present population (6,730) of South Kona, at least 34 acres of land are needed to
adequately meet recreation needs.]
There are four developed beach parks and two beach park reserves in the district. The
County beach parks are small and have limited facilities. Milolii Beach Park (1.2 acres), on the
old school grounds, has very limited facilities for camping, picnicking, fishing, and swimming.
Hookena Beach Park (3.4 acres) is about 60 feet wide and 600 feet long [and has] with
outstanding scenic qualities.
The Pu'uhonua O' Honaunau National Historic Park at Honaunau Bay consists of 182
acres and provides opportunities for fishing, swimming, and picnicking. There are also
interpretive trails to significant historic sites. Tidepools are easily accessible and the offshore
waters are excellent for snorkeling and diving.
An undeveloped beach reserve is located at Manini Point (5.6 acres) on the southern
shore of Kealakekua Bay. At the southeast shore of Kealakekua Bay is the Hikiau Heiau State
Monument (0.8 acres) [which] that has been incorporated into the presently undeveloped
Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park. The [county's] State's Napoopoo Beach Park is located
adjacent and to the south of the Hikiau Heiau.
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Recreation
Rich in coral and fish display, adjacent to the Captain Cook Monument, is the
Kealakekua Bay State Underwater Park consisting of 315 acres. The bay provides opportunities
for snorkeling, scuba diving, and glass bottom viewing to observe the marine life in this
underwater habitat.
The South Kona Forest Reserve consists of 23,322 acres and offers limited wilderness
recreation accessible by a few trails.
Courses of Action
• Expand and/or develop recreational facilities in existing [and urbanizing]
communities.
• Establish, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, additional
recreational facilities at Konawaena, Honaunau, and Hookena Schools.
• Encourage the development of a district recreation center with the cooperation of
public and private agencies.
• Encourage the development of the coastal area for public recreational use.
• Encourage the development of a historic park at Kealakekua Bay and protect
historic sites and scenic aspects of the area. Provide a conservation buffer
around Kealakekua Bav.
• Encourage the development of beach park reserves as natural areas and the
improvement of existing beach parks.
• [Recommend] Encourase the further development of Honaunau Bay as a historic
park with recreational opportunities.
• [Recommend that] Encourase the development of Honomalino Bay [become] as
a beach reserve.
• [Implement the development plans for] Encourase the development of
Palemano Point and Hookena[.] areas for aublic recreational oooortunities.
• Develoa and arovide cultural facilities and arosrams.
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Recreation
KA'U
Profile
Naalehu [district park,] Park, Waiohinu and Pahala community parks and their school
yards provide community recreation azeas. There is a plantation community center in Pahala and
[a] County community [center] centers in Naalehu and Pahala that are used for community and
private functions. In addition, there is a [county] Coun swimming pool at the Ka'u Hi¢h
School campus in Pahala. Several neighborhood park sites have been reserved in subdivisions
in the Kahuku area. [These sites are undeveloped as the population is small and scattered.] The
new Kahuku Park is on a four-acre site in Ocean View. The new nark will include a
ballfleld, basketball court, alayQround, pavilion and restroom facilities.
There is a lack ofbeaches with safe swimming areas in the district. There are two
developed beach parks in Ka'u: Whittington Beach Park (0.8 acre) in Honuapo Bay and Punaluu
Black Sand Beach Park (6.0 acres). Swimming at Whittington Beach Park is hazardous due to
rough seas. The area is scenic and used for picnicking, camping, and [as a] a rest stop for
travelers. The black sand beach at Punaluu is an easily accessible swimming area [which] that is
heavily used. It is often crowded and has inadequate parking. [The small County park is located
in a lava area not fronted by the sand beach and swimming area.] The adjacent County nark is
located on a lava ulateau on the southwest side of the bav.
South Point (Ka Lae) offers unique scenic landscape, historic sites, and good fishing.
The Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands' Kamaoa park site, consisting of 28.8 acres, is
undeveloped.
Manuka State Wayside, a botanical garden with picnicking facilities, serves as a rest stop
for travelers. The Kilauea State Recreation Area near the national park boundary in Volcano has
one furnished cabin.
The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park consists of [201,007] 229.176 acres and features
geologic phenomena and wildlife. Facilities for picnicking and camping as well as good hiking
trails are located throughout the park.
There are also forest reserves in the district, but they have poor access and lack facilities.
The 18-hole golf courses in the Ka'u district are located at Discovery Harbor, Volcano
Country Club, and Punalu'u (SeaMountain). These golf courses are privately owned and
[opened] open to the public.
Courses of Action
• Encourage the development of a swimming facility [and instructional program] in
Naalehu.
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Recreation
• Develop parks [in subdivisions in the Kahuku area] in Ocean View.
commensurate with population growth.
• Encourage the establishment of the Punaluu-Ninole Springs region as a recreation
area.
• Encourage the State Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands to develop the South
Point area for recreational opportunities [The Kamaoa park site could be utilized
as a camping park].
• Recommend the development of Kaalualu Bay as a remote camping-beach park.
• Encourage the State [Division of Forestry and Wildlife] Department of Land
and Natural Resources to develop wilderness recreation uses of the Kapua-
Manuka Forest Reserve.
• Encourage the restoration of Ninole Pond as a recreation area.
• Encourage land acquisition surrounding Whittington Beach Park to allow
for its expansion and the construction of a parking area.
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Recreation
TRANSPORTATION
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Transportation is the systems and modes of conveyance of people and goods from place
to place. It can be considered the major infrastructural element of an area. The different
elements of the transportation system ideally need to be planned through an integrated and
comprehensive process [which] that includes land use planning. The coordinated planning of
transportation facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of the modes of
conveyance and the patterns and densities of the area [which] that they are intended to serve.
The purpose of transportation planning is to provide faster, safer, [more] efficient and
more pleasant travel, as limited by the [financial] ability [of the area] to [pay for it.] finance the
cost of transportation. [As transportation] Because transportation systems are expensive to
construct and maintain, great care and foresight [are needed in developing plans for them.] are
necessary when developing plans for its construction. Modem transportation planning
emphasizes the total transportation system rather than isolated facilities. It considers all modes
of transport which are economical in an area, as well as all types of improvements, including
traffic engineering improvements.
The island [of Hawaii] is faced with an increasing demand for the development of new
transportation facilities and systems. Over the past [two] three decades, [numerous] a number
of major transportation projects have been completed, while many others are in the planning
stage. Much of the current construction, however, is either expansion or improvement of existing
systems of facilities. A sizable portion of the new construction [which is] either planned or
underway is but an incremental part of a long-range program.
[In recent years, the County of Hawaii has seen the construction of major highways, the
expansion of harbor facilities, the expansion of the Hilo Airport, and the development of an
unique airport in the midst of barren lava at Keahole Point.] Since the adoption of the General
Plan in 1971 the County has seen the construction of major highways, the expansion of its
airport and harbor facilities and the establishment of a mass transit system. The 1970s saw
the construction of the 35-mile long Oueen Kaahumanu Highway (Highway 191 that
provided access to the coastal areas between Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona. Since its opening
in 1970 the runway and terminal facilities at the Kona International Airport at Keahole
has been expanded to accommodate increased passenger traffic and international flights.
The State has developed master plans for its highway. airport and harbor facilities to
accommodate anticipated demands in the use of its facilities. Similarly, the State, in
coordination with the County, prepared the Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan
(19981 that identiTied the island's major land transportation improvement needs to support
the County's projected growth to the Year 2020.
Funding sources for future improvements may have to be expanded given decreasing
Federal and State government capital expenditures. Traditionally, much of the funds for the
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Transportation
major elements of the transportation system have come from these levels of government. In
recent years, however, such funding has been declining and [thus] the financing of these
improvements directly by the private sector maybe required. These funding considerations will
become more significant as the level of federal government financial support declines.
The different elements of a transportation system should be planned [together] in
conjunction with the overall land use plan of the County. To be effective, transportation
planning as a "team task" requires the coordinated efforts of trained persons from a number of
fields. Aside from these professionals, [citizen] community participation [and], awareness and
understanding are also vitally important.
[L.] TRANSPORTATION
GOALS
• Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently,
safely, comfortably and economically.
• Make available a variety of modes of transportation [which] that best meets the
needs of the County.
POLICIES
• A framework of transportation facilities [which] that will promote and influence
desired land use shall be established by concemed agencies.
• The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present
traffic and future demands, including the prosrammed development of mass
transit programs for high growth areas[.] by both the private and public sectors.
• The improvement of transportation service shall be encouraged.
• Consider the provision of adequate transportation systems to enhance the
economic viability of a liven area.
• Develop a comprehensive, islandwide multi-modal transportation plan that
identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle and
pedestrian systems, in coordination with appropriate Federal and State
asencies.
• Work with various non-profit asencies to coordinate transportation
opportunities.
307
Transportation
[STANDARD]STANDARDS
• Transportation systems shall meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of
Transportation, State Department'of Transportation and the County of Hawaii.
• Transportation facilities and svstems shall conform to the requirements of
the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADAI.
• Transuortation svstems shall conform with desi¢n euidelines established by
the American Association of State Hiehwav and Transuortation OfScials
(AASHTO)
The following sections on [Highways and Streets] Roadways and Transportation
Terminals are sub-elements of the overall transportation element.
308
'I~ransporiation
[THOROUGHFARES & STREETS] ROADWAYS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The mobility of today's population is expected to increase. Population growth and
increased car ownership will continue and will require additional measures for improving
transportation[.] facilities.
[Thoroughfares and streets] Roadwavs, as well as other elements of the transportation
system, provide the connecting links between destination points.
In planning vehicular transportation, the various systems take into consideration activities
or land uses that will continue to generate traffic. New major highways are expected to create
new and productive land uses in appropriate locations. [Thoroughfares and streets] Roadwavs
must be planned with other transportation elements, as all contribute to the total movement of
people and goods.
The planning and design of [the thoroughfares and streets] roadways must also consider
the area through which the corridor passes, the scenic vistas available, the potential for multiple
uses of the right-of--way, and the impacts that may occur in the surrounding lands within the
limits of feasibility and quality road design.
Roadway systems in Hawaii County are generally financed through Federal, State, and
County programs. Recent funding limitations are reducing the availability of such monies[,
however, and thus]. Consequently, additional sources will have to be sought to implement the
needed improvements.
The County of Hawaii has [ 1,294] h miles of public roads. This includes [319] 394
miles of State highways and [975] aauroximately 879 miles of County roads. [Portions] Some
of these [systems] roads do not meet present standards and require improvements. Of the [975
miles of County roads, 77 miles or 8%] aaaroximately 879 miles of roads maintained by the
County, 24 miles or 2.7 aer cent are unpaved. There are also drainage and flooding problems
along many highways and streets, as well as traffic congestion in some areas.
There are aaaroximately 360 miles of arimarv and secondary arterials within the
County that provide the maior intra-island route between the maior urban centers of Hilo,
Kailua-Kona and Waimea and the maior commercial airports and harbors. Maior and
minor collectors total aauroximately 200 miles. Local streets comprise about half of the
total number of miles of public roads, or auaroximately 600 miles.
The County-owned and maintained roads as detailed in the arevious nara¢raah do
not include the many miles of homestead roads or "aaaer" roads throuehout the island.
Under the terms of the Hiahwavs Act of 1892 and Chanter 264, Hawaii Revised Statutes
{HRSI, all roads existin¢ at the time of adoation of the Hiehwavs Act were declared to be
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Transportation
public highways. In addition, public highways include all roads, alleys, streets, ways, lanes,
bikeways, and bridges laid out on paper or built by the Territorial, State or County
governments since 1892. A 1999 State Attorney General opinion clarified that all public
highways are County highways unless declared by Chapter 264, HRS to be under State
jurisdiction. The implications of this upon the County's ability to effectively manage its
roadway systems have not vet been clearly defined. What is clear is that additional
resources are needed to fairly and adequately address the added responsibility of
maintaining what the Department of Public Works estimates to be anywhere from 500 to
800 miles of homestead roads, many of which are unpaved and have not been maintained
for many years. Assuming that the general public will not accept a large reduction in
maintenance and repair activities of the other 1,000 miles of County-owned roads.
additional funding is essential to systematically integrate the maintenance of these
homestead roads into the Department of Public Works maintenance program.
The major highway [system ofJ systems on the island [is] are the Hawaii Belt
Highway[.] and the Mamalahoa Highway, which combined, link the major towns of all
districts except North Kohala. This comdor has aspects of natural beauty [which] that have
often been overlooked. To alleviate the problem of distance between east and west Hawaii, a
[highway between these two areas is expected to be built.] project planned by the Federal,
State and County governments would improve the commute along the narrow and winding
Saddle Road (Highway 2001, the only paved road serving the astronomical observatories on
Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa and the Pohakuloa Training Area. This project will upgrade
and modernize the Saddle Road to Federal highway design standards and address conflicts
in its shared use by the general public and the military. Once completed, the one-way
commute time between East and West Hawaii could be reduced by twenty to thirty
minutes.
With the cooperation of various State and County agencies and citizen advisory
committees, the Long Range Land Transportation Plan for the Island of Hawaii was
developed in 1998 to identify the major land transportation improvement needs to support
the projected growth of the County to the Year 2020. Various State and County roadway
systems located throughout the island were identified for improvement, including the
reconstruction of Saddle Road (Highway 2001 and the widening of Oueen Kaahumanu
Highway (Highway 191 to four lanes between Waikoloa Road and Kona International
Airport at Keahole.
In addition to the public road systems, there are numerous private roads.
GOALS
• Provide a system of [thoroughfares and streets] roadways for the safe, efficient
and comfortable movement of people and goods [between and within the various
sections of the County].
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Transportation
• Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so that new major
routes will complement and encourage proposed land [uses.] olicies.
POLICIES
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the programmed improvement of
existing [thoroughfares and streets] roadways by both public and private sectors.
• [The County shall investigate] Investigate various methods of funding road
improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing
transportation needs of the island.
• Encourage the State to establish a continuous State highway system
connecting the County's maior airports and harbors.
• Support the development of programs to identify and improve hazardous
and substandard sections of roadway and drainage problems.
• [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate with appropriate Federal and State
agencies for the funding of transportation projects for areas of anticipated growth.
• Consider the development of alternative means of transportation, such as
mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian systems, as a means to increase arterial
ca aci
• There shall be coordinated planning of Federal, State, and County street systems
to meet program goals of the other elements such as historic, recreational,
environmental quality, and land use.
• Provisions for on-street parking shall be incorporated into the design of street
systems.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State Department of Transportation
to establish special scenic routes within and between communities.
• Transportation and drainage systems shall be integrated where feasible.
• [The County shall support] Support the development of an efficient transit route
between east and west Hawaii.
The design of urban streets shall consider their implications for urban design and
potential multiple uses of the right-of--way within the limits of feasibility and
quality road design.]
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Transportation
• Adopt street design standards that accommodate. where appropriate,
flexibi?ity in the desian of streets to preserve the rural character of an area
and encourage apedestrian-friendly desian, including landscaping and
planted medians.
• Develop minimum street standards for homestead and other currently
substandard roadwavs that are offered for dedication to the County to
ensure minimal levels of public safety.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of [pedestrian and
bicycle facilities] walkways, logging, and bicycle paths within designated azeas
of the community.
• Explore means and opportunities to enhance the shared use of the island's
roadwavs by pedestrians and bicyclists, in coordination with appropriate
government agencies and organizations.
• The Bikeway Plan for the County of Hawaii (19791 shall be updated to
include the development of a safe and usable bikeway system throughout the
island.
• [The County shall work] Work in conjunction with the State [or] to establish a
clear agreement of the ownership and maintenance of the old homestead roads
[which were laid out several decades ago].
All specific courses of actions shall be re-evaluated in conjunction with
community development planning or other county land planning activities.]
• [The County shall develop] Develop short and ]ong range capital improvement
programs and plans for transportation [which] that are consistent with the
[County] General Plan.
STANDARDS
• Primary fRoutelArterial: Includes major highways, parkways, and primary
arterials [which] that move vehicles in large volumes and at higher speeds from
one geographic area to another; highest traffic volume comdor. Designed as a
limited access roadway. Primary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-
wav of 120 feet.
• Secondary Arterial: A street of considerable continuity [which] that is primarily
a traffic artery [for intercommunication] between or through large areas;
interconnect with and augment primary system. Designed as a limited access
roadway. Secondary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-way of 80 feet.
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Transportation
• Major Collector f Streetl: Any street supplementary to the arterial street system
[which] that is a means of transit between this system and smaller areas; used to
some extent for through traffic and [to some extent for] to access [to] abutting
properties; collect and distribute traffic between neighborhood and arterial
system. Major collectors shall have a minimum right-of-wav of 60 feet.
• Local Streets-commercial/industrial: Local streets within commercial and
industrial areas shall have a minimum right-of--wav of 60 feet.
• Minor Collector and Local (Minorl Streets: Minor collectors are used at times
as through-streets and for access to abutting aroaerties. The principal
purpose of a local street is to provide access to property abutting the public right-
of-way lowest level of mobility].
• These standards shall apply to new construction. The Countv shall
determine standards for the dedication and upgrade of existing roads.
3l3
Transportation
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district with reference to [highways and streets.]
roadways. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of
the district to the County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
Primary routes within the Puna district are the Volcano Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 11),
which provides access to Hilo and serves the upper Puna region; the Puna Road ([Hawaii]
Hiehwav 130), serving lower Puna from Keaau to Kalapana-Kaimu; the Kapoho Road ([Hawaii]
Hiahwav 132), from Pahoa to Kapoho; and the Puna Coast Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 137),
linking Kapoho and Kalapana-Kaimu. The latter road is basically a [one-lane] narrow, saved
cinder road [while the rest are all-weather, surfaced roads]. Recent uaerades have erectly
improved Hiahwav 130 from Keaau to Kalaaana and Hiahwav 11 from Hilo to Volcano.
However, [The] the majority of the roads throughout the district are inadequate by present
standards [with the exception of the Volcano Road between Hilo and Keaau which is the only
4-lane divided highway on the island]. As the only two arimarv routes serving the district,
Hiehwav l30 and Hiehwav ] l are congested during the work week for Hilo-bound traffic
as the population in the district continues to grow. The recently comaleted Keaau By-Pass
Hiehwav re-directs Hilo- and Pahoa-bound traffic around the town of Keaau, avoiding the
congested intersection of Volcano Hiehwav-Keaau-Pahoa Road.
Many sections of the roads in this district have drainage systems that do not meet present
standards or have sharp curves and grades without adequate [sighting] sight distance. In several
communities, buildings directly abut or encroach [on to] onto rights-of--way.
Most private roads in large subdivisions are cinder-surfaced and deficient in layout and
construction. [Limited] During the develoament of these large, substandard subdivisions in
the 1950s and 1960s, limited attention [has been] was given to proper roadway base
construction and drainage. There is also a network of private old plantation roads throughout the
area.
Courses of Action
Primary arterial rights-of--way providing access to the district should be increased
as necessary where they pass through relatively undeveloped lands.
• The present Puna Coast Road, eventually to connect with the Chain of Craters
Road, should be developed as a scenic parkway along the coast. Alignment
should basically follow the existing road from the Kalapana end of the Chain of
Craters Road to the proposed extension of the Saddle Road in the vicinity of the
Hilo Airport.
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Transportation
• Anew road alignment to connect the junction of the Kapoho-Pohoiki Roads with
the Pohoiki area should be constructed. This alignment will eliminate a series of
curves in the present road.]
• Explore the possibility of developing amid-level roadwav to be located makai
of Highwav 130, beginning at Hawaiian Beaches Subdivision and extending
through Hawaiian Paradise Park Subdivision with its eventual connection to
Railroad Avenue in South Hilo. Consider the establishment of a bikeway
along the same alignment.
• Consider, in conjunction with community associations and the property owners,
the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide infrastructure in [the] non-
conforming subdivisions[.], beginning with the major roads providing access
into the more densely populated subdivisions.
• [Major collector roads should run from:
Opihikao to the Puna Road.
Volcano Road to the coast parkway along the Puna-South Hilo boundary.
Volcano Road to the Saddle Road above Hilo along the existing Kulani Road.
Upper portion of the National Park to a point approximately 2 miles west of
Kalapana.]
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The Hawaii Belt Highway (Highwav 19) is the primary traffic artery serving the district
outside of [the city of] Hilo. Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway serve scattered residential
areas such as Pepeekeo and Honomu. Several narrow roadways cross-connecting the Hawaii
Belt Highway and the old Mamalahoa Highway serve upper homestead areas. There is also an
intricate system of private, former plantation roads.
[The city ofJ Hilo is a terminal point for the island-circling Hawaii Belt Highway.
Augmenting [this primary highway system] the Hawaii Belt Highwav is the trans-island Saddle
Road. The Saddle Road route within the city follows major thoroughfares [which] that are
congested, narrow, and/or winding. Planning and design is currently underway to improve
and partially realign Highwav 200 (Saddle Road) between Kaumana in East Hawaii and its
connection to the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav just south of Waikoloa in West Hawaii.
The extension of Puainako Street in Hilo to connect with Highwav 200 is currently in its
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Transportation
planning stases and will ultimately provide the final link in a much improved and safer
trans-island connector between East and West Hawaii.
Hilo's internal circulation system provides arterial and collector streets to handle traffic
moving from one part of the city to another. However, except for Komohana Street below the
mauka residential sections, the majority of the traffic flow in [the city off Hilo is forced through
the downtown area because of the lack of arterial connections. High traffic volume is also
generated around the Hilo High and Hilo Intermediate School complexes during peak traffic
hours. Kawailani and Puainako Streets also experience high traffic volumes during peak
traffic hours as students arrive at the various public schools located nearby. The Keaukaha
area is served by a single main road, Kalanianaole Avenue that is vulnerable to the threat of
tsunamis in this low-Nine area. A portion of this road has been recently widened and
improved. However, the unimproved portion remains [road that is totally] inadequate [for
the proposed high density] to accommodate the existing uses in the area.
The majority of the roads throughout the district do not meet present standards. Many
sections of the roads have sharp curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] sight distance.
There are many streets with a maximum 40-foot right-of--way [which] that is below present
standard, and many more that do not have designed pedestrian areas, or that drain poorly and
lack curbs, gutters or swales. In many instances, there is no major surface drainage system to
handle the increased runoff brought about as new lands are opened for construction development.
Courses of Action
• Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway, especially those serving Pepeekeo and
Honomu, should be [widened] improved to provide a secondary north-south
route along the Hamakua coast.
• Major east-west collector roads between the old Mamalahoa Highway and the
Belt Highway and those serving upper homestead areas should be widened and
improved [to all-weather standards].
A marginal street or other means of handling ingress and egress, should be
developed on the west side of Kanoelehua Avenue between Lanikaula and Piilani
Streets to provide access to abutting properties.]
• A realignment of [the] Hiehwav 200 (Saddle Roads from the Forest Reserve
boundary on the south side of Kaumana Drive and along the north side of
Puainako Street, intersecting the present Puainako alignment at Kinoole Street
and continuing to the intersection of Kanoelehua Avenue should be constructed.
Limited access control is recommended with intersections at the major cross
arterials serving the various areas of the city. [Approximately 3-1/2 miles west of
the Kanoelehua intersection on the Saddle Road, a secondary arterial acts as a
continuation ofPonahawai Street.]
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"Transportation
• Construct the proposed improvements and extension of Hiehwav 200 (Saddle
Road) from Kaumana Drive to the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav in South
Kohala.
• Widen and provide curb, nutter and sidewalk improvements alone Kilauea
Avenue from Haihai Street to Ponahawai Street.
• Widen and provide curb, nutter and sidewalk improvements alone Kinoole
Street from Haihai Street to Olona Street.
• [A circumferential route should be constructed from the intersection of Stainback
Highway and Volcano Road, through the Panaewa agricultural area, toward the
airport industrial area, turning into the Kawili Street extension of the Kanoelehua
Industrial Park, aligning with Iwalani Street and terminating at the Stainback
Highway above the Volcano Road.]
• [A Saddle Road extension] An extension of Puainako Street east of Kanoelehua
should be the main route from the airport terminal for direct access to the business
district.
• Widen and improve Kekuanaoa Street from Kanoelehua Avenue to Kilauea
Avenue.
• Plan for the eventual closure of the Bavfront Hiehwav and the relocation of
the existing Hiehwav l9-Pauahi Street intersection to an area in the vicinity
of Ponahawai Street, in coordination with the State.
• Ainako Street should extend across Kaumana Drive to meet the Mohouli
extension to provide one of the major mauka cross-city connections.
• [Widen Akolea Road to provide the uppermost cross-city connection from
Piihonua to Kaumana and the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive.] Improve Akolea
Road between Piihonua and Kaumana Drive and construct its extension to
the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive to provide across-city connection
between Upper Wailuku and Waiakea-Uka.
• Improve Waianuenue Avenue and Kaumana Drive along their entire
alignments, including the acquisition of additional rights-of-wav as needed.
Kawailani Street should be extended from its upper terminal point across the
realigned Saddle Road to Kaumana, thus providing an additional cross-town
route.]
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Transportation
NORTH HILO
Profile
The primary traffic circulation system through the district is the Hawaii Belt Highway
(Highway 19). A secondary system [which is] also parallel to the shoreline is the existing
Mamalahoa Highway, [which was] the major link between Hilo and Honokaa before the Hawaii
Belt Highway to Honokaa was completed in 1960.
[The major highway through this district] The only means of access to the many small
towns within this district is via the Hawaii Belt Hishway, which has many sharp curves and
grades with relatively short [sighting] sisht distance. Several [of the] bridges along this highway
are narrow. Landslides also occur along certain portions of this [system] roadway during heavy
rainfall.
In addition to the roads paralleling the seacoast, many mauka-makai roads connect the
lowlands to the upper homestead and agricultural belt. [These] Manv of these roads are
maintained by the County [or the sugar companies] but were also maintained by the now-
defunct sugar companies. Continued maintenance of these former plantation roadways is a
concern that the County and the affected residents alone these roadways must strive to
resolve.
Courses of Action
• [Improve mauka-makki maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement
of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private subdivision.]
Restore and maintain existins homestead roads.
• [Improve certain portions, specifically the 3 gulches, of the Hawaii Belt
Highway.] Encourase the State Department of Transportation to improve
those portions of the Hawaii Belt Hishwav at Maulua, Laupahoehoe and
Kaawalii Gulches.
• [Realignment of] Encourase the State Department of Transportation to
realisn that portion of the Hawaii Belt Highway at Kapehu Camp.
• Encourase the State to install additional passins lanes at various sections
alone Hishway 19.
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Transportation
HAMAKUA
Profile
The Hawaii Belt Highway is the primary traffic artery connecting Hamakua to the Hilo
and Kohala districts.
Realignment and widening of the secondary road through Honokaa and its continuation
to Waipio Valley is [completed.] complete. The pattern of circulation in Honokaa is overly
dependent upon Mamane Street[.], the only roadway providing access through the town.
There is a lack of parallel loop circulation routes and most of the local traffic is on Mamane
Street or sub-streets [which] that branch off [ofJ the main street. However, because of the
slowing topography and the water courses dividing Honokaa into separate areas, it is
difficult to develop loop circulation systems without constructing a number of bridges.
[Mamane Street, the main street in Honokaa, is the only one that carries traffic across the
town. This one street system results in undue congestion and delay in times of emergency.
However, because of the sloping topography and the water courses dividing Honokaa into
separate areas, it is difficult to develop loop circulation systems without constructing a number
of bridges.]
In addition to the roads mentioned, there are several homestead roads mauka of the
Hawaii Belt Highway serving the Paauilo, Pohakea, Kaapahu, Kalopa, Kaao, and Ahualoa
Homestead lands. These roads, however, are narrow unpaved or are] and in poor [riding]
condition. There is also a network of private former plantation roads.
Courses of Action
• Encourage the State to install additional sassing lanes alone Highwav 19 at
appropriate locations.
• Provide for an industrial traffic connection leading from the former sugar mill to
[the new highway alignment,] Highwav 19, separating this traffic from local
traffic movement on Mamane Street.
• [Construct] Encourage the State to construct a scenic highway from the Waipio
Valley lookout extending mauka to connect to [Mudlane Highway] Mud Lane at
the entrance of Waimea.
• Improve County maintained roads and encourage the improvetnent ofnon-county
owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private [subdivider.] landowner.
• [Close off Pakalana Street through Honokaa School.] Consider alternatives in
the manaeement of Pakalana Street, such as its conveyance to the State
Department of Education or its conversion to a one-way trafTc pattern.
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Transportation
• Provide across-town connection to Plumeria Street by extending Kamani Street.
• Provide amauka-makai connection from the Kamani Street extension to Mamane
Street on the Hilo side of the elderly housing.
• Eliminate the Milo Street extension on the Waipio side of Pakalana[.] Street.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
There are two roads leading into North Kohala, the Kohala Mountain Road and the Akoni
Pule Highway. The mountain route to Kohala has sharp vertical and horizontal curves and
grades with relatively short [sighting] si ht distance. The urban areas of this district are
scattered along the main road between Hawi and Niulii, a distance of nearly [7] seven miles.
There is also an intricate system of former plantation roads.
Courses of Action
• [Improve mountain route to Kohala.] Encourage the improvement of the
Kohala Mountain Road.
• [Improve road from] Encourage the improvement of that portion of the Akoni
Pule Highwav between the towns of Hawi to Niulii.
• Improve mauka-makai county maintained homestead roads and encourage
improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private
[subdivision.] subdivisions.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The primary highway [which] that runs through the town of Waimea is the Mamalahoa
Highway. [Sections] Recent improvements to this section of the highwav have significantly
improved the traffic flow through Waimea town. However, the narrow and winding
sections of Mamalahoa Highway from Waimea to Kona [have sharp curves and grades with
relatively short sighting distance.] still require improvements. [A 12-mile highway along the
shore between Kawaihae and Mahukona was completed and provides another access to North
Kohala. There are also a number of minor streets within the district.] The Akoni Pule Highwav
extends from Kawaihae in South Kohala to the towns of Hawi, Kapaau and Niulii in North
Kohala.
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Transportation
[Studies for aWaimea by-pass road and new highway from Waimea to Kawaihae have
been completed.] Studies are on-eoine for the construction of a new bypass highway around
the town of Waimea (Waimea Bypass) and a new road from Waimea to Kawaihae
(Kawaihae Road RealienmenN. Construction of these transportation segments will be needed
to accommodate the anticipated expansions of resort areas along the coast, commuter traffic from
Hamakua and Waimea and the transportation of goods to and from the Kawaihae Harbor.
Preliminary designs for the realignment of the Saddle Road indicate that its
proposed connection with the Mamalahoa Highway (Highway 190) will be located
approximately 8 miles south of its current intersection or 3 miles to the south of the
Mamalahoa Hiehwav-Waikoloa Road intersection. From this intersection, the Saddle
Road will continue makai along the South Kohala-North Kona District boundary to its
ultimate connection with the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav.
Courses of Action
• Improve [mauka-makai county maintained] existine homestead roads [and
encourage improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or
private subdivision].
• [Implement] Encouraee the construction of a Waimea by-pass road from
[Mudlane Highway] Mud Lane to Mamalahoa Highway on the Kona side of
Waimea.
• Encouraee the construction of connector roads from the Waimea Bypass
Road to the Mamalahoa Hiehwav.
• [Implement] Encourage the construction of a new Waimea to Kawaihae road
from Mamalahoa Highway to the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway.
• Encourage the [expansion] widening of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need
arises.
• Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths.
• To relieve traffic congestion through Waimea town, implement construction
of al Parker Ranch's connector road from Kamamalu Street to Mamalahoa
Hiehwav: and bl the County's extension of this road, between Mamalahoa
Hiehwav and Kawaihae Road in the vicinity of the Waimea solid waste
transfer station.
• Construct, at a minimum, one other paved two-lane access road out of the Ke
Kumu Housine area onto Paniolo Drive.
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Transportation
• Extend Paniolo Drive in Waikoloa north to intersect with the Kawaihae
Road and the proposed Waimea-Kawaihae Road.
• Provide traffic signals at the Waikoloa Road-Paniolo Drive intersection.
NORTH KONA
Profile
The major traffic arteries serving the North Kona [districts] district are the Hawaii Belt
Highway connecting Kona with South Kohala and Ka'u, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the
Kuakini Highway connecting Kailua with the mauka Keauhou area, and Alii Drive serving the
shoreline areas between Kailua and Keauhou. The latter of these systems is the only access to
areas along the shoreline between Kailua and Keauhou. [Access to the Kailua Bay area from the
Belt Highway is via Palani Road.] Mauka-makai access between the Mamalahoa Hiahwav
and the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiahwav is provided by Kaiminani Drive, Hina Lani Drive
and Palani Road. [The Kealakekua Bay, Honaunau Bay, Hookena Bay and Milolii areas are
accessible via roads from the Belt Highway. Drainage and flooding problems occur in certain
portions of some of these roadways.]
The Keahole to Kailua Development Plan was adopted by the Hawaii County
Council in 1991. This development plan encompasses an area from the Kau ahupuaa near
Kona International Airport at Keahole to the Keahuolu ahupuaa in Kailua-Kona, with the
Mamalahoa Hiahwav as the mauka boundary of the study area. The overall goal of the
plan was to develop a mixed residential, commercial, industrial, resort and recreational
community to meet the growing needs of the Kona region. In 1997, the Planning
Department developed the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan-Revised Roadway Plan
Implementation Strategy. This plan identified schematic roadway corridors necessary to
accommodate future traffic volumes upon full build-out of the study area. Recommended
roadway improvements, among others, include widening of the Oueen Kaahumanu and
Mamalahoa Hiahwavs and the construction of a mid-level roadway and mauka-makai
connectors between the Oueen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Hiahwavs.
Currently in its design stage, the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerly
known as the Alii Hiahwayl will provide another north-south arterial between its northern
connection to the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiahwav at Kahului ahupuaa and its southern
terminus at the Alii Drive-Kamehameha III Road intersection in Keauhou.
There is also a network of private subdivision roads with steep grades and limited
[sighting] sight distance.
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Transportation
Courses of Action
• Develoa a roadway network circulation plan in cooaeration with the State
Department of Transaortation and affected communities. Uaon adoation of
the clan, the plan recommendations shall be incorporated on the zone district
ma s.
• Encouraee the State to widen Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav as necessary to
accommodate increases in traffic flows, in particular between Kona
International Airaort at Keahole and Kailua-Kona.
• Widen Palani Road between the proposed Keanalehu (Waena) Drive and the
Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav or construct the proposed Palani Bypass
Hiehwav.
• Encouraee the State to extend Kealakehe Parkway mauka to connect with
the Mamalahoa Hiehwav.
• Construct the followine north-south collector roadways from Palani Drive
and extendine north to the aroaosed University Drive: 1) Ane Keohokalole
Hiehwav (Mid-level Road); 2) Keanalehu (Waena Drivel: and 31 Kealakaa
Street.
• Construct the proposed University Drive between the Mamalahoa and Oueen
Kaahumanu Hiehwavs.
• Widen Hina Lani Drive to four lanes between the Oueen Kaahumanu
Hiahwav to the aroposed Ane Keohokalole Hiehwav.
• Construct the proposed Shore Drive from the Old Kona Airaort Park to the
Kealakehe Drive intersection.
Convert Kuakini Highway to limited access status.]
• Construct the Kahului-Keauhou Parkwav (Alii HighwayZ from [Kuakini]
Oueen Kaahumanu Highway to Keauhou.
Construct a new scenic road aver the Hualalai Saddle.]
• Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to
Napoopoo.
• Provide vertical connectors from Alii Drive to Kuakini Highway.
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Transportation
• [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.] Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa
Hiehwav extending from the North Kona to the Ka'u Districts.
• Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths.
Encourage the expansion of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need arises.
• Construct additional east-west connectors between the Hawaii Belt Highway and
Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway.
• Construct amid-elevation lateral connection between Palani Road and Ka'iminani
Drive.]
• Develop a roadwav circulation plan for the area between Palani Road and
Kamehameha III Road, in cooperation with the State Department of
Transportation, Federal Hiehwav Administration, and the affected
communities.
• Extend Lako Street to connect to Alii Drive.
• Work with the State and the adiacent landowners in establishing the old
railroad rieht-of-wav as a pedestrian and bicycle rieht-of-wav.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
The Mamalahoa Hiahwav is the only arterial roadwav currently serving all of the
South Kona District. Many portions of this roadwav are narrow and windine. Lands
mauka and makai of this roadwav are served by private and County-owned collector
roadways, many in poor condition.
Plans are underway for the construction of the new Mamalahoa Hiehwav Bvpass
Road which will extend the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway from its terminus at
Keauhou, North Kona south to the intersection of Mamalahoa Hiehwav and Napoopoo
Road in Captain Cook. South Kona, a distance of approximately five miles. Upon its
completion, the combined Alii Hiehwav and Mamalahoa Hiehwav Bvpass Road will
provide a new north-south alignment from Kailua-Kona to Kealakekua, relievine traffic
connestion along the existine Mamalahoa Hiehwav between the communities of Honalo and
Captain Cook. The bypass road is beine constructed by the developers of the proposed
730-unit Hokuli'a aericultural subdivision as a requirement of the proiect's approval by
the Hawaii County Council.
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Transportation
Courses of Action
• Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to
Napoopoo.
• [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.]
• Develop a roadway network circulation plan for South Kona in cooperation
with the State Department of Transportation and affected communities.
Upon adoption of the plan by the County, the recommendations shall be
incorporated on the zone district maps.
• Construct the Mamalahoa Bypass Hiehwav between Keauhou and Captain
Cook as a Scenic Corridor. with limited access.
• Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Hiehwav extendine from the North
Kona to the Ka'u Districts.
• Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or ioeeine paths.
• Establish a Heritaee Corridor on Old Mamalahoa Hiehwav between
Hualalai and Honaunau.
• Improve substandard, rural roads.
KA' U
Profile
The primary highway [leading] through the Ka'u district is the Mamalahoa Highway.
Certain portions of this highway system are narrow with sharp vertical and horizontal curves and
relatively short [sighting] si t distance. Flooding also occurs in certain areas. This district also
has an intricate system of former plantation and older subdivision roads. The majority of the
private roads in the large subdivisions are cinder-surfaced and/or oil-treated and lack adequate
maintenance.
Courses of Action
• [Improve hazardous sections of the major highway,] Continue to improve
Mamalahoa Hiehwav, realigning where necessary.
• Install culverts and construct drainage channels and other related improvements.
325
Transportation
• [Improve] Encourase the improvement of substandard subdivision roads.
• Explore alternatives and means to establish an evacuation route throueh
Hawaiian Ocean View Estates Subdivision to HiBhwav 11, in cooperation
with the residents of Ocean View.
326
"Transportation
TRANSPORTATION TERMINALS: AIRPORTS & HARBORS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The principal concerns of planning for transportation terminals are location, provision of
adequate transportation connections to terminals, financing and programming of improvements
and services through Capital Improvement Projects, and the planning and zoning of adjacent land
uses.
Although the State Department of Transportation is responsible for the actual design,
construction and operation of terminals and supporting facilities, the General Plan addresses the
location of these facilities in [relationship] relation to the pattern of overall land uses.
Major transportation terminals in the County of Hawaii consist of harbors and airports.
There are two deep [water] draft harbors on the island, one at Hilo and another at Kawaihae.
While improvements continue to be made, both harbor terminals lack adequate docking and
support facilities. Water pollution is a continuing problem in the vicinity of the harbors. It is
anticipated that the use of both deep [water] draft hazbors will expand substantially. [As
population grows, resort areas develop in West Hawaii and cargo is re-routed from Hilo,
Kawaihae Harbor is especially expected to experience a dramatic increase in its use.] Cargo
volume at Kawaihae Harbor has increased significantly as the population and development
in West Hawaii continues to Qrow. The Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan
was developed by the State in 1998 to Guide the development, maintenance and
enhancement of the island's harbor systems to ensure its efTicient, safe, accessible and
economical operations.
Facilities for small boats, such as launching ramps, have been developed in various parts
of the County. Those [which] that provide refuge are discussed to a limited extent in this
element. For the most part, they are addressed in the Recreation element.
Air terminals [which] that service inter-island transportation are located at Hilo,
Waimea, Upolu, and [Ke-ahole.] Kona. The terminals at Hilo and [Ke-ahole] Kona are overseas
facilities. [While Hilo's Airport is expected to continue to service overseas transportation,
overseas] Oversea flights at the Kona International Airport at Keahole [Ke-ahole are likely]
will continue to increase with the growth of resort areas in Kona and Kohala. Overseas flights
through [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Airport have been important to agriculture
in East Hawaii. jThe] However, the facility is currently underutilized[.] by overseas passenEer
carriers. The statewide need for a second gateway, especially for cargo, still exists. The
proximity of Hilo's airport and hazbor offer a number of opportunities for centralized
distribution. Plans are currently underway to construct a new cargo facility at Hilo
International Airport to centralize cargo operations at a location closer to terminal
facilities.
327
Transportation
The airstrip at Upolu Point in North Kohala is used as a general aviation field. The
Waimea-Kohala airport is underutilized, but its use may increase with resort development in
South Kohala. Except for small private landing strips [which were] developed to serve the
former sugar plantations, there are no airfields in Puna, Ka'u or South Kona. There maybe an
increase in demand For airstrips and helipads stemming from the growth of the visitor industry.
The State, in coordination with the County and the affected communities, has been
developing master plans for each of the four airport facilities to assess current and future
demand as well as speci£c recommended improvements.
As population becomes more mobile and as resident and visitor populations increase,
there will be a greater demand for new and expanded transportation facilities.
The following goal, policies, and standard are set forth to guide the orderly development
of the County's transportation terminals and related facilities.
GOAL
• Provide transportation terminals and related facilities for the safe, efficient and
comfortable movement of people and goods.
POLICIES
• [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the programmed improvement of
existing terminals, including adequate provisions for control of pollution[.] and
appropriate and adequate covered storaee facilities for aericultural
products.
• The State Department of Transportation should continue to implement its
[framework of] plans Tor transportation terminals and related facilities [which
will] to promote and influence desired land use[.] policies.
• Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different
elements of the overall transportation system.
• [The County shall encourage] Encouraee maximum use of the island's airport
and harbor facilities.
• Encouraee the development, maintenance, and enhancement of Hilo and
Kawaihae Harbors as detailed within the State's Hawaii Commercial
Harbors 2020 Master Plan.
• Support the State's objectives to acquire riehts within the runway clear-
zones, limit heiehts within approach zones, and restrict noise-sensitive uses
within designated noise contours determined by the State.
328
Transportation
[STANDARD]STANDARDS
• Requirements of the State Department of Transportation.
• Federal Aviation Administration standards for airport design, runway clear
zones, and noise compatibility.
• State Department of Land and Natural Resources Standards for small boat
harbors and boat launches.
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district with reference to transportation terminals. The
brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the
County as a whole.
PUNA
ProTile
There are several small private aircraft landing strips [which were] developed by the
former sugar industry for use by "crop-dusting" single engine aircraft.
[Although there are no developed harbor sites in the district, Kumakahi is being evaluated
as a small boat harbor site by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A boat launching ramp at
Pohoiki is heavily used by fishermen. It, however, lacks adequate on-shore improvements, such
as parking.] The County has purchased twenty-two acres of land on the mauka side of Isaac
Hale Beach Park for the construction of additional car and boat parking areas,
playgrounds, picnic and bathroom facilities to supplement the heavily used boat launching
facilities at Pohoiki.
[Course] Courses of Action
• Provide [for] general aviation and small boat harbor facilities as the need arises.
• Provide another small boat launching facility at Kapoho.
329
Transportation
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[The island's major harbor and airport are located in Hilo.] Hilo Harbor is one of two
maior, deep draft harbor facilities on the island. The present harbor has a 35-foot deep draft
and three commercial piers. There is limited loading or back-up space. There also is limited
land area for the expansion ofharbor-oriented industrial uses. The number of cruise ship
passengers visiting Hilo has increased dramatically during the 1990's and there is a need to
improve the accommodations for these passengers at the harbor. The Hawaii Commercial
Harbors 2020 Master Plan recognizes the limited expansion opportunities for Hilo Harbor
and the need to accommodate increased cargo and passenger volumes. In addition to
specifying recommended cargo yard acreages, berthing requirements and roadway
improvements, the plan also recommends the construction of a passenger terminal facility
at Pier 5 to accommodate the growth of cruise ship arrivals.
Within Hilo Harbor, Radio Bay has limited facilities for small boats. The State
Department of Transportation also maintains small boat facilities at the mouth of the Wailoa
River.
[General Lyman Field] Hilo International Airport serves inter-island and occasional
overseas air traffic. [Major improvements, including a new airport terminal and runway
development, have been made over the past decade.] The airport facilities are currently
underutilized. The close proximity of Hilo's airport and harbor may potentially be [exploited]
utilized to the County's advantage. Both transportation facilities are surrounded by or near [to]
State-owned lands [which] that could be used for support services and facilities. Hilo is
[second] fourth to Honolulu, Barbers Point, and Kahului in the amount of cargo especially
agricultural products, which is] handled through both its airport and harbor. There may be an
opportunity for the development of a centralized cargo distribution center within Hilo that could
eventually alleviate congested conditions on Oahu. Such a distribution center could eventually
serve other neighbor islands by distributing and marshalling cargo both from and to the
mainland. [An authority could be established to coordinate and oversee such a project.]
Hilo International Airport has a runway length of 9,800 feet, capable of
accommodating aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. However, the current runway length
imposes some take-off weight restrictions. To accommodate maximum-rated cargo
payloads to the West Coast would require a runway length of up to 12,000 feet. Until such
time that a maior cargo facility is constructed at the Hilo International Airport, extension
of the existing runway will not be needed.
Courses of Action
• Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health
should enforce and strengthen present pollution regulations.
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Transportation
• The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve facilities at
Hilo Harbor to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise shin passenger
arrivals.
• Future land uses in the vicinity of the [General Lyman Field] Hilo International
Airport should have an adequate open space buffer and/or be compatible with the
anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity.
• [The County shall pursue the implementation of an Air Cargo Distribution]
Encourage the construction of an Agricultural Processing and Packing
Center at the old Hilo Airport, the planning of which shall be coordinated with
future development plans for Hilo Harbor.
• Encourage the construction of a centralized air cargo distribution comalex at
the Hilo International Airport.
• Encourage development of a small boat harbor for the area.
NORTH HILO AND HAMAKUA
Profile
There are no air or harbor terminals in these districts. The only small boat ramp on the
Hamakua Coast is located within the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park. Although the boat rams
was imaroved through a joint effort of the County of Hawaii and the U. S. Armv Corns of
Engineers, it is [It is, however,] inadequately protected [and because of damage is closed to
users.] from damage due to storm surges. Without further improvements, the ramp will
continue to be hazardous for users of the facility.
Course of Action
• [Improve] Continue to improve the small boat ramp at Laupahoehoe, [construct]
extend the offshore protective [structures,] structure, and provide for adequate
parking.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Upolu airfield is the only air transportation facility in the district. It is used on a limited
basis. [The State Department of Transportation has made limited improvements to it.] The
State prepared the Upolu Airaort Master Plan in 1999 to forecast aviation demand at the
facility to the Year 2020 and to evaluate the need for additional facility improvements.
331
Transportation
Based on forecast demand, no extension of the existing runwav or expansion of terminal
facilities will be required during the study period. However, it recommends the acquisition
of lands adjacent to the airport for future runwav and terminal expansion. The widening
of the airporNs existing 1.8 mile access road to a two-lane, paved road is also
recommended.
[Course] Courses of Action
• Retain Upolu airfield for general aviation use.
• The State should continue to provide improvements to runwav and terminal
facilities at Upolu Airport, including the improvement of the airport's access
road from the Akoni Pule Highway.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
There is a deep [water] draft port and small boat hazbor at Kawaihae, both of which are
being further [developed.] improved. Kawaihae Harbor has two commercial piers with
approximately 14 acres of cargo handling and storage areas, with room for expansion as
needed. Although a new perimeter breakwater was constructed at the southern end of the
harbor by the Armv Corps of Engineers, there [There] is insufficient pazallel docking space at
the present facility. The State Department of Transportation has plans to increase small boat
capacity [by developing a small boat harbor outside the coral stockpile area where a portion of a
breakwater has been constructed.] when funding can be appropriated. The Hawaii
Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan identifies the need for additional cargo yard space
to accommodate interisland and overseas cargo as well as the construction of a passenger
terminal at Pier 4.
[An inter-island air terminal which services the residents of North and South Kohala and
Hamakua on a limited basis is located in Waimea. This airport is too small for the landing of
larger inter-island aircraft without load restrictions. Use of this air terminal may increase with
the growth of the South Kohala resort area.] Opened for air service in 1953, the Waimea-
Kohala Airport provides commuter air service, air cargo and air ambulance service to the
residents of North and South Kohala as well as Hamakua. Other users of the airport
include the military, private aircraft owners and flight training schools. The State
prepared the Waimea-Kohala Airport Master Plan in 1999 that forecasted aviation
demand and facility needs to the Year 2020. While use of the facility by current users is
expected to increase during the study period, commercial interisland and overseas flights
will remain at the international airports in Hilo and Kona. In general, the master plan
recommends various improvements and upgrades to the runwav and terminal facilities to
improve operating efficiencies and increase aircraft load capacity.
332
Transportation
Courses of Action
• The State Department of Transportation should continue [the use ofJ to provide
improvements to terminal and runwav facilities at the Waimea-Kohala airport
[as an inter-island facility serving North and South Kohala and Hamakua and
should improve existing facilities to handle inter-island aircraft at maximum load
capacity].
• The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve harbor
facilities at Kawaihae to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise ship
passenger arrivals.
• [Support the State Department of Transportation's] Continue to support the
Department of Land and Natural Resources in its plans to develop a small
boat harbor at Kawaihae.
KONA
Profile
The [Ke-ahole Airport,] Kona International Airport at Keahole, which began
operations in July 1970, was built in the midst of a barren lava field. The inter-island terminal
has a Polynesian motif [and] that received a design awazd for excellence in 1985. Direct flights
from the mainland to [Ke-ahole] Keahole began in 1985[,]; direct flights from Japan began in
1~ and the number ofinter-island flights have increased. Kona International Airport at
Keahole [Ke-ahole Airport] is [the principal entry point] one of two principal entry points for
[the County's] visitors[.] to the Bie Island. [Presently, expansion of the airport facilities is being
master planned. Industrial space is needed for airport support uses such as fuel storage facilities.
These facilities are presently located at Kawaihae.] In 1994, the airport runwav was extended
from 6,500 to 11,000 feet in length to accommodate aircraft as large as the Boeing 747.
The State developed its Keahole-Kona International Airport Master Plan in 1987 to
provide a guide for the location, design and construction of future facility improvements at
the airport. A Master Plan Update Study prepared in 1997 supplemented the original
master plan to identify facility needs to the Year 2015. With the expansion of the visitor
industry in West Hawaii, the airport has and will continue to experience growth in
passenger arrivals, aircraft operations and cargo/mail activities. Annual passenger volume
is anticipated to increase by 51 per cent to approximately 3.5 million in 2015. The master
plan details land use, terminal improvements, access and circulation, and supporting
infrastructural needs to accommodate future facility needs. Some of the improvements
include an expanded air cargo facility and new overseas terminal, flight kitchen, postal
facility and general aviation facilities.
333
Transportation
Aside from the small boat harbors at Kailua, Keauhou, and Honokohau, there are no
shipping terminals in the district. Improvements to Honokohau small boat harbor have been
made incrementally. Cruise shins visiting Kailua-Kona currently anchor about one-third
mile offshore of Kailua Bav and shuttle their uassengers to Kailua-Kona Wharf. A visitor
information booth is the only visitor-related accommodation provided at the wharf.
Funding fora $3.5 million refurbishment of the Kailua-Kona Wharf was auaroved by the
2000 State Legislature with construction anticipated to be completed before the end of
2003.
Courses of Action
• Future land uses in the vicinity of the [Ke-ahole Airport] Kona International
Airaort at Keahole should be [of a compatible nature and/or be] compatible with
the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity.
Industrial acreage should be provided at Ke-ahole for support use.]
• The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve and expand
[Ke-ahole Airport and terminal facilities to meet anticipated increases in air
transport needs.] Kona International Airuort at Keahole in accordance with
the recommendations of the Keahole-Kona International Airport Master
Plan Uadate Studv (]99'71.
• Encourage the State to renovate the Kailua-Kona Wharf or to seek
alternative facilities to accommodate the cruise shiu industry.
KA'U
Profile
There are presently no terminal facilities in Ka'u. [Because of impending growth,
however,] However, there will be need for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities[.]
should growth within the district demand such facilities.
Course of Action
• Provide for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities and launching
activities as the need arises.
334
Transportation
MASS TRANSIT
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The County is committed to providing its residents with a public transportation
svstem that is affordable, efficient, accessible, safe, environmentally friendly, and reliable.
Mass transit svstems provide residents with an alternative means of transportation to
employment, services and activities. It also promotes and enhances pedestrian activities,
reduces congestion, improves air quality, and increases economic development
opportunities.
The County's Mass Transit Agency was created to provide mass transit service on
this island. The County currently operates the Hele-On bus svstem with a fleet of 28 buses.
each with a capacity of 33 or 45 passengers. Eleven of these buses are wheelchair
accessible. Approximately 10 per cent of the cost to operate the buses is Federally funded
with the remainder funded by the County. Approximately 55 per cent of the County's
operational costs are derived from fare revenues with the remainder from general
revenues.
The Hele-On provides service along the main roadways serving the major urban
centers of the island. Within Hilo, there are three additional routes serving the Waiakea-
Uka, Downtown Hilo, and Kaumana areas. Within the Kona District, a shuttle operates
between Kailua, Keauhou and Kealakekua. The Hawaii Long-Range Land Transportation
Master Plan recommends that additional routes be provided to link Waimea town and the
towns in North Kohala with Kailua-Kona and the resorts located along the South Kohala
coast.
In addition to the Hele-On, the County also offers ashared-ride taxi service that
provides door to door service within the urban areas of Hilo and Kailua-Kona. This
program allows the public to purchase coupons and use the coupons instead of cash with
participating taxi companies. The program allows a user to submit one coupon (at a cost of
$21 to travel up to four miles and two coupons to travel up to nine miles. The Hawaii
County Economic Opportunity Council, anon-profit community action agency,
supplements the County's bus services by providing bus services for the low-income,
elderly, disabled, and are-school children who attend Head Start schools.
GOAL
• Provide residents with a variety of public transportation svstems that are
affordable, efficient, accessible, safe, environmentally friendly, and reliable.
335
Transportation
POLICIES
• Improve the integration of transportation and land use planning in order to
optimize the use, efficiency, and accessibility of existing and proposed mass
transportation systems.
• Support and encourage the development of alternative modes of
transportation, such as enhanced bus services and bicvcle paths.
• Incorporate, where appropriate, bicvcle routes, lanes, and paths within road
rights-of-way in conformance with The Bikeway Plan for the County of
Hawaii.
• Provisions to enhance the mobility of minors, non-licensed adults, low-
income, elderly, and people with disabilities shall be made.
STANDARDS
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
{AASHTOI, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities.
• U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).
336
Transportation
LAND USE
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The General Plan expresses both the integrated and [specified] sneci5c concerns and
problems as well as alternative solutions and guidance regarding the use of County resources.
Land use is one of the principal focal points of public concern and policy. The other study
elements of the General Plan, [which] that depict the various aspects of the County, directly
involve land use in varying degrees.
[The land use element provides the primary basis for direct control and guidance of
publicly and privately owned resources.] The land use element sets forth goals, policies, and
standards to guide the location and density, and building intensities of land uses in particular
areas. [From these, other implementive area plans designate detailed land use patterns and are
the most appropriate and convenient references for the County Administration and the County
Council in their consideration of routine land use, zoning, subdivision and development matters.
They are also a source of information to the public as to the anticipated use of private and public
properties and the future form and nature of their communities.] Regional and/or Community
Development Plans are intended to implement the broad goals within the General Plan on a
regional basis. They serve to designate and coordinate detailed development patterns and
infrastructure needs throughout the County. The Plans detail land use policies and
infrastructure priorities, transportation, recreation and other major land use policies
within each area, and must be developed with participation by the affected communities
and adopted by ordinance by the County Council.
The land use element is intended to be used as a policy guide for the coordinated growth
and development [of all sectors] of the County. It seeks to accommodate growth without
congestion; to designate and preserve the lands needed for residential use, commercial and
visitor services, industry, agriculture, and open space; and [to] coordinate these uses with the
County's service and circulation systems.
[The County Planning Department has maintained its land use inventory to keep a current
account of the physical status of the land use patterns in Hawaii County. As a result of the
parcel-by-parcel inventory, some of the potential land needs have become evident.]
[According to findings, the] The total area of the island of Hawaii is approximately
[2-1/2] 2_5 million acres or [4,038] 4~ square miles: [4,037] 4~ square miles of land and
[one square mile] 4.4 square miles of inland water. All of these lands are divided into
approximately [120,353] 125,000 parcels.
Previous General Plans
[The first General Plan, adopted in 1965, consisted of three separate documents and used
different criteria for classifying ]and uses. All districts, with the exception of Ka'u, were general
337
Land Use Introduction
planned. The documents which had been adopted as the official General Plan for the County
included:
"A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo," by Belt, Collins & Associates, Ltd.
"A Plan for Kona," by Harland Bartholomew and Associates.
"The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan," by Robert I. Bush and Andrew Gerakas.
Subsequent amendments to the preceding General Plan documents.]
The first General Plan for the County of Hawaii, adopted in 1965, was a compilation
of three separate documents: A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo, A Plan for Kona,
and The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan. The £rst General Plan provided for the
general planning for all districts except Ka'u.
In 1971, the County adopted its first comprehensive General Plan that provided for
the general planning of all nine judicial districts on the island. Included within this
General Plan was a requirement for ten vear comprehensive reviews and updates to the
General Plan. The first of these comprehensive reviews and updates resulted in the
adoption of the first comprehensive revision to the General Plan in 1989 that updated
supporting information, the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities maps, and
the various study elements.
Several other documents are used in local planning including regional and functional
plans, the Zoning Code [including the official zoning map,] and Subdivision Code. These are
specific and detailed pieces of legislation and plans [which are] intended to carry out the
[proposals] goals, policies, standards and courses of action of the General Plan. [The General
Plan documents adopted in 1965 relied heavily on the use of detailed maps. Because the maps
were detailed, they were often confused with the zone maps.]
State Land Use
Hawaii was the first of the fifty States to have a State Land Use Law and aState[-wide]
General Plan. Today, Hawaii remains unique among the fifty states with respect to the extent of
control that the State exercises inland use regulation. [Indeed, the land use regulatory process in
the State of Hawaii is the most complex in the world.] Some of the actions leading to the
passage of the State Land Use Law resulted from concerns and discussions predating World War
II. In the post-World War II period, there was a perception that government action to control
land uses was desirable because of the very limited area of the islands. It was also perceived that
development of land for urban uses in many cases tended to occur in areas where it was
uneconomical for public agencies to provide proper and adequate service facilities, and that there
was a consequent lag in the provisions of such facilities. Further, there was a perception that
development of land for urban uses in many cases occurred on land having a higher capacity for
338
Land Use Introduction
contributing to the basic economy of the State, namely agriculture, than the uses [which] that
were developed thereon.
The passage of the Land Use Law in 1961 established the State Land Use Commission.
It called for the classification of al] lands in the State and authorized the adoption of rules of
practice and procedures and regulations for land use within the various State land use districts.
The four land use districts created by the State Land Use Commission provide the basic legal
framework [ol] for land uses in the State of Hawaii. The Urban District is generally defined as
lands in urban use with sufficient reserve to accommodate foreseeable growth. In the County of
Hawaii this district is [made up] comprised of [about 39,638] approximately 54,267 acres[.] or
two uer cent of the island's total land area. Rura] Districts are defined as lands primarily
comprised of small farms mixed with low density residential lots [which] that have a minimum
lot size of one-half acre under the State Land Use Law. Of the four districts, this is the smallest,
[having about 689] with approximately 807 acres of the island's total land area. The
Agricultural District includes lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation as well as those
with low capacity. The minimum lot size in this district under the State Land Use Law is one
acre. The Agricultural District has the second greatest land area with approximately [1,186,674]
1,184,599 acres or slightly over [47%] 46 per cent of the total land area of the island.
Conservation Districts are primarily those lands in the existing forest and water reserve zones.
This district has the largest land area with [about 1,296,095] approximately 1,338,135 acres or
[51 52 aer cent of the total land area of the island.
Land uses within the Urban Districts are administered exclusively by the counties [in
which they are located]. In the Agricultural and Rural Districts, the State Land Use Commission
establishes use regulations and the counties are responsible for their administration. The
counties, however, may adopt more stringent controls than those imposed by the State within
these two districts. [Although over 50% of the island's land is in the Conservation District, the
County has no land use jurisdiction in these areas except in coastal areas where conservation
district lands are overlaid with special regulations relating to coastal zone management. In the
Conservation district, land uses are administered by the State Board of Land and Natural
Resources.] Land use in the Conservation District is regulated by the State Board of Land
and Natural Resources except that the County has concurrent aermitting sower within the
Special Management Area near the coast. The County has no land use control over
Federal arouerty and the Hawaiian Homes Commission has the ultimate control over uses
of the Hawaiian home lands leased to native Hawaiians.
339
Land Use Introduction
State Land Use Acreage (as of Mav. 2000)
A ricultural Conservation Rural Urban Total
Puna 175 l04 l38 563 146 6 329 320 142
South Hilo 70 695 169 493 0 12 814 253 002
North Hilo 53 587 l20 110 71 608 174 376
Hamakua 162 729 235 805 13 1 041 399, 588
North Kohala 64 713 13 187 16 2 434 80 350
South Kohala l50 426 15 356 53 10 608 176 443
North Kona 158 853 188 331 477 17 787 365 448
South Kona l10 749 35 051 31 845 146 676
Ka'u 237 743 422 239 0 1 801 66l 783
Total 1 l84 599 1 338135 807 54 267 2 577 808
State of Ha aii DBEDT Office of Plann' ¢ GIS Data
County oT Hawaii Plannin¢ Department
Countv Zoning
The Zoning Code for the County of Hawaii is the legal instrument [which] that regulates
the use of land. The Zoning Code implements the General Plan and is a document dealing with
existing conditions and shorter range needs. The Zoning Code is the County's arimarv land
use control The Zoning Code implements the General Plan. It deals with existing
conditions and shorter ranee needs. The Zonine Code sets out the various tunes of zoning
districts and the allowable uses for each. Zonine mans, established by ordinance, set out
the zoning for the island on aparcel-bv-parcel basis.
Rezoning is the primary method for changing the allowed uses of land. Rezoning
must be consistent with the General Plan including the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
Map. Other factors beside the man consistency must be taken into account during the
rezoning process which requires specific consideration of a number of factors to determine_
the suitability of the property for the proposed zone These include proximity to roads,
utilities and public services environmental factors such as drainage, slope, and soil types,
and other public concerns.
[Besides the General Plan, several other factors contribute to the basis for changing
zoning districts. These include the State Land Use Regulations, existing land use distribution,
existing public facilities, utilities and services, and public concern and changing needs of the
community.]
The tabulation of zoned lands based on the County zoning as of [1985] December 2000
is as follows:
340
Land Use Introduction
Single-family residential: [17,850 acres; 9,1 ] 7 acres or 51% vacant.] 20,189 acres
Multiple residential (including duplex): [2,006 acres; 1,383 acres or 69% vacant.] 3
acres
Resort: [794 acres; 395 acres or 50% vacant.] 1,353 acres
Commercial: [1,173 acres; 428 acres or 36%vacant.] 2,859 acres
Industrial: [4,158 acres; 1,09] acres or 26% vacant.] 6,039 acres
Industrial-Commercial Mixed: 27 acres
Familv Agriculture: 100 acres
Residential-Agriculture: [1,175 acres; 773 acres or 66% vacant.] 2,105 acres
Agricultural: [Approximately 1,069,514 acres.] 1,219.773 acres*
*includes lands chanted from Unplanned to Agriculture as Dart of the 1996 amendments to the
ZonintCode
Open: [319,968] 317,262 acres.
[Unplanned and no zone (Forest Reserve): About 1,106,456 acres.]
Proiect District: 1,748 acres
Agricultural Proiect District: 23 acres
Lands not zoned (includes Forest Reserves and National Parksl: 933,842 acres
341
Land Use Introduction
Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 1989
1989 Puna sou North Hsmekua North South Nonh 154:4 Total
13114 > K 15441! 15sna
Sinele Family 284 7,645 391 ~ 616 3.099 254 390 jgL 18198
Multi-Family 4 ~iQQ 0 4 43 11 9 129 0 IQI 270
Resort 1 0 0 0 3~Q 742 0 176
Commercial 60 975 10 ,r3_7 ,i$ 329 i, 14 101 59 1 2
In rial 479 2_82 ~8 _hS ~ 241 245 Q 52 5311
Residential 625 0 55 Q ~ 0 144 0 1312
Aericulture - -
Aericolture 198.796 71_59 61.954 16 62958 79.493 116.184 44163 252.620 105280
Open S.OgI 263 39 9~i 1~ 11.747 176.082 7.634 115-74U 319324
n tonne 0 ~ 0 185 585 41-953 52y80 67.735 223 17y
Estimate - Plannin4 Department
Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 2000
~ h• N~l~ >~dll! ~sltl.L LS4rL s9.lU! T I
Puna Hilo Hilo Hamakua Kohala lconete Kona Kona ~P-L ota
Sinele Familv 277 874 391 ~ 652 3J82 287 414 ~1 20y89
Multi-Familv 4 380 0 4 43 1 5 7 h26 0 J01 3.065
Resort 1 0 42 14 360 74Q 15 45 1 53
Commercial 74 1.088 10 ~iQ 426 1015 ~ 61 2159
Industrial 490 2,185 38 IS 59 291 2,909 0 52 6139
Industrial-
Commercial 23 4 0 0 0 U 0 0 0 27
Mixed - - - _ - _ - - -
Famdv 22 26 0 0 0 6 39 7 0 100
Aericulture - - -
Residential 625 185 ,5~ 0 22 ~ 489 144 0 21 5
Aericulture
Aericulture 198.747 73.750 61.954 165.223 67.977 119.813 167y15 112-051 252.843 12197
Open siz9 2_,065 ~ p~(,7 z7 11.951 173.621 7~z8 115~,~40 13 7.262
Protect 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.748 0 0 1.746
District - -
Aericultural
Project U 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0
Distri 1
Estimate - Plannine Department
342
Land Use Introduction
Lands designated Residential-Agriculture (RA) saw the largest percentage increase
in acreage between the years 1989 and 2000 at 60 per cent, although the total acreage of RA
zoned lands accounted for less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total land area within the
County. During the same period, Commercial zoned lands increased by 49 per cent,
Multiple Family Residential zoned lands increased by 15 per cent and Industrial zoned
]ands increased by l4 per cent. Acreages of Open zoned lands fell by 0.6 per cent. Lands
designated as Agriculturah excluding lands zoned Unplanned prior to the comprehensive
revision to the Zoning Code in 1996, account for 77 per cent of all zoned lands within the
Coun
[Existing Land Use and Acreaee Distribution
The following summarizes the distribution of land uses based on actual uses:
Residential: 15,850 acres. Includes all residential uses, including boarding houses and
dormitories.
Manufacturing, manufacturing services, and warehousine: 4,430 acres. Includes areas
used for the manufacturing of durable and non-durable goods, as well as for construction
services and industrial utilities and storage.
Commercial: 520 acres. Includes uses in the retail and wholesale trades.
Services: 32,950 acres. Includes areas used for consumer, professional, governmental
(including military installations), business, and health and welfare services.
Social and Cultural: 1,510 acres. Includes areas used for the personal development of an
individual or individuals, such as educational institutions, cultural centers, and religious
institutions.
Recreation: 251,220 acres. Includes areas used for public and private recreation.
Aericultural: 810,670 acres. Includes all areas used for agricultural purposes.
Transportation: 8,360 acres. Includes all areas used for transportation terminals,
facilities and private roads.
Unused and Open Soace: 1,397,680 acres. Includes developable, subdivided, and
unsubdivided vacant lands and areas such as forest reserves, rivers, and steep land.]
343
Land Use Introduction
LAND USE CONCEPTS
Proposed Land Use Pattern
A well-balanced land use pattern capable of meeting the future needs of the County is an
essential part of the General Plan.
There are no universal standards for determining the [amounts] amount of land needed in
the future for each ]and use or activity located within an area. Estimates can be made, however,
of the future land use acreage a]location for each use. The land use pattern is a broad, flexible
design intended to guide the direction and quality of future developments in a coordinated and
rational manner. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide LUf PAG1 Map indicates
the general location of various land uses in relation to each other.
Land uses are designated generally on the map in reference to the following categories:
Urban [and Rural] Designations
Hieh Density: [Commercial,] General commercial, multiple family residential
and related services ([general and office commercial;] multiple family residential
up to 87 units per acre).
Medium Density: Village and neighborhood commercial and single family and
multiple family residential and related functions ([3-story commercial;] multiple
famil residential up to 35 units per acre).
Low Density: [Single family residential in character] Residential, with ancillary
community and public uses, and neighborhood and convenience-type
commercial uses[.]• overall residential densiri may be uo to six units per acre.
Resort Node: These areas include a mix of visitor-related uses such as hotels
condominium-hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels),
single family and multiple family residential units, golf courses and other
tvaical resort recreational facilities, resort commercial complexes and other
support services. Only Maior Resort Areas are identified as Resort Nodes on
the LUPAG Map.
Resort Area : These areas include a mix of uses such as hotels, condominium-
hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and [supporting]
support services. Intermediate Resort. Minor Resort. and Retreat Resort
Areas are identified as Resort Areas on the LUPAG Map.
Urban Expansion Area: Allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low
density, industrial, industrial-commercial and/or open designations in areas
344
Land Use Introduction
where new settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern
and mix of uses have not yet been determined. [Within areas designated for
development as resorts, portions of the resort area maybe included in the urban
expansion area.]
Industrial Area: These areas include uses such as manufacturing and processing,
wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, [and] light industrial and
industrial-commercial uses.
Rural Designation
Rural: This category includes existing subdivisions in the State Land Use
Agricultural and Rural districts that have a significant residential comaonent.
Tyaical lot sizes vary from 9.000-square feet to two acres. These subdivisions may
contain small farms, wooded areas, and oven fields as well as residences. Allowable
uses within these areas, with appropriate zoning, may include commercial facilities
that serve the residential and agricultural uses in the area, and community and
public facilities The Rural designation does not necessarily mean that these areas
should be further subdivided to smaller lots. Most lack the infrastructure necessary
to allow further subdivision.
Agriculture Designations
[Intensive Agriculture: Sugar, orchard, diversified agriculture, and floriculture.
High: Fertile soil.
Low: Less fertile soil.
Extensive Agriculture: Pasturage and range lands.
Orchard: Those agricultural lands which though rocky in character and content
support productive macadamia nuts, papaya, citrus and other similar agricultural
products.]
Important Agricultural Land: Important agricultural lands are those with
better potential Tor sustained high agricultural yields because of soil tvae,
climate topograuhv, or other factors. Important agricultural lands were
determined by including the following lands:
• Lands identified as "Intensive Agriculture" on the 1989 General Plan
Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide mans.
• Lands identified in the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State
of Hawaii (ALISHI classification system as "Prime" or "Unique".
345
Land Use ]ntroduction
• Lands classified by the Land Study Bureau's Soil Survey Report as
Class B "Good" soils. (There are no Class A lands on the island of
Hawaii
• Lands classified as at least "fair" for two or more crops, on an
irrigated basis, by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation
Service's study of suitability for various crops.
• In North and South Kona, the "coffee belt", a continuous band
defined by elevation, according to input from area farmers.
• State agricultural parks.
Some areas that meet the criteria for important agricultural lands on
an irrigated basis only were included in the "Extensive Agriculture" category
due to their remoteness from potential sources of irrigation.
Certain areas that could have been classified as Important
Agricultural lands have been placed within urban land use categories.
Generally, these are adjacent to existing urban areas. This represents a
decision that the orderly development of those urban areas justifies the
eventual conversion of those lands to urban use.
Because of the scale of the Land use Pattern Allocation Guide maps
used to designate Important Agricultural Land, the location of these ]ands
should be verified by more detailed mapping when considering specific land
use decisions.
Extensive Agriculture: Lands not classified as Important Agricultural Land.
Includes lands that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural
yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and
technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition,
slope, machine tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses
such as grazing and pasture may be included in the Extensive Agriculture
category.
Other Designations
University: [University and support community services.] Public university,
including ancillary public uses, residentiah and support commercial uses.
Omen: Parks and other recreational areas, historic sites[.], and open shoreline
areas.
346
Land Use Introduction
Conservation Area: Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves,
[open,] areas in active management for conservation purposes, areas to be
kept in a largely natural state, with minimal facilities consistent with open
space uses, such as picnic pavilions and comfort stations, and lands within the
State Land Use Conservation District.
[Commercial centers in urban areas]The urban centers include high, medium and low
density designations [and in rural areas, includes medium and low density designations]. These
centers and clusters provide physical, social, governmental and economic concentrations so that
the total activities of the community can be more readily and easily conducted. In the County [of
Hawaii], several of these centers have political and social antecedents, while others have been
influenced by economic practices. Some of the County's possible future centers may result from
the development of resort areas.
The future improvement and development objectives are directed toward making urban
and rural centers more efficient, livable, and safe. Growth should be encouraged in terms of
renewing older areas or [as extensions of existing ones.] extending existing areas. The creation
of new urban and rural centers should be initiated only when it is in the public interest and [they]
must be accompanied by commitments [by] from both government and the private sector for the
[current] development of basic community and public facilities and services. Infrastructure
costs less when new residential areas are located near existing highways, water and sewer
lines and employment centers. Within the rapidly growing districts of South Kohala and
North and South Kona, the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide maps focus future urban
development around Waimea and Waikoloa Village, Kawaihae, and between Keahole and
Keauhou.
The location of urban and rural uses should be evaluated from the standpoint of how each
use services existing and future land uses of the surrounding area. The direction and form of
growth in accord with future demand will be influenced by many factors.
The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map shall also designate areas for
urban expansion. An area is designated as urban expansion when the specific settlement
pattern and types of uses have vet to be determined. [In addition, a "floating zone" concept
maybe effected for industrial and retreat resort uses.]
[The "floating zone" concept for industrial and retreat resort areas will enable their
locating in areas so as to take advantage of new concepts and trends, economic influences,
unique resources and other situations which may occur. Compliance and compatibility with
other pertinent elements of the General Plan and with the objectives and standards of the
industrial and retreat resort land use classifications shall be required].
The methodology used to develop the land use pattern reflects estimates of future
population based on economic and employment evaluations, existing land uses and zoned areas,
determination of community facility needs, and transportation demands for the entire island. The
347
Land Use Introduction
topography and other physical features of each azea were also analyzed, and other factors,
[particular] particularly economic, social, and physical characteristics, were noted.
The following table illustrates the Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation by
districts. The high, medium, and low density allocations are included within the residential and
commercial allocations [in the table. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation
should be reviewed at ten-year intervals. This review should re-examine the elements of the
General Plan, and as certain substantial changes or trends occur, new levels of community needs
would be estimated and the land use pattern re-established].
[Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage
Districts Residential Commercial Industrial Resort Total Acreage
Puna 22,535 2,254 3,380 91 28,260
S. Hilo 24,045 2,405 6,259 293 33,002
N. Hilo 650 65 98 813
Hamakua 2,878 288 437 60 3,663
N. Kohala 2,951 295 661 120 4,027
S. Kohala 11,056 1,106 2,034 746 14,942
N. Kona 25,066 2,507 5,068 L,160 33,801
S. Kona 5,122 512 768 90 6,492
Ka'u 2,062 206 525 135 2,927
TOTAL 96,365 9,638 19,230 2,695 127,928]
348
Land Use Introduction
Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAGI Map
Estimated Land Use Allocation Acreaee
LUPAG Mao Pune S ° h Hamakua ~ '~'h ~It ~Qt@~
Desienatians f~114 ~ Koksle j(ohale Kone Kona
Hiek Density 0 L4j 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 Q 1J05
Urban _ _ _ _ _ _
Me i m 478 1181 fig 292 ~ 1.282 156 292 421 5947
Density Urban
Low Density 8~I3 IOy73 617 2.293 268 5.084 6387 170 148 37.253
rban
Industrial 669 4
264 29 ~ 169 389 Q 74 10177
Important
Aericultural 49.770 37 23 21_,632 78.023 O1y14 shsoo 26.703 47.300 386.283
Land
x nsive 88173 2fi_,078 31.755 82924 21.885 712 105.074 66.368 16y426 661382
Aericulture
Rural 29.251 2542 71 0 4 1908 101 ,i_7 13y90 47.996
Resort / 0 84 0 0 47 7.212 289 ~ 29 5.676
Resort Node - - - -
Open Area 2335 1_L98 434 166 2.119 14074 6.233 299 4.738 75.696
Conservation 137.210 167 79 II
X710 235y I2 11217 13.957 199 5 43.395 426.956 1 55021
Urban
Exoansimi 344 122 62 0 258 12_,264 ]1y95 Q 597 29142
A ea - - - -
Universih~ Use 0 664 Q 0 Q 0 461 0 0 1~1
,25
Plannine Department Estimates - GIS Data
349
Land Use ]ntroduction
The following is a list of urban and rural centers, industrial areas and resort areas of the
County by district.
District Urban and Rural Center Industrial Areas Resort Areas
Keaau
Pahoa
[Kalapana] Keaau
[Kapoho] Keaau-Gateway Center ?-Cl
Puna Kurtistown [Kapoho) [Papal (Intermediate)]
ML View Pahoa
Hawaiian Paradise Park Panaewa
Orchidland Estates Hawaiian Paradise Park (1-Cl
Volcano
[City ot] Hilo [City ot] Hilo Waiakea Peninsula-Reeds Bay
Papaikou Hilo Iron Works (1-Cl (Intermediate)
S. Hdo pepeekeo-Kulaimano Waiakea Houselots (1-Cl Keaukaha (Minor)
Papaikou
Honomu pepeekeo Wainaku (Minorl
Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa
N. Hilo [Ninole] Ookala
Ookala
Haina [Hamakua-Kohala Mountain Forest
Hamakua Honokaa Honokaa Reserve (Retreat)
Paauilo Paauilo Kalopa (Re[rwt)]
Hawi
Halaula
N. Kohala Kapaau Halaula Mahukona (Minor)
Kahua (Kohala Ranch) Hawi [Kohala Mountains (Retreat)]
Niulii
Kawaihae Anaehoomalu (Major)
Puako [Maukal Kawaihae [Kawaihae] Kauneoa Bav-Hapuna
Lalamilo Waikoloa dla e
S. Kohala Waikoloa Villaee Waimca »Y (Major)
Waimea Waikoloa Mauka [Puako] Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay
(Kawaihae Harbor] (Major)
Keahole to Kailua Kailua (Major)
Kailua-Keauhcu Kailua Keauhou-Kahaluu (Major)
[Keaholc-0'oma] Kona Industrial Subdivision (Kealakehe (lntertnediale)
[Kealakehe] and adjacent area ?-Cl Kohanaiki Qntennediate)
N. Kona [Holuaba-Along Kuakini Nonokohau (1-Cl Kukio (Intermediate)
Highway] Kainaliu-Honalo O'oma (lntennediate)
Holuaba Mauka [K~ahole] Kew Nonokohau (Minor)
[Keopu] Kabko Kaupulehu (Intermediate)]
Kainaliu-Honalo Kauoulehu-Kukio (Maiorl
KOna Captain Cook Kealakekua-Captain Cook [Honaunau-Keel (Intermediate)]
Kcalakekua Keekee-Kalmkalu tRetreatl
Naalehu Honuapo
Naalehu Niuol~Punaluu [(Intermediate)]
Kau Pahala Pahala Minor
Waiohinu [volcano (Retreat)]
Ocean View Ocean View
Note: I-C refers to ]ndustrial-Commercial
350
Land Use ]ntroduction
[Zoning Guide Map
In the implementation of the General Plan land use pattern concerning the allocation of
acreage for zoning, the Planning Department shall prepare zoning guide maps which delineate
specific uses in conformance to the designated uses in the land use pattern. Taking into
consideration all elements of the General Plan, the zoning guide maps shall also indicate
alternative or appropriate sites. At a minimum every five years, these zoning guide maps shall
be reviewed by the Planning Commission and adopted by Council resolution. During the
preparation period of the zoning guide maps, zoning changes maybe granted, as long as they
conform to the General Plan.
Land Zoning Bank
In conjunction with the development of the Zone Guide Map, a Land Zoning Bank will
also be developed. Of the estimated total acreage for the County, an appropriate proportion will
be allocated throughout the districts in a "district bank" and the remainder will be retained in a
County zone bank. The district bank totals will be further allocated to the urban and rural
centers, industrial and resort areas. The allocations serve as a guide and shall not be construed to
be the absolute desired acreage allowed. Acreage allocation maybe shifted within a district from
one area to another if the needs increase or accelerate within the initial allocation period.
Similarly, land use may be reallocated within a district without any change in the total allocated
acreage for a given land use if no appreciable development or change is evidenced or indicated
within the initial allocation period.
In the event that the allocated acreage is absorbed within the districts, additional
allocation may be made from the County "Land Zoning Bank."
The following table illustrates the Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation for all districts
and may be used during the preparation period of the zone guide map and land zoning bank. The
allocated residential areas are to include those areas set aside within the resort complexes.
Zone of Mix
The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incorporated in the Zoning Code for the purpose of
achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands
which have topographic and/or drainage problems. Although the zone of mix allows a mixture
of housing types within an area, the density shall not exceed that which is designated for the
area. In an area which allows a zone of mix, a certain percentage of the density will be allocated
for multiple residential and the remainder will be single-family residential units.
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Land Use Introduction
Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation (In Acres)
Residential Comrtiercial Industrial Resort
County Allocation 38,546 3,855 7,691 1,558
Land Zoning Bank (9,636) (964) (1,924) (201)
Puna 9,014 901 1,352 55
South Hilo 9,618 ...962 2,504 l95
North Hilo 261 26 39
Hamakua 1,152 115 l74 6
North Kohala 1,18] 118 264 12
South Kohala 4,422 442 814 439
North Kona 10,027 100 2,027 733
South Kona 2,050 205 307 54
Ka'u 930 93 210 64
Net acres]
Zone of Mix
The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incorporated in the Zoning Code for the
purpose of achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of
residential lands that have topographic and/or drainage problems. Although the zone of
mix allows a mixture of housing types within an area, the density shall not exceed that
which is designated for the area. In an area that allows a zone of mix, a certain percentage
of the density will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be single-
family residential units.
The clustering of housing in the zone of mix concept may be a means of minimizing
grading, preserving the natural appearance of topography, and making optimum use of the terrain
for residential structures and recreational and open spaces.
Mixed Use Zones
The revision to the Zoning Code, completed in 1996, [shall be re-evaluated to
incorporate] incorporated the concept of mixed use zones to allow compatible commercial uses
to mix with light industrial uses, and [to allow] the mixing of residential and commercial uses.
Mixed use light industrial and commercial zones may include, but are not limited to, wholesale,
retail, office uses and personal and business services. Mixed use zones are appropriate in areas
of economic transition, such as light industrial areas [which] that are in demand as sites for
352
Land Use Introduction
commercial uses, and older residential areas [which are] needed as sites for more intensive
development.
[Important Agricultural Lands
Includes Intensive, Extensive or Orchard lands which (a) possess certain physical
properties or setting capable of producing sustained high agricultural yields when treated and
managed according to modern farming methods and technology; (b) contribute to the County's
economic base and produce commodities for export and for local consumption; and (c) are not
characterized by the above categories but are considered and designated by public policy as
important agricultural lands because of some unique quality, setting or use. Important
agricultural lands exclude lands which fall into the categories described, but have been
designated by County policy or plans to be of greater benefit to the genera] public in some
current or potential non-agricultural use.]
Through the careful analysis and examination of past and present situations, the
following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to physically plan the lands in the County in
the best interest of the island's residents.
GOALS
• Designate and allocate ]and uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in
keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County.
• Protect and encourage the intensive and extensive utilization of the County's
important agricultural lands.
• Protect and preserve forest, water, natural and scientific reserves and open areas.
POLICIES
• Zone urban- [and rural-] types of uses in areas with ease of access to community
services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and facilities.
• Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and use of urban [and rural] areas
[which] that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities.
• Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected
needs of neighborhood, community, region and County.
Maintain the "land zoning bank" from which land use zoning maybe allocated to
specified urban and rural centers and districts.]
• Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to assure
compatibility with land use goals and policies.
35~
Land Use Introduction
• Incorporate innovations such as the "zone of mix" and "mixed use zones" into the
Zoning Code.
Incorporate the concept of a "floating zone" for future industrial and retreat resort
areas, to allow flexibility in locating future needed developments which cannot be
pinpointed at this time, especially in the more rural and/or remote areas.]
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development and maintenance of
communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and
social environment.
• [Conduct a review and re-evaluation] Establish a grogram of continuing review
of the Zoning Code in light of emerging new industries and technologies and
incorporate revisions to land use regulations as necessary.
• jThe County shall develop, in cooperation with community residents] Develoa
community development or regional plans for all of the districts or combinations
of districts in cooperation with community residents and periodically review
and amend these documents as necessazy or as mandated.
Ensure that condominium proaerty regimes (CPR) comaly with the
requirements of the Zoning Code, Subdivision Control Code and other
aoalicable rules and regulations.
• Encourage urban develoament within existing zoned areas already served by
basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered develoament.
STANDARDS
• The designated land uses will be delineated on the General Plan Land Use Pattern
Allocation Guide Map. The broad-brush boundazies indicated are graphic
expressions of the General Plan policies, particularly those relating to land uses.
They are long-range guides to general location and will be subject to: a) existing
zoning; and b) State Land Use District and c)zone guide map and
interpretation]. Similarly, the acreages allocated represent alternatives for the
various levels of economic activity and supporting functions, such as resort,
residential, commercial and industrial activities. Land required for community
and governmental services and programs as well as new towns and resort centers
maybe accommodated within the allocated acreages.
• Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation,
district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with adjacent
zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need.
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Land Use Introduction
• Zoning maybe recommended on an incremental basis depending upon
construction schedule, development of supporting services and facilities, and
other pertinent factors bearing upon the performance of the petitioner.
Zoning maybe reallocated as to location within districts according to need with or
without change in total zoned acreage.
• Zoning of areas for industrial and retreat resort uses under the "floating zone"
concept shall be required to meet all pertinent elements of the General Plan.]
• The establishment of urban-types of zoning may include additional acreaees
to account for acreaees utilized for public benefit, such as historic sites,
public access and parks.
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Land Use Introduction
AGRICULTURE
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
In the County, [of Hawaii] approximately [47%] 1,184,599 acres or 46 per cent of the
total land area [(1,185,816 acres)] is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural district.
Included in the district are lands with a high capacity or potential for agricultural use as well as
those with very low potential for productive agricultural activity. [Approximately 27% of the
total acreage of the County (686,000 acres) are presently being used for agriculture.]
[The structure of commercial] Commercial agriculture in Hawaii County [is in a state of
transition. While commercial agriculture] was once dominated by sugar and ranching. [Trends
indicate that a larger number of small] With the demise of sugar in the mid-1990s and
reduced production volumes within the ranching industrv since the mid-1980s, independent
farmers producing a wide variety of commodities [will play an increasingly important role in the
future.] have played an increasing role in the continued growth of the agriculture industrv.
At the same time, trends also indicate increasing efficiencies of operations resulting in overall
reductions in land requirements.
[As the prospects for sugar have declined and the acreages cultivated reduced, the large]
Large corporations and mid-size and small entrepreneurs have led the way in examining
alternative uses for former sugar land. Papaya, macadamia nuts, guava, exotic tropical fruits,
forestr and ginger are some of the commodities [which] that have been given a boost by the
research and marketing efforts undertaken [by these corporations. Although large corporations
initially investigated new commodities, in numerous instances smaller farmers have provided
innovative and efficient approaches to realize their potential].
While additional opportunities to develop new commodities may [be expected to] arise,
the realization of these opportunities requires the cooperative effort of the large corporations,
entrepreneurs, the small independent farmers and government. Large corporations can assist in
the supply of land, water, marketing, and capital; the entrepreneurs and small independent
farmer can supply the human resources of imagination, determination and hard work; and
government can provide an environment that supports their efforts.
In addition to the agricultural ]and uses relating to the growing of the products,
agricultural land uses also [includes] include those relating to the packing, processing and
manufacturing of the products, [which] that maybe more industrial in character, but are
nevertheless agricultural. The [diversified]
agricultural industry may also need a variety of such
industrial type uses [which] that are dependent upon the specific processing requirements of the
product.
In light of the changes faced by commercial agriculture, the land use regulatory system
must be examined to determine [what] the adjustments [will be] required to allow the
agricultural industry to make the change. In agriculturally designated areas, both the State and
County have established goals, objectives and policies [which] that reflect a desire to promote
agricultural activities as well as preserve and protect agricultural land.
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Land Use Agricultural
[Significant changes to the State Land Use Law have been proposed since its adoption.
These changes could streamline the state's land use regulatory system for controlling land use,
and change the County's role in the land use regulatory system.
The changes to the land use regulatory system are due, in part, to changes to the
socio-economic conditions of the State.] The Countv and State Governments continue to
explore aossible chances to their resuective land use regulatory svstem in response to the
continuous chances occurrinc within the State's socio-economic climate. As agriculture's
contribution to the State's economy since the davs of sugar has declined, there has been a
concurrent rise by tourism as the State's major source of income. The [decline] demise of the
sugar industry on this island has resulted in thousands of acres of land being removed from
productive agricultural use. At the same time, growth in [tourism] the island's copulation has
contributed towards increasing [both population and] land costs.
Agricultural ]and values have risen beyond their value for agricultural purposes. The
high cost of agricultural land reflects non-agricultural uses and values rather than the value that
maybe attributed to land if it were used as a resource for food and fiber production. Although
there are many legitimate reasons for allowing zoning and use conversions of agricultural land,
the increasing land values is one of the major problems that needs to be addressed to facilitate
the expansion of agriculture.
One of the key factors in adjusting to the changing socio-economic conditions is the
restructuring of our land use regulatory system to [make a distinction] distincuish between
important agricultural land and [marginal] other agricultural land. These distinctions should be
made in the evaluative criteria for considering zone changes, permitted uses, minimum lot size
requirements, and subdivision development standards.
Rural-style residential-agricultural developments may include either new small-scale
rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities. Such development provides
opportunities for a mix of residential and small-scale agricultural activities. However, the
primary intent of these developments would be to provide an added range to housing
opportunities. Along with this housing, the large lots of these rural areas will provide
opportunities for part-time agriculture, gardening activities and the raising of livestock on a small
scale. By providing opportunities to satisfy the demand for a rural lifestyle on marginal
agricultural land, the pressures to develop [our] important agricultural land for these purposes
would be decreased.
It should be emphasized that commercial agricultural operations will not be discouraged
from or penalized for utilizing lands considered "marginal." Many commodities including
macadamia nuts, papaya, anthuriums and orchids are now produced on such lands. To protect
these existing agricultural operations from urban encroachment, a buffer area, or uses [which]
that are compatible with agricultural operations should be considered before allowing any type
of rural or urban development into the area.
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Land Use Agricultural
[In summary, diversified agriculture, including macadamia] Macadamia nuts, cattle,
flowers and nursery products, papayas, vegetables and melons and coffee all have the potential
for continued growth. Although the prospects for [diversified] agriculture are encouraging,
there are problems [which] that need to be overcome before the potential can be realized. These
problems include, but are not necessarily limited to: land cost, cost/availability of water,
cost/availability of transportation, cost of labor, marketing, developing and maintaining quality
standards, and disease and pest control.
Lands for asricultural parks are areas set aside by the State specifically for
asricultural activities to encourase continuation or initiation of such asricultural
operations The State's Asricultural Parks Prosram makes land available to small farmers
at reasonable cost with Ions-term tenure. The State Department of Asriculture currently
operates four asricultural Darks on the island, one each in the districts of Puna, South Hilo,
Hamakua and North Kona.
The following goals and policies are intended to address some of the land related
problems of agriculture and are to be consistent with and supportive of the overall land use
element.
GOALS
Identify, protect and maintain important agriculture lands on the island of Hawaii.
• Preserve the asricultural character of the island.
• Preserve and enhance opaortunities for the exaansion of Hawaii's
Asricultural Industry.
POLICIES
• [Zoning shall protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban
encroachment. New] Implement new approaches to preserve important
agricultural land [shall be implemented by the County].
[The County shall assist] Assist in the development ofbasic resources such as
water, roads, transportation and distribution facilities for the agricultural industry.
• [The County shall assist] Assist other State agencies, such as the University of
Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture[,] and Human Resources, University of
Hawaii[,] at Hilo, College of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Resources
Manasement [(Hilo)], Department of [Planning and] Business, Economic
Development[,] and Tourism. Office of Plannins. Department of Land and
Natural Resources and Department of Agriculture, on programs [which] that aid
agriculture.
• Agricultural land [shall] may be used as one forni of open space or as green belt.
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Land Use Agricultural
• [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate and encourage efforts to solve the
problems of the agricultural industry in the County of Hawaii.
• [The compatibility of agricultural and non-agricultural uses should be carefully
reviewed and where appropriate, buffers required.] In order to minimize the
potential conflicts between agricultural and non-aericultural uses, standards
and Guidelines for the establishment of well defined buffer areas as part of
new, non-aericultural developments that are located adjacent to important
aericultural lands shall be developed.
• [Rural style residential agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural
communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in
appropriate locations.] Land zoned for use in the Rural District shall be
expanded, where appropriate.
• [The County shall develop] Develo subdivision standards [which] that make a
distinction between agricultural and urban land uses.
• Designate, protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban
encroachment. [New approaches to preserve important agricultural land shall be
implemented by the County.]
• [The County shall ensure] Ensure that development of important agricultural land
be primarily for [commercial] agricultural use [purposes].
• Support the development of private and State aericultural parks to make
aericultural land available for aericultural activities.
Assist in the development of sericulture.
• Assist in the development of water for aericultural purposes.
Investieate possibilities to prevent non-aericultural uses that could interfere
with potential or existine aericultural activities on important aericultural
lands.
• Support efforts to provide tax relief and other incentives to enhance
competitive capabilities of commercial farms and ranches, thereby insurine
IOnG-term preservation enhancement and expansion of viable aericultural
lands.
• Ensure that condominium property reeimes (CPRI on aericultural-
desienated lands comply with the requirements of the Zonine Code and other
applicable laws rules and re¢ulations.
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Land Use Agricultural
• Farm labor housing projects shall be developed in a manner that minimizes the
use of important agricultural lands and is consistent with the character of
surrounding land uses.
• Encourage, where appropriate, the establishment of visitor-related uses and
facilities that directly promote the sericulture industry.
• Important agricultural lands shall not be rezoned to parcels too small to
support economically viable farming units.
• Discourage speculative residential development on agricultural lands.
• Encourage other compatible economic uses that complement existing
agricultural and pastoral activities.
DISTRICTS
The analysis that follows concentrates on agricultural land use and focuses on the
relationship of the districts to the County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
The major agricultural businesses in Puna [are] include macadamia nuts, flowers,
foliage, papaya, bananas, tropical fruits and [truck farming.] vegetable production. The Puna
district is the major papaya growing region in the State. In the oast, the papaya industrv has
been faced with challenges from fruit flies and the Papaya Ringspot Virus. Today, the
industrv is thriving due to the development of several methods of quarantine treatment and
the development of a genetically engineered disease resistant variety. The papaya industry
however, is faced with a major problem which is finding] is continuing its efforts to f?nd an
acceptable alternative to ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigation to control fruit flies. [Vegetables
and a variety of fruits, primarily oranges and tangerines, are grown throughout the district.]
There is a fairly sizable planting of macadamia nuts on the Hilo side of Keaau.
Additional plantings [are projected on former sugar lands which became available with the
closing of the Puna Sugar Company in 1984. A pilot project to test the feasibility of coco plants
was started in 1986.] may be anticipated as the market dictates. Other future agricultural uses
projected [for the former sugar land] include expansion of papaya, bananas, [alfalfa (for cattle
feed),] cacao and tree farms [(for biomass fuel).], coffee and kava (awal.
[The State has also made lands available at the Pahoa Agricultural Park.]
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Land Use Agricultural
Vegetables and a variety of fruits are also grown in the Puna District. Some of the
more exotic types of fruits being grown include lychee, rambutan, cherimova, starfruit,
sapodilla, mangosteen, iackfruit, guava, breadfruit and atemova.
Flowers, chiefly anthuriums and orchids, are grown throughout the district. The major
flower cultivation areas are Mt. View, Pahoa, Kapoho and Volcano. Numerous truck farms are
located in the Volcano area. Major crops are lettuce, temperate range flowers [(cymbidiums)]
and cabbage.
The Puna district also has the potential for agricultural processing and manufacturing
opportunities utilizing the geothermal resources of the area. These direct use applications of the
geothermal resources need to be located within effective proximity of the resource itself and may
require the need for new forms of land use management and control.
The State has made lands available for agriculture at the 60-lot Pahoa Agricultural
Park that covers an area of approximately 600 acres. The agricultural park is fully
occupied with no lots available for lease.
There are [ 197,900] approximately 198.747 acres zoned for agricultural use in Puna.
[Less than 50,000 acres of this total is being used for agricultural activities. The vast majority of
the agriculturally zoned areas have been subdivided for large lot residential purposes.]
[Courses] Course of Action
Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.]
• Assist in the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in the district].
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[Sugar is the principal crop grown in South Hilo. The major area of sugar cultivation is
found in the rural areas north of Hilo along the Belt Highway. Hilo Coast Processing Company
(HCPC) and its two sugarcane growing entities, Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc. and the
United Cane Planters Cooperative, are the chief agricultural enterprises in this area. In an effort
to increase efficiency, C. Brewer and Company, Ltd., the owner of Mauna Kea Agribusiness
Company, Inc., plans to remove 8,000 acres from sugar cultivation and convert most of these
acres to macadamia nuts. Some of the conversion to macadamia nut plantings have already
occurred in the Wainaku to Pepeekeo area. The total acreage in sugarcane in 1985 was
approximately 19,900 acres.] Sugar was once the principal crop grown in South Hilo until
the closing of Hilo Coast Processing Company in 1984 A diversified agricultural industry
has since emerged to make productive use of the former sugar cane lands. The flower,
foliage and nursery industry is the leading diversified agriculture industry in the state. The
South Hilo district is well-known for the cultivation of flowers and nursery products.
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Land Use Agricultural
Anthuriums, orchids, and landscaping plants are lust some of the many types of foliage
being grown within the district.
Because of proximity to the marketing area of Hilo, numerous [population-related]
commodities [are raised in South Hilo such as dairying, hog and poultry raising, vegetables, and
other agricultural activities. Hilo is also known for its flower cultivation. Anthuriums,
chrysanthemums, orchids, landscaping plants, and other foliage are grown.] such as vegetables,
ginger root and flowers are grown in South Hilo.
[Cattle are gn'azed on the mauka fringe of Hilo city and in the Puu O'o area above the
forest reserve. Eucalyptus trees are also raised in the higher elevations for biomass fuel to
generate electricity.]
Farms in rural South Hilo are located along major transportation routes [near villages].
Within the city limits, agricultural uses are found in the Panaewa farm lots, upper Kaumana and
Waiakea Uka areas.
There are [71,280] approximately 73,750 acres of land zoned for agricultural use in
South Hilo[, most with a minimum lot size of 20 acres and above].
Courses of Action
The County shall provide for agricultural areas within proximity to the city for
products consumed locally.
• Necessary capital shall be provided to agricultural areas.]
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses
between agricultural and urban/residential areas.
• [The County shall support] Su ort the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii
Community College aid in their development of programs [which] that assist
agriculture.
NORTH HILO/HAMAKUA
Profile
Sugar cultivation [dominates] once dominated the agricultural scene in both districts[.]
until the closing of the Hamakua Sugar Company in 1994. The Hamakua Sugar Company
[has] once cultivated approximately 35,000 acres in sugar in the North Hilo and Hamakua
districts. These vacant sugar lands are slowly being cultivated in various crops. A
mainland company has recently initiated plantings of eucalvptus on Kamehameha Schools
land along the Hamakua coast in its effort to establish a 15.000-acre eucalvptus plantation.
A 1981 study to identify the best potential forest lands within the County identified 80,000
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Land Use Agricultural
acres, mainly located alone the Hamakua coast between the 1,000- and 3,000-foot
elevations.
Within both districts there are small truck farms [which] that raise vegetables, fruits,
flowers, and macadamia nuts. Taro is also raised within Waipio Valley.
[Ranching operations are also found on the higher slopes. The Hamakua Sugar Company
has developed a 10,000 head cattle feedlot and a meat processing facility near Paauilo.]
Ranching has now expanded from the upper elevations to the ocean.
There are [223,174] approximately 227.177 acres zoned for agricultural use in the North
Hilo and Hamakua districts.
[Courses of Action
• Encourage large landowners in the district to make surplus important agricultural
lands available for diversified agriculture.
• Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.]
[Courses] Course of Action
• Encourage large landowners [in the district] to make [surplus important]
agricultural lands available for [diversified] agriculture.
Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.]
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Ranching, macadamia nut production, and nursery production are the principal
agricultural activities currently operating in North Kohala. [Since the demise of sugar in 1975,
however, agricultural activity within the district has remained low. The majority of the land
formerly in sugar production is now utilized for extensive grazing purposes. No one commodity
or combination of commodities have come close to utilizing the vast agricultural ]and resources
within the district.] Some [of these] ]ands in this district are being converted to large lot rural-
residential subdivisions.
There are [62,593] 67,977 acres of agriculturally zoned lands in the district. Over 14,000
acres [of this total was in sugar production up to 1975. Because much of the basic] within this
district were previously serviced by agricultural infrastructure including] .This includes the
Kohala Ditch imgation system, [still] that remains viable and could provide there should be
ample] opportunities to more intensively utilize these lands[.] for agricultural auruoses.
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Land Use Agricultural
The agricultural lands of North Kohala also create much of the feeling of open space
that is so important to the area. A number of legislative resolutions have supported the
protection of viewplanes and open space from the main highway to the sea, most recently
Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 146.
Courses of Action
Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.]
• Encourage the maintenance [ofJ and [the] more intensive utilization of the Kohala
Ditch irrigation system for agricultural production.
• Support the development of private and State agricultural parks as a means of
making agricultural land available for commercial agricultural activities.
• In reviewing Special Permit applications, rezonings, and other land use
changes in the Agricultural District, great care should be given to preserve
existing viewplanes to and along the coastline.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
South Kohala's Waimea region contains the most extensive truck farming area in the
County. Vegetables such as celery, daikon (turnip), carrots, lettuce, cabbage, [and] broccoli,
tomatoes and bell peppers, and fruits such as strawberries are grown for both local and
export markets. Certain flowers and foliage are also grown in this region.
Most of the lands in South Kohala are used for cattle ranching. Parker Ranch is the
largest ranch in the area and owns most of the grazing lands.
[Of the 101,541 ]There are approximately 119,813 acres zoned for agriculture in the
district over half are vacant]. Although land in the Waimea area is considered some of the
most productive in the County, there is a need to develop a more reliable agricultural water
system to more fully utilize this potential. With the [recent] growth in the district spurred
[primarily] by tourism, urban pressures are increasingly competing for basic resources required
by agriculture, namely land, labor, and water.
Courses of Action
• [Through zoning the County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands
from urban encroachment.
Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.]
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Land Use Agricultural
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses
between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
Coffee, macadamia nut, avocado and ranching are the major agricultural endeavors in
Kona. Other commodities grown in Kona include [bananas, papayas, oranges, tangerines,]
troaical fruits, beans, cucumbers, tomatoes, flowers, foliage and nursery plants.
There are 280,937 acres of land within the State Land Use Agricultural designation in
this district [Of these 160,409 are agriculturally zoned and an additional 120,145 acres are
zoned Unplanned by the County.] Approximately 279,466 acres are zoned for agricultural
uses bV the County.
Although the climate of Kona is favorable for agriculture, soils and topography present
some limitations, especially for mechanized farming. This has been one of the problems faced
by the coffee industry.
Another factor [which inhibits] inhibiting agricultural activity in the district is the price
of land. There is a substantial disparity between the agricultural use value and market value of
land in Kona. In addition, the land ownership pattern in agriculturally suitable areas, is
characterized by a few large land holders, and requires favorable lease arrangements [which]
that are not always available. The same urbanization pressures faced in the South Kohala
district are also present in Kona.
Keahole Agricultural Park, located mauka of Kona International Airport at Keahole, is
comprised of 179 acres subdivided into 341ots. Few lots are available for lease.
[Courses of Action
• The County shall protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee
Belt.
• The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged to accelerate research on
agricultural products which are or could be of economic value to Kona.
• Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.
• The County shall encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important
agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.]
Courses of Action
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Land Use Agricultural
[The County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands within the Kona
Coffee Belt[.] from urban encroachment throueh the use of zoning and other
mechanisms.
• [The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged] Encouraee the
University of Hawaii at Hilo to accelerate research on agricultural, aauaculture
and forestrv products [which] that are or could be of economic value to Kona.
Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.]
[The County shall encourage] Encouraee buffer zones or compatible uses
between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.
KA'U
Profile
[Sugar and macadamia nuts are the major crops grown in the Ka'u district. There are
approximately 16,000 acres planted in sugar and approximately 5,000 acres planted in
macadamia nuts.] Macadamia nuts are the major crop Brown within the Ka'u District.
Sugar which once dominated the agricultural industry within the district, saw its end with
the closing of the Ka'u Sugar Company in 1996.
Other crops, such as bananas, avocados, tomatoes, and carnations are cultivated on a
limited scale. Other production includes vegetables, coffee, and hardwoods. Ranching
operations are also found throughout the district. [In addition, eucalyptus trees are also raised for
biomass fuel to generate electricity.] A private initiative has been undertaken to plant
approximately 5,000 acres of eucalyptus trees.
There are [252,647] approximately 252,843 acres of agriculturally zoned land in the
district. Over 70[%] per cent of this total area is not being utilized for agricultural purposes.
The lack of an adequate water supply is one of the major limitations to further agricultural
development in the district.
[Courses] Course of Action
Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.]
• Encourage and support the expansion of [diversified] agriculture, including
forestrv and the macadamia nut industry [in the district].
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COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Commercial development is basically comprised of businesses in the retail trade and
service categories. Commercial areas are generally located in concentrated areas where goods
and services maybe conveniently sold. Examples are shopping centers, central business
districts, and community and neighborhood business areas.
The extent of commercial development is influenced by the number of both resident and
transient populations and their incomes, mobility and lifestyles. This land use is also
affected by the availability and costs of transportation, internal and external competition, and
other factors.
[According to the Census of Business for 1977 and 1982, the County's commercial
establishments increased both in number and in the value of sales generated. In 1977, there were
593 retail and 257 service establishments with payrolls, excluding hotels. By 1982, retail trade
was conducted in 738 establishments, while services accounted for 520 businesses. Sales for
commercial activities in 1982 were about $598 million, compared to $303 million in 1977.
Retail trade accounts for 81 % of the sales.] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the
Countv's commercial establishments continue to increase in both number of establishments
and value of sales. In 1992, there were 1.012 retail and 974 service establishments within
the County an increase of 37 aer cent and 87 aer cent resaectively, over the number of
establishments in 1982. Total sales of $1,700,000.000 were generated by commercial
establishments in 1992 an increase of 186 aer cent since 1982. Latest figures for 1997 show
a 4 aer cent decline in the number of retail establishments from 1992 and a 36 aer cent
increase in the number of service establishments during the same period.
[The increase in sales in almost every category of commercial activities, executed the
growth in the number of establishments, reflecting both the impact of inflation as well as real
growth in per capita expenditures. Commercial development related to the visitor industry
experienced the largest increase.]
There are two distinct markets for commercial development on the island [of Hawaii]:
the resident and the visitor markets. Adequate planning for commercial establishments in both
markets is equally important.
Commercial activity in the County is characterized by the existence of the ]arge urban
[center] centers in Hilo the growing urban center emerging] and around Kailua-Kona, several
smaller centers and many rural neighborhood shopping areas. [The city ofJ Hilo and Kailua-
Kona jserves] serve as the major commercial [district of the island] centers with secondary
centers located in [Honoka'a,] Honokaa, Keaau, Waimea, Kealakekua, and Naalehu.
Recent trends reflect commercial development outside of Hilo's older commercial core
and a more decentralized pattern. This decentralization is reflective of the growing markets
outside of the immediate environs of Downtown Hilo [proper] and the general trend toward
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Land Use Commercial
multi-centered urban areas. Similarly, commercial development within Kailua-Kona is
extendine mauka and north of its traditional commercial areas alone Alii Drive and Palani
Road. Lands mauka of the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehway have recently been the focus of
commercial development with the arrival of Wal Mart. K-Mart. Safeway. Borders
Bookstores, Liberty House and other retail operations.
Some of the problems of many of the existing commercial developments are the poor or
dilapidated conditions of the older facilities and the inadequacy of vehicular and pedestrian
systems. Pedestrian and vehicular circulation patterns are not continuous in all cases making
repeated on and off street movements necessary. Such movements serve to congest the streets
providing access to these commercial aeeas and create congestion problems for the entire area.
Strip development of commercial facilities has occurred and commercial zoned lands have not
always been utilized for their intended purpose.
Following an examination and analysis of present and past situations concerning
commercial development, the following goals, policies, and standazds have been set forth.
GOALS
• Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience to users.
• Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of
transportation and land usage within the island's regions, communities, and
neighborhoods.
POLICIES
• [In an effort to assist existing commercial developments, urban] Urban renewal,
rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs shall be undertaken in cooperation
with communities, businesses and governmental agencies. [The key to the
success of these kinds of programs is active and sustained participation from
communities and businesses.]
• Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately served by necessary
services, such as water, utilities, sewers, and transportation systems. Should such
services not be available, the development of more intensive uses should be in
concert with a localized program of public and private capital improvements to
meet the expected increased needs.
• Distribution of commercial areas shall [be such as to best] meet the demands of
neighborhood, community and regional needs.
• Existing strip development shall be converted to more appropriate uses when and
where it is feasible.
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Land Use Commercial
• Encouraee the concentration of commercial uses within and surroundine a
central core area.
• The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the locale
with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services. Appropriate
infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such
developments.
• Applicable ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include
considerations for urban design, aesthetic quality and the protection of amenities
in adjacent areas through landscaping, open space and buffer areas.
• Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessarv for
development.
• Encouraee commercial areas to develop on an axis aeraendicular to the
hiehwav.
STANDARDS
There are three basic types of shopping centers:
• [1)] Neighborhood Centers
Provide: Convenience goods, e.g., foods, drugs, and personal services.
Major Shops: Supermarket and/or drug store.
Number of Shops: 5 to 15.
Acreage: 5 to ] 0 acres.
Approximate Market: 3,000 people.
• [2)] Community Centers
Provide: Convenience goods, plus "soft line" items, such as clothing, and
"hard line" items, such as hardware and small appliances.
Major Shops: Variety or junior department store.
Number of Shops: 20 to 40.
Acreage: 10 to 30 acres.
Approximate Market: 15,000 people.
• [3)] Regional Centers
Provide: Full range of merchandise and services.
Major Shops: Full size department store.
Number of Shops: 40.
Approximate Market: SD,000 people.
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Land Use Commercial
Commercial development shall be located in areas adequately served by
transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Commercial developments shall
provide for adequate internal circulAtion amongst commercial facilities in the
area.
• Off-street parking and loading facilities shall be provided.
• Commercial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present
environment through the consideration of visual, access, landscaping, and other
design elements in their development.
• Preference shall be given to commercial lands with a reasonably level
topography.]
DISTRICTS
The following analysis [by district] of commercial development by districts is intended
to bring into focus the relationship of each district to the County as a whole.
PUNA
ProTile
Commercial activity in the Puna district primarily consists of small rural enterprises
[which] that serve the surrounding rural-residential and agricultural communities.
Commercial activity is mainly located in the communities of Keaau and Pahoa, with
lesser activity in Orchidland Estates, Mountain View, Kurtistown, and Glenwood.
The communities of Keaau and Pahoa are the commercial centers of the district. The
extent of commercial development consists of a shopping center in Keaau and grocery and
general merchandise stores, service stations, and miscellaneous retail shops and services. The
majority of these [mainly serve residents of the communities.] retail enterprises primarily
serve the immediate surrounding communities.
W. H. Shipman, Ltd. is currently seeking to rezone approximately 32 acres of land
in Keaau from an Agricultural to an Industrial-Commercial Mixed Use district. The
project site is located adjacent to the Shipman Business Park and mauka of the Volcano
Highway-Keaau Bypass intersection. W.H. Shipman plans to initially develop a shopping
center with up to 1]8,000 square feet of retail floor area on approximately 16 acres located
within the northern half of the 32-acre project area. The balance of the project area is
proposed to be developed as a mixed use commerciaUlight industrial area with
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Land Use Commercial
approximately 100,000 to 125,000 square feet of floor area. Completion of this project is
anticipated in 2008.
Population is scattered throughout the district and the remainder of the commercial
activity is minimal. Proximity to Hilo limits the demand for commercial activities as Hilo is, to a
great extent, the major shopping area for the residents of Puna.
Courses of Action
• Centralization of commercial activities in Pahoa Town, rather than along the
Pahoa By-Pass, to serve the residents of Lower Puna shall be encouraged.
• Expanded commercial services to meet the needs of population growth in the
Puna district shall be encouraged in [the area ofJ Keaau.
• Rehabilitation of existing commercial development in appropriate locations shall
be encouraged.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
• Allow the establishment of small neighborhood commercial areas within
existing non-conforming, residential-agricultural (rural) subdivisions.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[The] One of the island's two major commercial [center] centers is located in [the] South
Hilo [district]. [The city ofJ Hilo contains a downtown business district, several shopping center
complexes, and neighborhood commercial facilities. The rural communities, primarily
plantation settlements[,] located along the coastal areas have limited commercial facilities.
Commercial activity in Hilo is undergoing rapid change. [A new shopping complex has
been recently completed.] Most of the recent commercial development serving the East
Hawaii region has been concentrated in the Waiakea District and includes the Prince
Kuhio Plaza and Waiakea Shopping Center complexes. Other shopping areas include the
Hilo Shopping Center, the Kaiko'o Mall and surrounding office developments, and the
[downtown] Downtown Hilo central business district. Downtown Hilo generally lacks adequate
parking facilities and efficient traffic circulation. The physical condition of many buildings
within Downtown Hilo is also poor, although there have been recent efforts to rehabilitate
many of the buildings in the area. Some of these efforts include the rehabilitation of the
Palace Theater, Kress Building, S. Hata Building and the Toyama Building. Another effort
to revitalize Downtown Hilo is seen in the establishment of the Kalakaua Park Heritage
Corridor, that is part of the larger Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program that seeks to
preserve historic sites and buildings along transportation corridors. As detailed within the
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Land Use Commercial
Downtown Hilo Redeveloament Plan, development of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area
would preserve and rehabilitate public and arivate structures of historical or architectural
significance, reinforce the area's oast and future function and image as an important civic
area, and serve as an activity center for attractiug both residents and tourists. Without
continuing efforts for renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment, the downtown business
district may further lose its competitive position.
In addition, neighborhood shopping areas are located throughout the city. The largest of
these [is a] are supermarket-variety store [complex] complexes in the Waiakea Homesteads
area. These neighborhood shopping complexes, including KTA Super Stores and Sack-n-
Save suaermarkets, are located near one of the busiest intersections in the city and is part
of the High Density Urban core of Hilo.
Multiple ownership of contiguous properties [and speculative practices on commercially
zoned lands have] has created problems which make orderly development in any one area
difficult. Incompatible land uses also create an undesirable climate for commercial development.
Expansion of the University of Hawaii facilities and community will induce a need for
commercial services in proximity to the campus. Under the University land use category,
supaort commercial uses are aermitted.
[Course] Courses of Action
• [Rehabilitation,] Continue to aursue the rehabilitation, renewal, and
redevelopment of downtown Hilo [must be undertaken]. Continual improvement
of other existing commercial areas must also be assured.
• Assistance to small businesses in obtaining loans and management education
classes and manpower training programs shall be encouraged.
• Controls that discourage speculation shall be established.
• Appropriately located commercial zoned lands shall be allocated as the need
arises.
• Commercial zoned lands in proximity to the University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be
allocated as the need arises.
NORTH HILO
Profile
Commercial development is limited in the North Hilo district. There are several small
rural communities in the district [which] that are primarily plantation settlements.
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Iand Use Commercial
Miscellaneous stores and services are found in Ninole, Papaaloa, Laupahoehoe, and Ookala. The
majority of the commercial services are located in Laupahoehoe.
As the facilities in North Hilo provide limited services, [the city ofJ Hilo serves as the
major shopping area for the residents of the district.
Population in the district has been declining[,] over the past thirty years, thus limiting
the market for expansion of existine commercial facilities.
Courses of Action
• Centralization of commercial activities in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area shall be
encouraged.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
• Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of
the primary commercial area.
HAMAKUA
Profile
The town of Honokaa provides commercial and government services for the Hamakua
district. Honokaa was once the second largest community on the island for several decades and
has a high school, government offices, [general hospital] and numerous stores and services.
The smaller communities of Kukuihaele and Paauilo have limited commercial facilities.
Although some renovations and new commercial buildings have occurred in Honokaa,
[most] many of the structures housing commercial activities are generally still in poor or
dilapidated condition and lack adequate parking facilities [are lacking].
Courses of Action
• Centralization of commercial activities in the Honokaa area shall be encouraged.
Urban renewal of the area [shall] should be undertaken.
• Suitable commercially zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.
The County shall encourage community beautification efforts.]
• Encourase commercial activities within Honokaa town to promote and
enhance the history and culture of the paniolo and former sugar plantation.
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Land Use Commercial
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Commercial activity in the North Kohala district is located to a limited degree in the
village of Halaula with Kapaau and Hawi serving as the main commercial centers. The village
of Waimea in the South Kohala district also serves the commercial needs of the residents of this
district.
Courses of Action
• The development of a commercial core within the towns of Hawi or Kapaau
shall be encouraged.
• Continual improvement of commercial facilities shall be undertaken.
• Develop and encourage the use of special design districts in Hawi and
Kapaau that include Guidelines to preserve, protect and enhance the rural
and historic qualities of the commercial areas.
• Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of
the designated urban areas.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
Commercial activity in the South Kohala district is centered in the Waimea, and
Kawaihae, and Waikoloa Village areas. The Kawaihae area contains a few miscellaneous
commercial facilities surrounding the Kawaihae port.
The Waimea area contains a number of commercial facilities and professional services.
The major facility is the [Parker Ranch Shopping Center.] Waimea Shopping Center. This
shopping complex includes a supermarket, [variety store,] various retail stores, restaurants.
[banks, post office,] a bank, and other services. [Expansion plans for the commercial area have
been developed by Parker Ranch.] Parker Ranch ShoppinG Center, once the major shoppinG
complex in the district is currently undergoing renovation as part of a larger plan by the
Richard Smart Foundation Trust to expand the commercial area of Waimea. In 1992,
commercial lands within Waimea Town were increased by approximately 104 acres as part
of the implementation of the Richard Smart Foundation Trust's Parker 2020 Master Plan
that detailed the future growth of residential, commercial and industrial development in
Waimea over the course of 35 years.
[The availability of transportation facilities in the area, which consists of a deep water
port and an inter-island airport, and its central location in the northern portion of the island aze
374
Land Use Commercial
factors which will cause Waimea's commercial activities to grow.] Transportation facilities
within the district include Kawaihae Harbor, Waimea-Kohala airport, and major hiehwav
systems. These transportation facilities provides a vital link between the erowine resort
areas alone the coast, the transport of eoods from Kawaihae Harbor and the commercial
area within Waimea.
The visitor industry is [rapidly becoming a] the major economic force in the district. The
[Westin] Mauna Kea [Beach], Mauna Lani [Bay] and [Royal Sheraton] Waikoloa Beach [Hotels]
Resorts, located in the coastal region, [are the forerunner of a substantial future resort
development in the azea.] have established the South Kohala District as one of the world's
premiere resort destinations. These complexes [are to] contain their own ancillary commercial
areas. The Kine's Shops, located on 9.5 acres within the Waikoloa Beach Resort, currently
hosts 40 tenants offerine a ranee of specialty retail shoos, restaurants and services to both
visitors and local residents.
Courses of Action
• The establishment of Waimea as a regional commercial center for northern
Hawaii shall be encouraged.
• [Controls] Establish controls to insure orderly development and minimize
speculation of commercially zoned lands [maybe established].
• Continue the concentration of commercial uses in Waimea, Kawaihae,
Waikoloa Village, and in the resort areas. Do not allow stria or soot
commercial development on hiehwavs outside of these primary commercial
areas.
NORTH KONA
Profile
Commercial activity in the North Kona district is located in Kailua-Kona, in the Keauhou
Resort area, and in several mauka rural [village areas] communities along the Mamalahoa
Highway [in the mauka areas].
Increased commercial activity in Kailua has paralleled the growth of the tourist industry
in the azea and [recent ]resident population growth. Commercial facilities, consisting of office
and shopping complexes, professional and financial service buildings, retail shops, and
restaurants, are located on Alii Drive and Kuakini Highway, mainly between Palani and Hualalai
Roads. Kailua-Kona provides services for both residents as well as visitors. Vehicular and
pedestrian systems within Kailua village are poor and there is a lack of adequate parking
facilities. The increase in commercial development within Kailua-Kona has extended
beyond its traditional commercial area on the mauai side of Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav
and alone Palani Road. Major retailers including Wal-Mart, K-Mart, Safeway and
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Land Use Commercial
Borders Bookstore have begun to occupy lands on the mauka side of Oueen Kaahumanu
Highway, expanding the commercial core of Kailua-Kona. Approximately 315 acres
located on the mauka side of Oueen Kaahumanu Highway and situated north of Palani
Road was zoned for Commercial uses in the mid 1990s. This area, known as Makalapua
Center, is currently home to K-Mart and Liberty House and a new 10-plex movie theater
currently under construction.
The Keauhou [Resort shopping center complex] Shopping Center is located at the south
end of Ali'i Drive [and services both residents and visitors.] along Kamehameha III Road and
provides both residents and visitors with range of retail establishments and services such as
a supermarket, drug store, restaurants and real estate offices. [Commercial services within
the complex include a restaurant, real estate offices and a supermarket. Additional increments to
this complex have also been planned.
The mauka commercial activity is geared primarily toward residents and includes
neighborhood general stores, service stations, restaurants, with some arts and crafts or specialty
shops.]
Courses of Action
• Controls to prevent speculative practices on commercially zoned lands maybe
established.
• Implementation of programs to correct existing deficiencies shall be undertaken.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
Commercial activity in the South Kona district is located in several village areas along
the Mamalahoa Highway in the mauka area and are geared primarily towards the needs of
residents.
Population is distributed along the Mamalahoa Highway or dispersed on the slopes in
agricultural or rural-residential communities.
Due to the slo in terrain and many non-conforming commercial uses, commercial strip
development has occurred along the Mamalahoa Highway, though the commercial activity is
focused in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area. Commercial services in the area include financial
and professional services, [supermarkets,] asupermarket, specialty shops and stores, hotel and
restaurants and service stations.
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Land Use Commercial
Courses of Action
• Centralize commercial activities in existing [rural] town centers.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises.
• Allow the development of small-scale visitor-oriented commercial facilities
alone Ke Ala O Keawe Road (Gifu of Refuge Roadl leading to Pu'uhonua O
Honaunau National Historic Park.
KA'U
Profile
Commercial activities in the Ka'u district are concentrated in the communities of Pahala,
Naalehu, and Waiohinu and [in] the area of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Pahala [is the largest of these communities. The town] was built around a former sugar
mill, once the major employer of the area, and contains a high school and hospital [which] that
serve the district. Commercial facilities, consisting mainly of convenience goods and services,
are located in this community.
Naalehu although smaller in population than Pahala,] contains a greater variety of
commercial facilities. [Governmental] Government facilities in the community include
educational facilities for elementary and intermediate students and a police facility serving the
district. Commercial development includes a small shopping center complex.
Waiohinu lies a few miles southwest of Naalehu. The major commercial facility here is a
14-unit hotel with a few small commercial establishments within the community.
[There are commercial facilities, consisting of general stores, service station, restaurant
and office, in the Hawaiian Ocean View Ranchos and Estates Subdivisions.] There are various
commercial establishments, including general stores, restaurants, service station,
Laundromat and offices in Ocean View along both sides of Highway 19.
The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the Ka'u district contains commercial facilities
connected with the Volcano House hotel complex and the Kilauea Military Camp.
[Major purchases are made in Hilo which serves as a regional commercial center for this
district.]
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Land Use Commercial
[Course] Courses of Action
• Centralization of commercial activity in the communities of Pahala, [and ]
Naalehu and Ocean View and [in] the area of the Volcanoes National Park shall
be encouraged.
• Do not allow stria or soot commercial develoament on the hiehwav outside of
the desienated urban areas.
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Land Use Commercial
INDUSTRIAL
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Industrial development includes manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large
storage and transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards.
There are two distinct types of industrial development. One sector is service-oriented and
is affected by population and the level of activity of other business activities. The other sector,
basic industries, is mostly influenced by outside markets. The location of industrial
developments is important for many reasons. In the case of service types of industrial
development (non-basic), areas designated for industrial uses must be close enough to population
and/or commercial areas for efficiencies but still distant enough to avoid traffic problems. Some
industrial districts consist of enterprises and facilities [which] that are not necessarily compatible
with commercial areas. Businesses included in this district are generally more noxious than
those in general commercial areas. [Presently, industrial] Industrial developments in many
communities are located adjacent to these areas and could result in environmental problems such
as noise, air and water pollution.
Basic industrial activity is usually found close to raw products or other key resources.
Both kinds of industries are affected by the availability of transportation facilities. Other factors
equally important are the [existence] availability of public utilities, the cost of land, and internal
and external circulation.
A [significant] portion of the County's industrial activity is related to agriculture. [The
major user of industrial lands is the processing of sugar and related industries. There are two
sugar plantations on the island which operate mills located in the district of North and South
Hilo, Hamakua, and Kau. Other] These agricultural industrial activities include the processing
of coffee, macadamia nuts, meat products, tropical fruits, [and] vegetables[.], and timber. The
processing of these export products is expected to expand. [There is also a small lumber
industry.]
Recently, there have been new endeavors in alternate energy and [aquacultural]
aauaculture activities at Keahole in the North Kona district and geothermal- related
development in the district of Puna. Both of these developments are utilizing resources not
previously tapped creating the possible need for new forms of land use management and control.
[Similarly, high-tech parks in other jurisdictions have evolved new district regulations which
seek to promote and preserve the attractive campus-like atmosphere desired by those industries.]
Service-oriented industries, such as wholesaling, government facilities, printing, and
bakeries, are located close to population centers. [South Hilo contains more than half of the
island's population, and the] The majority of such facilities are located within [this] the South
Hilo district. North Kona, with its 2rowin~ aoaulation, has also seen the number of its
service industries increase quite rapidly.
379
Land Uselndustria]
There are [3,858] approximately 6,000 acres of industrially zoned lands in the County,
1,107 acres of which are vacant. The County's land use inventory indicated that in 1985 there
were 2,099 acres] Manv of these Industrial-zoned lands are used for manufacturing,
manufacturing services, and wholesaling. [These include] There are other lands zoned for
agricultural, commercial, and other uses[.] that are used for industrial purposes. The
existence ofnon-conforming uses which are incompatible with industry creates an undesirable
land use pattern. In fact, the physical appearance of many of the island's industrial areas needs
improvement.
There are three industrial zoning districts within the Zonine Code: General
Industrial (MGI; Limited Industrial (MLI; and Industrial -Commercial Mixed District
(MCX). The MG district applies to areas for uses that are generally considered to be
offensive and noxious. These noxious heave industrial uses must be separated from
residential and other incompatible uses in the zoning process. The ML district applies to
areas for business and industrial uses that are generally in support of, but not necessarily
compatible with those permissible activities and uses in other commercial districts. The
MCX district allows a mix of some industrial uses with commercial uses. The following
areas are identified for industrial -commercial mixed uses: Keaau (Gateway Center);
Hawaiian Paradise Park: Hilo Iron Works: Waiakea Houselots; Kona Industrial
Subdivision and the adjacent area to the north; and Honokohau (south of the existing
Kaloko Industrial Subdivision).
The following goals, policies and standards are set forth to guide the development of
industrial areas in the best interest of the County and its residents. The residents must be
[also] made aware of the circumstances resulting from industrial development. Citizen
participation, awareness, and most of all, citizen understanding are vital in the development of
industrial areas, as in all phases of the planning process.
GOALS
• Designate and allocate industrial areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping
with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County.
• Promote and encourage the rehabilitation of industrial areas [which] that are
serviced by basic community facilities and utilities.
POLICIES
• [The County shall support] Support the creation of industrial parks in appropriate
locations as an alternative to strip development.
• [It shall be the policy of the County to achieve] Achieve a broader diversification
of local industries by providing opportunities for new industries and strengthening
existing industries.
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Land Use Industrial
• [Through its zoning powers, the County shall locate] Locate industrial areas
convenient to transportation facilities, and provide a variety of industrial zoned
districts and lot sizes, depending on the needs of the industries and the
communities.
• [The County shall attempt to improve] Imarove the aesthetic quality of industrial
sites and protect amenities of adjacent areas by requiring landscaping, open
spaces, buffer zones, and design guidelines.
The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development
of industrial areas.]
• Industrial development shall be located in areas adequately served by
transportation, utilities, and other [amenities.] essential infrastructure.
[Redeveloping or newly developing areas shall be developed in concert with
programmed public and privately funded infrastructure to meet the expected
needs.]
• [The County shall review] Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code [in light
ofJ to accommodate emerging new industries [and shall establish new land use
regulations as necessary].
• Industrial-commercial mixed use districts shall be urovided in aoorooriate
locations.
• Require develoaers to arovide basic infrastructure necessary for
development.
STANDARDS
• Industrial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present
environment.
• Industrial activities maybe located close to raw materials or key resources.
• Topography of industrial land shall be reasonably level.
• Industrial development shall be conveniently located to its labor resource.
• Buffer zones shall he established between industrial and adjacent [noncompatible]
incompatible uses of land.
• The direction of wind patterns and the absence of tradewinds shall be considered
in [locating industrial designations.] the siting of industrial areas.
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Land Use Industrial
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district with reference to industrial development. The
brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the
County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
[The major industrial activity in Puna is a lazge macadamia nut processing plant,
northeast of the sugar mill. Other industrial activities include a kim Ghee factory, quarrying of
lava materials, slaughter houses, bakeries, flower packaging, papaya processing and packing and
several cottage industries. The proximity to Hilo limit service-oriented industrial activity in this
district.
There are plans for a new industrial subdivision near the Puna and South Hilo district
boundaries. This subdivision with highway access to both districts will increase the availability
of sites significantly.
Geothermal related activities will create the need for industrial sites, though the
magnitude of this need has not yet been established.]
There are approximately 490 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Puna District.
The 488-acre W.H. Shipman Industrial Park is located near the Puna-South Hilo
District boundary. It is being developed as another maior industrial center for East
Hawaii. Industrial uses in the area ranee from warehousing to construction yards. W.H.
Shipman Ltd. also has plans for additional mixed use industrial-commercial zoned lands in
close proximity to the industrial park.
The Puna District includes various agricultural industrial activities including the
Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation's processing facility. flower packaging, and
papaya processing and packaging. Other industrial activities in the area include cinder
and rock auarrving and certain cottage industries.
The Puna Geothermal Venture power plant began operation in 1993. It currently
produces 30 megawatts of energy from the use of geothermal steam.
The Puna geothermal resource subzone is identified on the General Plan Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide map. Activities associated by the use of the geothermal by-
products may be established within and/or in close proximity to the geothermal resource
subzone.
382
Land Use Industrial
[Course] Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
• Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate
locations.
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may
be permitted in Pahoa although the area is not currently identified in the
LUPAG map.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The South Hilo district has approximately 2,185 acres of industrial zoned lands.
With almost [75%] 36 per cent of the island's [industrially] Industrial-zoned ]ands, South Hilo
is the major industrial center on the island [of Hawaii]. The principal industrial areas are the
Kanoelehua area, Hilo [port and the surrounding area,] Harbor, and the [sugar processing areas
at Pepeekeo.] Hilo International Airport area.
[Industrial activity in the rural areas is confined to sugar processing and related uses.
Small pockets of population centers are located close to these plantations and these communities
contain a few minor industrial services.]
Industrial development in [the city ofJ Hilo is primarily due to its available transportation
facilities, the harbor and airport, and its concentration of population. [The harbor facility is the
primary shipping point for the island's sugar industry. Numerous businesses which service the
sugar industry, such as industrial equipment manufacturing, fertilizer plant, and machine shops,
are located in the city.]
There are also industries involved with the processing and packaging of locally grown
products. [Several plants process tropical fruits into puree, juices, jams and jellies.] Papaya
grown in Puna is inspected, fumigated, and packaged in [the city.] Hilo. Major processors of
livestock products are located in South Hilo.
Other industrial activities include quarrying, garment manufacturing, storage,
wholesaling facilities and numerous other population service-oriented activities.
Besides transportation facilities, major advantages of [the city ofJ Hilo include the
availability of labor, a full range of community facilities and the availability of utilities and land.
Industrial activities in both service and non-service categories [is] are expected to expand in [the
city ofJ Hilo.
383
Land Use Industrial
Courses of Action
• [Through its zoning powers, the county shall encourage] Encourase the
centralization of industrial activities in the Kanoelehua Industrial area. Noxious
industries shall be located away from residential and related areas.
• [The County shall identify] Identifv sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourase the State and the Department of
Hawaiian Home Lands to develop industrial zoned lands in the Kanoelehua
Industrial area and airport industrial area.
• [The County shall allocate] Allocate appropriately zoned lands.
• Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be arovided at aauronriate
locations.
NORTH HILO
Profile
There are aanroximately 38 acres of industrial zoned lands within the North Hilo
district. These industrial zoned lands were primarily used by the former sugar comaanies
for the arocessins of sugar.
[The sugar mill at Ookala owned by the Hamakua Sugar Company and the related
facilities comprise the bulk of industrial activities in North Hilo.] Limited industrial facilities
such as warehousing are [also] located in Laupahoehoe.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Identifv sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may
be aermitted in the Lauaahoehoe-Pagaaloa area althoush the area is not
currently identified on the LUPAG mau.
384
Land Use Industrial
HAMAKUA
Profile
[Sugaz processing is the major industrial activity in Hamakua. There is one factory at
Haina.
Haina is also the site of one of the island's macadamia nut processing plants. This facility
is owned by Hawaiian Holidays. Industrial activity in macadamia nut processing is expected to
expand.
A feedlot and slaughterhouse has been developed in the Hamakua district which has the
potential to become a major activity in itself while increasing the productivity of livestock
operations on the island generally.]
There are aaaroximately 15 acres of industrial lands within the Hamakua district.
These industrial zoned lands were primarily used by the former susar comuanies for the
processinG of su¢ar. The macadamia nut industry utilized some of these industrial zoned
lands in the later years. The recent comaletion of a 60 mesawatt co-Generation sower slant
at Haina will encourage other manufacturinG activities by providinG thermal enerav (waste
heat) that could be utilized for drying of macadamia nuts or aauaculture activities.
There are [numerous other] some industrial developments in Hamakua, most of which
are small [and] family-operated[.] operations. These industries include [dairying,] dairy
oaeration, miscellaneous food processing, sawmills [and] wood carving, and other service-
oriented endeavors. The bulk of industrial activity is in the Honokaa-Haina area.
In terms of level topography, there is a limited amount of suitable lands for industrial use.
The Zoning Code [and Special Permits allow] allows agriculture-related industrial facilities to be
built in agricultural [zones.] zoned districts. Further, Special Permits may also be secured
within the State Land Use AGricultural District.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity[.]
as the need arises.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the rehabilitation of existing service-
oriented industrial [activities.] areas.
38~
Land Use Industrial
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
Industrial activity in North Kohala consists of small agriculturally related services
[and include a cottage industry which produces preserved vegetables for export]. There are
aauroximately 59 acres of industrial zoned lands within the district.
[Course] Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity[.]
as the need arises.
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may
be aermitted in the Hawi area although the area is not currently identified on
the LUPAG maa.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
There are 291 acres of industrial zoned lands within the South Kohala district.
There are two [general] areas where most of the industrial activity in South Kohala takes
place: Waimea and Kawaihae Harbor. Many of the industrial activities in Waimea are ]inked
with agriculture and include a vacuum cooling plant, the preserving of vegetables, warehousing,
and [dairying.] dairy oaeration. These industrial activities, however, are scattered throughout
the Waimea area.
The Kawaihae Harbor is [being developed into] a port facility for West Hawaii.
Industrial use of the area consists of storage facilities.
Several service-oriented industrial activities are located in this district. Among these
activities are government baseyards, utility installations and development of specialized
equipment for the astronomy facilities. Several auarrving operations were established within
the district. The West Hawaii Concrete auarrv and arocessing facility is located in mauka
Waikoloa. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map designates this
facility and lands in the immediate area for industrial and its related uses.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of a regional industrial
park at Kawaihae and centralize limited industrial activities in Waimea.
386
Land Use Industrial
• Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the
environment.
• [The County shall identify] Identi sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
NORTH KONA
Profile
There are 2,909 acres of industrial zoned lands in the North Kona district.
Most of Kong's industrial development is service oriented and located [neaz Kailua.] in
the northern portion of the North Kona district from Kailua to the Kona International
Airport at Keahole. The Kona Industrial Subdivision in Kailua-Kona has transformed into
a mixed use industrial-commercial area over the years. Newer industrial areas, including
the Kaloko Industrial subdivision, are being developed to the north of Kailua-Kona. [There
are industrial parks just north of Kailua, and some industrial use at Keahole.] The industrial
activities within these newer areas include warehousing, lumber storage yards, auto body
shops, wholesaling and other service oriented activities.
The energy and [aquacultural] aauaculture activities at the Natural Energy
Laboratory of Hawaii at Keahole have [potentials for expansion and may] become major
employment generators in the district. Though located in industrial zoned districts, these
alternate energy and aauaculture activities are not the traditional uses usually found in industrial
areas.
Major factors to be considered for the existing industrial azeas and other new
developments are their visual effects on motorists and passengers using Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and the views from the residential areas above.
Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities.
• [Industrial] Additional industrial acreage should be provided at [Ke-ahole] the
Kona International Airport at Keahole for support facilities for the airport.
• Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the
environment.
• Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate
locations.
387
Land Use Industrial
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may
be permitted in the Kainaliu-Honalo area although the area is not currently
identified on the LUPAG map.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
There are no Industrial zoned lands in the South Kona district.
The major industrial export activity is coffee and macadamia nut milling and roasting.
Other activities include slaughterhouses, fish packing and processing and ancillary agricultural
services. Many of these industrial activities are located on Agricultural-zoned lands and
approved through the issuance of Special Permits.
Other service related industrial uses such as warehousing, garages and auto body shops
are located in pockets along the Mamalahoa Highway. Because of its topographic condition,
however, level land necessary for development is limited in the mauka areas.
Courses of Action
Through its zoning powers, the County shall encourage the centralization of
industrial development in suitable areas in South Kona.]
• [The County shall identify] IdenN sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial Commercial uses may
be permitted in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area although the area is not
currently identified on the LUPAG map.
KA'U
Profile
There are approximately 52 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Ka'u district.
[Sugar processing and macadamia nut milling in Ka'u constitute the majority of the
industrial development in Ka'u.] Aside from the macadamia nut industry, there are no other
dominant industrial activity within the Ka'u district. There are miscellaneous activities, such
as County and State baseyards, public utilities stations, and fish [and meat] processing. The
distance from port facilities in Hilo creates somewhat of a problem for the movement of goods
to and from this district. Approximately l3 acres of Industrial zoned lands that
388
Land Use industrial
accommodate a gas utility, telecommunications, auto repair and soil remediation facilities
are located in Naalehu.
C. Brewer and Co., Ltd. is considering development plans for the former Pahala
Sugar Mill site. Preliminary plans identify the former mill site as the industrial service
center of Pahala. providing agricultural processing and light industrial uses. Uses being
contemplated include wood milling, lumber storage, research facilities, food processing,
and other limited industrial uses. These plans would require the increase of Industrial-
zoned lands surrounding the former Pahala Mill site from its current 33.6 acres to 81.5
acres.
[Course] Courses of Action
• [The County shall identify] Iden ' sites suitable for future industrial activities[.]
as the need arises.
• Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may
be permitted in the Naalehu area although the area is not currently identified
on the LUPAG map.
389
Land Use Industrial
MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The multiple residential district is part of the County's overall land use structure and
provides for residential structures containing two or more dwelling units.
Multiple residential living is becoming a way of life for many people. [Such units
provide] This type of housing [for persons] is preferred by those who prefer not to own a
single-family residence, [persons] who find it financially difficult to own asingle-family
residence, [persons] and those with changing employment, [and others.] among other reasons.
]n practice, multiple residential developments use less land area per person, and locate in areas
of concentrated economic and population activity and] where land is scarce and costly. [This
form of residential development utilizes less land area.] This trend will continue in the future
due to rapid urban growth, mobile populations and the rising costs of land and improvements.
In response to the increase in demand for multiple residential housing, numerous
structures have been constructed, are being constructed, or are in the planning stages.
However, as the market responds to this increased demand with the construction of
multiple residence structures, [The County will be faced with a great demand for multiple
residential development. A carefully worked out] land use [plan] planning and development
standards will be essential in assuring that any development will [be an asset to the] comply with
County[.] ordinances, goals, policies, and standards.
[As a result of the need for housing, numerous multiple residential structures have been
constructed, are being constructed, or are in the planning stage. As of July 1985, the County had
a total of 7,624 multiple residential units and 768 duplex units.]
Throughout the County, there are [1,949] 3065 acres of land zoned for multiple
residential use. [This includes 159 acres zoned for duplex or double family use. In addition,
commercially zoned lands also permit multiple residential development. Of the total acreage,
1,325 acres or 68 percent are still not developed.] However, some these lands are also used for
other purposes, such as single family dwellings.
Some of the problems [ofJ associated with multiple residential developments include the
increased volume of traffic that the higher density use generates; the incompatible uses in
surrounding areas; the lack of [basic improvements,] infrastructure, namely sewers, water and
adequate access; the existence ofnon-conforming uses within zoned areas; the lack of
development in appropriately zoned areas; and the [rising] increasing costs of land and
construction.
[As the demand for multiple residential development increases, it will have to be assured
that subsequent developments are of such standards that they will be assets to the County.]
390
Land Use Residential
The resort areas are typically designed with large proportions of multiple family
residential units sold as occasional visitor units. In Hawaii County, this pattern has manifested
itself especially in the North Kona and South Kohala resort areas. These units are generally
higher priced in comparison to the residentially oriented developments outside the vicinity of the
resort plan.
The following goals, policies, and standards [which follow] are the result of the
examination and analysis of past and present situations.
GOALS
• To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize convenience for
its occupants.
• To provide for suitable living environments [which] that accommodate the
physical, social and economic needs of the island residents.
• To enhance the overall pualiri of life in our residential communities.
POLICIES
• Appropriately zoned ]ands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple
residential dwellings increases. These aeeas shall be allocated with respect to
places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and cultural
facilities, and public facilities and utilities.
• [The County shall incorporate] Incorporate reasonable flexibility in applicable
codes and ordinances to achieve adiversity ofsocio-economic housing mix.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage flexibility in the design of residential
sites, buildings and related facilities to achieve adiversity ofsocio-economic
housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market requirements.
• The rehabilitation and/or utilization of multiple residential areas shall be
encouraged.
• To assure the use of multiple residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and
resale of undeveloped lots only, the County may impose incremental and
conditional zoning, which shall be based on performance requirements.
• Applicable codes and ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to
include consideration for urban design, and aesthetic quality through landscaping,
open space, and buffer areas.
• Suuuort the rezoning of those multiple residentially zoned lands that are
391
Laud Use Residential
used for other purposes to a more appropriate zoning designation.
• Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessary for
development.
STANDARDS
• Areas shall be located in such a manner that traffic generated by high density
development will not be required to travel through areas of lesser density en route
to principal community Facilities.
• Areas shall be protected from incompatible uses by transition zones.
• Provide adequate access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools,
employment centers, and other services.
• Development shall not be permitted in natural hazard areas unless proper on-site
improvements are provided.
• Development shall be located in areas where public utilities can be economically
provided at a level adequate to meet the demand for the concentrated service.
• Recreational area and/or facilities shall be considered in multiple residential
development.
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district of multiple residential development. It is
intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
The Puna district has [only limited areas] approximately four acres zoned for multiple
residential use. The predominant form of housing in the district is single family development.
[With] However due to the forecasted population growth, the demand for [housing, there will
be a need for] multiple residential development[.] may increase.
Course of Action
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
392
Land Use Residential
SOUTH HILO
Profile
Throughout the district, there are [312] 380 acres zoned for multiple residential use
which includes 109 acres zoned for duplex residential use. Of this total, 94 acres are not
developed].
In addition to the areas specifically zoned for multiple residential use, areas zoned for
resort and commercial zones also allow multiple residential development.
Many of the zoned areas lack the basic [amenities] infrastructure to support the higher
density use. Examples of this include the absence of a sewer system in the apartment zoned area
below the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the inadequate roadway system within the Puueo and
Kapiolani-Ululani Streets area.
Courses of Action
• Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate
locations shall be undertaken.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
NORTH HILO
Profile
The North Hilo district has no area zoned for multiple residential use although existing
commercial zoned areas permit the higher density residential use.
Course of Action
[Although the North Hilo district is not projected to witness any extensive need
for multiple residential development, appropriately] Aparopriately zoned lands
shall be allocated should the need arise.
HAMAKUA
Profile
[Except for the duplex zoned area in Paauilo and the existing commercial zones which
permit] The Hamakua District has aaaroximately four acres zoned for multiple residential
development [the district has no area zoned for high density residential use].
393
Land Use Residential
[Housing plans of the sugar company in the district propose to relocate employee housing
in and around Honokaa. This will ease the problem of availability of housing.]
Course of Action
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
[The North Kohala district has only one area zoned for multiple residential use, below the
Kohala Estates Subdivision, although commercial zoned areas permit higher density residential
development.]
The North Kohala district has aauroximately 43 acres zoned for multiple residential
development. With people living in this district but working in the South Kohala resort area,
there maybe some activity in multiple residential development.
Course of Action
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The South Kohala district has about [782] h507 acres ofmulti-residential land with the
vast majority [being] located in the resort areas.
Although activity in the construction of these types of units is currently limited, the
district is projected to increase in population and visitor activity [which] that will generate [a] an
increased demand for multiple residential development. The revised Parker Ranch 2020
project aroaoses the rezoning of 37.66 acres to multiale family residential.
Courses of Action
• Basic [amenities] infrastructure shall be provided to those areas zoned for higher
density use.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises.
394
Land Use Residential
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
ProTile
[Construction activities of multiple residential units in the Kona district has proceeded at
a rapid rate.]
The Kona district has [703] auaroximately 1.026 acres zoned for multiple residential use
in addition to commercial zoned areas [which] that permit higher density residential
development.
Some of the areas zoned for high density residential use lack the basic [amenities]
infrastructure such as sewer, water and adequate roadway systems [which] that limit
development for the intended use.
[Courses of Action
• Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate
locations shall be undertaken.
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.]
Courses of Action
• Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate
locations shall be undertaken.
• Appropriately zoned lands shal] be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
KA'U
Profile
There are [ 106] l01 acres zoned for multiple residential use within the district. This
zoned acreage is located in Pahala and at Punalu'u.
The Ka'u district is expected to experience further activity in multiple residential
construction.
Course of Action
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential
development increases.
395
Land Use Residential
SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
As part of the overall land use structure of the County, the single-family residential
district provides areas for low-density residential uses. The location of single-family residential
lands is important in that they should be in close proximity to centers of employment, shopping
and other conveniences, and [should] have the basic improvements and amenities necessary for
development.
As has been the case in the past, uncontrolled single-family residential development will
place a burden on the County and its [people.] residents. Before the Subdivision and
Comprehensive Zoning Codes were adopted in 1966 and 1967-68 respectively, thousands of
non-conforming [residential] residentially-sized lots were created [within] in isolated areas
[where] without the basic [improvements] infrastructure and amenities for development [were
lacking. Developers sold lands without providing improvements to the area]. These lots were
then sold with no prospect of improvements to these facilities.
Housing in Hawaii County has traditionally been characterized by single-family
residential units. Residential units of this sort account for [76%] 80.5 aer cent of the total
housing inventory of the island. In [July 1985,] 1~ the County of Hawaii had [29,687] an
estimated 43.979 single-family residential units. With the anticipated increase in population and
the replacement of substandard units, more residential units will be needed. Rehabilitation,
renewal or redevelopment will be required in many of the older single-family residential
neighborhoods. [In certain residential areas poor site planning has produced a crowded feeling.]
The County has [a total of 17,868] aaaroximately 20,189 acres zoned for single-family
residential use at varying densities. [About 46% or 8,259 acres is presently used.] Several areas,
however, are occupied by incompatible non-conforming uses, [unbuildable] undeveloaable
because of topographic conditions, [located] their location in hazardous areas, or [lack] without
the basic improvements necessary for development. [The following is the breakdown of
single-family residential zoned lands based on lot size:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 ],893 11
10,000 9,579 54
15,000 4,937 28
20,000 1,459 8]
The prices of these single-family residential zoned lands differ substantially depending
on location. For example, single-family residential zoned lands along beachfronts are usually
more expensive than the mauka residential zoned areas. The cost of acquiring and/or
constructing a home remains cost urohibitive for manv residents. One of the avenues that
have been adopted to alleviate this uroblem is the construction of ohana dwellings.
396
Land Use Residential
[There will be greater pressure for more single-family residential lands as the County has
an influx of people and as more people desire to own their homes, thereby experiencing the pride
of possession that accompanies home ownership. However, it will take more than the
development of a land use plan to achieve this as well as the goals and standards set forth in this
section. Social, economic, and physical ramifications must be taken into consideration. Public
planning and regulation alone cannot accomplish this; the cooperation and coordination of all
segments of the County's population are required. Citizen participation, awareness, and
understanding are vitally important. How satisfactory development occurs will depend to a large
extent on the County and its people.]
The 1981 session of the Legislature of the State of Hawaii had recognized that the
spiraling cost of housing, the limitations of land for housing, and the failure of wages to
keep pace with inflation, had contributed to the inability of manv families to purchase
homes. Thus, the [The] ohana dwelling provisions of Act 229, 1981 Session Laws of Hawaii
~SLHZ, and the subsequent amendment to the Zoning Code allows the construction of a second
dwelling on lots where one dwelling is already permitted. However, this is only provided [that]
after the county determines that adequate facilities exist and provided that there are no deed
restrictions prohibiting the construction of a second dwelling. This substantially alters the
concept of a "single family residential zone." The net effect of these laws has been to increase
the density of neighborhoods without overt rezoning actions.
[In addition to satisfying the housing needs of the residents, single family dwellings are
also used for weekend or vacation homes especially within or in proximity to resort
developments.]
Through careful examination and analysis of the present situation, the following goals,
policies, and standards are set forth to guide the orderly development ofsingle-family residential
areas in the interest of the residents of the County [of Hawaii].
GOALS
• To maximize choices ofsingle-family residential lots and/or housing for residents
of the County.
• To ensure compatible uses within and adjacent to single-family residential zoned
areas.
• To rehabilitate and/or rebuild deteriorating single-family residential areas.
• To provide single-family residential areas conveniently located to public and
private services, shopping, other community activities and convenient access to
employment centers[.] that takes natural beauty into consideration.
• To enhance the overall quality of life in our residential communities.
397
Land Use Residential
POLICIES
To assure the orderly use ofsingle-family residential zoned areas and to curb
speculation and resale of undeveloped lots, the County may impose incremental
and conditional zoning, which would be based on performance requirements.
This is to assure that a certain percentage of buildings will be constructed.
• [The County shall encourage more] Encouraee innovative uses of land with
respect to geologic and topographic conditions through the use of residential
cluster and planned unit developments. [The clustering of residential units in
sloping areas is a means of minimizing grading and drainage problems, preserving
the natural appeazance of the topography, preventing strip development, and
making optimum uses of the terrain for buildings and open spaces.]
• [The County shall encourage] Encouraee and coordinate with the State in
providing fee simple and leasehold single-family residential lots to the residents
through State and/or County Housing Programs.
• [The County shall incorporate] Incorporate reasonable flexibility in codes and
ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and to permit
aesthetic balance between single-family residential structures and open spaces.
• [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped single-family
residential zoned areas and reallocate zoned lands in appropriate locations.
• [The County shall designate] Desienate and allocate single-family residential
zoned lands at varying densities for future use in accordance with the needs of the
communities and the stated goals, policies, and standards.
• Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new small scale rural
communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in
appropriate locations.
• [The County shall review] Review and amend [if necessary] land use ordinances
and codes to include considerations for rural-style residential subdivisions in
appropriate locations. Standazds and criteria for the establishment of these azeas
shall be developed.
• Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessarv for
development.
STANDARDS
• There shall be a transitional area between single-family residential areas and
incompatible uses.
398
Land Use Residential
• Major traffic routes shall not be located through single-family residential areas.
• Areas shall have basic improvements and amenities necessary for immediate use.
Areas shall be limited to low-density and medium density residential uses.]
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district in reference to single-family residential
development. The brief analysis [of each district] is intended to bring into focus the relationship
of the district to the County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
The Puna district has [3,188] auaroximately 2,677 acres zoned for single-family
residential use [of which 2,493 acres or 78% are still undeveloped. The following is the
breakdown of zoned areas based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 0 0
10,000 1,329 50
] 5,000 158 6
20,000 I ,187 44
The land use inventory indicates that there are 4,822 single-family residential units in the
area].
The district has thousands ofnon-conforming [residential] residential-sized lots [which]
that lack the basic [improvements] infrastructure necessary for development and/or are held in
speculation. Nevertheless, construction ofsingle-family dwellings within these non-conforming
subdivisions has increased. The district is [emerging as] a bedroom community to the Hilo area.
[Strip residential development exists along the highways.
(e)] SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
Courses of Action
• [The County shall work] Work with community groups to explore possible
avenues for financing infrastructural improvements within the non-conforming
subdivisions.
399
Land Use Residential
Encourage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide employee
housing.
Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic
facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
The South Hilo district has [7,344] aaproximately 8,374 acres ofsingle-family
residential zoned lands. [Forty-one per cent or 3,033 acres of the total zoned area is
undeveloped.] Many of the undeveloped areas lack the basic improvements necessary for
development, are held in speculation, or are committed to other uses. Drainage and flooding
problems exist in many of the areas zoned for residential use. [The following is the breakdown of
residential zoned lands based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 1,065 15
10,000 4,030 55
15,000 2,155 29
20,000 94 1
The land use inventory indicates that there are ] ] ,505 single-family residential units in
the district.
In certain areas residential lands are too large for the zoning district but too small to
subdivide or permit additional units to be built. Many of the lots have narrow frontage and long
depth with inadequate width for resubdividing.]
In addition to private developers, government has played an important role in single-
familyresidential housing. [The] Previously, the State has made available hundreds of housing
units in [the city ofJ Hilo for low and moderate income families.
Course of Action
• Improve substandard residential roadways through the County's Capital
Improvement Program or by Improvement District.
400
Land Use Residential
NORTH HILO
Profiile
The North Hilo district has [400] approximately 391 acres zoned for single-family
residential use. [One hundred sixty-three acres are still undeveloped.] Some of this area is
undeveloped because of unfavorable topographic conditions and the lack of basic
[improvements] infrastructure necessary for development. Single-family residential zoned
lands are also located adjacent to former sugar processing plants. [The following is the
breakdown of zoned aeeas based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
10,000 276 69
15,000 123 3l
There are 566 single-family residential units within the district.]
Courses of Action
The County shall encourage the sugar company to make available on the private
market its undeveloped residential zoned lands in Laupahoehoe.]
• [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage]
Encourage more innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and
planned unit developments.
• Urban areas shall continue to be Ninole and Ookala as well as the Laupahoehoe-
Papaaloa area.
HAMAKUA
Profile
The former plantations that were in operation in the area have heavily influenced
the settlement pattern of the Hamakua district. The sugar plantations in the area were the
primary employers in the Hamakua district. However, as Hawaii neared the end of the
millennium the plantations also approached the end of their era. Slowly, plantations
began to close until the Hamakua Sugar Company T?nally ceased operations in 1994. After
the closing of the plantation and the cessation of its housing programs for its emplovees.
The Office of Housing and Community Development coordinated the use of federal funds
to subdivide the Hamakua Sugar Plantation camps into individual house lots. Assistance
towards obtaining title to the newly created house lots was provided to those emplovees
who participated in the final harvest Furthermore Office of Housing and Community
401
Land Use Residential
Development (OHCD) established a program that provided grants to those qualified
owners of plantation homes to conduct emergency repairs to their homes. Other programs
included the design of the Ookala and Paauilo water distribution system, training for six
newly formed community associations, and the closing of existing gang cesspools and
sewage lagoons.
The Hamakua district has [638] 631 acres allocated for single-family residential use
163 acres of which are undeveloped]. Some residential zoned lands are located adjacent to the
former sugar processing plant and certain areas have drainage problems. [Incompatible
non-conforming uses also exist within the zoned areas. The following is the breakdown of
single-family residential zoned lands based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 110 17
10,000 380 60
] 5,000 l48 23
The district has 1,650 single-family units.] With the anticipated level of growth in
population and economic activity the current number of single family residential zoned
land should be sufficient. However, the County shall allocate more land in this zone should
the need arise. [The plans of the sugar company in the area is to concentrate its employee
population in the Honokaa area. The sugar company has been pursuing residential subdivisions
for employees either for relocation purposes or new homes. The present plantation subdivisions
and those in the planning stage will be for the replacement of existing plantation homes which
are to be demolished. These will not, therefore, relieve the housing problems in the area for
residents who do not work for the sugar company and are not eligible for these homesites.
Excluding these plantation subdivisions, only a limited supply ofsingle-family residential lands
is available for the private market. Land owners with large residential lots display no desire to
sell, subdivide their lots, or surrender their accustomed rural way of life.]
Course of Action
• [The County shall aid and encourage the sugar company to continue to make
available on the private market its undeveloped single-family residential lands in
Honokaa for employee housing and the private market.] Designate lands for
single family use as the need arises.
402
Laud Use Residential
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The North Kohala district has [550] apuroximately 652 acres allocated for single-family
residential use [at a density of 15,000 square feet of land area per unit. Of the total area zoned,
167 acres are undeveloped]. Many of the undeveloped residential zoned areas are unsuitable for
residential development because of unfavorable topographic conditions. Strip residential
development also exists along the roadways.
[The land use inventory indicates that there are ],174 single-family units. The Kohala
Corporation is the major landowner of existing residential zoned areas.]
[Courses] Course of Action
The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid
strip residential development.]
• [The County shall aid] Aid and encourage [industry] major landowners to make
available residential lands in the area for employee housing and the private
market.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
The district has [3,041 ] approximately 3,382 acres of single family residential zoned
lands, primarily located in the Waimea area and in Waikoloa Village. [Two thousand four
hundred twenty-two acres of the total zoned area are undeveloped. The following is a
breakdown of lands zoned for single-family residential use based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 130 4
10,000 2,672 88
15,000 86 3
20,000 154 5
The land use inventory indicates that the South Kohala district had 1,989 single-family
units.
This district also has anumber ofnon-conforming residential lots in the Puukapu area
which lack the basic improvements necessary for development.] Several areas already zoned for
403
Land Use Residential
single-family residential use are not being developed because of [speculation,] the lack of basic
improvements or the lack of a market.
Course of Action
• Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced State-owned,
Hawaiian Home Lands and privately-held lands for houselots.
NORTH AND SOUTH KONA
Profile
The North and South Kona districts have [2,420] approximately 3,301 acres zoned for
single-family residential use. [Sixty-four per cent or 1,554 acres is still undeveloped.] Some of
the undeveloped residential lands are unsuitable for development due to unfavorable topographic
conditions. Inadequate roadways and the lack of basic facilities are two principle reasons for
residential zoned lands not being developed. [The following is the breakdown ofsingle-Family
residential zoned lands based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 456 19
l 0,000 754 31
15,000 1,200 50
20,000 ] 0 1
The total inventory ofsingle-family units in North and South Kona is 6,543.]
Because of topographic conditions, there are drainage and flooding problems in certain
residential areas. Incompatible non-conforming uses exist within residential zoned areas and
there are also residential areas located adjacent to industrial zoned lands.
[Courses of Action
• Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held
and State-owned lands for houselots.
• Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic
facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.
• The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid
strip residential development.
404
Land Use Residential
• Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage the use
of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and
cluster and planned unit developments.]
Courses of Action
• Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held
and State-owned lands for houselots.
• Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic
facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the concentration of residential
structures to avoid strip residential development.
• [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage]
Encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as
zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.
KA'U
Profile
The district of Ka'u has [799] approximately 781 acres allocated for single-family
residential use, primarily located in the towns of Naalehu [and], Pahala and at Punalu'u. [Three
hundred forty-six acres or 43% of the total zoned lands are undeveloped. The following is the
breakdown of zoned lands based on density:
Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total
7,500 133 17
] 0,000 137 17
15,000 515 64
20,000 14 2
The Ka'u district has a total of 1,439 single-family units.]
The sugar company actively pursued subdivisions to provide fee simple residential lands
to their employees. These subdivisions [are] were primarily provided for relocation purposes.
Since many of the single-family residential zoned lands [are] were held in plantation ownership,
only a limited supply [are] were available on the private market. Like Hamakua, many of the
towns that were established in Ka'u were a direct result of the influence of the former
sugar plantations that once existed in the region. Prior to its closing in 1996, Ka'u
405
Land Use Residential
Agribusiness encased in housins development with the State Housins and Community
Development Corporation of Hawaii to construct housins for its employees. Over the
years, this effort has increased fee ownership of homes from 42 per cent in 1970 to 94 per
cent in 1997.
The district also has non-conforming residential subdivisions [which lack] lackins the
basic improvements necessary for development.
Course of Action
• [The County shall aid] Aid and encourage [the sugar company] major landowners
to make available [single-family zoned] residential lands [at Pahala and Naalehu]
in the area for employee housing and [for] the private market.
406
Land Use Resideutia]
RESORT
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
Resort developments are intended to satisfy the needs and desires of both visitors and
residents. Such areas have basic amenities and attributes [which] that support visitor
accommodations and related facilities. [Another factor of major importance is the recreational
facilities available to visitors.]
[Resort development sites generally have a harmonious combination of both the built
environment, including buildings and landscaping, and the physical environment such as climate,
specific site characteristics and scenery.] Most successful resort areas have a harmonious
combination of certain characteristics such as climate, scenery. and/or man-made facilities.
In most instances, the [elements of the physical environment provide] natural factors have been
the basis for the development of an area[.] and the man-made facilities were designed to
enhance the area. Buildings and landscaping are generally designed to enhance the site and
area. In other cases, [the features of the built environment] man-made features enhance what
maybe considered undistinguished physical features.
[Most resorts are planned and developed to compete for the visitor market that prefers to
stay at a single place for several days to several weeks. Sufficient activities and interests within
the immediate resort area are necessary to accommodate the visitors to these resort complexes.]
Generally, several factors in combination with one another contribute to the growth of a
visitor industry in a given area. These factors include:
• The amenities that an area has to offer including its beaches, scenic attractions,
and recreational facilities and activities.
• The community providing support for the industry.
Both the public and private sectors providing the needed infrastructure
improvements (such as airports, water and sewer systems, and road
improvements) and other support[.] services.
The private sector developing a concentration of visitor accommodations in an
area.
• The participation of hotel operators with strong ties to national and intemationa]
markets.
• The successful promotion of an area as a destination and the participation in the
promotional effort by airlines and travel agents.
407
Land Use Resort
The County [of Hawaii] has several natural advantages, including its climate, topography
and scenic qualities [which] that provide the setting desired for resort development. With
[appropriate] r~ oner planning, resort development can have a positive impact on the island's
social, economic and physical environment, and [on] the visitor industry as well. A resort area
should be large enough to provide a concentration of hotel and recreational facilities [which]
that will keep the visitor interested and entertained. It should not be so large, however, as to
destroy either the sense of scale, intimacy and [leisureliness] leisure associated with an area or
the way of life on an island [such as this].
The visitor industry is generally regarded as the primary catalyst of economic and
population growth throughout the State and particularly the Neighbor Islands. The visitor
industrv is the driving force of the economy for the State of Hawaii and contributes $14.6
billion of economic activity, employs nearly 180,000 people, accounts for 28 per cent of
statewide tax revenues, and contributes nearly 28 per cent of the Gross State Product. The
total number of overnight visitors to the State has increased from [1.7 million people in 1970 to]
4.9 million in 1985[.] to 6.7 million in 1998. The number of [westbound visitors to the State
traveling] visitor arrivals to Hawaii County increased from [446,000 in 1970 to 697,400]
760,000 in 1985[.] to 1.27 million in 1998. These statistics do not reflect visitor arrivals
from cruise ships.
The total statewide westbound visitors in 1998 was 4.2 million. The Big Island
accounted for 22 8 per cent of this figure with 961 400 westbound visitors. The majority of
the westbound visitors originated from the United States with others from Canada, Europe
and other countries.
The majority of eastbound visitors originated from Japan as well as Korea, China,
and other Asian countries. The total statewide eastbound visitors was 2.5 million in 1998.
The island of Hawaii accounted for 12.4 per cent of this figure with 309,000 eastbound
visitors.
Accompanying this growth in visitor arrivals has been the development of additional
visitor accommodations, particularly on the Neighbor Islands. Based on data from the Hawaii
Visitors and Convention Bureau, the State's visitor room inventory increased from [26,923 in
1970 to] 65,919 in [late-1985, and] 1985 to 7],480 in 1998. Hawaii County's visitor room
inventory increased from [3,200 in 1970 to] 7,511 in []ate] 1985[.] to 9.655 in 1998. The visitor
accommodation units include hotels resort condominiums, apartment hotels, bed and_
breakfast operations hostels and individual vacation units. The bed and breakfast
operation in the County although not significant to the total visitor unit count, has been a
fast-growing segment of the visitor industrv.
In 1969, the County of Hawaii had 677 acres zoned for resort use of which 357 acres
were still undeveloped]. By 1985, the zoned acreage had increased to 793 acres of which 473
acres were not utilized]. The total acreage zoned for resort use in 2000 was approximately
1.353 acres.
408
Land Use Resort
The County's existing primary resort centers [on the island] are located along the coastal
areas of Hilo in East Hawaii, and North Kona and South Kohala in West Hawaii. The majority
of future resort [development should be expected to be in these same coastal areas with
secondary centers of development being in the southern and northern quadrants of the County.
The North Kona coastal area between Keauhou and Kaupulehu is attracting considerable interest
for new resort projects. This is to be expected given the area's physical attributes and proximity
to the Keahole airport, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the existing West Hawaii
communities.] developments are proposed in the North Kona and South Kohala districts.
Although resort development has traditionally been located in coastal areas, [it is
anticipated that developments] smaller-scale resort projects such as mountain and retreat resort
complexes maybe developed in the future. In recent veers, niche tourism markets, such as
eco-tourism and health and wellness tourism have estab?ished themselves throughout the
island. Niche markets for these types of tourism have growth potential by promoting the
abundance of natural, historical and cultural resources this island has to offer. While most
of the larger resorts focus upon recreational opportunities offered by the island's coastal
resources these niche tourism markets also take advantage of other natural and cultural
resources available from various locations throughout the County.
How [satisfactorily] and where future resort development occurs will depend to a large
extent on the County. Although the County is faced with differences of opinion from its
residents concerning resort development, the benefits that can be derived from resort
development may be optimized and the adverse affects minimized. Developers and residents
must be made aware of the circumstances resulting from resort development. Citizen
participation, awareness, and most of all, [citizen] understanding are vital in resort development,
as in all phases of the planning process.
GOALS
Maintain an orderly development of the visitor industry.
• Provide for resort development that maximizes conveniences to its users and
optimizes the benefits derived by the residents of the County.
• Ensure that resort developments maintain the cultural and historic, social,
economic, and physical environments of Hawaii and its people.
POLICIES
The County may impose incremental and conditional zoning [which] that would
be based on performance requirements.
Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resort
areas [which] that are presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities.
409
Land Us-e Resort
• Lands currently designated Resort should be utilized before new resorts are
allowed in undeveloped coastal areas.
• Zoning of resort areas shall be granted when the proposed development is
consistent with and incorporates the stated goals, policies and standazds of the
General Plan.
• [The County shall continue] Continue to seek funds from the State Capital
Improvement Program to help develop visitor destination areas in accordance
with the County's General Plan,
• [The County shall designate] Designate and allocate future resort areas in
appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, economic, and physical
environments of the County.
• [The County shall evaluate] Evaluate resort areas and the areas surrounding
existing resorts to insure that viable quality resorts are developed and that the
surrounding azea contributes to the quality, ambience and character of the existing
resorts.
• [The County shall evaluate] Encourage the visitor industry to provide resort
facilities [which] that offer an educational experience of Hawaii as well as
recreational activities.
• Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and parking for beach
and shoreline areas.
• [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped resort
designated and/or zoned areas and reallocate [resort designated and/or zoned]
these lands in appropriate locations.
The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development
of retreat resort areas.]
• Require developers to provide the basic infrastructure necessary for
development.
STANDARDS
The following established standards shall guide the development of resort areas.
]Destination Resort Community
A destination resort is aself-contained resort destination area which provides
basic and support facilities for both the needs of the entire development and the
surrounding regional area. Such facilities shall include employee housing, recreational
410
Land Use Resort
facilities, regional civic center facilities, other community facilities serving the region.
Basic infrastructure needs such as water, sewer and roads for the entire development shall
be provided.
The designation of any destination resort community shall be established through
a formal General Plan Amendment accompanied by an Environmental Impact
Statement.
Maximum hotel and condominium-hotel units: to be determined in conjunction
with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning.
Resort Acreage: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master
plan for the destination resort community's zoning.
Active and passive recreation area: to be determined in conjunction with the
adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning.
Residential acreage: acreage shall include areas for employee housing and/or
affordable housing and shall be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a
master plan for the destination resort community's zoning.
The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined
by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the
adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one
employee unit for every two hotel units built.]
• Major Resort Area
A major resort area is aself-contained resort destination area [which] that provides basic
and support facilities for the needs of the entire development. Such facilities shall
include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. A maior
resort area is designated as a Resort node or cart of a Resort node on the Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide Mag.
Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 3,000 [rooms.] units.
Resort acreage: 90 acres minimum.
Active and passive recreation areas: 50 acres minimum.
Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 640 acres for
residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for
support use.
411
Land Use Resort
The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined
by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the
adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one
employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built.
• Intermediate Resort Area
An intermediate resort area is aself-contained resort destination area [which] that
provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development on a smaller
scale than a major resort area. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee
housing and recreational facilities, etc.
Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 1,500 [rooms.] units.
Resort acreage: 45 acres minimum.
Active and passive recreation area: 25 acres minimum.
Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 320 acres for
residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for
support use.
The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined
by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the
adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one
employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built.
• Minor Resort
A minor resort area shall not exceed the density of an intermediate resort area [and is
generally an area with many small property owners or an isolated resort development
without sufficient land area to develop into aself-contained destination area].
Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 500 [Rooms.] units.
[Resort acreage: 35 acres minimum]
Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of
development.
The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined
by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the
adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one
employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built.
412
Land Use Resort
• Retreat Resort Area
A retreat resort area is generally an area [which] that provides the user with rest, quiet
and isolation for an environmental experience. It shall have sewer, water, roads,
employee housing, and recreational facilities, etc.[.]
Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: [up to 100 rooms to be
determined in conjunction with retreat resort area's zoning.] 50 units.
Resort acreage: 15 acres minimum.
Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of
development.
The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined
by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the
adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one
employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built.
DISTRICTS
The following is an analysis by district in reference to resort development. The brief
analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the
County as a whole.
PUNA
Profile
[The Puna district presently has no visitor or overnight accommodations. One acre is
zoned Resort, however it is utilized by a drive-in restaurant. Except for a number of scenic
attractions along the Puna coastline, the visitor industry has had very little effect on the district.]
The visitor industry in the Puna district is primarily comprised of bed and breakfast visitor
units. A drive-in restaurant currently occupies the district's only resort-zoned area of one
acre located in Kaimu. The principal visitor [attractions] attraction in the region [are] is the
Kalapana Extension of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park [and the Black Sand Beach at
Kalapana].
Although resorts have been proposed previously in the Kaimu-Kalapana, [area and other
resort developments have been proposed for Kapoho, Pohoiki and Opihikao] Kapoho, Pohoiki,
and Opihikao areas, none of these have materialized. These areas are also subject to volcanic
activities, subsidence, and tsunami inundation. [Most of these] These areas also lack most of the
basic infrastructure improvements necessary For development.
413
Land Use Resort
Courses of Action
• The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development in the
district shall complement the character of the area [and be consistent with the
General Plan].
• Consider the development of small family or'bed and breakfast' type visitor
accommodations and small-scale retreat resort development.
SOUTH HILO
Profile
[The city of Hilo in the South Hilo district is one of the gateways for Big Island visitors.
Direct flights to the continental United States can be accommodated at the General Lyman
Airport.] Tn the early 1970s, Hilo was envisioned as the gateway to the Island of Hawaii for
overseas visitors. In anticipation of that status, the Hilo International Airport terminal was
modernized and the runway modified for jumbo aircraft. The anticipated flow of overseas
visitors, however, did not materialize.
Hilo continues to attract its share of visitors with approximately 30 per cent of the
island's total visitor count. The Hilo area also accommodates a substantial number of
business travelers as well as local travelers attending special events such as sporting events
and hula competitions. The visitor industry in South Hilo will continue to service the
transient visitors, business travelers, and local residents.
The visitor plant inventory indicates that in 1960 there were 376 hotel units, increasing to
1,247 in 1970 and 1,313 units in ] 985. [The present inventory of visitor accommodations in
Hilo has actually decreased since it reached its peak of 2,152 in 1976. The decrease is primarily
attributable to the reduction of direct mainland service to Hilo.] South Hilo's visitor
accommodations have declined to 1,165 visitor units in 1998. The majority of Hilo's existing
inventory of visitor units are located in the Waiakea Peninsula resort area.
[As a resort area, Hilo has consistently experienced the lowest occupancy rates statewide.
Although two other hotels were constructed in the vicinity of the Waiakea Pond, both hotels have
since been converted to office and condominium apartments.
Two other areas within the Hilo city limits have resort zoning, one in the Puueo area and
the other in the Keaukaha area. These resort zoned areas, however, are utilized by other
non-conforming uses. A 15-story condominium with 88 units is located in the Puueo area.
The Hilo area has 139 acres zoned for resort use. Of the total, 51 acres are vacant.] The
Hilo area has approximately 136 acres zoned for resort use.
414
Land Use Resort
Courses of Action
• Re-evaluate [some of the] areas currently zoned for resort use.
• Continue to improve roadways and sewer and water systems in all areas where
high density resort uses are allowed.
NORTH HILO
Profile
Presently, the visitor industry plays no significant role in the area as areas of interest to
visitors are limited [because of inadequate access]. In the foreseeable future, resort development
in the North Hilo district is unlikely.
Course of Action
• Encourage the development of small-scale visitor related facilities near points of
interest.
HAMAKUA
Profile
The visitor industry in South Kohala has provided employment opportunities for
residents of the Hamakua area. Within the district, there is a small hotel located in Honoka'a
[which] that is primarily used by local businessmen, [and] construction workers[.]
travelers. Bed and breakfast operations were also established in parts of the Hamakua
district. As of December 2000. there were 42 acres of resort zoned lands in Hamakua. In
early 2001, a 15-acre area at Kukuihaele was rezoned to a resort district for the
development of a 40-unit retreat resort facility referred to as "The Trees at Kukuihaele"
There are also no shoreline areas where resort complexes can be feasibly developed to any
substantial degree. Nevertheless, the district does have some visitor attractions. Waipio Valley
is a major visitor attraction. Its beauty lies in its naturalness and the general absence of
man-made elements. Because access into the vallev is poor alone a steea and dangerous
road, the vallev itself is not a suitable location for visitor-oriented commercial facilities and
accommodations. Honoka'a town offers a different visitor attraction with its main street setting
of 1930's commercial buildings.
Courses of Action
• Encourage the development of small Family-operated hotels.
• Consider [the] small-scale retreat resort development.
415
Land Use Resort
• Encourage resort development [which] that enhances the natural beauty of the
area.
NORTH KOHALA
Profile
The district of North Kohala [has limited] provides overnight accommodations[.] for
local travelers. [Its two hotels are generally used by local businessmen and construction
workers.] Chalon International, Inc., a major Landowner in the North Kohala district,
obtained rezoning of approximately 15 acres of land in 1993 for the development of a 200 to
240-unit lodge hotel at Mahukona. No activity towards the development of the lodge hotel
has occurred to date.
In addition to being an agricultural community, there are [people] those who live in this
district and commute to work at the South Kohala resorts.
The district does have potential for resort development catering to visitors seeking quiet
and rest. There are areas of historical significance and natural beauty in North Kohala.
Courses of Action
Consider possible development of resort facilities at Mahukona.]
• Encourage the development of small family [or "bread and breakfast" ]type
hotels[.] and bed and breakfast establishments.
• Consider small-scale retreat resort development[.] that is consistent with the
rural character and cultural lifestyle of the district.
SOUTH KOHALA
Profile
[South Kohala's role in the visitor industry is unique. In Waimea, the small lodging
facilities totaling 29 units offer opportunities for an upland, cool, vacation experience. At
Waikoloa Village active recreation attractions, such as horseback riding, hunting and golfing, are
available. Approximately 40 condominium units within the Village area are available to visitors.
The South Kohala coast has long been envisioned as a prime visitor destination area since
the late1960s. Its natural attributes, white sand beaches, calm ocean waters, and a dry, sunny
climate have made it especially attractive. The Mauna Kea, Mauna Lani and Waikoloa Resorts,
the three major resort developments along this coastal area have each developed a hotel and are
416
Land Use Resort
actively pursuing plans for further hotel development. Each of the three existing South Kohala
resorts also have recreational amenities which include a championship golf course at each
development, tennis facilities and beach and ocean activities. The three South Kohala resorts'
hotel room inventory has increased from 3 ] 5 units in 1969 to 1,357 units in 1985. At the
Waikoloa Resort, the 1,244-unit Waikoloa Hyatt is under construction and is generally expected
to be the catalyst for a new wave of development activity in the County.]
There are [297] 360 acres zoned for resort use in South Kohala. [Of these zoned acres,
115 have been utilized. In addition all three of the major coastal resort areas have 268 acres
zoned for multiple family residential use which may also be used for vacation rental
condominiums.]
The South Kohala coast has developed into a maior destination resort area for the
island of Hawaii, as well as the State. The three maior developers of the area are Mauna
Kea Properties ,Mauna Lani Resort, and Waikoloa Land Company. The maior hotels
within these developments are the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel. Hapuna Prince Hotel, Mauna
Lani Bav Hotel and Bunsalows, The Orchid at Mauna Lani, Hilton Waikoloa Villase, and
The Outrisser Waikoloan Beach Hotel. The number of hotel rooms within these three
resort nodes totals over 3,250.
A limited number of visitor accommodations are also available in Waimea. Some
visitor units are also available within the Waikoloa Villase.
The South Kohala resorts sreatly benefited from the direct flishts to Kona
International Airport at Keahole from Japan and the mainland United States. These direct
flishts sisniTicantly increased the number of visitors to the South Kohala resort destination
areas. As a result of these direct flishts and the potential for srowth of future visitor
accommodations, the visitor industry at the South Kohala coast should expand. The
excellent climatic conditions of the area and its ease of access from the Kona International
Airport at Keahole provide an optimistic future for the South Kohala coast's maior resort
destination area.
Course of Action
• Adequate access, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities shall be
provided in all areas where higher density uses are allowed.
NORTH KONA
Profile
The district of North Kona has historically been the focus of resort activity on the Island
of Hawaii. The initial development occurred in the Kailua-Kona area with a small number of
visitor accommodations. Few of these hotels contained the full range of resort amenities. As the
tourism industry expanded, the character of the Kailua-Kona area has changed. [The hotel
4l7
Land Use Resort
facilities aze now located in both the Kailua area and at Keauhou. Other visitor related uses such
as condominiums, single-family dwellings, restaurants and other commercial establishments aze
located along Ali'i Drive between these two points. The "Kailua Village Design Plan," originally
prepared in 1974 and adopted by the County Council in 1976, guides development within the
Kailua Village area. The plan needs to be updated and requires more definitive design and
landscaping criteria.] Today, visitor accommodations and facilities extend from the
Keauhou-Kona Resort at the southern end of the North Kona district to the Hualalai
Resort and Kona Village Resort at the northern end.
Keauhou-Kona Resort is master-planned and [has been] developed as a
resort/residential community [and] that offers the full range of resort amenities including [a] golf
[course,] courses, tennis facilities, shopping center and entertainment facilities. [A convention
center is located at the Kona Surf Hotel. The expansion of resort areas in the district is
anticipated north of Kailua-Kona. A number of resorts have been proposed for this area.] The
recently refurbished Aston Keauhou Beach resort is part of the Keauhou-Kona Resort.
There are two resort-zoned sites at Keauhou-Kona Resort, totaling 59 acres that have vet
to be developed.
[Other area-wide facilities have helped to encourage the growth of tourism in the district.
These include the Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, Keahole Airport and the completion of the
Queen Kaahumanu Highway.]
The Hualalai Resort and the Kaupulehu Development's Project District will be
developed as another master-planned resort/residential community. The 243-room Four
Seasons Hualalai opened in 1996. Other developments in the area include a championship
golf course, condominium and single-family residential units, and other support amenities.
The visitor units in the North Kona district include over 2,180 hotel rooms and
approximately 1,465 resort condominium units. Approximately 500 units are operated as
timeshare units, including the 263-unit Kona Coast Resort at Keauhou-Kona Resort, the
largest time share Proiect. A number of bed and breakfast units have also been
established.
There are [328] 740 acres zoned resort in the North Kona District [with approximately
135 acres vacant]. However, not all of the acres zoned for resort are actually utilized for hotels.
[Other uses which have largely been established are multiple] Multiple family residential uses[.]
and single family residential uses have been established on some of the resort zoned lands.
[In addition, there aze some non-conforming residential and commercial uses. The] According
to the 1998 data from the Hawaii Visitors and Convention Center. the North Kona district
[now] has the largest inventory of visitor units on the island. The [4,694] 4x399 units include a
broad range of accommodations, [beginning with 100 units of the luxury retreat at the Kona
Village to lower priced condominium units along Ali'i Drive.] ranging from hotels to bed and
breakfast establishments. [For every hotel unit in the district, there are almost two
condominium units that are available for vacation rentals.] Some of the older hotels are in need
of major refurbishment.
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Land Use Resort
Courses of Action
• Discourage strip resort development along Alii Drive.
• Re-evaluate some [of the] areas currently zoned for resort use.
• Improve and provide adequate roadways, sewer and water systems, and other
basic amenities in all areas where higher density uses are allowed.
SOUTH KONA
Profile
The South Kona district has limited visitor accommodations. There is one hotel with 64
units [which] that is primarily used by [island] local residents. Some bed and breakfast
operations have also been established in recent years. An 80-unit private member's lodee is
proposed on a 14-acre area within the Hokulia development project. The Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide map was amended in 1997 to reflect the resort use. This area was
also rezoned to the resort district in 1997. There are no other resort zoned lands within the
South Kona district.
[The South Kona district does have the natural and historic amenities which provides
areas and sights of visitor interest. There are presently no resort zoned lands in the district.]
Courses of Action
• Developments shall blend in with the character of the area.
Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for
development.]
• Encourage the development of small family-operated hotels[.] or bed and
breakfast accommodations.
Re-evaluate and if appropriate implement plans formulated in the West Hawaii
Corridor Study.]
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Land Use Resort
I{A'U
Profile
Tourism activity in the Ka'u district has been limited to [Punalu'u] Punaluu and the
Volcano areas. The Punalu'u Resort, formerly known as SeaMountain, has [33] 56
condominium units, tennis, golf and retreat conference facilities[.] in need of reaair. [The
Shirakawa Motel also serves local residents and business people.] This resort generally caters to
those wishing a relatively quiet and isolated vacation experience.
The 12-unit Shirakawa Motel in Waiohinu also serves local travelers. [A 37-unit
hotel] The 37-unit Volcano House within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park caters largely to
those wishing to explore the National Park. The hotel also manages cabins within the park.
These are available to visitors who prefer a more "wilderness" experience. A number of bed
and breakfast oaerations have been established within the district, uarticularly the Volcano
area.
There are approximately [27] 45 acres zoned resort in the district [of which 26 remain
vacant. Additions and expansion of the Punalu'u Resort area are being proposed. A major resort
has also been proposed for the Kahuku coastal area].
Courses of Action
Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for
development.]
• The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development [in
Ka'u] shall complement the character of the area.
• [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of small family or
"bed and breakfast" type visitor accommodations.
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Land Use Resort
OPEN SPACE
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
A vital part of the environment, open space is [that] land [which] that is basically not
used for buildings or structures and is characterized by scenic beauty, existing openness, and
natural conditions. It is the counterpart of development. Retained in its state of use, open space
would maintain and/or enhance the conservation of needed or desired natural, scenic, or
historical resources [which] that might otherwise be permanently lost. It would also enhance the
present or potential value of abutting or surrounding urban development.
Open space is used to maintain and/or provide forestry pursuits, water supply, fish and
marine protection, wildlife and endemic plant preservation, recreational pursuits and visual and
scenic amenities. Open space also demarcates potential natural hazard areas. Just as the use of
open space is affected by development, so is the character and quality of development influenced
by what is done with open space.
Three basic functions are served by open space. Positive human needs such as active and
passive recreation amenities can be provided. The natural resource base such as air, water, soil
and plants can be protected and enhanced. Economic development decisions, e.g. tourism, real
estate values and development patterns, can be affected.
The planning of open space is an integral part of any comprehensive planning
consideration. Other elements of the General Plan affect or are affected by this element[;
together]. Together, these elements and their interrelationships form an overall picture of the
County of Hawaii.
[For each resident of the County of Hawaii, there are approximately 14 acres of land
which are in open designations. In addition to open zoned lands, areas zoned as agriculture are
also generally uncluttered with structures. Such lands can also impart a sense of open space.]
Open space on the island of Hawaii consists of lands zoned as [open] Open by the
County as well as those in the State Land Use Conservation District. [The County zoning
permits no structures except those related to recreational pursuits.] The "Oven" zoning district
aermits golf courses, with a use aermit, some recreational facilities, and various aublic and
utility-type facilities. There is currently no County zoning district that calls for land to be
preserved in a largely natural state.
Various categories of open space areas have been designated according to use or
amenities. Restricted watershed areas are strictly regulated in order to protect the island's
essential water resources. Some of these are in close proximity and easy accessibility to
development and without protection could be contaminated. All watershed areas are in forest
reserves under the [joint] jurisdiction of the [Forestry Division and the Division of Water and
Land Development.] State Deaartment of Land and Natural Resources.
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Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands
Potential natural hazard areas are designated as open space for the welfare and safety of
the public. These include areas [which] that are highly susceptible to flooding, erosion, volcanic
activity and tsunami inundation.
The following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to insure the protection and wise
use of open space in the County of Hawaii.
GOALS
• Provide and protect open space for the social, environmental, and economic well-
being of the County of Hawaii and its residents.
• Protect designated natural areas.
POLICIES
• Open space [in the County of Hawaii] shall reflect and be in keeping with the
goals, policies, and standards set forth in the other elements of the General Plan.
• Open space in urban areas shall be established and provided through zoning and
subdivision regulations.
• [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the identification, evaluation,
and designation of natural areas.
• Zoning, subdivision and other applicable ordinances [in the County of Hawaii]
shall provide for and protect open space areas.
• Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should be keat in
a largely natural state, but that may not be in the Conservation District, such
as certain imuortant viewulanes, buffer areas. and very steep slopes.
STANDARDS
• Open Space designations shall include:
Forest Reserves
Water Areas
Potential Natural Hazard Areas
Natural Areas and Reserves
Open Space Recreation Areas
Scenic Vistas and Viewplanes
General Use Conservation Sub-zones with Compatible Uses
Scientific Areas, including Habitats of Endemic Species
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Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands
PUBLIC LANDS
INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS
The utilization of ]and resources in Hawaii is greatly influenced by the policies and
practices of a relatively small number of major landowners. Approximately 52 per cent of the
total land area in the State of Hawaii is government-owned. Federal lands constitute 8 per cent
of these government-owned lands while State lands, including those of the Deparhnent of
Hawaiian Homes Lands, comprise the remaining 34 per cent. Of the 48 per cent in private
ownership, [a disproportionately large share is owned by] approximately three-fourths are
owned by approximately fifty ["large landowners."] large landowners.
The degree to which private and public lands [of the County] can be put to their
respective designated and zoned uses will determine the effectiveness of the General Plan. The
historical pattern of land ownership in specific situations may adversely affect the realization of
stated objectives and goals.
County-owned lands amount to less than 1 per cent of the total land area of the island.
State owned lands summarized in the following table,] account for 44 per cent of the County's
2.5 million acres, with district proportions ranging from a low of 17 per cent in South Kona to a
high of 76 per cent in North Hilo. State lands include a variety of uses both existing and
proposed, from] such as commercial, industrial, residential and resort uses and education and
research in South Hilo to wilderness areas and mountain tops in Hamakua and Ka'u.
Federal lands in the County of Hawaii include the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and
the National Historic Parks at Pu'ukohola and Honaunau, both of which are established programs
of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of Interior. The National Park Service
proposes to acquire additional lands for the expansion of the Hawaii Volcanoes, Puukohola
and Puuhonua O Honaunau National Historic Parks at Kahuku, Kohanaiki, and Kiilae.
respectively.
Public trust or ceded lands in Hawaii comprise approximately 1.8 million acres of
property throughout the State, or 43 per cent of the State's total land area. These lands
were "ceded", or transferred, to the United States by the Republic of Hawaii, under the
1898 annexation of Hawaii as a Territory of the United States and after the 1893 overthrow
of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The Admissions Act of 1959 that granted Hawaii statehood,
defined the State as trustee for 1.4 million acres of these ceded lands and deSned five
purposes for its use, including one for the betterment of conditions for native Hawaiians.
The 1963 Ceded Lands Act allowed the transfer of title to the State of all but 300,000 acres
of ceded lands that were excepted by the Federal government. In 1978, voters approved
constitutional amendments to create the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and fund it with a
share of the money derived from the use of ceded lands. In 1980, the Legislature defined
the Office of Hawaiian Affairs' share of ceded land revenues at 20 per cent. The exact
amount of ceded lands within the County is currently unknown. Act 125 was adopted by
the 2000 Legislature to facilitate the establishment of a comprehensive information system
Tor inventorying and maintaining information about these ceded lands.
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Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands
[Total Ac. State Ac. % of Total
TOTAL 2,506,800 ],101,351 43.9
Puna 317,000 91,173 28.7
S. Hilo 252,300 150,1022 59.4
N. Hilo 173,500 132,8013 76.5
Hamakua 396,500 232,497° 58.6
N. Kohala 79,700 16,5325 20.7
S. Kohala 175,100 51,5516 29.4
N. Kona 363,900 213,414 58.6
S. Kona 142,600 25,025 17.5
Ka'u 606,200 188,256' 31.0
Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 2,000 Ac.
ZHawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,955 Ac.
3Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 48,800 Ac.
4Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 12,197 Ac.
SHawaiian Homes Dept. - 115 Ac.
6Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 22,584 Ac.
Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,989 Ac.]
The use of publicly owned lands needs to be more judiciously administered. There is at
present no master plan for the vast public lands; namely those [which] that are designated
Conservation, over which the County has virtually no administrative jurisdiction.
The County acquires land for public uses such as parks and rights-of--way. Presently
there is no [one] County agency whose function is to expedite land acquisitions. Various County
departments are involved, depending on the nature of acquisition. There is also a need for an
agency to keep abreast of and initiate various programs on public land.
The University of Hawaii, as a corporate body under the State Constitution, holds a
unique position on land ownership unlike other State or County agencies [which] that utilize
public lands. The University, under the State Constitution, obtains in fee title the land granted it
by Executive Order [and can thus]. The University can therefore subdivide, lease or sell its
lands provided it is in the interest of public education.
GOALS
• Utilize publicly owned ]ands in the best public interest and [to the extent
possible,] to the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people.
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Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands
• Acquire [necessary] lands for public use to implement policies and programs
contained in the General Plan.
POLICIES
• Encourage uses of public lands [which] that will satisfy specific public needs,
such as housing, recreation, open space and education.
• Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the
[County] General Plan.
• State and County Capitallmprovement Programs should continue to be
coordinated.
• Asub-classification, University use, shall continue to be utilized, permitting the
primary institutional and numerous supportive and accessory uses required for
establishing and/or expanding a public university. Its designation shall continue
to be shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map.
• Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service's expansion
plans for the Hawaii Volcanoes, Puukohola and Puuhonua O Honaunau
National Historic Parks.
• Encourage the State to continue the Villases of Lai'opua project at
Kealakehe.
STANDARD
• Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources shall be maintained
for public use.
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Land Use - Opeu Space and Public Lands
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
The General Plan sets forth broad coals, obiectives, and policies. Implementation
requires translating these broad statements to specific actions, systematically evaluating
progress, and active community participation. In this regard, follow-up planning efforts
will involve the preparation of Community Development Plans, Capital Improvements
Program, and an annual report.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS
The Community Development Plans are intended to be the forum for community
input into managing growth and coordinating the delivery of government services to the
community. The Community Development Plans will translate the broad General Plan
statements to specific actions as they apply to specific geographical areas.
A Community Development Plan should direct physical development and public
improvements within a specific area. The Community development Plan may contain
detailed land use and zoning guide maps, plans for roadways, drainage, parks, and other
infrastructure and public facilities, architectural design guidelines, planning for
watersheds and other natural features, and any other matters relating to the planning area.
The Planning Director or Council may initiate a Community Development Plan.
Each Community Development Plan shall have a steering committee composed of members
appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the council. The members shall be broadly
representative of the affected communities.
The steering committee shall work in coniunction with the Planning Department
and with any professional consultants hired to assist in the preparation of the plan. The
exact boundaries of the planning area may be determined during the preparation of the
elan.
It is not mandatory that there be a Community Development Plan for each region.
Although the previous General Plan called for Community Development Plans, in the
thirty years since the enactment of the first General Plan, only one Community
Development Plan has been enacted by ordinance, one by County Council Resolution, and
two by Planning Commission Resolution. Time, cost, the degree of effort, and, in some
cases the inability to achieve a sufficient consensus, has been the limiting factors.
The need for a Community Development Plan for a particular area should be
assessed considering a number of factors, including how much is public infrastructure
challenged by recent or anticipated growth and whether there are significant efforts to
change the zoning and land use in the area.
After the steering committee has recommended approval of the Community
Development Plan it shall be forwarded to the Planning Commission for its review and
426
Plan ]mplementa[ion
recommendation to the Counri Council. The County Council may modify or amend the
Community Development Plan before enacting it by ordinance, but it shall give the steering
committee and the Planning Commission an opportunity to review and comment upon
substantive amendments and modifications before final adoption of the plan.
In the process of creating the Communiri Development Plan, it may be determined
that the General Plan should be amended. The Planning Director or County Council may
initiate amendments to the General Plan, and the steerine committee may recommend
amendments, that would be enacted at the same time as the Communiri Development Plan,
or as a follow-up to the Communiri Development Plan. If there is a direct conflict between
the Communiri Development Plan and the General Plan, the General Plan shall be
controlling.
The Community Development Plans shall focus on action. The courses of action
specified in each element of the General Plan need greater detail and need to be
coordinated by district. The Community Development Plans shall identify appropriate
governmental actions that include:
• Regulatory actions. Regulations rely on government's police power to control
what people can and cannot do in the interest of the public's health, safety, or
welfare. The County administers and enforces various regulations to control
land use. These regulations include the zoning code, subdivision code, flood
control code, grading code, sign code, and building code. The Counri also
administers requirements imposed by the Federal and State governments, such
as the Coastal Zone Management Act and the State Land Use Law. The
Community Development Plans shall recommend amendments as appropriate to
the codes, maps, or administration and enforcement.
• Incentive measures. Where regulatory controls are the government's "sticks",
incentives are the "carrots" to encourage certain actions. Too often, regulation
is the solution. Regulation can be restrictive, reactive, and divisive. Incentive
measures, on the other hand, can invite creative "win-win" solutions. Examples
of incentive measures include properri tax exemptions such as for agricultural
or native forest dedications, expedited permit processing, densiri bonuses, and
discounted facility fees. Communiri Development Plans shall consider
appropriate incentive measures to achieve various objectives, as applicable.
• Acquisition actions. Where significant resources are located on private
properri, it may be more appropriate for government to purchase the
development rights or fee simple title rather than to severely reeulate the
owner's use of the properri. Obviously, purchasing in reaction to development
proposals is expensive. The Community Development Plans shall identify
acquisition priorities, as appropriate, and seek means to leverage financing by
working creatively with the landowner, other levels of government, Land trusts,
and/or nonprofit groups.
• Capital budgeting actions. The Counri annually prepares a Capital
improvements budget where public faciliri projects (new construction or major
427
Plan Implementation
reaairsl are identified. The budget is accompanied by a six-year capital
imarovements proeram tCIP). The CIP arocess is explained in more detail
below. The Community Development Plans shall identify and arioritize aublic
facility proiects important to the community. The CIP shall take into
consideration the recommendations in the Community Development Plans,
recoenizine that the CIP must reconcile comaetine interests for a limited
amount of funds.
• Programs. Certain community needs do not necessarily require land or a new
facility, but rather a focused commitment of time and money towards achievine
specific objectives. These operational proiects are referred to as proerams.
Examales include an after-school youth program, neiehborhood watch proeram,
or mediation training program. Too often, resources are diverted to studies that
could be more effectively used for pilot aroerams that actually trv to achieve
results and arovide lessons through action. Community Development Plans
shall identify desired arograms and the community's role in planning and
implementing the proerams.
• Develoament/Redeveloament. In very special situations, it may be appropriate
for government to take the lead and act as develoaer either singly or as a
public/private partnership. These situations arise when the private market fails
to address certain needs, such as very low income housing, or when the situation
is quite large-scale, comalex, and especially requires government's power of
eminent domain to assemble land for redevelopment. Community Development
Plans shall identify desired proiects for aublic development or redevelopment,
and shall coordinate inaut from appropriate agencies such as the Office of
Housing and Community Development or the U.S. Deaartment of Housing and
Urban Development.
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PROGRAM (CIP)
Capital improvement aroiects have the aotential to influence where growth occurs,
to more equitably distribute County services, and to aromote important objectives such as
affordable housing. The County Charter sets forth the procedure for the submittal and
adoption of the CIP:
1. The various departments and agencies submit project requests and cost estimates to
the Mayor. The Planning Director reviews the lists and recommends ariorities.
2. The Mayor reviews the lists in preparing the CTP.
3. By March 1, the Mayor submits the CIP to the Council together with a message
explaining each project proposed in the capital budget, estimated cost, and aroaosed
method of fiinancing.
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Plan Implementation
4. By Mav 5, the Mayor may submit amendments (adjustments may be necessary
depending on actions taken by the State Legislature) together with a message that
describes the changes and the circumstances, which justify the changes.
5. On or before June 30, the Council shall adopt the capital budget. The capital
budget for the upcoming fiscal veer is adopted by ordinance. The six-vear CIP is
for information purposes.
The capital budget appropriates funds for the specified proiects. Capital
appropriations lapse at the end of the second fiscal vear following the vear in which they
are appropriated. Prior to lapsing, the agency responsible to implement the project may
request the Mavor to allot the funds. Once allotted, the agency may proceed to encumber
(e.g.. execute contracts, issue purchase orders) and expend the funds.
In order for the CIP to comprehensively prioritize and allocate the financial
resources available to the County within the context of the General Plan, the CIP shall be
prepared as follows:
• The CIP shall be based on clear priority criteria:
• The CIP shall integrate the several sources of funding improvements, including the
fuel tax and the County Water Board proiects;
• The CIP shall coordinate County proiects with State CIP proiects and available
Federal funding;
• The total County costs for the proiects selected for the CIP shall not exceed an
amount that could be prudently financed taking into consideration the debt service
capacity of the County;
• The CIP process shall provide opportunity Tor community review of the CIP
proposed by the administration prior to submittal to the County Council;
• Where additional studies are needed to prioritize proiects from an islandwide or
regional perspective, functional plans may be funded through the CIP;
• A system shall be established to monitor the status of appropriated proiects.
ANNUAL REPORT
The Planning Department shall prepare an annual repOY1 t0 mOnIYOr prOgresS
towards achieving the General Plan goals, objectives, and policies. To the extent possible,
the annual report should develop measurable indicators related to the policies. The
Planning Department shall submit the annual report to the Mayor for review. The Mavor
shall submit the annual report to the Council together with the capital and operational
budgets in accordance with the budget submittal timetable set forth in the Charter. The
annual report and CIP shall be the means to reconcile and prioritize competing community
needs from a County-wide perspective. The Planning Department may organize an
interagency committee to provide input for inclusion in the annual report.
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Plan Implementation
[SECTION 6. Amendment Procedures. Pursuant to subsectiori 3-16(c) Hawaii County Charter,
the following amendment procedures for the General Plan are established:
A. Amendment pursuant to comprehensive review.
(l) Within 45 days of a ten-year lapse from the date of adoption of the County
General Plan, the Planning Director shall, upon notification to the County
Council, initiate the comprehensive review required of and by the General Plan.
(2) In proceeding with the comprehensive review, the Planning Director shall give
notice of the comprehensive review to the Planning Commission, Council, and the
general public. The notice shall state:
(a) The general scope of review;
(b) The ability for the Public and Council to provide their input to the
Planning Director within 45 days after the date of the notification.
(3) Upon receipt of suggestions from the public, the Planning Director shall review
the General Plan, the assumptions upon which the policies were drawn, including
the suggestions for change. Within 90 days the Planning Director may propose
draft amendments, and shall give notification to the County Council and the
public of any proposed amendments.
(4) Within 30 days of notification of proposed amendments, the Planning Director
shall conduct a public workshop on proposed amendments prior to submitting it to
the Planning Commission, and shall allow the public an opportunity to provide
comments on the proposed amendments through an additional 30 day period.
(5) The Planning Director, within 30 days of the completion of the public review
period, shall initiate and forward proposed amendments to the Planning
Commission for its review and recommendation.
(6) Within sixty days of receipt of the Planning Director's proposed amendment(s),
the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the proposed
amendment(s). During the hearing and based on public testimony received, the
Planning Commission may request the Planning Director to consider specific
modification to any proposed amendment or to initiate within sixty days any new
proposed amendment. If the Planning Director modifies a proposed amendment
or initiates a new proposed amendment upon the Planning Commission's request,
the Planning Commission shall hold further hearing on such matters, together
with any proposed amendment originally submitted. Within sixty days of the
conclusion of the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall submit to the
Council its comments and recommendation on any proposed amendment initiated
by the Planning Director.
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Amendment Procedures
(7) The Council shall review the Planning Commission's recommendation and act on
the Planning Director's proposals. The Council shall request the Planning
Director to consider its specific modifications to any proposed amendment or to
initiate a new proposed amendment. Within 60 days of the request, the Planning
Director shall forward to the Planning Commission either a recommendation for a
denial, modification to a proposed amendment or shall initiate the new proposed
amendment.
(8) A public hearing on the proposed revisions and/or recommendations by the
Planning Director shall be conducted by the Planning Commission within 60 days
of its receipt from the Planning Director. Within 60 days of the closing of the
public hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward the Director's proposed
modifications, amendments, and recommendation together with its
recommendations to the County Council for their action.
(9) Failure by the Planning Commission or the Planning Director to respond within
the designated time period shall not preclude the Council from acting on its
proposed amendments.
(10) During the comprehensive General Plan review, the Planning Director may defer
action to any petition to amend the General Plan filed pursuant to section 6 B. and
on any request to study a proposed General Plan amendment submitted pursuant
to section 6 B(3). However, any deferral by the Planning Director shall not
extend beyond a period of one year and, in any case, shall not extend beyond the
completion date of the comprehensive review as set forth in section 6 A.
B. Interim amendments.
(1) Members of the genera] public, the Council, and the Planning Director may
propose or initiate, as the case maybe, amendments to the General Plan at any
time other than during the comprehensive review period.
(2) Members of the general public may propose amendment to the General Plan
goals, policies, and standards by filing a written petition with the Planning
Director. In addition, the property owner may, by similar petition, propose an
amendment to the land use pattern allocation map covering land held by that
property owner. For purposes of this section, "property owner" means a person
having an interest in title to the affected land and includes the holder of a lease
interest in the affected land, where such lease interest is not due to expire until
after ten years following the date of the filing of the petition.
(a) A petition to amend the General Plan shall be filed with the Planning
Director and shall include:
(1) A filing fee of $100 to cover the administrative costs of processing
the petition;
431
Amendment Procedures
(2) A statement of the nature of the petitioner's interest;
(3) A drafr of the language of the proposed amendment;
(4) An environmental impact statement;
(5) A statement of the reasons for granting the proposed change,
supported by a written, documented analysis of the General Plan
and using all pertinent elements upon which the General Plan is
based; and
(6) Graphs, plot plan, and other supportive information.
(b) Upon receipt of a properly filed and completed petition, the Planning
Director shall have one hundred eighty days in which to study the petition
to take one of the following actions:
(1) Recommend the approval of the petition, stating the reasons for
such approval; or
(2) Recommend the denial of the petition, stating the reasons for such
denial.
(c) In the event the Planning Director recommends the approval of the
petition, the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the
petition within sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty
days after the close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward
its comments and recommendation to the Council.
(d) ]f the Planning Director recommends the denial of the petition, the
Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the petition within
sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty days after the
close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward its comments
and recommendation to the Council. Upon receipt of the Planning
Commission's recommendation, the Council may, within thirty days,
consider the petition upon atwo-thirds vote of the entire membership of
the Council. If the petition is not considered by the Council within the
thirty-day period, the Planning Director shall certify the petition to be
officially denied. The proposed amendment shall be adopted upon
two-thirds vote of the entire membership of the Council.
(e) If a petition is officially denied, the same or a substantially similar petition
may not be submitted for consideration within one year following such
denial, unless the petitioner submits significant new data or additional
reasons which the Planning Director may find to be a sufficient basis for
the petition to be considered.
432
Amendment Procedures
(3) The Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan pursuant to the
following procedure:
(a) The Council may, by resolution, require the Planning Director or, when
appropriate, another qualified body to conduct a study to determine the
feasibility of a proposed amendment.
(b) The Planning Director or the qualified body shall have one hundred eighty
days or a longer period, as maybe agreed to by the Council, to submit a
completed feasibility study to the Council.
(c) Upon receipt of the feasibility study, the Council shall have sixty days to
review and act on the study. The Council may, by resolution, direct the
Planning Director to initiate the proposed amendment. The Planning
Director shall then initiate the proposed amendment in the manner
applicable to a petition in accordance with sections 6 B(2)(c) and 6
B(2)(d). If the Council does not direct the Planning Director to initiate the
proposed amendment, the same or substantially similar proposal may not
be considered within one year following the end of the Council's sixty-day
review.
(4) The Planning Director shall initiate proposed amendments to the General Plan in
the manner applicable to amendments proposed during the comprehensive
General Plan review, as set forth in section 6 A(2), except with regard to those
provisions relating solely to the comprehensive review.
C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director shall promulgate rules and regulations to
implement this procedure.]
433
Amendment Procedures
Amendment Procedures
A. Comprehensive Review
The Planning Director shall initiate a comprehensive review of the General
Plan every ten years after the initial date of adoption of the General Plan and
the date of adoption of subsequent amendments resulting from a
comprehensive review.
The Planning Director shall give notice of the comprehensive review to the
County Council, Planning Commission, and the general public. The notice
shall state•
~ The general scope of review;
The ability Tor the County Council, Planning Commission, and the
general public to provide their comments and suggestions to the
Planning Director; and
~ The initiation date, schedule of events, and time for completion of the
review period.
Upon completion of the review period, the Planning Director shall conduct
public workshops on the proposed amendments.
l~ The public shall be afforded 60 davs from the date of the last public
workshop to provide comments to the Planning Director.
The Planning Director may then initiate proposed amendments to the
General Plan and shall submit the amendments to the Planning Commission
for its review and recommendation within 60 davs after the public deadline
to submit comments to the Planning Director.
The Planning Director shall notify a property owner of a proposed
amendment that would redesignate its property to Open or Conservation,
unless the property is already designated Conservation by the State land Use
Commission. If the Planning Director originally initiates the redesignation,
then a notice shall be sent not less than 21 davs before the first Planning
Commission hearing on the proposed amendment. If the Planning
Commission suggests the proposal, the property owner shall be notified of
the Planning Director's decision to initiate it not less than 21 davs before the
County Council's first reading. if initiated by the County Council, the
property owner shall be notified not less than 21 davs before the County
Council's first reading.
434
Amendment Procedures
The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearings on
the proposed amendments to the General Plan within 90 davs from the date
of receipt of the proposed amendments.
The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation to the County
Council together with the Planning Director's proposal within 60 davs from
the close of the public hearing. The Plannine Commission shall recommend
approval of the Planning Director's proposal, in whole or in part,
recommend chances, or recommend the resection of the proposal for changes
to the General Plan.
The County Council shall review the amendments submitted by the Planning
Director and the recommendation of the Plannine Commission. The County
Council may adopt the changes proposed by the Plannine Director and
Plannine Commission, including env modifications, deletions, or additions
deemed necessary by the County Council. The County Council shall render
a decision within 120 davs of receipt of the proposed amendments.
B. ]nterim Amendments
The County Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan at env
time other than durine the comprehensive review pursuant to the following
procedures•
~ The Countv Council may, by resolution, direct the Plannine Director
to conduct a study to determine the feasibility of a proposed
amendment.
The Planning Director shall have 120 davs or a loncer period, as may
be agreed to by the Countv Council, to submit a completed feasibility
study and recommendation on the Countv Council's proposal to the
Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. If the
Plannine Director recommends an approval, the Plannine Director
shall also submit a draft ordinance for consideration and action by the
Countv Council.
~ The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public
hearings on the proposed amendment within 60 davs of receipt of the
feasibility study and recommendation from the Planning Director.
The Plannine Commission shall submit its recommendation on the
proposed amendment together with the Plannine Director's feasibility
study and recommendation to the Countv Council within 30 davs
from the close of the hearing.
435
Amendment Procedures
~ The Countv Council shall review the proposed amendment in
accordance with its rules of practice and procedure.
Plannina Director
~ The Planning Director may initiate an amendment to the General
Plan at anv time other than during the comprehensive review.
The Plannina Director shall conduct a workshop on the proposed
amendment prior to submitting it to the Plannina Commission.
~ The Plannina Director shall submit the proposed amendment to the
Plannina Commission for its review and recommendation.
The Plannina Commission shall conduct and complete its public
hearing within 60 davs from the date of receipt of the proposed
amendment.
~ The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation together
with the Planning Director's proposal to the Countv Council within 30
davs from the close of the hearing.
1~ The Countv Council shall review the proposed amendment in
accordance with its rules of practice and procedure.
General Public
~ Consistent with the Countv Charter, a member of the public may
submit an application requesting the Planning Director to initiate an
amendment to the General Plan at anv time other than during the
comprehensive review.
~b The application shall include:
A filing fee of $500.00 to cover the administrative cost of
processing the application;
ii A statement of the nature of the proposed amendment;
iii A draft of the language of the proposed amendment;
iv A statement of the reasons for granting the proposed change,
supported by a written, documented assessment of the
relationships of the proposed change with pertinent elements of
the General Plan; and
436
Amendment Procedures
f~ Maas, graphs, plot plan, and other supportive information.
~ Upon receipt of a properly filed and completed application, the
Planning Director shall have 120 davs to take one of the following
actions•
Reiect the application for an amendment; or
ii Initiate an amendment to the General Plan.
Should the Planning Director initiate an amendment, the Planning
Director shall then transmit the proposed amendment to the Planning
Commission for its review and recommendation.
~ The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public
hearings on the aroaosed amendment within 60 davs of receipt of the
proposal from the Planning Director.
f~ The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation on the
proposed amendment to the Countv Council within 30 davs from the
close of the hearing.
~ The Countv Council shall review the proposed amendment in
accordance with its rules of practice and procedure.
In the event that the Planning Director reiects an application for an
amendment, the applicant may request the Countv Council to initiate
an amendment on its behalf.
l~ In the event that an application is denied by the Countv Council, the
same or a substantially similar application may not be submitted for
consideration within one year following such denial, unless the
applicant submits significant new data or additional reasons that the
Planning Director may find to be a sufficient basis for the application
to be considered.
C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director and the Planning Commission shall
promulgate rules and regulations to implement the amendment procedures.
[SECTION 7. Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Man. The Land Use Allocation Guide Map
for the Island of Hawaii, referenced as Exhibit "A", and incorporating by reference the
amendments indicated by Hawaii County Ordinance 87-128, referenced as Exhibit "D" and by
Hawaii County Ordinance 88-118, referenced as Exhibit "E" is hereby adopted.
SECTION 8. Facilities Man. The Facilities Map for each of the nine districts of the ]sland of
Hawaii is hereby adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "B".
437
Amendment Procedures
SECTION 9. General Plan Support Document. In order to provide the basis for the various
Council policies, statement of development objectives, standards and principles, as stated in
Section 4 of this ordinance, the Hawaii County General Plan Support Document is hereby
adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "C".
SECTION ]0. Reneal• Ordinance No. 439 as amended by Ordinance Nos. 456, 475, 484, 538,
761, 822, 851, 854, 868, 878, 83-20, 83-27, 84-4Q 87-49, 87-52, and 87-68 of the continuing
ordinances of the County of Hawaii is hereby repealed, as are the above-noted ordinances that
have amended Ordinance No. 439.
SECTION ] 1. Severability. If any provision of this ordinance or the application thereof to any
person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or
applications of the ordinance which can be given without the invalid provision or application,
and to this end, the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable.
SECTION 12. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.]
438
Amendment Procedures
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