The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink AboutCOM 0042.060 2004-2006 K. Angel Pilago tr ®s Phone No.: (808) 327-3642 Council Member aP,~'~~ "~_~o, Fax No.: (808) 329-4786 District 8 -North Kona E-Mail: kapilago@co.hawaii.hi.us a~ V rm 4~~ .vA~ OF ~NO`tS~ IIAWAI~I COUNTY COUNCIL County of Hawai `i Kailua Trade Center 75-5706 Hanama Place, Suite 109 ' Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 x~ January 11, 2005 MEMO TO: Gary Safarik, Chair & Members Hawaii County Council FROM: K. Angel Pilago, Co-Ch ' A Committee on Planning RE: Bill 163, Draft 4 -Relating to the Hawaii County General Plan Attached for your review and transmittal is the above bill. At the last Committee on Planning meeting held January 4, 2005, Bill 163, Draft 1 was amended by retaining the following portions of the 1989 general plan: 1. The LUPAG map designations for Kohanaiki (deleting the proposed changes at G9 and G 10 in Draft 1); 2. The LUPAG map designation for Keopuka and a small portion of Onouli (deleting the proposed change at H 1 in Draft 1); 3. The LUPAG map designation for the Shipman properties in Kea'au (deleting the proposed change at A4 in Draft 1); 4. The LUPAG map designation in Honomu (deleting the proposed change at B4); 5. The LUPAG map designation for the properties in South Kona owned by Ackerman, Bell and Paris (deleting the identification of these lands as important agricultural land); 6. The LUPAG map designation for Hokulia (deleting the identification of these lands as important agricultural land); and 7. The definition of orchards. Attached to this transmittal are both the clean and ramseyerd document of Bill 163, Draft 4. Please have this item referred to the Council for consideration. Attachments (Note: Ramseyered version of Bill 163, Dr. 4 is on file in the Clerk's Office.) Cornrn. Id®, ~"1 ~ Rif. To: f'r~~~ Ilabvai `i County Is An Equal Opportunity Provider Anil Errsployer Qef. C.' ate JAN 4 znn~ PROPOSED HAVVAI `I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN (RAMSEYER VERSION) COMM. 42.60 DRAFT 4 Comm. No. 42.60 Bill No. 163, Ur. 4 JNTV es N4 COUNTY OF HAWAII ~ ~i• STATE OF HAWAII f^•~ Ol~M~'~' BILL NO. 163 ORDINANCE NO. (Draft 4) -~RAMSEYER VERSION -UNOFFICIAL) AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN AND REPEALING ORDINANCE N0.89 142, AS AMENDED. BE IT ORDINANED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAIL• SECTION 1. Pu ose. The purpose of this ordinance is to adopt a General Plan in compliance with Section 3-15, Hawaii County Charter and to repeal the 1989 General Plan adopted by Ordinance No. 89 142, as amended. SECTION 2. The attached document identified as Appendix A, which also includes the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Maps and the Facilities Maps, is hereby adopted as the Hawaii County General Plan. SECTION 3. Ordinance No. 89 142 (1989 General Plan) and all subsequent amendments aze hereby repealed. SECTION 4. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declazed invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. SECTION 5. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. INTO UCED O/if- 1. ~ , CO E H ~A:I COUNCILMEMBER, CO OF HAWAII Hawaii Date on Introduction: Date of l~' Reading: Date of 2"d Reading: Effective Date: ~E-8~f~!C-E: Comm. 42.60 COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN REVISION December 21, 2001 Draft (RAMSEYER VERSION - UNJFFICIAL) Table of Contents Element Page Introduction 1 Economic 28 Energy 68 Environmental Quality 79 Flood Control and Drainage 85 Historic Sites 107 Natural Beauty 129 Natural Resources and Shoreline 150 Housing 157 Public Facilities 206 Public Utilities 244 Recreation 279 Transportation 306 Land Use -Introduction 337 Land Use -Agriculture 356 Land Use -Commercial 367 Land Use -Industrial 379 Land Use -Residential 390 Land Use -Resort 407 Land Use -Open Space and 421 Public Lands Plan Implementation 426 Amendment Procedures 430 [AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN AND REPEALING ORDINANCE N0.439, AS AMENDED. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. Purpose. It is the purpose of this ordinance to adopt by ordinance a General Plan in compliance with Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter. SECTION 2. Requirements. Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter, mandates that the General Plan contain the following: "A statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the county for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of [our] natural beauty and historical sites; the most desirable density of population in the several parts of the county; a system of principal thoroughfare, highways, streets, public access to the shorelines, and other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvements of public buildings, the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit, and other purposes; the extent and location of public housing projects; adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matter as may, in the council's judgment, be beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the coordinated development of the county and to promote the general welfare and prosperity of its people." SECTION 3. Statement of Assumptions. The following Assumptions were the basis by which the General Plan was developed: 1. Agriculture Agricultural employment, especially in the sugar industry has been declining over the past ten years. At best, employment in the sugar industry is projected to decline slowly if normal attrition through retirement continues. Alternatively, national and international economic and political forces could result in the demise of the industry. Factors affecting this decline will be the expansion and labor demands of the macadamia nut, papaya, flower and other diversified agricultural industries. 2. Tourism The County's visitor industry is poised for rapid expansion, and employment in tourism is expected to increase substantially. 3. Other Basic Industries There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aquacul[ure, astronomy, renewable energy, and research-development. 1 Intrnrinrtinn SECTION 4. Council Policies. Statement of Development Objectives Standards and Principles. The Council's policies for the long-range comprehensive physical development of the county and the statements of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the county are set forth as follows.] ~ SECTION 5. Courses of Actions. The courses of actions necessary to promote the policies, development objectives, standards and principles as incorporated in Section 3 are hereby set forth for the various elements within the designated districts.] 2 Introduction [INTRODUCTION This section provides an overview of the General Plan with respect to its history, the program and planning process used in its development and the intended means of implementing the plan. The introduction also presents a discussion of the County's historical trends and alternative employment and population projections. OVERVIEW OF THE GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements which embody the expressed goals for present and future generations.] INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the lone ranee comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The purposes of the General Plan are to: • Guide the pattern of future development in this County based on lone-term goals; • Identify the visions, values, and priorities important to the people of this County; • Provide the framework for reeulatorV decisions, capital improvement priorities. acauisition strategies, and other pertinent government programs within the County organization and coordinated with State and Federal programs. • Improve the physical environment of the County as a setting for human activities: to make it more functional, beautiful, healthful, interesting, and efficient. • Promote and safeguard the public interest and the interest of the County as a whole. • Facilitate the democratic determination of community policies concerning the utilization of its natural, man-made, and human resources. • Effect political and technical coordination in community improvement and development. • Iniect long-range considerations into the determination of short-ranee actions and implementation. 3 Introduction History of the Plan General [plan] Plan studies in the County of Hawaii were initiated in the late 1950's[.] and were limited to particular reeions of the island such as the Hilo Kona Kohala Hamakua and Puna Districts. As such, these initial eneral plans lacked a comprehensive coordinated, and intePrated overview of the entire County The first of these studies, "A Plan for Kona was completed in 1960 and encompassed the districts of North and South Kona. "A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo" was completed in 1961 for the districts of South Hilo and Puna. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan" was completed in 1963 and covered part of the district of North Kona and the districts of North and South Kohala, Hamakua and North Hilo. These regional plans were adopted by Ordinance No. 317 in July 1965, as the General Plan for the County. The district of Ka'u was the only area in the County not covered by this plan. With the adoption and ratification of the County Charter in 1968, the General Plan emerged as a major policy document. Section 3-[ 16] 15 of [he County Charter states: "The county council shall adopt by ordinance a general plan which shall set forth the Council's policy for long-range comprehensive physical development of the County. It shall contain a statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the County for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of our natural beauty and historical .cites; the most desirable density of population in the several parts of the County; a system of principal thoroughfares, highways, streets, public access to the shoreline, and other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvement of public buildings; the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit and other purposes; the extent and location of public housing projects; adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matters as may, in the Council's judgment, be beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the coordinated development of the County and to promote the general welfare and prosperity of its people. ~ The Council shall enact zoning, subdivision. and other such ordinances. which shall contain the necessary provisions to carry out the purpose of the General Plan. No public improvement, proiect, subdivision, or zonine ordinances, shall be initiated or adopted unless the same conforms to and implements the General Plan. f~ Amendments to the General Plan may be initiated by the Council or the Plannine Director. " 4 Introduction The first General Plan document to be completed after the ratification of the County Charter in 1968 was adopted by ordinance on December 15, 1971 by the County Council. Upon adoption of the General Plan in 1971, the Council laid the foundation for establishing a comprehensive planning program for the County of Hawaii. This program consists of three interrelated parts arranged in a hierarchy as described below[.] and illustrated in Fi¢ure I. The General Plan represents the first level and encompasses long-range goals, policies, hand] standards, and courses of action for the entire County. The General Plan also provides the legal basis for all of the other elements of the County's planning structure. As such, the General Plan is the highest order, or "umbrella" plan. It establishes the outer limits or boundaries within which the County must operate. The second level consists of short and middle range plans [which] that further define the long-range goals and policies of the General Plan. These plans are related to specific regions or districts (Hilo, Kona, Kohala, Ka'u, etc.), functions (recreation, agriculture, drainage, highways, etc.)[;], and [for] specific areas within a region (Kailua-Kona, Downtown Hilo, etc.). The third level consists of specific mechanisms to implement the two higher levels of the planning hierarchy. These include the Zoning and Subdivision Codes[,] and both the operating and capital improvement program budgets. 5 Introduction Fi ure I GENERAL PLAN Functional Plan Community Development PIOn Area Improvement plan Recreation Hilo Hilo Downtown DevelopmerN Sewerage/Droinoce Kona PlPlan Historic Sites Kohala Kailua Villace Design Plan Etc. Etc, Etc. l.Orld Use Develo t Operating &Idget Capital Improvements Program Codes ~Qp~ Zoning Subdivision Other Codes and Regulotions General Plan Program The initial development of the General Plan program, undertaken between 1968 and 1970, [investigated, analyzed, and evaluated concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or standard methodology. The General Plan program] was funded through an agreement between the County of Hawaii and the [Federal ] U_S. Department of Housing and Urban Development through the former State of Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development[.] (currently the State Department of Business Economic Development and Tourisml The initial General Plan study program was conducted over a 36-month period and [was] completed by the Planning Department with the technical assistance of professional consultants in the fields of drainage and flood control, historic sites, sewerage, economics, and water. The General Plan program is structured to investigate analyze and evaluate concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or standard methodology The preparation of the General Plan involves the process of planning and provides the opportunity to broaden the base of citizen participation, review and understanding The 1971 General Plan required five and ten year comprehensive reviews and updates. The reviews and updates are intended to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the General Plan and to accommodate major changes and trends [which] that may occur within the County. The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map in 1978 [and which] that led to several changes to the map. Other changes [which were made include] included the addition of an Energy element and amendments to procedures for the comprehensive reviews and proposals for specific amendments to the General Plan. 6 Introduction The first comprehensive ten-vear review of the General Plan was initiated by the Planning Department in the mid-1980's and completed with the adoption of Ordinance No 89142 by the Hawaii County Council on November 14 1989 This comprehensive revision program resulted m various revisions to supporting data as well as to the individual studv elements and Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities maps The [Revised] Current General Plan Comprehensive Review Program The planning process utilized for the current comprehensive review and revision of the General Plan included an assessment of the General Plan elements relative to new data, laws, and methods of analysis. Each study element was then analyzed and evaluated in relation to all other elements, County and district goals, and the land use pattern. Potentially, a change in one element could affect other elements as well as the land use pattern. Similazly, a change in County and district goals could potentially be reflected in all elements and in the land use pattern. The comprehensive review of the General Plan gathered and assessed the data related to each element [in order] to identify present conditions and problems and future possibilities. The study elements [which are] utilized in the General Plan included the following: Economic IActivitiesl: Describes the human, capital, and natural resources used to produce goods and services for consumption in local and overseas mazkets. Enerey: Describes the energy situation for the County and explains the incentive for promoting energy conservation and the development of indigenous energy resources including solar, wind3 hydrologic, and geothermal. Environmental Ouality: Identifies the factors affecting the island's environmental quality and describes the precautions and safeguards necessary to maintain and improve the quality of the environment for the physical, psychological, and social well-being of residents and visitors. 1Flood Control and Drainaeea Flooding and Other Natural Hazards: Pertains to [he conservation and protection of life, improvements, and natural resources from excess runoff due to either man-made improvements, natural causes, or inundation from tsunamis and heavy seas. Historic Sites: Identifies [artifacts and] sites and buildings of historical and cultural importance. Natural Beautv: Identifies areas of unique natural beauty [which] that are a principle asset of the island, and [which require] encourages programs for their conservation, preservation, and integration with other elements. Natural Resources and Shoreline: Describes the valuable and often irreplaceable natural assets of the island [which require] and encourages programs for their rp oiler management and protection [and wise use]. 7 Introduction Housin :Addresses the requirements for and the quantity, quality, and distribution of housing units in the County. [It] This element also addresses critical housing problems of the County. Public Facilities: Pertains to the location and distribution of facilities for education, [and] public safety, [and for] social, [custodial and] health services[.] and other government operations. Public Utilities: Describes the distribution of power, light, and water[,]S the collection and [disposition of waste, sewage,] disposal of solid waste and sewage• and the provision of other communication [facilities which] utilities that are essential to the efficient functioning of a [modern] community. Recreation: Examines the requirements of the County for active and passive outdoor activities, cultural events and pastimes, as well as attendant facilities and areas. TransRortation: Describes the requirements for air and water transport terminal facilities linking the County with the rest of the State and overseas areas, and the island's network of streets, highways, and roads. Land Use: Studies the relationship of human activities to the uses of land and the location, spatial relationship, and topography [of land uses]. This element is subdivided [according to uses] into the following designations[:] according to uses: Agricultural: Encompasses all types of agricultural endeavors[,] and specified industrial uses, residential and ancillary community and public and accessory uses. Commercial: Comprised of industries in the retail trade and service categories and certain non-noxious enterprises from other industrial classifications. Industrial: Includes uses [which] that may not be compatible with commercial areas (such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards) as well as other industrial, manufacturing, or wholesaling uses. Multiple Residential: Includes duplexes, apartments, town houses all] and similar types of residential structures and ancillary community and public uses. O en : Space: Includes conservation lands, forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, and potential natural hazard areas. Public : Lands: Includes Federal, State, County, and University owned lands. Resort: Consists primarily of areas with basic amenities and attributes [which] that attract developments of visitor accommodations and related facilities. 8 Invoduc[ion Single-[familvl Familv Residential: Consists of single-family detached houses and ancillary community and public uses. Each study element has been divided into sections [which are] described below. Introduction and Analysis: Describes the element and summarizes findings, County-wide characteristics and features, trends, changes, and problems [are discussed], as well as the outlook and opportunities for the immediate and distant future. The analysis also addresses the element's interrelationships with other elements. Goals: [indicates the desired long-range directions and seeks to provide a cohesive and comprehensive framework within which social and economic programs and governmental effort can be coordinated.] Indicates the desired lone-ranee directions and situations enunciated by community groups officially expressed in the past or implied in governmental programs. Provides a cohesive and comprehensive framework for the coordination of social and economic programs and governmental effort Policies: States the methods or strategies [which] that should be undertaken to attain the stated goals [stated]. These are action and program oriented and involve the formulation of standard procedures, program evaluation and review, rules and regulations, ordinances and laws, budgeting, specific projects, etc. Standards: Concerned with qualitative and quantitative criteria by which situations can be evaluated or benchmarks established. Standards are basically "yardsticks" or indicators, minimum conditions or levels of quality necessary for the well-being of the public. Courses of Action: Many study [element] elements require a more precise and definitive discussion of community concerns and problems. These sections attempt to identify specific alternatives on a community, district or regional basis. As an aid to the understanding of the inter-relationship of the components of the General Plan, the separate elements of the General Plan may also be described as follows: The Introduction and the Economic element describe the foundations and factors [which) that generate population and economic opportunities and growth on the island of Hawaii. The Environmental Quality, Energy, [Flood Control and Drainage,] Floodine and Other Natural Hazards. Historic Sites, Natural Beauty, and the Natural Resources and [the] Shoreline elements describe those natural and social conditions [which) that influence and set parameters [to] for development opportunities on the island. The Housing, Public Facilities, Public Utilities, Recreation, and Transportation elements describe those services, facilities, and improvements [which are required] necessary to accommodate the growth of population and support the economy. The Land Use element describes the distribution, pattern, and location of the various activities addressed in the other elements of the General Plan. 9 Introduction [Plan Implementation One of the most critical phases of the planning program is the implementation of the General Plan. It is the use of the plan rather than its mere existence which is of benefit. Public understanding and support are vitally necessary as the responsibility for the development of the island of Hawaii rests not only with the administrative and legislative branches of the County but with all people who live here. Widespread discussion will promote the understanding of unique and innovative concepts which are presented in the plan. Implementation of the General Plan requires the development of middle and short range community, functional, and area plans. It also requires a systematic review of implementing ordinances such as the zoning and subdivision codes and the adoption of amendments to these codes in accordance with policies and standards of the General Plan. The implementation of the General Plan is also related to the capital improvement and operating budgets. The capital improvements budget encompasses public improvements and facilities to accommodate the anticipated growth, and the County operational budget encompasses programs and services. Both are major components of the implementation of General Plan policies. Implementation of the General Plan policies also require the adoption of ordinances to establish programs such as historic sites, housing, area improvement financing, areas of natural beauty and the like. Although fifteen years have elapsed since the adoption of the County's planning program all of the major components have yet to be put in place. Furthermore, the planning process must be viewed as a continuous non-linear and dynamic process instead of a static and linear one. Unanticipated opportunities as well as unexpected delays necessitate adjustments to programs, standards, and policies. Nevertheless, standard procedures must be followed to insure implementation in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. The following procedures shall be required to provide the necessary guidance: The General Plan, and any comprehensive review, should be widely distributed for review, discussion, and comments. Input from community organizations shall be solicited to assist and advise the Planning Department, Planning Commission and Council. The Planning Commission shall hold public hearings in the principal communities throughout the County. After the completion of the public hearings for the revision program, the Planning Commission can suggest modifications to the Planning Director and/or submit the revised General Plan with recommendations to the Mayor for transmittal to the County Council. 10 Introduction After its deliberation, the Council shall adopt the revised General Plan ordinance as the official County of Hawaii policy. After the enactment of the revised General Plan Ordinance, the Planning Department shall prepare drafts of revisions to existing and proposed new ordinances to address any amendments to the Plan. These drafts shall be submitted to the Planning Commission for review and recommendations prior to transmittal to the Council for consideration and action. The County administration shall prepare a Capital Improvements Program which will insure that all County projects are in accord with the General Plan. The Capital Improvement Program budget shall be submitted to the Council for consideration and action. Federal and State agencies should be officially requested to recognize the General Plan and any amendments thereto, in the formulation and implementation of their projects and programs. Community Development plans and Urban Design Guidelines should be prepared or amended by the Planning Department for administrative purposes and adopted by resolution by the Planning Commission. These will show current and proposed public and private capital improvements and services, existing zoning, areas appropriate for allocative land use acreage and any other information which will assist the Planning Department and Commission to implement the General Plan. The General Plan for the County of Hawaii should be thoroughly reviewed at intervals of not more than ten years. Land use acreage allocation should be reviewed at intervals of not more than five years. All review processes shall be a joint effort of the communities, residents, and the County government.] 11 Introduction COUNTY [TRENDS] PROFILE The County of Hawaii encompasses the island of Hawaii, which is the southeasternmost and largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. The land area of the County is approximately twice [that] the combined land area of all the other islands of the State. The island of Hawaii has a diverse climate, topography[,] and scenic beauty. Environments [range from] include dense tropical forests; majestic snowcapped mountains; active volcanoes; black, white, and green sand beaches; deeply eroded valleys; and large expanses of grazing land. Each [of the districts provide] district provides a variety of settings for human activity, land and resource utilization, or wilderness areas of minimal human intrusion. The County of Hawaii has expanded into new fields of industrv such as astronomy h~? h technoloev, renewable energy health and wellness agricultural and eco-tourism diversified agriculture and aauaculture. The County's continuing support of research and development in these emerging fields will ensure a promising future for the island's economv and its residents. Specific examples include the establishment of the Agricultural Research Center of the Pacific, conversion of the old sewer treatment plant near Puhi Bav in Hilo to an aauaculture facility, and the construction of an agricultural water system in Ka'u The County's overall economic outlook remains mixed due to the County's dependence on the condition of the State's economv. Since 1990 the State's economv has been in a period of decline. While there are opportunities for expansion into new and existing industries, external factors such as the world economv may have an impact on the County's future economv. Agriculture] Throughout the County's history. agriculture has played an important role in the County's economy [throughout its history]. In the late I700's, [Hawaii] Hawaii's agricultural industrv began by provisioning ships. During the 1800's, sugar production and cattle ranching emerged as leaders of the modern agricultural industry. These industries dominated the island's economy and social fabric well into the 1900s. The 1980's and 1990's saw the demise of sugar cultivation and the steady decline in cattle production These once dominant industries have been replaced by fully diversified agriculture including flowers and nursery products, coffee, macadamia nuts, tropical fruits vegetable crops orchards aauaculture, and forestry. Import replacement and expansion of export products and markets are increasing. The three leading agricultural industries within the County are flowers and nursery products, vegetables, and macadamia nuts Combined these three agricultural industries accounted for over 50 per cent of the total value of agricultural production in the County in 1997. When compared statewide the County of Hawaii produces 35 per cent of fresh vegetables 72 per cent of bananas 30 per cent of coffee 95 per cent of macadamia nuts and 51 per cent of flowers and nursery products Agriculture's future remains favorable with the strong diversification and development of new export protocol and technoloev. Sugar, ranching and diversified agriculture continues to be an integral part of the County's economy. Commercial growing of nearly every tropical and semi-tropical product have been 12 Introduction attempted here. From early experiments, the coffee, macadamia nut, papaya, and cut flower industries have emerged. Experimentation with new agricultural products will continue to contribute to the island's agricultural economic base. In addition, many of the County's manufacturing concerns are closely associated with agricultural activities.] Within the past [twenty-five] forty years, tourism has emerged as the primary economic activity on the island. Much of the economic growth experienced during this period can be linked with the expansion of the visitor industry. Both the statewide and local economies have been faced with an economic downturn since 1990. Visitor arrivals to the island creaked in 1991 at 1,189.000 and subsequently declined to a low of 1079 000 in 1994 before rebounding to 1,286.000 in 1998. The mainland economic recession of the early 1990's and the Asian economic crisis in 1997 significantly impacted Hawaii's visitor industrv These events emphasized the dependency of the local economy upon the visitor industrv and its vulnerability to external influences. While the tourist industrv is expected to continue growing, it has matured to a point where healthy growth will demand a reinvestment in the infrastructure supporting the visitor industrv. The County must continue to preserve protect and enhance the unique qualities of the Big Island and promote the island as a vacation and business destination to respond to growing competition from tourist destinations around the world. In 1970, just prior to the initial adoption of the General Plan, the population in the County of Hawaii numbered 63,468. The 1970 census count was the first to show an increase, albeit small, since 1930 Population in modern history] when the population peaked at 73,325 [during that year], largely as a result of the importation of labor for the sugar industry. The population decline between 1930 and the 1960s was primarily due to the increasing mechanization of the sugar plantation, limited job opportunities in other economic sectors, and the out_migration of residents. This decline was reversed during the 1960s with a modest growth of 2,140 residents between the 1960 and 1970 census. Since 1970, the County's population has continued to grow. The 1980 census registered an island-wide resident population of 92,053 people representing a growth of 28,585 residents or a 45 er cent increase over the 1970 census. The 1990 census revealed a resident population of 120,317 residents, or an increase of 31 per cent over the 1980 resident population [Estimates prepared by the Department of Planning and Economic Development suggest a population of 106,400 in 1985] The census registered 148.677 residents in 2000 a 24 per cent increase over the 1990 resident population. [These estimates represent the County's population approaching the island's native population in 1779 estimated to have been between 100,000 to 150,000.] The County anticipates that its resident popplation will grow at an annual rate of 1 95 per cent Lo 2005, 2.04 per cent between 2005 to 2010, and 2.1 per cent between 2010 and 2020 Proiected estimates for 2020 indicate an island resident population of 217 718 or an increase of 46 per cent over the estimated 2000 population of 148 677. Table 2 summarizes the growth in Hawaii County's job count, by industry, from 1970 to [1984.] 1997. [The data indicates a shift of employment from agriculture towards tourism and other service categories. While there have been substantial increases in non-agricultural categories, farm and agricultural employment have also increased, particularly in those districts which are not primarily dependant on the sugar industry. Another noticeable change is the 13 Introduction absolute decline in construction and manufacturing jobs between 1970 and 1984.] Since 1980, emplovment trends within the County have appeared to shift from the non-service industrv to the service industrv in iobs such as wholesale and retail trade finance hotels etc In 1980, the service industries accounted for approximately 61 per cent of the private industrv workforce and 49 per cent of the total waves earned By 1997 the service industries have dominated the private industrv accounting for 79 per cent of the workforce and 74 per cent of the total wanes earned. This growth in the service industrv is mainly attributable to the growth in the County's tourism sector. The value of sugar, diversified agriculture and construction output increased during the 1970x. These increases together with net gains in the travel industry provided support for a period of unprecedented growth in employment and population in Hawaii County. Hawaii County's employment expanded at an average rate of 3.4 percent annually since 1970 as compared to 2.3 percent between 1960 and 1970. The County added a total of 16,050 new employees since 1970. Since 1970, statewide employment increased at an average rate of 2.8 percent or more than 10,000 new jobs annually, compared to an average rate of 3 percent and about 6,500 jobs added annually during the previous decade.] Employment within the Countv in 1980 totaled 40,850 on a population base of 92 053 residents In 1990 emplovment increased to 55,200 on a population base of 120 317 representing a 3 OS per cent and 2 71 per cent annual compounded increase, respectively. The 2000 census showed a population of 148 677 and an emplovment base of 69,937. For the year 2020 the Planning Department anticipates a population of 217,718 with an emplovment base of 106 492. Average annual emplovment growth rates are anticipated at 2.05 per cent between 1999 and 2005 2 11 per cent between 2005 and 2010, and 2.16 per cent between 2010 and 2020 These emplovment proiections are below the robust 3.05 per cent average annual emplovment growth rates during the 1980s but above the 1.61 per cent average annual growth rate during the 1990s Unemployment rates for the County of Hawaii dropped drastically from 1980 (6 2 per cent) to 1990 (3.8 per cent) due to the strong economy during this period. As the County entered the economic downturn that extended throughout the 1990s its unemployment rate increased to 10.2 per cent by 1997. Per capita income during these same periods also saw a corresponding strong increase during the 1980s and a decline in growth during the 1990x. 14 Introduction Table 1. P~ulation Hawaii County [1930 - 1985] 1930-2000 Change from Previous Census Year Population Change in F'apnlatian P-eruentage 1930 73,325 N/A N/A 1940 73,276 - 49 -0.1% 1950 68,350 -4,916 - 6.7% 1960 61,332 -7,018 - 10.3% 1970 63,468 2,136 3.5% 1980 92,053 28,585 [31.1] 45.0% [ 1985 106,400 14,347 15.6%] 1990 120.317 2264 30.7% 2000 ]48.677* 28,360* 23.6% * U.S. Census. 200(1 15 Introduction Table 2. Job Count By Indust 1970-[1984] 1997 [1970 % of 1984 % of % Change Total Total 1970-84 Convact Construction 1,670 5.72% 1,150 2.72% - 31.14% Manufacturing 2,990 10.24% 2,800 6.62% - 6.35% Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% - 16.67% Non-durable goods 2,870 9.83% 2,700 6.38% - 5.92% Food Processing 2,350 8.05% 2,350 5.56% 0.00% Transportation, Commercial, and Utilities 1,400 4.80% 1,950 4.6]% 39.29% Trade 5,110 17.51% 8,250 19.50% 61.45% Wholesale 1,260 4.32% 1,450 3.43% 15.08% Retail 3,850 13.19% 6,800 16.08% 76.62% Finance, Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1,350 3.19% 5 L69% Services & Miscellaneous 3,760 12.88% 8.100 19.15% 115.43% Hotels 1,750 6.00% 3,800 8.98% 117.14% Other Services & Misc. 2,010 6.89% 4,300 10.17% I (3.93% Government 4,370 14.97% 6,700 15.84% 53.32% Federal 360 1.23% 600 1.42% 66.67% Slate 2,950 10.11% 4,350 10.28% 47.46% Local 1,060 3.63% 1,750 4.14% 65.09% Agriculture 5,830 19.97% 6,2(10 14.66% 6.35%a Sugar 1,900 6.51% 1,350 3.19% - 28.95% Self-Employed 2,280 7.81% 2,400 5.67% 5.26% Other 1,700 5.82% 2,400 5.67% 41.18% Total Non-Ag. Wage & Sal. 20,]90 69.]7% 33,200 78.49% 64.44% Total Non-Ag. Self Emp. 3,170 10.86% 2,900 6.86% - 8.52% Total Self-Employed 4,360 14.94% 5,300 12.53% 21.56% TOTAL JOBS 29,190 42,300 44.91%] 16 Invoduction % of % of % of % Chanee 1970 1984 1997 Total Total Total 1970-97 Contract Construction 1y70 5.72% 1~ 2.72% 3~ 7.33 %a 128.14% Manufacturine 2y990 10.24% 2800 6.62% 1,920 3.70% - 35.79% Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% 210 0.40% 75.00% Non-durable eoods 2870 9.83% 2_,700 6.38% 390 0.75% - 86.41% Food Processing 2350 8.05% 2,350 5.56% 1320 2.54% - 43.83% Transportation. Commercial. IL q,g0% 1950 4.61% 3_,260 6.28% 132.86% And Utilities - Trade 5110 17.51% 8_,250 19.50% 11810 28.51% 159.82% Wholesale 1_,260 4.32% 1.450 3.43% 2,370 4.56% 88.10% Retail 3150 13.19% 6,,800 16.08% 1440 23.95% 223.12% Finance. Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1350 3.19% 2_,740 5.27% 207.87% Services & Miscellaneous 3~ 12.88% 8~ 19.15% 1090 30.97% 327.93% Hotels h 6.00% 3,800 8.98% 6980 13.44% 298.86% Other Services & Misc. 2_.010 6.89010 4i 10.17% 9110 17.54% 353.23% Government 4_,370 14.97% 6_,700 15.84% 9_,440 18.17% 116.02% Federal 360 1.23% 600 1.42% 650 1.25% 80.56% State 2i 10.11% 4,,350 10.28% 6530 12.57% 121.36% Local 1060 3.63% 1_,750 4.14% 2,260 4.35% 113.21% Agriculture 5530 19.97% 62(10 14.66% 4y950 9.53% - 15.09% Suear 1900 6.51% 1.350 3.19% 0 0.00% -100.00% Self-Emoloved 2i 7.81% 2,400 5.67% 1_,800 3.46% - 21.05% Other 1700 5.82% 2_,400 5.67% 3150 6.06% 85.29% Total Non-Ae. Wage & Sal. 20,190 69.17% 33.200 78.49% 4450 95.19% 144.92% Total Non-Ag. Self Emo. 3170 10.86% 2900 6.86% N/A N/A N/A Total Self-Emoloved 4360 14.94 5300 12.53% N/A N/A N/A TOTAL.IOBS 2y 4~30U Sy ~ 77.97% Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 State Department of Agriculture Statistics. 1997 N/A -not available 17 Introduction STATEMENT OF ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions were the basis by which the General Plan was developed• • Agriculture Since the mid-1980s. the Countv of Hawaii has seen a dramatic shift in its agricultural emplovment profile. The sugar industrv was the island's most significant economic contributor from the mid-1800s to its peak production year of 1983. Since 1983 the sugar industrv steadily declined until its ultimate demise in 1997 with the closure of the last sugar operation in Ka'u The island of Hawaii has since established itself as the center of diversified a riculture production, research, and education in the State Hawaii's new agriculture industrv is characterized by a few large operations such as agroforestrv and ranching along with manv smaller family-owned farms that produce a multitude of high puality fresh and processed products for local and export markets. Agricultural emplovment will increase significantly as former sugarcane lands are brought into production with import replacement export and value added crops and products Additional emplovment will be derived from expanding agrotourism enterprises The expansion of the industrv will be facilitated by the establishment of a new air cargo distribution center and post-harvest processing facilities that will allow for significant increases in the volume and types of products exported to the continental United States and foreign countries. Agricultural research and education will be greatly enhanced. • Tourism The Countv will continue to pursue the development of a strong multi-market base for the visitor industrv that includes direct oversea flights to Kona growth of the cruise shin industrv strong resort-based emplovment centers and integrated product development for local products that can generate a healthy small business economic base. The County's visitor industrv will continue to successfully grow and expand Likewise emplovment in the visitor industrv and its related industries will continue to grow. • Other Basic Industries There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aguaculture, astronomy, renewable energy research and development and special events such as cultural festivals and athletic events. 18 Introduction EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION PROJECTIONS The County's General Plan is a policy document [which] that sets forth [guidelines] the direction for future activities [in] on the island of Hawaii for the next few decades. In order to plan for the future, it is necessary to understand both historical [trends] and future trends related to the number of residents and visitors to be served and the kinds of facilities and resources needed to fulfill their needs. In traditional public planning efforts, entire plans have been based on the achievement of the projected levels of population. In many of these cases, where population numbers are goals, plans become obsolete when the projected number of residents is not achieved or is sutpassed. Thus, the population projections presented within the General Plan are not intended to be used as goals. Rather, this General Plan effort uses the projected levels of population as a guideline in land use planning. The projections represent what could reasonably be expected to occur in the future. The goals, policies, standards, and recommendations of this plan are intended to be flexible enough to [cope with] accommodate population levels below or above the projections stated in this section. Employment and population projections for the County of Hawaii were developed through the analysis of relationships between economic activity, employment, and population. The analytical approach used entails the forecasting of employment in basic industries and the relationship that changes in employment have [relative to] upon population. [An econometric model was developed and utilized to project total employment and population.] Basic industries which receive] Primary Income Generators are those industries that generate income from outside the County. They are assumed to be the foundation of the local economy and the key to the development of the island. [Industries which are considered basic are] Primary Income Generators include agriculture, tourism, the manufacturing of export products, and research and development. These Primary Income Generators. in turn, "drive" the secondary industries or those enterprises that service the Primary Income Generators or the local copulation and includes wholesaling, retailing and services. The Primary Income Generators determine the long-run pattern of population and income growth for the County Secondary industries are those enterprises which service basic industries and/or population. Retail and wholesale trade, bakeries, utilities, financial institutions, and local government are examples of industries in this category. Three sets of projections were developed for the comprehensive review program, Series A, B, and C. The major variables in each of these projections [was] were the rate of growth of the visitor industry[.], the construction of the proposed State prison, the expansion of the University of Hawaii at Hilo, and the utilization of apost-harvest treatment facility for export agricultural products. [Plans for resort complexes and other factors were considered in the forecast of hotel rooms.] It should [again] be emphasized that the projections are not statements of goals. The population proiections, and the strength of the correlation between primary economic generators and population growth, must be viewed with caution. The 1989 General Plan contained a similar set of economic and copulation proiections. Visitor 19 Introduction arrivals from 1990-2000, a primarv economic generator crew far less than proiected The 1989 "Serves A" proiected a 35 per cent growth in westbound visitor arrivals in the 1990 2_000 pertod: the actual number barely increased Agriculture the other major primarv economic sector, lost tobs because of the loss of the sugar industrv During the same time pertod, the county's population Brew about 24 per cent just slightly less than the 1989 Series A protection of 27 per cent It appears that there has been substantial population growth not driven by economic opportunities in the primarv industries This may be due to in migration of people seeking other amenities such as a clean environment and rural lifestyle Series A Series A is the most conservative projection. It assumes [the demise of the sugar industry and modest expansion] a 1 per cent annual growth rate in the visitor industry. [The overall 1985-2005 rate of growth for Series A of 2.0 % per annum is less than the 2.9% rate of growth of employment in the County during the last five yeazs.] It also assumes that the proposed State prison will not be constructed, job Growth at the University of Hawaii at Hilo will be limited to 16 positions per year, and the papaya industrv will grow at an annual rate of 1 per cent Without the construction of the proposed State prison on the island 2000 construction lobs over three years and approximately 1,000 permanent jobs to run the facility will not be realized. SERIES A POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS. HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [200512020 [Resident Westbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ Total Visitor Population Visitors to 70% 50% Units County 1985 106000 837000 4100 2000 6100 1990 122000 1096000 5300 2400 7700 1995 138000 1337000 6400 3000 9400 2000 155000 1485000 7100 3400 10500 2005 173000 1553000 7600 3600 11200] 20 Introduction Resident Total Visitors to Hotel Room Population County Inventory 1985 105,900 760,000 7x511 1990 120,317 1,171,000 8952 1995 137,290 1,084,000 9 75 2000 148,677 1,231,700 10,041 2005 159,397 1,283,700 10,503 2010 175,388 1,364,600 10,877 2015 193,118 1,434,200 11,177 2020 213,452 1,507,400 11,421 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii ianuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-(200512020 [PRIP?IARY SEC~CORS Hotel Su ar Div A New Total Total B B Ind Primary Secondary Total Jobs 1985 3900 2600 6500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800 1990 4700 1200 6700 100 12,700 34,200 46,900 1995 5700 0 7300 300 13,300 38,400 51,700 2000 6400 0 7800 300 14,500 43,300 57,800 2005 6800 J 0 i 8400 ~ 300 15,500 48,300 63,800] 21 Introduction PRIN[ARY SECTORS Hotel Agriculture Manufacture New Total Total Total Services Industries Primary Secondary ,lobs 1985 33950 53650 23800 0 12,400 30,000 42,400 1990 63250 53700 23300 0 14,250 42,736 56,986 1995 5_,550 43850 13750 0 12,150 39,800 51,950 2000 6_,620 53103 13650 356 13,729 56,154 69,883 2005 63.936 53358 13650 517 14.461 62,349 76,810 2010 73295 53665 13650 690 15,300 69,338 84,638 2015 73636 63135 13650 774 16,195 77,089 93.284 2020 73969 6969 13650 870 17,458 85,992 103,450 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. lanuarv 2000 Series B Series B projections were developed as a medium series. These projections represent a moderate Growth rate [lie] between Series A and C. [Sugar employment is maintained and the] The overall per annum employment growth rate anticipated in Series B [is approximately 3.7%.] ranges between 2 per cent and 2.2 per cent. It also assumes a modest 2 per cent annual growth rate for visitor arrivals compared to a historical growth rate of 1 45 per cent between the vears 1977 and 1998. This projection also assumes that an additiona170 new positions will be created at the University of Hawaii at Hilo to accommodate the additional 1,000 students expected to be enrolled within the next ten vears Finally the establishment of the Hilo Call Center will ultimately create an additional 300 new jobs SERIES B POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS. HAWAII COUNTY 1985 - [20051 2020 [Resident ~'i'estbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ Total Visitor Population Visitors to 70% 50% Units County 1985 106,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100 1990 124,000 1,096,000 5,600 2,600 8,200 1995 148,000 1,396,000 8,600 4,000 12,600 2000 180,000 1,713,000 11,900 5,600 17,500 2005 217,000 1,800,000 13,900 6,400 20,300] 22 Introduction Resident Population Total Visitors to Hotel Room Coun Inventory 1985 105.900 760.000 73511 1990 120,317 1,171,000 83952 1995 137,290 1,084,000 93575 2000 148,677 1,265,700 10,041 2005 159,908 1,401,800 10,513 2010 176,937 1,551,100 10,892 2015 195,965 1,712,500 11,200 2020 217,718 1,890,700 11,452 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, .lanuarv 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- (200512020 [PRIPv1ARY SEC'I['ORS Hotel Sugaz Div Ag New Ind primary Secondary Total Jobs 1985 3,900 2,600 6,500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800 1990 5,000 2,100 6,700 300 14,100 34,900 49,000 1995 7,700 2,100 7,300 500 17,600 43,700 61,300 2000 10,600 2,100 9,800 500 23,000 53,000 76,000 2005 12,400 2,000 8,400 500 23,300 65,700 89,000] 23 Introduction PRIN[ARY SECTORS Hotel Aericulture Manufacture New Total Total Total Services Industries Primary Secondary ,L 1985 3950 5650 2800 0 12,400 30,000 42,400 1990 6250 5700 2300 0 14,250 42,736 56,986 1995 5,550 4_,850 1750 0 12,150 39,800 51,950 2000 X642 51103 11650 356 13,751 56,186 69,937 2005 7014 5358 1650 607 14,629 62,797 77,426 2010 7417 5,665 1650 870 15,602 70,359 85,961 2015 7819 6135 1650 954 16,558 78,865 95,423 2020 8221 6969 1650 1050 17,890 88,602 106,492 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. ianuarv 2000 Series C Series C [is an optimistic outlook of the County's future. It is assumed that 17,800 hotel rooms plus additional condominium units will be built in the County by 2005. The average annual growth rate of employment in Series C is 4.7%.] proiects a more rapid erowth. It assumes that visitor erowth rates are in the 3 per cent-plus ranee as compared to the Series B assumption of a 2 per cent erowth rate The construction of the proposed State orison will generate 2,000 construction iobs over three veers and 1 000 permanent iobs to support the facility This proiection also assumes that the papaya industry will grow at 4 per cent rather than 2 per cent, because of the utilization of apost-harvest treatment facility SERIES C POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- (20051 2020 [Resident Westbound Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ Total Visitor Population Visi[orsto 70% 50% Units County 1985 106,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100 1990 129,000 1,242,000 8,600 4,000 12,600 1995 167,000 1,500,000 12,200 5,800 18,000 2000 212,000 1,664,000 15,000 7,000 22,000 2005 258,000 1,973,000 17,800 8,400 26,200] 24 Introduction Resident Total Visitors to Hotel Room Population Countv Inventory 1985 105,900 760,000 7 1990 120,317 1,171,000 8952 1995 137,290 1,084,000 9575 2000 148,677 1,278,700 10,041 2005 166,576 1,489,900 10,519 2010 188,031 1,729,200 10,906 2015 211.357 2,004,600 11,223 2020 237,323 2,323,900 11,487 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii.. anuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY. 1985- (20051 2020 [PRIP?IARY SEC"ll'ORS Hotel Sugar Div Ag New Ind pTt ary Secontdary Total Jobs 1985 3,900 2,600 6,500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800 1990 7,700 2,100 8,000 300 18,100 39,900 58,000 1995 11,000 2,100 9,400 500 23,000 53,900 76,900 2000 13,500 2,100 9,500 500 25,600 66,400 92,000 2005 16,000 2,000 9,600 500 28,100 79,700 107,800] 25 Introduction PRIN[ARY SECTORS Hotel Aericulture Manufacture New Total Total Total Services Industries Primary Secondary obs 1985 31950 Si 2i ~ 12,400 30,000 42,400 1990 6250 51700 21300 0 14,250 42,736 56,986 1995 51_550 41850 1_,750 0 12,150 39,800 51,950 2000 6_,651 51126 1_,650 356 13,783 56,205 69,988 2005 71071 51.420 11650 11607 15,748 65,784 81532 2010 71534 51797 11650 1_,870 16,851 75,466 92,317 2015 81010 61280 11650 1_,954 17,894 86,087 103,981 2020 81506 7y146 11650 21050 19,352 97,954 117,306 Fcconomic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..ianuarv 20011 [The economic activity experienced by the County over the past five years reflects growth in the County's population and employment. The projections indicate that there will be heavier dependencies on tourism.] Economic activity within the County is anticipated to Grow at a moderate rate with a continuing although declining dependency upon the tourism industry [At present 9.1%] In 2000, approximately 9.3 per cent of the County's employees [work] were employed by [in] hotels. By [2005] 2~ hotel workers may account for employment in the total workforce ranging from [10.7%] 7.7 per cent in Series A to [14.8%] 7.3 per cent in Series C. Population Distribution From the estimates of the islandwide resident population, other estimates have been made [which attempt] to project the distribution of population over the districts of the island. These are not intended to be included as population achievement levels for the districts, nor as firm statements or descriptions of future conditions. They are based on assumptions of potential employment growth rates described in the previous islandwide employment and population estimates, past district growth trends, and trends in the distribution of population [over] on the island. 26 Introduction District Resident Population Distribution Year [2005] 2020 [Series A B C Puna 39,790 49,910 59,340 S. Hilo 44,115 55,335 65,790 N. Hilo 1,211 1,519 1,806 Hamakua 5,363 6,721 7,998 N. Kohala 5,363 6,721 7,998 S. Kohala 19,203 24,087 28,638 N. Kona 43,250 54,250 64,500 S. Kona 10,899 13,671 16,254 Ka'u 3,806 4,774 5,676] A B C Puna 57,105 58,246 63.491 S. Hilo 48,815 49,791 54,274 N. Hilo 1842 1x879 2048 Hamakua 7184 7328 7988 N. Kohala 11,053 11,273 12,289 S. Kohala 23,947 24,426 26,625 N. Kona 41,447 42,275 46,082 S. Kona 13,816 14.092 15,361 Ka'u 8243 8i 9i Total 213.452 217,718 237,323 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..ianuarv 2000 27 Introduction ECONONIIC INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The development of sound public policy requires an understanding of the economic factors affecting the planning area or region. Such factors are largely responsible for growth or lack of growth, and any planning effort which does not take them into account cannot be very effective. In varying degrees the other elements of the planning process are affected by the local economy. [The existence of population in any given azea is based in part on economic reasons.] Population usually settles, expands or declines within a eiven area in some correlation to economic opportunities or the lack of them. Besides affecting the number and density of population, economic activity has a direct bearing on income level, which to a certain extent determines the standard of living of the individual. Different types of employment influence the social character of communities. The size and character of [the population in turn] a community will define its [needs] need for housing, transportation, public utilities and facilities, special combinations of land use, recreation, and [so forth.] other forms of public and social services and facilities. Economic studies are thus one of the necessary first steps in developing plans for public and private actions. Government has a responsibility to identify, understand, forecast, protect and promote local economic sectors and to balance economic growth with desired environmental, social and other objectives of the [host] community. Government has many policy instruments available to influence and guide developments, investment, and operation of private and public interests. The economy, however, should not be considered as the [only goal] primary focus of the General Plan. The planning process is geared towazds the achievement of a higher quality of life for the residents of the County. Working towards the goals, policies, and standards of [this] the economic element are only one aspect of accomplishing this desired end. The [Island] island offers several amenities conducive for economic growth. Many of these are natural amenities such as a favorable and equitable climate, scenic vistas, high mountains, deep [oceans,] ocean, active volcanoes, large land azeas, and an environment [fairly] Generally free of pollution. Despite these amenities, there have been a number of problems that [tended to retard or limit growth on] have limited the erowth of the island. Most imported goods [have to] must be [transhipped] transshipped through Honolulu. The distances from the population [center] centers of Honolulu, the mainland, and other maior markets have limited the growth of export products from the Big Island. [With the exception of sugaz, only products] Products [which] that are unique and/or have high value (such as macadamia nuts. flowers and nursery products, coffee, and papaya) [are] have been successfully exported such as macadamia nuts, flowers, coffee, and papaya. 28 Economic As the [island of Hawaii's) Countv's population and its tourism industrv [grows] grow larger and the export volume increases, more favorable rates on overseas carriers may be instituted. The relatively small population in the State, coupled with the distance to mainland markets, creates a disadvantage for local businessmen. [This situation is commonly called a "pocket market". J The size of the State's population does not allow for efficient operations, and when exportation is considered in order to expand [the] a particular market, the entrepreneur is faced with high transportation costs. [Physical catastrophies,] Natural disasters, such as tsunamis, volcanic activity, flooding, and droughts, [have also retarded growth on the island.] are events that have and continue to shape the economic development on this island For example while volcanic activity has destroyed homes and historic features, it is also the County's largest single tourist attraction. In addition to actual physical damage, the fear of the recurrence of natural hazards [presented] presents a psychological barrier for investment. Measures to protect life and property have been planned and instituted throughout the County. Further [control] hazard mitigation measures are reported in this plan. The economy of [Hawaii] the County has experienced significant changes over the past [two] three decades[.] since the adoption of the County's first comprehensive General Plan in 197E [While agriculture remains an important part of the County's economy, it has been eclipsed by tourism as the primary contributor to the County's economy. Despite these changes, most of the communities maintain a rural character.] Sugar cultivation was the leading agricultural activity during the 1970s and early 1980s. The latter half of the 1980s and throughout the 1990s saw the decline and eventual demise of the sugar industrv on this island. Tourism replaced sugar as the County's primary economic generator during the mid-1980s and saw its peak visitor arrival numbers in 1989. Since 1990 external factors such as the Asian economic crisis, the Persian Gulf War, and a brief economic downturn in the U.S. Mainland have contributed toward the State continuin in a protracted economic doldrum. Nevertheless the County was still successful in attracting several world-class events and saw the completion of several major projects including the opening of the 351- room Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel and the 243-room Hualalai Resort the start of direct national and international flights to Kona, the filming of the movie Waterworld and the arrival of the PGA Seniors MasterCard Tournament of Champions at the Hualalai Resort and Golf Course. Agriculture [With sugar as its leader, agriculture] Agriculture currently constitutes a major economic sector of the island of Hawaii. Including processing, the agricultural industry accounts for about [ ] 0 percent] 9.5 per cent of the island's employment. [Besides sugar cultivation and processing, local] Local agricultural pursuits [consist ofJ include the raising of cattle and other livestock, the 29 Economic growing of coffee, macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers and nursery products, vegetables, aauaculture, forestrv and several processing plants [which] that utilize locally grown products. [Agribusiness is basically conducted on two levels. On one end of the spectrum are the three sugar plantations which account for a large percentage of agricultural employment. At the other end are the small, family-operated farms and ranches. The latter accounts for about three-fourths of the people engaged in agriculture.] Some large corporate agricultural ventures such as macadamia nut plantations operate on the island However diversification of the industry has led to smaller operations producing an ever increasing array of fresh vegetables fruits forestrv and aauaculture products Hawaii County accounts for approximately one-third of the ~sugarJ fresh vegetables produced in the State of Hawaii, over half of the beef consumed, [all] one-third of the coffee grown, most of the macadamia nuts, and varying percentages of the other crops and livestock. The total value of agricultural [marketings rose 181 percent from 1970 to 1984, in part a result of higher prices.] marketing declined approximately 20 per cent between 1985 and 1997 The number of farms and livestock operations during this same period increased from [2,500 to] 2,650 [in the same period.] to 3,319 operations. Acreage in farms, however, declined [15 percent during the 1970 - 1984 period.] 57 per cent between 1985 and 1997. [Diversified agriculture (non-sugar, non-pineapple)] Agriculture has shown substantial growth on the island [of Hawaii). The island accounted for [56 percent] 55 per cent of the [diversified] crops in the State in [1984] 1997 while livestock on the island accounted for [27 percent] 18 per cent of the State total. [These shares have remained relatively constant since 1970. The island's total diversified agricultural sales total has risen by 271 percent between 1970 and 1984.) While the County's share of statewide agriculture production has remained relatively constant its livestock production has been steadily declining since peaking in the late 1980s Much of this decline can be attributed to the closing of all feedlots within the State by 1993 due to the high cost of importing feed. Approximately 90 per cent of all beef cattle are now exported to mainland feedlots to be "grain-finished" before slaughter New ventures in forestrv and aauaculture have expanded opportunities and show promise for the future One of the most pressing problems faced by today's agricultural industries is their ability to attract labor. Agriculture is facing increasing competition for labor from other sectors of the economy, such as the [rapidly expanding) visitor, retail and construction industries. There is also a demand for a greater number of personnel with technical and professional agricultural training. A related problem is the housing shortage [which is found throughout the island.] for both minimum wage and seasonal labor. Competition from urban [forces) uses for agricultural lands has intensified. The protection of [prime] important agricultural lands, however, has long been a policy of the County [of Hawaii]. The [pocket market situation and transportation difficulties mentioned earlier in this section ]relatively small population of the State and its isolation from overseas markets are limiting factors for the production of agricultural products for local consumption and export. 30 Economic The State Department of Agriculture, the Department of [Planning and] Business, Economic Development[,] and Tourism, the University of Hawaii the] College of Tropical Agriculture, and the County have programs to assist the industry. The opportunities for the expansion of agriculture on the Big Island seem to be immense. The demand for fresh, locally grown products continues to Brow as restaurants grocery stores and hotels seek the highest quality products for their guests Export products grown mostly on the Big Island, such as coffee, papaya, macadamia nuts, and flowers, [have expanded rapidly over recent years.] also continue to expand. These commodities and others, such as ginger, guava and other tropical fruits, have potential for growth. There are also new high value crops which have the potential to be successfully cultivated [here]. One such high value crop is Kava (Awal, a medicinal plant which has the potential to be a viable cash crop Locally small growers as well as a few large erowers are producing Kava Vanilla bean cacao nutraceuticals. hard wood forestry products and medicinal plants are other types of high value crops that hold much promise for grawth. The expansion of the agriculture industrv can also be measured by the success of overcoming some of the restrictive governmental regulations that prevent many locally grown products from being exported to domestic or foreign markets Concerns regarding the transmission of plant pests and diseases during export have or could be adequately addressed by current treatment or processing technologies. The development of new protocol and processing facilities for quarantine treatment will assure the further expansion of the agricultural industrv. [With the introduction of intensified pasture management and a feed lot operation located on the island coupled with changes in consumer patterns, there is also a potential for cattle ranching expanding.] In order for Hawaii's cattle industrv to strengthen new techniques need to be developed for raising forage-finished cattle to compete in the marketplace with grain-finished cattle. Hawaii cattle will then be able to finish grazing on island pastures and remain for consumption within local markets Local producers also need to find new venues such as processed meats and are-fabricated meals to market locally raised cattle By creating a market niche for forage-finished beef, ranchers will be able to keep cattle in Hawaii, increasing production weights and revenues for the State economy Forestry As one of the most heavily traded commodities on the global market and the tenth largest industrv sector in the world, forest products grown in Hawaii may be able to capitalize on its central Pacific location, excellent growing climate and the availability of vast expanses of former sugar lands. Hawaii's growth rates for forest products are among the fastest in the world. As a result, at least 24,000 acres are now being cultivated for eucalyptus production, with thousands of additional acres being planned. Dozens of landowners within the County are currently involved with the commercial production of forest products. both eucalyptus and higher value hardwoods such as toon maple and koa A 1981 State Division of Forestry and Wildlife study identified approximately 80 000 acres 31 Economic of former suearcane land as ideal for the establishment of a forest plantation An additional 100,000 acres of pasture and brush lands were identified for loneer-rotation forest plantations. The study concluded that there are ample lands available on the island to establish a forest plantation industry. Fishin and Aquaculture Fishing and aquacultural activities are also basic economic sectors. The commercial fishing industry on the island accounted for [$3.7 million in 1984.] $6,100,000 in 1997 and remains the second lareest commercial fishine producer in the State The County's commercial fishine industry has shown a stable catch and poundaee sold durinG the past five years ending in 1998. This stability in the local fishine industry is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. [Fishing has long been a part of the island's economy while aquaculture has shown renewed emphasis only in recent times. This industry remains in its infancy with only a few operators. Recent activities at Keahole may hold promise for significant future expansion.] The deep cold coastal waters off Keahole Point are nutrient rich and pathogen free. [Experiments with the water have proven successful growing media for a variety of marine products.] The Natural Enerev Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHAI is a State- funded facility located on 870 acres of land at Keahole North Kona The facility provides support for various research, commercial and educational proerams that seek to locate at the Natural Enerev Laboratory of Hawaii Authority project site to take advantaee of its unique resources, includine its cold, nutrient-rich ocean waters and hieh solar insolation MicroalGae, lobsters, abalone, ornamental fish and other sea veeetables and animals are grown at Natural Enerev Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. The Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resource Center is a joint effort by the University of Hawaii at Hilo, the County, State and the Keaukaha Hawaiian Homelands Community Association to establish a research and trainine facility in Hilo for local aquaculture farmers and university students. The center has the capacity to create water of any salinity or temperature necessary to raise fish. Operation of this center is expected to Generate approximately $650,000 annually to the local economy Value added benefits are expected to add another $3,000,000. Aquaculture operations County-wide have Brown from eieht operations in 1982 to forty-three in 1996. During this same period. annual revenues have Brown from $90 600 to $13,200,000. The County accounts for 37 per cent of the total aquaculture operations within the State but accounts for over 80 per cent of the total production and over 84 oer cent of the production value While most of the production from aquaculture farms is now sold locally, there are laree markets overseas that these producers would like to tap To assist the export of products overseas the State has an Aquaculture Development Proeram (ADP). This oreanization provides a variety of support services to the aquaculture industry, such as information dissemination. business counseline marketine animal health manaeement, and research and development fundine. The key to the future erowth and 32 Economic success of the aquaculture industrv in the Countv is the ability of Natural Energv Laboratory of Hawaii Authority to obtain funding to increase the flow of deep sea water to its facilities and tenants and the expansion of its support facilities These improvements will encourage longer residency at the facility by its current tenants as well as attract additional projects. The Federal government has shown its support of Hawaii's aauaculture industrv by approving $9,000,000 for Hawaii aauaculture initiative in iuly 1997 of which $1 600 000 has been appropriated for Tropical Aguaculture Research In addition the venture capital partnership HMS Hawaii Management Partners announced in December 1998 their commitment to contribute up to $10 000 000 to help island entrepreneurs finance their aquaculture operations. Manufacturing ~ Manufacturing or processing activities in the County of Hawaii have mainly been related to the agricultural industry. About 50 percent of the employees in the manufacturing sector are involved in the processing of sugar. Other forms of manufacturing associated with agriculture include the processing of macadamia nuts, the production ofjams and jellies, and preserved vegetables. The food processing enterprises, excluding sugar processing, accounted for approximately 700 employees in 1984, 30 percent of the total manufacturing employment.] Congress recently funded construction and committed to staffing the USDA's ARS (Agricultural Resource Services) Pacific Basin Agricultural Resource Center in Hilo The purpose of the facility is to improve the well-being of Hawaii and the Pacific Basin by strengthening the agricultural sectors fortifying small farm profitability and sustainability by increasing efficiency of farming practices identification of preservation and improvement of germplasm adapted to island environments the development of pest controls and post-harvest technology, and increasing the value of products through the development of value added processing. Other manufacturing activities are service-oriented, such as bakeries, printing and iron works. These operations are usually located close to population centers or transportation facilities. Visitor Industry The visitor industry has become the County's major economic activity in the past decade. The number of westbound visitors to the island of Hawaii in 1970 was 446,400. By 1984, the count showed 760,900 visitors. The hotel inventory during the same period grew from 3,200 to 6,944 rooms. Employment in hotels, services, and trade also experienced similar increases.] Tourism became the primary economic generator in the Countv during the 1980s From 1982 to 1990, visitor arrivals grew at an average annual rate of 5 66 per cent Visitor arrivals started to decline in 1991 due to recessions in the United States and Tapan and the advent of the Persian Gulf War. These external events impacted visitor arrivals until 1996 when direct flights from .Tapan to Kona International Airport at Keahole were initiated In 33 Economic the eight years ending in 1998, the annual visitor arrival growth rate was 1 18 per cent much less than the previous eight years. The growth of Hawaii County in terms of employment, population, income and economic activity during recent years has been more closely tied to the visitor industry than any other sector of the economy. Employment opportunities spurred by the growth of this industry has been the catalyst for economic growth in the County. As tourism became the primary economic generator during the 1980s, a shift in employment from the non-service to the service industry sector was evident. In 1980, the service industry accounted for approximately 60.6 per cent of average employment rising to 713 per cent in 1990 and 78 5 per cent in 1997. The County experienced the largest erowth in hotel job count statewide with an average annual growth rate of 5.2 per cent between 1981 and 1997 The principal visitor destination area of the Big Island is the South Kohala-North Kona region in West Hawaii. The single most populaz attraction is Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. [There is] The island continues to attract substantial investor interest in the visitor industry [on the island of Hawaii. To date, over one billion dollars of planned construction of resort-residential complexes have been announced in addition to the substantial investment already in place. Most of these plans are for the Kohala-Kona coastal areas. Resort developments have also been announced for the district of Ka'u. By and large the west side of the island has dominated the visitor market and this trend is expected to continue into the future]. Various resort and resort-residential complexes are currently under construction or are planned for construction in the near future. Most of these developments are concentrated in West Hawaii in the Kohala and Kona Districts, which will continue to accommodate the majority of the visitor market within the County Visitor accommodation units within the County totaled 9,655 units in 1998, up from 8,952 units in 1990. Bed and breakfast units although not a significant part of the total visitor unit count have been the fastest growing segment of the industry, growing from 55 units in 1990 to 171 units in 1998 Historically the County records the lowest visitor unit occupancy rates of all the major Hawaiian islands. Only in 1998 did the County's occupancy rate finally surpass that of Kauai Continued investor interest in resort and resort-residential development in the County suggests an economic future that promises newjobs and more commercial, recreational, and cultural activities. Along with these promises of a "better" life is the realization that the visitor industry is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as the national economy. High quality development, however, seems less subject to these factors. The key to orderly growth lies in proper planning and controlled development. The cruise ship industry is a potential growth area for the County. In recent years the total number of visitors to the County from cruise ships has increased substantially from 124,000 in 1997 to 184,000 in 1998. Based on 1998 visitor counts cruise shin visitor annual expenditures are estimated to range from $16,000,000 to $23 000 000 Cruise shin visitors are expected to continue to increase in the future due to the recent resurgence and popularity of this industry along with the projected construction of additional cruise ships 34 Economic The County's natural beauty, historical and cultural attributes and its numerous educational institutions and proerams lend themselves to provide the catalyst to allow new niche markets to flourish. Niche markets for the County's visitor industry such as ecotourism. health and wellness tourism and educational tourism have rowth potential The health and fitness resources of the various luxury hotels look towards health and wellness tourism as one of its target markets The expansion of tourism should include careful plannine to identify promote and preserve the island's uniaue resources Research and Development ~To a limited degree,) Hawaii County has participated in the research and development industry through the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa Observatories, the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, Hawaii Volcano Observatory, and various agricultural research centers. The University of Hawaii at Hilo [College has become afour-year institution] has and will play an increasingly important role in this community. The university complex itself is an important economic force. The University of Hawaii at Hilo's Lone Ranee Development Plan (1996) envisions a tareet enrollment of 5,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students by 2025 or rouehly twice the 1995 enrollment The Ulan outlines the proeram and facilities requirements necessary to accommodate the projected Growth in enrollment The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority f(NELH)] NELHA at Keahole, North Kona is currently involved in research and development in energy, materials and aquacultural projects. Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) park, an integral cart of the Natural Enerey Laboratory of Hawaii Authority is located adjacent to ~NELH] NELHA and is being developed for similar projects on a commercial scale. [NELH will soon be involved in geothermal-related research at the Hawaii Geothermal Project site in Puna.] The County is also participatine in the development of the Pacific Aguaculture and Coastal Resources Center at Keaukaha, South Hilo for research in the spawning activities of several fish species and providing a research and trainine facility for university students and local farmers. The USDA's PBARC facility will bring substantial research resources to Hawaii. [Further, interest has been expressed for several years in developing a space launching facility in Ka'u. Technological advances are occurring in many sectors and is not limited to the "high tech" computer industries. These changes brought by such advances have and will continue to affect Hawaii's industries. ~ The summit area of Mauna Kea has the worldwide distinction as the best international center for observational astronomy. Mauna Kea currently accommodates twelve of the world's most state-of-the art telescope facilities The newest telescope is the $300,000,000 Subaru telescope developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of 35 Economic Japan. The recent completion of the University of Hawaii-Hilo Institute of Astronomy complex at University Park will support the relocation of the Institute of Astronomy staff from UH-Manoa to UH-Hilo. The UH-Hilo is also working to offer a Bachelor of Science decree in astronomy to allow observatories to hire local astronomers Approximately $619.000,000 of capital investments into the County have been made by the astronomy industry, including the creation of approximately 270 permanent lobs Astronomical activities contribute approximately $50 000 000 annually to the County's economy Military presence within the County is represented by the United States Armv The U.S. Army operates a field training facility at the Pohakuloa Training Area on Mauna Kea and a recreational camp at the Kilauea Military Camp-Toint Services Recreation Center located within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Permanently stationed military units are not located on this island. The Department of Defense appropriated direct expeditures or obligations of $37,800,000 within the County in 1997 an increase of 84 4 per cent over 1987 appropriations. However, the Federal government's downsizing and restructuring of the U.S. military may eventually lead to base closings. As a result military activities may not be a maior economic sector in the foreseeable future. Secondary Industries Secondary industries, such as government, construction, trades (retail and wholesale), utilities, financial institutions, and professional services are most often located close to population centers. Population usually locates close to employment centers [which,] t~ in turn, are based on primary income generators, such as tourism or agriculture. Major transportation facilities also attract secondary industries. Annual employment in the secondary industry between 1980 and 1990 increased a healthy 4.54 per cent. Latest census information from the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations reveal that employment within the secondary industry between 1990 and 1997 increased by only 1.2 per cent annually a dramatic slowdown in the growth of employment within the secondary industry due to the protracted growth of the local economy. The secondary economic sector employment accounted for 67 8 per cent of the County's workforce in 1997, compared to 69.7 per cent in 1990 and 60 5 per cent in 1980 The largest secondary employment sector is the wholesale and retail trade which reported the greatest percentage gain in average employment of 78 6 per cent between 1980 and 1990, but a mere 2.8 per cent between 1990 and 1997. The services sector has replaced the government as the second largest secondary economic sector in the County The major governmental, service, commercial, transportation, and educational center on the island of Hawaii is the city of Hilo. Of the island's population, approximately 30 percent [resides] reside within the city limits. Key to the growth of the city shave] has been [the] its transportation facilities. Until Kawaihae Harbor was constructed on the west coast of the island, Hilo Harbor was the only deepwater port in the County. [Hilo's General Lyman Airport] The Hilo International Airport has been improved to accommodate [inter-continental jets] larger 36 Economic aircraft while [Kong's Ke-ahole] Kona International Airport at Keahole has been receiving direct national and international overseas flights. ~ In addition to the developing urban center at Kailua, there are many other communities throughout the island, which, for the most part, are small and rural in nature. These communities, ranging in population from 300 to 1,500, constitute the remainder of the "urban" areas of the County. The future economic outlook for the Countv is uncertain due to the state of foreign economies and its impact on tourism Tourism is expected to continue as the nrimarv economic generator in the near term. As a result, the services industry is expected to also be a dominant factor in the future of the Countv. The County's vast quantity of natural resources and land will support the future growth of the County's non-service industries, especially agriculture The willingness of the Countv and its residents to innovate and expand into new fields of industry will help the future expansion of the entire economv. As the primary sectors of the economv expand the expansion of the secondary economic sectors will follow accordingly Enterprise Zones The Hawaii Enterprise Zone (EZ) program is a partnership between State and Countv governments and the private sector to stimulate via tax and other incentives certain types of business activity, iob preservation, and iob creation in areas most appropriate or needed. To be eligible for EZ benefits, at least half of a firm's annual gross income must be derived from one or more of the following activities -agricultural production or processing, manufacturing. wholesale/distribution aviation or maritime repair/maintenance, telecommunications switching and delivery systems information technology design and production medical research/clinical trials/telemedicine or for- profit training programs in international business management or environmental remediation. Within the Countv of Hawaii, businesses that satisfy all of the requirements will qualify for the following tax benefits for up to seven consecutive vears• 1) 100 per cent exemption from the General Excise Tax (GET) and Use Tax every year (contractors are also exempt from the GET on construction done within an EZ for an EZ-enrolled business); 2) an 80 per cent reduction in State income tax the first vear (this reduction goes down 10 per cent each vear for six more vears); 3) an additional State income tax reduction equal to 80 per cent of annual Unemployment Insurance premiums the first vear (this reduction goes down 10 per cent each vear for six more vears)• and 4) a three-vear exemption from any increase in Countv property taxes resulting from new construction in an EZ by EZ-enrolled businesses. Within the County of Hawaii, Enterprise Zones have been established within portions of the Hilo, Hamakua, North Kohala, North Kona. South Kona and the Ka'u districts. In 1999, there were approximately 40 EZ-enrolled businesses located throughout the island. 37 Economic Em l~oyment Employment opportunities have increased by over [ 13,000] 22,700 jobs [during the period) from 1970 through [1984.] 1997. The 1980s saw emplovment crow at an annual compounded growth rate of 3 per cent From 1990 to 1997 emplovment Brew at an annual compounded rate of only 1.61 per cent a reflection of the County's recessionary economv during this period. [The industry category experiencing the largest increase was hotel employment, followed by retail trade. This is evidence of the impact that the visitor industry has had on stimulating the County's economy.] Employment in secondazy industries also expanded. The largest employment decrease was in the sugar industry which [reduced labor needs in harvesting and processing.) saw the closing of the island's last sugar processing facility in 1997. Unemplovment rates during the 1980s and 1990s followed a similar trend as emplovment. Unemplovment rates drooped drastically from 1980 to 1990 (6 2 per cent to 3.8 per cent, respectively) due to the County's strong economv during this period As the economv slowed during the 1990s unemplovment increased to 10 2 per cent by 1997 For 1997, the districts of Puna and Ka'u experienced the highest unemplovment rates at 15 6 per cent and 14.8 per cent, respectively. The following table depicts the shifting of employment between the major sectors of the County's economy. It indicates that the County's economy has shifted from an economy dominated by agriculture in 1960 w a more diversified economy with a significant service- oriented component. 1960 1970 1984 1997 Percent Employed in Hotels 2.2% 6.0% 9.0% 13.4% Percent Employed in Other Services 5.4% 6.9% 10.2% 17.5% Total Service Employment 7.6% 12.9% 19.2% 31.0% Percent Employed in Agriculture 27.0% 20.0% 14.7% 9.5% Estimates -County of Hawaii Plannine Department Much of the increase in employment, especially in hotels and retail trade, has been absorbed by the women in our population. The current ratio between Hawaii County's total employment and population is the highest in the State. The participation rate indicates that the County's labor supply has been lazgely utilized. This situation indicates that new labor demands may have to be partially met through in-migration.] Rising wage levels and more secondary workers caused per capita personal income to rise from $4,059 in 1970 to $9,396 in 1983.] Per capita income in the County grew at an annual compounded rate of 5.18 per cent during the 1980s and 2 91 per cent through 1996 The increase during the 1980s are reflective of the strong economic conditions that existed 38 Economic at the time with a corresponding decrease in per capita income growth during the recessionary periods of the 1990s. Median household income also increased at a healthy rate from 1980 to 1990, increasing from $16,975 to $29 712 at an annual compounded rate of 5.76 per cent. During this period, every district within the County also recorded increases in median family household income with the greatest increases occurring in the districts of South Kohala and North Kohala (8.43 per cent and 8 29 per cent respectively) According to statistics from the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, there has been a shift in employment trend from the non-service industry to a dominant service industry within the County. In 1980, service industries (wholesale/retail trade, finance hotels etc.) accounted for approximately 61 per cent of the private industry workforce and 49 per cent of the total wages earned. By 1997 the service industries dominated the private industry accounting for approximately 79 per cent of the total workforce and 74 per cent of the total wages earned. This shift in employment trends has significantly changed the economic make-up of the County as workers have in-migrated to the Big Island to meet the demands of employment growth in the service industry which is primarily fueled by the tourism sector. Additionally.nnn-service industry workers primarily in agriculture, adiusted and shifted to new employment opportunities in the service industries as agricultural iobs dwindled. Upon completing high school, an increasing proportion of the County's youth have pursued higher education. However, despite this trend, there is still scarcity of employment opportunities for the college-educated who desire to return to the island. l~ulation The population of Hawaii County has grown steadily since [ 1970. District estimates for 1984 also show changes in the distribution of population. The South Hilo district still contains over 40 percent of the island's population. The remainder of the nine judicial districts have resident counts ranging from 1,576 in North Hilo to ] 8,226 in North Kona.] 1980. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the County's population increased 23 per cent between 1990 and 2000 During the same period the State's population grew by 9 per cent The district of Puna saw the largest increase at 51 per cent followed by South Kohala (44 per cent) North Kohala (41 per cent), Ka'u (31 per cent) North Kona (28 per cent) South Kona (12 per cent) North Hilo (12 per cent) Hamakua (10 per cent) and South Hilo (6 per cent) Utilizing Series B, the County's population is proiected to grow 46 per cent to 217,718 from 2000 to 2020. South Hilo, currently the most populous district within the County, will be eclipsed by the Puna District in 2020 with an estimated population of 58,246 compared to South Hilo's 49,791. 39 Economic Projection of Resident Population by District Year 2000 to 2020 (Series B) District 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total 148,677 159,907 176.938 195.965 217,718 Puna 31,335 36,351 42,591 49,801 58,246 South Hilo 47,386 46,273 47.477 48.614 49.791 North Hilo 11720 X643 1720 1798 1_,879 Hamakua 6108 6196 6561 6933 7328 North Kohala 6x038 6622 7_,917 9446 11,273 South Kohala 13,131 15,659 18,184 21,072 24.426 North Kona 28,543 30.467 34,024 37,922 42,275 South Kona 81589 10,253 11,414 12,681 14.092 Ka'u 5827 6443 7050 7698 8408 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..lanuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii Countv Deoartmen[ of Research and Develoament [The growth of district populations in the last twenty years is closely associated with the existence of visitor industry facilities in an area. North Kona and Puna experienced the largest increases. The population of North Hilo and Hamakua declined. The district of Puna, in spite of the closing of the Puna Sugar Company, grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent reflecting the continuing settlement on relatively less costly lots created decades ago.] The Puna District will continue to experience relatively strong population growth due to the availability of relatively inexpensive lots that were created around the 1960s The erowth of the population in North and South Kohala. North Kona and South Kona are closely associated with the continuing erowth of the visitor and agricultural industrv within these districts GOALS • Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life[.] through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments. • Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, sand] social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii. • [The County of Hawaii shall strived Strive for diversity and stability in (its] the economic system. 40 Economic • [The County shall provide]Provide an economic environment [which] that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural, natural and social environment. • Strive for an economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation. • Strive for diversification of the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. • Strive for full employment. • Promote and develop the island of Hawaii into a unique scientific and cultural model, where economic rains are in balance with social and physical amenities. Development should be reviewed on the basis of total impact on the residents of the County, not only in terms of immediate short run economic benefits. POLICIES • [The County of Hawaii shall assist] Assist in the expansion of the agricultural industry [,especially diversified agriculture,] through the protection of important agricultural lands, development of marketing plans and programs, capital improvements [and other programs], and continued cooperation with appropriate State and Federal agencies. The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation.] • [The County of Hawaii shall continue to encourage] Encourage the expansion of the research and development industry by working with and supporting the [university,) University of Hawaii at Hilo and West Hawaii, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaii Authority [private sector], and other agencies' programs [developed to aid the County of Hawaii.] that support sustainable economic development in the County of Hawaii. • (The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the development of a visitor industry which is consistent] that is in harmony with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. • [The County shall require] Repuire a study of the significant culturah social and physical [impact] impacts of large developments prior to approval. 41 Economic The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the [expansion] sustainable development of the fishing industry, various forms of aquaculture, and other fresh and [ocean] sea water-based activities. • [The County shall support] Support all levels of educational, employment and training opportunities and institutions[for its residents]. The County of Hawaii shall study the feasibility of establishing a business development loan program.] • [The County's capital] Capital improvements program [should] shall improve the quality of existing commercial and industrial areas. • The County of Hawaii's] land, water, air, sea, and people shall be considered as essential [economic] resources for present and future generations and should be protected and enhanced through the use of economic incentives. The County shall strive for full employment.] • [The County of Hawaii shall] Continue to encourage the research, development and implementation of advanced technologies and processes [in existing and potential economic endeavors]. • Support the development of high technology industries. • [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development and utilization of by-products from alternate energy conversion projects. [ • The County shall conduct a re-evaluation of all economic goals and policies, particularly in the area of tourism, coincident with any County-initiated overall land use acreage allocation and General Plan review. • [The County shall identify) Identify and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. • [An] Encourage active liaison [between the County and] with the private sector should be encouraged] with respect to the County's requirements for establishing [business] businesses on the island. 42 Economic • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the [continuing] development of the retirement industry. ~ • The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.i • [The County shall promote] Promote a distinctive identity for the island of Hawaii to enable government, business and travel industries to promote the County of Hawaii as an entity [sepazate and] unique within the State of Hawaii. • Identify the needs of the business community and take actions that are necessary to improve the business climate. • Support research and development that would lead to the removal of marketing restrictions on Hawaiian fruits and other perishables • Assist in the development of a film and video industrv program to market Bia Island sites and coordinate film and video activities on the Big Island • Assist the further development of agriculture through the protection of important agricultural lands. • Assist in the promotion of the agriculture industrv whose products are recognized as being produced on the island of Hawaii. • Encourage the establishment of open farmers markets to allow local agricultural producers to market their products. • Assist in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand opportunities for local agricultural products for export as well as to the local market. • Encourage the further development of the overseas capacity of Hilo International Airport for the exportation of agricultural crops. • Encourage the health wellness industrv. • Encourage new industries that provide favorable benefit-cost relationships to the people of the County. Benefit-cost relationships include more than fiscal considerations. 43 Economic [STANDARDS • The island of Hawaii should be developed into a unique scientific and cultural model. The island should become a model of living where economic gains are in balance with social and physical amenities. Development should be reviewed on the basis of total impact on the residents of the County, not only in terms of immediate short run economic benefits. • New industries which provide favorable benefit-cost relationships to the people of the County should be encouraged. Benefit-cost relationships as used here include more than fiscal considerations.] DISTRICTS The following is a brief analysis by judicial district for each district. The entire County, however, is an economic system hand there are] with many interrelationships and [interdependencies] interdependence among the various districts. Each district is an integral part of the County and is treated as such. The courses of action shall be consistent with and supportive of the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the overall economic element. PUNA Pro61e 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change Puna District 5,030 5,154 11,775 2.5 128.5 Keaau 1,334 951 776 -28.7 - 8.4 Mountain View 566 419 545 -26.0 30.1 Pahoa 1,046 924 925 -11.7 - 0.1 Other 2,084 2,860 9,529 37.2 133.2] 1980-90 1990.00 Population 1980 1990 2000 qo Chanee %Chanee Puna 11,751 20,781 31,335 76.8 50.8 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..ianuarv 2000 44 Economic U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [Population] The population increased in Puna as a result of employment opportunities in agriculture as well as iob opportunities in [the city ofJ Hilo [and in agriculture within the district]. Also contributing to this increase was an in-migration into subdivided areas due to the affordability of parcels within Puna. The table above reflects the continuing population growth within the Puna District. The population in Puna during the past 30 years has increased at a substantially higher rate than the growth in emplovment Puna is primarily an agricultural district. The area also includes part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, large [undeveloped] substandard subdivisions, forest reserves, and several small concentrations of population. Most of the subdivisions were created prior to the adoption of the [Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance] Zoning Code in 1967 and are in agricultural zones. [Diversified agriculture] Agriculture in the form of truck farming in the Volcano area; papaya [groves] in the Kapoho area; and flowers, principally anthuriums and [vanda] orchids, in the Mountain View, Pahoa and Kapoho areas are important. The papaya and flower industries [have experienced rapid growth in recent years] continue to experience moderate growth. Factors currently [inhibiting the] limiting growth of these industries are the shortage of labor, housing, processing requirements, and plant disease. Over 90 per cent of the State's papaya production comes from this County with the majority from the Puna district The infestation of Puna papaya by the ringspot virus in the 1990s resulted in 1997 production levels falling 55 per cent from 1992 production levels. It also resulted in the dispersion of ~apaya acreage to other areas of Puna South Hilo and Hamakua to escape the virus With the acceptance of the genetically-engineered and disease-resistant Rainbow variety and the recent opening of apost-harvest treatment facility the future production of papaya within the Puna district is expected to increase. The County also produces most of the State's bananas, with the Puna district accounting for a large percentage of production The banana industry in Puna is expected to grow at a moderate rate. Geothermal resource utilization is a small part of the existing economy of Puna. Future [potentials remain uncertain though they may he] expansion of the geothermal industry within the district is promising [if implemented properly]. Except for the Kulani Prison project, there are no major government installations in the Puna district. The Kamehameha Schools East Hawaii Campus opened in the Fall of 2001 The campus will be able to accommodate an overall student population of approximately 2 300 stpdents in grades K-12, and become a major emplovment generator in the Puna District The visitor industry has very little visible effect on the Puna district other than some roadside stands[.] and a few visitor accommodations, such as bed and breakfast and 45 Economic vacation-rental operations. There are a number of visitor attractions frequented by tourists, such as the lava-inundated former Kaimu Black Sand Beach[,] area, portion of the Volcanoes National Pazk, and the Painted Church. Puna's population will probably continue to grow [at its past rate.] at a rapid rate. The major sector of its economy will continue to be agriculture, such as papaya, macadamia nuts and flowers. However, there are several problem areas [which] that have already been mentioned as well as others such as capital requirements [which] that have to be overcome for expansion. There is also potential for a limited amount of visitor facilities in the form of small accommodations and support facilities, such as recreational areas, botanical parks, and others. Puna also will continue to serve as a residential area for [some] people working in [the city ofJ Hilo. Courses of Action • [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of the agricultural industry by providing support services such as co-operation with other agencies in developing manpower training programs,] to commodity Groups and other organizations such as farmer's cooperatives, protecting important agricultural lands, and requesting and providing necessary capital improvements. [ • The overseas capacity at Hilo's General Lyman Field is extremely important to the development of Puna's export crops. The County shall continue to encourage the further development of this facility.] • [There is potential for limited visitor facilities in the form of small accommodations and support facilities, such as natural areas, botanical gazdens, and limited commercial facilities.] Resort growth should enhance and be in keeping with [this] the area's rural character. • [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Puna should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • The County shall support] Support the development and utilization of geothermal resources and by-products consistent with the environmental, social, economic and other goals expressed elsewhere in the General Plan. Assist the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii in acquiring land adjacent to geothermal exploration sites to expand research programs or alternative uses of geothermal by-products.] 46 Economic SOUTH HILO Pro61e 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change South Hilo 31,553 33,915 42,320 7.5 24.8 Hilo City 25,966 26,353 35,303 1.5 34.0 Hakalau 650 742 249 14.2 -66.4 Honnmu 663 737 560 11.7 -24.0 Papaikou 1,591 1,888 1,565 18.7 -17.1 Other 2,683 4,195 4,643 56.4 10.7] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chanee %Chanee South Hilo 42,278 ~ 44,639 47,386 5.6 6.2 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..lanuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii Countv Department of Research and Development Population growth [has occurred primarily] in [the city ofj Hilo [while] and in the older plantation based communities on the [Hamakua] coast north of the city declined[.] or saw little growth. Between 1990 and 2000, the population for Hilo increased by 6.2 per cent. The city ofJ Hilo [(hereafter referred to as Hilo) is the County seat and the only metropolitan area on the island. Hilo also functions as the island's industrial, commercial, distribution and population core. Approximately [30 percent] 33 per cent of all Big Islanders live in this city. The rest of the population is scattered [in other settlements] throughout the island. ~ Sugar is one of the largest single industries in the South Hilo area. Although plantings of sugar cane are found within the city limits, most of the cane is grown in the rural areas. Hilo Harbor serves as the primary shipping point for the sugar industry. A number of related industries are also located in the city, such as fertilizer distributors, petroleum product distributors, machine and equipment dealers, repair facilities, and some light manufacturing. Several crop and livestock businesses are located in South Hilo.] Sugar was one of the largest single industries in South Hilo. The commercial growing of ornamental plants is now the largest agricultural product grown in the district. Bananas and papayas are some of the other major products grown in the district. More than half of the total acreage cultivated 47 Economic statewide for flowers and nurserv products are located within the Countv. which also accounts for over half of the total statewide revenue of flowers and nurserv products. [Hilo is also known as the Orchid Capital of the world, as flowers are grown extensively throughout the vicinity. In addition to orchids, anthuriums have been making remarkable progress in marketability.] Several kinds of manufacturing operations are located in Hilo, including the processing of food, fruit, [sugar,] livestock, and garment manufacturing. [The forest reserves represent a large, virtually untapped economic resource.] [With the establishment of a four-year college there is potential for further research and development industries in the city. Already established in Hilo are the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, agricultural experiment stations and astronomy related base facilities. Tourism in Hilo grew then declined between 1970 - 1984, beginning with 1,308 hotel and condominium units available for visitors in ]970, then peaking at 2,152 units in 1976 and returning to 1,313 in 1984. ] There were 1,165 visitor accommodation units available in 1998, a decline of 11.3 per cent since 1984 and a 46 per cent decline since its peak in 1976. Hilo continues to attract its share of visitors to the Countv with approximately 380,000 visitors (30 per cent) in 1997. As the center of business and government within the Countv. Hilo accommodates numerous business and local travelers for special events such as hula competitions and sporting finals. The South Hilo district will also benefit from the continued Growth of the cruise ship industry, which saw a substantial increase in island- wide arrivals from 124 000 in 1997 to 184,000 in 1998 with annual expenditures estimated to ranee from $16 000 000 to $23 000.000. Overall, the future growth in tourism in the South Hilo district is anticipated to remain at current levels. [Commercial endeavors are being expanded. The largest project is the recently completed Prince Kuhio Plaza, anchored by Liberty House, Woolworth and Sears. Numerous other office buildings, shops, and services are serving the growing needs of the island community.] Hilo with its population size, harbor and airport facilities, higher education complex, and new investment has potential for economic growth. [There are, however, some problem areas. Major] However, many public facilities, such as the airport facilities and the university facilities in Hilo, rely heavily on State funds and [this] the County must compete with other areas of the State. ~A new shopping center has intensified the competitive situation between new and older commercial areas. Finally, the recent declines in the visitor and sugar industries in east Hawaii are resulting) The closing of Hilo Coast Processing Companv and Hamakua Sugar Companv in 1994 resulted in some [declines] decline in allied sectors. New economic [base] based activities in [east] East Hawaii are needed if the city is to continue its role as the island's commercial and service center in the future. 48 Economic There are several significant projects that could propel South Hilo's economy in the near future. Subject to the availability of funding, construction of the Saddle Road improvements could commence in late 2001 and will substantially reduce the commute time between Hilo and Kailua-Kona. Already in operation is apost-harvest fruit treatment plant that will allow a substantial increase in the amount of agricultural products to be exported worldwide. In addition, a call center established in Hilo could ultimately provide as many as 300 new lobs. Courses of Action • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State to provide the necessary funds for the development of the university complex and airport facilities. [The County shall also provide] Provide necessary support services and facilities to aid the development of these complexes. • [The County shall continue] Continue to implement a program to revitalize historic downtown Hilo. The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • [Manufacturing] Encourage manufacturing operations [which] that utilize local raw materials, such as [bagasse,] macadamia nut shells[,] and timber [should be encouraged]. • [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Hilo should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • [The County shall continue to assist] Assist in the formulation and implementation of management education and manpower training programs[.] to strengthen the overall skill levels of its work force to be compatible with existing and emerging industries. • [The County shall support] Support the development of a master plan for lands within the vicinity of the University of Hawaii at Hilo to incorporate a "college town" concept utilizing an appropriate mixture of residential, commercial and other land uses to complement the university's infrastructure. • [The County shall explore] Explore the feasibility of expanding the Afook- Chinen Auditorium into an athletic-exhibition-conference facility that can attract additional activities and visitors to the Hilo area. • Support the efforts of the Pacific Aguaculture and Coastal Resources Center to renovate the abandoned sewage treatment plant in Keaukaha into an aguaculture center. 49 Economic • Coordinate with the University of Hawaii at Hilo to establish an aguacultural program alone accessible areas of the Hilo coast for research, demonstration, and development purposes. • Support the construction and development of the USDA's Pacific Basin Agricultural Resource Center facility. NORTH HILO Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change North Hilo 2,493 1,881 1,691 -24.5 -10.1 Laupahoehoe 407 452 503 11.1 11.3 ookala 562 486 401 13.5 ]7.5 Papaaloa 449 319 267 28.9 16.3 Other 1,075 624 520 -41.9 16.7] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chance % Change North Hilo 1~ 1,541 1720 -8.2 11.6 ~ Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. January 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [Population] The population in North Hilo has [declined] been declining for more than 50 years. However, in the 10-year period from 1990 to 2000, there was an 11.6 per cent increase in population. [One of the major factors attributing to this decline has been the decrease in the demand for workers of the district's major industry, sugar.] The major population and service center for the North Hilo district is Laupahoehoe. Like Hamakua to the north, the North Hilo district is agriculturally oriented. On the arable lands of the lower elevations which stretch] from Honohina-Ninole to Ookala, [sugar cane dominates the landscape, with smaller acreages of diversified crops scattered in between] former sugar cane lands are being cultivated in smaller acreages with a diverse ranee of crops as well as planted in eucalyptus trees. Large tracts of land within the district are used for cattle grazing and logging of native and planted forests. Macadamia nuts, ginger, bananas, tropical foliage, orchids, tropical fruits, cacao, kava, assorted leafy vegetables, papaya and taro are some of the other agricultural products grown in North Hilo. 50 Economic The Hamakua Sugar Company represents the single most important source of income and employment for the residents of this district. Manufacturing in this area is limited to the processing of sugar cane. It is expected to remain stable as newer and better methods are utilized and as lands are more efficiently cultivated for sugar cane growing. The amount of land available for growing sugar cane, however, is limited. At higher elevations are large tracts of grazing lands, native and planted forests, and the sparsely vegetated slopes of Mauna Kea. Some of the planted timber stands and certain species of native hardwoods have been logged.] There are no visitor accommodations in North Hilo. Given current land uses, it is not anticiuated that this area will provide overnight visitor accommodations aside from independent bed and breakfast operations. Economic growth under present conditions is limited in the district. [The young have continued] Residents of North Hilo, especially the young, continue to leave the azea because of the lack of employment opportunities [and social life. The mill at Ookala will cease operations and the demand for labor will continue to lessen . Diversified agriculture]. Agriculture shows the greatest potential for growth. Courses of Action • The County shall, in cooperation with other agencies, assist] Assist the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in North Hilo]. A program to expand [diversified] agriculture should be developed and implemented. • [The County shall work] Work with community groups [to search for alternative forms of employment.] and organizations to identify and develop potential cottage industries. The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • Suanort the development of a native hardwood industry. 51 Economic HAMAKUA Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 1970-80 % Change % Change Hamakua 5,221 4,648 5,146 -11.0 10.7 Honokaa 1,247 1,555 1,944 24.7 25.0 Kukuihaele 424 310 331 -26.9 6.8 Paauilo 1,059 710 758 -33.0 6.8 Other 2,491 2,073 2,113 -16.8 1.9] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chance % Change Hamakua 53128 53545 63108 83_1 10.2 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, .lanuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii Countv Deuartment of Research and Development Hamakua's population has grown over the past [ten] 30 years[.]; even when faced with the closing of sugar operations in 1994. [This] The continuing growth of the district's population has been largely due to [increasing] the maior resort [activity] activities in the neighboring district of South Kohala and the continuing settlement of the rural homestead areas. There has been some internal movement in this district into the town of Honokaa, which represents the commercial and residential center of the district. There are several smaller communities strung out] along the Belt Highway [which] that serve primarily as residential settlements related to the former sugar plantations. At the higher elevations, there are scattered homesteads and ranches. The towns of Honokaa and Paauilo act as the main trading areas for this district.] Visitor accommodations are available at a 19-unit hotel in Honokaa as well as various bed and breakfast operations scattered throughout the district. The economic mainstays of this area are sugar,] cattle, macadamia nuts, and diversified] various crops. These are the greatest sources of income and employment for Hamakua. There are numerous cattle ranches and several different varieties of [diversified] crops ~ at the higher elevations.] in the district. Of these, macadamia nuts are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of agricultural development. Other crops grown in this area are taro, watermelons, tomatoes, ginger, kava, coffee, and other vegetables. [A cattle feedlot and slaughterhouse operation have been developed and should increase the role of the Hamakua district in the beef industry as well as promote diversification of sugar-related products.] 52 Economic The closing of sugar operations has made lands available for various crops. A large timber operation has initiated plantings of eucalvptus in its effort to establish a 15,000-acre eucalvptus plantation. The investment includes $29,000,000 in Hamakua and has already created 100 full-time jobs. A 1981 study to identify the best potential forest lands within the County identified 80,000 acres, mostly located along the Hamakua coast between the 1,000 to 3,000-foot elevations. On .fuly 28, 2000, a joint announcement was made by the Hawaii Forestry and Communities Initiative (Na Hoa Mahi ai) and the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to cultivate a 40-acre parcel of State land at Ookala with high value hardwoods such as koa, milo, kamani, mahogany. pheasantwood, and Warta, with 25 per cent of the area dedicated to the restoration of a lowland native rainforest. The project is unique in that the land, under the jurisdiction of the DLNR Division of Forestry and Wildlife, will be actively managed by a consortium of community groups from the Ookala-Laupahoehoe area, with technical assistance provided by forestry and other natural resource experts from the State, the University of Hawaii, and several federal agencies, including the USDA Forest Service and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. Community representation in the project includes the North Hilo Community Council, the Laupahoehoe Train Museum, and the Laupahcehce High School. Manufacturing within the district is limited to the processing of sugar,] macadamia nuts beef and other food products.] and other agricultural products. The 60-megawatt co- generation power plant at Haina will encourage other manufacturing activities by providing thermal energy (waste heat) that could be utilized for drying of macadamia nuts or aguaculture activities. ~At the present time Hamakua does not directly play a significant role in the tourism industry. There is a total of twenty hotel rooms which are primarily utilized by local travelers and construction workers. The Hamakua area also serves as a residential community for people who work in South Kohala.] The astronomical facilities located atop Mauna Kea are also part of the Hamakua District. The facilities are located within the 11,228-acre Mauna Kea Science Reserve, which includes those lands situated above the 12,000-foot elevation, with the exception of areas within the Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve. Mauna Kea is considered the world's premier site for ground-based astronomical observatories. Mauna Kea is home to 13 observatories and includes 12 of the world's most state-of-the-art telescopes. More major telescopes are located on Mauna Kea than on any other single mountain peak in the world. Mauna Kea is widely recognized as offering optimum conditions for optical, infrared and millimeter/submillimeter measurements. In addition, the local availability of support technicians and personnel also contribute to make Mauna Kea one of the finest astronomical sites in the world. Astronomy has contributed 53 Economic over $619,000,000 in capital investments to the State as well as Generated approximately 270 permanent iobs. Courses of Action • [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in Hamakua] and continue to cooperate with the agricultural sector and other appropriate agencies to provide the necessary services to assist agriculture. [For example, the County can protect important agricultural land from urbanization through zoning. Capital improvement programs should be tied into enhancing agricultural areas.] • [Although there is potential for limited visitor facilities in this area, the County shall allow] Allow the development [which] of limited visitor facilities that will not detract from the natural beauty of the area. • [The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] Develop a tourism industrv that will promote small business development by maintaining the plantation heritage of the area. • Diversify the economic base and enhance historical aspects of the area including existing ranching operations and the former sugar industrv. • Support the Growth of a forestry industrv within the district. • Support the Growth of astronomical research and development. NORTH KOHALA Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change North Kohala 3,386 3,326 3,256 - 1.8 -2.1 Hawi 985 797 798 -19.1 0.1 Kapaau 937 237* 614 -74.7 159.1 Makapala 353 201 191 43.1 5.0 Other 1,111 2,091 1,653 88.2 -21.0] *Note: Kapaau Statistical boundary changed for 1970 census.] 54 Economic 1980.90 1990.00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chance %a Chance North Kohala 31249 41291 6x038 32.1 40.7 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..ianuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Deuar[ment of Research and Development Population in North Kohala has grown [only slightly in ten years.] sit=_nificantly over the last 20 years. [A major factor preventing a more substantial decline due to the closure of Kohala Sugar is development in South Kohala, particularly the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel.] The ¢rowth in population between 1980 and 2000 can be attributed to the continuin¢ development of various resort complexes alone the South Kohala coast as well as a erowine number of people who wish to establish their retirement home within the district. New entrepreneurial activities, both in health and wellness and eco-tourism enterprises, also contribute to the erowth in population. Cattle, nursery products and macadamia nuts are the major agricultural products. On smaller acreages, truck crops are grown. [The cattle industry which utilizes the bulk of the land area is the second most important source of income for the area.] The largest tracts of grazing land extend from the top of the Kohala mountains to Akoni Pule Highway. [There are several hundred acres of macadamia nuts in the area. All production from these orchards are transported out of the district for processing.] Another important source of income and employment is tourism and its related service industries. Chalon International. Inc., a major landowner within the district, has developed plans fora 240-unit resort and residential development adiacent to Mahukona Harbor. Economic conditions in Hawaii and .iapan have delayed the construction of this proposed resort. Major tourism facilities, however, are not located in North Kohala, although the area does contain] There are many natural and historical amenities within the North Kohala district that are conducive to the development of tourist related facilities. There are many residents of this district who work in the adjoining district of South Kohala. [There are several sites in this district with the potential of becoming small resort areas. To date, however, no significant resort development has occurred in the district.] The] Besides Chalon International, Inc., other major private landowners within the distict include [are the Kohala Sugar Company, Bishop Estate, Richard Smart] Kamehameha Schools. Parker Ranch Foundation Trust and Kahua Ranch. Together with the State of Hawaii, these landowners account for 90[%] per cent of the land in this district. The Upolu Airport can serve a limited number of flights. There [is no regular] are no regularly scheduled [service] fli¢hts to Upolu by the [three) two primary inter-island carriers. [With the completion of the Akoni Pule Highway, a circuit into the district was formed. Prior to the completion of this project, the North Kohala area was serviced by a single highway which 55 Economic wound through the Kohala mountains.] Upolu Airport is used occasionally by sightseeing air taxi services using both fixed wing aircraft and helicopters, flight training activities, medical emergency flights, and the military. Courses of Action • [The County shall aid] Aid in the expansion of [diversified] agriculture [in the district by providing direct and indirect assistance.] through the protection of important agricultural lands. • Resort facilities compatible with the physical, social and economic goals of the residents of the district should be [encouraged.] considered. The County shall work closely with the people of the district and with industry to plan alternative uses for the lands affected by the termination of sugar operations.] • Encourage the establishment of an open farmer's market in North Kohala. • Assist in the formulation and implementation of education and manpower training programs to strengthen the overall skill level of the local residents to compete in existing and emerging sustainable and environmentally sound industries and businesses. • Work with communities and residents (community groups and organizations) to identify and develop potential cottage industries and provide flexibility in land use to accommodate these potential cottage industries. • Support efforts to promote small business development that is consistent with the rural, agricultural, and historic character of the area. • Assist the communities and residents in diversifying the economic base in ways that are consistent with the rurah agricultural, and historic character of North Kohala. 56 Economic SOUTH KOHALA Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 Change % Change South Kohala 1,538 2,310 4,607 50.2 99.4 Waimea 657 756 1,179 15.1 56.0 Other 881 1,554 3,428 76.4 I 120:6] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chance % Chance South Kohala 4607 9140 13.131 98.4 43.7 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii,.Ianuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development The primary economic activities of this area are tourism, cattle ranching, [and diversified crops. Other activities which contribute to the economy are education and] agriculture, public and private educational institutions, scientific research associated with the [Mauna Kea] observatories[.] located on Mauna Kea and health and wellness organizations. Due to the growth in tourism within the district, the population of South Kohala increased dramatically over the past 30 years. The benefit of this growth for the residents of South Kohala is the lowest unemployment rate and the highest median household income of all the districts for 1997. Kawaihae Harbor is the second deepwater port on the island. The Kawaihae small boat harbor Ladd] adds to the inventory of amenities in the district and provides limited recreational and commercial sport fishing activities. The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which began operations in 1965, opened the door to [the] resort development of this area. (The areas which surround proposed developments have attractions for tourists and residents alike.] South Kohala has evolved into one of the world's premier resort destinations with luxury hotel complexes. Hunting on the slopes of Mauna Kea and the Kohala mountains, deep sea fishing, world-class golf courses, hiking trails, historic sites, sandy beaches, and a diversity of [climate] climates are some of [these] the attractions[.] available to tourists. There is considerable investor interest in South Kohala. The three large [resorts] resort complexes in the district- Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lani Resort, and the Waikoloa Beach Resort - [have the capacity to accommodate 8,000 hotel rooms and a like number of 57 Economic condominiums. This potential growth can become a major economic factor on the island. One of the emerging problems is labor supply and another is the availability of housing.] currently account for 40 per cent of the total hotel rooms within the Countv. The South Kohala district is one of the best destinations in the State for world-class Golf courses. During the period between 1980 and 1998, ten properties were developed totaling 3,400 visitor units. The larger of these resort properties include the 547-unit Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel, the 350-unit Mauna Lani Bay Hotel & Bungalows, the 1,240-unit Hilton Waikoloa Village, the 539-unit Orchid at Mauna Lani, and the 351-unit Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel. [The cattle ranching industry utilizes most of the land area, and pastures are found from the higher slopes of the mountains down to the seashore. Parker Ranch, one of the largest privately owned ranches in the world, has its headquarters in Waimea. The cattle industry utilizes feed lot operations. This technique opens the door for the expansion of the cattle industry and silage crops.] Although tourism is currently the leading economic industrv in the district, the area is also well known for cattle ranching, vegetable production, egg production, and other forms of agriculture. Waimea is one of the most productive areas for vegetable crops on the Big Island. Cabbages, celery, lettuce, daikon (turnip), peppers, broccoli and carrots aze just some of the vegetables grown [here]. Experiments are being conducted on different crops as well as on the improvement of those presently grown. The agricultural industry, especially truck farms, has potential for further expansion. This industry, faced with competition for resources from tourism and other urban forces, needs governmental assistance. The cattle ranching industrv utilizes most of the land area within the district with pastures situated on the higher slopes of the mountains and extending down to the sea. Parker Ranch, one of the largest privately owned ranches in the world, has its headquarters in Waimea. The closing of all feedlots within the Countv has resulted in the export of 90 per cent of all cattle to mainland feedlots. Hawaii cattle producers need to expand their presence in the local market in order to keep cattle in Hawaii for finishing and local consumption. The educational sector includes Hawaii Preparatory Academy (HPA) with a 1999 tota? enrollment of [600] 578 students in grades K through 12, which [including 240] includes 190 boarders [from 23 countries.] from grades 6 through 12. In addition, Parker School is a day school [of 122] with a 1999 enrollment of 129 students. [Pazker School includes the New Kahilu Theatre which is among the top five theater facilities in the State. HPA is also building a performing arts center.] Waimea has three performing arts venues: Kahilu Theatre, Gates Performing Arts Center, and Parker School Auditorium. The Canada-France Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea has its base facility in Waimea. The base[, which is under expansion,] has a [full time] staff of [47] 51 and an annual operating budget of [$4.2 million] $6,200,000. As several planned telescopes are built on Mauna Kea, additional base facilities may choose to locate in Waimea due to its desirable environment. [In late-1986,] Waimea is also home to the headquarters of the W.M. Keck Observatory 58 Economic [Telescope base facility was announced for development in Waimea.] on Mauna Kea, the largest optical and infrared telescopes in the world. The headquarters employs about 80 people and has an annual operating budget of $10.000,000. Courses of Action • [The County shall assist] Assist in the development of agriculture [in South Kohala] by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, [by] providing or having provided the necessary capital improvements, such as water, and [by] working cooperatively with [other agencies.] the agricultural sector and government. • [The County shall work] Work closely with the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to provide [in providing] adequate land close to Kawaihae Harbor for industrial activities. • [The] Recognize the diversity of climate, the quality of the ocean water and the natural beauty of the hills [which create aback-drop for Waimea town are natural resources that have attracted scientific and educational activities and that may attract research industries to the district. These resources should be recognized] as vital economic and social assets of the region [and should be protected] to be protected through appropriate regulations. • Resort development in the district shall be in an orderly fashion and [shall be] consistent with the physical and social goals of the [people] residents of the area. [The County may utilize] Utilize tools such as incremental zoning to insure development that will best meet the needs of the County. • Encourage the preservation of the rural, ranching character within the town of Waimea. • Support the growth of astronomical research and development. 59 Economic NORTH KONA Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population [960 1970 1980 % Change % Change North Kona 4,451 4,832 13,898 8.6 187.6 Kailua - 365 4,763* - 1204.9 Other - 4,467 9,135 - 104.5 *Census boundary of Kailua expanded for 1980 census.] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chanee %Chanee North Kona 13.748 22,284 28,543 62.1 28.1 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..Ianuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development Spurred primarily by the employment opportunities created by the expanding visitor industry, population has r~ eatly increased in North Kona [in the last ten years.] over the last 30 ey ars• ~ Most of the population is located along the major highways of the district.] The erowth of the visitor industry in recent years can be largely attributed to the expansion of runway and terminal facilities at Kona International Airport at Keahole, which now permits the arrival of national and international direct flights. Tourism [has expanded tremendously] continues to expand in North Kona primarily in Kailua Village]. Currently, there are about [4,748) 4081 visitor units in the area. During the period of 1980 to 1998, six new resort properties were developed in North Kona for a total of 900 visitor units, including the completion of the 243-unit Hualalai Resort at Kaupulehu and 263-time share unit Kona Coast Resort in Keauhou. North Kona now accounts for over 45 per cent of total hotel rooms on the island. The visitor industry his expected to expand at a rapid rate] in North Kona[.] is expected to grow at a moderate rate. [One major problem faced by this industry is attracting labor and providing housing for their employees. Investor interest in the area has caused land prices to soar, especially in coastal areas.) Once the major visitor industry area on the island, the North Kona district now shares this distinction with the South Kohala district. Many of North Kong's aging hotel properties need major renovation. This effort began with the renovation of the Keauhou Beach Hotel in 1999. ~ Kona has traditionally been a coffee producing district and population has centered around the mauka coffee areas. The coffee situation has taken a dramatic upturn in recent years after many years of decline.] Most of the Big Island's coffee production is in the North and South Kona Districts, which has been producing coffee since the 1800s. Between 1982 and 60 Ewnomic 1995, the Kona coffee industry experienced sales fluctuations between $2,100,000 and $8,700,000. Since 1995, the value of Kona coffee sales has steadily increased to approximately $16,200,000 in 1997. Coffee production on the other islands has far surpassed this island; which now accounts for one-third of the coffee produced statewide. However, the market and price for Kona coffee continues to Brow due to its distinct flavor and quality unique to coffee Grown elsewhere in the world. Besides coffee, agricultural enterprises include cattle ranching and the growing of fruits (bananas and avocados)], macadamia nuts, and vegetables, particularly tomatoes. Timber and fishing are small industries in Kona. Logging of native hardwood at one time provided a major source of income in the district. The [Kailua harbor] Kailua-Kona Wharf is considered a major center for big game fishing and international tournaments [are] usually held annually. Quarrying operations for building materials are also conducted in North Kona. [Other forms of industrial activity include construction and printing.] The Old Kailua Industrial Area and the Kaloko Industrial Area provide the largest concentration of industrial activities within West Hawaii. These industrial areas accommodate a wide range of manufacturing. service, wholesale and retail activities. [The ownership pattern of land is characterized by a few owners holding vast parcels of land. In recent years a number of these owners have announced plans for large resort-residential complexes in Kona. An example is the Kamehameha Investment Corporation, which is the developer of Bishop Estate lands. Their master plan for the Keauhou area calls for the development of aresort-recreational destination area. This project is just one of several announced for North Kona.] The North Kona district was once the major visitor destination on the island. However, this distinction is now shared with the South Kohala district due to the recent development of numerous hotel complexes alone the South Kohala coast. While the majority of visitor accommodations were once centered in Kailua-Kona, visitor accommodation facilities now stretch from the Kona Village Resort to Keauhou. The North Kona district includes approximately 4,081 visitor units including hotels, resort condominiums, bed and breakfast operations and other transient units. The 1,900-acre Keauhou-Kona area provides approximately 1,300 hotel and resort-condominium units. There are several government projects of significance to the district's economic future. A small boat harbor at Honokohau has been constructed just outside of Kailua Village. This facility will complement the already world famous big game fishing of the area. Further north along the coast, the runway at [Keahole Airport] Kona International Airport at Keahole has been [built.] expanded to accommodate larger aircraft utilized for overseas flights. [It replaced the old airport in Kailua which was considered inadequate to service the increasing air traffic in the area. Presently, the] The State [is initiating] has completed an update of the [Keahole Airport's) master plan(.) for the Kona International Airport at Keahole, which will include extensive terminal, runway and support facility improvements. [Airport terminal and runway expansion is expected to be pursued after the master plan is revised.] 61 Economic Finally, the] The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) at Keahole Point [and the proposed Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park adds the potential for the development of a new industry in Kona and further diversification of the economic base of the community.], an ocean science and technology park utilizing deep cold seawater pumped from 2,000 feet off of Keahole Point, has demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of various technologies and industries that use this unique, cold-water resource. Ocean thermal energy conversion, aquaculture, air conditioning of buildings using cold seawater, and the growing of cold-climate vegetables and fruits are iust some of these successful activities. In 1999, the 870-acre NELHA complex hosted 26 proiects employing more than 160 individuals and contributing approximately $30.000,000 annually to the local economy. Kona is considered the center for government, commercial and industrial activities for West Hawaii. In addition to being the center for government, retail, and banking services, Kona is also home to "big-box" retailers such as Costco, K-Mart, and WalMart and international snorting events such as the IronMan Triathlon, the Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament, and the Senior PGA Tournament of Champions at the Hualalai Resort. Courses of Action • Resort development in the area shall be in balance with the social and physical goals as well as economic desires of the residents of the district. Necessary pollution controls [should] shall be available prior to development. Other necessary support facilities such as transportation and nursery facilities shall also be provided. • [The County, in order to achieve greater diversity and stability of the economy, shall assist] Assist in the further development of agriculture, including [aquacultural] forestry and aquaculture activities in North Kona]. Necessary capital improvements [which] that will aid agriculture, such as water, should be given priority for funding. • [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development [and utilization of by-products from the University of Hawaii s Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) project.] of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority as a marine research and commercial facility. • [The County should explore the possibility of encouraging a small resident college and other new industries in the area.] Encourage and support the development of Hawaii Community College in West Hawaii, including the University of Hawaii Center. 62 Economic • [The] Assist the fishing and boating industry [in Kona should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • [The] Recognize the natural beauty of the area [should be recognized] as a major economic and social asset. This resource should be protected through appropriate review processes when development is proposed. • Improve Kailua Village to maintain its viability as a popular visitor destination. • Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area. SOUTH KONA Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 % Change % Change South Kona 4,292 4,004 5,809 - 6.7 45.1 Captain Cook 1,687 1,263 2,025 -25.1 60.3 Kealakekua 579 740 1,039 27.8 40.4 Other 2,026 2,001 2,745 - 1.2 37.2] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chanee %Chanee South Kona 5914 7658 8,589 29.5 12.2 ~ - ~ Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..Ianuarv 200() U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development South Kong's population has increased by [45.1 percent in the last decade.] approximately 12 per cent between 1990 and 2000 and 30 per cent in the previous decade. The major trade and population concentrations are along the Mamalahoa Highway at Kealakekua, Captain Cook, and Honaunau. The primary economic activity of this district is agriculture, with [the] its most important industry] industries being coffee growing and processing[.], macadamia nuts, citrus fruits and cattle ranching. [Macadamia nut orchards have increased in acreage due to the massive orchards in the Honomalino area.J Within the South Kona district, rout=_hly 4,000 acres of macadamia nut orchards are planted with approximately 237,000 macadamia nut trees. 63 Economic The operation entails the second largest macadamia nut processor in the State, accounting for roughly 20 to 25 per cent of all macadamia nut production. [Due to the upturn in coffee prices, the] The number of coffee farms has [increased in recent years.] fluctuated over the years with a high of 635 farms in the late 1980s to a low of 550 farms in 1996. During the same period, coffee acreages have fallen from 3,000 to 1,960 acres. However, the total value of coffee sales within the County has recovered from its low of $3,700,000 in 1992 to a high of $16,200,000 in 1997. Although the price of Kona coffee has been quite volatile, it is still considered one of the most promising agricultural product grown within the Countv. Compared to other coffee producing areas of the world, the Kona coffee growers have a comparative disadvantage because of higher wages paid to laborers and the Mack of technological advances in the industry.] topography of prime Kona coffee lands, which limit farmers to manual harvesting methods compared to mechanical harvesting methods utilized by coffee growers on other islands and in other parts of the world. [To date, there has been no successful coffee picking machine produced. Due to the higher unit cost of production, the profits of Kona coffee growers aze relying upon high prices created by the gourmet appeal of the coffee. The marketing agreements between a variety of companies may stabilize this industry.] However, the manual harvesting methods utilized by Kona coffee growers may be a significant factor contributing to the superior taste of Kona coffee compared to other coffee grown throughout the State and the world. Also grown in the South Kona district are bananas, citrus crops (oranges and tangerines), ~avocadoes,] avocado, [winter tomatoes,] vegetables and other truck crops, and macadamia nuts [which are expected to be one of the prime industries in the district). Cattle ranching is also one of the prominent industries in the district. Manufacturing in South Kona is confined to coffee roasting and macadamia nut processing. Unlike the North Kona area, the South Kona district has limited accommodations for overnight visitors. [There are plans and proposals for developments, such as residential subdivisions and State park systems.] There are approximately 88 units located at Captain Cook (Manago Hotep, catering primarily to local business travelers and agricultural workers. A 730-lot agricultural-residential and golf course community and 80-unit private members' lodge development (Hokulia) is being developed north of Kealakekua Bav in South Kona. This development will cater primarily to out-of-state second homebuyers. Courses of Action • [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of agriculture by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, and by providing necessary resources, such as water and through other assistance]. • Resort development in the area should not destroy the natural resources and historical significance of the area. 64 Economic • The] Assist the fishing industry din the South Kona should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • The County should encouraged Encourage ocean-based industries, such as aquaculture, in the area. • Encourage eco-tourism and agricultural tourism as regional opportunities. • Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bav to assure preservation of the region's unique environment and cultural resources. KA'U Profile 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 Change % Change Ka'u 3,368 3,398 3,704 0.9 9.0 Naalehu 952 1,014 1,161 6.5 14.5 Pahala 1,392 1,507 1,631 8.3 8.2 Other 1,024 877 912 -14.4 4.0] 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 % Chanee %Chanee Ka'u 3,699 4438 5827 20.0 31.3 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..Ianuarv 2000 U.S. Census. 2000 Hawaii County Deaartment of Research and Develoament Population remained fairly stable in the Ka'u district. The major communities of Naalehu and Pahala experienced growth reflecting the plantations' effort to centralize these communities.] Located on the southern and eastern flanks of Mauna Loa, the Ka'u district is the largest on the Big Island. [This massive district is made up of barren lava fields, lush green acreages of sugar cane, large tracts of grazing lands, forest reserve lands, and macadamia nut orchards.] Although Ka'u is the largest of the nine districts on the island, the population of Ka'u is the second smallest only to that of North Hilo. Between 1990 and 2000, the Ka'u District saw an approximately 31 per cent increase in its population. Much of the increase in the Ka'u population has been concentrated in Ocean View and other smaller communities. 65 Economic Agriculture is the economic mainstay of the Ka'u region. [Sugar cane,] Coffee, orchids, vegetables, flowers, cattle, and macadamia nuts aze grown [here.] in this district. [The sugar company located here provides the basic source of income and employment for the majority of the residents.] Approximately $5,000,000 has been invested in an effort to establish a forestrv industrv on approximately 5.000 acres that could Generate 30 to 40 new iobs. Within the Ka'u area are several cattle ranches [which] that utilize vast acreages of grazing lands. Although employment in this sector is not large, it plays an important role in the area's economy. [The macadamia nut industry, like the cattle industry, does not have a large labor force, but as more trees come of bearing age, employment will increase. Many acres in the Honomalino area are in macadamia nut orchards]. The macadamia nut industrv remains one of the primary industries within the district. However, GrowinG competition from foreign producers are beeinnine to affect the industrv due to increased worldwide production. weakness in the Asian economy, and more aGGressive marketinG of these foreien-Grown macadamia nuts in the United States. Similar to the competition faced by the once- dominant sugar industrv, future Growth of the macadamia nut industrv must quickly respond to the threat of foreien competition by focusinG on the quality of Hawaii's macadamia nuts and developinG alternative markets for the nuts and its bv-products. C.Brewer & Co., Ltd., the major landowner in this area, [has a master plan for resorts along the Ka'u coast. They have developed golf and tennis facilities at Punaluu beach. The master plan includes the expansion of resort facilities there] continues its efforts to explore new economic initiatives within the Ka'u District in the absence of its suear industrv. In addition to maintaining the largest macadamia nut orchard in the Ka'u District. C. Brewer & Co., Ltd. is also engaged in and promotes other forms of agriculture such as vegetables and coffee production. The establishment of a forestrv industrv upon lands once utilized for sugar cultivation is also beine explored. The existinG Punaluu Resort and Seamountain Golf Course complex is the center of tourism activity within the Ka'u District. However, the only accommodations available at this complex is the 56-unit Colony One at Sea Mountain. The golf course remains in operation, but no other facilities or amenities are available. The 12-unit Shirakawa Motel in Waiohinu and various bed and breakfast operations provide the only other visitor accommodations within the district. Courses of Action • Resort] Balance development [in Ka'u shall be kept in balance] with the social and physical environment of the area. Provisions for orderly development, housing, and pollution controls shall be implemented. The County shall assist the further development of agriculture in the area.] 66 Economic • [The] Assist the fishing industry, other ocean based industries, and aquaculture located in Kau should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • [The] Recognize the natural beauty of the area [should be recognized] as a major economic and social asset. [This] Protect this resource [should be protected] through appropriate review processes when development is proposed. Preliminary to the consideration of any proposed space-related launch activities, the County shall require, in addition to standard EIS requirements, special impact assessments.] 67 Economic ENERGY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [Nationally, for the remainder of the 20th Century, most of the energy demand will be met with fossil fuels and nuclear fission. In turn, fossil fuels are fast becoming a scarce world commodity due to the increasing demand.] For the foreseeable future. Hawaii will continue to be dependent on petroleum to meet its energy demands. Fortunately, Hawaii is [currently most vulnerable to dislocation in the global oil market, but is also] endowed with a variety of natural energy [resource alternatives which] resources that are renewable [or inexhaustible and potentially] for low polluting sources of electricity. Hawaii's [near total] dependence on imported petroleum provides the incentive for the promotion of energy [conservation] efficiency and the development of [technology] technologies to harness [local] natural [(solar, hydrologic, and geothermal)] energy resources[,] (solar. hydrologic, wind, and geothermal) and to convert solid waste into [an alternate] a fuel resource. Petroleum provides [approximately 60-65%] up to 75 per cent of the Island's energy needs. [One hundred percent) All of the petroleum [products] used in the State must be imported [into the State] in one of several forms. Most of the petroleum consumed in the State is imported as crude oil, which is then processed [in the] at two local refineries, Chevron and [Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc.] Tesoro, both located at Barber's Point, Oahu in the Campbell Industrial Park. Both refineries receive crude oil from Indonesia, Alaska, Africa, Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf. Petroleum products, primarily jet fuel, fuel oil, and [liquid petroleum gas,] propane, are also imported from California, the Caribbean, Singapore, and other areas to meet the demand not met by the refineries. [Synthetic natural gas) Propane, which is widely used on the Island of Hawaii, is also manufactured from petroleum on Oahu. Petroleum products are received [on the Big Island] at the Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors. Under normal circumstances, an estimated 30-day aggregate supply of most petroleum products is stored at the oil terminals and tank farms. A major interruption of petroleum supply due to a lengthy maritime strike, a disaster at the source of crude oil supply, the sinking of a petroleum tanker or barge, or an aviation disaster at Campbell Industrial Park etc.] could seriously affect the County of Hawaii's petroleum supply. The island's economy is also vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of oil from the Middle East. The County of Hawaii must decrease economic vulnerability and energy costs. To do so, the County must combine the efforts of energy [conservation) efficiency and the development of natural renewable energy alternatives that reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase energy self-sufficiency. 68 Energy ELECTRICITY Electricity is a major form of energy utilized on the island of Hawaii. The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc., (HELLO) which is regulated by the State, owns [6] and operates a number of power generation plants in the County. Most of these plants operate on steam [energy] or combustion eases and burn imported fuel. Two [of the Hilo] plants in Hilo generate power through hydroelectric means[.] and a South Kohala location produces wind enervv. A few [sugar plantations generate their own power by burning bagasse, wood chips, coal and fuel oil, selling their excess to the utility company and often buying power when their demand exceeds supply.] Independent Power Producers (IPPs) venerate power using various fuels and resources, and sell eneryv to HELLO. The methods of power production include yeothermal, hydropower, wind, coati and oil plants. Most recently. the construction of a 60 meyawatt (MW) co-veneration power plant in the Hamakua district will provide a Grm power source and the excess heat venerated by the power plant will be used to further develop ayriculture and product manufacturinv in the district. [Electricity sold in the County increased 125% between 1960 and 1969, despite a population increase of 3.5%. The average annual residential power used in 1960 was 3,084 kilowatt hours. By 1969 the average amount of power consumed per household was 4,845 kilowatt hours. The population increased from 61,332 in 1960 to 106,403 in 1984 and correspondingly the average annual residential consumption increased to 5,827-kilowatt hours.] The averave annual residential power used in 1990 was 6,794-kilowatt hours (kWh). In 1999, the averave residential usaee decreased to 6,563-kilowatt hours. Electric Utility for the County of Hawaii 1999 Number of Customers Power Sold (1,000 Ratio of Power Customers & Percent of Total kWh) & Percent of Sold (1000 Number Total Sold kWh) to Customer Residential 52,277 = (84%) 343,085 = (37%) 6.563 to 1 General Loads 9,654 = (15%) 308,493 = (34%) 31.955 to 1 Commercial Cookin¢ and 396 = (Less than 1%) 25,964 = (3%) 65.566 to 1 Heatin Large Power Service 65 = (Less than l %a) 234,889 = (26%a) 3,613.677 to 1 Street Liyhtine 86 = (less than 1%) 3,879 = (Less than 1%) 45.105 to 1 Total 62,478 = (100%) 916,310 (100%a) 14.666 to 1 Hawaiian Electric Comuanv. 1999 Estimate - Planning Department 69 Energy Residential refers to single-metered residential customers and may include condominiums for visitor use but excludes master-metered apartment and condominium buildings used by residents classified as commercial customers. General Loads refer to general light and/or power loads supplied through a single meter. Commercial Cooking and Heating applies only to commercial heating (heat pump water heaters), air conditioning, and refrigeration service. Large Power service is applicable to large light and/or power service supplied and metered at a single voltage and delivery point. The table presented on the previous page clearly indicates that of the 62,478 customers of electrical power, approximately 84 per cent are residential customers. However, of the 916,310 total kilowatt hours used, residential customers accounted for approximately 37 per cent. This yields a ratio of about 6,563 kilowatt hours per customer as opposed to Large Power Service customers that account for less than 1 per cent of the customer base but use 26 per cent of the total kilowatt hours. These customers yield a ratio of 3,613,677 kilowatt hours per customer. Power rates on this island are among the highest in the nation. One factor [which] that contributes to the [is situation] high cost of power is the present method of power generation. Most of the electricity is obtained through the burning of imported oil. The cost of fuel, coupled with transportation costs, cause higher rates. [The two hydroelectric plants in Hilo cannot generate enough power to service the city's needs.) Additionally, the size of the service area and length of transmission and distribution lines necessary to transfer the power to the load centers are significant factors. A good example is the fast growing loads in West Hawaii. The major generating plants are located in East Hawaii. This requires generating more in East Hawaii to compensate for losses in lines going over to West Hawaii. Other factors creating higher costs are the small market and the sparseness of population in a relatively large service area. Power generating plants will be faced with increasingly stringent air and water pollution standards. Heated water discharge into the ocean, for instance, may be affecting the environment. The effects, however, are not fully understood at the present time. More stringent pollution controls for a better environment could possibly result in higher costs of power.] Except in a few instances, most of the power lines in the County are overhead [ones.] lines. Although underground wiring has an aesthetic desirability, there are several problems in establishing such a standard. Underground power lines will probably last longer but cost more to install, especially in rocky areas. There is a problem of common sharing of trenches with other utilities. Another problem [concerns the repair of breaks,] is repair and maintenance, for while broken lines will probably occur infrequently, they will be more difficult to locate. There has been, however, considerable progress in solving the technological problems concerning underground power lines. [Consumption of power will continue to accelerate faster than population growth as people become more affluent. Utility companies will probably design new plants which are more 70 Energy efficient and less polluting.] As affluence of the population increases, the consumption of power tends to accelerate faster than population ¢rowth. Studies of sources of energy other than the burning of fuel are being conducted. On September 1,1998, HELCO submitted its second Inte¢rated Resource Plan (IRP) to the Public Utilities Commission with input from a public advisory Group. Electrical Energy Self-Sufficiency for the Big Island The County of Hawaii must strive to attain energy self-sufficiency in order to minimize [the] its dependence on imported fossil fuels. A commitment by both the government and the public must continue [for] in research, planning, and development to attain the goal of energy self-sufficiency for the County of Hawaii. As a result of the 1974 and 1978 oil crisis, there has been concern over Hawaii s dependence on imported petroleum. In 1974 and 1976, the State Legislature enacted several significant bills [which were] designed to promote the research and development of natural energy resources, and the conservation of energy in order to foster a greater independence from imported fossil fuels. The State Legislature adopted Act 237 (Chapter 196, H.R.S.) in 1974, which [among other things,] created the position of a State Energy Resources Coordinator to review and formulate existing and proposed energy resource programs. Also in 1974, the State Legislature established the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEl, Act 235) to foster development of local natural energy research at the University of Hawaii. The HNEI maintains cooperation and coordination between all levels of government and private organizations involved with energy related projects with potential for Federal funding, and serves as the central source of information on natural energy policies and programs. Act 236, adopted by the State Legislature in 1974, established the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) at Keahole (North Kona, Hawaii) to provide essential support facilities for future electrical energy research programs. The legislature selected Keahole Point through the criteria for development of three of the proposed natural energy programs (OTEC, Biomass conversion, and direct solar energy utilization systems). In ] 976, the State Legislature adopted Act 189 which complemented the development half for energy self-sufficiency by the creation of tax incentives for the installation and use of "solar energy devices" and "alternate energy improvements" to promote energy conservation. These devices and improvements increase the level of efficiency, and decrease the utilization of electrical power [which] that accounts for 42[%] per cent of the total energy demand in the County of Hawaii. In January of 1980, a final report prepared for the County of Hawaii entitled "Energy Self-sufficiency for the Big Island of Hawaii" was released. The report recommended that the County government provide a favorable climate for energy savings and new energy production. 71 Energy It also recommended establishing an Office of Energy Coordinator. The Energy Coordinator [is toJ: • [Coordinate] Coordinates and [provide] provides information regarding conservation and energy production; • [Organize] Organizes ride shazing and travel reduction programs; • [Assist] Assists business in obtaining information and financial support for energy-related development; • [Fund] Funds necessary information gathering programs; • [Monitor] Monitors the progress of energy departments; • [Recommend] Recommends changes in the county's energy program; • [Analyze] Analyzes the impact of proposed developments on the energy balance of the Island. In addition, the development of naturally occurring energy resources will become an increasingly important factor in determining future industrial activity on the Island of Hawaii. Gas Propane gas is widely available and is a maior source of energv for the Island of Hawaii. The two primary methods used in delivering gas are via an underground pipeline or tank/cylinder refill. The Public Utilities Commission regulates the underground gas delivery system in Hilo and along Alii Drive in Kailua-Kona. Gas is delivered by tanks or cylinders for the remainder of the island. The use of propane gas diversifies the island's energv supply and creates less pollution. Compared to electricity generation and diesel emissions, propane offers a cleaner, less polluting fuel. Alternatives like propane gas offer opportunities to lessen the island's dependence on electricity and minimize land use conflicts created by the siting of large-scale electric generation, transmission and distribution facilities. Propane can be used for self-generation (e.g. cogeneration, micro turbines) for large customers, thereby delaying the need to site and construct large, centralized electric generation facilities. [l.] Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy is natural heat energy from the earth that can be harnessed for direct thermal use and for electrical power generation. [There are] The four basic ways [in which] that this type of natural heat energy may be found[: 1)] are steam[; 2) hot water[; 3) magma(; 4)], and hot[,] dry rock. [The construction of electrical power plants using hot water, brines, or steam separated from hot water or brine deposits is the most probable development of geothermal energy resources.] Geothermal drilling on the Big Island started in the early 1960's. Initial wells were either found to be unsuccessful or once drilled, were not further developed. 72 Energy In 1972, the Hawaii Geothermal Project (HGP) was organized to investigate the development of geothermal energy in Hawaii, [and is] as a cooperative project involving Federal, State, County, and private funds. In April 1976, a successful well was completed near Kapoho in the Puna District, and HGP [has since] installed a power plant to demonstrate that geothermal energy is an economically viable natural energy alternative for the Big Island. The plant [has been in operation for several years.] commenced operations in 1982 and ceased in 1989. In 1983 and with subsequent amendments, the Legislature amended the State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, by authorizing the State's Board of Land and Natural Resources to conduct a county by county assessment of aeeas with geothermal potential for the purpose of designating geothermal resources subzones. Geothermal resource subzones may be designated within the urban, rural, agricultural and conservation land use districts. Only those areas designated as geothermal resource subzones may be utilized for the exploration, development or production of electrical energy from geothermal resources. Other amendments to the State Land Use law provide authority to regulate the direct use applications of geothermal resources. In addition, the 1983 Legislature set criteria for [legislatively] designating geothermal resource subzones. Three geothermal resource subzones were established by this legislative method. The Board of Land and Natural Resources has subsequently designated the Kapoho, Kamaili, Kahaualea, and Kilauea Middle East Rift Geothermal Resource subzones. The Geothermal resource subzones are shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map. In April 1993, Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) completed its Geothermal Dower plant on the Kapoho Subzone on the East Rift Zone. The eeothermal power plant uses steam and steam separated from hot water or brine resources at depths of around 5,000 feet below the surface. The closed loop system infects the spent fluids into infection wells at depths of 7,000 feet to be recycled. Althoueh PGV currently produces 30 me¢awatts of power to the HELCO Grid, PGV has been permitted under Geothermal Resource Permit No. 2 to provide up to 60 mesawatts of Geothermal Dower. PGV has been supplyinG approximately 25 per cent of the electricity for the County of Hawaii. Geothermal power generation has displaced nearly 110 million Gallons of fuel oil that would have been used for electricity production. The reduction in fuel oil use has resulted in a reduction in carbon dioxide and other emissions common to fossil fuel plants and contributed to a cleaner environment in Hawaii. [2.] Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest generators of electrical energy. On the Big Island, hydroelectric power fulfills [only a very small portion] about 5 per cent of the County's electrical energy demand[.) at any Given time. On the Big Island, the percent of total demand supplied by hydroelectricity will probably 73 Energy [remain insignificant] not increase due to the reliance on normal stream flows and the lack of impoundment required to store enough water for continuous or increased energy output. However, small-scale hydroelectric units have been [installed] constructed at Hawi, Onomea. Wailuku River in Hilo, and Waimea [and others have been proposed for the Wailuku and Honolii Rivers]. The Wailuku River Hydroelectric facility has the capacity to supply 11 megawatts of power to the electric power grid. [3.] Solar Energy Solar energy is the basis of many natural energy alternatives in Hawaii. Solar energy generates the global winds; stores energy in biomass through photosynthetic activity; warms the oceans, [can produce] produces electrical power directly via photovoltaic cells; and can be used directly for heating through solar heat collection devices. Solar Devices/Improvements:] There are two direct forms of solar energy applicable to households; solar heat collection and solar light energy to electrical power via photovoltaic cells. Solar heat collection is adaptable to domestic water heating, which accounts for [a major portion] approximately 30-35 per cent of the electrical power demand [per] for an all-electric household. [Advances in the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electrical power is also applicable on a public utility scale as well as on a domestic basis.] Photovoltaic technology uses solar cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Industriah commercial, and residential applications of photovoltaic technology are still being researched. However, advances in photovoltaic technology are resulting in improved efficiencies, lower costs, and integration into building products and designs. In Mav of 1998, the Mauna Lani Bav Resort installed a 100-kilowatt photovoltaic svstem on the rooftop, covering 10,000 square feet. The energy production is expected at approximately 423 kilowatts per day and the measured roof temperature reduction has exceeded 60 degrees. This proiect is expected to save operation costs for the hotel by providing electricity to 20 per cent of the 350 hotel rooms and reducing air conditioning costs. The resultant success of the proiect led to the installation of photovoltaic systems for the resort's golf facilities. The photovoltaic svstem will also be used to recharge Mauna Lani's golf carts. These solar energy devices and improvements can be considered energy conservation technologies since their domestic use will possibly decrease the total energy demand in Hawaii County. [4.] Wind Energy [The University of Hawaii, Department of Meteorology, initiated afive-year program in 1977 for Solar Energy Meteorological Research for the purpose of continuing wind surveys to establish the relationship between weather conditions and wind strengths, speeds, and distribution.] The process of generating energy from wind simply uses the force and speed of 74 Energy wind to rotate the blades on windmills. This wind [Wind] energy can be used [directly] to generate electricity through windmill electrical generators or by pumping water into storage for use in hydroelectric power systems. [Wind energy technology has been advancing, but as yet is not competitive enough to be a serious natural energy alternative. Once the technology is developed, Hawaii will be in an advantageous position due to favorable wind regimes in many areas of the island.] Wind energy is a relatively clean form of enerev in that it produces no emissions or chemical waste. Unfortunately, wind enerev is inconsistent and electrical Grids cannot rely solely on wind and must provide a back up supply from another source Such is the case with the wind enerev Generation farms at Kahua Ranch Lalamilo Wind Farm, and Kamaoa Wind Farm. [5.] Biomass Conversion Biomass is defined as "the total mass or amount of living organisms in a particular azea or volume." Solar energy is converted into plant biomass through photosynthesis. [Biomass] Plant biomass can be used by [direct combustion] power plants to produce thermal energy, then steam to generate electrical power. [On the Big Island, biomass conversion generates about 34% of the County's electrical energy. Locally, bagasse, the fibrous waste of sugar cane processing, is one source of biomass in use. Other sources of biomass that have been used for alternate energy include forest products from planted as well as natural stands of native and exotic species.] Historically. biomass has been the Bie Island's lareest renewable enerev resource. As recently as 1994, almost 13 per cent of the Bie Island's electricity production were still beinG provided by two sugar processine companies that burned a mixture of biomass, coal. and fuel oil. With the closure of sugar operations, the companies have ceased burnine biomass completely. However, one company continues the production of electricity usine coal and fuel oil. Other uses of biomass are currently beinG reviewed by both the public and private sectors. Biomass conversion is one of the proposed projects of the NELH program at Keahole point, and involves the cultivation and harvest of plant and animal life forms as a natural energy alternative. Biomass can also be considered solid waste, since it is the basis for most of mankind's organic refuse, and can be processed into ethyl alcohol. Alcohol fuel is adaptable for use in hydrocarbon combustion systems [which] that account for about 58[%] ep r cent of the total energy demand of Hawaii County. Through combustion, alcohol can generate electrical power (via heat and steam) which represents the remaining 42[%] ep r cent of the County's total energy demand. [6.] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion [Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a form of solaz energy where the ocean 75 Energy acts as a solar heat collector. This process uses the thermal differences between the warm surface waters and the cold deep waters to power a turbine/generator for electrical power generation. The NELH program at Keahole point has installed an OTEC project plant [o research the potential of this natural energy alternative.] The oceans are the earth's largest solar energy collector and storage system covering approximately 70 per cent of the earth's surface. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC is a power production method by which energy is derived from the difference in temperatures between the warm surface and cold deep ocean waters In 1974 the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) was founded. In establishing the NELH, the Hawaii State Legislature set aside 321 acres of land for research and development of alternative energy resources, primarily OTEC. In 1984. The State Legislature set aside an additional 547 acres of land adjacent to NELH for the commercial expansion of successful NELH research projects. This area was called the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park. However, in 1990 the legislature combined NELH and HOST Park into the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). There are now 26 tenant companies that operate at NELHA. OTEC research began in earnest in 1982 following the construction of the laboratory and administration buildings and deployment of the first 30 centimeter diameter, 600 meter intake deep sea water pipeline. Currently, NELHA continues to conduct experiments and is working with other organizations to plan the construction of a 1 megawatt OTEC experimental facility and additional ocean pipelines for sufficient water supply. COALS • Strive towards energy self-sufficiency [for Hawaii County]. • Establish the Big Island as a demonstration community for the development and use of natural energy resources. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of alternate energy resources. • Encourage the development and use of agricultural products and by- products as sources of alternate fuel. • [The County shall encourages Encourage the expansion of energy research industry. • [The County shall strive] Strive to educate the public on new energy technologies 76 Energy and foster attitudes and activities conducive to energy conservation. • [The County shall ensure] Ensure a proper balance between the development of alternative energy resources and the preservation of environmental fitness and ecologically significant areas. • [The County shall strive] Strive to assure a sufficient supply of energy to support present and future demands. • [The County shall provide] Provide incentives [which] that will encourage the use of new energy sources and promote energy conservation. • [The County shall seek) Seek funding from both government and private sources for research and development of alternative energy resources. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate energy research and development efforts of both the government and private sectors. • [The County shall encourage] Encourase the continuation of studies concerning the development of power [which] that can be distributed at lower costs to consumers. • Strive to diversify the enerev supply and minimize the environmental impacts associated with enerev usase. ~ • The County shall encourage the study of the effects of discharging heated water directly into the ocean.] • [The County shall) Continue to encourage the development of geothermal resources to meet the energy needs of the County of Hawaii. • Encourase the use of solar water heatine throush the continuation of state tax credit arosrams, throush the Buildins Code, and in County construction. • Encourase enerev-savins design in the construction of buildines. • Supuort net-meterine and other incentives for indeuendent power uroducers. ~STANDARD]STANDARDS • New power plants shall incorporate devices [which] that minimize pollution. • Aaalicable standards and resulations of Title 11. Chapter 46, "Community Noise Control" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. 77 Energy • Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 59, "Ambient Air Ouality Standards" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. • Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 60.1 "Air Pollution" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. 78 Energy ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The people of the County of Hawaii live in an environment with qualities that other areas have long since lost. Economic expansion and population growth in the County are bringing about more demand for products, transportation, services, energy, and other necessities [which] that could affect the environmental quality of the County. [Further, a higher standard of living and advances in technology are changing the life styles of people from "fix and re-use" to "discard and buy."] The County's basic industries, agriculture, tourism, and [research] scientific and technological enterprises, depend upon a "clean" environment for optimum [development.] rQ owth• [Major crops, particularly flowers such as orchids, require clean air for healthy growth.] The agricultural industry depends upon the availability of clean air, soil and water. The island's major visitor attraction, especially for tourists from large urban centers, is [the] its natural beauty [of the island, which is] accentuated by the quality of the air, land, and water. The environmental quality of the County thus not only enhances the quality of life [ofJ for its residents, but is also a major economic asset. In order to maintain an ecological balance for the biological, physical, social, and psychological well-being of the island community, it is essential to control [abuses such as] pollution[.], develop more effective solid waste and sewer treatment programs, control soil erosion, water run-off, and sprawl development, as well as protect endangered plants and animal species. [The price for greatly disturbing aspects] Greatly altering aspects of the ecological system [is not only an economic but a social cost as well.] could destabilize its existing balance and translate into high economic and social costs. Increasing population and urbanization place a greater demand on [our] the limited [resource base,] natural resources. making their utilization and protection a vital wncern to the people of the County of Hawaii. The increasing number and affluence of residents and visitors will increase the rate [at which we consume] of consumption of [our] local resources[;], the [amounts] amount of sewage and solid waste[,] Slitter, junk cazs, and other scrap metalj,[;] the demand for electrical power [which] that will necessitate additional sources;], and the number of motor vehicles in use. In urbanizing areas, the generation of pollutants will be greater with increased [residential] density[.] and intensified use of the land. [The long-range intent is to establish an optimum environment with the least amount of cost. Through legal and technological means the quality of the environment can be maintained.] Pollutants may be classified by characteristics, such as organic or inorganic, by stimuli, or by the type of environment affected, such as air, land, or water. Legislation [of varying types] relating to the appropriate disposition of specific pollutants [have been enacted at different times. These are] is administered by [different] Federal, State, and County agencies. [Current legal controls aze inadequate to prevent, abate, or control environmental pollution of the island at both the State and County levels. In addition, the] The large area of the County makes it difficult to adequately monitor and enforce environmental quality standards. The General Plan is concerned 79 Environmental Quality primarily with those controls [which] that can properly be formulated and enforced by County agencies. Current sources of pollution are [becoming] a problem not only in the amount and type of discharge but also in patterns of dispersal [which] that cause local concentrations of pollutants. There is also a lack of basic information [ofJ on the existing [conditions] condition of the County's environment. This is needed to establish a baseline from which future deterioration of the air, land, water, and noise levels can be measured. In order to prevent, abate, and control pollution, [it must be possible to recognize] deteriorating conditions must be recovnized before they reach critical proportions. Air The County of Hawaii, alone with the other counties comprisiny the island State eniovs the unique situation of being veoyraphically isolated from env larve land mass and major sources of man-made pollutants. The island's veovraphical isolation combined with very minimal locally venerated man-made air pollution has contributed toward the Island of Hawaii's world wide recoynition for the clarity of its air at the summits of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. These sites offer some of the best areas in the world for astronomy combininy optical clarity and accessibility. As in env metropolitan area, thouvh, there is some air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are open burning[,] ~y permit only). [the spraying ofJ s r_p eyed agricultural chemicals, modes of transportation, and fixed combustion sources[,] such as [sugar mill and] power plant [stacks.] emissions. Natural pollutants are also contributing factors. These can be oryanic, [include volcanic gases, open spray, and] includinv plant [and insect products and fragments. J pollens and spores, or inoryanic, includinv airborne dust and volcanic vases. Salt ladened ocean spray. thouvh not a pollutant in itself, is a contributiny factor towards increased amounts of suspended particulate matter. [The burning of cane fields before harvest is staggered and infrequent and usually occurs in rural areas. The spraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and branches of the State Department of Agriculture and Health. Smoke from sugar mills are regulated through State and Federal standards.] Prevailing [patterns of air circulation can cause local concentrations of pollutants. The northeast trade wind pattern on the windward coast is complicated by local upslope-downslope winds from the mountains. On] northeast trade winds and diurnal land and sea breezes sculpted by the Biy Island's topovraphv forms air circulation patterns that can create local concentrations of pollutants. The windward or eastern coast is dominated by trades, while on the leeward coast, [which is] the side of the island sheltered from the trade winds, the diumal land [and sea breeze pattern prevails.]-warmed, upslope winds of the day and the cooliny, niyhtly downslope winds prevail. In areas where the topovraphv favors a confluence of air currents, the [Since this circulation pattern is self-contained within a limited area, as opposed to the trade winds which are part of a much larger circulation system, a concentration of pollutants can occur. TheJ potential is great for [smog] hazy conditions to develop, especially if vehicular, 80 Environmental Quality volcanic, and other air pollution sources increase. [The Kona coast is typical of this situation.] Volcano induced smoe, known since the 1950s as voe has been a lone standine issue of concern. In 1983. Kilauea Volcano beean a lone eruptive cycle at Pu'u O'o with brief pauses between eruptive phases. Volcanic eases are released at the rate of about 385 tons per day during eruptive pauses, and 2,000 tons per day durine active eruptions Volcanic eases are composed primarily of sulfur, silicon, sodium, and chlorine with lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, maenesium, aluminum, titanium, and iron The sulfur measured in the form of sulfur dioxide, is believed to be oxidized into sulfuric acid an in redient in acid rain, in the presence of sunlieht and water. The effect of emissions from Kilauea Volcano on the acidity of rain durine noneruptive periods rapidly decreases within six miles of the site and studies suavest that the volcano's influence on the chemistry of rain is localized. However, this minimum level of impact is altered when the volcano is actively eruptine. Voy has affected those with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. The spraviny of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and branches of the State Department of Agriculture and the State Department of Health. Emissions from other private and municipal sources such as power veneration facilities are controlled throuvh [There are] State and Federal regulations [relating to air quality standards and air pollution control in the County]. Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health [is in the process of reviewing air quality standards and will amend its regulations.] continuously scrutinizes and updates the State's standards and regulations to address current issues, either meeting or exceeding Federal standards. Water The waters of the County are [readily subject] vulnerable to contamination. These include fresh, marine, and potable water. As population increases and further development occurs, there will be an increased demand for drinking and irrigation water. Recycled water is currently being used for erosion and dust control at lined land fills and there [There] may be a [possible] need in the future to recycle sewage and waste water for use in irrigation [and possibly as a drinking water source]. The major sources of water pollution are sewage, natural surface runoff, and [waste from] the bv-products of agricultural activities. There are ~ six] five municipal sewage systems with treatment plants [which) that serve limited areas. As a result, only a small portion of the County's sewage is treated. Most sewage is disposed of in private cesspools, septic systems, or private wastewater treatment plants that must [or is dumped untreated directly into coastal waters or rivers. Raw sewage outlets are primarily found along the steep cliffs of the east and north coasts of the island from older plantation housing areas. These methods of disposal inadequately) meet the State Department of Health's Water Quality Standards. The State Department of Health (DOH) intends to promulyate rules that will prohibit the installation of cesspools. 81 Environmental Quality [Because] Since much of the volcanic soil of the island is highly permeable and underground lava tubes are widespread [and], seepage from cesspools have been known to contribute to the pollution of coastal waters and may pose a potential threat to underground sources of drinking water. The State Department of Health is responsible for establishing, monitoring, and enforcing the Water Quality Standards. These standards are intended to protect the environmental quality of the waters of the island as well as to maintain the public health. Soil The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash. The young age and form of some of these soils make certain areas temporarily non-productive. Much of the volcanic soil is also highly permeable. Soil pollution has occurred with the accumulation of industrial, agricultural, and domestic chemicals and [by] the improper disposal of solid wastes, such as [rubbish,] refuse, old cars, refrigerators, stoves and other scrap metal, thus creating both unsanitazy and unsightly conditions. There is no comprehensive program for the surveillance and monitoring of chemicals to be able to detect the rate and extent of accumulation[.] within the soil. Little is known of their short_ and long_~terms] term effects on the environment and public health. [In the future, increasing amounts and varieties of chemicals will be used and will accumulate in the environment.] Noise Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on people. Noise that is loud or out of character, especially from low flying aircraft, is [becoming] critically disturbing to residents. Residential and resort areas near the Hilo [airport] International Airport are particularly affected. Noise levels will become increasingly more disturbing due to more jet service, vehicular traffic, construction, and the increasing size and density of urban areas. The Department of Health is responsible for establishing standards and regulations for noise control [However, there are presently no State noise regulations for the Neighbor Islands.] State noise level regulations and standards are uniform throughout the State. The Federal Aviation Agency has established noise guidelines for determining compatible land uses surrounding airports, however the regulation of surrounding lands [are left toy remain with the State and County. Increased air transportation activity and changes in aeronautical technology, [which] that could allow service by super-sonic aircraft[,] could change the "noise contours" that affect lands surrounding the Kona International Airport at Keahole and Hilo [Airports.] International Airport. In order to eliminate the likelihood of surrounding land use development conflicting with future airport activity and/or expansion, appropriate easements and/or covenants should be 82 Environmental Quality required in conjunction with land use approvals for lands in the vicinity of the County's two major airports. GOAL] GOALS • Define the most desirable use of land within the County that achieves an ecological balance providing residents and visitors the quality of life and an environment in which the natural resources of the island are viable and sustainable. • Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. • Control pollution. POLICIES • [The County of Hawaii shall take] Take positive action to further maintain the quality of the environment [for residents both in the present and in the future). • Minimum controls are established by the Federal and State governments; through its powers the County shall reinforce] Reinforce and strengthen established standards where it is necessary, principally by initiating, recommending, and adopting ordinances pertaining to the control of pollutants [which] that affect the environment. • [The County should keep apprised of and advise] Advise the public of environmental conditions and research undertaken [about] on the island's environment. • Encourage the concept of recycling agricultural, industriah and municipal waste material. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State to establish air and water quality monitoring stations in areas of existing and potential urban growth. • Encourage the State to continue aircraft noise abatement strategies at Hilo International Airport and the Kona International Airport at Keahole • Participate in watershed management proiects to improve stream and coastal water puality and encourage local communities to develop such proiects • Work with the appropriate agencies to adopt appropriate measures and provide incentives to control point and nonpoint sources of pollution 83 Environmental Quality • Support programs to prevent harmful alien species from becoming established. • Require golf courses to implement best management practices to limit leaching of nutrients to groundwater in areas where thev may affect streams or coastal ecosystems. • Require implementation of the management measures contained in Hawaii's Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program as a condition of land use permitting. • Review the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they adequately address potential erosion and runoff problems. STANDARDS • Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and wntrolled at levels [which] that will protect and preserve the public health and well being, through the enforcement of appropriate Federal, State and County standards. • [Environmental Incorporate environmental quality controls [are to be incorporated] either as standards in appropriate ordinances or as conditions of approval. • Federal and State environmental regulations shall be adhered to. 84 Environmental Quality [FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE] FLOODING AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The problems of flooding in the County of Hawaii are attributed to three basic factors:] ponding, surface nrnoff, high seas, storm surge, and tsunami inundation. Flood control is usually limited to confining runoff within natural or man-made [water courses] watercourses and standing bodies of water. Drainage involves the collection and conveyance of runoff. The problems of high seas and tsunami inundation are generally alleviated by structural criteria, building setbacks, and land use restrictions. The island [of Hawaii] is geologically very young and has not had a chance to develop defined [water courses] watercourses in many areas. These poorly defined [water courses] watercourses often overflow during rain storms. The South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, Ka'u, Puna and South Hilo districts are particularly [troubled with] impacted by this problem. On November 1, 2000, torrential rains stuck East Hawaii. The National Weather Service reported approximately 27 inches of record rainfall at the Hilo International Airport within a 24-hour period. More than three feet of rain fell on some areas of the island, causing flooding in many areas of the County. The highest rainfall total was at Kapapala Ranch in Ka'u, where more than 36 inches was recorded within a 24-hour period. In Hilo, the Waiakea-Uka area was inundated with approximately 29 inches the Piihonua area approximately 24 inches, Mountain View, nearly 29 inches, and Glenwood 26 inches. The record downfall overflowed streams and gullies, flooding roadways throughout downtown Hilo and isolating neighborhoods in some areas of the eastern side of the island. The districts of South Hilo, Puna and Ka'u were the hardest hit, with roads bridges power lines, businesses and homes either damaged or destroyed. In Hilo, a portion of Komohana Street was destroyed, and near Pahala, three bridges and portions of Highway 11 were washed away. During the height of the storm, various sections of Highway 11 were impassable. Most of the major storm damage on the highway occurred in the Puna and Ka'u Districts. Besides severe scouring of the roadway pavement, shoulders and drainage outlets and inlets in Mountain View, Glenwood, Volcano and Pahala, as well as bridges at the Makakupu ford crossing, Kaalaala Stream, Keiawa Stream and Paauau Stream, were damaged beyond economic repair. Portions of the highway from the 49 to 52 mile markers were closed for approximately three weeks. Farms suffered heavy damage to crops and massive erosion, telephone service was disrupted, and some residents experienced power failures for nearly 12 hours. Although no lives were lost as a direct result of the storm, flood damage was estimated at $20,000,000. On November 9, 2000, a Federal disaster was declared for the island. 85 Flooding and O[her Natural Hazards The coastline of the island is susceptible to high seas and tsunami inundation. Tsunamis may be of local or distant origination. Historically, those of distant origin have caused the most damage. [Of the 305+] However, of the nearly 305 miles of coastline, [however,] approximately 225 miles, or 75 ep r cent of the coastline is predominantly undeveloped cliff area and not subject to property damage[.] from coastal flooding or tsunami inundation. [Damage] Property damage from tsunami activity has [been experienced] occurred in [the] Hilo-Waiakea, [area, the] Laupahoehoe Point, [area, the] Waipio Valley, [area, the] Kawaihae-Puako, [area, and] some portions of [the] Napoopoo, Keauhou, and Kailua-Kona areas of [he [Kona] coastline. Low lying coastal areas of Ka'u and Puna have been devastated by tsunamis generated by local, large [scale] offshore earth movements. Since 1819, the island has experienced about twenty- three tsunamis with a run up of two meters (6.56 feetl or more. Due to the freauencv of tsunami events and warnings, the Army Corps of Engineers initiated the planning for a tsunami protection system after the tsunami of April 1946. By a congressional resolution adopted in 1957 and the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960. authorization was given to proceed on an offshore protection system that incorporated breakwaters and navigational improvements. However, further studies revealed that the high costs involved in the proposed tsunami barrier proiect made the proiect unfeasible. The proiect was subsequently abandoned. [There are now warning] Warning procedures have been established to alert the public of the approach of a tsunami of distant origination. However, locally generated tsunamis give little or no warning for evacuation. An ongoing program to educate the public on tsunami hazards is needed. Present drainage and flood problems are mainly due to the development of vacant lands, which are often subject to serious flooding[,] without any commensurate, coordinated development of new drainage systems or expansion of the existing drainage systems. In many areas, the capabilities of existing drains, channels, and culverts have been exceeded during heavy rains. Additional problems occur when debris accumulates and clogs waterways. The absence of easements in drainage and flood courses also hinders maintenance. Except for the metropolitan area of Hilo and portions of Kona and [Waimea,] South Kohala, the majority of the existing flood and drainage systems [are] were provided by the sugar plantations. [Each] In the past, each plantation town [has] developed its own sewerage, water, and drainage systems. This policy of the plantations to "take care of one's own" has worked well in the past. However, [with the conversion and development of plantation land that has historically been planted in sugar,] government will need to take a more active role in providing flood control[.] and erosion mitigation on all developed properties via the County's grubbing and grading ordinances and providing incentives to landowners and lessees to work with the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in developing and implementing soil and water conservation Ip ans• Since 1971, much progress has been made in alleviating flood and drainage problems and [in] establishing flood plain regulation. The general plan for the development of a comprehensive drainage system is the "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii." This report, along with newer reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, [and] the [U.S. 86 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS),] Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Federal Emergencv Management Agencv has guided the flood control and drainage improvements made to date. The "Drainage Master Plan" [needs to] should be revised and updated to include the new studies that have become available. Technical and financial assistance from agencies outside of the County has been instrumental in the progress made in drainage and flood control in Hawaii Coun[y. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has provided studies identifying the problems, needs and extent of Federal participation in flood control measures in particular floodplains. The [U.S. Depaztment of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS)] Natural Resources Conservation Service has provided technical assistance in carrying out flood plain management studies. The [SCS,] Natural Resources Conservation Service, along with the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, also provides conservation programs to reduce and control surface water and sediment runoff for individual agricultural and conservation landholders. The continued assistance of these agencies is essential for further progress in flood control and drainage and erosion and sedimentation control in [Hawaii the County. In 1982, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published the "Flood Insurance Study" for Hawaii County. This study investigates the existence and severity of flood hazards in Hawaii. The flood boundaries for streams, and the flood insurance zones and base flood elevation lines are delineated [in] on the [Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (FBFM), and the] Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) [respectively]. These maps are the principal result of the "Flood Insurance Study," and have been incorporated into Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program. Unfortunately. there have been problems with the use and accuracy of the Flood Insurance Rate Maas. It has been demonstrated that the current Flood Insurance Rate Maps are not very accurate as to the location, position, and formation of geographic and geologic attributes. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to determine if a parcel is on the Flood Insurance Rate Maas. Furthermore, there are many areas where there is no data to determine the flood potential. The absence of data does not mean an absence of potential flooding in any particular area. Therefore, there is an assumption that flood risk is minimal if a parcel is not in a designated Flood Insurance Rate Map area. The State participates in drainage and flood control through the Department of Land and Natural Resources' [Division of Water and Land Development.] Engineering Branch, Land Division. This agency is responsible for the implementation of a statewide flood control program, and [fort providing technical and financial assistance to the counties and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. [Because] Hawaii County exercises flood plain regulations because of the need for better coordination between the construction of properly planned drainage systems and urban development Hawaii County now exercises flood plain regulations]. The "Flood Insurance Study," identifying critical flood plain areas, wupled with the appropriate rules and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has been incorporated into what is now Chapter 87 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards 27 of the Hawaii County Code [entitled] titled "Flood Control." This chapter serves to promote public health, safety, and general welfare, and [to] minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions [in specified areas]. Chapter 27, along with the flood control provisions within the subdivision, building, and grading codes, is the legal authority for Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program. The Big Island experiences thousands of earthquakes each vear most undetectable but some strong enough to be felt or causing minor damage. Most of the island's earthquakes are related to volcanic activity caused by magma moving beneath the earth's surface and concentrated beneath the island's two active volcanoes. Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Since 1868, there have been 14 earthquakes greater than magnitude six most occurring on the south flank of Kilauea or Mauna Loa, including the Kaoiki region Honomu, Hualalai and Kona also experienced earthquakes greater than 6.0 on the Richter scale. With an estimated magnitude of 7.5 to 8.1, the largest Hawaiian earthquake in recorded history occurred in 1868 in the Ka'u district on the southeast flank of Mauna Loa. The 1868 earthquake caused islandwide damage, and the devastation was greatest in Ka'u, where an earthquake triggered mudflow and coastal subsidence produced a tsunami that destroved several villages and killed 79 people. In 1975, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake on Kilauea's south flank generated a tsunami that claimed two lives in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, destroved homes in Punaluu sank fishing boats in Keauhou Bav, and damaged boats and piers in Hilo. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 6.1 occurred on Kilauea's south flank in .tune 1989. Earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and 6.6 have occurred approximately once every 10 vears in the Kaoiki region, located between Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The most recent large earthquake with a magnitude 6.6 shook the region in 1983. The island of Hawaii is sinking, or subsiding, at different rates for various reasons. Tide gauge data suggest that Hilo has sunk at a rate of 2.3 millimeters per vear or approximately 4.5 inches in 50 vears. At the same time, the sea level has risen about 1.8 millimeters per vear, so Hilo has actually sunk about 8 inches relative to sea level in the 50- year period. Other studies suggest a slightly slower subsidence rate of 2.2 millimeters per year over 39,000 vears. Hawaii is slowly sinking due to the great weight of the island that slowly bends the outer rigid laver of the earth. As the volcanoes grow, their weight is greater than what the earth can support. Large earthquakes also produce coastal subsidence. The magnitude 7.2 Kalapana earthquake in 1975 produced coastal subsidence of approximately 10 to 11 feet near Halape, 3.5 inches at Kaena Point. 20 inches in Kalapana and nine inches in Kapoho. An earthquake related subsidence event such as this is equivalent to approximately 1,500 vears of slow subsidence. Following the 1975 Kalapana earthquake, coastal areas near Kapoho continue to subside at a rate of approximately a few centimeters per vear as the lower east rift zone near Kapoho slowly widens. Portion of Kapoho Vacationland Subdivision fronting the ocean are nearly completely submerged. Other areas of the island subject to earthquake-related subsidence 88 Flooding and O[her Natural Hazards are located between Palima Point and Naalehu, and Kealakekua Bav to south of Hookena The island is composed of flue volcanoes, two of which -Kilauea and Mauna Loa - are expected to erupt frequently in the future As such the U S Geological Survev has identified lava hazard zones for the island. The U.S. Geolo ical Survev Lava Flow Hazard Zone Map divides the island into Zones 1 through 9 based on the probability of coverage by lava flows. Zone 1 is the area of greatest hazard, and Zone 9 the least Hazard zones from lava flows are based on the location and freauencv of both historic and prehistoric eruptions. The zone boundaries are approximate and the hazard posed by lava flows decreases as the distance from vents increases. Zone 1 includes the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa and Kilauea where vents have repeatedly been active in historical times More than 25 per cent of the area in Zone 1 has been covered by lava since 1800 Zone 2 includes the areas adjacent to and downslope of the most active parts of the rift zones About 15-25 per cent of the area in Zone 2 has been covered by lava since 1800 GOALS Conserve scenic and natural resources.] • Protect human life. • Prevent damage to man-made improvements. • Control pollution. • Prevent damage from inundation. • Reduce surface water and sediment runoff. • Maximize soil and water conservation. POLICIES • [In areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action,] Enact restrictive land use and building structure regulations [must be enacted relative to the potential for loss of life and property. in areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action. Only uses [which] that cannot be located elsewhere due to public necessity and character, such as maritime activities and the necessary public facilities and utilities, [would] shall be allowed in these areas. • [The County shall continue to review] Review land use policy as it relates to flood plain, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas. 89 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards • [The County of Hawaii shall update] Update and improve the Flood Insurance Rate Maps and other flood [way] maps in compliance with [Chapter 27] the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIPI as needed. • Any development within the Federal Emergency Management Agency designated flood plain must be in compliance with Chanter 27. • [The County shall promote] Promote and provide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water [Conservations] Conservation Districts' conservation programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands. • The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii" shall be reviewed and updated to incorporate new studies iavailable] and [to] reflect newly identified priorities. • [All development] Development-generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works.] and in compliance with all State and Federal laws. • [The County shall develop] Develop a comprehensive program for the coordinated construction of a drainage network along a single drainage system. • [The County shall explore] Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems[.] and regulating potential flood inundation areas. • [It is the responsibility of both the government] The County and the private sector shall be responsible for maintaining and improving [to maintain and improve] existing drainage systems and [to construct] constructing new drainage facilities. • Develop an integrated shoreline erosion management plan that ensures the preservation of sandy beaches and public access to and along the shoreline. and the protection of private and public property from flood hazards and wave damage. • The County shall continue] Continue to promote public education programs on tsunami, hurricane, storm surge, and flood hazards. • Encourage grassed shoulder and swale roadway design where climate and grade are conducive. • Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that considers non-structural alternatives, minimizes channelization, protects wetlands that serve drainage functions. coordinates the regulation of construction and 90 Flooding and O[her Na[ural Hazards agricultural operation, and encourages the establishment of floodplains as public green wavs. • Encourage and provide incentives for agricultural operators to participate in Soil and Water Conservation District Programs. • Where applicable, natural drainage channels shall be improved to increase their capacity with special consideration for the practices of proper soil conservation, and grassland and forestry management. • Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting. • Discourage intensive development in areas of high volcanic hazard. STANDARDS • "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised. • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the Hawaii County Code. • Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10, "Erosion and Sedimentation Control," of the Hawaii County Code. • Applicable standards and regulations of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. DISTRICTS A general geographical description, a description of present flooding and drainage problems, and courses of action for the reduction of the flood and drainage problems are presented for the nine districts of the County. [Maps showing drainage plans, flood hazard areas, and tsunami inundation zones shall be incorporated as part of the General Plan.] 91 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards PUMA Profile The climate of the Puna District varies considerably from the rocky shoreline to the rain forest areas in the upper elevation. Rainfall amounts are generally heavy and most of the district receives over 100 inches per year. The district is subject to heavy rainfall and there is record of severe flooding [in 1979 and 1980]. [Flooding] Historically, floodine along the Belt Highway and [along] the highway from Keaau to Pahoa [were] had been the [major] most prominent problems of the district [but have been greatly alleviated due to highway improvements]. However, hiehwav improvements have done much to alleviate the floodine on the roadways. [The] Currently, the lack of ~extensiveJ development and the extremely permeable soils have helped to minimize major flooding[.] and dama¢e to life and property. [As urbanization] However, as the amount of development increases within the district, [however,] flood problems [are likely to increase.] will also increase. [The] Furthermore, the conversion of land historically planted in sugar to other crops [could also] may increase runoff. In this reeard, Soil and Water Conservation District conservation programs can help lessen the potential problem. [The] Some of the flood hazard areas for the Puna district are difficult to delineate due to the lack of defined drainage ways. Recorded flood damage has mainly been caused by surface sheet flows [which] that are likely to occur anywhere when heavy storms strike. Examples of this [problem) are found in [Pahoa and Mt. View,] Fern Forest. Eden Rock. Fern Acres, Orchidland, and Hawaiian Paradise Park. In addition to these subdivisions floodin occurs in certain areas of Pahoa. Other areas, such as Hawaiian Acres may be more defined. The floodine below Mt. View may be the result of diversion of the Mt View watershed into some of the substandard subdivisions. Agricultural lands along Wright Road in Volcano have a recent history of flooding and erosion. The Soil Conservation Service is currently studying the problem and possible solutions.] Systems [which) that incorporate diversion channels to intercept sheet flows and main channels to transport the flows away or through the area have been proposed for the communities of Keaau[,] and Pahoa and Kalapana-Kaimu]. Alone the Keaau-Pahoa Road, the State Department of Transportation (DOT) has installed culverts to facilitate the movement of water and minimize overtoppine of the road in certain sections. In addition, the DOT plans to replace those culverts that are ineffective or inadequate. Drainage systems incorporating the use of diversion channels to collect and transport surface flows safely through the area are also proposed for Mt. View. A portion of this system has been constructed and a study of the Glenwood/Mt. View watershed is being made by the 92 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Soil Conservation Service to evaluate the feasibility of constructing more drainage systems. Comparable systems would be applicable for the communities south of Keaau]. The entire coastline is susceptible to tsunami impacts[.] and hurricane storm surve inundation. [Most of the coastline, however] However, much of the coastline is undeveloped and/or has [steep] high cliffs. This renders most developed areas outside of the inundation zone and [where development is] not subject to damage. On November 29, 1975, [a tsunami was generated by an earthquake centered approximately three miles offshore of Kalapana (magnitude 7.2 on the Richter Scale). Two people were killed and property damage of about $1.4 million was incurred.] an earthquake measuriny 7.2 on the Richter Scale centered approximately three miles off shore of Halape venerated a tsunami that killed two people and resulted in $1,400,000 of property damave. The total damage of the earthquake and tsunami amounted to [about] approximately [$4.1 million.] 4100 000. Courses of Action • As [urbanization] development increases within the district, the drainage systems designed for the existing village areas shall be implemented. [These systems are designed to collect and transport surface runoff through the communities.] • [Provide improvements as shown by] Conduct an update of the County of Hawaii "Drainage Master Plan" and the "Mountain View Drainage Study"[.] and provide improvements as recommended by the updates. Support development of the Glenwood/Mt. View Watershed project. • Encourage diversified agricultural farmers to participate in Soil and Water Conservation District programs. J • Seek assistance to develop a comprehensive flood studv for the subdivisions between and alone Hiyhwavs 11 and 130. • Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real property are fu11v informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions. SOUTH HILO Profile With the Wailuku River as a dividing line, the South Hilo district can be separated into two watershed study areas. To the north of the river, the coastline has abrupt cliffs 30 to 80 feet high that are broken by deep stream channels. Usable land areas have a ground slope of six to twelve per cent. Above the 4,000 foot elevation, the stream channels diminish in number and depth and have all but disappeared above the 7,000 foot elevation. Flooding problems in this 93 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards area are primarily caused by local water runoff from former swear cane fields situated above the communities. South of the Wailuku River is a relatively flat plain of less than one per cent slope [which] that extends towards [the Hilo-Keaau Road.] Hiehway 11. Above [the road,] Hiehwav 11• the slope steepens to approximately six to twelve per cent. Stream channels are poorly defined and disappear at elevations above 2,500 feet. ~ Since 1837, Hilo has experienced about thirty tsunamis, an average frequency of one every four years. After the wave of April 1946, planning for a tsunami protection system was initiated by the Corps of Engineers. By a congressional resolution adopted in 1957 and by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960, authorization was given to proceed on an offshore protection system which incorporated breakwaters and navigational improvements. Subsequent studies have revealed that the high costs involved in the proposed tsunami bazrier project made the project unfeasible. The project was subsequently inactivated.] Waiakea Until recently, the existing drainage system was the result of uncoordinated development. Lacking a comprehensive plan, property owners have constructed and installed drainage facilities to protect their own interests. In many instances, these facilities have seriously concentrated flows and aggravated situations downstream. Many [of the] proposals of the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" have been completed in the Waiakea area reducing the flooding problems. Many [of the] culverts in upper Waiakea aze inadequate. Roadside ditches, though small in cross-sectional area, are aided by the highly porous ground and are fairly effective even during heavy storms. One of the most serious problems faced by County maintenance crews is the frequent washout ofcinder-gravel shoulders along road pavements. Another problem is the accumulation of vegetation growth and debris in waterways, which causes overflow. The Waiakea Stream Preliminary Investieation report prepared by Natural Resources Conservation Service in November, 1999 identified the channel constrictions at the Hoaka. Kupulau, and Kawailani bridees as a maior factor in the floodine of the Waiakea Stream Watershed. Several recommendations in the report sueeests an increase in the level of maintenance for the Waiakea stream channeh reconstruction of the three bridees to handle the 100-veer flood, installation of a flood levee above the properties alone Kupulau Road, and Stream channel improvements to manage the volume of a 100-veer flood. In the lower Waiakea area, storm damage is minimal due to the effectiveness of the Wailoa and Waiakea-Uka Flood Control Projects. The Waiakea coastal area is subject to tsunami and hurricane storm suree inundation and has suffered considerable loss to life and property from tsunami activity. 94 Flooding and O[her Na[ural Hazards Kaumana-Ainako-Wailuku River Kaumana's drainage system consists of roadside ditches, culverts, and narrow channels. Except for the Ainako Avenue area, all of upper Kaumana's storm water runoff is discharged either through the Waipahoehoe [Stream] or the Alenaio [Channel.] Streams. The Chong Street Diversion No. 3 and the Wailuku-Alenaio Diversion No. 4 along Akolea Road serves to reduce flooding in the lower areas and the Ainako Avenue sections. The Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed Reinvestieation report prepared by Natural Resources Conservation Service in December, 1999 identified a new flood diversion alternative for the watershed. The alternative will control stormwater in Waipahoehoe and Kaluiiki Streams and could provide 100-vear flood protection to communities on the south side of Kaumana Drive in the vicinity of Akolea Road and Chone Street The Countv has requested the Natural Resources Conservation Service's assistance to further clan and implement the new alternative. The drainage system in the Ainako-Wailuku River area is comprised of box culverts that pass the discharge of the Ainako River across Kokea, Koula, and Kapaa Streets. The residential areas bordering the Wailuku River have a system of collection ditches. Except during very intense storms, there are few problems in the area. Hilo Urban Area Between tsunamis and runoff from higher elevations, the wmmercial district has displayed amazing recuperative abilities. Prior to the completion of the Waiolama Canal in 1924 and the Ponahawai Storm Drain System in 1926, this area was a virtual "sea" during heavy rain. The construction of the canal and the storm drain system [have] has since provided some degree of protection for the area. The Alenaio Stream Flood Control Project, completed in 1998. beeins just below Kapiolani Street and ends below Kilauea Avenue with an earthen levee leading into the Waiolama Canal. The project consists of three hood walls. a 1790-foot rectaneular concrete-lined channel, a 200-foot concrete entrance transition, and an 830-foot earthen levee. The project also included the reconstruction of four bridees located at Kapiolani Ululani, Kinoole Streets, and Kilauea Avenue. The Alenaio Flood Control Proiect miti>;ated much of the floodine that occurred in the Alenaio flood plain [The Alenaio Channel discharges into the Waiolama Canal, conveying runoff from the upper area through the central business district. These major conduits in the downtown section are supplemented by pipe drains on Shipman, Waianuenue, Haili, Mamo, Ponahawai and Ululani Streets.] Except for the northern section of the business district, all of downtown Hilo falls within the Wailoa River basin and within the area tributary to the Alenaio Stream. The State 95 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards Department of Transportation (DOT) has indicated that there are periodic shifts of beach material alone the Hilo bav front shoreline. In addition. occasional storm events will close the roads at bav front due to storm surge. A study detailing the level of storm sure and the periodic shifts of beach material is needed before a solution can be developed [During periods of heavy rain, the runoff in Alenaio Stream has exceeded the capacity of several of the culverts in the drainage system downstream of Komohana Street.] The shoreline areas south of the Wailuku River are subject to damage from tsunami and hurricane storm surge inundation. Paukaa, Papaikou, Pepeekeo, Honomu, Hakalau These communities have no serious flood problems although Honomu and Papaikou have experienced minor flooding. These result from runoff from the areas above the communities. Although the entire coastline is subject to tsunami activity, the majority of the area [isJ has high cliffs and is not subject to property damage. [The only developed area affected by tsunami and high seas damage is the Hakalau Mill which is located at the base of the cliffs.] Courses of Action • The remaining proposals of the] "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" by Wilson, Okamoto and Assoc., Ltd., January, 1967, shall be _updated and implemented [as further need is shown. Some of the proposals include the construction or improvement of drainage channels and primary intercepting ditches and improvements to culvert systems]. • [The Waiakea Stream improvements as described by the] The "Hilo Area Comprehensive Study for Flood Damage Reduction" shall be updated and [completed.] implemented. Systems to intercept flows from higher elevations to be discharged into the Waipahoehoe or Ainako streams shall continue to be implemented as described by the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report," the "Watershed Work Plan- Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed," or the subsequent amendments to these reports.) • The proposals of the "Final Report and Environmental Impact Study of Alenaio Stream" shall be implemented. Studies shall continue for the upper Alenaio Stream, the upper Wailuku River and its tributaries, the upper Waiakea Stream and Palai Stream. • [Drainage systems proposed by thej The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Honomu, Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Paukaa areas [should] shall be updated and implemented. [These systems involve the collection and diversion 96 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards of surface runoff into nearby gulches for disposal.] In addition, proper soil conservation measures shall be applied to reduce the amount of surface water and sediment runoff. • Assess the possibility of implementing the recommendations of the NCRS's "Waiakea Stream Preliminary Investigation" and the "Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed Reinvestigation" reports. • Encourage a study of storm surge and the annual change in shoreline beach movement as a solution to the closing of the bay front highway during storm events. NORTH HILO Profile The district is characterized by an average ground slope of approximately [ten percent] 10 per cent with scores of deep intermittent and perennial streams. Other than runoff from former cane lands, there is little record of flooding in urban areas [being flooded]. Each community is in close proximity to one or more gulches [which] that carry flows from the upper watershed areas. The key to flood control within the district is to collect and divert surface runoff to the gulches. In addition, soil wnservation practices are highly recommended. The flood hazard areas are extremely difficult to delineate. High intensity storms can produce localized flooding in almost any area. The only definite flood hazard area is Laupahoehoe School. The community of Ookala has not experienced heavy flooding although there are minor problems due to surface waters [coming out ofJ from the former cane fields above the town. There is no record of any flooding within the community of Ninole. The existing flood control system [provide] provided by the plantation is adequate. The community of Laupahoehoe has not experienced any extreme flood flows. However, there will be a need to supply flood protection for the community since Laupahoehoe School, which is located just to the south of the urban center, has experienced some flooding. Water [comes down] flows from the former cane fields, [especially] when [fields have been recently harvested or when the cane] the natural vegetation does not form a complete cover. The community of Papaaloa has not experienced any serious flooding problems. With the projected expansion of the community, there will be a need to provide flood protection for the area. 97 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards The North Hilo district is characterized by high sea cliffs, most of which rise 300 feet above the sea. Except for the Laupahoehoe Point area, development is not subject to tsunami or hurricane storm surge damage. Course of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Ookala and Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa areas shall be updated and implemented to alleviate problems of runoff from higher elevations. [These systems are designed to collect and divert surface runoff to the surrounding gulches.] HAMAKUA Profile The Hamakua District can be divided into two major watershed areas. The northern watershed, which affects the Waipio Valley area, extends upward into the Kohala Mountains. The second watershed extends to the peak of Mauna Kea and affects the communities of Kukuihaele, Honokaa, Paauhau, Paauilo, and Kukaiau. [Sixty-five years of records show that the district has suffered from twenty-six major storms and several times from high seas and tsunamis.] The majority of the flood damage in this area is felt by the [sugar industry, the] State[,] or the County through damage to improvements within former cane fields, roads, ditches, and bridges. Streams originating above and flowing through Honokaa have caused flooding in the town. The existing culverts within the town also do not have adequate capacity to handle volume flows. The communities of Paauhau and Kukaiau have not been subject to any high flood flows in the past and the only recommended flood prevention measures would be the construction of diversion channels above the communities to divert water from [the] former sugar cane fields and into the surrounding gulches. Occasional flooding alone the Hawaii Belt Road between Ahualoa and Waimea occurs when rainwater comes down from the pastures and overtops the road Although there are no mitigation measures planned at this time road improvements have alleviated some of the flooding and improved sheet flow. Localized drainage problems exist within the limits of Paauilo. These problems are caused by allowing surface waters to collect from large areas within the town and flow down 98 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards narrow roadways. [These] The problems could be eliminated if this water was intercepted and transported to the gulches for disposal. The only area that is subject to tsunami and hurricane storm surge inundation within the Hamakua district is Waipio Valley and three other uninhabited valleys to the north. Damage in Waipio Valley has been primarily to crops caused by periodic stream meandering, overflow[.], and stream blockages. Requested solutions and subsequent studies of the problem have found approaches to be economically unfeasible. Courses of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Waipio-Kukuihaele, Honokaa-Paauhau, and Paauilo-Kukaiau areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems incorporate the construction of diversion channels above the communities which would collect and transport surface flows to surrounding gulches.] • Support the use of natural channels and proper soil conservation practices to manage flood control and drainage problems. • [A reduction in surface flows from agricultural and forest reserve land above the communities of the district is of prime concern. Proper soil conservation practices to reduce surface water and sediment runoff must be implemented. Examples of some of the practices include contour farming to reduce erosion and runoff, replanting with grass or woody vegetation in areas where vegetative cover has been destroyed, and providing protective cover for soil by leaving trash and leaves on the fields, returning bagasse to fields or planting fast growing inter-row crops.] Implementation of proper flood control measures and soil conservation practices shall be used to minimize sheet flow, flooding and sediment runoff from agricultural and forest reserve land above the communities of the district. • The Waipio Valley area shall be kept open except] retained for limited recreational and agricultural activities due to its high susceptibility to flooding and tsunami inundation. • Encourage the State to develop mitigation measures for the occasional flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road between Ahualoa and Waimea. 99 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district is subject to occasional heavy rainfall [which] that creates heavy runoff. Streams collect water from the upper watershed and convey most flows safely through the urban centers. Although the gulches are generally smaller than those on the Hamakua coast, they have adequate capacity to handle storm flows. Other than damage to [cane field improvements and] highway culverts, there is no record of any [extensive] flood damage [within the district.] to structures. There are areas, however, which are subject to [minor] flooding problems. These include the town of Hawi which has [suffered from] experienced surface sheet flows concentrating along the highway within the town, the highway and road culverts at Lipoa Gulch, and Halelua and Pueka gulches. The community of Kapaau has problems similar to those of Hawi. The existing highway culverts are inadequate to handle peak flood flows and have caused minor flooding problems in the past. On each side of the highway, the Makapala area is relatively flat and is susceptible to flooding by the Niulii and Waikani Streams. The solution to the flood control and drainage problems of this district lies [within two measures. These are] in the practice of proper soil conservation in agricultural lands and forest areas to help reduce and retard surface water and sediment runoff [and improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity]. In addition, there are the improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity. The North Kohala district has recorded runup from tsunami and hurricane storm suree activity. Areas subject to inundation include [the] Pololu Valley [azea, the Hoea Mill area], [the] Upolu Point Airport [area], and the Mahukona Harbor [area.] areas. Course of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Hawi and Honomakau-Kapaau areas shall be undated and implemented. [These systems propose improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity. This, combined with the practice of proper soil conservation, is the solution to flood control and drainage problems within the district.] 100 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards SOUTH KOHALA Profile The South Kohala district can be divided into two separate watershed areas. The Waimea Village watershed extends into the Kohala Mountains. [These mountains have high rainfall] Heavy rainfall occurs in these mountains and several intermittent streams [descend from them and] flow through the Waimea area. Upon reaching the Waimea plains, these streams turn to the west and flow towazd Kawaihae across the extremely permeable lava flows of Mauna Kea. The Waikoloa stream has caused flooding within the town of Waimea during high intensity storms when waters overflow due to sharp stream bends and generally inadequate flow-carrying capacities. In addition, there is some flooding concern around the area abutting the Kawaihae road. The second watershed area above the Kawaihae to Anaehoomalu shoreline extends from the coast to the peaks of Mauna Kea to Mauna Loa. The azea is semi-arid with few well-defined channels and infrequent stream flows. [There are two flood control projects are in progress within the district, both within the town of Waimea. The first project, which consists of a lined channel and flood water retarding structure for the Lanimaumau Stream, has been constructed under the authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Control Act. The second study and planned flood control measure is for a lined channel along the Waikoloa Stream northward from Lindsey Road. This channel will alleviate much of the flooding from the Waikoloa Stream.] High intensity storms have caused flooding along the [Mamalahoa] Queen Kaahumanu Highway [at Puako and along the highway] from Kawaihae to Puako[.] ,and at Puako. These storms are very infrequent and tend to create flash floods. High flows have been experienced in the Hapuna Beach and Spencer Beach Park areas due to the flash floods. The Puako Beach lots have also been subject to flooding. During the evening of September 8. 1996, heavy rains generated a flash flood along Auwaiakeakua Stream. The floodwaters overtopped the existing drainage ways causing damage to private properties, particularly the Fairway Terrace Condominium at Waikoloa Village, County roads and drainage facilities. In 1997, construction was completed on the Parker Ranch drainage improvements The improvements diverted the Kamuela and Lanimaumau Streams toward open pasture lands. Flooding has done substantial damage to the residential subdivision at the Mauna Kea Beach Resort. To mitigate the flooding, the developer has constructed flood control measures off site and the State Department of Transportation intends to install three sets of new culverts on site. The State Department of Transportation also intends to realign and replace Waiaka Road. An added threat to the coastal areas results from fire [which] that leaves the upper slope areas with limited ground cover and thus more susceptible to flooding. 101 Flooding and Other Na[ural Hazards The entire coastline of this district from Kawaihae southward is subject to tsunami and storm suree wave inundation. Runup has been recorded in Kawaihae and Puako. [Course] Courses of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Kawaihae, Hapuna Bay-Puako, Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay, and Waimea areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems propose improvement to natural channels to increase their efficiency. These, combined with the practice of proper soil conservation with special emphasis put upon grassland and forestry management practices, would be the solution to flood control and drainage problems in the district.] • Conduct a flood study for the Auwaiakeakua Stream. NORTH KONA Profile The North Kona district can be divided into two watershed areas. The area north of Keahole Point and the summit of Hualalai have very low rainfall and runoff. Rainfall for this area reaches a maximum average of 40 inches per year, but most of the area receives less than 20 inches per year. The soils [ofJ in the area are extremely permeable and there is no record of hazardous flooding in this area. The southern area, extending southward from Keahole Point, contains most of the urban development and is subject to increasing hazards from floodwater damages as land is more intensively utilized. The area is characterized by dry vegetative growth along the coastal areas and thick tropical vegetation in the upper forest reserves. The ground slope is steep, averaging approximately [fifteen percent.] 15 aer cent. The steep slopes, shallow soils, frequent high intensity rains, and the lack of well-defined drainageways make many areas in the North Kona district susceptible to flooding and overland flows. Flash floods, primarily from overflows of the [Kawanui/Lehuula/Kainaliu,J Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways, have been identified by the [USDA, SCS,] Natural Resources Conservation Service's "North Kona Flood Plain Management Study." Flood water and sediment damage occurs along the entire coffee belt with the Kainaliu, Holualoa and Kailua village areas experiencing the heaviest damage. 102 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards The entire coastline of the North Kona district is subject to inundation by tsunamis. Kailua and Keauhou have recorded run up and damage from tsunami activity in the past. In addition, the coastline has also been subject to damage from storm waves. Courses of Action • Drainage systems for the Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways shall be [developed and implemented.] studied and remanaed to determine the actions necessary to mitigate negative impacts. [These systems, in addition to the installation and maintenance of proper soil and water conservation practices could alleviate the major flood control and drainage problems.] • Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and debris producing areas. • Encourage the manning of the floodways in North Kona to develoa more effective flood control urograms. • Encourage the use of natural drainageways as greenwavs in the development of the region. • Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauka areas to improve the capacity of the ground to absorb heavy rainfall. SOUTH KONA Profile Being geographically young, there are few well-defined drainage ways in the district. [The soils of the area are extremely permeable and few streams show evidence of reaching the ocean.] Overland and stream flows are rare and can only be detected when the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. The district is subject to sudden high intensity rainstorms that can strike anywhere and cause localized flooding. Flood prone areas have been identified by the [USDA, SCS,] Natural Resources Conservation Service's "South Kona Flood Hazazd Analyses." Coffee and other agricultural lands are subject to erosional damage and roads and culverts are sometimes damaged by high flows and sediment deposition. The Sunset Coffee Mill Flood Prevention Project has provided substantial relief in the Napoopoo area. There aze also records of minor flooding from Kiilae, South Keokea, Honaunau and Wailapa Streams. In general, an area within 150 feet of the stream channels can be considered 103 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards subject to flooding. Other areas with records of minor flooding include the areas along the Belt Highway in the area of the 19501ava flows and at Hookena Road. The entire shoreline is subject to inundation due to high seas and swells caused by hurricanes and distant storms. Coastal areas have received damage to roads, harbor facilities and ocean[ ]front buildings. The shoreline areas are also subject to tsunami activity. This includes the coastline from Napoopoo to Honaunau and the Milolii village area. Tsunami runup has been recorded in two locations along the South Kona shoreline, in Milolii and Hookena. Courses of Action • [Drainage recommendations proposed by the] The "South Kona Flood Hazazd Analyses" for the Kealakekua, Napoopoo and Honaunau areas shall be updated and implemented. [These consist of diversions and catchments to collect and transport water and reduce peak flows from the upper watershed areas through the urban area. The practice of proper soil conservation measures and the improvement of existing drainage features complement these proposals.] • Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and debris producing aeeas. • Encourage the use of natural drainaaeways as areenwavs in the development of the region. • Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauka areas to improve the capacity of the around to absorb heavy rainfall. • Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real property are fully informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions. KA'U Profile The Ka'u district can be divided into three separate regions. The northeastern region is dominated by the Ka'u desert. The average annual rainfall here is approximately 20 inches. There are few defined stream channels, none of which are perennial. The soils are very shallow, covering rough lava flows that are extremely permeable. The southwestern region [which] that extends westerly from the South Point [road] Road is characterized by moderate slopes, extremely permeable soils, and relatively young lava flows. The median annual rainfall varies from less than 20 inches at South Point to 75 inches at the 5,000_foot elevation. There is little evidence of stream flow within this region and no record of 104 Flooding and O[her Natural Hazards damage from flood flows other than the flooding of roads within the Hawaiian Ocean View Estates subdivision. The central region contains the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu. There aze several streams within the region, none of which are perennial. Flood flows occur when the soils are saturated and rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. Storm runoff descends steep slopes behind the communities and causes flooding and deposition of sediment and debris in the communities. There are three existing flood control measures in this district. A flood water channel and debris basin in Naalehu was completed in 1965 with additional improvements and modifications completed in 1969 and 1982. The second project is within the town of Pahala and consists of diversion channels in the former suear cane fields above the town and the improvement of Paauau Stream. [Since their construction, there has been minimal flood damage in Pahala.] The third project is within the town of Waiohinu. It is designed to collect flows from the watershed areas and transport them around Waiohinu for disposal in the rock land area. This project has been implemented, but needs additional improvements. Although major flooding within the communities has been addressed, flash flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road still occurs. The Piikea, Keaiwa, Paauau, Punaluu, Hilea, Kawaa, and Honuapo streams often exceed the capacity of the existine bridges['] and culverts and flood the roadway. This temporarily closes the road and effectively cuts off this district from the Puna[/], Hilo and Kona district.] districts. However, in the Piikea ford area, the State DOT completed the construction of a new Piikea bridee in 1998. In addition to the bridee improvements to the Piikea ford are proposed with the construction of three large box culverts. At the Paauau stream there are plans for the construction of a new bridee. There are also plans for the replacement of the Ninole bridee located iust past Punaluu Anew culvert is proposed in the Kawaa flats re ion. The entire coastline of the district is subject to tsunami and high seas activity, with the Punaluu and Honuapo Bay areas having been severely damaged from past tsunami activity. Courses of Action • Improve and upgrade existing flood control measures as necessary. • Continue proper soil conservation measures to complement the existing systems. • Investigate potential solutions to prevent the closure of the Hawaii Belt Road due to flooding. l05 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards • Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real property are fully informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions 106 Flooding and O[her Natural Hazards HISTORIC SITES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The heritage of a community is documented by its history a series of past events]. The physical evidence of such a documentation is often contained in archaeological and historic sites [which] that support the written or traditional legacy. The identity of a community evolves from the past. One way of understanding the present is through historic perspective, as [our] cultural values are basically derived from past generations. [A three-dimensional record of [he past puts us in a better position [o judge and understand our contemporary values, progress, and lifestyles, as well as to illustrate our history. Much of the early surviving history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the island of Hawaii. Archaeological evidence indicates that this island was settled by the Polynesians at least as eazly as 700 - 800 A.D. Tentative evidence also suggest that it is likely to have been settled as eazly as 300 - 600 A.D. Many of the significant figures of Hawaiian history before the arrival of Captain Cook had their domains on the island of Hawaii; Paao, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa, Keawe-a-Umi, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapainui. This is also true of many significant figures of the early historical times; Kalaniopuu, Kamehameha, Keoua, Ka'ahumanu, Keeaumoku, Kuakini and Kapiolani. The island was also home of special deities such as Pele and Her relatives, and Poliahu. Today historic sites are found throughout each district of Hawaii. The State's Historic Sites Section indicates that over 10,000 have been identified and that there may be a total of 100,000 - 300,000 sites on the island. These sites often provide information of Hawaiian history and culture prior to the arrival of Captain Cook and for which there often are no written sources. Other sites include those which have been significant in historical times. The historical process encompasses the development and evolution of Hawaii from the earliest settlement to the arrival of the various ethnic groups whose cultural lifestyles have blended to form what is now Hawaii.] According to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources' Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) an estimated 11500 archeological and historic sites have been identified on the island of Hawaii However only 5 aer cent of the island has been surveyed The other 95 per cent of the island contains an undeterminable number of historic and archeological sites The abundance of historic sites can be attributed to the fact that much of the early history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the Big Island. Archeological data indicates that Polynesian voyagers may have settled here as early as 600 A D Furthermore significant historic figures such as King Kamehameha I conquered and ruled the Hawaiian Islands from the Big Island The Historic Sites element also encompasses the recent oast such as the coming of the various ethnic groups that have blended to create today's Hawaii. 107 Historic Sites There is continuing concern for the historic and archaeological sites of the County of Hawaii on the part of residents, governmental agencies, and private developers. [It is realized that once destroyed, historic sites and the information which they contain cannot be replaced.] As the early history of Hawaii was kept through oral tradition, the reconstruction of this period is [to a large extent] largely based on the physical evidence [of] and data recovered from archaeological and historic sites. It is realized that once destroyed, historic sites and the information they contain cannot be replaced. Many landowners aze becoming aware that Hawaiian artifacts used in daily living are being removed from their lands for or by collectors. Consequently, sites have been despoiled and information regazding the function of the site itself and the artifacts have been destroyed. [Increased land development and the prices being paid for artifacts by collectors endanger many historic sites. It is important to recognize that the history of this island is the history of those who live here. Public access to major historic sites has not always been available, and the information derived from sites and its significance have not always been distributed.] [The State's Historic Sites Section in the Department of Land and Natural Resources] The SHPD is charged with a variety of tasks within the State's historic preservation program. [It keeps] The SHPD maintains an inventory of known historic sites and promotes surveys to identify and document new sites. [It] The SHPD also has a program element to place significant sites on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and [also] coordinates the nomination of sites to the National Register of Historic Places. SHPD also administers the Burial Sites Program. This program manages those burial sites that are over 50 years old. Approximately 98 per cent of the burial cases handled by the SHPD relate to native Hawaiian skeletal remains. Anyone who wishes to relocate or preserve in place previously identified Hawaiian burials over 50 years old must obtain the approval of the appropriate Island Burial Council, that meets monthly on its respective islands Anv skeletal remains accidentally discovered must be reported to the SHPD and County police If burial remains are estimated to be less than 50 years old they fall under the iurisdiction of the police. Other programs, such as the Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program seek to preserve historic sites by enabling non- profit organizations in the various County districts preserve historic sites and buildings along a transportation corridor or the Department of Land and Natural Resources Ala Kahakai trail that will connect various historic sites and parks alone the shoreline. Information regarding historic sites may be obtained by contacting the SHPD. Archaeological investigations continue to be conducted on the island [of Hawaii], adding to the list of known sites. These investigations, as well as cultural and historical reseazch, are important in identifying significant cultural resources and helping to provide the basis for their protection and management. However, as indicated by the large number of estimated sites on the island, it is also important to establish criteria for determining what is significant. The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) decision of 1995 allows native Hawaiians the right to conduct their cultural traditions and practices upon lands where those activities had been conducted in the past. 108 Historic Sites GOALS • Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. • [Access] Appropriate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest should be made available. • Enhance the understandine of man's place on the landscape by understandine the system of ahupuaa. POLICIES • Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised of projects. • [The County of Hawaii shall incorporate sections to evaluate, manage, or protect historic sites, buildings and objects into appropriate ordinances.] Amend appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of historic sites, buildings and objects. • [The County of Hawaii shall require] Require both public and private developers of land to provide [a] historical and archaeological [survey] surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance. • Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired[.], where appropriate. • [The County of Hawaii shall embark] Embark on a program of restoring significant historic sites on County lands. [Through a joint effort with the State, the County can assure] Assure the protection and restoration of sites on other public lands[.] through a joint effort with the State. • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the restoration of significant sites on private lands. • [The County of Hawaii shall collect] Collect and distribute historic sites information of public interest and [in conjunction with the State,] keep [a current] an inventory of sites. • [The County of Hawaii shall aid] Aid in the development of a program of public education concerning historic sites. 109 Historic Sites • Signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects shall be in keeping with the character of the area orthe cultural aspects of the feature. • [The County of Hawaii shall develop] Develop a continuing program to evaluate the significance of historic sites. • Develop policies to protect Hawaiian rights as identified under iudicial decisions. • Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. • All new historic sites placed on the State or Federal Register after the adoption of the General plan shall be included in the General Plan. • Consider reguirinG Cultural Assessments for certain developments as part of the rezoninG process. • Recognize the importance of certain natural features in Hawaiian culture by incorporating the concept of °Gultural landscapes" in land use planninG. STANDARDS The evaluation of the importance of specific historic sites is necessary for future action. The following standards establish a framework for evaluating sites. • Importance in the life or activities of a major historic person. • Associated with a major group or organization in the history of the island or community. • Associated with a major historic event (cultural, economic, military, social, or political). • Associated with a major recurring event in the history of the community (such as annual celebrations). • Associated with a past or continuing institution [which] that has contributed substantially to the life of the community. • Unique example of a particular style or period. • One of the few of its age remaining. • Original materials and/or workmanship [which] that can be valued in themselves. 110 Historic Sites • Sites with a preponderance of original materials in context and complexes rather than single isolated sites unless they are of great significance. • Sites of traditional and cultural significance. DISTRICTS The following is a historical profile of the districts. The brief historical sketches of each district are intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the island as a whole. The list of sites [which] that aze included for the districts are those that have been officially placed on either the Hawaii Register or the National Register of Historic Places. It is important to understand that the listing of sites and their evaluation is an on-going process. Many other sites for the districts have been identified and may be equally significant but the process of evaluation and placement on a register has not been completed. New sites are constantly being [found] discovered and these must be evaluated in conjunction with those already known. PUNA Profile [In the history of the island of Hawaii,] Historically, the district of Puna did not have [a great] much political influence. However, Puna is [most] closely associated with the volcano goddess Pele. For the most part, Puna followed the course of the adjacent districts of Ka'u and Hilo. No strong family lines evolved in the district [to have] for power over any of the other districts, and the lands of Puna almost always went to the ruler of Ka'u or Hilo. The most significant historical feature known in Puna [is] was the Waha'ula Heiau, located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Pazk. Unfortunately, it was destroyed in 1997 by the onaoina eruption of Kilauea. This was the first luakini heiau (temples presided over by the high chiefs) to be built by the priest Pa'ao, circa 1275 A.D., and the last in use until its destruction was ordered by Liholiho in 1820. [Mackenzie Petroglyphs Malama-ki Hawaii Register King's Highway Malama-ki Hawaii Register Puna-Ka'u Historic District Various National Register] 111 Historic Si[es Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National Resion Resister Resister Johnson Summer Home/Hale Ohia Cottases 1-1-05:19, 42 Keaau x Hale Ohia Tract Historic 1-1-05: 24-26; Volcano x District 29-33 - Star of the Sea Catholic Church, Kalapana Painted 1-2-06:81 Kaimu x x Church Ala Loa 1-2-09:3 Kehena x Keauohana Ahupuaa 1-2-09.3 Kehena x Archeolosical District Opihikao Evanselical 1-3-04.18 Opihikao x Church Residence - Kins's Hishway 1-3-07:26 Malama Ki x MacKenzie Petroslyphs 1-3-07:26 Malama Ki x 1-3-08:1 - Mountain View Theater 1-8-02:1 Olaa x Course of Action • Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritase Corridors. 112 Historic Sites NORTH AND SOUTH HILO Profile In Hawaiian tradition, the district of Hilo played an important role. A cave behind Rainbow Falls was the home of Hina, the beautiful woman who bore the demigod Maui for the islands' traditional founder, Hawaii Loa. Pele herself shaped the area of Hilo by sending fingers of lava down the slopes of Mauna Loa. Kamehameha I spent part of his youth in the district and moved and overturned the Naha Stone, an omen of his later rise to power. In 1778, the first written reports of Hilo were made by Captain James Cook, who said that heavy seas prevented his landing at "Aheedoo." One of [he explorers who came after Capt. Cook was Lord Byron, who first charted Hilo Bay. For years, the bay was known as Byron's Bay and the entrance to the harbor, Blonde Reef, was named after his ship. Following the explorers [came] were fur traders and other seamen who found the islands an ideal location for wintering and [for] obtaining provisions. By 1791 the exploitation of sandalwood began and Hilo's reputation as a port had emerged. At the end of the sandalwood era, Christian missionaries arrived, led by William Ellis. In 1822, Ellis searched [Ellis, in 1822, came looking] for a suitable location for a mission station. At [this] the same time, Hilo was the starting point of pilgrimages to the volcano and a market place for people from Ka'u to Hamakua. The main settlement of Hilo was initially located at the mouth of the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Until the arrival of David Belden Lyman and Titus Coan in 1832, the mission's effect was not [great.] sienificant. By the end of 1837, however, two- thirds of the population of the area had relocated themselves to Hilo to join Coan's "Great Revival," leaving villages around Hilo deserted. When the mission eventually moved to [he top of Haili Street from Waiakea, the new Christians followed. This established the present location of Hilo town. Close to the end of Coan's revival, new explorers interested in commerce came to Hilo. The whaling industry had a great effect on the local population, luring Hawaiians away from home with a [taste] ra omise of adventure and money. The whaling industry declined after 1868 when petroleum was discovered in far-off Pennsylvania. The great [tidal wave] tsunami and earthquake also occurred in this year. The sugar industry began [developing] to develop in the early 1800's but]. However, it was not until the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875[,] with the United States[,] that the industry [gained firm ground.] firmly established itself. The treaty assured that no duty would be imposed on Hawaiian sugar[.] imported into the United States. [Before the turn of the century, labor was imported from Asia and Europe to satisfy manpower needs of the growing industry. New mills were established and by 1900 Hilo was sugar-prosperous.] Thus, by the turn of the century, new sugar mills were established, labor was beine imported from Asia and Europe, and Hilo became a thriving economic center. The present population reflects the various groups who have made their homes in the area. 113 Historic Sites Most [of the] historic sites of North and South Hilo have been either destroyed by agriculture, urban growth, and natural changes in landforms. Those sites [which] that have been protected should [continue to be] remain as the area grows. Other sites, particulazly historic buildings, should be the focus of these districts. These buildings, although not of ancient vintage, reflect the historic growth of the area. [SOUTH HILO Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register United States Post Office Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register and Office Building W. H. Shipman House Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register Rev. D. B. Lyman House Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register District Courthouse Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register and Police Station Hilo Breakwater Eligible for National Register Hilo Iron Works Piopio ili Eligible for National Register Wailoa Bridge Waiakea Eligible for National Register] (Kamehameha Avenue) 114 Historic Si[es Site Tax Man Kev Ahuauaa or Hawaii National Re ion Register Register Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiakea x Kamehameha Hall 2-1-21:43 Ponahawai x x_ United Community Church 2-2-20:2 Ponahawai x Volcano Block 2-3-03:9 Punahoa x x United States Post Office and 2-3-05.3 Piihonua x Office Building - Hilo Masonic Lodge 2-3-05:7 Punahoa x x District Court House and 2.3-06.4 Punahoa x x Police Station - - Palace Theater 2-3-07:21 Punahoa x x S. Hata Building 2-3-08:16 Punahoa x x Michael Victor House 2-3-14:2 Punahoa x W.H. Shuman House 2-3-15:4, 5 Piihonua x x Rev. D.B. Lvman House 2-3-16:24 Punahoa x x Ludloff Residence 2-3-28:22 Punahoa x Masao Kubo Residence 2-3-28:44 Punahoa x A..i. Williamson Residence 2-6-06:11 Kalalau x x H. Tanimoto Residence (Honomu Theater) 2-8-14:15 Honomu x Yamamoto Store 2-9-03:18 Wailea x [Course] Courses of Action • [The County shall support] SUppOCt the development of Kalakaua Park and its surrounding azea as the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area and the restoration of its historic significance to Hilo. • Identify historic sites within the South Hilo District for inclusion within the Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program. 115 Historic Sites HAMAKUA Profile Most of the early history of the Hamakua district centers on Waipio Valley. The valley was settled early and was the home of several strong rulers [since at least the early] as early as the 13th century. Among the chiefs of Waipio were Liloa and his son Umi. The traditions regarding Liloa indicates he was the first to rule over the entire island [of Hawaii] and [that] his rule was one of peaceful diplomacy. In 1823, the Rev. Ellis counted 265 houses in the valley and estimated the population [to be] at 1,325. The number of residents has declined steadily since Ellis' estimate. The same is true of the once populated Waimanu Valley. Hawaiians also lived in the smaller valleys and gulches along the Hamakua coast and were known to cultivate taro. In relatively recent historical times, there have been Asian and European influences in Hamakua, due primarily to the sugar industry. These influences have erased much of the physical evidence of the earlier culture, but have also introduced a different perspective on historic sites. [Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Kaohe Hawaii Register/National Register Chee Ying Society Nienie Hawaii Register/National Register] Clubhouse Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuauaa or Hawaii National _ - Reeion Register Register East Hamakua Protestant 4-4-06.1 Keahua x Church - Pa auhau Plantation House 4-4-06:22 Pa'auhau x Mauna Kea Adze Ouarrv 4-4-15:1, 9, 10 Kaohe x x_ Chee Ying Society q.5-09:9 Nienie x x Clubhouse - - Honokaa Plantation q.g_06:13 Kanahonua x Manager's Residence - Course of Action • Coordinate with the community to identify historical sites and buildings for inclusion in a heritage corridor program. 116 Historic Si[es NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA Profile Historically, the present districts of North and South Kohala were considered to be a single unit. Kohala is the birthplace of Kamehameha I. Mo'okini Heiau at Upolu Point is said to have been built by the priest Pa'ao in the 12th century. Other important historic events occurred in the district, particularly at Kawaihae. Kamehameha I gained complete control of the entire island Hof Hawaii] after [constructing] the death of chief Keoua of Ka u at the Pu'ukohola Heiau [where Keoua was killed]. It was at Kawaihae that John Young and Isaac Davis in the service of Kamehameha I cleared foreign arrivals who came to Hawaii. They persuaded Capt. George Vancouver to [first] leave cattle in the area and Capt.] Richard .T. Cleveland to leave horses. In 1820, the brig Thaddeus, carrying a group of Christian missionaries, made its first anchorage at the village of Kawaihae. John Young is credited with the decision Hof allowing] to allow the missionaries to disembark at Kailua. John Palmer Parker was influential in shaping the character of Kohala. He started ranching in Kawaihae and hunted the large number of cattle [which] that had turned wild under the kapu or protection placed on them by Kamehameha[.] I. Parker eventually moved to Waimea where he expanded his operation into what is today one of the oldest and largest privately owned ranches in the ~world.J United States. In 1832, the missionary Lorenzo Lyons arrived in Kawaihae. He established his station at Waimea and his parish included the districts of Kohala and Hamakua. Ten years later, Reverend Elias Bond took over the mission duties in [northern] North Kohala and [soon] established an excellent English school. Although the character of Kohala has changed through history, the district's relative isolation has preserved many pre-contact sites. The leeward North Kohala coast still [contain] contains many remnants of coastal fishing villages [which] that were occupied from the pre- historicperiod through the early 1900s. Likewise, remnants of the large agricultural complexes [which that supported the population are still found in both North and South Kohala. Mo'okini and Pu'ukohola Heiau still stand as monuments to the past, as do John Young's house site and the early Christian churches. 117 Historic Sites NORTH KOHALA Lapakahi Complex Lapakahi Hawaii Register/National Register Heiau in Kukuipahu Kukuipahu Hawaii Register/National Register Bond District Iole Hawaii Register/National Register Kohala Pilgrim Church Pahoa Hawaii Register Tong Wo Society Building Halawa Hawaii Register/National Register Kohala District Courthouse Honopueo Hawaii Register/National Register Mo'okini Heiau Puuepa Hawaii Register/National Register Possible Heiau Kehena Hawaii Register Vault Complex Paoo Hawaii Register Makeanehu Complex Makeanehu Hawaii Register Habitation and Burials Makeanehu Hawaii Register Habitation Complex Paoo Hawaii Register SOUTH KOHALA Pu'ukohola Heiau Kawaihae National Register Imiola Church Waikoloa Hawaii Register/National Register Puako Petroglyph Lalamilo Hawaii Register/National Register Archaeological District Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Hawaii Register] 118 Historic Sites NORTH KOHALA Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaa or Hawaii National - Region Register Re ister 5-3-05:4, 5,17, Bond District Iole x x 19, 20, 26, 27 Tong Wo Society Building 5-3-08:20 Halawa x x Kohala District Courthouse 5-4-05:1 Honopueo x x Nanbu Hotel/Holv's Bakery 5-4-05:22 Honopue x Union Mill Manager's Puehuehu- Residence 5-4-10:58.59 Laaumama x Mo'okini Heiau 5-5-05:20 Puuepa x x Kohala Pilgrim Church 5-5-15:25 Pahoa x .Tames M. Hind Residence 5-5-15:35 Hawi x x Hashimoto House 5-5-15:38 Hawi x Hawi Plantation Manager's 5-5-15:41 Hawi x Residence Heiau in Kukuipahu 5-6-01:75 Kukuipahu x x Habitation Complex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x Vault Complex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x Makeanehu Complex 5-8-01:12 Makeanehu x Habitation and Burial 5-8-01:12 Makeanehu x Possible Heiau 5-8-01:13 Kehena x Lapakahi Complex (District Various Lapakahi x w/multiple sites) - Courses of Action • Coordinate with the communities and residents of North Kohala to identify historic sites and buildings for protection and preservation. • Encourage the preservation of historic buildings and promote new development, that matches the style of historic commercial buildings in the area. • Recognize the natural beauty and history of the area as a major economic and social asset to be protected and perpetuated as part of the uniqueness of the island. 119 Historic Si[es SOUTH KOHALA Site Tax Man Kev Ahuuuaa or Hawaii National Re ion Resister Register Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Park (District w/ 6-2-02:9. 10,16 Kawaihae x multiple sited 'Imiola 6-5-04:4 Waikoloa x x Old Lindsey House 6-5-06:42 Lalamilo x Portions of 6-8- Ala Loa Foot Trail 01:32, 35 (Southernmost Kohala and 6-8-22:32 Various x Northernmost Kona 6-9-01:15 - Districts 6-9-07 7-1-03:22 Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Various x x Puako Petroalyph 6-9-01:15 Lalamilo x x Archeoloeical District Course of Action • Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritaee Corridors. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile The Kona districts have been very significant in the history of Hawaii. Before the arrival of [Capt.] Captain Cook, a large population was settled in villages along the coast. Various rulers lived in the area and have left evidence of the complex religious, social, and political systems [which] that evolved in Hawaii. In North Kona, the major complexes aze located at Kailua, Holualoa, and Kahaluu. In South Kona, they are located at Kealakekua and Honaunau. When [Capt.] Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, he reported that the area was flourishing. It is well known that he was accepted as the god Lono and visited heiau and village sites at Napoopoo. Following [Capt] Captain. Cook's death, no foreign ships stopped in Kona for several years. In 1792, [Capt.] Captain Georee Vancouver arrived in Kona and left orange trees, grapevines, other plants, and cattle[.] for Kine Kamehameha I and his chiefs. In 1812, Kamehameha I in 1812,] established his permanent residence and [his] capital 120 Historic Sites in [Kailua.] Kailua-Kona. The royal family remained in Kona until the capital was moved to Honolulu. The districts prospered during the sandalwood and whaling eras, with Kealakekua serving as the main port. In 1820, the first missionary station on the island was established in Kailua. Although Kona has experienced rapid change since Captai° Cook's arrival, it still contains many undisturbed historical sites. Most of these sites are of traditionally Hawaiian origin and can reveal information important in reconstructing Hawaii's eazly history. [NORTH KONA Hulihee Palace Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register Mokuaikaua Church Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register Ahuaaumi Heiau Keauhou National Register Hale O Kane Heiau Kealakehe Hawaii Register Habitation Site Kealakehe Hawaii Register Shelter and Pen Ooma Hawaii Register Wawaloli Habitation Ooma Hawaii Register Habitation Cluster Ooma Hawaii Register Lanihau Papamu Lanihau Hawaii Register House and Burials Lanihau Hawaii Register Honokohau Settlement Kaloko, National Register (32 Sites) Honokohau Kamakahonu (Residence of Lanihau National Register King Kamehameha I) Keauhou Holua Slide Keauhou National Register Kuamo'o Burials Keauhou National Register Kamoa Point Complex Holualoa Hawaii Register/National Register Kahalu'u Historic Kahaluu, National Register District Q8 Sites) Keauhou Kamehameha III Birthplace Keauhou Hawaii Register/National Register (Kauikeaouli Stone) Great Wall of Kuakini Various Eligible for National Register SOUTH KONA Greenwell Store Onouli Hawaii Register/National Register Pu'uhonua O Honaunau - Honaunau, National Register Place of Refuge Keokea Kealakekua Bay Various National Register Historical District Kahikolu Church Kahauloa Hawaii Register/National Register St. Benedict's Honaunau Hawaii Register/National Register Catholic Church Burial Cave Honomalino Hawaii Register 121 Historic Sites North Honomalino Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register Ahole Holua Complex Kapua National Register Okoe Bay Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register Kaulanamauna Upland Kaulana-mauna Hawaii Register Complex Kona Field System Various Eligible for National Register] (e.g. Amy Greenwell Botanical (N. & S. Kona) Gardens) 122 Historic Sites NORTH KONA Site Tax Map Key Ahupuaa or Hawaii National Reeion Rester Re 'ster Francis Ii Brown Beach 7.1-03:3, 12, 13 Puuanahulu x x Residence - - Bobcat Trail Habitation 7-1-04.6 Puuanahulu x Cave - Shelter and Pen 7-3-43:3 Ooma x Wawaloi Habitation 7-3-43:3 Ooma x Habitation Cluster 7-3-43:3 Ooma x Kalaoa Permanent House Portion of 7-3- Site 10,205 43:42 Ooma x x Honokohau Settlement/Kaloko- 7-3-09:2 Kaloko, Honokohau National 7-4-08:3, 10, 25 Honokohau x Historic Park Haleokane Heiau 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x Habitation Site 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x Lanihau Papamu 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x House and Burials 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x Kamakahonu (Residence of 7-5-06.24, 32 Lanihau x x King Kamehameha I) - - Moku'aikaua Church 7-5-07:18 Keopu x x Hulihe a Palace 7-5-07:20 Keonu x x Pua'a 2 Agricultural Fields Portion of 7-5- puaa x x Archeological District 14:23 - - Hale Halawai o Holualoa 7-6-16:13 Holualoa x x Keolonahihi Complex/Kamoa Point 7-7-04:12, 28, 31, Holualoa x x Complex (District w/ 51, 52, various - - multiplesites) Ahu-a= Umi Heiau 7-8-01:3 Keauhou x Kahaluu Historic District 7-8-10.2, 4, 35 Kahalu'u x (District w/multiple sites) - Keauhou Holua Slide 7-8-10:30 Keauhou x 123 Historic Si[es Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National - Resion Resister Resister Kuamo o Burials 7-8-10:66 Keauhou x Kamehameha III Birthplace 7-8-12.17 Keauhou x x (Kauikeaouli Stone) Course of Action • Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi complexes as a condition of rezonins or Special Manasement Area permits, for nearby properties. 124 Historic Sites SOUTH KONA Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National - Reeion Resister Resister Greenwell Store 8-1-04:50 Onouli x x Christ Church Episcopal 8-1-05:8 Kealakekua x Kahikolu Church 8-2-07:6 Kahauloa x x Daifukuii Soto Zen Mission 8-2-10:20 Kalamaumi x x Uchida Coffee Farm Portion of 8-2- Kaawalo x x 15:13 - - Kealakekua Bav Historical 8.2 Various District (District w/multiple g.3 Various Various x sites Saint Benedict's Catholic g.4-06.6 Honaunau x x Church - - Pu'uhonua oHonaunau Honaunau. National Historical Park 8-4-11:7 x (District w/multiple sites) Keokea Burial Cave 8-9-03:1 Honomalino x North Honomalino Complex 8-9-03:1 Honomalino x Kaulana, Okoe Bav Complex 8-9-03:1 Mauna x Kaulanamaluna Upland g_9-06.2 Kaulanamal x Complex una - Ahole Holua Complex 8-9-06:3 Kapua x Course of Action • Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritase Corridors. • Adopt the Herilase Corridor Plan, which includes lands from Holualoa to Honanau. • Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bav to assure preservation of the resion's unique environment and cultural resources. 125 Historic Sites KA'U Profile The district of Ka'u has historically been a relatively independent district, isolated from the rest of the island. Historical data indicates that [it] Ka'u was probably settled very early by the Polynesian voyagers. As population increased, the rest of the island was inhabited. Most of the early settlement in Ka'u consisted of small fishing villages. In 1791, Kamehameha I became ruler of the entire island [gaining the district of Ka'u when its chief Keoua was killed] after the death of Keoua, the chief of Ka'u at the dedication of Pu'ukohola Heiau at Kawaihae. Ka'u later became the stopping point for seagoing travelers on their way to Hilo. In the 1860's, Mark Twain lived in Waiohinu and wrote extensively about his stay in Ka'u. While living in Waiohinu he declared Hawaii to be "the loveliest fleet of islands." ~Keawaiki Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Manuka Bay Petroglyphs Manuka Hawaii Register/National Register Platform and Mounds Manuka Hawaii Register Kuleana Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Ko'a Manuka Hawaii Register South Manuka Bay Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Malua Kipuka Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Platform and Shelters Manuka Hawaii Register Lava Tube Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Kaiakekua Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Habitation Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Manuka Bay Holua Slide Manuka Hawaii Register Heiau and Trail Manuka Hawaii Register Shrine and Heiau Manuka Hawaii Register South Point Complex Kamaoa National Register Kii Petroglyphs Waiohinu Hawaii Register/National Register Ainapo Trail (Menzies Trail) Kapapala National Register Wilkes Campsite Kapapala National Register Kilauea Crater Kapapala, Keauhou National Register Whitney Seismograph Keauhou National Register Old Volcano House No. 42 Keauhou National Register 1790 Footprints Kapapala National Register] 126 Historic Sites Site Tax Map Kev Ahupuaa or Hawaii National - Resion Resister Resister Manuka Bav Petroslvphs 9-1-01:3 Manuka x x Platform and Mounds 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Kuleana Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Koa 9-1-01:3 Manuka x South Manuka Bav Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Platform and Shelters 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Lava Tube Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Kaiakekua Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Keawaiki Complex 9-1-01:3 Kaupua'a x Manuka Bav Holua Slide 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Heiau and Trail 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Kipuka Malua Complex 9-1-01:3.6 Manuka x Shrine and Heiau 9-1-01:3.7 Manuka x Habitation Complex 9-1-01:7 Manuka x South Point Complex 9-3-01:1.3.7. 11 Kamaoa x Mahana Archeolosical Portion of 9-3- District 01.2 Kamaoa x Kapalaoa Archeolosical Portion of 9-3- District 01.2 Kamaoa x Ki i Petroslyphs 9-5-06:1 Waiohinu x x Hawaii Kilauea Crater 9-9-01:1 Volcanoes x National Park 1790 Footprints 9-9-01:1, 2 Kaoaoala x Forest Reserve ~Ainapo Trail (Menzies Hawaii Tratl 9-9-01:3 volcanoes x National Park Hawaii Wilkes Campsite 9-9-01:3 Volcanoes x National Park Hawaii Ainahou Ranch House 9-9-01:6 Volcanoes x x National Park Whitney Seismosraph Vault 9-9-01:23 Hawaii x 127 Historic Sites Site Tax Maa Kev Ahuauaa or Hawaii National - Region Register Register No. 29 Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Old Volcano House No. 42 9-9-01:23 Volcanoes x National Park Mauna Loa Trail Various Various x Puna-Ka'u Historic District. Hawaii Volcanoes National Various Various x Park (District w/ multiule sites Course of Action • Suagort the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. 128 Historic Sites NATURAL BEAUTY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The natural beauty of Hawaii is a universally recognized characteristic and [as such is] one of [our] the most significant and valuable assets[.] of this island. In a relatively small area exists a great range of environments, from lush green tropical valleys to snow-capped mountains. [This diversity enhances the liveability of the island by providing a preference of physical settings.] Hawaii s natural and scenic beauty is the [manifestation] result of the [interplay] interaction of various physical elements and forces. Three primary factors contribute to the variety of environments: elevation, relative location, and geologic origin and age. A further factor is modification by man. The types of landform and vegetation depend on these basic factors. Due to different elevations and locations of the island, the landscape features have particular characteristics. These include barren fields of lava, heavily vegetated valleys, kiawe deserts, native forests, rolling grasslands, and rocky coastlines. The differences in the environment and the landscape features are important in giving identity to areas of the island and [in supporting man-made elements.] enhances the livability of the island by providing a preference of physical settines. [As a resource, natural] Natural beauty [has many aspects.] is a multifaceted resource. It is an aesthetic resource experienced by human perceptions. [Natural and scenic beauty has] It is an economic [ramifications,] resource, as evidenced by the scale of resort development and by visitor-related activities. Real property values [also] further substantiate the economic value of Hawaii's dramatic beauty. [The comparison of a shoreline or mountain home with a panoramic view to a home across the street; or a condominium overlooking mountains and ocean as to a view of a neighboring condominium reflects the importance of scenic beauty. Another aspect is that the] The physical elements [which] that make up the landscape and the interrelationships of these elements are also of scientific interest. Investigating and understanding the physical environment are necessary [in order] for man to live in [balance] harmony with [it and not destroy it.] the environment. As the population increases, the desire to experience natural beauty will continue and may increase. If uncontrolled, the development necessary to accommodate an increasing population as well as resort development could have detrimental effects on the natural beauty of the island. Areas with special amenities of natural beauty have been and will continue to be the focus of pressure for resort development. Present regulatory process provide an assessment of impacts of development projects in order to protect, preserve and restore natural and scenic resources. [However, planning decisions lack standard methods for assessing aesthetic values and evaluating impacts. The cost of restoring or regaining natural beauty is greater than the cost of protecting it.] 129 Natural Beauty Hawaii s natural beauty is both an irreplaceable asset and [an asset that is] a part of the public trust. It is fragile and although often enhanced by man can easily be adversely affected. Measures must be taken to insure its protection, both now and in the future, for the enjoyment of Hawaii s residents and visitors. Through the Zoning and Subdivision [ordinances,] codes, and the Special Management Area and shoreline setback regulations, the County of Hawaii has the means to protect the island's natural and scenic beauty as an integral part of the living environment of the island. Safeguards of this valuable asset are a major consideration [ofJ for any construction or development [which] that may alter, eliminate, or intrude upon it. They are also important so that man-made elements are kept in an aesthetic perspective with the physical surroundings. The County Arborist Advisory Committee was established to determine guidelines to identify the physical and botanical importance of trees and tree masses on the island. Criteria such as the aesthetic quality, rarity, cultural significance and endemic status are evaluated in designating exceptional trees or tree masses. Preservation for those selected are enacted by County ordinance or regulation. The Hawaii County Planning Department adopted Rule 17 that implements landscaping requirements. The purpose of the rule is to use landscaping requirements to create screens and buffers from noise, lights, and litter; moderate the visual impact and microclimates of paved parking lots and parked vehicles; enhance the street scape of commercial and industrial areas; and promote ecological and cultural values through landscaping with native and other appropriate plants. The importance of natural and scenic beauty and its true evaluation as an asset of public trust to be protected for future generations remain with the people of this island. While public planning and regulation are instrumental in achieving the goals set forth for this element, it is public awareness and interest [which] that will maintain the natural beauty of the island of Hawaii. GOALS • Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. • Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. • Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. POLICIES • Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas. 130 Natural Beauty • [The County of Hawaii shall develop] Develop and establish view plane regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values. • [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island. • Access easement to public or private lands [which] that have natural or scenic value shall be provided or acquired for the public. • [Standard] Develop standard criteria for natural and scenic beauty [shall be developed] as part of design plans. • [The County shall consider] Consider structural setback from major thoroughfares and highways and [shall] establish development and design guidelines to protect important viewplanes. • [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to identify exceptional trees or tree masses. • Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of proposed construction during all land use reviews. • Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty. STANDARDS The following standards provide guidelines for designating sites and vistas of extraordinary natural beauty [which] that shall be protected. • Distinctive and identifiable landforms distinguished as landmarks, e.g. Mauna Kea, Waipio Valley. • Coastline areas of striking contrast , e.g. Laupahoehoe Point. • Vistas of distinctive features. • Natural or native vegetation [which makes a particular area attractive.] attractive to a particular area. • Areas [which] that are harmoniously developed and enhanced by man [so as] to appear natural. 131 Natural Beauty DISTRICTS The following describes the chazacteristic natural and scenic beauty of the districts of the County of Hawaii. Examples of sites and vistas are listed. The goals, [and] policies standards of the element shall set forth the courses of action for sites and vistas of natural beauty. PUNA Along the coast of Puna district the black sand beaches and tidal ponds are noted features of natural beauty. [The Kaimu-Kalapana Black Sand Beach is an often used travel poster scene of Hawaii.] The inland areas of Puna are lava land. Major areas of natural beauty are the 1960 Kapoho and the [recently formed) Pu'u O'o volcanic regions. [Its significance is] The region is significant in that it represents the force of nature in altering the landscape feature into a cone and desolate field of lava. A portion of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is also located within this district. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Puna district. [Waiakolea Pond 1-2-03:5, 6 Kalapana Viewpoint (Ka Lae Ahole) 1-2-03:12 Kalapana Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-08:5 Pohoiki Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka 1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho Viewpoint(Puu Kukae) 1-4-02:2 Kapoho View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-02:31 Kapoho Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landing) 1-4-03:19 Honolulu Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakahuila Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-01:25 Keaau Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4-02 Kapoho Viewplane from Pahoa- 1-2-04, 06, 07, 09 Kalapana Highway looking makai MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki 132 Natural Beauty Mango Grove along Kapoho- 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Honolulu Landing Road Halepuaa 1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone) 1-2-10:1 Kamaili Ironwood Groves along 1-3-03:5 & Kauaea Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-03:18 Nanawale Albizzia Grove along Pahoa- 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku Kapoho Road Royal Palms fronting Keaau Middle 1-6-02 Keaau School View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from Pahoa-Keaau, Volcano-Keaau Roads, and various Puna subdivisions Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Region] ite Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reaian Viewplane From Pahoa-Kalapana Hiehwav lookine 1-2-04, 06, 07, 09 makai Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee 1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone) 1-2-10:1 Kamaili 1-3-03:5 & Kauaea Ironwood Groves alone Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki Mango Grove alone Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki Albizzia Grove alone Pahoa-Kapoho Road 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku 1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4-02 Kapoho Viewpoint (Puu Kukael 1-4-02:2 Kapoho Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint-Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.l 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-03:18 Nanawale 133 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion Viewpoint-Shoreline (Honolulu Landinel 1.4-03:19 Honolulu Man¢o Grove alone Kaaoho-Honolulu Landin Road 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Halepuaa View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-91:18 Kaooho ViewaoinbShoreline 1-5.63:1-4 Waiakahuila Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-01:25 Keaau Roval Palms frontin¢ Keaau Intermediate School 1-6-02 Keaau View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from Pahoa-Keaau. Volcano-Keaau Roads. and various Puna Various subdivisions Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Reeion Various The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. Tree Tax Mao Kev Grove of Maneoes (Pohoiki Roadl 1-3-08 SOUTH HILO The natural beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From various locations in the area, there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay provides a picturesque front yard for [the city ofJ Ailo. From the bay the land gently slopes upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Throughout the district there are waterfalls, [such as] including the famous Akaka Falls and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Hilo district. Banyan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-O1, 03, OS Waiakea Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area 2-1-03:2 Waiakea with Mauna Kea in Background Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with 2-1-03:17 Waiakea Mauna Kea in Background Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-03:19 Waiakea Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-05:] Waiakea Ice Pond 2-1-06:10 Waiakea Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-11:5 Waiakea Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea 134 Natural Beauty Viewpoint-Shoreline (Keokea Point) 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Lihikai(Onekahakaha) Beach 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Park shoreline Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea Lokoaka Pond, Akahi 2-1-16:1 Waiakea Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea Wailoa River Area Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-13:3 Waiakea Mohouli Fish Pond 2-2-29:27 Waiakea Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31:1 Waiakea Puu Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai Rainbow Falls and Area 2-3-27:1, 2 Piihonua (Wailuku River Park) Kaimukanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3, 5 Piihonua Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua Viewpoint on hilltop 2-3-37:4 Ponahawai looking over Hilo Bay Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-02 Piihonua Bridge looking makai Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-03 Piihonua Bridge looking mauka Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Alealea Point looking 2-6-15:1 Wailua towards Hilo Bay Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae Onomea Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26 Kahalii-Onomea 2-7-10:1 Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15, 2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02, 3-1-O1 Hakalaunui-Kamaee] 135 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion Banvan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-01.03.05 Waiakea Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea Viewpoint of Hilo Bav area with Mauna Kea in 2-1-03.2 Waiakea Backeround Viewpoint of Hilo Bav with Mauna Kea in Backeround 2-1-03:17 Waiakea Coconut Isle (Mokuolal 2-1-03:19 Waiakea Reeds Bav (Shoreline) 2-1-05:1 Waiakea Ice Pond 2-1-06:10 Waiakea Viewpoint-Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-11:5 Waiakea Lehia Park (undeveloced) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea Viewpoint-Shoreline(Keokea Point) 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Lihikai{Onekahakaha) Beach Park shoreline 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea Lokoaka Pond. Akahi Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond 2-1-16:1 Waiakea Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea Wailoa River Area Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-13:3 Mohouli Fish Pond 2-2-29:27 Waiakea Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31:1 Puu Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai Rainbow Falls and Area (Wailuku River Parkl 2-3-27:1.2 Piihonua Kaimukanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3.5 Piihonua Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua Viewpoint on hilltop lookine over Hilo Bav 2-3-37f:41 Ponahawai Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridee lookine makai 2-6-02 Piihonua Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bridee lookine mauka 2-6-03 Piihonua Alealea Point lookine towards Hilo Bav 2-6-15:1 Wailua 136 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae Onomea Bav Area 2-7-09:1.2.26: Kahalii-Onomea 2-7-10:1 Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15.2.9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki Hakalau Bav/Gulch Area 2-9-02.3-1.01 Hakalaunui-Kamae The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. ~Monkeypod (Suisan Fish Market) 2-1-03:27 Coconut trees (Waiolama Canal) 2-2-04:2 Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) 2-2-27:1 False Kamani (Haili Church) 2-3-12:9 Surinam Cherry (Hi]o United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7 Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Falls Park) 2-3-27:1] Tree Tax Mao Kev Monkevood (Suisan Fish Market) 2-1-03:27 Coconut trees (Waiolama Canal) 2-2-04:2 Grove of Monkev Pod Trees (Kamehameha and Pauahi 2-2-04:35 Streets Grove of Monkev Pod Trees (Kamehameha and Pauahi 2-2-04:56 Streets Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) 2-2-07:1 Chinese Weeoine Banvan (Kilauea Ave.) 2-2-28:8 Indian Banvan (Kalakaua Parkl 2-3-05:1 Quinine (Kalakaua Parkl 2-3-05:1 Divi-Divi [Kalakaua Parkl 2-3-05:1 Loulu Palm (Kalakaua Parkl 2.3-05:1 False Kamani (Haiti Street Church) 2-3-12:9 Surinam Cherrv (Hilo United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7 Bo or Peeoul Tree (Old Riverside School) 2-3-15:1 137 Natural Beauty Tree Tax Man Kev Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Fallsl 2-3-27:1 NORTH HILO One of the most outstanding areas of natural beauty in North Hilo is Laupahoehoe Point. The point juts out calmly, ending in a rugged coastline with pounding surf. In either direction along the coast are views of the high cliffs. The deep gulches with silvery green Kukui trees [contrast] contrasting with the darker green vegetation along the highway are also points of natural beauty, [especially] particularly Honohina Falls in Nanue Gulch. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Hilo district. [View point of Umauma Gulch 3-1-01:1, 24 Wailua (makai from bridge) Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma 3-1-01:23, 30 Wailua Gulch (mauka from bridge) Nanue Gulch--Makai 3-2-01:1, 8 Nanue Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) 3-2-01:11, 17 Nanue Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:9, 11, 12 Maulua Iki Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. 3-6-01:9 Alaea Laupahoehoe Gulch 3-6-04 Laupahoehoe Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwilahilahi Kilau Gulch 3-6-01 Laupahoehoe Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-04 Manawaiopae Kihalani Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani Kaawalii Gulch 3-6-05, 3-9-01 Waipunalei-Humuula] 138 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion View point of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridee) 3-1-01:1.24 Wailua Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from 3-1-01:23.30 Wailua bride - Nanue Gulch-Makai 3-2-01:1.8 Nanue Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and streaml 3-2-01:11. 17 Nanue Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:9. 11. 12 Maulua Iki Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwilahilahi Manawaiooae Gulch 3-5-04 Manawaiouae Kihalani Gulch 3.5-04 Kihalani Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani Kilau Gulch 3-6-O1 Lauoahoehce Scenic Lookout-Lauuahoehoe Pt. 3.6-01:9 Alaea Lauuahoehoe Gulch 3-6-04 Lauoahoehce Kaawalii Gulch 3-6-05.3-9-01 Waiounalei-Humuula The followine desit=,nated exceptional trees are adoated by ordinance. Tree ~ Tax Mao Kev Pua Kenikeni(Lauoahoehce Police Stationl 3-6-09:31 HAMAKUA The Hamakua district is tropically lush along the lower elevations. The coast is marked by densely vegetated gulches and valleys highlighted by silvery green Kukui trees. The most famous of these is Waipio Valley. This valley is the most accessible in the series of windward valleys. The natural and scenic beauty of Waipio with its waterfalls and tropical rainforests has attracted people for many years. Mauna Kea is also included in the Hamakua district and with Mauna Loa dominates the landscape along the Hamakua part of the Saddle Road. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Hamakua district. 139 Natural Beauty [Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3 Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nienie Viewpoint--Lookout Waipio 4-8-04:17 Lalakea Valley, Kukuihaele Hiilawe Falls 4-9-09 Waipio Windward Valley System 4-9-01 to 15 Waipio, Muliwai to Awini Muliwai-Awini, Waimanu Valley Area Waimanu Waipio Valley Area] Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3 Kaohe Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nienie Viewpoint-Lookout Waipio Vallev. Kukuihaele 4-8-04:17 Lalakea Windward Vallev Svstem Wai io Muliwai to Awini 4-9-O1 to 15 Muliwai-Awini. Waimanu Vallev Area Waipio Vallev Area Waimanu Hiilawe Falls 4-909 W81p10 The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. - - Tree Tax Mao Kev Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (1) 4-4-14:1 Hame (Kalopa State Park) 4-4-14:1 Kopiko (Kalopa Stale Park) (1) 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (2) 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (3) 4-4-14:1 Kopiko (Kalopa State Park) (2) 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park (4) 4-4-14:1 Koa (Kalopa State Park) 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Park) (5) 4-4-14:1 140 Natural Beauty NORTH KOHALA The natural beauty of the leeward area of North Kohala is characterized by undulating hills and gullies. The grid landform slopes gently from the eroded higher elevations of the North Kohala Mountains [o the sheltered coastal waters. The shallow soil cover and grasslands are cut by numerous gullies which empty storm waters into embayments along the coast. Akoni Pule highway bisects the area along the lower elevation and provides distant views to both the coast and uplands. On the windward side of North Kohala, the landscape takes on the appearance of a tropical rain forest with lush green vegetation in the valleys and gulches. At the eastern end of the highway is Pololu Valley and a view down the coast towards Hamakua. The Kohala mountains provide [background] a backdrop to both these landscapes, and along the higher elevations of windward Kohala are green grazing lands with a panoramic vista of the coast. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Kohala district. Windward Valley System 5-1-01 & 02 Awini, Pololu Honokane Valley Islands off Awini Valley Pololu Valley Viewpoint-Pololu Valley 5-2-01:1 Pololu Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waiapuka Nanue Bay Area 5-2-01:7, 8 Waiapuka Kapanaia Bay Area 5-2-01:14 Makapala 5-2-07 Aamakao Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt. 5-2-01:14-16 Makapala Kauhola Point 5-3-07:1 Kukuiwaluhia Upolu Point 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-Upolu Old Honoipu Landing 5-6-01:24 Puakea Kapaa Park 5-6-01:60 Kapaa Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-7-03:3, 4, 14 Mahukona-Hihiu Keawanui Bay Area 5-8-01 Puanui Kaiopae Point 4-9-01:6 Waiaka Waiakailio Bay Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Highway Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road Ironwood trees along Kohala Mountain Road Indian Banyan trees at Kohala Corporation office in Hawi] 141 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahupuaa or Reeion Windward Vallev Svstem Honokane Vallev 5-1-O1 & 02 Awini. Pololu Islands off Awini Vallev Pololu Vallev Viewpoint-Pololu Vallev 5-2-01:1 Pololu Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waiapuka Nanue Bav Area 5-2-01:7.8 Waiapuka Kapanaia Bav Area 5-2-01:14: 5-2-07 Makapala. Aamakao Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt. 5-2-01:14-16 Makapala Kauhola Point 5-3-07:1 Kukuiwaluhia Indian Banvan trees at Chalon International of 5-5-2:23 Hawi Hawaii's office in Hawi Upolu Point 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-Upolu Old Honoipu Landine 5-6-02 Puakea Kapaa Park 5-6-01:60 Kapaa Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-7-03:3.4,14 Mahukona-Hihiu KeawanuiBav Area 5-8-01 Kehena.Puanui Kaiopae Point 5-9-01:6 Waiaka Waiakailio Bav Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Hiehwav Various Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road Various Ironwood trees alone Kohala Mountain Road Various SOUTH KOHALA The district of South Kohala has two distinct physical environments, each with its own kind of natural beauty. The Waimea region lies in a plateau between the Kohala mountains and Mauna Kea. The Kohala mountains provide a backdrop of rolling hills and volcanic cones covered with pastures kept green by fog, fine mist, and rain. Mauna Kea provides a distant but dramatic mass as it rises steeply above the plateau. Viewed at a distance, [the built environment of] Waimea town lies nestled at the base of the Kohala mountains. West of Waimea, the land forms a long slope down to the arid coastline; changing in 142 Natural Beauty color with drops in elevation from green to pale yellow and beige to the red and browns of the coast. The edge of the coast is contrasted with green kiawe stands, pockets of white sand beaches, and coastal waters. Barren lava flows stretch down from Mauna Loa and meet the sea near the southern boundary of South Kohala. Between these two extremes, the range of landscape quickly changes. Along the mauka road to North Kohala, there are impressive viewplanes to Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai. The aastures and ou'u immediately above Waimea Town have been identified as a vista of exceptional natural beauty. This area is best defined by running an imaeinary line from the ton of the trees below Hokuula west to the trees at Hawaii Preparatory Academy and east to the tree line above Church Row. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Kohala district. Kawaihae Bay & Harbor Area 6-1-03:14 Kawaihae 1st 6-1-04:1, 3, 20 Mauumae BayBeach 6-2-02:7 Kawaihae 2nd Viewpoint (Puu Makela) 6-2-01:25 Kawaihae 2nd Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd Kaunaoa Bay/Beach 6-2-02:4 Ouli Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd Upper Waipio Lookout 6-3-01:4 Waipio View of Kohala mountains 6-5-01:14 Waiauia Na Puu (Waimea) 6-5-01 Keoniki-Puuiki Puu Laelae Hokuula Puuiki Hapuna Bay/Beach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli Scenic countryside around Waikii 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa Puako Bay Area 6-9-01:2 Lalamilo 6-9-02:7, 8 Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuipuaa Pauoa Bay Area 6-9-01:3 Kalahuipuaa Anaehoomalu Bay Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu Wailea Bay Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo Viewplane along Queen Various Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka and makki Kiawe Forest mauka of Puako Beach Lots] 143 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion Viewpoint (Puu Makelal 6-2-0125 Kawaihae 2nd Mauumae BavBeach 6.2-02 Kawaihae 2nd Kaunaoa BavBeach 6-2-02:4 Ouli Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd Uooer Waioio Lookout 6-3-01:4 Waln10 View of Kohala mountain 6-5-O1 Waiauia Na Puu (Waimea) Puu Laelae 6-5-O1 Keoniki-Puuiki Hokuula Puuiki Waimea Church Row and Surroundine Churches 6-5-04:1-6.8 Waikoloa (Waimea) Haouna BavBeach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau) 6-6-03:7 Lalamilo Scenic countryside around Waikii 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa Makaiwa Bav and Pond. Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuiouaa Pauoa Bav Area 6-8-22 Kalahuiouaa Puako Bav Area 6-9-01:2: 6-9-02:7.8 Lalamilo Anaehoomalu Bav Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu Wailea Bav Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo Viewolane alone Oueen Ka'ahumanu Hiehway lookine Various mauka and makai 144 Natural Beauty NORTH AND SOUTH KONA DISTRICTS The Kona districts have long attracted people because of their natural beauty. Although man-made structures are in some places dominant, the vast expanse of the Kona landscape is still the area's most striking feature. North Kona, in the area called Kekaha, is characterized by a sense of openness created by expansive areas of lava flows. Vegetation on the lava is comprised of low pockets of grasses and scrub trees. From the coastline, the land climbs slowly to the distant saddle plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. This long natural grade also contributes to the sense of openness and space. The rest of North Kona is dominated by Hualalai. [It's] Its steep slopes provide a green backdrop when viewed from the coast[;], or spectaculaz views of the coastline, ocean and horizon from higher elevations. Part of Kona's natural beauty is also due to the wide range of climatic conditions in a relatively short distance. Such variations extending from the coastal areas to the higher elevations are evidenced by changes in vegetation, producing a wide scope of different physical environments. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Kona districts. North Kona [Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa Kiholo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa Keawaiki 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa 7-1-03:2 Puuanahulu Hualalai 7-2-01, 7-8-01 Kaupulehu Kaupulehu 7-2-03:1, 2 Kaupulehu Opae Ula Pond 7-2-04:1 Makalawena Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3, 4 Awakee Kakapa Bay Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd Kua Bay Area 7-2-04 Maniniowali Kukio Bay/Beach Area 7-2-04:5 Kukio 1st Mahaiula Bay/Beach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko Honokohau Fish Pond 7-4-08 Kealakehe Keahole Point 7-3-10:34 Kalaoa Honokohau coastline 7-4-08:4, 3 Honokohau -Kealakehe Aimakapa 7-4-08:10 Honokohau 145 Natural Beauty White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau Kailua Bay Area 7-5-04:52 Lanihau 7-5-05:23, 24, 32 White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu Keauhou 7-8-12 Keauhou 1 & 2 Kahaluu Bay Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2 Viewplane from Kuakini 7-7 and 7-8 Holualoa-Keauhou Highway going mauka &makai Viewplane from Kamehameha III 7-8-10 Kahaluu-Keauhou Road going mauka &makai Viewplane along Queen Various Ka'ahumanu Highway going mauka and makai) Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa Kiholo BavBeach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa Keawaiki 7-1-02:8:7-1-03:2 Puuwaawaa• Puuanahulu Hualalai 7-2-01.7-8-01 Kauoulehu Kauoulehu 7-2-03:1.2 Kauoulehu Kua Bav Area 7-2-04 Maniniowali Opae Ula Pond 7-2-04:1 Makalawena Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3.4 Awakee Kakaoa Bav Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd Kukio BavBeach Area 7.2-04:5 Kukio 1st Mahaiula BavBeach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko Honokohau Fish Pond 7-4_08 Kealakehe Honokohau coastline 7-4-08:4.3 Honokohau-Kealakehe Aimakaoa 7-4-08:10 Honokohau White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu Viewplane from Kuakini Hiehway eoine mauka & 7-7 and 7-8 Holualoa-Keauhou makai Viewplane from Kamehameha III Road eoine mauka & 7-8-]0 Kahaluu-Keauhou makai 146 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion Keauhou 7-8-12 Keauhou 1 & 2 Kahaluu Bav Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2 Viewolane alone Oueen Ka'ahumanu Hiehwav eoine Various mauka and makai South Kona [Kealakekua Bay from 8-1-07:1 Keopuka Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1, 2 Kaawaloa Government Road 8-1-11 Kaawaloa 8-2-02,04 Kealakekua Viewpoint 8-3-03:29 Kahauloa (2) Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei (1) White Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei (1) Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.) 8-3-04:5 Keei (1) Honaunau Bay & Scenic View 8-4-11, 12, 13 Honaunau, from Ke Ala o Keawe Road Keokea Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae Hookena--Kauhako Bay Area 8-6-13, 14 Hookena, Kauhako Milolii area 8-9-04 Milolii Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919 Various] Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion 8-1-07:1 Keopuka. Kaawaloa. Kealakekua Bav from Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1.2 Kaawaloa Government Road 8-1_11 Kealakekua 8-2-02.04 Viewpoint 8-3-03 Kahauloa (2) Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei 1 White Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei 1 Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.l 8-3-04:5 Keei 1 Honaunau Bav & Scenic View from Ke Ala o Keawe g_q.ll. 12. 13 Honaunau. Keokea Road Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae Hookena-Kauhako Bav Area 8-6.13. 14 Hookena. Kauhako Milolii area 8-9-04 Milolii Lava flows of 1950. 1926 and 1919 Various 147 Natural Beauty The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. [Canarium sp. 8-1-09:1 Otaheite Apple or Wi 8-1-09:1 Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4] Tree Tax Mau Kev Pili Nut 8-1-09:1 Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4 KA'U Within the Ka'u district is located most of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The park is a natural area with a minimum of man-made objects blended into the character of the physical environment. The landscape is a contrast between open lava land with little or no vegetation and dense ohia lehua forests. In the southern part of Ka'u the natural beauty of the landscape is characterized by vistas from the mountain slopes to the ocean. The coast is highlighted by Manuka Bay, Green Sands Beach, and Punaluu Black Sand Beach. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Ka'u district. [Manuka Bay 9-1-01:3 Manuka Pohue Bay 9-2-01:1 Kahuku Volcano area including 9-2-01:4 Kahuku National Park 9-9-01 Keauhou South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-01:1-3, Pakini lki :7, 9 Kamaoa Mahana Bay 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 Pakini Nui Honuapo 9-5-14:1, 7 Honuapo Ninole Cove & Springs 9-5-19:12 Ninole Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-01 Punaluu Lava Flows of 1868, 1887, & 1907 Kaalualu Bay 9-4-01: 12, 14 Kiolakaa Kawa (Kawaa) Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20 Kaalaiki 9-5-17:7 Hilea Nui View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Kau Highway Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu Waiohinu Park Na puu: Enuhe, Makanau, Various Kaiholena and One) 148 Natural Beauty Site Tax Mao Kev Ahuouaa or Reeion Manuka Bav 9-1-01:3 Manuka Pohue Bav 9-2-01.1 Kahuku Volcano area includine National Park 9-2-01:4:9-9-01 Kahuku. Keauhou South Point (Ka Lae) y-3-01:1-3.7.9 Pakini Iki. Kamaoa Mahana Bav 9-3-01.2 Kamaoa Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 Pakini Nui Kaalualu Bav 9-4-01: 12. 14 Kiolakaa Honuaoo 9-5-14:1.7 Honuaoo Kawa (Kawaa) Bav and Sorine 9-5-16:20: 9-5-17:7 Kaalaiki. Hilea Nui Ninole Cove & Sorines 9-5-19:12 Ninole Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-O1 Punaluu Lava Flows of 1868. 1887. & 1907 Various View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Ka'u Hiehwav Various Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu Various Waiohinu Park Various Na puu: Enuhe. Makanau. Kaiholena and One Various The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. J [Kokio (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8 'Ohe (Manuka State Pazk) 9-1-01:8] Tree Tax Mao Kev Kokio (Manuka State Parkl 9-1-O1 'Ohe (Manuka State Parkl 9-1-O1 149 Natural Beauty NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are those physical facts in our environment which are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable in our lives. They constitute a basic part of the General Plan, as they relate to every element and land use. If mismanaged or used without care, natural resources are for the most part irreplaceable. Increasing population and urbanization places a greater demand on our limited resource base. Thus, the utilization and protection of these are of vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii. The natural resources of the County of Hawaii are basically land, water, and air and include flora and fauna of the island, soils, geologic features, the geothermal steam, the climate, the wind, the sunshine, the deep ocean waters, and the shoreline. Some of these resources have been covered in the recreation, open space, natural beauty and water elements.] The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are the phvsical and environmental assets that are recognized as usefuh valuable, and desirable These natural resources include, but are not limited to, the land, water, air, flora, fauna soils eologic features geothermal steam, climate, wind, sunshine, ocean waters and shoreline Some of these resources are finite and irreplaceable. However several are replaceable at extreme cost and others are renewable. The island's growing population and expanding urbanization places a greater demand on the limited resource base. Thus. in order to conserve these resources, best management practices and enforcement of zoning and environmental laws are critical. Some of these resources have been covered in other sections in the General Plan. Largest and youngest of the Hawaiian Chain, the island of Hawaii [consists of 4,037] covers a land area of 4,028 square miles with 4.4 square miles of inland water bodies. and is still growing. The [island] Big Island, as it is known today, was formed by five volcanoes and three [of them,] _ Mauna LoasHualalai, and Kilauea, are still active. Extensive scientific research on active volcanic processes is being conducted. This is the only place in the [U.S.] United States where such processes can be continuously studied. Land and marine volcanic regions are also possible sources of geothermal energy. At [13,784] 13,796 feet above sea level, Mauna Kea is the tallest of the island's mountains. The topography of the island extends from craggy ocean cliffs and beaches of black, green and golden sand to [the] snow-covered mountain peaks which are snow-covered] during the winter months. Vegetative cover generally corresponds with elevation and ranges from tropical rainforest to grazing land to barren lava fields. Leeward and windward directions are equally important in determining vegetation types and landscape characteristics. In some windward areas, rainfall reaches an average of 300 inches annually, while some leeward areas have virtually no rainfall throughout the year. [Rainfall has proven to be a scientific resource and is studied by the Hilo Cloud Physics Laboratory.] I50 Natural Resources & Shoreline Temperature drops consistently with higher elevation. Coastal regions are warm and semi-tropical, while frost is not unusual above the 4,000-foot level. The purity of atmospheric conditions at higher elevations has attracted scientific research. Fresh and marine waters are important to the County. Potable water is an understood necessity. The marine waters of the island and the plant and animal life within them are of dietary, recreational, and scientific importance. The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash. The young age and form of some [of these] lava make certain areas temporarily non-productive. Throughout the island, there are pockets of endemic vegetation. These are important botanical remnants with scientific significance and are part of our natural heritage. Forest areas of both native and introduced species are additionally important as watershed areas and as natural means of controlling erosion. The flora and fauna, both native and introduced, [of the island] are used as nutritional and recreational resources by numerous residents. The island [of Hawaii] has more than 305 miles of coastline, but approximately 75[%] er cent is comprised of cliffs of vazying height. The porous nature of the lava flows have produced unique ecological niches in the anchialine ponds along the coast. The coastline can be divided into seven general areas. The Hamakua coast, from near Waipio Valley to Hilo Bay, is comprised of a sea cliff 100 to 300 feet high. Along the Hamakua Coast are boulder beaches which] that have formed at the mouths of valleys and the numerous gulches. From Hilo to Leleiwi Point to Keaau, the rocky shoreline of the Hilo coast is highly irregular. The Puna coast from Keaau along Cape Kumukahi to Kalapana is partly low sea cliff and partly the constructional surface of recent lava flows. The irregularity of the coast a few miles to either side of Pohoiki is the result of several earthquakes and subsidence. There are also black sand beaches on the Puna coast [which resulted from explosions caused by the generation of steam] that were created when hot molten lava [reaches] reached the ocean[.], solidified, and shattered in the surf. The coast of Ka'u and South Kona vazies in composition and height. Sections aze formed of soil, other areas are pahoehoe benches or a'a cliffs of varying height. The cliffs are especially high where the major sets of faults aze close to and parallel to the sea. Several cones are present along the shoreline and some have adjacent black sand beaches. The low coastline of North Kona extends north from the end of the fault-controlled sea cliff of Kealakekua Bay to Kawaihae Harbor. Like the northern Puna coast, the shoreline is highly irregular hand has] with sea cliffs a few feet high. There are also pocket beaches found along bays between adjacent flows. The best beaches on the island are along the coast between Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae. 151 Natural Resources & Shoreline The west and north slopes of the Kohala volcano from north of Kawaihae to Pololu Valley are marked by sea cliffs of moderate to low height. The coastal cliffs are interrupted by pockets of boulder beaches at the mouths of the intermittent gullies and small streams. The coastline along the windward deep valleys between Pololu and Waipio [alternate) alternates between steep cliffs [which rise] rising as high as 1,400 feet and boulder or sand beaches [which front] fronting the deep valleys. The State's Shoreline Setback statute was passed in 1970. It established a restrictive zone 40 feet from the upper reaches of the wash of waves (20 feet For certain parcels) [in which] where construction and other coastal alterations are generally prohibited except by a [special approval-] variance procedure. The Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act (Public Law 92-583) was signed into law in 1972. This Act affirms a national interest in the effective protection and development of the coastal zone and provides assistance and encouragement to coastal States to develop and implement rational programs for managing their coastal zones. In 1975, the Legislature enacted a Shoreline Protection Act which established such an interim program through a Special Management Area (SMA) extending a minimum of 100 yards inland from the shoreline vegetation or debris line. Guidelines to manage and protect the resources in the [BMA's] SMA were set forth by the Shoreline Protection Act. In 1977, the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act became law and incorporated many of the features of the Shoreline Protection law and mandated objectives and policies for the management of Hawaii s coastal zone. The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASH) decision resulted from the implementation of the CZM and the BMA. This decision rendered by the Hawaii Supreme Court in 1995 unanimously upheld the validity of native Hawaiian gathering rights that were asserted by PASH and other individuals during the SMA permit proceedings before the Countv of Hawaii Planning Commission. The decision spoke to the standing of Hawaiian gathering rights and the governments' duty toward protecting those rights In addition to surface and coastal natural resources the island also possesses sub- surface resources. Areas in Puna have been designated geothermal sub-zones for the development of geothermal energy and other areas of the island contain geological features such as lava tube caves. Lava tube caves are among the island's more important geological natural resource The island has thousands of lava tubes, but only a few are large enough to be lava tube caves. On Kilauea volcano. Kazumura cave is the longest lava tube cave in the world at more than 30 miles long. Kaumana Cave is an important historic site formed in the 1881 Mauna Loa lava flow. Other large lava tube caves exist on Mauna Loa Hualalai and possibly Mauna Kea. Among the most significant of the island's natural resources are upland forests that provide the essential groundwater recharge areas. All groundwater sources in North and 152 Natural Resources & Shoreline _South Kona ultimately depend upon recharge that primarily occurs in a band between the 1500 and 5.500-foot elevations. In the lower part of this band rainfall dominates from approximately the 1.500 to 3000-foot elevation In the upper part of this band above the 3,000-foot elevation, fog that collects on trees and drips to the around is a major contributor to the aquifer. In recognition of the importance of the mauka Kona area for watershed and other environmental values. the County Council established a policy in Resolution No. 330-96 (1996) that no lands in North or South Kona above 2 500 feet in elevation (except in the existing Kaloko Mauka Subdivision) should be rezoned to lot sizes less than 20 acres, without a corresponding reduction in density on contiguous lands In Kaloko Mauka, the Council found that the concerns could be mitigated by specific rezoning conditions which would require that at least 80 per cent of the property be kept in forest cover. in the area above 3,000 feet in elevation (Resolution No. 58-97). A similar concept was expressed in the conditions of rezoning for Kealakekua Development Company, which required an 8,000-acre forest management area in the mauka area of the property while rezoning the lower portion to a higher density. [Activities initiated under the CZM program are closely related to the continuing environmental planning objectives of the State of Hawaii. Hawaii has long been recognized as a leader in the development of programs to enhance and protect the environmental resources. Of special concern are natural amenities significant to the overall well-being of the State and Nation and which attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to Hawaii each year.] GOALS • Protect and conserve the natural resources [of the County of Hawaii] from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. • Provide opportunities for [the public to fulfill] recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources. • Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. • Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii. • Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas. • Ensure that alterations to existing land forms, Viand] vegetation, [except crops,] and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake. 153 Natural Resources & Shoreline POLICIES • [The County of Hawaii should require] Require users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment. • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encouraee a program of collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural resources. • [The] Maintain the shoreline [of the island of Hawaii shall be maintained] for recreational, culturah educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. • [The] Protect the shoreline [shall be protected] from the encroachment of man- made improvements and structures. • [The County of Hawaii shall coordinate] Coordinate programs to protect natural resources with other government agencies. • [The County shall investigate] Investigtate methods of beach replenishment and sand erosion control. • [The County shall promote] Promote sound management and development of Hawaii's land and marine resources for potential economic benefit. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee public and private agencies to manage the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and significant natural resources of the County of Hawaii. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the protection of watersheds, forest, brush, and grassland from destructive agents and uses. • An identification and inventory of forest lands suitable for watershed purposes should be conducted jointly by County, appropriate State and Federal agencies, and private landowners. • [The County shall encourage and work] Work with the appropriate State, Federal agencies, and private landowners to establish a program to manaee and protect identified watersheds. 154 Natural Resources & Shoreline • (The County shall encourage] Encourage appropriate State agencies to review and designate forest and watershed areas into the conservation district during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews. • The installation of utility facilities, highways and related public improvements in natural and wildland areas should avoid the contamination or despoilment of natural resources where feasible by design review, conservation principles, and by mutual agreement between the County and affected agencies. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of native Hawaiian flora and fauna within the Natural Area Reserve System. • Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping. • Develop policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected as identified under judicial decisions. • Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, including free public parking where appropriate. • Establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic historic cultural, natural, or recreational values. • Preserve and protect significant lava tube caves. • Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage important natural resources. • Within the Kona high rainfall/fog-drip belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive soil compaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mitigated consistent with management strategies that encourage the retention of existing forested and pasture areas, reforestation minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other strategies that encourage effective infiltration to groundwater. • Implement Council Resolution Nos. 330-96 and 58-97 in land use approvals • Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas with emphasis on native forest species. 155 Natural Resources & Shoreline STANDARDS The following shall be considered for the protection and conservation of natural resources. • Areas necessary for the protection and propagation of specified endangered native wildlife, and conservation for natural ecosystems of endemic plants, fish and wildlife. • Lands necessary for the preservation of forests, park lands, wilderness and beach areas. • Lands with a general slope of 20 per cent or more [which] that provide open space amenities or possess unusual scenic qualities. • Lands necessary for the protection of watersheds, water sources and water supplies. • Lands with topographic, locational, soils, climate or other environmental factors that may not be normally adaptable or required for urban, rural, agricultural or public use. • The Coastal Zone and Special Management Area as defined by statute and in accordance with the adopted objectives and guidelines. 156 Natural Resources & Shoreline HOUSING INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [The three primary functions of housing are to provide: 1) physical shelter; 2) a setting, both within the structure and in its neighborhood, for the day-to-day activities of the family members; and 3) the grouping of families within the larger neighborhood or community. Housing provides more than just shelter from the natural elements. It embodies the social, economic and emotional values of families and individuals. Collectively, housing represents a community's aspirations which are in turn influenced by larger economic and social processes.] Housing provides more than lust shelter from the natural elements A person's home is not only a place of security and comfort but also a place for entertainment and recreation. Housing also allows a person to express his/her individual living styles by providing a place from which one can seek a psychological, sociological economic and aesthetic balance. If the various functions that take place in the home do not meet the individual's personal and social needs, a housing problem may exist for that person Housing programs, therefore, influence and are influenced by the manv diverse needs of a person or persons. In an economic setting, the construction of housing is an essential contributor to business, industry and employment. The location of housing on the other hand is [dependant] dependent upon the location of other economic and employment opportunities, such as agriculture or resort developments. In the physical and environmental setting, housing and its residential land use component residential use,] utilizes a significant portion of the County's urban lands. The placement or settlement patterns of these residential lands and the form of housing [is a] are major [influence] influences on the environment and aesthetic setting of the island. In the social and human realm, [the adequacy of a house is a major factor of a family's sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.] adequate housing is one of the primary factors that provides a person a sense of satisfaction and well being. For most families, it is a major expenditure of the household income and represents, in varying degrees, long term commitments to a place and/or community. In turn, these commitments contribute to a community's sense of well being and stability. When the cost of land, land improvements and home construction increases beyond a commensurate rise in personal income, it tends to discourage and prevent manv individuals and families from purchasing a home. From governments' perspective, adequate housing for [its] residents is part of the considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Housing and residential use of land is a generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balanced by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other capital [improvements] improvement projects which] that service residential areas. Thus, the provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of 157 Housing government. The availability of housing is [dependant] dependent on a number of interrelated factors, including the availability of appropriately zoned land the availability of infra-structure,] and infrastructure. and the [costs] cost of raw land and [the] its development [of the land]. The Housing element must consider future costs of constructing a house and the ability of individuals to purchase or rent these units. In the social sense, the provision of housing needs to consider the kinds of people who reside here or are likely to reside here and [what the] their preferences [are] with respect to type, size, location and other factors. In the collective sense, the Housing Element is related to all other elements of the General Plan. It is most directly related to the Land Use element, Single family and Multiple family residential sections. Moreover, the Housing Element is directly influenced by the growth directions [which] that the County wishes to take. The Role of Government Since the 1930x, the Federal government has played a major role in [he provision of housing and home ownership through direct housing construction projects, home mortgage insurance programs, loan programs for special groups such as veterans and farmers, and direct subsidies to State governments. The Territory of Hawaii and subsequently, the State of Hawaii, through the Hawaii Housing Authority, has been responsible for administering Federal housing programs. Until the mid-1970, the State Hawaii Housing Authority served as the major agency to develop rental housing projects for low income families and [to] provide housing for sale to low and moderate income groups. In 1998, three State housing agencies, including the Hawaii Housing Authority, were consolidated into the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii (HCDCH). The Hawaii Community Development Corporation of Hawaii seeks to expand the supply of safe and affordable housing; provide for well-maintained socio- economically integrated housing proiects; assist residents in reaching higher levels of self- sufficiencv; and effectively address the housing needs of Hawaii's residents. In addition, through a 1920 Congressional act, lands have been set aside for eligible native Hawaiians for residential and agricultural purposes. Through the State Hawaiian Homes Commission and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, houselots on a leasehold basis are made available to eligible native Hawaiians. In the mid-80x, the Department established an accelerated program to provide lands for residential and agricultural purposes. Since the adoption of the County of Hawaii's General Plan[,] in 1971. Federal housing and community redevelopment programs have been reorganized under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. This federal legislation placed much of the initiative for addressing community housing needs to the local government level. Additionally, county governments have been granted similar and parallel authorities to 158 Housing the State's Hawaii Housing Agency. As a result, the County [has] established [a] the Hawaii County Housing Agency H( CHA) and [an] the Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD)~.] that provides staff services to the HCHA. The [Housing Agency] Hawaii County Housing Agency, which is comprised of the members of the Hawaii County Council has the capability to develop affordable housing either on its own, in conjunction with the State, or through joint programs with the private sector. The [OHCD] Office of Housine and Community Development administers the Federal Section 8 rental assistance program benefiting low income families, manages several housing projects and administers grants funded under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. Consequently, the County has the authority and the funds to directly address the housing problems of the County along with the Federal and State governments. Since 1975, the [Agency] Office of Housine and Community Development has developed on its own, and/or coordinated various housing projects with other government agencies, developers, and nonprofit housing corporations. These projects have been aimed at providing housing for a variety of need categories such as employee housing, low and moderate income groups, special needs croups and [for] the elderly. [To date 1,795] Since the construction of the first affordable housing project in Hilo in 1951 approximately 5 600 units, both single family and multiple family units have been constructed or rehabilitated through various projects of the [Housing Agency] Office of Housine and Community Development, [Hawaii Housing Authority) Housine and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii (HCDCHI and the private sector. In 1999, there were approximately 1,299 contracts for rental assistance through the Office of Housine and Community Development, with 474 persons on the waiting list. The Housine and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii has also participated in the provision of housing units for low income groups. While the County has been granted more authority in the provision of housing, in recent years, the programs administered by both the Federal and the State governments have changed. The State's programs are giving greater emphasis to distributing funds for housing and/or rental programs and serving as a coordinator of financing programs and has placed less emphasis on both direct housing construction activities and the management of housing programs. The State as a major landowner, however, has the ability to release lands for housing projects. In support of the County's oneoing efforts to provide adequate affordable housing to its residents, the Hawaii County Council established an affordable housine policy in 1998 throueh the adoption of Ordinance No. 98 1. The objectives of this affordable housing policy are to: 11 implement the goals and policies of the General Plan relative to housing; 2) promote and assist private development of affordable housing for senior citizens and qualified households; 3) use available eovernmental grants and funds in the development of affordable housing and increase the capabilities of qualified households to obtain affordable housing; 4) support innovative, lower-cost approaches that may be used in the development of affordable housine• and 5) require laree resort and industrial enterprises to address related affordable housing needs as a condition of rezoning approvals, based upon current economic and housing conditions 159 Housing The change in the Federal programs are lazgely reflected in drastic reductions in funds for housing projects and programs, and reduced subsidies to the State. It is also apparent that there will continue to be a reduction in Federal funds, particularly for the construction of housing for low and moderate income groups. As the major source of funds for housing programs, these changes have had major implications on the County's role in the provision of housing for its residents; particulazly since significant factors [which] that contribute to the ability of residents to purchase homes are outside the direct influence of the County government and are external to the economy of Hawaii. These factors include loan interest rates [which] that are significantly impacted by federal financial and monetary policies. The development of assisted housing in Hawaii County will increasingly depend on non- Federal funds. Additionally, a broad range of mechanisms must be utilized by the County to facilitate, coordinate and implement the development of both assisted and market residential housing. Profile In order to identify and anticipate the housing needs within the County of Hawaii, and to encourage the opportunities for housing, the demographic, economic, housing construction and land inventory data for the County [is] are provided in [the following] tables[.] on the following a es. Analysis -Trends Several [of the] major issues and problems faced by Hawaii County continue to involve housing. Rapid population growth in some areas of the County has not been accompanied by parallel growth in affordable residential housing construction. [In addition, the] The rate of increase in the price of land, [particulazly in West Hawaii, has grown proportionately more than] the cost of housing construction and [more importantly,] the rate of growth in earning power of many residents[.] also contribute to the lack of affordable housing opportunities. Thus, proportionately fewer residents are able to afford the purchase of a home. [As indicated in Table 2, 44% or 12,992 of the island's households earned less than $15,000 per year in 1980.] In 1997, SMS Research & Marketing Services and Locations. Inc., in cooperation with the State Housing Finance and Development Corporation (HFDCI and the various Counties' housing agencies, prepared the Hawaii Housing Policy Studv Update 1997 that reviewed various housing issues throughout the State of Hawaii. According to the study a family with a median annual income of approximately $30.300 would uualifv for an "affordable" home priced in the neighborhood of $140.000. However, this study also concluded that approximately 36 per cent of the total households on this island fall below the median annual income. According to the 1999 Homeless Needs Assessment Study-Summary of Findings prepared by the State Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the various counties, the most prominent need 160 Housing for unsheltered homeless people within the County of Hawaii is housing placement The study found that existing housine placement services were only able to service 40 per cent of the unsheltered homeless people residing in the County the largest percentage of who were lifetime or Ions-time residents. The study also estimated that there are between 585 and 733 sheltered unsheltered homeless people islandwide There are an estimated 10 871 individuals in the County defined as "hidden homeless" or those who share accommodations with others dependent on public assistance for monthly shelter payments According to experts in homeless services, the most prominent need of service providers was additional funding for services such as transitional housing affordable housing iob and life skills training, and other assistance services. The ability of households to purchase or rent a home, or what is commonly understood as "affordability", is [dependant] dependent upon many factors [which] that vary among households and individuals' choices in lifestyles and also differ due to location and financing. While quantitative descriptions of need groups and limitations may be made for the present, only general trends and order of magnitude estimates may be made for the future. It is expected, however, that the proportion of the resident population [needing] requiring some assistance in purchasing a home will continue to increase. Housing sales activity, both new and resale, has been uneven and difficult to predict. The housing industry's traditional construction cycle has been complicated by [a sustained period] ep rinds of high interest rates. Federal housing policies and funding have also changed. The net result is that housing activity and housing programs will be difficult to predict for the foreseeable future. Housing priorities and programs today may be very different from those in three to five years.] the future. In existing urban areas, the supply of readily available housing and residential zoned lands is nearing a point where flexibility in choice of location and price will be limited and will contribute to rising costs of housing unless additional and alternative areas are made available for residential development. In rural and agricultural areas, affordable housing for both independent farmers and agricultural employees place competitive demands on the land. In addition to the expanding urban needs, rural and agricultural lands are being sought for rural/residential estate use. [This is part of a growing and continuing nationwide trend of the "gentrification of the land" and will contribute to rising costs of land.] In addition, in rural areas, the age of the existing housing stock suggest] suggests that future new housing will be [needed] necessary to replace these units. The increasing role of diversified] agriculture [in our economy also] has created implications for housing of the agricultural worker. The residents of the rural areas of the County constitute a special population by virtue of their relative isolation, lower average incomes, lack of employment opportunities and mobility. The housing problems of these areas 161 Housing are proportionately more acute in the rural areas and communities than in the urbanized areas in the State. [Furthermore, the] The residents of the rural areas tend to be [farm and] agricultural workers or individuals directly employed in self-contained destination resort areas; industries [which] that play a vital role in Hawaii s economy but [which] tend to be associated with relatively low average annual income, particularly compared to non-service industry jobs. Table 1 County Profile Population Households 2000 148.677 not available 1997 141,848 49.617 1990 120,317 42.413 1980 92,053 29,237 [ 1970 63,468 18,397 % Growth 45% 9%] Estimate-County of Hawaii Plannine Department Estimate-County of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census. 2000 Inventor - Housin Units [Total SF DUP. APT. OTHER 1985 39,157 29,688 768 7,624 1,077 1980 34,792 26,755 696 6,267 1,074 1970 19,957 17,020 550 1,636 751] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. Condominium. Other 1997 54,643 43,979 10,664 1992 45,408 36,170 9238 Hawaii Housine Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 162 Housing Occupancy Fee Rental 1997 33,446 72% 12,825 28% 1992 26,977 68% 12,812 32% 1980 17,731 61% 11,506 39% [1970 10,744 56% 8,439 44%] Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research 1997 Occupied Vacant 1997 47.793 95% 2,770 5% 1992 41,461 95% 2.231 5% 1980 29,237 86% 4,717 14% [1970 18,397 96% 786 4%] Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 [Age of Structure 0-5 6-15 16-30 30+ 1985 4,587 9,533 5,087 11,513 1970 5,255 2,822 4,752 6,364] At=,e of Structure 0_7 8-20 21_30 30+ 1997 93627 11,335 10,398 12.619 % of Total Units 21.9 25.8 23.6 28.7 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 163 Housing Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Zones Total 1997 1985 1980 1970 %Growth annual Zone 1 Puna 10,902 4,925 4,126 1,891 [160] 8_6 Zone 2 S.Hilo 16.346 15,188 14,301 9,585 [58] 2_3 Zone 3 N.Hilo 626 621 581 511 [21] 1_0 Zone 4 Hamakua 2019 1,768 1,741 1,441 [23) 1_2 Zone 5 N. Kohala 1599 1,206 1,122 932 [29] 21 Zone 6 S. Kohala 5798 2,681 2,218 980 [74] 8_8 Zone 7 N. Kona 12,254 9,150 7,540 2,485 [268] 91 Zone 8 S. Kona 2,714 1,971 1,722 1,169 [69] 3_6 Zone 9 Ka'u 2x385 1,647 1,441 963 [71] 39 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research 1997 Parcel Inventory 1999 1985 1969 %Growth (1985-19991 County Total 124,930 120,353 101,848 [18] 3_8 Zone 1 Puna 57,363 56,992 54,654 [4] 0_7 Zone 2 S. Hilo 19.440 18,126 14,323 [27] 7_3 Zone 3 N. Hilo 1508 1,416 1,217 [16) 6_5 Zone 4 Hamakua 3801 3,601 2,857 [26] 5_6 Zone 5 N. Kohala 2,,957 2,284 1,712 [33] 29.5 Zone 6 S. Kohala ~ 4,822 2,526 [91~ 30.0 Zone 7 N. Kona 11,169 10,094 5,100 X98] 10.7 Zone 8 S. Kona 5529 5,737 4,770 [20~ -3.6 Zone 9 Ka'u 16.945 17,281 14,689 [18] -1.9 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Estimates - Plannine Department 164 Housing Table 2 Income Distribution [LESS THAN $1Q000 $10,000 TO $15,000 $15,000 TO $25,000 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 Puna 1,019 783 1,340 69 254 701 0 146 965 S. Hilo 4,109 3,623 3,856 682 2,131 1,884 242 1,612 3,079 N. Hilo 498 282 161 32 62 90 0 80 172 Hamakua 1,029 662 388 48 254 237 12 132 524 N. Kohala 691 412 381 25 214 184 18 105 330 S. Kohala 274 317 284 24 123 323 16 97 510 N. Kona 682 622 1,110 41 313 649 26 202 1,275 S. Kona 514 377 526 21 185 313 4 199 420 Ka'u 591 510 343 41 153 222 0 88 417 TOTAL 9,407 7,588 8,389 983 3,689 4,603 330 2,661 7,692 $25,000 to $50,000 OVER $50,000 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 1960 1970 1980 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 Puna 0 33 672 6 148 1,]00 ],222 3,826 S. Hilo 81 403 3,694 92 728 5,114 7,861 13,241 N. Hilo 0 5 102 0 0 530 429 525 Hamakua 4 25 383 13 38 1,093 1,086 1,570 N. Kohala 4 16 123 1 I IS 738 758 1,036 S. Kohala 0 ]8 287 7 145 314 562 1,549 N. Kona ]7 72 1,175 ]3 349 766 1,222 4,558 S. Kona 4 29 423 6 116 543 796 1,798 Ka'u 0 5 163 0 9 632 756 1,154 TOTAL 110 606 7,022 148 1,551 10,830 14,692 29,257] 165 Housing LESS THAN $10.000 $10.000 TO $15.000 $15.000 TO $25.000 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 Puna 783 1~ 1709 254 701 863 146 965 13414 S. Hilo 33623 33856 23322 2_,131 13884 13209 1y12 33079 2_,341 N. Hilo 282 161 425 62 90 316 80 172 678 Hamakua 662 388 131 254 237 88 132 524 259 N. Kohala 412 381 157 214 184 116 105 330 240 S. Kohala 317 284 248 123 323 182 97 510 378 N. Kona 622 13110 707 313 649 590 202 1_.275 1 S. Kona 377 526 361 185 313 199 199 420 499 Ka'u 510 343 212 153 222 270 88 417 350 TOTAL 73588 8 389 6_.272 3689 4_,603 3833 2_,661 7i 7i U.S. Census Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 1989 General Plan $25.000 TO $50.000 OVER $50.000 Total Households 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 Puna 33 672 23098 6 148 13045 13222 3126 7_,129 S. Hilo 403 33694 43404 92 728 33559 7~ 13,241 13,835 N. Hilo 5 102 1~ 0 0 418 429 525 2862 Hamakua 25 383 509 13 38 222 13086 13570 1_,209 N. Kohala 16 123 495 11 ]8 291 758 13036 1.299 S. Kohala 18 287 13143 7 145 1~ 562 h 33085 N. Kona 72 13175 23953 13 349 23290 1222 43558 7.916 S. Kona 29 423 848 6 116 781 796 13798 23.688 Ka'u 5 163 504 0 9 220 756 13154 1,556 TOTAL 606 7022 ly 148 1_,557 93960 1692 29.257 41,579 U.S. Census Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 1989 General Plao 166 Housing The United States Department of Agriculture-Rural Development Agency formerly known as the Farmers Home Administration, has programs [which] that have historically been targeted to rural households. However, these programs have been experiencing increased interest rates, cut backs in program funds, and a general curtailment in the effectiveness of the program. At the same time, the smaller [diversified] agricultural operators will not has easily] be able to easily carry the costs of providing homes for their employees, nor will it be as easy to identify the magnitude of the need and distribute opportunities for employee housing as it has been in the past with major sugar companies. Housing for the elderly also presents changes for the future. Nationwide changes in the growing segment of the older population, due to technological advances in medicine have also shad their impact in the County of Hawaii.] impacted the County. The 60 and over age group will be the fastest growing sector of the population over the next twenty years. This group [is projected to increase from 13.7% of the total population in 1985 to 16.7% in the year 2000.] represented 13.7 per cent of the total population in 1985 and 17.3 per cent in 1990 According to the State Executive Office on Aging, the number of individuals statewide age 60 and over grew by 52.5 per cent between the years of 1980 and 1990 while the total State population grew by only 14.9 per cent. Those 85 years and older grew by 87 per cent during the same period. It is anticipated that by the Year 2020. one in every four residents in the State will be 60 years and older. Changes in social attitudes and expectations on both the part of the elderly and young may dictate changes in the types of structures [which will be required] necessary or desired by the elderly population. In addition to the naturally] increasing size of this population, the encouragement of retirement communities or the attractiveness of Hawaii as a [retirement place] lap ce of retirement will require a reassessment of [their] housing and public service needs. GOALS • Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. • Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. • Maintain a housing supply (which] that allows a variety of [choice.] choices. • [Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating] Create viable communities with [decent] affordable housing and suitable living environments for our people]. • Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing [stock.] inventory. ]67 Housing • Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee-simple housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. • Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital status, ethnic background, and income. • Make affordable housing available in reasonable proximity to emnloyment centers. • [The cornerstone of the County's housing programs and activities shall continue to be the encouragement and expansion of appropriate] Encourage and expand home ownership opportunities for [our] residents. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies. • [The] Encourage the construction of specially designed facilities or communities for elderly persons needing institutional Gaze and small home care units for active elderly persons[shall be encouraged]. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage corporations and nonprofit organizations to participate in Federal, State and private programs to provide new and rehabilitated housing for low and moderate income [households.] families. • Suaport the construction of housing for minimum wage and agricultural workers. • [The County shall continually] Continue to review [its] codes and ordinances [to see if there are] for overly stringent restrictions [which] that may impose unnecessary hardship and adopt amendments if warranted. • [The County shall] Continue to study and implement appropriate measures to curb property speculative practices [which] that result in increased housing costs. The County shall protect residential property values from depreciating influences.] • Large industries or develouments [which] that create a demand for housing shall provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be determined by an analysis of 168 Housing the locality's needs. • The County shall formulate] Formulate a program for housing [which] that identifies specific mechanisms to implement the housing goals. • [The County shall utilize its] Utilize housing powers and programs to accomplish [its] housing goals and [shall utilize existing programs and] seek out new programs and resources to address the housing needs of [its] the residents. • [The County shall initiate] Initiate and participate in activities with the private sector including the provision of leadership and expertise to neighborhoods and nonprofit organizations in the development of housing and community development projects. • Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and moderate income households. • Support programs ~ which] that improve, maintain, and rehabilitate the existing housing [stock] inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities. • Accommodate the housing requirements of [the] special need groups including the elderly, handicapped, homeless and those residents [living] in rural areas [of the County]. • Investigate, develop, and promote the creation of new innovative and timely financing techniques and programs to reduce the cost of housing [in Hawaii County]. • Encourage the use of suitable public lands for housing purposes in fee or lease. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the construction of homes for lease or lease with option to purchase. • Promote research and development of methods, programs, and activities including the review of regulatory requirements and procedures as they affect housing, to reduce the costs consistent with the public health, safety and welfare. • [The County shall adopt] Adopt appropriate ordinances and rules as necessazy to implement its housing programs and activities. • Utilize financing [technique) techniques that reduce the cost of housing, including the issuance of tax-exempt bonds and the implementation of interim financing programs. 169 Housing • [Seek to ensure] Ensure that adequate infrastructure is available in appropriate locations to support the timely development of affordable housing. • Investigate the use of the County's taxing powers as a possible means to increase the supply of affordable housing. • The County shall work] Work with, encourage and support [the] private sector efforts in the provision of affordable housing. • Encourage the development of affordable retirement communities • Vacant lands in urban areas and urban expansion areas should be made available for residential uses before additional agricultural lands are converted into residential uses. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. STANDARDS Housing standards shall consist of and comply with: Housing Code] • Building Code • Electrical Code • Plumbing Code • Zoning Code • Subdivision Code • Standazds of the single-family and multiple residential land use [element.] elements. (DISTRICT PROFILE] DISTRICTS The following are [brief and summarized] summary profiles and analysis] analyses of each [of the districts.] district. 170 Housing PUNA Profile The Puna district [has experienced a] continues to exaerience tremendous growth in population and housing construction. The availability of residential sized lots at relatively inexpensive prices, and its proximity to the Hilo urban and employment center has contributed to this growth. Most of the growth in housing construction has been single-family residential units, x(3,034 additional units since 1970) with few (69) multiple dwelling units added to the initial stock of 6 in 1970. Moreover, most of this] This growth [has] occurred in the non-conforming subdivisions [which were] created prior to the adoption of the zoning and subdivision codes and are without basic futility systems. ~ infrastructure. As a result, many of the homes are served by individual water catchments, electric generators, [and] propane tanks[.] and substandard roadways. ~ In 1984, Puna Sugar Company ceased operating its sugar plantation. Since its closure the company has sold its plantation camp houses to its employees and has also made available one acre subdivided parcels to its former employees. There may however be future problems as the plantation houses are old and while the structures are individually owned, the land is held in joint tenure with others in the plantation camp. Future subdivision or transfers in ownership in this situation are likely to be complex. While the district has shown an 177% increase in home wnstruction, this district also has the largest number of vacant parcels, (51,002) which indicates further potential for in-filling of the subdivisions.] According to the Hawaii Housing Policy Update Study 1997 an additional 3,780 single family dwellings were constructed in the Puna District between the years 1990 and 1996: more than double the number constructed in the other districts However the Puna District also has the largest number of vacant parcels which indicates further potential for in-filling of existing subdivisions. The Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation (HICDC) has provided assistance with the construction of self-help housing within the Puna district Since 1985 the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation assisted with the development of the 15 single-family residential units within the Pacific Paradise Gardens develoument and additiona120 units within Keaau. 171 Housing DISTRICT: PUMA PROFILE Population Households 2000 31.335 Not available 1990 20,781 7136 1980 11,751 3,831 [ 1970 5,154 1,626 % Growth 128.00 135.61 j Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..fanuarv 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census. 2000 Existin Invento - Housin Units [1985 Units: 4,925 SF: 4,822 DUPX: 20 MF: 69 OTHER: 14 1980 Units: 4,127 SF: 4,028 DUPX: 16 MF: 69 OTHER: 13 1970 Units: 1,891 SF: 1,870 DUPX: 6 MF: 3 OTHER: 12] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. Condominium 1997 10.872 10.818 54 1992 7456 7418 38 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Occu anc [1980 Fee 2,842 74.18% Rental 989 25.82% 1970 Fee 1,024 57.63% Rental 753 42.37%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 97 59 1992 96 56 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Occupied/Vacant 172 Housing ]980 Occupied 3,831 86.99% Vacant 573 13.01% 1970 Occupied 1,626 91.50% Vacant 151 8.50%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 1,099 22.66% 1970 0-5 788 44.10% 6-15 1,941 40.03% 6-IS 278 15.56% 16-30 510 10.52% 16-30 336 18.80% 30- 1,299 26.79% 30- 385 21.54%] No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 - Sinale Family 0 696 263 364 2077 3638 3_,780 10,818 Multiple Family. 0 2 0 23 28 1 0 54 Condominium - - - - - Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,891 48 55 62 115 1980 4,126 137 95 132 344 1985 4,925 226 118 168 426 Diff 3,034 178 63 106 311 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 363 379 361 248 260 1980 1,486 841 430 353 308 1985 1,739 1,030 462 415 341 Diff 1,376 651 ]Ol 167 81 1970-85 173 Housing Parcel Inventor Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 54,654 10,976 2,464 2,621 4,714 1985 56,992 11,786 3,686 2,853 5,664 Vacant 51,002 11,505 3,491 2,606 5,105 Sec 5 Sec 6* Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 13,284 14,367 931 4,313 984 1985 13,508 11,725 1,124 5,469 1,177 Vacant 11,468 10,754 403 4,886 784 *King's Landing Subdivision According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35 % reporting incomes of less than $10,000. Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.] According to the Hawaii Housing Policy Study Update 1997, there are approximately 8 155 households in the Puna District. Approximately 33 per cent of the households in Puna have annual household incomes of less than $25,000. Approximately 18 per cent have annual household incomes of less than $15,000. Nevertheless, approximately 82 per cent of the housing units are owned in fee. Another interesting figure is that 98 per cent of all housing units in the Puna District are single family dwellings the highest percentage of all the districts on this island iAvailable housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.] Courses of Action Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety housing choice for this area. • Since the sugar company has lands zoned for residential use within existing urban areas, they should be encouraged to make these lands available on the private market.] • Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the necessary infrastructure in [the] nonconforming subdivisions. • Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing [stock] 174 Housing inventory to maintain the viability of existing communities. SOUTH HILO Profile The South Hilo district remains the center for commercial, industrial, governmental and service activities for Hawaii County. The growth in population and housing construction in the [area continues to increase at rates exceeding the years prior to 1970.] district has slowed from its peak in the 1970's, which saw the construction of approximately 3 600 homes Approximately 2.350 homes were constructed in the 1980s and in the last six years ending in 1996, an additional 1.710 homes were built. (Of the additional dwelling units constructed since 1970, 3,679 were single family residential units, with 1,774 new multiple family units being constructed.] Within [the city ofJ Hilo, residential subdivisions have occurred mostly within the Kaumana. Waiakea Homesteads[;] and Waiakea Uka areas (southwest portion of the city). [There are approximately 3,227 vacant parcels in these residential sections of the city of Hilo.] Nevertheless, available and accessible lands for residential use within the city limits and southeast of Wailuku River are very nearly reaching the limits presently allowed by the General Plan. Existing areas allowed for alternate urban expansion in the area between Kaumana and Waiakea will require infrastructure (including major access roads) improvements and are also severely limited by drainage and floodway zones. Without improvements in the channelization or diversion at upper elevations, there is limited potential for use. Other housing problems continue to revolve around the provision of housing for low- income and elderly housing needs. According to [1980] 1990 census data, approximately [43% of the households] 11 per cent of all families in the district of Hilo [reported incomes of less than $15,000.] were below the poverty level. [These account for 5,440 households in the district. There were approximately 513 contracts for rental assistance through the County's Office of Housing and Community Development, with 753 persons on the waiting list in 1985. The Hawaii Housing Authority has also participated in the provision of 290 additional units for low income groups.] 175 Housing DISTRICT: SOUTH HILO PROFILE Population Households 2000 47,386 Not available 1990 44,639 15,533 1980 42,278 13,251 [ 1970 33,915 9,415 Growth 24.66 40.74 Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii lanuarv 2000 Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census. 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units [1985 Units: 15,188 SF:I1,505 DUPX: 444 APT: 2,681 OTHER: 558 1980 Units: 14,301 SF: 10,787 DUPX: 432 APT: 2,525 OTHER: 557 1970 Units: 9,585 SF: 7,826 DUPX: 354 APT 907 OTHER: 498] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. Condominium 1997 16,035 13,829 2206 1992 14,600 12,398 2202 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Occu anc (1980 Fee 8,031 60.61% Rental 5,220 39.39% 1970 Fee 6,183 64.05% Rental 3,471 35.95%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 94 61 1992 93 62 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 176 Housing [Occu ied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 13,251 95.13% Vacant 678 4.87% 1970 Occupied 9,415 97.52% Vacant 239 2.48%] A e of Structure X1985 0-5 949 7.94% 1970 0-5 2,180 22.58% 6-15 3,183 26.62% 6-15 1,524 15.79% 16-30 2,607 21.80% 16-30 2,686 27.82% 30- 5,217 43.63% 30- 3,264 33.81%] No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970• 1980- 1990- Total 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 - Sinele Family 0 21743 11622 1.766 3.610 2x369 11719 13,829 Multiple Family. 340 53 6 433 983 101 290 2 206 Condominium - - i_ Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 ~Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 9,585 540 2,265 1,455 2,169 1980 14,301 926 2,751 1,810 4,151 1985 15,188 984 2,818 1,890 4,656 Diff 5,603 444 553 435 2,487 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 992 880 678 483 123 1980 1,567 1,325 741 903 127 1985 1,669 1,341 758 941 131 Diff 677 461 80 458 8 1970-85 177 Housing Parcel Inventor Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 14,323 1,354 3,231 1,558 3,323 1985 18,126 1,234 3,011 1,640 5,893 Vacant 4961 456 553 286 1,932 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 ]969 2,267 819 1,032 565 174 1985 2,890 957 1,253 1,005 243 Vacant 1,127 195 226 150 36] There has been a recurring shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii at Hilo [College]. A study prepared for the State in 1985[,] concludes that the shortage of student housing has been a deterrent to the realization of [higher levels ofJ an increase in enrollment at the Hilo Campus. A 1990 Housing Program Review found that in addition to the recurring housing shortage, all of the housing facilities are faced with serious maintenance and renovation needs. [In the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the responsibility of the public or governmental sector. The [Hawaii Housing Agency State's housing agency and the Office of Housing and Community Development has also participated in constructing [ 156) 182 units for elderly housing within the district. Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation has assisted with the construction of eight self-help single family dwellings in Pepeekeo. The Hawaii County Economic Opportunity Council is responsible for the development of 30 single family self-help dwellings on Hawaiian Home Lands in Keaukaha during the past decade. The State and Countv [hasJ have been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of State-owned lands for low and moderate income families[, these accounted for 677 lots]. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the Hawaii Community College. • [Participate] Aid and encourage in a variety of programs for the replacement or 178 Housing rehabilitation of housing units [in the Hilo area]. • [Participate in and coordinate] Aid and encourage housing projects for low and moderate income families, "gap-groups" and the elderly [in this area]. • Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in the South Hilo area] for housing for all socio-economic levels through leasehold or purchase. NORTH HILO Profile The communities of this district are the direct result of the former sugar industry. Housing in the past [has been) was provided by the sugar companies. [However one of the sugar companies has been phasing out of their employee rental housing program.] The closing of Hilo Coast Processing sugar company in 1994 also terminated the sugar company's employee rental housing program. The district has had little activity with respect to housing construction. Over half [(68%)] of the residential structures in the district are over 30 [or more] years old. Further, this district has [the smallest percentage ofJ seen a dramatic increase in fee home ownership [(40%).] during the 1990s. [Thus replacement housing for the sugar employees and continued sale of homes to the employees continue to remain a housing need for the district. In addition, approximately 66°l0 of the households in the district (251) reported incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980. Clearly some housing assistance will become necessary.] In the mid 1980s. only 40 per cent of homes in the district were owned in fee simple. With the closing of the sugar companies came the opportunity for many former plantation workers to purchase their homes. This dramatic change in homeownership is evidenced by 98 per cent of all homes in this district now owned in fee simple. The district also has a limited supply of vacant parcels available for housing and the least amount of subdivision activity over the past [15 years.] few decades. However, since the district's economic and employment opportunities are anticipated to remain stable with little or no population growth, this limitation on the availability of lots is not likely to present or cause major housing problems for the district. 179 Housing DISTRICT: NORTH HILO PROFILE Population Households 2000 1_,720 Not available 1990 1_,541 506 1980 1,679 510 [1970 1,881 534 Growth -10.74 -4.49] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii, tanuarv 2000 Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census. 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units ~ 1985 Units: 621 SF: 566 DUPX: 36 APT: 11 OTHER: 8 1980 Units: 581 SF: 537 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 8 1970 Units: 511 SF: 468 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 7] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. Condominium 1997 626 612 14 1992 599 585 14 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Occu anc [1980 Fee 204 40.00% Rental 306 60.00% 1970 Fee 163 27.63% Rental 427 72.37%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 98 66 1992 98 q6 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research 1997 180 Housing [Occu iedNacant 1980 Occupied 510 92.06% Vacant 44 7.94% 1970 Occupied 534 90.51% Vacant 56 9.49%] A e of Structure [ 1985 0-5 31 5.30% 1970 0-5 53 8.98% 6-15 73 12.48% 6-15 54 9.15°Jo 16-30 81 13.85% 16-30 95 16.10% 30- 400 68.38% 30- 388 65.76%] No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Single Family 0 235 49 38 109 98 83 612 Multiple Family. 0 10 0 0 0 0 4 14 Condominium - - - - - Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 511 19 47 0 17 1980 581 20 51 0 17 1985 621 21 57 0 17 Diff ] 10 2 10 0 0 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 171 134 1 0 122 1980 178 179 1 0 135 1985 207 183 1 0 135 Diff 36 49 0 0 13 1970-85 181 Housing ParcelInvento Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 1,217 151 156 7 86 1985 1,416 144 208 16 86 Vacant 313 22 27 7 8 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 303 411 8 13 82 1985 385 460 13 17 87 Vacant 97 126 7 4 15] [Courses] Course of Action Encourage the sugar companies to continue assistance in providing their employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. • Since the majority of the lower lands in this district are owned by the sugar companies, they should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. • Support the plantations' plans to centralize housing in certain areas.] • Coordinate and participate with the State and [the sugar companies] Federal governments in providing [for] rural housing programs for low and moderate income families, "gap groups" and the elderly. HAMAKUA Profile Most of the historical population Growth in the communities of this district [have been the direct result of the past] was directly related to the growth of the now defunct sugar industry. However, a number of the dispersed communities in the area [have been the result of] were created through the Homesteading Acts of the Territory of Hawaii. The district has increased slightly in population from [4,648 in 1970 to] 5,128 in 1980[.] to approximately 6 108 in 2000 This was an increase of 10 per cent over a 20-year period. The relative proximity of this district to the South Kohala resort areas and urbanizing Waimea 182 Housing has contributed to [its role] defining the Hamakua District as a residential "bedroom" community to these employment centers. [Recently, the sole remaining sugar company in the district was sold by its former owner, Theo H. Davies, Co. to a privately held family corporation which has expressed its intention to continue sugar operations in the district. Early plans by the Davies Hamakua Sugar Company to exchange good privately held sugar cane lands for lands closer to Honokaa have been partially implemented, and have resulted in subdivision activity and housing construction activity around Honokaa] Upon the closing of the Hamakua Sugar Company in 1994 and the cessation of its housing programs for its employees, the Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD) coordinated the use of Federal funds totaling $1,600,000 to preserve the economic vitality and secure the social structure of communities from Hilo to Hamakua. This was accomplished by assisting the non-profit Hamakua Housing Corporation to subdivide the defunct Hamakua Sugar plantation camps into individual houselots. Assistance in obtaining title to the newly subdivided houselots was then provided to those former Hamakua Sugar Company's employees who participated in the final harvest. Upon completion of the conveyance process, OHCD established a program by which qualified owners of the plantation homes were given a $2,250 grant specifically for emergency improvements to the plantation homes. Over 300 plantation homeowners benefited from this program. Other programs included the design of water distribution systems in Paauilo and Ookala, training for six newly formed community associations, and the closing of existing gang cesspools and sewage lagoons. Other subdivision and home construction activity has occurred in the homestead areas between Kalopa and Ahualoa. In spite of the [increase in the number of] continued construction of new dwelling units [(327),] within the district, [68%] approximately 60 per cent of all of the district's residential structures are 30 years or more in age. [Nearly 40% of the population reported incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.] In 1990, approximately 5 7 per cent of all households within the district fell below the poverty level. Housing concerns for the district are likely to focus on replacement housing for plantation employees, suitable dwellings for the elderly and the availability of a wide variety of housing opportunities. With respect to the latter, Honokaa residents and business community representatives have expressed a desire for the community to continue and expand its role as a residential "bedroom" community for South Kohala resort workers. 183 Housing DISTRICT: HAMAKUA PROFILE Population Households 2000 6108 Not available 1990 5545 1209 1980 5,128 1,577 [1970 4,648 1,445 Growth 10.33 9.13] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii, .lanuarv 2000 Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U. S. Census, 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units [1985 Units: 1,768 SF: 1,650 DUPX: 22 MF: 44 OTHER: 52 1980 Units: 1,741 SF: 1,625 DUPX: 20 MF: 44 OTHER: 52 1970 Units: 1,441 SF: 1,369 DUPX: 20 MF: 11 OTHER: 41] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. - Condominium 1997 2019 X906 113 1992 1783 1729 54 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997 Occu anc ~ 1980 Fee 830 52.63% Rental 747 47.37% 1970 Fee 648 42.91% Rental 862 57.09°l0] Sinele Family °lo of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 98 67 1992 82 48 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 184 Housing [Occu ied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,577 93.87% Vacant 103 6.13% 1970 Occupied 1,445 95.70% Vacant 65 4.30%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 31 1.86% 1970 0-5 251 16.62% 6-15 285 17.12% 6-15 137 9.07% 16-30 208 12.49% 16-30 321 21.26% 30- 1141 68.53% 30- 80l 53.05%] 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total Sinele Family 0 788 192 136 293 283 214 1906 Multiple Family. 40 16 2 1 5 13 36 113 Condominium - - - - - - - - Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,441 21 42 252 247 1980 1,741 29 46 283 300 1985 1,768 29 46 283 304 Diff 327 8 4 3] 57 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 570 122 56 106 25 1980 710 ]65 65 115 28 1985 730 168 65 115 28 Diff 160 46 9 9 3 1970-85 185 Housing Parcel Invento Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 2,857 141 109 311 390 1985 3,601 133 118 440 596 Vacant 810 26 35 115 137 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 793 352 183 167 411 1985 1,018 453 220 205 418 Vacant 263 101 20 43 70] [Courses] Course of Action Support the sugar company's plan to centralize housing in certain areas. This would not only minimize cost of services within the communities but would also maximize the efficiency of the available services. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing. • Since much of the lands in and around the existing urban centers are owned by the sugar company, it should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market.] • [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing [stock,] inventory. including consideration for self-help programs. NORTH KOHALA Profile Since 1971, Kohala Sugar Company has terminated its sugar operations and many of the plantation's former employees moved out of the district to seek employment elsewhere. [The overall decline in population amounted to only a 2% decrease. However, the number of households has increased. Thus while there has been an out migration of some of the former residents of North Kohala, it appears that there has also been an in-migration of others into the area who form smaller, but more households.] However, the district witnessed only a 2 per cent decrease in its population during the 1970s. Population in the 1980s grew at an annual rate of 3 2 per cent with the 1990s averaging about 2 per cent. The population increases by about 40 per cent between 1990 and 2000. Most of the residents of North Kohala are employed in agriculture including ranching. as well as the visitor industry. Approximately 186 Housing [54%] 6.4 per cent of the households in the district reported incomes [of less than $15,000. ~ below the poverty level in 1990. DISTRICT: NORTH KOHALA PROFILE Population Households 2000 61038 Not available 1990 41291 11351 1980 3,249 1,022 [1970 3,326 880 % Growth -2.32 16.14] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..lanuarv 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census, 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units X1985 Units: 1,206 SF: 1,174 DUPX: 14 APT: 7 OTHER: I1 1980 Units: 1,122 SF: 1,092 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 11 1970 Units: 932 SF: 903 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 10] Total Single Family Multiple Family. Condominium 1997 1599 1496 103 1992 1228 1_.210 18 Hawaii Housine Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 Occu anc [1980 Fee 692 67.71% Rental 330 32.29% 1970 Fee 579 60.82% Rental 373 39.18%] 187 Housing Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 96 66 1992 97 62 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 [Occu ied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,022 91.17% Vacant 99 8.83% 1970 Occupied 880 92.44% Vacant 72 7.56%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 105 8.88% 1970 0-5 517 54.31% 6-15 l88 15.91% 6-15 100 10.50% 16-30 167 14.13% 16-30 213 22.37% 30- 722 61.08% 30- 122 12.82%J 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 TO-tal Sinele Family 0 211 283 141 215 276 370 1496 Multiple Family. 0 3 3 3 10 28 56 103 Condominium - - - - - - - - Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 932 2 68 185 308 1980 1,122 2 91 212 338 1985 1,206 2 96 214 351 Diff 274 0 28 29 43 1970-85 188 Housing Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 314 14 5 16 20 1980 409 16 6 l7 31 ]985 469 16 6 18 34 Diff 155 2 1 2 14 1970-85 Parcel Inventor Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 1,712 34 160 285 429 1985 2,284 33 202 317 505 Vacant 774 29 92 62 105 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 601 57 66 43 37 1985 855 110 79 64 119 Vacant 328 60 25 30 43] Although the population in North Kohala declined slightly in the years between 1970 and 1980, the North Kohala district [has experienced] continues to experience moderate increases in housing construction and subdivision activity. [Nevertheless, approximately 60%] Approximately 41 per cent of the district's housing [stock] inventory was built over 30 years ago. [The area around Hawi has experienced the greatest number of housing and subdivision activity in the past decade due to the subdivision and opening of both Kohala Corporation and State lands for residential use.] While subdivision activity continues to occur throughout the district, most are limited to smaller subdivisions by individual landowners who seek to subdivide their large agricultural parcels into smaller parcels. Exceptions include the 113- lot Maliu Ridge subdivision and the 477-lot Kohala Ranch subdivision. Since 1985. the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation has assisted with the construction of ten self-help single family dwellings in Ainakea Village. [North Kohala has recently been the focus of plans to subdivide vacant lands into rural and agricultural lots. These have ranged in size from one acre to 20 acres. Locationally they occur both within windward areas as well as on the leeward areas of North Kohala. In addition, plans have been submitted for urban and resort uses along the leeward North Kohala coast. Both the subdivision of rural and agricultural lands and the encroaching urban uses will have implications on the costs of housing in the North Kohala district.] 189 Housing Courses of Action Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing.] • Require [that] developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. • [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing [stock,] inventorv, including consideration for self-help programs. SOUTH KOHALA Pro61e [In 1970, South Kohala had a population of 2,310 and by 1980, the population nearly doubled to 4,607 persons.] Since the 1970s, the population of South Kohala nearly doubled with every passing decade with a 1990 population of 9.140. According to the 2000 census. the population of South Kohala was13,131 fora 44 per cent increase since 1990. [The increase in dwelling units however grew by nearly four-fold the 1970 housing stock. Major increases in the number of apartments and/or condominium units accounted for approximately 20% of the overall increase in dwelling units.] Between the years 1992 and 1997, the number of housing units within the South Kohala District grew by 23 per cent. Housing construction and subdivisions of land have been most active [in two areas;] on the eastern side of Waimea and in Waikoloa Village. Slightly more than half of the newly created parcels in the district occurred at Waikoloa. Housing construction in Waikoloa Village increased by 589 units (including multiple-family apartments and condominiums) between the years 1970 and 1985[.] with a total of 2,170 units by the end of 1997. Government agencies have participated jointly with private developers and nonprofit housing corporations to provide employee housing for the coastal resort developments in South Kohala at Waimea and Waikoloa. [These projects have amounted to 43 units.] In addition, Boise Cascade, the original developer of Waikoloa Village, provided lots in the Waikoloa Village subdivision to its initial employees. Waikoloa Village contains a sizable amount of undeveloped, residential-zoned (ands that will eventually contribute significantly to the district's housing inventorv. While these residential-zoned lands will most likely be developed as market-priced homesites, approximately 300 acres of land situated makai of Waikoloa Village was dedicated by the Waikoloa Development Company to the County of Hawaii for affordable housing projects. 190 Housing By the end of 1997,177 single family dwellings and 94 apartment units were constructed. Since 1985, a total of 12 self-help sinele family dwellings were constructed in Ouli. An additional ten self-help units are currently under construction. The continuing resort development along the coast is anticipated to increase the need for employee housing and other residential needs as more in-migration occurs. [Although there is still a sizeable number of residential zoned and subdivided parcels available at Waikoloa, market prices of existing parcels preclude purchase by persons of low income. Other residential zoned but not subdivided lands are also available at Waikoloa, development of these lands however are dependent upon plans by new owners.] It is apparent that in addition to residential lands, other commercial and urban lands will be required to service incoming populations. DISTRICT: SOUTH KOHALA PROFILE Population Households 2000 13,131 Not available 1990 9140 3095 1980 4,607 1,483 X1970 2,310 803 % Growth 99.44 84.68] Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, .Ianuarv 2000 Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census, 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units X1985 Units: 2,681 SF: 1,989 DUPX: 50 APT/COND:637 OTHER: 5 1980 Units: 2,218 SF: 1,692 DUPX: 10 APT/COND:511 OTHER: 5 1970 Units: 980 SF: 821 DUPX: 10 APT/COND:146 OTHER: 3] Total Sinele Family Multiple Family, - Condominium 1997 5798 3i 2173 1992 4722 2841 1881 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 191 Housing Occu anc [ 1980 Fee 879 59.27% Rental 604 40.73 °Jo 1970 Fee 393 46.29% Rental 456 53.71%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 90 38 1992 89 30 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997 [Occu iedNacant 1980 Occupied 1,483 75.70% Vacant 476 24.30% 1970 Occupied 803 94.58% Vacant 46 5.42%~ A e of Structure [ 1985 0-5 529 25.58% 1970 0-5 345 40.64% 6-15 759 36.70% 6-15 195 22.97% 16-30 374 18.09% 16-30 209 24.62% 30- 406 19.63% 30- 100 11.78%] 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total Sinele Family 0 189 194 214 804 1168 1056 3625 Multiale Family. 43 7 9 6 147 1122 839 2173 Condominium - - - - - Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997 192 Housing [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 980 23 13 2 253 1980 2,218 25 98 2 667 1985 2,681 25 175 2 794 Diff 1,701 2 162 0 541 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 377 131 30 13 138 1980 519 229 45 421 212 1985 562 252 48 602 221 Diff 185 121 18 589 83 1970-85 Parcel lnvento Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 2,526 138 64 6 1,387 1985 4,822 141 308 8 1,916 Vacant 2,328 74 124 7 907 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 387 284 50 8 202 1985 559 378 117 1167 228 Vacant 202 99 33 815 67] Courses of Action • [The County shall require that] Repuire developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for [the] that need. • Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in this area] for housing for all socioeconomic levels through leasehold or purchase. Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 193 Housing • [Participate and coordinate] Aid and encourage housing programs for low and moderate income, "gap groups" and the elderly. • County-owned land at Waikoloa Village shall be made available for the development of affordable housing. NORTH KONA Profile [Of all the districts in the County of Hawaii, the] The North Kona district [has] had the second greatest percentage increase in population[,] over the last 30 years, from 4,832 persons in 1970 to [ 13,748 persons in 1980] 28,543 in 2000. The Puna District saw a slightly greater percentage increase in population during the same period. Housing units have increased from [2,485 in 1970 to] 9,150 in 1985[.] to 12.254 in 1997, representing an annual Growth rate of approximately 2.8 per cent. [Approximately 43% were multiple family units.] [Both single-family housing construction activity and subdivision activity occurred largely in the areas from Kaloko mauka through Holualoa.] In spite of [the increase in both] continuing moderate growth of subdivision activity and housing construction in the North Kona district, housing problems for the low and moderate income groups have been particularly acute. [Although the proportion of low income households in the North Kona area has decreased from 1970, in terms of the actual households, there has been an increase from 935 households to 1,759 reporting incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.] In 1990, approximately 7 per cent of all households within the district reported incomes below the poverty level. In addition, these families compete with the visitor market for rental of apartment and condominium units. State and County housing agencies have participated directly in the provisions of house and lot packages at Kealakehe Houselots, [which] that account for 92 single family units for low and moderate income groups. Additionally, both have participated jointly either with private developers and/or nonprofit housing corporations to provide both low income and elderly units [which has resulted in] for a total of [271 ] 1025 units constructed in the district[.] since the early 1970s. The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands developed the Kaniohale (La'i'opua) Residential Subdivision in Kealakehe, lust north of Kailua-Kona. The proiect consists of 184 developer-built single family dwellings, 41 self-help homes and a community center. This proiect is part of a 1,015-acre master-planned community called the Villages of La'i'opua, which will consist of 4,082 single-family and multiple-family residential units, recreational facilities, and community and neighborhood commercial complexes. This proiect is being managed by the State Housing Finance and Development Corporation H( FDC)• 194 Housing Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation has assisted with the construction of 19 self-help single family dwellings in Kalaoa View subdivision, an affordable housing development located north of Kailua. Hualalai Elderly complex, a 30- unit affordable housing complex, was also constructed in Kailua. [While sizable areas mauka of Ali'i Drive have been designated for residential and other urban uses through the 1970 General Plan, actual rezoning of these lands has not occurred at a pace which could have opened lands for residential use.] It is anticipated that the rate of in-migration into the district will continue, as will the need for housing for residents. [Recent rezoning] Rezoning actions for large scale residential subdivisions have occurred in the [Kealakehe mauka] area between Kailua and Keauhou[,]_ [which when] When subdivided, [may provide] additional lands will be provided for residential use. Nevertheless, land costs and market prices [which] that have been influenced by investor and resoNresidential markets may preclude purchase of house and lot packages by [most households] many households in the district. DISTRICT: NORTH KONA PROFILE Population Households 2000 28.543 Not available 1990 22,284 73898 1980 13,748 4,602 [1970 4,832 1,733 °J° Growth 184.52 165.55] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..lanuarv 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book. 1995 U.S. Census. 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units [1985 Units: 9,150 SF: 4,697 DUPX:132 APT/COND:3,941 OTHER: 380 1980 Units: 7,540 SF: 4,105 DUPX:122 APT/COND:2,934 OTHER: 379 1970 Units: 2,485 SF: ],748 DUPX: 74 APT/COND: 527 OTHER: 136] 195 Housing Total Sinele Family Multiple Family. - Condominium 1997 12,258 61880 53378 1992 10,890 61067 43823 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997 Occu anc [1980 Fee 2,536 55.11% Rental 2,066 44.89% 1970 Fee 873 49.49% Rental 891 50.51%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 93 39 1992 92 33 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 [Occu ied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 4,602 66.75% Vacant 2,292 33.25% 1970 Occupied 1,733 98.24% Vacant 31 1.76%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 1,327 26.21°Io 1970 0-5 824 46.71% 6-15 2,200 43.46% 6-15 286 16.21% 16-30 679 13.41% 16-30 310 17.57% 30- 856 16.91% 30- 344 19.50%] 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total Sinele Family 0 227 277 605 23330 21254 13187 61880 Multiple Family. 226 5 0 410 23127 11792 818 53378 Condominium - - - - - Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research, 1997 196 Housing [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 2,485 41 31 105 161 1980 7,540 49 38 978 662 1985 8,650 51 55 1,168 765 Diff 6,165 10 24 1,063 604 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 764 275 356 364 388 1980 2,659 677 860 1,121 496 1985 3,275 770 940 1,427 199 Diff 2,511 495 584 1,063 189 1970-85 Parcel Invento Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 5,100 86 144 877 187 1985 10,035 117 108 2,682 1,025 Vacant 4,074 60 100 837 369 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 1,131 709 696 814 456 1985 1,980 1,086 1,246 1,109 682 Vacant 813 572 572 531 220] Courses of Action • [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall] Encouraee the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions. Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 197 Housing • [The County shall require that] Re uire developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. • Increase affordable housinG opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area. SOUTH KONA Profile Moderate growth in both population and housing construction has occurred in the district of South Kona. Although the district is still [dependant] dependent upon [diversified] agriculture, [nevertheless] some of the growth has been the result of the urban and resort growth in North Kona. This is reflected in an even distribution of new housing construction in sections from Kealakekua town through Captain Cook. Subdivision activity has not occurred at equal rates to housing construction and suggests an in-filling of existing agricultural and rural parcels. [Of the 802 new dwelling units, at least 80 were multiple family dwellings. The district has a sizable number of parcels, 5,737 of which 3,359 are vacant in comparison to the number of households in the district. Some of these parcels are still in agricultural use. The potential in-filling of these parcels as rural/residential estates at market prices comparable to urban uses does present problems of competitive use with the agricultural needs and also precludes the purchase of these lots by low and moderate income households.] Sales of these agricultural parcels have sometimes been accompanied by the demolition of older structures [which has] that served as employee housing, farm tenant household, or low and moderate income families. Construction of Government-assisted affordable housinG proiects within the district were limited to two proiects, Hale Hookipa (32 units) in 1976 and the Captain Cook Elderly proiect (21 units) in 1992. The Hawaii County Economic Opportunity Council was responsible for the development of 46 sinGle family self-help homes on State lease land in Milolii durinG the past decade. While there are some non-conforming residential lot sized subdivisions in South Kona, they are not serviced by adequate infrastructure [nor] or public services. There is the potential [here also] of in-filling [much as] that has occurred in the nonconforming subdivisions of Puna though it is anticipated to occur at a slower pace because of the distances to employment centers. 198 Housing DISTRICT: SOUTH KONA PROFILE Population Households 2000 8589 Not available 1990 7658 2i 1980 5,914 1,853 [1970 4,004 996 % Growth 47.70 86.04] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii..lanuarv 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book. 1995 U.S. Census. 2000 [Existin Inventor - Housin Units [1985 Units: 1,971 SF: 1,846 DUPX: 30 APT/COND:80 OTHER: 15 1980 Units: 1,722 SF: 1,631 DUPX: 28 APT/COND:48 OTHER: 15 1970 Units: 1,169 SF: 1,130 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 8 OTHER: 11] Total Sinele Family Multiale Family. Condominium 1997 2714 2539 175 1992 2254 2146 108 Hawaii Housine Policy Study -SMS Research. 1997 Occu anc X1980 Fee 977 52.73% Rental 876 47.27% 1970 Fee 441 42.36% Rental 600 57.64%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 81 57 1992 81 50 Hawaii Housine Policy Study -SMS Research. 1997 199 Housing [Occu iedNacant 1980 Occupied 1,853 90.30% Vacant 199 9.70% 1970 Occupied 996 95.68% Vacant 45 4.32%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 283 15.11% 1970 0-5 135 12.97% 6-15 530 28.30% 6-15 179 17.20% 16-30 280 14.95% 16-30 251 24.11% 30- 780 41.64% 30- 476 45.73%] 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- No data <1950 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 Total Single Family 0 257 203 197 586 706 590 2539 Multiale Family. 74 1 2 1 16 32 49 175 Condominium - - - - - - - - Hawaii Housing Policv Study - SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,169 321 261 221 164 1980 1,722 515 384 292 226 1985 1,971 611 438 328 245 Diff 802 290 177 107 81 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 10 57 48 32 55 1980 42 75 61 52 75 1985 43 80 81 67 78 Diff 33 23 33 35 23 1970-85 200 Housing Parcel Inventor Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 4,763 761 493 644 487 1985 5,737 1,010 781 769 521 Vacant 3,367 374 334 281 195 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 162 240 603 1,052 321 1985 95 276 665 1,195 425 Vacant 50 188 557 1,088 300] Courses of Action ~ • The County shall provide assistance and encourage the State to negotiate with large landowners for land exchange or purchase to provide for those people who would be affected by the future plans of landowners.] • Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall enwurage] Encourage the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions. Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] • Increase affordable housing opportunities in South Kona. 201 Housing KA'U Profile Several [of the] communities in this district [are the] were established as a direct result of the former sugar industry. [Though the major employer in the district has converted some of its sugar lands into macadamia fields, the district has seen little change in terms of its population size. Some housing construction and subdivision activity has occurred as the sugar company has actively pursued creating residential subdivisions to provide fee simple land for their employees. It has also participated jointly with the Hawaii Housing Authority in the construction of employee housing. This has been reflected in the increased rate of fee home ownership, from 42% in 1970 to approximately 67% in 1980.] Prior to the closing of its sugar operations in Ka'u in 1996, Ka'u Agribusiness was the primary employer within the district. The company, in cooperation with the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, also facilitated the construction of housing for its employees. The closing of Ka'u Agribusiness sugar operations saw the end of these company-supported housing programs. Nevertheless, these efforts resulted in fee home ownership increasing over the years from 42 per cent of all single family residential units in 1970 to 94 per cent in 1997. [The district has a resort area which has been long planned by C. Brewer. To date development of this resort includes a golf course and tennis courts, restaurant, condominiums and conference center. Should the Punaluu resort area continue to expand to planned capacities, employee housing needs should be anticipated.] The district has a resort area at Punaluu that encompasses a total of 432 acres. Situated between the towns of Naalehu and Pahala, the Punaluu Resort and Seamountain Golf Course complex is the only resort destination area within the Ka'u District. Currently. the only accommodation available at this complex is the 56-unit Colony One at Sea Mountain. The golf course remains in operation, but no other facilities or amenities are available. C. Brewer Properties, Inc., the original landowner, initially proposed a 300-room hotel, 410 residential units and related facilities within this resort area. Plans for the area by the current landowner are not known at this time. Future expansion of facilities at Punaluu Resort will need to include employee housing. This district has large non-conforming subdivisions [which were] created prior to the adoption of the present Subdivision and Zoning Codes. [Some building] Building activity [has occurred) continues in these subdivisions however,]. However, the subdivisions lack basic infrastructure systems such as water and, in some cases, electricity. Most of the interior roads of the subdivisions are substandard. Thus while) While continued in-filling of the subdivisions may occur, the lack of adequate infrastructure will continue to present problems, and may restrain the ability to secure conventional mortgage loans for housing construction. These subdivisions are also not located near areas of employment. 202 Housing DISTRICT: KA'U PROFILE Population Households 2000 5827 Not available 1990 4_,438 1 1980 3,699 1,108 [1970 3,398 965 Growth 8.86 14.82] Economic Assessment. PKF Hawaii. ,Ianuarv 2000 Countv of Hawaii Data Book. 1998 U.S. Census. 2000 Existin Inventor - Housin Units X1985 Units: 1,647 SF: 1,439 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 54 OTHER: 34 1980 Units: 1,441 SF: 1,258 DUPX: 20 APT/COND:129 OTHER: 34 1970 Units: 963 SF: 885 DUPX: 18 APT: 27 OTHER: 33] Total Units Sinele Family Multiple Family. Condominium 1997 2385 2278 107 1992 11876 11.776 100 Hawaii Housine Policv Studv -SMS Research. 1997 Occu anc ~ 1980 Fee 740 66.79% Rental 368 33.21 °I° 1970 Fee 440 42.07% Rental 606 57.93%] Sinele Family % of All Units % Fee Sim le Owner Occu ied 1997 94 55 1992 92 53 Hawaii Housine Policv Study -SMS Research. 1997 203 Housing [Occu ied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,108 81.41% Vacant 253 18.59% 1970 Occupied 965 92.26% Vacant 81 7.74%] A e of Structure [1985 0-5 233 15.74% 1970 0-5 162 15.49% 6-15 374 25.27% 6-15 69 6.60% 16-30 181 12.23% 16-30 331 31.64% 30- 692 46.76°~0 30- 484 46.27%] No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 - Sinele Family 0 480 120 133 374 543 628 2_=278 Multiple Family. 0 0 1 4 86 12 4 107 Condominium - - - - - - Hawaii Housing Policv Studv - SMS Research. 1997 [Dwellin Units b Tax Ma Sections Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 963 0 69 24 21 1980 1,441 0 192 30 49 1985 1,647 0 285 32 93 Diff 684 0 216 8 72 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 334 378 0 9 128 1980 444 567 0 9 50 1985 475 578 0 9 175 Diff 141 200 0 0 47 1970-85 204 Housing Parcel Inventor Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 14,689 9 11,568 147 1,377 1985 17,281 12 12,721 154 2,243 Vacant 15,450 10 12,395 106 2,098 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 854 528 19 7 180 1985 832 761 21 8 529 Vacant 259 131 20 6 425] [Courses Course of Action Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area in order to attain a diversity of housing mix. • Encourage the sugar company to continue their assistance in providing employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. • Since many of the lands in and around the existing communities are owned by the sugar company, they should be encouraged to make lands available for the private market.] • [The County shall require] Require developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. 205 Housing PUBLIC FACILITIES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Public facilities are those service systems [which] that aze provided, staffed, and maintained by government to directly serve the [individual citizens in his desire to realize his full self-potential, to enjoy the protection of his rights and his property, to be secure in his need for medical and health care, and to live in a wholesome and sanitary community.] residents of the County Public facilities include the systems of schools, libraries, fire stations, police stations, detention and correctional facilities, refuse disposal areas, harbors, and airfields. ([The latter two] Harbors and airfields are further described under the [section dealing with the transportation element.) Transportation Element) These facilities [have most are often [been] located in larger towns or centrally situated areas [which] that are in close proximity to the commercial, industrial and cultural activities of established communities. [Although the inhabitants of Hawaii County aze serviced by three levels of government, public facilities generally fall into two jurisdictional categories:] The maiority of public facilities that service the residents of this Countv are managed by the State and County. For example, the State operates the public school system, libraries, and the public hospitals, [while the county] The Countv provides police and fire protection[,] and solid waste disposal. Additionally, both the State and [county] Count maintain administrative offices on the island to serve the residents' needs. It is necessary to carefully coordinate the provision of public facilities in order to use them most effectively and to maximize the effect of the public dollar. It is equally necessazy to realize that the type, quality, capacity and location of facilities and services have a significant impact on the community, the people and the total environment. GOAL • Encourage the provision of public facilities that effectively service community and visitor needs and seek ways of improving public service through better and more functional facilities [which are] in keeping with the environmental and aesthetic concerns of the community. POLICIES • Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and [by] maximizing the use of personnel and facilities. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community. 206 Public Facilities • [The County shall develop] Develop short and long-range capital improvement programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services. • Develop and adout an Imuact Fees Ordinance. • [The County's] Capital Improvement and Operating budgets shall reflect the goals and policies of the County General Plan. • [The County shall require] Require a [6] six-year, long-term, capital improvements budget by County Departments and agencies [which] that shall be reviewed for consistency with the [County's] General Plan. STANDARDS Standards have been established in each of the four major groupings of public facilities. The various uublic facilities have been categorized into education, protective services, health and sanitation, and government operations. The following are set forth for the overall provision and maintenance of public facilities in the County [of Hawaii]. 207 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: EDUCATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS There are [thirty] 39 public [school complexes] schools in the County [of Hawaii] with a total enrollment of [20,962] 27,557 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level]. The schools range in size from [105] 169 students at Haaheo to [1,700] 2180 students at Waiakea High School. There are [fifteen] 17 licensed private regular education schools serving a total of [2,085] 2,216 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level]. The number of students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade on the island, public and private school complexes combined, total [to 23,047 or 22%] 30,209 or approximately 20 per cent of the total island population [of 106,403]. In 1999, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii created a new educational initiative with the passage of Act 62, SLH 1999 or "The New Century Charter Schools" law. Charter schools are more autonomous with greater flexibility in decision-making. Charter schools are excluded from many State laws and department rules and regulations. However, charter schools are public schools in that they receive public funds. These schools must still meet all applicable federal, State and County requirements and are not exempt from collective bargaining, discriminatory practice laws, health and safety laws and standards, and the implementation of the Hawaii content and performance standards. Each charter school is responsible for selecting their own sites. If a public school has space available, a charter school may seek to enter into an arrangement with the Department of Education for the use of a portion of the school's facilities. This law allows up to 25 charter schools to be established statewide. Thus far, charter certificates have been issued for five schools. (Population shifts and the resultant consolidation of schools and/or grade levels have in some instances resulted in time-distance hardships on students, parents, and teachers.] School complexes with limited enrollment have not always been able to maximize educational opportunities in comparison with the ability of larger facilities to provide a wider scope of educational opportunities. Some older schools lack adequate parking facilities and sufficient area for coverall] expansion and some have [drainage] infrastructure and traffic problems. The Hawaii Library District is comprised of a regional library in Hilo; six community librazies in Honokaa, Kapaau, Holualoa, Kailua-Kona, Kealakekua, and Naalehu (part-time); and six joint community-school libraries in Keaau, Mountain View, Pahoa, Pahala, Laupahoehoe and Waimea. Size is described by the number of volumes (books, periodicals, etc.) and range from [2,464] 6_,445 volumes at Holualoa to [151,672] 208.065 volumes in Hilo. [To extend service to outlying communities and rural areas, the bookmobile, consisting of vans filled with library materials, visits various sectors of the island on a twice monthly basis.] Some library facilities will require improvements as the demand for learning and information increases. More up-to-date facilities are also required in some areas. 208 Public Facilities The University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH), located in [the City of] Hilo provides alternative higher educational opportunities within the University of Hawaii system through its variety of high quality certificate, [associate and ]baccalaureate, and masters degree programs. [The UHH is the only public institution of higher education in the County of Hawaii and is the only institution in the University organization that incorporates atwo-year community college, a four-year university, and a continuing education and community service program.] The 1973 "University of Hawaii at Hilo Long Range Development Plan" was updated and revised in 1981 [to serve] and again in 1996. The University of Hawaii at Hilo Lone Ranee Development plan serves as a physical planning guide [affecting] for the UHH campus. The Plan emphasizes the "spine" concept [which] that organizes all campus structures along a main pedestrian accessway and assures that future development would continue in relation to the various existing structures. As such, new facilities would be developed towazds Komohana Street. [One of the immediate problems the University has to deal with is providing adequate student and faculty housing.] The University continues to lack adequate student and faculty housing. Hawaii Communitv College provides access to higher education, and workforce training for the entire Countv. The Colleee offers an extensive program of certificate and associate deeree programs in technical fields as well as the first two veers of a baccalaureate deeree. The Colleee also offers an extensive program of short-term trainine programs throughout the Countv. The Communitv college serves the entire Countv with programs on site in the communities and utilizes distance education technologies The Long Range Development Plan for Hawaii Communitv College was approved by the Board of Regents in 1996 and calls for the construction of a new campus in Hilo mauka of Komohana Street. In West Hawaii, in addition to Hawaii Communitv College programs, the college is responsible for the University of Hawaii Center through which it delivers baccalaureate and masters degree programs from other institutions in the University Center. The Long Range Development Plan for the West Hawaii campus of the University of Hawaii was completed in 1998. The State is currently in the process of preparing an environmental impact statement for the initial phase of development of the new campus University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii) to be located on a 33-acre portion of a 500- acre State-owned parcel in Kalaoa North Kona The proposed campus which will accommodate approximately 1,500 students upon completion, will be located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Hiehway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole. [The only private university on the island is located on a 41-acre site in North Kona. The Pacific and Asia Christian University has an enrollment of 350 to 400 students.] 209 Public Facilities POLICIES Educational policies [here] relate to the provision of facilities rather than programs, which are the province of the State. It is nevertheless recognized that the facilities and programs are the tools necessary to improve total educational service. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage continuous joint pre-planning of schools with the Department of Education and the University of Hawaii to ensure coordination with roads, water, and other support facilities and considerations such as traffic and safety, and access for vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian. Encourage master planning of present and proposed public and private institutions. • [The County shall encourage the joining ofJ Encouraee combining schoolyards with county parks and [the availability of] allow school facilities for afterschool use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage joint community-school librazy facilities, where a separate community library may not be feasible, in proximity to other community facilities, affording both pedestrian and vehicular access. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage implementation of the Department of Education's 'Educational Specifications and Standards for Facilities.' • Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to seek alternate sites for public libraries located on the campuses of public schools. STANDARDS • In proposed communities, sufficient acreage shall be reserved for school facilities. Sites shall be free from flooding and drainage problems, excessive slope and shall incorporate appropriate street and driveway design and location to minimize traffic interference, pedestrian hazard, and [to] enable safe and easy access for vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. • State Department of Education's education specifications and standards for facilities. DISTRICTS The following is an examination and analysis of educational facilities by districts. For the purposes of this section, a complex refers to a high school and its associated feeder schools. Feeder schools are the elementary and intermediate (middle) schools that send students to an associated hieh school. For instance, the Waiakea High School complex has 210 Public Facilities Waiakea High School as its designated high school and Waiakea Intermediate Waiakeawaena Elementarv, and Waiakea Elementarv as its feeder schools PUNA Profile Public school complexes in the Puna District are located in the communities of Keaau, Mt. View and Pahoa. [The 16.57-acre Keaau complex serves a total enrollment of 683 students and the 12.36-acre Mt. View complex serves 554 students, both from kindergarten through the eighth grade level. High school students commute to the Waiakea School complex in South Hilo. The 28-acre Pahoa complex serves an enrollment of 1,577 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level. Two private schools, located between Keaau and Pahoa, have a total enrollment of 282 students. The Henry Opukahaia School accounts for 200 students from kindergarten through twelfth grade.] The Keaau Hiah School complex is comprised of Keaau Hiah Schooh Keaau Middle School, Keaau Elementarv School, and Mt. View Elementarv School, and serves a total enrollment of 2,441 students. Existing complex facilities are adeauate to serve the current enrollment. The new Keaau High School is being built in phases As each phase is completed, the incoming class (i.e. freshman, sophomores, etc.) can be accommodated. The Keaau Elementarv School is being built in a similar fashion. Thus. in a few vears the need to transport students from the Keaau and Mt. View area will not be necessary. Currently 11th and 12th graders from Keaau commute to Waiakea High School in South Hilo. At this time, the first phase of Keaau High School has been completed and is in operation The Pahoa High School complex is comprised of Pahoa High and Intermediate School. Pahoa Elementarv School, Keonepoko Elementarv School and serves 2.323 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade level. The natural population growth and in-migration into the subdivisions in the area are contributing to the increased pressure on education facilities at the Pahoa complex. In response to these growth pressures, facilities have been expanded to accommodate the increased enrollment. However, there is still overcrowding at the elementary school. [Over the past 15 years, the enrollment at the Pahoa complex increased by four times than that reported in 1970 (384 students). The in-migration to the subdivision areas contributed to this tremendous student population. Facilities have been expanded to accommodate present enrollment, however, the elementary school is still overcrowded. The State Department of Education is currently conducting a site selection study to meet the present and future elementazy student projection needs. The Keaau and Mt. View complexes showed slight increases in enrollment also due to population growth in subdivision areas. The existing complexes are adequate to meet student needs.] 211 Public Facilities The Keaau, Mt. View and Pahoa branch libraries aze joint community-school facilities. The Keaau facility has [11,587] 21.332 volumes [and is sufficient to serve the school and community needs]. The Pahoa and Mt. View facilities house [ 17,225] 34,365 volumes and [7,083] 18,345 volumes, respectively but both]. Both library facilities are inadequate in size to meet the needs of the students and community. [The] Furthermore, the lack of adequate pedestrian access and parking at these facilities is [also a] an oneoine problem. Courses of Action • Improve existing school complexes to meet the standazds established by the State Department of Education. • School facilities [shall] should be made available to the community for recreation and other compatible uses during after school hours. • Encouraee the Department of Education to plan and develop school facilities as the need arises. Encourage the implementation for relocation and development of a new elementary complex in Pahoa.] • Encourage improvements to pedestrian access between the village of Pahoa and the school and library facilities. Encourage expansion or development of community-school library complexes at Pahoa and Mt. View.] SOUTH HILO Profile The public school complexes in the South Hilo district [comprise ofJ includes two high schools, three intermediate and eight elementary schools. One of the intermediate schools is a combined elementary-intermediate facility serving [from] the kindergarten through the eighth grade level. The school [population] enrollment of South Hilo is about [9,347] 10,339 students. The [Enrollment at] Hilo High School complex is comprised of Hilo Hiah School. Kalanianaole Elementarv and Intermediate School, Hilo Intermediate School. DeSilva Elementarv School, Haaheo Elementarv Schooh Hilo Union Elementarv School. Oueen Kapiolani Elementarv School. Kaumana Elementarv Schooh and Keaukaha Elementarv School and serves about [1,481] 51576 students. [Students from two intermediate schools in the district transfer to this complex. The Waiakea High complex has an enrollment of 1,700 students. The facility serves students from the Waiakea, Keaau and Mt. View intermediate schools. J 212 Public Pacilities The Waiakea Hieh School complex is comprised of Waiakea Hiah School Waiakea Intermediate School, Waiakeawaena Elementarv School and Waiakea Elementarv School and has an enrollment of 4,763 students. The facility serves students from the Waiakea Keaau and Mt. View intermediate schools. Anew hi h school in Keaau opened in 1999 Upon completion of all phases, the new hieh school will serve the students from the Keaau complex. The Waiakea Intermediate [complex] School presently accommodates [the sixth] 6th grade students from the Waiakea Elementarv and Waiakeawaena Elementary facilities [so as] to relieve the overcrowded student population. All three [complexes] schools have an [average] enrollment of [920] 2.583 students. [The Department of Education is tentatively planning a site selection study for a new school in the Waiakea Uka area, provided enrollment continues to grow and the new school will serve a minimum enrollment of 400 students. Private school complexes in the district have a combined total of 778 student enrollment. St. Joseph High and Elementazy complex (including Hamakua Branch) accounts for 550 students, from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level.] Traffic congestion [and hazards] occur in the area of the Waiakea High-Intermediate- Elementary School and the Hilo High-Intermediate-Union School-Haili Christian (private) complexes where [approximately 3,535 and 2,851] students respectively, enter and emerge] commute to and from school twice daily at nearly the same time. The areas surrounding some school complexes have practically no sidewalks or curb separations for the students' ease of access and safety. [Relocation of Kapiolani School has continuously been considered due to its location within the tidal wave zone and because of commercial uses replacing the surrounding residential areas.] The regional library, with a collection of [151,672] 208.065 volumes, is located in [the city ofJ Hilo and is the administrative center for all the branch libraries in Hawaii County. Although conveniently located [and adequately maintained and equipped], it lacks a meeting room or auditorium [in which] to conduct cultural or similar programs. The University of Hawaii at Hilo complex has an enrollment count of [3,200] 28(10 students. The main or mauka campus encompasses an area of approximately [137] 115 acres. [Currently, there are 51 major buildings and 29 portable structures.] Hawaii Community Colleee has an enrollment of 2.100 decree students and shares the campus as well as the [The 23] 21-acre makai campus, [serving the Hawaii Community College (HCC) and the Center for Continuing Education and Community Service (CCECS) is] located approximately 1/4 mile away. The mauka campus has undergone [great] expansion over the past [ 10] ten years. [to consolidate the HCC and CCECS on the main campus. Facilities for the nursing program are located at the Hilo Hospital complex.] The makai campus is being renovated to accommodate some Hawaii Community Colleee programs until a new campus can be constructed. 213 Public Facilities A recent addition to the mauka campus is the 163-acre University Park located between Komohana Street and the northern portion of the mauka campus In addition to University Park, an additiona1323 acres directly mauka of the Park on the mauka side of Komohana Street is expected to be transferred to the University and will be developed to include a new campus for Hawaii Community Colle¢e. The University also owns an additional 33 acres across Kawili Street adiacent and above Waiakea Hieh School These three properties are designated for University expansion. In addition the University also uses 110 acres in Panaewa for its agriculture program. The [new] Edwin H. Mookini Library, located on the main university campus, has a collection of 180,000 bound volumes and other library materials, including periodicals, newspapers, audio/video cassettes and microfilms. It has a capacity of 450,000 volumes and study space for 800 students and faculty members. The library also houses a media production center, providing graphics and duplicating facilities as well as audio and television studios. Course of Action [ • Encourage site planning for a third high school and/or intermediate school to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage the establishment of [an] additional [elementary school] schools [in the Waiakea-Uka area.] as the need arises. • [The County shall actively participate] Participate in the development of student and faculty housing for the university and other joint-use facilities. • Provide pedestrian walkways to and around all school complexes. A joint community-school library shall be considered in conjunction with plans for a third high school in Hilo.] • [The County shall support] Support the continued expansion of the University system and the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College campus [master plan which encompasses a 600+ acre development] and encourage the continuing education programs throughout the community. The transfer of State lands to the University [of about 600 acres of State lands adjacent to the present campus] should be actively pursued. • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. ~ • Evaluate the possibility of relocating Kapiolani School.] • [The County shall support] Support and encourage the strengthening of the University of Hawaii at Hilo through the transfer of appropriate colleges and departments from the University of Hawaii at Manoa to the University of Hawaii at Hilo. 214 Public Facilities • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the implementation of existing State and University of Hawaii plans for the [establishment of a] continued development of the "Research and Technology Park" on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. NORTH HILO/HAMAKUA Profile The ~ 16.88 -acre school complex located in] Laupahoehoe Hieh and Elementarv School complex serves [365] 250 students from kindergazten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. The existing facility is adequate, as enrollment has been relatively stable due to [plantation employment and general] the aging of the district's population. The physical disadvantages of the Laupahoehoe School facility include the steep grade and narrow access from the highway, the lack of adequate pedestrian walkways leading to the school, and the abruptness of the road junctions. ~ Schools serving the Hamakua district include the Paauilo complex serving 216students from kindergarten through ninth grade; and the Honokaa School complex serving 1,034 students] The Honokaa Hieh School Complex is comprised of Honokaa Hieh School Waimea Elementarv and Intermediate School, Paauilo Elementarv and Intermediate School Honokaa Elementarv School, and Waikoloa Elementarv School and serves 3 258 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. Honokaa High School accommodates students from South Kohala as well as from the Hamakua district. A traffic problem exists within the Honokaa School complex due to athrough-street bisecting the campus. Vehicular and pedestrian problems also exist in Paauilo. The Laupahoehoe library is ajoint community-school facility housing [16,211] 20,277 volumes. The community facility in Honokaa has [10,571] 16,705 volumes. [Both libraries are adequate to meet the needs of the students and community.] Courses of Action (North Hilol • Improve pedestrian and vehiculaz access to the Laupahoehoe and Hamakua School [complex.] complexes. • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Courses of Action ]Hamakua) • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. 215 Public Pacili[ies • Encourage traffic re-routing to resolve school traffic problems. • Implement the Honokaa school campus master plan. • Encourage expansion of the present library facility and services. NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA Profile The Kohala High and Elementary School complex is comprised of Kohala High and Intermediate School and Kohala Elementary School. The complex services all of North Kohala's [752] 994 student [population.] enrollment. The existing facilities are sufficient for the district's needs. The South Kohala district public school is located in Waimea [on a 13.31-acre site, accommodating] and accommodates an enrollment of [848] 1,3195 students from kindergarten through the [ninth] 8th grade level. High school students commute a distance of 16 miles to Honokaa. An additional elementarv school has been constructed and is in operation at Waikoloa. Department of Education is developing a master plan for Waimea School that provides for a new elementarv school. an expanded intermediate school improved access and parking areas. [Private schools in the Kohala district have a combined total of 799 student enrollment. Hawaii Preparatory Academy complex is located in Waimea and accounts for 603 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level. It also has a school branch in the Kona district. Parker School, also in Waimea, serves a 125 student enrollment from seventh through the twelfth grade level.] The [Kapaau] Bond Memorial Library has a collection of [7,985] 16.435 volumes [and adequately serves the needs of the district]. The Parker Memorial community-school library, located adjacent to [the] Waimea school is the second largest [island] public library[.] on the island. The facility has a collection of [25,725] 43.309 volumes [and adequately serves both school and community needs. Bookmobile service is provided from the Waimea branch to outlying communities and rural areas]. Courses of Action (North Kohala) • Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs [arises.] arise. • Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to establish a public library separate from the school facility. 216 Public Facilities Encourage joint use of facilities.] • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Courses of Action (South Kohalal • Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs arises.] arise. Encourage joint use of facilities.] • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. • Encourage the installation of walkways to and around schools and street crossing facilities for pedestrian safety. Department of Education shall develop a master plan for Waimea School which provides for an expanded intermediate school, improved access and parking areas. • Department of Education shall initiate planning for a high school, including site selection, in South Kohala to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage the development of State and private higher educational facilities in West Hawaii. • Support the development of an intermediate or middle school in Waikoloa • Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to establish a public library in Waikoloa. • Encourage the State Department of Education to explore the feasibility of establishing a high school in the South Kohala district. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile The Kona public school system [comprises] is comprised of the Konawaena and Kealakehe High School [complex, situated on a 50.64-acre site, serving 2,087 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level and five elementary schools serving a total of 2,690 students from kindergarten through eighth grade.] complexes. 217 Public Facilities The Konawaena Hieh School complex includes Konawaena High School Konawaena Middle School, Konawaena Elementarv School Hookena Elementarv School and Honaunau Elementarv School and serves 2,882 students Ho'okena Elementary/Intermediate and Honaunau Elementarv/Intermediate [grades seventh and eighth] kindergarten to 8th erade may be transferred to the Konawaena complex due to extremely limited program offerings as only about [30] 364 students are presently enrolled [in those grades]. The construction of a new Konawaena Elementarv School was recently completed. The Kealakehe Hieh School complex is comprised of Kealakehe Hieh School Kealakehe Intermediate School. Holualoa Elementarv School Kealakehe Elementarv School, and Kahakai Elementarv School. The Kealakehe Hieh School complex serves 4 063 students. Kahakai Elementarv School [complex] opened in 1982 to relieve the overcrowded enrollment at Kealakehe Elementarv School [complex]. However, the Kealakehe Hieh School complex continues to experience [the] student population growth problems. It [recently] has developed separate facilities for the kindergarten through [sixth] 6th grade level and [seventh] 7th through [eighth] 8th grades. [The Department of Education is currently conducting a site selection study for a new elementary school.] The new Kealakehe Hieh School will serve grades nine through twelve. [The private schools in this district have a total of 221 students. The International Christian School serves 149 students from first through the twelfth grade level. Hawaii Preparatory Academy School branch, located in Kailua, has 56 students from kindergarten through third grade. This school is currently proposing development of a new facility in Keauhou to serve kindergarten through the fifth grade level.] The Holualoa Library, located near the school, has a collection of [2,464] 6_,445 volumes; Kealakekua library has [7,934] 28,467 volumes[;] and the Kailua-Kona branch library has [ 13,019] 47,955 volumes. The Kailua-Kona library is inadequate in size to serve the needs of the area. [The Kona bookmobile operates from the Kealakekua library.] The State is currently in the planning stases for the University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii (UHCWH). The new University campus will initially be located on a 33-acre portion of a lareer 500-acre site on the mauka side of the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav directly mauka of the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Upon completion the new campus is anticipated to accommodate 1 500 students. For administrative purposes the UHCWH will be assiened to the Hawaii Community College at Hilo. Courses of Action (North Konal Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central Kona.(under construction)] 218 Public Facilities • Encourage expansion of the Holualoa school complex to meet school district needs. • Encouraae the State Deaartment of Education to add facilities as the need arises. • Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards. Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage construction of a new library facility to serve the Kailua-Keauhou area. [Courses] Course of Action (South Kona) Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central Kona.(under construction)] • Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards. Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.] KA'U Profile The Ka'u Hieh School complex located in Pahala,] is comprised of Ka'u Hieh School, Pahala Elementarv School, and Naalehu Elementarv and Intermediate School and serves a total [an] enrollment of [530] 810 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. [Naalehu complex serves an enrollment of 355 students from kindergarten through the eighth grade level.] The overall physical facilities at Naalehu and Pahala are adequate to serve the district needs. Pahala and Naalehu both have adequate library facilities. Pahala is a joint community- school library facility located within the school complex and Chas] houses a collection of [8,836] 19,564 volumes. [Naalehu's facility is a substation of the Pahala Library. Both staffing and books are supplied from Pahala.] Naalehu's facility is located behind the local cost office and houses a collection of 7.631 volumes. [Course] Courses of Action • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. • Encouraae the State Department of Education to ulan a K-8 School at Ocean View. 219 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: PROTECTIVE SERVICES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Protective services consist of fire, police, detention and con•ectional facilities, civil defense, the Coast Guard, and National Guard armories. Fire and Emergency Medical Services There are presently 14 regular fire stations, l8 volunteer fire stations and 2 federal fire stations located throughout the island. The Kilauea Military Camp (KMC) and Pohakuloa fire stations are federally operated facilities. KMC provides emergencv medical services under an agreement with the County. The regular fire stations and three of the volunteer stations (Laupahoehoe, Pahala, Naalehu) provide 24-hour fire fighting and emergencv medical services. The Waiakea and Kailua-Kona stations provide rescue services, the Kaumana and South Kohala stations provide hazardous waste response and the South Kohala station provides air medical services. The County has contracted with the State Department of Health for emergencv medical ambulance services. All fire department personnel who provide basic and advanced life support are licensed or certified as required by State law. In general emergencv medical services account for 75 per cent of all incidences. Fire fighting comprises another 5 per cent, and the balance is divided between rescue, hazardous substances, special services, and natural disasters. Police [Each district, with the exception of North and South Kona, is served by a single police facility. A single facility serves both the North and South Kona districts.] Each of the eight districts is served by a main aolice station. There are four substations (Pahoa, Mauna Lani Fire Station. Captain Cook and Pahalal. Based on population, the islandwide average is about 2.5 officers per 1.000 residents. By district, Puna is significantly below this average (1.56 aer 1,000), while North Hilo has a significantly higher ratio of 7.05 per 1,000. The other seven districts are close to the island average. [Training, counseling, and corrective facilities basically combine detention and rehabilitation functions. There are two such facilities on the island: a Community Correctional Center in Hilo and a minimum security facility, the Kulani Correctional Facility, located 18 miles from Hilo at the end of the Stainback Highway on the lower slopes of Mauna Loa. The police facilities in Hilo and Captain Cook also have holding cells for overnight detention.] 220 Public Facilities Detention and Corrections The State Department of Public Safety operates correctional facilities for the confinement of pretrial inmates and convicted offenders and intake service centers for the supervision of offenders. An array of rehabilitative programs is available through the correctional facilities and intake service centers. The Hawaii Intake Service Center and the Hawaii Community Correctional Center) and its annex are located in Hilo A minimum security facility (Kulani Correctional Facility) is located at the end of Kulani Stainback Hiehway on the lower slopes of Mauna Loa. Police facilities in Hilo and Kealakehe also have holding cells for overnight detention. The construction of a new 18-cell detention center at the Hilo Police Station is expected to be completed in 2002 Civil Defense The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency directs and coordinates the development and administration of the County's total disaster preparedness and response program to ensure prompt and effective action when natural or man-caused disaster threatens or occurs anywhere in the County Hof Hawaii]. Currently, the County does not have a database of natural disasters or events and cannot determine the time and date of an event the extent of the damage or recommend mitieation measures. A database could assist the State and County in identifying where funding for improvements should be directed. Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard provides ocean rescue and navigation services. The Coast Guard Patrol cutter Cape Small,] Kiska is stationed at Hilo Harbor, and a Loran navigational transmitting station is located at Upolu Point. National Guard Armories National Guard armories are State and Federally funded facilities housing the State militia. There are four [modern well-equipped] armories in Hilo (Headquarters), Honokaa, Kealakekua, and Keaau. [Other facilities are located in Kapaau and Pahala. They] The Pahala armory is under the jurisdiction of the State. In addition to housing the militia the facilities are also used by the community for public service functions. In time of emergency, the National Guard, at the call of the Governor, can assist with transportation, evacuation, communication, crowd control, security, and emergency electrical power. The scattered and small population centers on the island generally make protective services difficult in terms of effectively providing fire and police coverage. Some of the small centers are growing in population and some are already stabilized or decreasing, but both categories need strengthening to better serve the public [in view of increasing crime rates and trends]. Rural areas are handicapped by the lack of an adequate hydrant system [which] that 221 Public Faci]ities lessens the effectiveness of fire protection service. Furthermore, some facilities are in sub- standard physical condition. Expenditures for these services will increase as the population grows and the population becomes increasingly dispersed. Enhanced 911 is a three-digit telephone number that provides residents with direct access to an emeraencv answering center located at the Hawaii County Police Department Dispatch Center. Every resident or visitor to the island with access to a telephone could request assistance by dialing 911, regardless of location time of day or emeraencv type Computer-aided Dispatch (CADI is the svstem being utilized by both the fire and police departments in its quest to better serve the Big Island This CAD technology will greatly enhance the abilities of both departments in obtaining the Goal of fully automating the process of call taking, dispatching and records management in providing a highly efficient svstem for response to emeraencv incidents. [STANDARDS] POLICIES • Development of police and fire facilities should entail joint use structures whenever feasible. • The establishment of a fire/police facility shall consider site size and locations [which] that permit quick and efficient vehiculaz access. • Development of volunteer fire facilities with proper planning to be replaced or to co-exist with full time FireIEMS personnel. • Police headquarters shall be near the geographic center of the service area and near concentrations of commercial and industrial use. • Stations in outlying districts shall be based on the population to be served and response time rather than on geographic district. • [Additional rehabilitation and counseling centers shall be established as needed.] Correctional facilities should emphasize rehabilitation. Establish additional rehabilitation and counseling centers, including drug and behavioral treatment facilities in secure settings, when necessary. • Encourage the further development and expansion of community policing programs and neighborhood and farm watch programs in urban, rural and agricultural communities. • The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center shall be improved to meet the requirements set forth by federal and State regulations. • Maintain funding of two emergency medical helicopters. 222 Public Facilities • Mitigate hazards through the preparation of disaster assessment reports and appropriate follow-up on the assessment recommendations • Educate the public regarding disaster preparedness and response especially proper responses for sudden impact hazards. • Encourage the State to evaluate the disaster shelters' ability to withstand various natural disasters. • Consider the proximity to fire stations in approving any rezoning to permit urban development. • The Fire Department, in cooperation with other related governmental agencies and the involved land owners, shall prepare a fire protection and prevention plan for forest reserves and other natural areas and such plan shall be approved by the County Council]. STANDARDS • 2.5 police officers per 1,000 resident population. • Fire stations within five miles of concentrated settlement areas • First response emergencv medical service within eight minutes of concentrated settlement areas (alternative means such as training police officers or volunteer fire personnel could be available to provide first res onse . PUNA Profile Pahoa has a [twelve-man full time,] fire/EMS operation This operation] that serves the Pahoa-Pazadise Park and Kalapana-Kapoho areas. Thirteen miles away in Keaau is a 24- hour 18-man] fire/EMS facility. Hawaiian Beaches, [Leilani Estates, and) Hawaiian Pazadise Parks, Hawaiian Acres, Fern Acres, Fern Forest and Waa Waa subdivisions and Volcano Village have [eight] 24-hour volunteer facilities [with 10, 5, and 18 men respectively]. The police station headquarters for Puna is housed in the Keaau public office complex [with a 24-man force] covering the entire district. A district substation is located in Pahoa. Courses of Action • A review of the possibility of 24-hour fire and emergencv medical service for the entire district should be conducted and expansion of the public office facilities should be considered in accord with district needs. 223 Public Facilities • Police services and facilities should be expanded to adequately meet the needs of the district. SOUTH HILO Profile [The County's fire station headquarters is located on Kinoole Street in Hilo.] The Countv's Fire Administration is located in the County Building. There are [also three] four 24-hour full time substations within the city at Central. Waiakea, Kaumana, and Kawailani. Central Fire Station is a full-time fire/EMS oneration: Waiakea Fire Station is a fire/EMS/Rescue oneration: Kawailani Fire Station is a fire/EMS oneration• and Kaumana Fire Station is a fire/EMS/I-Iazardous Materials oneration. [An eight-hour, 11-man volunteer station exists] A 24-hour, on-call volunteer facility is located in Pepeekeo. Communities outside Hilo are about two minutes per mile away from service. Parking is inadequate at the Waiakea and Kawailani fire stations and access problems exist at the [Kinoole,] Centrah Kaumana and Kawailani stations. Plans are being formulated for a centralized fire/rescue/hazardous materials training facility. The combined police headquarters for Hilo and the County is located in the Hilo Public Safety Building on Kapiolani Street. The Hawaii Community Correctional Center[,] is operated by the State Department of Social Services and Housing, has a capacity of 24 [and has a total staff of 33]. The State's Kulani Correctional Facility has a capacity of 90 and is served by a staff of 54]. As aminimum-security facility, it has no perimeter walls or fences and is primazily a rehabilitation center. The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center, the Civil Defense office, is located in the (old hospital building on Rainbow Drive) Hawaii Public Safety Complex on Kawalani Street in Hilo. [This center has been classified as not meeting the minimum requirements as set forth by federal and state regulations. There are plans to move the center to the Public Safety Building on Kapiolani Street.] [Courses] Course of Action • Expansion of Police, [andj Fire, and emergency medical facilities should be considered in [acwrd] accordance with district needs. Relocate and upgrade the Emergency Operations Center to meet federal and state requirements.] 224 Public Facilities NORTH HILO Profile Protective service facilities are located at Laupahoehoe. Fire protection consists of a [three-man, 8] 24-hour fire/EMS service supplemented by [three] on-call volunteers. Police services are provided by a 12-man force.] also available. Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. HAMAKUA Profile The district's fire facility is located in Honokaa and provides 24-hour [,20-man] fire/EMS service. A volunteer station is located in Paauilo. The district police headquarters is also located in Honokaa within the government office center. [[t adequately services the district with a 17-man force.] Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. NORTH KOHALA Pro61e Kapaau is the site of [an 8-hour, one-man fire facility] afull-time fire/EMS oaeration supplemented by 15 volunteers. The police station adjoins the court building at Kapaau [where a 10-man force serves the district]. Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. 225 Public Facilities SOUTH KOHALA Profile A 24-hour 15-man] fire/EMS facility is located in Waimea, with an eight hour one-man facility located at Kawaihae. [There aze also eight-hour volunteer facilities located at Waikoloa and Puako. Another 24-hour fire facility with a police substation is planned for construction at the Mauna Lani Resort entry road off the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.] South Kohala is a full- time fire/EMS/Hazardous Materials and Aero Medical operation. Waikoloa is a full-time fire/EMS operation. 24-hour, on-call volunteer facilities are located in Waikoloa Village Kona Villaee Resort and Kohala Ranch Subdivision. [Police service emanates from Waimea with a 17-man force housed in the public office complex shared with the Court and State government agencies.] The South Kohala District Substation is located in Kalahuipuaa off the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehway Police service is available from a public office complex shared with the Court and State eovernment agencies located in Waimea. Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile A [33-man,] 24-hour fire facility is located in Kailua-Kona with [air, land, and sea rescue] Gre/EMSBescue capabilities. A full-time fire/EMS operation is Located at Keauhou and afull-time [An 18-man, 24-hour fire fighting facility] fire/EMS operation is located in the [Capt.] Captain Cook public office center. Twenty four-hour, on-call volunteer services are located in Kalaoa Mauka, Milolii Villaee and Kona Paradise Subdivision. There is also a proposed fire station in a subdivision at Kaupulehu. [There is also asix-man volunteer station in Hualalai Ranch, and a 15-man volunteer station at Kona Village Resort. A police facility, serving all of Kona, is also housed in the Capt. Cook public office complex and consists of a 60-man force. This facility is overcrowded and will be relocated at the new public safety building planned for Kailua.] The main police facility is located in Kealakehe, and substations are located in Captain Cook, Kailua-Kona and Keauhou. (Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.] Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. 226 Public Facilities KA'U Profile There is a [six-man eight] 24-hour [volunteer] fire/EMS operation in Naalehu and a [six- man] 24-hour facility located in Pahala. [The military camp in the Volcano area has its own crew and fire apparatus.] Twenty-four hour, on-call volunteer services are provided within [Hawaiian] Ocean View [Estates has an 11-man volunteer facility.], Discovery Harbour. Naalehu and Pahala. A [police force of 14 men, stationed in an old plantation dispensazy] newly built police station in Naalehu[,] serves the entire Ka'u district. [The building is inadequate however, and should be replaced.] The Ka'u District substation is located in Ocean View. Courses of Action • Fire protection [service] and emereencv medical services for [more adequate coverage ofJ Ocean View, Naalehu and Pahala shall be encouraged. The replacement of police facilities shall be encouraged.] • Consideration shall be given to a joint police-fire facility. 227 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS This section discusses facilities housing various governmental agencies and baseyard operations. However, manv aublic facilities are either covered or referred to in other elements of the General Plan. Public office centers consist of a building or complex of buildings [which) that house governmental agencies. Such centers exist in Hilo, Honokaa, [Capt.] Caatain Cook, Kailua, Naalehu, Keaau, Waimea and Kapaau. Baseyards are the operational, storage and maintenance centers for public works services such as those provided by the road and water departments. These baseyards also serve as agency field offices. The "one roof" or "one stop" concept of housing governmental agencies centralizes services and maximizes the utilization of land and capital expenditures. STANDARDS • Public office center sites shall satisfy modern and reasonable requirements of accessibility and compatibility with the surrounding neighborhood. • The multipurpose concept of flexibility to satisfy changing requirements should be part of the design for [these] public buildings. • Architectural and landscaping shall reflect as much as possible the community's amibutes. PUNA Profile The Keaau public office complex serves the entire district and houses police, fire and courtroom services. No other State agencies are located here due to the district's relatively close proximity to the Hilo complex. Post office facilities are located at Keaau, Kurtistown, Mt. View, Pahoa and [inJ the Volcano area. The County maintains a public works baseyard in Kurtistown and a State Highways baseyard is located in Mt View. The State facilities appear adequate the county].The County baseyard may be relocated if land becomes available. 228 Public Facilities Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. SOUTH HILO Profile The center of Federal, State and County government operations [on the island] is located in [the city of] Hilo. [New] State and County buildings aze situated on part of a 40-acre commercial [re-use parcel] area called Project Kaiko'o. The [Hilo) Hawaii County building in Hilo houses [all local government agencies except the fire, police, civil defense, research and development, housing, and Hawaii Redevelopment Agency departments. Inadequate parking facilities and the need for additional operational space is already evident] many Counties agencies including the Department of Public Works Finance Department, Planning Department. Fire Administration Elections Parks and Recreation, Research and Development, Countv Clerks, Legislative Auditor Data Systems and other departments and divisions. However, the Countv is currently in the process of developing plans to move several departments currently located in the Hawaii County building to a large commercial area in the old Kaiko'o Shopping Center. The State building headquarters [all] State agencies with the exception of the Department of Transportation, although some of the State agencies, such as the Health Department, Department of Social Services and Housing, and the Department of Education, have other bases of operation. The State Highways Division office and baseyazd are located in the Kanoelehua industrial area and the Airports and Harbors Divisions are located at their respective terminals. The County Department of Public Works baseyard is located in the Schultz Siding area and requires area improvements. Postal facilities are located in Hilo, both downtown and at the airport, Honomu, Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Hakalau. Courses of Action Expansion plans for the Hilo public office center shall be evaluated and implemented if feasible.] • Consolidate government offices in a public office center. • Improvements to County baseyard facilities shall be undertaken. 229 Public Facilities NORTH HILO Profile Police and fire facilities are located in Laupahoehoe. [A County Public Works baseyard is located in Laupahoehoe. No improvements are contemplated for the future.] Postal facilities are located in Laupahoehoe, Ninole, Ookala, and Papaaloa. Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. HAMAKUA Profile The State Highways Division and County Department of Public Works both have baseyards in Honokaa. The County facility is of sufficient size to accommodate present and future needs while the State baseyard is inadequate. The public office complex houses the fire station, police station, court building, library, and State agencies. The various agencies within the complex are each housed in separate buildings [which] that result in an uneconomical use of the site. Postal facilities are located in [Haina,] Honokaa, Kukuihaele, Paauhau, Pohakuloa, and Paauilo. Course of Action • Multi-use buildings housing public office center facilities shall be encouraged in overall improvements and expansion plans. NORTH KOHALA Prole The courthouse, police, and fire stations, library and hospital are located in Kapaau. A State Highway baseyard site is located in the Puuepa-Kokoiki Homestead area and the County Public Works baseyard is located in Kapaau. Postal facilities are located in [Halaula,] Hawi[,] and Kapaau. 230 Public Facilities Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Governmental operations, including the district court, are conducted in the [new] public office center in Waimea Village. [A postal facility is also] Postal facilities are located in [Waimea.] Kamuela, Waikoloa, and Kawaihae. Storage and maintenance functions are situated at the 2.4-acre State Highway baseyard in Waimea Homesteads. A ~3] three-acre County baseyard is also located in Lalamilo. Courses of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessazy. • A civic center site shall be reserved at Waikoloa. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile Kona's public office centers are located in the [Capt.] Captain Cook village azea, and Kailua. [Police, fire,] Fire and State agencies are individually housed on the [4j four-acre [Capt.] Ca taro Cook site. The Court is [now] housed in the old Kona Hospital. [Public Works, the Deputy Managing Director, Licensing, and Liquor Control have offices in the First Federal Savings Building in Kailua Village.] The nearest police station is situated in Kealakehe. One State baseyard is located in Kaloko, with another at Honaunau. The County baseyard in [Capt.] Captain Cook adequately serves the needs of the district. Post offices are at Capt.] Captain Cook, Holualoa, Honaunau, Kailua, Keauhou, and Kealakekua. Courses of Action (North Kona) • Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken. • Consolidate [county ~ County offices in one public office center. 231 Public Facilities • [The County shall designate] Desi¢nate a second urban center in West Hawaii to facilitate government services and centralize facilities. • Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible. Courses of Action iSouth Kona) • Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken. • Consolidate county offices in one public office center. • Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible. KA'U Profile The courthouse police station,] and State agencies are located in Naalehu and adequately serve the needs of the district. The new police station in Kaunamano Homesteads adequately serves the needs of the district. The State baseyards in the Kaunamano Homesteads area and Manuka adequately serve the needs of the district. The County Public Works baseyard in Waiohinu is adequate. Postal facilities are located in Naalehu, Pahala, Ocean View, and the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park area. Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. 232 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: HEALTH AND SANITATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The County is responsible for the general welfare of its residents and must continue to make every effort to ensure that adequate health services aze provided. Actual planning of health programs and facilities is the direct administrative responsibility of the State. Under this section, hospitals and related facilities, solid waste disposal facilities, and cemeteries will be discussed. The latter two are County administered. Hospitals and Related Facilities Currently there are [five] six licensed hospitals operating on the Big Island: Hilo, Kona, Honokaa, North and South Kohala, and Ka'u. Together these [five] six hospitals make up the Hawaii County Network. The island's geography and population distribution determine the roles played by each community hospital. The current roles are: Hilo - Major referral center and key support for shared services; specialty care and long-term care. Kona - Medical and surgical care; some specialty care and long-term care. Honokaa - Emergency services; uncomplicated medical and surgical care; long-term care. Kohala and Ka'u - Emergency services; uncomplicated deliveries and short medical stays; primarily long-term care.] Hilo Major referral center and kev support for shared services, emeraency services, specialty care, and lone-term care Kona Medical and surgical care, some specialty care, emereencv care, out patient, and Iona-term care Honokaa Lone-term care North and South Emeraency services, uncomplicated deliveries, short medical stavs, and Kohala and Ka'u primarily Iona-term care State Department of Health North Hawaii Community Hospital [The "Hawaii County Hospital Network Comprehensive Implementation Plan" of January 1985 recommends three secondary care sites linked with two enhanced community medical centers as the Hawaii County Hospital Network. The recommendation includes: 233 Public Facilities Two enhanced community medical centers, Kohala and Ka'u, will improve the quality of primary care in rural aeeas. Consolidating administration and operations of Kohala and Ka'u facilities with that of Kona will result in administrative cost savings as well as more coordinated sharing of medical staff and equipment. Building a new secondary care facility in the Honokaa service azea and upgrading secondary facilities in Hilo and Kona will result in improved quality and availability of secondary care throughout the County.] Primary healthcare is defined as "non-bed related diagnosis, treatment and prevention services; includes general medical care in a doctor's office or outpatient clinic, emergency medical care, diagnostic radiology and clinical laboratory services, and continuing caze of the chronically ill and those requiring rehabilitation." Secondazy healthcare is defined as "inpatient diagnostic and therapeutic services provided in an acute care hospital to patients who stay overnight and at least 50[%] ea r cent of whom leave less than 30 days following admission." In addition, [oneJ two private intermediate care [facility,] facilities. Life Care Center[,] and Hale Anuenue Restorative Care Center. [is] are located in Hilo. [There are also medical group practices in Hilo and Kona.] Private practitioners are located throughout the island. [The Lucy Henriques Medical Center operates in Waimea. Plantation clinics aze located in Honokaa and Ka'u.] As the number of elderly increases, there will be a greater need for assisted living, skilled nursing, and intermediate care facilities in the various districts The County's Fire Department provides emergency medical services. [Each of the five] Five of the six hospitals provide emergency room services. [Lucy Henriques Medical Center in Waimea also provides emergency room services.] The County's Fire Department also provides ambulance service from the Captain Cook, Central, Honokaa, Kailua-Kona, Keaau, and Waimea Fire Stations. The County's ambulances are first response units for these service areas while the ambulances at the Kohala and Ka'u hospitals are the first response units for their respective area. The majority of non-institutional health services are located in Hilo. [There are 24 care homes on the Island: 13 in Hilo, 4 in Papaikou, 3 in Honokaa, 2 in Keaau, and 1 each in Pahala and Kailua-Kona. Adult] However, adult boarding homes are also located in Hilo, Hamakua, Waimea, and Puna. Honolulu's St. Francis Hospital operates a renal dialysis facility at Hilo Hospital and plans another for Kona. Solid Waste [Disposal] Management Facilities Solid waste [disposal] management has significant effects on the health, aesthetic, and land use characteristics of a community. The County maintains two landfill sites, one active landfill in east Hawaii in Hilo, and another active landfill in West Hawaii [and one in Kona] at Puuanahulu. In addition, there are [and] twenty-one solid waste transfer sites throughout 234 Public Facilities the island [Another six new transfer stations as well as improvements to existing stations aze planned. The "Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Transportation Cost Study for the County of Hawaii," May 1984, suggests the recycling of solid waste as a cost effective alternative to the existing landfill and transfer station operation.] The management of solid waste on the island has undergone significant chanties in the oast few decades. Prior to the early 1970's, solid waste disposal was handled through an informal network of open dumpsites near maior residential towns around the island. From the mid-1970's, a svstem of residential transfer stations was developed and updated landfill operations were implemented at the Hilo and Kailua landfill. In 1994, a new landfill was constructed at Puuanahulu in compliance with Federal environmental and health standards. That same year, the landfill in Kailua was closed and continues to be monitored. Currently, residents take their solid waste to any one of Zl transfer stations around the island. The solid waste is then hauled to either the Hilo or Puuanahulu landfills. In some areas, residents pay private haulers to pick-up their refuse from their residences for disposal at a landfill. The County's solid waste svstem continues to evolve to meet the requirements of State and Federal regulations and the public. For example, the State of Hawaii's Integrated Solid Waste Management Act includes waste reduction goals of 25 per cent by 1995 and 50 per cent by 2000. Both the County and the State as a whole has failed to meet the desired goal of 50 per cent by 2000. To reach this coal of 50 per cent, the County needs to implement an integrated solid waste management svstem. However, there are barriers to implementing this solid waste management svstem. • A recycling ethic is not vet firmly rooted among Hawaii's people and businesses. • Waste disposal appears to be cheap and easy. The actual cost of dumping is not readily evident to people. • The high cost of operating a recycling business in Hawaii. • Local recycled materials markets are underdeveloped, and access to out of state markets are expensive due to Hawaii's isolated geography. Overcoming these barriers is possible but it will require a commitment of energy and resources from the public and private sectors In August of 1993 the Department of Public Works published an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan for the County of Hawaii The maior objective of the plan was to" provide a foundation for decision making that would guide solid waste management on the island:' It was not intended_to provide specific details on the day to day operation of solid waste management programs, but rather to provide assistance to the County administration and Council as to the type of programs to fund implement ,and administer. Each County must update its Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan in the near future Hawaii County's update is still under review. This update will address several maior issues facing the County at this time. 235 Public Facilities Some issues examined by this plan are the closure of the South Hilo Landfill, user fee approach and siting of rural transfer stations. The Hilo landfill is an unlined landfill that was permitted to continue operations until October, 1998. The State Department of Health is reviewing the application fora Eve-vear extension of the Hilo landfill for additional time to develop an alternative means of handling the solid waste from East Hawaii Options such as a material recovery facility/long haul transfer station that would minimize solid waste to be hauled and disposed of at the Puuanahulu landfill; or the development of new technologies to manage east Hawaii refuse would be considered. Tipping fees account for 35 per cent of revenue to operate the Solid Waste Division. The remainder of the funds needed to operate the division comes from the general fund. Various options have been studied. The most recent is aPav-As-You-Throw concept where each resident and business is assessed a fee based on the amount of solid waste disposed. This program would help to promote greater recycling and diversion to minimize the amount of refuse being disposed of at landfills. However, the most effective means of making aPav-As-You-Throw program work is to implement curb-side pickup. The question becomes how best to transition from a public accustomed to self-hauling to a transfer station to paving a private hauler or increase taxes for the County to commence this service. Solid waste transfer stations normally were sited at apre-existing old community open dump These sites were located based on population centers 30-40 years ago. However with the development of new subdivisions and the expansion of existing communities some of the existing transfer stations may no longer be located at the most convenient site to serve the maiority of residents. The illegal disposal of solid waste continues to be a problem throughout the Countv. Illegal dumping is a visual nuisance to residents adiacent to these dumps as well as a health hazard to the rest of the community. Illegal dumping lacks the necessary safety precautions that prevent hazardous materials and pollutants from contaminating soil and ground water sources. Cemeteries As of iuly 1 2000 management of Countv cemeteries was transferred from the County's Department of Public Works to the Department of Parks and Recreation. The County has [nineteen] 21 public cemeteries. The size of cemeteries ranges from one-half acre to [fourteen] 14 acres with the average size in rural areas being two acres. There are several private cemeteries, notably the Homelani and the Chinese cemetery in Hilo, and the Mauna Kea Memorial Park in Kaieie, Papaikou. 236 Public Facilities POLICIES • [The County should encourage] Encouraee the development of new health care facilities or the improvement of existing health care facilities to serve the needs of Hamakua, North and South Kohala, and North and Sou[h Kona. • Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the shine of future cemeteries. • Agpropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and east/ access to the public. • Encouraee the State to continue operation of the rural hospitals. • Encouraee the establishment or expansion of community health centers and rural health clinics. • Continue to encouraee aroerams such as recvcline to reduce the flow of refuse deposited in landfills. • Investieate the possibility of developine new landfill sites on the island. • Encouraee the full development and implementation of a Breen waste recvcline proeram. STANDARDS • Sanitary landfill sites for refuse disposal shall be established in accordance with the needs of communities and [shall be landscaped. Appropriately designed and cost effective transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and easy access to the public.] the State Department of Health and U.S. Environmental Protection Aeencv's rules and reeulations. • Hospitals should be on sites capable of handling moderate expansion of facilities. Quiet surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatibility with adjoining uses shall be required. Hospitals shall be served by a public sewerage system or have self-contained sewerage systems. [Hospital solid waste disposal methods shall be by incineration.] Hospital solid waste shall be disposed of in accordance with all Federal, State and County laws and reeulations. 237 Public Facilities • Private and public cemeteries shall be compatible with surrounding land uses and [shall be] provided with adequate access and drainage systems. PUNA Profile Health Health [service] services in the district of Puna [is] are provided by [a] privately operated [clinic in] clinics in Pahoa and Keaau. Solid Waste Solid waste transfer stations are located in Pahoa, Kalapana, Volcano, Glenwood and Keaau. Cemeteries There are three public cemeteries serving the district at Kaimu, Malama-Ki and Kehena. The latter has been covered by a lava flow. Use and maintenance of these sites is on a limited basis. ~ Course] Courses of Action • Maintenance of cemetery sites shall be improved. • Provide additional solid waste transfer stations as the need arises. SOUTH HILO Profile Health Hilo [Hospital] Medical Center (HMCI is a [new] secondary healthcare facility [which] that was completed in 1985. [Hilo Hospital] HMC is intended to provide major secondary care for the Puna, South Hilo, and North Hilo Districts. Also located within the Hilo District is the Department of Health's and Department of Social Services and Housing district offices [which] that provide public health and health care services. A variety of voluntary agencies and organizations providing health education, healthcare support, nutrition, and other specialized services are located in Hilo. 238 Public Facilities Solid Waste The County has its [first] East Hawaii landfill waste disposal system in operation at the former [dumpsite] dump site in Hilo. Unfortunately. the impendine closure of the Hilo landfill site will cause substantial problems unless an alternative East Hawaii site is found. The impendine closure of the landfill site is due to the hieh costs necessary to retrofit the existing landfill to conform to current EPA and State aollution regulations. If an East Hawaii alternative cannot be found, the island's only landfill will be at Puuanahulu. Transfer station sites supplementing the landfill system have been built in Hilo, Papaikou and Honomu. [Transfer stations are planned for Kaumana and Pepeekeo.] Cemeteries There are three public cemeteries in South Hilo: [the two Veterans' Cemetery sites located in Hilo and the Alae cemetery located between Wainaku and Paukaa.] a Veteran's Cemetery (two sites consolidated into a single location at Ponahawai), a cemetery in Waiakea-Uka and Alae Cemetery, located between Wainaku and Paukaa. Courses of Action Expansion of parking facilities at Hilo Hospital shall be undertaken.] • Improvement and expansion of hospital facilities shall be undertaken as the need arises. • Expansion of existing cemeteries or creation of new sites shall be undertaken. NORTH HILO Profile Health Healthcare services in the North Hilo district [is] are extended through services located in South Hilo and [Hamakua.] South Kohala. Solid Waste The solid waste disposal [via an open dump which emptied into the ocean at] in Laupahoehoe [has been replaced] is handled by a solid waste transfer station. Cemeteries There are two public cemeteries at Piha and Kihalani, both of which are not adequately maintained. 239 Public Facilities Course of Action • Maintenance of cemeteries shall be improved. HAMAKUA Profile Health [The Honokaa Hospital was established in 1951 and a public health center presently serve the districts of Hamakua, South Kohala and North Hilo. The hospital still retains its original all-wood structure. Honokaa Hospital maintains acute care and skilled nursing facilities. The Hamakua Sugar Company also operates a dispensary located in Honokaa] The old Honokaa Hospital built in 1951 was replaced in 1995 with a Iona term care facility renamed Hale Ho'ola Hamakua and administered by the Hawaii Health Systems Corporation. Hamakua Health Center, a non profit community health center, provides outpatient medical care services and North Hawaii Community Hospital located in Waimea provides acute and emeraency care services. A State public health center also serves the area. Solid Waste [The solid waste disposal site located at Haina where waste was dumped into the river mouth has been replaced with solid] Solid waste transfer stations are located at Honokaa and Paauilo. [Another transfer station has been planned for Kukuihaele.] Cemeteries There are four cemeteries at Kaapahu, Kainehe, Kukuihaele and Paalaea. Limited use and maintenance of the cemeteries are evident. [Courses] Course of Action • Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved. Renovation and modernization of the Honokaa hospital building.] 240 Public Facilities NORTH KOHALA Profile Health Kohala Hospital in Kapaau was completed in 1963. This facility provides acute, skilled nursing and intermediate care, as well as emergency room, laboratory, and x-ray and 24-hour ambulance service.] services. Solid Waste ~An old quarry in Kaauhuhu which served a. a refuse disposal site has been replaced by a solid waste transfer station. A second transfer station is planned for Halaula.] A solid waste transfer station has replaced the refuse disposal site at the old puarrv in Kaauhuhu. Cemeteries There are two public cemeteries, at Kahei and Aamakao. [Both require proper maintenance.] Course of Action • Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Health (Health services for the district of South Kohala are provided by the Waimea dispensary and the hospital in Honokaa. The Lucy Henriques Medical Center provides emergency room services.) The North Hawaii Community Hospitah which includes the Lucy Henriques Medical Center, provides health services for the districts of South Kohala and Hamakua. This hospital is a private, full service, acute care facility. Solid Waste The open dump sites in Waimea and in Puako have been replaced by solid waste transfer stations. Furthermore, the West Hawaii landfill is located in and operative in Puuanahulu. Cemeteries Public cemeteries [for the district] are located in Paulama and Waimea. 241 Public Facilities Course of Action • [Solid waste transfer site(s) shall be reserved at Waikoloa.] A solid waste transfer site or alternative means of refuse collection should be established for Waikoloa. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile Health [The present Kona Hospital was established in 1975 with medical/surgical, obstetrical, and skilled nursing facilities. Its intensive and critical care units opened in 1977. In 1979 and 1980 additions to the skilled nursing and intermediate care facilities were made. In 1981 an expanded emergency room which included critical care rooms, an orthopedic room, and ambulance parking was completed.] Kona Community Hospital is a full service hospital located in Kealakekua. Hospital services include acute inpatient medicaUsurgical, obstetrics, skilled nursing, intensive care, and outpatient surgery. Outpatient and ancillary services include a 24-hour emergencv room, laboratory, radiology. pharmacy, occupational, physical, respiratory and speech therapy, and dietary services. The hospital was constructed in 1975, and has undergone numerous renovations. A new ICU and expanded operating room area was added in 1990. In 1998-99, the obstetric unit was remodeled, emergencv department renovated, and supply and admissions areas expanded. A special service building with conferencing and administrative departments was also constructed. The hospital has completed a building with a 12-bed mental health unit and expanded outpatient services. Solid Waste Solid waste disposal sites, all of which utilized open pit dumping, were located in Keauhou, Kailua, Waiea and Keei. Transfer stations have replaced the dumps at Kailua, Keauhou, Napoopoo, Waiea and Milolii. The landfill [site] at Kealakehe [serves both Kohala and Kona.] has been closed. Anew landfill [is needed and the site selection process is being conducted, with the possibility of the landfill being located] is now in operation at Puuanahulu . In accordance with State Department of Health and Environmental Protection Agency Regulations, [The] the Kailua Landfill [site will soon be moved to Puuanahulu.] continues to be monitored. 242 Public Facilities Cemeteries [One] Two public [cemetery is] cemeteries are located in [Hienaloli] Kona, the West Hawaii Veterans Cemeterv and the Cemeterv at Hienaloli. Courses of Action • New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought. • A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii area shall be implemented.] [Courses Course of Action • New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought. A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii area shall be implemented.] KA'U Profile Health Ka'u Hospital, located in Pahala, was completed in 1979. Ka'u Hospital provides lone_ term care and minor acute care, obstetrics, emergency room, ambulance, and outpatient services. A public health center is also located in Naalehu. Solid Waste [The refuse disposal site was located in Waiohinu, 2 miles from Naalehu. The Pahala area was served by open gulch dumping on a plantation-owned site. Both the Waiohinu and Pahala sites have been replaced with solid waste transfer stations.] Solid waste transfer sites are located at Waiohinu and Pahala. Cemeteries Public cemeteries are located in (Kowala] Naalehu and Waiohinu. Course of Action • A solid waste transfer station should be established for Ocean View. 243 Public Facilities PUBLIC UTILITIES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Public utilities are services regulated by government and provided in response to existing and prospective patterns of development. Changes in land use [and the intensity ofJ, population density, and development usually generate changes in the demand and supply of utilities. This section is concerned with the planning aspects of the water, electricity, [telephone,] telecommunication, gas and sewerage systems. Planning for the location of utility facilities such as reservoirs and pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, and [telephone exchanges] telecommunications, is an important aspect of the land planning process. Changes in the intensity of land [development] use greatly influence the quantitative design of utilities and services, particularly their design capacity. [There also] Furthermore, there may be distinctions in [kind and] the quality and tyue of [service] services offered for each utility as land use intensities vary. These distinctions also depend on local codes and ordinances, health and sanitary considerations, and practices followed by the utility companies. GOALS • Ensure that prouerly regulated, adequate, efficient and dependable public and ru ivate utility services [will be] are available to users. • Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services. • [To have] Design public utility facilities [which are designed) to fit into their surroundings or concealed from public view. POLICIES • Public utility facilities shall be designed [so as] to complement adjacent land uses and shall be operated [so as] to minimize pollution or disturbance. The County shall encourage the use of properties or easements owned by public or private utility companies or agencies as supplemental open space and recreational areas whenever practical.] • Provide utilities and service facilities [which] that minimize total cost to the public and effectively service the needs of the community. • Utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the natural environment and natural resources. • Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of USerS. 244 Public Utilities • Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing utilities. • [The County shall develop] Develo short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for public utilities within its jurisdiction [and which] that are consistent with the County] General Plan. Water, sewerage, electricity, gas, and [telephone] telecommunication services are treated individually in this section to clarify the factors [which make up] that comprise the public utilities element. 245 Public Utilities UTILITIES: WATER INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The availability of water is cmcial to any (kind] type of development, whether urban, rural, or agricultural. Land use allocation therefore must be closely related to water availability, including the quantity and quality of the water, and the adequacy of the transmission and distribution system. Sources of water supply include ground water and surface water. The most common sources of water supply are springs, tunnels, streams, and deep wells. The demand for water is primarily] directly related to population and industry usage is expressed as gallons per day [(GPD)] feud) or million gallons per day [(MGD).] fmgd>• Demand does not represent domestic consumption alone, but also includes all agricultural, industrial and commercial uses, fire protection, and other uses. In some azeas, however, non- domestic users are likely to create the major demand, and careful attention must therefore be given [them) in any study of probable future water needs. [All public water systems are required to be in compliance with the State and Federal drinking water regulations.] Sources of water for the Department of Water Supply's water system include surface water and Groundwater, both of which must comely with the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The U.S. Environmental Protection AGency through the State Department of Health administers regulation for this act. The most common sources of surface water are streams, springs, and tunnels. Groundwater sources include either basal or high level aquifers. Surface water or a groundwater source under the influence of surface water is required to be treated and quality monitored to ensure compliance with the SDWA, whereas groundwater need only be chlorinated. As such, the maintenance of surface water systems are much more expensive and labor intensive. The Federal SDWA regulates all public water systems. Regulation compliance is a major impact for the Department of Water Supply. Within the next seven years, the department will spend approximately $20 million for compliance proiects. The Department of Water Supply operates and maintains [over twenty] twenty-three separate water systems in the County [of Hawaii]. In addition, the State [of Hawaii] operates an agricultural water system in Lalamilo and the Hamakua/Paauilo Irrigation District, and there are several agricultural and domestic water systems within the county that are privately owned, maintained and operated. The State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Land and Water Development also has the capacity to explore and develop new ground water sources. The 246 Public Utilities County has in the past depended upon this agency for source development. The development of new sources requires the cooperation between State and County agencies in the delivery of municipal water systems. The high rainfall areas between the 2,000 and 4,000-foot elevations on the windward side of the island and also on the western slope of Hualalai contribute the bulk of the water to the island's streams, springs and basal aquifer. Each type of source has its advantages and disadvantages. Surface water flows depend on weather conditions. During extremely dry weather conditions, the flow may drop below the required rate. During high rainfall periods the water maybe turbid. Spring and tunnel sources are also susceptible to these problems but usually to a lesser degree. These high level intakes are generally located above the communities they serve and have the advantage of gravity flow. Deep well sources on the other hand are more dependable but higher operational expenses are incurred since electrical energy is required to lift the water. Since some wells are located in the lower sections, contamination from urban expansion is a possibility. Controlled land use would minimize this problem. Wells can also be contaminated by seawater intmsion if pumped at a high rate. One solution to improve systems presently served by only surface sources is [obvious:] to install a well in these systems(;], use the surface sources when available[;], and use the pump when the surface sources are deficient. This would minimize operational costs and upgrade systems so they are more dependable. Another solution is to construct large storage reservoirs. These, however, require high initial capital expenditures. Many systems, though adequate to fulfill domestic needs, are inadequate for fire protection[.] and do not meet the needs of current asricultural production. Such systems serving urban areas are proposed to be upgraded. The present average water consumption for the County water system is approximately [16.3 million gallons per day.] 22.35 m¢d. In several subdivisions throughout the island, roof catchment is also the primary means of water supply and is supplemented by tracking during drought periods. These subdivisions were approved prior to the adoption of the Subdivision Control Code. The exploration for new water sources will continue. It is anticipated that these new water sources and systems will further influence land development. POLICIES • Water system improvements [and extensions] shall [promote] correlate with the County's desired land use development pattern. • All water systems shall be designed and built to Department of Water Supply standards. • Improve and replace inadequate systems. 247 Public Utilities • Water sources shall be adequately protected to prevent depletion and contamination from natural and man-made occurrences or events. • Water system improvements should be first installed in areas [which] that have established needs and characteristics, such as occupied dwellings, agricultura? operations and other uses, or in areas adjacent to them if there is need for urban expansion or to further the expansion of the agricultural industry]. • A [systematic program] coordinated effort by [the] County, State and private [interest] interests shall be developed to identify sources of additional water supply and be implemented to ensure the development of sufficient quantities of water for existing and future needs of high growth areas[.] and agricultural production. • The fire prevention systems shall be coordinated with water distribution systems in order to ensure water supplies for fire protection purposes. • [The County shall consider the feasibility, desirability, and the attendant responsibilities of establishing] Develop and adopt standards for individual water catchment units. • Cooperate with the State Department of Health to develop standards and/or guidelines for the construction and use of rainwater catchment svstems to minimize the intrusion of anv chemical and microbiological contaminants. • Cooperate with appropriate State and Federal agencies and the private sector to develop, improve and expand agricultural water svstems in appropriate areas on the island. • Promote the use of ground water sources to meet State Department of Health water puality standards. • Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey's exploratory well drilling program. • Seek State and Federal funds to assist in financing proiects to bring the County into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. • Develop and adopt a water master plan that will consider water yield, present and future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines and policies for the issuing of water commitments. • Expand programs to provide for agricultural irrigation water. 248 Public Utilities STANDARD • [Water] Public and private water systems shall meet the requirements of the Department of Water Supply and the Subdivision Control Code. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district for water systems. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile [There] Currently, there are four major water systems in the district: Olaa-Mt. View, Pahoa, Kapoho, and Kalapana. The total average consumption of these systems is [0.76 million gallons per day.] 1.2 mad. The Olaa-Mt. View water system consists of [eight] eleven service areas and extends along the Volcano Road from the former Puna Sugar Company mill to the Olaa Reservation Lots and along the Keaau-Pahoa Road [till] to the vicinity of Kaloli Drive. Water for this system is supplied by [two] three deep wells. Two of the wells are located at the former Puna Sugar Co. mill [with pump capacities of 1,125 gallons per minute and 750 gallons per minute.] site and the third is near Olaa, between Keaau and Kurtistown. The average consumption of this system is about [0.42 million gallons per day.] 0.82 mad. Olaa Well C, the primary source for this system, has a maximum pump capacity of 2.0 mad. Olaa Wells A and B have capacities of 1.6 mad and 0.72 mad, respectively. The Pahoa water system, located in the geographic center of the lower Puna region, extends from Keonepoko Homesteads down along portions of the Kapoho and Pohoiki Roads[.] to Kapoho. The rp went average consumption is [0.23 million gallons per day.] 0.40 mad. [The total amount of water available in the area of the Pahoa wells is very high. All evidence indicates that the Pahoa wells can obtain water of excellent quality, insofar as salinity is concerned, in amounts limited only by the capacity of the pumps. The Kapoho water system presently services farm lots in the vicinity. The total average consumption of these lots is 0.05 million gallons per day. This low average is due to the ideal location and climate for agriculture which keeps irrigation at a minimum. A majority of the existing dwelling units are vacation type homes located in the residential zoned areas of Kapoho Beach Lots and Kapoho Vacationland subdivisions. These subdivisions are under private ownership and the installation of water lines to service these subdivisions will be the responsibility of the subdivision owners. An analysis of pumping test data indicates that the safe yield of the Kapoho well is 200 gallons per minute or 288,000 gallons per day.] 249 Public Utilities The Kalapana Water System extends from the Keauohana Forest Reserve along Highway 13 down to the Kaimu Beach intersection and [from there] continues in a southwesterly direction along Highway 13, ending in the vicinity of [the Queen's Bath. The total capacity of the Kalapana Water System is 0.60 million gallons.] Kaimu. The water for the Kalapana system is supplied by two deep wells at Keauhana with maximum pump capacities of 0.38 mad and 0.50 med. The Hawaiian Beaches subdivision located in Waiakahiula It] is served by a privately owned water system. [This non-dedicable system has been constructed by the developer.] The developer had constructed this non-dedicable system. The Glenwood and Volcano areas are presently not serviced by any public water system. Many of these areas still depend on roof catchment systems. Courses of Action • [Improve] Continue to improve inadequate water system facilities. • Water source investigation and exploration should be continued in order to provide service for anticipated needs. • Investigate additional Groundwater sources in the Olaa area. • Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment. SOUTH HILO Profile The Hilo Water System extends as far as Alae Point to the north, Panaewa Agricultural Park to the south, [6 miles] Keaukaha to the east, and [6 miles] Kaumana and Waiakea Uka to the west. The Hilo Water System is supplied with water from both surface and groundwater sources. The sources are: [1. Piihonua Source: This is a surface water source and, therefore, flow varies with the weather. There are three intakes at this source: Kahoama, Puka Maui and Lauoli. Kahoama and Puka Maui intakes are normally used. During heavy rains, however, the Puka Maui intake is too turbid to be used. The Lauoli intake is used only during emergencies when the other flows are low. 2. Lyman Spring: Water from this source is bought from Orlando Lyman under a 7-year agreement which began in 1980. The average flow from this spring is about 3 million gallons per day and water supply uses are about 270,000 gallons per day. This source 250 Public Utilities feeds the 4 and 5 mile Kaumana area and supplements the Piihonua source in serving the "lower" city area. 3] 1. Olaa Flume Source: This spring source flow capacity ranges from a low of less than l.0 [MGD] med to a high of about 11.0 million gallons per day] med depending on climatic conditions. [4. Waiakea Uka Spring: Present use from this source is about 0.7 million gallons per day. There is no record of the overflow and the actual capacity of this source is not known. It is known that the flow varies greatly with the weather. Despite the inconsistent nature of the flow, the quality of this spring is unusually excellent. 5] 2. Panaewa Well: Water from this source is pumped from the basal aquifer with three pumps; one, with a [2.0 million gallons per day] 2.2 med capacity and two each with [3.0 million gallons per day capacity.] a capacity of 3.1 mad. ~6] 3. Piihonua Well: This source has a capacity of 3.0 [million gallons per day.] med• From this location, water may be pumped up to higher elevations during dry weather conditions. Water from this source is trumped from the basal aquifer with two pumps• both with a maximum pumpinG capacity of 2,100 Gallons per minute or 3.0 mad• These [six] three sources supply [the city ofJ Hilo, which presently consumes an average of approximately (5.3 mimillion gallons of water per day.] 6.0 mad. When the surface sources are low, more water is used from the Panaewa and Piihonua Wells. These [six] three sources have a total normal capacity of over 20 [million gallons per day.] mad• The Papaikou water system serves Papaikou Village, Puueopaku, Paukaa and Kalaoa. This system is served by two perched water sources, Kaieie and Papaikou intakes and a well source located just above Papaikou Village. Kaieie is the most dependable surface source while the Papaikou intake source [goes low frequently.] is inconsistent. The present average consumption is about 0.23 [million gallons per day.] med. Pepeekeo is served by [the Maukaloa, or Makea, spring intake located above the Kulaimano development and] a deep well [located below]. Present consumption is about 0.16 [million gallons per day.] mad• The Honomu system, dedicated to the County by the former Pepeekeo Sugar Co., has an average daily consumption of [78,500 gallons.] 0.06 mad. This system obtains its water supply from Kolekole Stream near] above Akaka Falls. The Wailea-Hakalau system is a low capacity system comprised of one well and one storage tank together with connecting lines and limited distribution facilities. Currently, [48] 95 customers consume about [0.013 million gallons per day.] 0.028 mad. 251 Public Utilities Courses of Action • [The Hilo Water System should be improved] Continue to implement water svstem maintenance and improvement programs in order to provide the city with a dependable and consistently [clean] safe drinking water supply. Booster pumps and water transmission lines to boost Panaewa Well water to higher elevations should be installed.] • Investigate groundwater sources in the upper Waiakea Uka, Kaieie Mauka, Kulaimano, Saddle Road, and Honomu areas. • Further investigate future [surface and] ground water resources. Replace portion of the Honomu system transmission line and add new storage tanks. J • Replace existing surface sources with groundwater sources to meet State Department of Health standards. NORTH HILO Profile Domestic water is available in the built-up areas of the North Hilo district. The private and public systems provide a wide range of levels of service. The Laupahoehoe system obtains its water from high level springs in Manowaiopae and Kuwaikahi Gulches and two deep wells with Well No. 1 outfitted with a X100 GPM] 0.14 mgd pumping unit and Well No. 2 with a X300 GPM ] 0.43 mgd pumping unit. None of the spring sources are dependable during dry weather. The present average daily consumption is [86,500 gallons.] 0.11 mgd. The Ookala system consisting of several thousand feet of cast iron pipes, serves the Ookala Houselot Subdivision. This system was dedicated to the County by Kaiwiki Sugar Company in 1955. The County purchases water from the sugar plantation. The present daily water consumption is 8,000 gallons.] is currently serviced by the Ookala Well. [Private water systems in this area serve from a few homes to entire plantation camps. Many of the springs which supply the private systems are not dependable during periods of drought. The systems are old and in need of rehabilitation and replacement.] 252 Public Utilities Courses of Action Coordinate plans for new systems with the relocation program for plantation camps. • Install a deep well pump which will be used to supplement the spring sources during dry spells.] • Replace old hand], substandard, or deteriorating lines and storage facilities. • Develop a standby well for the Ookala system. HAMAKUA Profile Domestic water is available in all of the urban areas of the district. Some of the existing lines, however, are small and would be inadequate for a denser population. The service area of the Hamakua [system] Water System extends from Ahualoa to Pohakea. Except for the town of Honokaa, the major portion of the system serves a scattered and dispersed population in the Ahualoa, Kalopa, Kaapahu, Pohakea, Paauhau and Paauilo Homesteads. [This] The Hamakua system obtains its water from the [Waimea Treatment Plant] high level streams in the Kohala Mountains and the Haina deep well. Over fifty-five per cent of the (0.35 million gallons per day] 0.63 mad used by the Hamakua system is used in Honokaa. The Paauilo system, although presently connected to the Hamakua system, has an additional source. The capacity of the Paauilo deep well is 0.43mad and the service area extends from Paauilo Village to Kaao. [Water is obtained from the plantation's groundwater source situated below Paauilo Village.] The present average daily consumption is X0.025 million gallons.] 0.10 mad. [Plantation camps and mills are in many cases serviced by plantation-owned water systems.] Courses of Action Extend the water line from Kukaiau to Keehia. • Extend Honokaa system toward Kukuihaele. • Replace inadequate mains. • Improve existing storage, transmission and distribution facilities. 253 Public Utilities • Develop Paauilo Exploratory Well into a production well.] • Continue to coordinate programs with State and Federal agencies to develop a well at Kukuihaele and Honokaa Hospital to the standards of the Department of Water Supplv • Realace old, sub-standard or deteriorating lines and storage facilities • Investigate groundwater sources in the Honokaa and Kukuihaele areas NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala [systems] District obtains water [from high level tunnels in the Kohala Mountains.] primarily from two wells and a spring. [These tunnels supply an adequate amount of water. Generally, the systems have adequately sized mains to supply present domestic needs, but they are inadequate to provide fire protection.] The [North Kohala systems include] Hawi Wells No. 1 and 2 serve the following areas: Kaauhuhu, Hawi-Kokoiki, Kynnersley-Kapaau, and Halaula [and Makapala-Keokea]. The average consumption for this system is 0.30 med. [The Kaauhuhu system obtains its water from Lindsey Tunnel under a lease agreement from Kohala Sugar Company. The average daily consumption for this system is 36,600 gallons. The Hawi-Kokoiki system obtains its water from Watt Tunnel No. 1 and a deep well in Hawi. The average consumption for this system is 130,600 gallons per day. The Kynnersley-Kapaau system consists primarily of the Kapaau system which was acquired from Kohala Sugar Company in 1927 and the Kynnersley Subdivision system which was developed by Kohala Sugar Company. The sources serving this system are Tunnels 17 and 18, Watt Tunnel No. 1, and Hapahapai Tunnel. The Halaula system, which is basically the Halaula Subdivision system, was developed and dedicated by Kohala Sugar Company. Average usage of this system is 57,800 gallons per day. Most of the distribution mains are adequate for domestic and fire flow needs. The major problem of this system is that the flow from Bond Tunnel is low during drought. To presently take care of this in emergencies, water can be piped in from Kohala Ditch. There is a possibility of drilling a well and obtaining ground water to take care of emergencies.] The Makapala-Keokea water system source is from the Murphy Tunnel owned by [Kohala Corporation.] Chalon International of Hawaii. Present consumption is 0.0281 [million gallons per day.] med. 254 Public Utilities Courses of Action • Pursue a around water source for the Makapala-Keokea water svstem • Explore further sources for future needs. • Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and storage facilities. • Encourage efforts to improve the Kohala ditch system and its use for agricultural purposes. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The [Waimea system, which includes the Kawaihae-Puako and the Waimea-Puukapu systems, extends from Puukapu to Kawaihae.] South Kohala District acquires its water from the Waimea and Lalamilo systems. The present average daily consumption of both systems is X2.34 million gallons.] 3.9 med. The Waimea svstem primarily services the Waimea and Puukapu area The source feeding the Waimea System is the Waikoloa [Stream.] and the Kohakohau Streams. [The Kawaihae and Puako areas are supplemented by three deep wells.] Flow from the streams varies greatly with the weather. During extended drought periods, the supply is not sufficient to meet demands. [Large reservoirs are, therefore, required to store water for drought periods.] Presently, the system has five reservoirs with a total capacity of [ 114.5] 162.5 million gallons [and a soon to be completed 50 million gallon reservoir]. The Waimea-Puukapu svstem uses an averaee of 0.91mad. Two exploratorv wells tappine high level around water were drilled in South Kohala. An exploratorv well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply treatment plant site to support the Parker Ranch 20/20 development plan The second exploratorv well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply's Waiaka tank site In addition, the high level aquifer has been tapped for agricultural emergencies at the State Department of Agriculture's' Puukapu well and there is a private well at the Waimea Country Club. The [Kawaihae-Puako] Lalamilo system obtains its water [through a transmission line from Waimea. It is supplemented by three] from six deep wells at the 1,200-foot elevation. The area of service for the Lalamilo svstem extends from Kawaihae to Mauna Lani The present average daily consumption however,] is [1.60 million gallons.] 3.0 med. [The Waimea-Puukapu system uses an average of 0.74 million gallons per day.] 255 Public Utilities The Waikoloa Development Company [has] developed its own water system to serve the needs of Waikoloa Village and the Waikoloa Beach Resort. The water system is [to be kept] in private ownership. Courses of Action • Seek alternative sources of water for the Lalamilo svstem • Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and steel tanks. Further efforts should be made to develop adequate quantities and acceptable quality of basal ground water at appropriately placed sites mauka of the shoreline. ] • [Additional] Continue to seek additional groundwater sources for the Waimea System [shall be investigated]. Encourage expansion of sources and storage capacity for both the agricultural and domestic water systems.] NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile [The Kona system can be divided into the North Kona and South Kona systems with the division line at about the Kaawaloa ahupua'a.] The Kona svstem can be divided into the North Kona and South Kona svstems. Although the two svstems are connected the line dividing the two svstems runs along the Honalo ahunua'a. These systems are interconnected [and it is possible] to transport water from one system to the other. This is done only during emergencies and [at] on a very limited [rate.] basis. [The North Kona system is supplied by four wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well at Holualoa.] Four wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well each at Holualoa, Keahuolu Kalaoa, Honokohau and Hualalai supply the North Kona svstem. The Kahaluu wells provide the bulk of the water for the North Kona system with a total capacity of [11.4 million gallons per day. J 14.9 mgd. The estimated safety capacity based on the largest pump on standby, however, is [9.4 million gallons per day.] 12.9 mgd. The present average water usage is about [5.41 million gallons per day.] 8.5 mgd. [From the Kahaluu wells the water is pumped to Mamalahoa Highway and fed by gravity to the lower areas. The upper service area extends from Kealakehe School in the north to Kaawaloa in the south where it connects to the South Kona system. The average water consumption in the upper area is approximately 1.85 million gallons per day. 256 Public Utilities The lower service azea is i~ed by gravity from Kahaluu Reservoir. The system extends from Ke-ahole Airport to Keauhou Bay. The average consumption is 3.564 million gallons per day. The lower area can be roughly divided into three sections: 1) Ke-whole Airport to Kailua (Casa De Emdeko); 2) Casa De Emdeko to Kahaluu Bay; and 3) the Keauhou Bay area. The Keahole to Kailua area is fed mainly from a line along Kuakini Highway. The present demand is 1.767 million gallons per day. The second section along Alii Drive presently delivers 0.9153 million gallons per day. The present water demand for the Keauhou area is 0.882 million gallons per day.] The four deep wells at Kahaluu and the Holualoa Wells service the upper service area alone Mamalahoa Highwav from Honalo to Waiaha Demand in the area averages 0 6 mQd. The Keahuolu and Honokohau wells supply water alone Mamalahoa Highwav from Waiaha to Kalaoa and alone Palani Road from Mamalahoa Highwav to Kealakehe Demand in these areas averaee 0.8 med. The Hualalai and Kalaoa wells supplement the subdivisions in Kaloko. Kalaoa and Kona Palisades with an additional 0 4 m d The Kahaluu Shaft services the lower service area alone the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav from Keauhou to the Kona International Airport at Keahole Demand in this area averages 5.7 million eallons per day the highest consumption rate in Kona The South Kona system is supplied by three wells at Keei[,] and a well at Halekii. with a total capacity of ~ 1.58 million gallons per day] 5.0 mgd and a safe capacity of [0.79 million gallons.] 3.0 med. The average usage is X0.496 million gallons per day.] 0.97 mgd. [Like the North Kona system, the South Kona system can be divided into the upper and lower service areas.] This system serves the area from [Kaawaloa] Honalo to the Hookena Beach Road junction. Courses of Action (North Kona) • [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would provide for] an efficient and economic system operation. • Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system in accordance with the North Kona Water System Master Plan. Improve the system along Alii Drive. Reservoirs to serve this area should be balanced with the Kailua and Keauhou reservoirs. • Improve the size of the water line and provide an additional reservoir in the Keauhou area. • Construct reservoirs as needed.] 257 Public Utilities • Explore and develop a well in Waiaha Courses of Action (South Konal • [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would provide for] an efficient and economic system operation. • [Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water svstem in accordance with the South Kona Water Svstem Master Plan. Increase capacity of the booster pump for the South Kona water system as the demand increases. • Construct reservoirs as needed.] KA'U Profile The water source for the Pahala area is Alili Tunnel and a deep well source. The present average consumption of the Pahala system is [254,600 gallons per day.] 0.23 mgd. The sources supplying Waiohinu, Naalehu and South Point are Haao Springs, [and] Mountain House Tunnel Spring and a deep well in Naalehu. The water from the Mountain House Tunnel is piped to Haao Spring and distributed to South Point, Waiohinu, and Naalehu on separate lines. [There is an agreement between Hutchinson Sugar Company and] The Department of Water Supply has a license with the State [of Hawaii on water rights] that allows the department to obtain water from the Mountain House Tunnel. The Waiohinu system receives its water supply from an 8-inch line from Haao Springs. Presently, the average consumption is [78,000 gallons per day.] 0.12 mad. The Naalehu system receives its water supply from the Waiohinu system. [The system within Naalehu V illage has been dedicated to the County by the plantation.] The former sugar plantation has dedicated the svstem within Naalehu Village to the County The Naalehu deep well with a capacity of [540,000 gallons per day] 0.54 mgd supplements the system. The average water consumption is [151,200 gallons per day.] 0.08 mgd. 258 Public Utilities The present average consumption on the South Point system is [66,200] 75.730 gallons per day. [This system was installed by the Army during World Waz IL] The Ka u area has several large subdivisions [which] still [depend] deaendent on individual roof catchment. Courses of Action • Provide additional [source and storage capacity] water svstem imarovements for the currently serviced areas of Naalehu, Waiohinu, and Pahala. • Pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and well development at Ocean View. Pahala. and Waiohinu. • Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate imurovements as required to the existing water svstem. • Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment. 259 Public Utilities UTILITIES: [TELEPHONE] TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The telephone is an essential means of voice communication for the majority of residents in Hawaii County. However, over the last decade. the County has seen an acceleration in the development of telecommunication technoloev and a transformation of the telecommunications industrv. In addition to traditional phone communication the telecommunications industrv now includes technoloeies such as wireless cellular and digital mobde phones. the internet and world wide web During the last decade, wireless telecommunications has experienced a dramatic decrease in cost and a phenomenal increase in availability Changes in technoloev and competition in the industrv have made wireless communication more affordable to the General public. The wired infrastructure that was once used to connect a telephone to the phone stem has evolved to include the world wide web and internet The world wide web and internet uses the telephone infrastructure to transfer digital data from one computer to another. Thus, everything from simple text messaees to high level banking and commerce transactions can be conducted almost instantaneously In the near future the changes in technoloev and the wireless industrv may make wireless access to the internet more widely affordable and/or available. As of August 7, 1998, the entire island of Hawaii had 100 per cent digital switching Digital switching is significant because it enables the existing telephone infrastructure to accommodate high-speed data transfers and access to many of the latest telecommunications services and features. Currently, every region on the island has access to phone service In 1998 the last rural areas restricted to party line service were upgraded with additional telephone cables allowing single line services islandwide. Advances in fiber optic technoloev provide the backbone for the island's hieh- capacity broadband requirements and the necessary services for specialized users such as the telescopes atop Mauna Kea. Furthermore, frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and internet services are transmitted via Verizon Hawaii's fiber optic network Currently, high speed internet connections such as Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) are only available in certain areas on the island. However these services are bound to expand Advances in telecommunications are not without cost or concerns One such concern is the construction and location of telecommunication towers Telecommunication towers are the physical structures to which antennas are attached to facilitate wireless communication. Because of the need for a clear line-of-site, telecommunication towers are usually located in areas with minimum obstructions between the tower and its area of 260 Public Utilities service. Line-of-site refers to the imaainarv line between a mobile phone antenna and a telecommunication tower. If there are impediments between the mobile phone antenna and the telecommunication tower there may be signal degradation or signal loss For example, the loss of line-of-sight occurs when a person uses a mobile phone while drivin¢ through a tunnel. Most often. communication is lost or unclear The line-of sight requirement often necessitates the conspicuous location of manv telecommunication towers Conseauentlv, the telecommunications tower is usually much taller than the surrounding structures or vegetation and may negatively impact the scenic nature of a given area During the past decade the number of telephone lines have increased by over 19,000 while population rose by 34,000.] Currently there are over [47,000] 95.000 switched telephone connections in service on the island. The State Public Utilities Commission re Mates telephone service statewide. (The deregulation of customer premise equipment in 1982 has made it possible for customers to purchase their telephones outright. The telephones are available from the Hawaiian Telephone Company or from any of the numerous other telephone retailers that have resulted from the deregulation. Dial and touch tone service is available on each island and radio telephone is furnished between the islands. Communication via undersea cable and satellite is provided to the U.S. mainland and the Far East. In the past 10 years, many new computer linked telecommunication systems have been developed that greatly increase the utility of the telephone. The State Public Utilities Commission regulates telephone service on all of the Hawaiian Islands. There are two problems which currently involve the County. One concerns the aesthetics of overhead telephone lines. There is also a problem of sharing transmission facilities with electrical lines. The proximity of the electrical and telephone lines can result in electro-magnetic interference in the phone service. New fiber-optic telephone transmission lines greatly reduce this interference, and are much more efficient than standard copper lines. Use of fiber-optic lines has already begun on Oahu, and should begin in the near future on this island. The problems of underground telephone lines are similar to those found with power lines, however, advances in technology have reduced the cost of underground lines making them a more economically viable option. Land and building requirements for the expansion of switching centers and substations will become less critical with the conversion to space-efficient digital electronic systems.] POLICIES • The County shall encourage] Encourage underground telephone lines where they are economically and technically feasible. 261 Public Utilities • Work with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of emer¢ency teleahones throuehout the island. • Develoa standards for the construction of wireless telecommunication facilities. • [The County shall work] Work closely with the telephone company to provide all users with efficient service. [STANDARDS]STANDARD • In the development and placement of telephone facilities, such as lines, telecommunications and cellular towers. poles, and substations, the design of the facilities shall consider the existing enviromnent, and scenic view and vistas shall be considered and preserved where possible. 262 Public Utilities UTILITIES: ELECTRICITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS ~ Electricity for the County of Hawaii is supplied by the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Ina (HELLO). Peak electrical load on the Island of Hawaii more than doubled during the 20- year period between 1965 and 1985. In 1985, the peak load was 102 megawatts. HELCO's power generation system presently has a total firm capacity of 127 megawatts. HELLO purchases a total of 26 megawatts of firm power from two privately-owned biomass generators, Puna Biomass and Hilo Coast Processing Company, and from one geothermal generator owned by Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii. The balance of 101 megawatts is produced by steam units, diesel units, a gas turbine, and hydroelectric units at six power plants owned by HELLO. These power plants are located at Keahole, North Kona; Waimea, South Kohala; and Waiau, Puueo, Waiakea Peninsula, and Kanoelehua, South Hilo. There are three levels of transmission voltages to deliver energy to the Big Island. First, there are three 69KV cross-island transmission lines. The northern line connects Pepeekeo to Waimea on the highway along the Hamakua Coastline. A middle line connects Kaumana to Keamuku along the Saddle Road. On the southern side, several lines connect Kanoelehua to Kealia along the highways through the Puna and Ka'u Districts. Next, there are five 34.SKV transmission lines that serve smaller communities located some distance from the route of the 69KV lines. Finally, there are three 13.8KV tie-lines in Hilo connecting the Shipman and Kanoelehua Plants. The existing distribution system consists of several different voltage levels. The distribution system basically consists of overhead polelines although some of the newer subdivisions and developments have installed underground systems. HELLO currently operates major switching stations, used to transfer the flow of power between different circuits, at critical locations around the island. These switching stations provide greater system flexibility and increased reliability in supplying electricity to the island's residents. Distribution substations, which transform transmission voltages to distribution voltages, are also located island-wide in proximity to communities and developments. In addition to the traditional sources of power generation alternate means are being used and considered for the future. Additional biomass generation is anticipated with Hamakua Sugar providing 10 megawatts of firm power. A private enterprise is committed to the development of an additional geothermal power plant by 1989. Many private companies are also studying the feasibility of developing hydroelectric power at various stream sites along the Hamakua coast. In the fall of 1986, HELLO will begin construction of its first 138KV transmission line paralleling the existing 69KV line along the Saddle Road. This line is required to maintain an acceptable voltage level in the West Hawaii area and to improve system reliability. Preliminary 263 Public Utilities planning has also begun to add additional cross-island transmission lines within the next 5-10 years based on projected load growth in the West Hawaii area. A dependable cross-island transmission system is a necessity because while new developments, and therefore the demand for electricity, is expected to increase dramatically in West Hawaii, most of the generating sources are in East Hawaii. HELCO plans for the eventual conversion of all distribution circuits to 12.47KV. Therefore, any new distribution improvement or extension is designed for 12.47KV. Although the trend today is toward underground distribution systems, the high cost of installation makes it economically unfeasible for many developers. There are plans to construct or renovate over 15 switch/sub stations by the end of 1988. Renovation of existing switching stations is required for transmission purposes, such as the improvements to Kaumana and Keamuku stations to accommodate the new 138KV line, or to meet additional loads. Most of the new distribution substation construction is to service new developments and subdivisions.] The Hawaii Electric Light Companv Inc (HELLO) supplies electricity for the County. Peak electrical demand in 1999 was 170.2 megawatts (MW) HELCO's power generation system presently has a total firm capacity of 260 4 meeawatts HELLO purchases a total of 112 meeawatts of firm power from three privately-owned companies Hilo Coast Power Companv (coal at 22 meeawatts) Hamakua Energy Partners (60 _meeawatts) and Puna Geothermal Venture (geothermal at 30 meeawatts) The balance of 148.4 meeawatts is produced by HELLO-owned steam units diesel units and gas turbines These power plants are located at Keahole. North Kona• Waimea South Kohala• Waiakea Peninsula and Kanoelehua. South Hilo: and Keaau. Puna. HELLO owns four hydroelectric units and a windfarm that provide energy to the stem. HELLO also purchases enerev from an independent power producer with a capacity of about 11 meeawatts of hydropower. All hydro units are run-of-the-river and are on the Wailuku River. The Lalamilo Windfarm is located west of Waimea. There are two levels of transmission voltages to transfer power between areas on the Big Island. The main transmission voltaee is 69kV. HELLO has four 69kV cross-island transmission lines. One line is the northern line connecting the Kanoelehua substation to West Hawaii via the Waimea substation alone highway 19 following the Hamakua coastline. Two lines connect the Kaumana substation to the Keamuku substation alon the Saddle Road. The fourth is the southern line connectine the Kanoelehua substation to West Hawaii via the Kealia substation alone Highway 11 through the Puna and Ka'u Districts. The other transmission voltaee is 13.8kV that includes three tie-lines in Hilo connectine the Shipman and Kanoelehua power plants. HELLO uses 34 SkV as a subtransmission voltage and three lines are used to service the Puna Ka'u and North Kohala areas. The existing distributiop system consists of several different voltaee levels• 2 4kV 4.16kV. 7.2kV.12.47kV and 13.8kV. The distribution system basically consists of overhead polelines and underground systems. Because of the vastness of the Bie Island the majority 264 Public Utilities of the distribution svstem consists of overhead pole lines Underground svstems have been used more extenswely m West Hawaii in the newer subdivisions and developments HELCO currently operates maior switching stations (used to transfer the flow of power between different transmission circuits) at critical locations around the island These transmission switching stations provide greater svstem flexibility and increase svstem rehab~hty in supplying power to the various distribution substations and eventually to customers. Distribution substations, which transform voltages to distribution voltaees are also located island-wide in proximity to communities and other developments The Big Island has a potential to use more alternative energy in the form of geothermal, hydro, wind, solar thermal and photovoltaic svstems These sources have been included in HELCO's Intergrated Resource Planning (IRPI process The Goal of integrated resource planning is the identification of the resources or the mix of resources for meetine near and lone term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost including the need and timing of env new generation and new cross island transmission lines. As identified in the IRP process HELCO is planning to expand its generation facilities at Keahole, North Kona. The added generation at Keahole will improve the svstem voltage level in West Hawaii improve svstem reliability and allow for the retirement of older generators in East and West Hawaii Because of the planned addition at Keahole, additional cross-island transmission lines can be deferred HELCO's long term plans include the eventual conversion of distribution circuits to 12.47kV where necessary. Therefore, env new distribution improvement or line extension will be designed for 12.47kV. POLICIES • Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where [feasible.] practical. [The County shall encourage] Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground. • Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such high voltage transmission lines • [The County should encourage] Continue to advise the electrical utility companies [to develop a] on the future revisions of their comprehensive [plan for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power to the various parts of the island.] Integrated Resource Plans. • [Safety standards for power systems shall conform] Conform to safety standards as established by appropriate regulatory [authority.] authorities. 265 Public Utilities STANDARDS • There shall be [a minimization of] minimal obstruction of scenic views and vistas by electrical facilities. • Facilities such as substations shall [be aesthetically pleasing.] mitigate and minimize anv aesthetic impacts to surrounding properties and scenic vistas. 266 Public Utilities UTILITIES: GAS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Propane gas is widely used on the island of Hawaii. In some rural azeas of the County, gas is the only source of power. Gas consumption on the Big Island rose from [1.3] 3 million therms in [1960] 1969 to [3.0] 8 million therms by [1969.] 1998. [There are 120 miles of gas transmission and service lines in the city of Hilo. Gas lines are regulated by the State Public Utilities Commission. Kailua-Kona has a dry line along the new walkway of the Kona Hilton. Rural communities utilize tanked liquid propane gas, which is not governed by the Public Utilities Commission. There aze substations in Waimea, South Kohala; Kealakekua, South Kona; and Naalehu, Ka'u which service surrounding azeas. Propane gas is used by households and commercial facilities. Residents usually acquire 150-gallon tanks which are refilled every two months at an average cost of $60-70 a month. Restaurants and hotels are the most frequent users of gas systems. A problem faced by gas companies is the cost of transporting gas in the State. This factor coupled with the relatively small and sparsely located market are major difficulties. Because of the danger of fire, storage facilities have a detrimental effect on property values.] The Public Utilities Commission regulates 67 miles of gas mains and service lines on the Big Island. These lines serve approximately 1 600 customers and are located mainly in Hilo. In addition, approximately 9,300 customers throughout the County are provided gas service by tank or cylinder. The Public Utilities Commission does not regulate this type of service. Maior liquid propane gas substations on the island of Hawaii are located in Hilo, Kailua-Kona, Waimea, and Ka'u. Propane gas is used in both residential and commercial facilities The primary uses for propane are water heating cooking and the drying of clothes Other uses of propane include fuel for vehicles, emergency back-up electric generation and decorative lighting Residential customers are normally provided a 124-gallon tank 267 Public Utilities POLICY • Gas storage facilities shall be located [so as] to minimize danger to commercial and residential areas. STANDARD • The County's] County ordinances shall reflect appropriate safety standards for gas facilities. 268 Public Utilities UTILITIES: SEWER INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Adequate sewer disposal systems are vital to safeguazd public health and [to] preserve the environment. An adequate system is one [which] that minimizes contamination of both the ground water supply and the coastal waters, beaches and waterborne recreational areas and [which] is not a visual and odor nuisance. About [95 percent] 77 per cent of the County's population is served by cesspools. There is an increasing need to create a better system than individual cesspools, particulazly in highly urbanized and shoreline areas. This is due to the possible pollution of ground water as well as cesspool seepage into coastal waters. More stringent pollution controls, especially in water quality standazds, are being imposed by regulatory agencies. The State Department of Health (DOH) intends to promulgate rules that will prohibit cesspools in the County of Hawaii The problem of sewage disposal is discussed in more detail in a completed study of sewerage for all urbanized and urbanizing areas in the County of Hawaii. Portions of that study are incorporated in this report. Hawaii County presently operates [six] municipal sewerage systems one each in the city of ] in Hilo, Papaikou, Kapehu, Pepeekeo[, Kailua] and [Keauhou.] Kealakehe. The remaining communities are served by private wastewater treatment facilities or individual facilities such as cesspools [which serve adequately except in the shoreline areas where coastal water contamination becomes a problem.] or septic tanks. It is difficult to measure the adequacy or inadequacy of cesspools in a given area. Many factors, such as density of population, porous condition of the soil, underground geologic structure, and rainfall levels, have to be taken into account to determine the effects of cesspools. In some areas, they may be effective and in other areas, they may not. In August 1991, the State Department of Health adopted rules that require the use of septic systems in the most critical wastewater disposal areas. Critical wastewater disposal areas are areas around the island where cesspools are permitted. Sewerage disposal system designs must be examined with the particular area in mind. However, it is important to note that the critical wastewater disposal areas may be eliminated in the near future when the State Department of Health implements the prohibition of cesspools. Of critical importance in an examination of sewerage disposal for a wmmunity is the cost of the system, including construction and operation costs. These costs vary with the characteristics of each azea. Land development plans for resort-residential complexes located in shoreline areas pose a [difficult problem for sewerage control.] potential water auality problem for adjacent near shore waters. Adequate treatment facilities are essential prerequisites for development. 269 Public Utilities The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (PL 93-523) legislated the protection of all aquifers or portions of aquifers currently serving as drinking water sources and any other aquifer capable of yielding consumable water. This mandate was based on a national concern for the quality of [our] the ground water and the increasing evidence of contamination of this valuable resource. In 1976, the State Legislature enacted Act 84, Relating to Safe Drinking Water, which requires the State Department of Health to establish an underground injection control program in order to protect the quality of the State's underground sources of drinking water. Because of the importance of ground water as a source of municipal water supplies, the underground injection control program is considered [as] a beneficial approach in the identification of aquifer that should be protected from subsurface disposal of wastewater through injection wells. [Excluded from this program are individual wastewater systems serving residential household which generate less than 800 gallons per day.] The protection of these aquifer] aquifers is established by designating areas which are] now being used or will be used in the future for drinking water supply. The Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW) will be protected from pollution by prohibiting the construction of new injection wells that may pollute the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in exempted areas. The boundary lines between the USDW and the exempted areas have been developed. Under Chanter 62, "Wastewater Systems", the DOH adopted a 1,000-foot setback of wastewater systems from all public drinkine water wells and sprines. In compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), the State Department of Health and the County of Hawaii jointly prepared the "Water Quality Ma~ragement Plan for the County of Hawaii" in 1978 and subsequently updated the plan in 1980. In 1979, the County Council adopted the plan through resolution to serve as the planning guide for development of regional waste treatment systems and the control of non-point source of pollution. To implement the management plan, the [county] County has prepared facility plans for various areas on the island. Facility Plans are mans developed by the Countv to satisfy a requirement for the application of loans from the State to develop _wastewater treatment facilities. The facility plans identify problems, potential solutions and costs. In 1985, the State Legislature enacted Act 282, Relating to Environmental Quality, which reassigns the [county, Countv, effective July 1, 1987 or upon receipt of State funds, to assume complete administration and implementation for the regulation of sewerage and wastewater treatment system programs. POLICIES • The "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii," December 1970, and the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii," December 1980, shall be updated and used as guides for the general planning of sewerage disposal systems. 270 Public Utilities • Private systems shall be installed by land developers for major resort and other developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where connection to nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the County's long-range plans, and in conformance with State and [county] Coun requirements. • [The County shall take immediate] Immediate steps should be taken to designate treatment plant sites, sewerage pump station sites, and sewer easements according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition. ~ • Disposal of raw sewage directly into waterways and the ocean shall be discontinued as soon as possible.] • [The County shall] Continue to seek State and Federal funds to [assist in financing] finance the construction of proposed sewer systems[.] and improve existing systems. • [Schemes] Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for in•igation and biosolids composting (remaining solids from the treatment of wastewater is processed into a reusable organic material) shall be utilized where feasible and needed. • Require major developments to connect to existing sewer treatment facilities or build their own. STANDARDS • Incorporate sewage works standards proposed in the "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii" and the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii." • Sewerage systems shall be designed for [the] a particular area, depending on topography, geology, density of population, costs, and other considerations of the specific area. • There shall be a minimum of visual and odor pollution emanating from sewerage treatment facilities. • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter 23 "Underground Injection Control." • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter 54 "Water Quality Standards." 271 Public Utilities • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter 55 "Water Pollution Control." • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health Chapter 62, HRS. "Wastewater Svstems " • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 342, HRS; Act 282, Session Laws of Hawaii 1985; and Act 302, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, Relating to Environmental Quality. • All wastewater disposal Svstems shall conform to the applicable provisions of Chapter 11-62, Hawaii Administrative Rules for the Department of Health to ensure proper treatment and disposal of wastewater and to prevent further contamination of waterways underground water sources and the coastal waters. DISTRICTS The district analysis was conducted on a planning area basis rather than by judicial districts. Districts were combined by economic feasibility and urgency of service.] PUNA Profile The Puna district is characterized by many small towns, largest of which are Keaau and Pahoa, and [the widely spread] large non-conforming subdivisions. At present, most residents in the Puna district are served by individual sewerage systems. The use of cesspools and individual household aerobic treatment units will probably be continued until such time as increased population distribution and densities make it economically feasible to install municipal sewerage systems. Residences near the coastal areas are much more vulnerable to unsatisfactory results with individual disposal systems because of the relative proximity of the groundwater table to the ground surface. The close proximity of the groundwater table reduces the efficiency of individual disposal Svstems because there is less filtration that can occur before the effluent reaches the ground water. This reduced efficiency may also affect the quality of nearshore waters due to the reduced filtration. [Course] Courses of Action • The use of cesspools shall be discontinued in the coastal areas where cesspools do not function satisfactorily to meet water quality standazds. Individual household aerobic treatment units approved by the State Health Department and the County 272 Public Utilities of Hawaii could be utilized in these areas. Future sewerage systems for the Puna area would then naturally commence with service to the lower coastal areas. • _Coordinate with W.H Shipman Ltd in the plannine and development of a sewerage svseem for the Keaau area. SOUTH HILO Profile The basic concepts of the Hilo regional wastewater management system are described in detail in the "Facilities Plan for the Hilo District, South Hilo, Hawaii (February 1980)." [The city of] Hilo [in the South Hilo district] is designated as an urban sewerage planning area. The County of Hawaii owns, operates, and maintains a sewerage system [within the city.] located on the Puna side of the Hilo International Airport. At present, the system consists of a [7.0] 5_0 million gallons per day f medl [primary] secondarv sewage treatment plant with an ocean outfall effluent disposal and a collection system of sewage pump stations, force mains, and gravity lines. [The 7.0 million gallons per day sewage treatment plant at Puhi Bay, although having sufficient capacity for future sewage flows, provides only primary sewage treatment and may be required to be upgraded to secondary sewage treatment. The proposed regional sewerage system essentially involves extending the existing interceptor trunk and collector sewers to provide sewer service to the upper regions of the service area. Further, due to the relocation of the treatment plant site, pressure (force) mains and related pumping stations will need to be constructed to transport the collected sewage. The proposed scheme calls for the construction of a treatment facility near the airport industrial area. The design capacity of this plant is 5.0 million gallons per day. The treatment facility will be either an advanced primary or secondary treatment facility, depending on the outcome of the application for modification discharge to the Environmental Protection Agency.] The existing municipal wastewater treatment facility in Pepeekeo has a design capacity of 500,000 gallons per day. [There are no existing problems, although replacement of equipment for the activated sludge treatment plant will be required in five years. Planned developments include additional interceptor and collection sewers to service the homestead areas and new housing developments.] [Construction of the] The Papaikou-Paukaa sewerage system [is required to correct the present undesirable discharge of raw sewage into the stream and ocean. The system] consists of a 0.35 [million gallon per day] mgd secondary wastewater treatment plant, collection and transmission lines, and an outfall to convey effluent to the shoreline for discharge. 273 Public Utilities Courses of Action • [Monitoring of the receiving waters should be done so as] Encourage the State Department of Health to monitor the wastewater received to provide sufficient base line data regarding the need for any future extension[.] or expansion of waste water collection svstems. • Expand the existing sewer collection system to include [interceptors and pump stations.] all densely populated areas in and around Hilo ~ • Construct a new treatment plant to eventually provide either advanced primary or secondary treatment to incoming sewage flows. • Extend the existing ocean outfall sewer to discharge beyond nearshore water.] • Upgrade and/or rehabilitate aging sewer puma stations and collector sewers NORTH HILO [/HAMAKUA] Profile [Many small plantation towns are located along the coast. The population of these towns are less than 1,000 people; for some towns, the population is even expected to decline.] The towns alone the coast of the North Hilo district are small plantation towns characterized by Qopulations of less than one thousand. For some of these towns the population is expected to decline. At present, most residents are served by individual cesspools. [No unusual cesspool complaints have been received. The] Kapehu Camp [of Kapehu will be] has been provided with [an innovative system which is] a soil purification wastewater treatment system. Municipal sewerage systems for the small towns would not be economically feasible for some time and there appear to be no problems at the present time. [The Hamakua district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which are Honokaa and Paauilo. There are no public sanitary sewer systems in the Hamakua area. Some plantations operate sewer systems, but most sewage is disposed of in individual cesspools. Oxidation ponds serve the towns of Paauilo, Paauhau and Haina and are presently adequate. A small system in Honokaa discharges raw sewage into an underground cave. Municipal sewage systems for the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time.] Course of Action • Continue operation of the existing sewerage svstem at Kapehu 274 Public Utilities HAMAKUA Profile Manv small communities, largest of which are Honokaa and Paauilo characterize the Hamakua district. There are no public sanitary sewer svstems in the Hamakua area Oxidation ponds (pond that acts as a settling pond where bacteria can break down the sewage as the liquid seeps and filters down through the earth) serve the towns of Honokaa Paauilo, Paauhau and Haina and are presently adequate Municipal sewage svstems for the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time Course of Action (Hamakua)] Complete and implement an on-going study to determine the feasibility of installing complete sewage treatment facilities in the town of Honokaa.] • Investigate possible alternatives to eliminate the need for and continued use of the oxidation ponds. NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district is characterized by many small communities the population of which are generally less than 1,000 people.] with populations under one thousand. There are ono] neither County-operated collection or treatment facilities in this district nor any plans for constructing a collection and treatment system. Domestic sewage disposal is via cesspools[.] or other individual wastewater svstems. Individual sewage treatment units in the North Kohala area [apparently] are functioning adequately. [Thus considering] Considering the density and distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth anticipated, individual household waste disposal units will continue to be utilized[.] unless restricted by the DOH. 275 Public Utilities SOUTH KOHALA Profile Most residences in the Waimea area are now being served by cesspools. As the population is expected to increase, a municipal sewerage system should be made available. [Disposal of the treated effluent, however, will require compliance with new underground injection control regulations.] Parker Ranch has constructed a limited collection svstem and treatment slant to service its development needs. Existing sewerage systems within the Kawaihae-Puako area consists mainly of domestic sewage disposal via cesspools[.] and individual wastewater systems. However, [the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, Kawaihae Village, Puako Beach Apartments, Mauna Lani Resort, and Waikoloa] resort developments operate their [respective] own private treatment facilities. Cesspool problems are generally located along the Puako residential lots where the groundwater table is near the surface. Courses of Action • Construct a Waimea sewerage system to provide sewer service [for the main part of Waimea) and wastewater treatment facilities with an ultimate treatment capacity adequate for foreseeable growth. Consider water reclamation or subsurface type disposal. • Construct a [control facility] seweraee system in the Puako beach lot area to service flows by utilizing existing resort wastewater treatment facilities as a means of wastewater disposal. Construct a Kawaihae sewerage system to provide for residential and industrial growth in the area.] NORTH KONA Profile The basic concepts of the North Kona regional wastewater management system are described in detail in "The Facility Plan for the Kailua-Kona [Sewerage] Sewa a System, Phase IV (Northern Zone), April 1981" and "Area wide Wastewater Management Plan for North Kona, December 1976 (w/1981 Supplement)." Most residences in the North Kona area aze serviced by individual sewerage systems. Kailua and [Keauhou] Kealakehe are being serviced by a municipal sewerage system. The existing [Kailua] Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant [is rapidly approaching its] has a design capacity of [1.4 million gallons per day.] 5.31 med. [This system serves only resort hotels, 276 Public Utilities commercial and industrial sources, and some high density residential developments (apartments and condominiums) in Kailua Village.] The Keauhou area sewerage system [consists of a 0.7 million gallons per day] is a 1.8 mad [activated sludge] secondary sewage treatment plant at Heeia to serve the Keauhou-Kona resort community. This sewage treatment facility is projected to eventually handle 3 6 mgd when the final increment is completed. This facility is owned by Keauhuou Community Services Inc., a subsidiary of Kamehameha Investment Coro [The plant is scheduled to be expanded to 2.0 million gallons per day.] Because of the limited extent of the existing collection system, developments in unsewered areas are relying on cesspools and [small package treatment units] individual wastewater svstems for sewage disposal. Due to the permeable nature of the lava strata [which] that allows the raw sewage disposed [of] in cesspools and effluent disposed [of] in seepage pits to seep rapidly through the strata and contaminate groundwater and adjacent coastal waters, great precaution must be exercised in averting the contamination of the waters. Courses of Action Construct a new wastewater treatment plant at Kealakehe near Honokohau, provide sewage pumping station, force mains and interceptor sewers to handle existing and proposed wastewater flows. • Construct wastewater pumping stations, force mains, and interceptor sewers along Alii Drive, between Keauhou and Kailua. The waste flow will be conveyed to the new wastewater treatment facility at Kealakehe.] • Expand the existing sewer collection system. • Upgrade the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to produce tertiary (R-11 quality effluent. SOUTH KONA Profile Cesspools and individual wastewater svstems aze the primary on-site treatment system in the South Kona area. Several small on-site package plants aze also used to service shopping centers, a hospital, and a park. They discharge treated effluent into [cesspools] seepage pits or infection wells. [With proper design and installation, adequate soil chazacteristics and adequate maintenance, cesspools have been known to function indefinitely. Since the soils in the Kona area aze highly permeable, cesspools in this area have successfully functioned for many years. Very little, if any, pumping of cesspools is required in the area.] 277 Public Utilities Courses of Action • [Insure the maintenance ofJ Continue to work with the Departments of Health and Land and Natural Resources to preserve the Class AA [waters] water ualit of Kealakekua Bay. • The] Continue the current methods of wastewater disposal in unsewered azeas [will continue] in compliance with [the] State and [county] County requirements. This includes [cesspools] individual wastewater svstems in low density developments and ~ individual aerobic treatment units] private wastewater treatment plants in high density developments. [They will be privately constructed, owned, and operated.] KA'U Profile The Ka'u district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which are Naalehu [and Pahala.] and Ocean View. The County has no sewerage system in the Ka'u district. A private system exists for the Punalu'u Resort development at Punaluu, but most residents are served by individual waste disposal systems. The cesspools and septic svstems presently in use in the Ka'u area apparently function adequately. Thus, considering the low density and wide distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth anticipated, the individual treatment units will continue to be utilized. Course of Action • Work closely with [C. Brewer] landowners to insure the development of adequate sewerage treatment facilities. 278 Public Utilities RECREATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Recreation provides an avenue for the fulfillment of social, cultural, physical and educational needs of people through leisure experiences. [Recreation includes not only the provision and maintenance of physical facilities (e.g. gyms, ballfields, pavilions) and diverse programs (social, cultural, health/fitness and educational). It also requires natural recreational resources such as sandy beaches, snorkeling areas, and surf sites. People of all ages should have the opportunity to participate in public recreation.] Recreational facilities may be defined within two categories• Resource-based and Facility-based. Resource-based parks provide public access to and eniovment of an outstanding natural or cultural resource. Valued resources include sandv beaches non- sandv but protected swimming areas, scenic areas and hiking areas The Federal and State governments plav a dominant role in establishing resource-based parks such as the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and Hapuna Beach State Park. Resource-based parks developed by the Countv are primarily beach parks. The other park category is facility-based parks These tvaes of parks are primarily developed by the County and provide for organized spectator, or informal play recreational activities that are not dependent upon a natural resource. Plavfields gvmnasiums swimming pool complexes and tennis courts are lust some examples of facility-based parks. The Federal government provides approximately 231 400 acres of resource-based parks on the island. The State government provides approximately 800 acres The County's resource-based parks which are primarily beach parks tota1260 acres Heavy demands will be placed on the recreational resources of the County as a result of an expanding population increasing leisure time,] and a growing number of visitors. The resident population is expected to [become larger and the work week is expected to become shorter,] grow, thus increasing [leisure time and] the use of recreational facilities. [Comprehensive recreational planning is essential in providing recreational opportunities for now and the future while preserving the quality of recreational resources.] Ideally, all residents should have convenient access to the most popular recreation facilities such as playgrounds, gvmnasiums swimming pools and multi-purpose community centers Although beach parks usually require suitable shoreline conditions the popularity of shoreline activities mandate that beach Darks be established in relation to population distribution, even if the area does not provide the best recreational resource Some districts have benefited more than others in terms of the number of facilities-based Darks and beach parks relative to population. North Kona. South Kona South Kohala and Puna have the least amount of Countv facilities-based parks and beach parks in relation to population. State beach parks within the South Kohala and North Kona districts help to offset, in part, some of these deficiencies. The North Hilo and North Kohala districts have 279 Recreation a disproportionately laree number of Countv park acreaee in relationship to their small populations. The island [of Hawaii] has a pleasant climate throughout the year and a variety of scenic areas ranging from snow-capped volcanic peaks to tropical rain forests and sunny beaches. With such natural assets, the people of the island generally go outdoors for their recreation. Traditionally, the shoreline areas have been preferred for fishing, swimming, picnicking, camping and informal passive recreation. Of the County's total [313] 305 miles of tidal shoreline, [however,] only 1.2 miles are prime sand beach [which] that is generally favorable for swimming and other water-oriented activities. The demand on these limited areas for public recreation is heavy and crowding occurs in some areas. Crowding is usually due to inadequate or undeveloped park acreage, roads and parking areas occupying usable recreation azea, and the lack of adequate facilities[.] in adioinina areas or other parks. Options for developing beach pazks should include privately operated or maintained facilities or private concessions of beach pazk facilities. The quality of recreation areas often diminishes with heavy expanded use. Sewage and industrial waste have penetrated into some swimming, surfing, fishing, and boating aeeas, reducing the availability and/or quality of these areas for recreation. There is also competition for prime beach area between the visitor industry and the residents. This competition will continue to increase in the future. The County has a variety of parks including small neighborhood playgrounds, larger playfields, and parks of County-wide scope for active and passive recreation. On the island [of Hawaii], there are [3J 4 National parks, [18] 20 State parks and a total of [74] 118 County [parks, including] park sites. in addition to regional, district, community, and neighborhood parks. The County also manages recreational facilities including [7] 9 swimming pools, [ 16] 19 community/senior centers, [20] 21 gymnasiums (includes [7] 6 Department of Education [and 1 National Guard) facilities), [3 playgrounds,] and 15 miscellaneous facilities such as rodeo azenas, boat ramps, scenic lookout, drag strip, etc.[)] Neighborhood parks and playfields lack adequate facilities in some communities. In some areas, community centers are used for meetings and cultural activities. School buildings are also used for community meetings, and school yards sometimes function as neighborhood playfields. Park pavilions are used for community activities and family socials. There are also facilities for specific recreational activities, such as golf courses, small boat harbors, and swimming pools. [As lot sizes become smaller and yard space diminishes and as urban areas expand, there will be an increased need to provide recreational facilities. Especially in urban areas, open space will have to be provided and protected.] The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" was prepazed in 1974 to serve as a guide in the planning efforts for expansion, acquisition, and development of the County's recreational areas. This plan, however, needs to be revised and updated to reflect new and/or updated priorities. Such a plan is needed in order for the Countv to identify significant resource areas with recreational value A detailed plan will allow the development of an acauisition program 280 Recreation that could utilize a variety of tools or coordinate with other involved agencies or organizations to acquire lands for Darks or access The recreational program of the County is presently targeted toward diversification of activities. Active team sports for all children and adults are continually being maintained. Recreational programs have been targeted for all ages with [renewed emphasis on promoting] special emphasis to promote activities for [women, adolescent, and pre-adolescent girls.] oy uth. In some rural areas where the population is sparsely dispersed [along highways (i.e. Kona)], the lack of convenient public transportation makes it difficult [for people in these areas] to take advantage of recreational facilities and programs. Summer fun activities in the mornings are being conducted for six weeks during the summer at County parks as well as Department of Education facilities for all children, grades one to six. Additional enrichment programs may be offered in the mornings and afternoons when funding is available. Intercession programs are offered to accommodate students on Year-round schedules. The lack of adequate facilities and programs for pre-school children should be addressed with more intensity in the future. The construction of new facilities, the renovation of some of the existing ones, and [qualified personnel] the provision of adequate staffing should meet this need. Cultural and social programs are offered to senior citizens in all communities. Activities include arts, crafts, games, dance, music, and educational classes. As the number of retired persons increases, additional activities and a broader program will be needed. The county operates [seven (7)] nine swimming pools offering recreational swimming, water safety instruction, and competitive swimming activity. To serve the [metropolitan area ofJ Hilo[,] a~ one of two pools is operated primarily for water safety instructional purposes. Most county beaches are staffed with beach lifeguards on weekends and holidays as well as during summer school breaks to provide lifesaving and first aid services. Lifeguards are on duty every day of the week at the most heavily utilized beaches. The Department of Education and the University of Hawaii system offer adult education courses for enrichment. They also sponsor lecture and film series in communities throughout the County. Various volunteer citizens' groups organize and encourage art exhibits, drama, dance, music, and other cultural performances. Many of the cultural and educational programs are available only in the more densely populated areas. The need to expand these programs as well as other recreational opportunities for people in low density rural areas will continue. 281 Recreation Public access to the ocean and mountains have special recreational and cultural significance to the residents of this island community. Public access to coastal and mountain areas have been an essential element in the eathering of food the transport of goods, and recreational purposes for both the island's residents and their ancestors In recognition of the need to provide residents with the right of free movement in public space and access to and use of these public coastal and mountain areas, the Hawaii Countv Council adopted Ordinance No. 96 17 in 1996 to require the dedication of land for public rights-of-wav as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a building permit for the construction of amultiple-family residential development, under certain circumstances The Countv may also require the establishment of public rights-of-wav as part of the issuance of other tvpes of land use approvals such as changes of zone or Special Management Area Use Permits. Information regarding the State parks system as well as public hunting areas, may be obtained by contacting the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. GOALS • Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors of the County. • Maintain the natural beauty of recreation areas. • Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits. POLICIES • Strive to euuitably allocate facility-based parks among the districts relative to population, with public input to determine the locations and types of facilities. • [The County of Hawaii shall improve] Improve existing public facilities for optimum usage. • Recreational facilities [in the County] shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area. • The use of land adjoining recreation areas shall be compatible with community values, physical resources, and recreation potential. • The County shall develop] Develo short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for recreational facilities [which] that are consistent with the General Plan. 282 Recreation • The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" shall be [reviewed and] updated to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. • Facilities for compatible multiple uses shall be provided. • [The County shall provide] Provide facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups, with special considerations for the handicapped, the elderly, and young children. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate recreational programs and facilities with govemmental and private agencies and organizations. Innovative ideas for improving recreational facilities and opportunities shall be considered. • [The County shall develop] Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance, and programming. • [The County of Hawaii shall adopt] Adopt an on-going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation[.] in cooperation with appropriate governmental agencies. • Public access to the shoreline shall be provided in accordance with an adopted program of the County of Hawaii. • [The County shall establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural, or recreational values.] Develop a network of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic natural or recreational values This svstem of trails shall provide, at a minimum, an islandwide route connecting maior parks and destinations. • [The County in coordination with appropriate State agencies shall establish] Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cart roads and old government roads on the island[.] in coordination with appropriate State agencies. • [The County shall develop] Develo facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities. • [The County shall continue to maintain] Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public's use. • [The County shall review and, if appropriate, revise its ordinance] Revise the ordinance requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof. 283 Recreation • Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance • Consider alternative sources of funding for recreational facilities • Develop best management practices for the development of golf courses in coordination with developers. State Department of Health and other government agencies. • Provide access to public hunting areas. STANDARDS • Regional Parks: Major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor activities. A major center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests. Minimum size: 50 acres. Vicinity of major populated areas. Facilities include: multi-purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, adequate [and defined] parking [area,] areas. and facilities for spectator sports: football, baseball, sofrball, track field, tennis, basketball and volleyball. • District Parks: Offer diversified types of recreational activities to an entire district [which] that include indoor and outdoor sports [during the day as well as nights]. Minimum size: 10 to 30 acres. Within a district consisting of several populated communities [and good topography]. Facilities include: gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, showers; a center for community and recreational programs; swimming pool (if justifiable); play area and equipment for young children; courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball; ballfields for soccer, baseball, softball, and football; night lights; and an adequate parking area. 284 Recreation • Community Parks: Community recreation azea serving [a 1 mile radius in] surrounding urban areas, and entire community in rural areas. [Provide] Provides active and passive activities. Between 4 and 8 acres, within the center of the community or several neighborhoods. Facilities include: [recreation building with] multi-purpose [room] building office, storage, restrooms and parkkeeper's room; swimming pool]; gymnasium (where not serviceable from a district park); courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis; ballfields for softball baseball, soccer, football; play azea and equipment for young children; walking and jogging paths; picnic and passive area; night lights and an adequate [defined) parking area. • Neighborhood Parks: Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors, play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the neighborhood. Up to 4 acres, within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a school. Minimum facilities include: restrooms; drinking water; [parkkeeper's storage;] walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths); courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis; ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball and soccer; play area and equipment for young children; and an adequate [and defined] parking area. • Community Centers: Major center for spectator sports, [and for] cultural and social activities. Size depends on facilities proposed and accessory uses. Facilities include: multipurpose building; auditorium; gymnasium; facilities for spectator sports; swimming facility; and an adequate [and defined] parking[.] area. 285 Recreation • Parks for General Use: Centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a volcanic feature and [including] includes historic sites whenever feasible. Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County. • Beach parks provide opportunities for swimming/sunbathing, surfing, camping, fishing, boating, nature study, and other pastimes. Every section of the island should be adequately served. Facilities depend on size and intensity of use but should include: restrooms with showers hand changing azea]; picnic [area with tables and cooking ~ facilities; a defined tent camping area when allowed; drinking water; [defined and] adequate parking; pavilions of various sizes; and lifeguazd facilities and storage for groundskeeper and lifeguard equipment]. • Wilderness and wildland areas are remote from population centers and have limited access by jeep, hiking, biking, or horseback. Facilities include: trails and unimproved roads; designated hunting and fishing areas; designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities; and wilderness camp sites [with simple shelters where needed; outhouse facilities; and drinking water]. • Park Dedication Code T_he County's Park Dedication Code (Chapter S, Hawaii County Codel provides standards for the dedication of land, facilities or assessment of in- lieu fees for recreational purposes upon the subdivision of land or the development of multiple family residential units. The code requires a minimum ratio of five acres of land for park and nlav¢round purposes for every 1,000 persons in each district. • Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas The County's Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas Code (Chapter 34, Hawaii County Codel requires the dedication of land for public rights-of-way as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a buildine permit for the construction of amultiple-family residential development under certain circumstances. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis of recreation in each district. It is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. 286 Recreation PUMA Profile [The present] Presently, the parks in the Puna district are inadequate to serve the needs of the residents. [Optimum use, however, has not been achieved.] Recreation programs are centered around team sports for young people, and social and cultural activities are limited. Cool and rainy weather requires that there be extensive covered and indoor recreational areas. County community parks are located at Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, Mountain View, and Kurtistown. Tennis courts and ballfields are available at the district pazk (Herbert Shipman Pazk) in Keaau. However, parking facilities need improvement. There is a neighborhood center in Pahoa [which] that is heavily used for community meetings and events; educational, cultural, and senior citizens programs; health and welfare programs; and indoor recreational activities. A 50-meter Olympic-size swimming pool at the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility completed in 1997 now provides the residents of Puna with aworld-class swimming facility School playfields are used at Keaau, Mountain View, and Pahoa. Drainage is often a problem on the playfields. The Department of Education maintains gymnasiums at Pahoa and Keaau, covered and outdoor basketball courts at Mountain View, and tennis courts and ballfields at Pahoa. The County has a gymnasium at Mountain View, outdoor basketball court at Kurtistown and Hawaiian Beaches and tennis courts at Keaau and Kurtistown. Ballfields are also located in Mountain View, Kurtistown, and Hawaiian Beaches subdivision. Amulti-purpose sports field is proposed at the Hawaiian Beaches Park. School activities take precedence over public use of joint-use facilities. There are lighted ballfields in Pahoa and Keaau. (However, the lack of lighting in other parks and on tennis and basketball courts prevents night use.] Many of the other parks in the Puna district are heavily used by Hilo residents for picnicking, camping, swimming, surfing, and fishing. The proximity of Puna makes it easy for people in Hilo to travel to these areas. The County's 1.7-acre Isaac Hale Beach Park is a beach area [which offers] offerine picnicking, camping, fishing, surfing, and swimming when the ocean is calm. A boat launching ramp facility is presently provided adjacent to the park at Pohoiki Bay. The present park area and facilities are inadequate. Cars, boats, and boat trailers often occupy areas within the [Isaac Hale Park which] park that could be used for recreational opportunities. Expansion of this park has been initiated by the County with the purchase of an adjacent 22 acres of land mauka of the existing park to be developed with additional parking areas playgrounds boat parking area, picnic facilities and restrooms. Harry K. Brown Park (22.8 acres) and Kaimu Beach Park (11.4 acres) are County recreational areas in Kalapana used for picnicking, camping, surfing and fishing. The ocean is generally too rough for swimming. The highway separating the park from the shoreline is a safety hazard and limits the use of recreation areas along the coast. Kaimu Beach is enjoyed for 287 Recreation its scenic quality, picnicking, surfing and fishing, however there are no restroom facilities and parking facilities are inadequate.] Kaimu Beach Park's famous black sand beach and adiacent coconut grove, once one of the most photographed scenic attractions on the Big Island were covered by lava flows from Pu'u O'o Crater, Kilauea Volcano in 1990. Less than a mile away Harry K. Brown Park, at one time the Puna district's most popular beach park, was inundated in the same eruption. In 1993 the County purchased approximately six acres of land situated 2,000 feet to the northeast of Isaac Hale Beach Park in an effort to replace park land destroyed by lava. The new Ahalanui Park features a naturally-occurring warm spring (Mauna Kea Pond) and a grassed area with scattered ornamental and coconut trees. Proposed improvements include the construction of a 54-stall parking lot, renovation of existing structures to accommodate a caretaker's cottage and community center, the construction of restrooms, access roadway and infrastructure improvements. [The state-owned ancient canoe landing site area adjacent to the Kalapana Star of the Sea Catholic Church is often used for picnicking, fishing and swimming. However, the area does not have adequate parking facilities and restrooms are not available.] MacKenzie State Recreation Area (13.1 acres) is an ocean-oriented and forest park located between Pohoiki and Opihikao at the edge of the Malama-Ki Forest Reserve. Fishing, picnicking and tent camping are recreational activities of this park. Within the park is a well-preserved segment of the ancient Hawaiian King's Trail. The County's] State's undeveloped Nanawale Park site, consisting of 78.3 acres, is located adjacent to Honolulu Landing, along the Puna Coastal Road between Kapoho and the Hawaiian Shores Subdivision. Near the Kapoho-Pohoiki junction, the Lava Tree State Monument (17.0 acres) features lava trees and large volcanic earth cracks and has a footpath, picnic facilities, parking area, and restrooms. The park is landscaped, well maintained, [and has] with adequate facilities and area for present use. An additional area adjacent to the present park has been reserved for future expansion. The County's Glenwood Park (1.1 acres), located along the Volcano Highway, adequately serves travelers as a picnic and rest stop. (Within the Puna district are 60,000 acres of the total area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.] Approximately 60 000 acres of the 229176-acre Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is located within the Puna District. The facilities of the park for passive and active recreation are readily accessible. 288 Recreation Courses of Action ~ • A swimming pool should be provided in Pahoa in cooperation with the Department of Education.] • As the population increases and need arises, neighborhood parks in large subdivisions between Keaau and Pahoa should be provided and improved. Implement the County of Hawaii Park Development Plan for the Kalapana-Kaimu area. • Recommend that the State develop the ancient canoe landing site area as a recreation area.] • [Recommend establishing a wilderness camp and] Encouraee the State to establish a park reserve on State-owned land east of Kaimu. • Recommend the establishment of beach reserves at Kehena Beach and Opihikao (west of Opihikao junction). • Recommend that the State expand the MacKenzie State Recreation Area. • Develop (and expand] the expanded Isaac Hale Beach Park recreation area. Provide trail access to Keahialaka Spring and Pond and Mahinaakaka Heiau. • Develop the Kapoho Tidepools as a marine park. • Establish a small scenic park overlooking Kapoho and provide minimum facilities. • Develop recreational areas along the coast between Hilo and Kapoho, including areas at Papai, Haena (Keaau), Kaloli Point, Keonepoko Nui, Honolulu Landing, and Nanawale. • Establish small scenic viewpoints along the Puna Road to overlook the rift zone and [Kauileau,] Kaueleau, Keekee and the 1955 flows. • Explore means to maximize the use of the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility site to serve the recreational needs of the lower Puna area. 289 Recreation SOUTH HILO Profile [The city ofJ Hilo is the major urban center in the County and [as such] has a diversity of recreational facilities. Within the city, there are [six] eight neighborhood parks. All of these pazks are between 3.0 and 7.7 acres in size and five [of them] have playfields. Nine school yards provide additional playfields. These parks are not used to their optimum capacity. In many of the parks, there aze drainage problems. [The lack of lights does not allow evening use of playfields.] Lack of playground equipment, inadequate landscaping, and the lack of benches and adequate shelters have restricted the use of some parks. Some residential areas do not have easy access to neighborhood parks, and newer communities lack recreational areas[.] altogether. Hilo also has [fourteen] 17 gymnasiums: two are at University of Hawaii at Hilo, [two] three aze with the Department of Education, [six aze County owned, one with the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands,] nine are under County jurisdiction, and three are privately owned and maintained. [A gymnasium at Waiakea High School is presently under construction.] Outside of urban Hilo, there is a County community park in Kaiwiki; a gymnasium in Wainaku; a playfield [and gymnasium (Department of Education maintained)] in Hakalau; a gymnasium[,] and playfield in both Honomu[;] and Papaikou; and a community center and playfield in [Papaikou and Pepeekeo.] Kulaimano. Public use of facilities jointly administered by the County and the Department of Education is generally limited to after school hours. Regional recreational facilities located in [the city ofJ Hilo serve South Hilo and neighboring districts. There are three swimming pools, two owned by the County and the other administered by the Department of Education. Hoolulu [Park] Complex is the major regional recreational center and consists of [58.7] 56 acres. There is an auditorium with a seating capacity of 2,800 [which] that is used for pageants, private fundraising, musical entertainment, and sports events. Although adequate for sports, the acoustics and seating are poor for entertainment. A large stadium (Wong) for sports events, a swimming pool, outdoor tennis courts, a covered tennis stadium (utilized for cultural events, car shows and other events), and a tri-baseball field are also located in the park. Parking is currently inadequate for large events. Anew footbalUsoccer field and parking area will be developed on lands located to the west of the Hoolulu Complex on Manono Street. The County is currently workin with the owners of these lands to secure the site for its expansion plans. The Hilo Armory is utilized for county programs, [private fundraising] and organized sport events. It also houses various county [offices.] agencies. Five miles south of [the City of] Hilo, the County maintains the Panaewa Recreation Complex located on a 173-acre parcel. The complex includes the Rainforest Zoo and the 290 Recreation Equestrian Center, consisting of a race track, [and] rodeo [facilities.] arena, and other equestrian facilities. The County also maintains the [Panaewa] Hilo Drag Strip (70.66 acres) located east of Railroad Avenue. There is a three-fourth mile race track, spectator area and other support facilities. Also near the drag strip is aCounty-operated skeet and trap range. Most beach areas in the district have little depth due to coastal roads or residential lots. Parking is often a problem and vehicles occupy valuable recreation area. There are [seven] eieht developed beaches with about 3,000 linear feet of shoreline in Hilo. These are the Hilo Bayfront~,J Beach, Mokuola SCoconut [Isle,] Island Reed's Bay, Onekahakaha[,] Beach Park, Leleiwi[,] Beach Park, ames Kealoha[,] Beach Park, Carlsmith, and Richardson Ocean Park Beaches. Lihikai ~Onekahakahal has a small sand beach with shallow water and is especially good for children. There is a [2] two-mile stretch of coastline from Lehia Beach Park through Lihikai (Onekahakaha) [which] that can be developed for recreation. The Reed's Bay area and Kuhio Bay (Baker's Beach) have sand beaches with potential for more intensive recreational use. The County has [three] two General use oceanfront parks: Liliuokalani Gardens [-Coconut Island (22.5 acres),] (19 acresl, currently underaoinG extensive renovation and modification to improve accessibility, and Bayfront-Mooheau Park (20.9 acres)[, and Reed's Bay Beach Park (3.8 acres)]. Near the mouth of the Wailoa River is the [State] State's [has a 149.6-acre [park] Wailoa River State Recreation Area, [with] that includes a pond maintained as a public fishing area. These parks provide scenic landscaped open space and are used for picnicking, pleasure walking, quiet relaxation, and fishing. Large pavilions at Wailoa River State Recreation Area are frequently used for community meetings and banquets. Mooheau Park has a bandstand [which] that is used for community gatherings and events. Noise from the nearby highway, however, often interferes with the use of the bandstand. Steep cliffs make the coastal waters of the northern portion of the South Hilo district inaccessible except at the mouths of a few large gulches. North of [the city of] Hilo are two beach parks located at the [mouth] mouths of gulches. Honolii Beach Park (2.77 acres) is used primarily by surfers. Kolekole [Beach] Gulch Park at Wailea is used mainly for picnicking and camping with limited swimming in the stream. The County's 4.9-acre park at Kaumana Caves and the Wailuku River State Park (16.3 acres) in Hilo and Akaka Falls State Park (65.4 acres) in Honomu have outstanding natural features. The State maintains a scenic viewpoint at Alealea Point and the County has [one] a scenic viewpoint at Onomea Lookout Point. The three forest reserves in South Hilo offer limited wilderness recreation, primarily hunting and camping. The Waiakea Arboretum is used as a demonstration area for visitors. There are three facilities for small boats in Hilo. One is located at the mouth of the Wailoa River and is used by fishing craft and other power boats. A launching ramp is provided. 291 Recreation The others are moorages with minimal facilities in Reed's Bay and Radio Bay [which are] used by sailboats. An 18-hole municipal golf course with an area of 164.9 acres is located in the Waiakea Homesteads area. [However, improvements such as parking areas are needed.] A 9-hole privately owned golf course (63.2 acres) is located on the Waiakea Peninsula. Three privately-owned museums provide educational resources to the community The Pacific Tsunami Museum memorializes those who have lost their lives in tsunamis. Hawaii Shima .Tapanese Immigrant Museum chronicles the solicitation of Tapanese nationals to work the sugar plantations and vividly illustrates their strong traditional cultural heritage and entrepreneurial spirit in braving adversities. The Lyman House and Memorial Museum [is the district's only museum. It is privately owned.) strives to promote awareness and instill community pride by presenting programs and exhibits relating to the culturah artistic, religious, and historical heritage of Hawaii. Courses of Action • [Develop] Maintain Clem Akina Park, Gilbert Carvalho Pazk, Keikiland Playground and Wainaku Camp 2 Field as community recreation centers [with improved drainage and landscaping, a sitting area for passive recreation, and play sculpture and equipment]. • Improve Kalakaua Park as an open space amenity and the focal point of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area. Provide shaded areas with benches at Keikiland, Villa Franca.] • Encourage the [State to maintain a strip] development of a park along both sides of the Wailuku River in the central business district of Hilo and provide major viewpoints with pedestrian walkways and benches. • Community and/or neighborhood recreational areas should be provided in areas such as Piihonua, upper Ponahawai, Kaumana-Ainako, upper Kaumana, Haihai, and upper Waiakea and at Kulaimano Subdivision]. • Develop urban commercial areas with [small] landscaped parks for passive recreation. • Expand the depth of coastal recreation areas. Park areas should be connected with trails to increase public access. • Develop the coastal area between Lehia and Lihikai for [recreation.] recreational use. 292 Recreation • Develop Reed's Bay for more intensive water-oriented recreation. • Encourage the State to develop [an adequate] a small boat harbor and additional moorage facilities. • Develop Kuhio Bay and the Baker's Beach area as a public recreational facility. • Encourage the implementation of the "Environmental and Urban Design Proposals, East Hawaii Project, City of Hilo," and the "Downtown Hilo Redevelopment Plan" for the [open space ofJ Kaiko'o and Bayfront areas. This includes the deepening of Waiolama Canal, the development of the proposed Waiolama River State Park, the elimination of Bayfront [Drive] Hiehway and the widening and realigning of Kamehameha Avenue, and the establishment of botanical gardens. • Provide trail and access systems to recreational areas. • [Provide a large auditorium which can be used for] Develop a center/complex [and] for major cultural [events.], educational and recreational activities. • Develop a second municipal golf course. • Return Kaumana Caves Countv Park, a natural resource recreation area, to the jurisdiction of the State. NORTH HILO Pro61e Recreational facilities in the North Hilo district are generally limited. The population of the area is small and scattered and transportation is a major problem. The community at Ookala has a gymnasium and ballfield [provided by the sugaz company while] that were previously owned. by the susar plantation but are now owned and maintained by the Countv. The Papaaloa community has a county gymnasium, community center, ballfield, and tennis courts. In Laupahoehoe, community groups use the former Court House as a meeting place. The Laupahoehoe School complex, with a 6-acre playfield, a gymnasium, two tennis courts and a County swimming pool, is also used by the community. There is an old gymnasium at Laupahoehoe Peninsula [which is] used primarily by [senior citizens] area residents for various functions. Two parks are located [at] adjacent to the [mouth] mouths of the larger gulches. Waikaumalo Park at Honohina is 3.4 acres in size and offers stream swimming and picnicking. 293 Recreation Laupahoehoe [Peninsula] Point Beach Park has an area of 24 acres and is being developed to serve as a regional recreation area. Facilities include a playfield, a boat ramp, four picnic shelters and a large pavilion. Camping, picnicking and fishing are featured activities in this scenic location. The water, however, is unsafe for swimming and the parking area is not defined. A [new boat launching ramp is being proposed] joint effort undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the County,] provided the community with a new breakwater and boat launching ramp. Within the district are the Hilo Forest Reserve (54,020 acres) and the Manowaialee Forest Reserve (1,410 acres). Neither have facilities and are knot much] rarely used for recreation. Courses of Action • Implement the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Pazk master plan. • Implement] Improve the boat launching [ramp] facilities at Laupahoehoe Peninsula[.] by encouraging the Army Corps of Engineers to extend the breakwater. HAMAKUA Profile With the combined recreational facilities made available by the former sugaz company, the schools[,] and the County, the communities of the Hamakua district are adequately served. [If private facilities are discontinued or not maintained, however, pubic ones will be needed.] The sugar company [provides] previously provided neighborhood playground and playfield facilities in Haina and Paauhau. The County [has leased] now owns the ballfield in Haina and the ballfield and gym at Paauilo Park from the sugar company. Haina has a lighted softball field with bleachers which has been used for State tournaments]. A community center was built by the [county) County at the] Paauilo [park] Park [.Paauhau has a playfield, community hall and tennis courts, and Paauilo] which, in addition, has [a] an inadequately lighted (playfield] field and gym. [However, there is inadequate lighting at the Paauilo Park.] The Paauilo community also uses the [5] five-acre school playfield. There is a 3.9-acre playfield and a social hall in Kukuihaele which is administered by the County. The old school lot in Ahualoa has been set aside as a park but is yet undeveloped. The Ahualoa Community Association has expressed an interest to lease and develop this site.] In Honokaa, the school grounds serve as a [regional recreation center] district park (which is] administered by the Department of Education. Other facilities include a 4.5-acre playfield, a swimming pool (County-owned and maintained), and a National Guard gym. [South Kohala residents also use these facilities.] Honokaa has a large [county] County-developed pazk 294 Recreation with two ballfields, [and] afootball/track field,[.] and a [A] gymnasium facility [is presently being constructed here]. The (county] County also owns a rodeo azena mauka of the Hawaii Belt Highway. The Hamakua Country Club, a 9-hole golf course (19 acres) facility, is privately owned. Two wildland State parks provide facilities for hiking, picnicking, camping and hunting. Cabins are available for overnight use. Mauna Kea State Recreation Area is 20 acres in size and his] located in the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From this park, there is a hiking trail to the summit of Mauna Kea. During the winter months, the summit of Mauna Kea provides opportunities for skiing and other snow sports. Kalopa State Recreation Area (100 acres) is located in a native ohia forested area five mites southeast of Honokaa. The State Division of Forestry and Wildlife administers four game management areas with a total area of about 290,000 acres. These provide an extensive area for hunting. There are also three forest reserves within this district [which] that can be used for hunting, hiking, nature study, and wilderness camping. No facilities aze provided and access to the forest reserves is limited. The County maintains a scenic lookout azea above Waipio Valley [which] that has a shelter and facilities for picnicking. There is a State hiking trail into the [adjacent] adioining valleys, including Waimanu Valley. Courses of Action Encourage close coordination between private and public recreation agencies.] • Construct multiaurpose rooms adiacent to the gymnasium in Honokaa Park to accommodate community meetings and functions. • Encourage the recreational development of Waipio and Waimanu Valleys as natural and wilderness areas. Encourage the State to provide small recreation sites on the edge of Waipio Valley. • Encourage the development of a general use park in the Kaao-Ahualoa section of the Hamakua Forest Reserve as recommended by the Hamakua community]. ~ • Develop the former school lot in Ahualoa as a neighborhood park as the need arises.] • Develop] Encourage the State to develoa a scenic park on the Kohala side of Hiilawe Falls [after the completion] in coniunction with the development of the scenic highway. 295 Recreation NORTH KOHALA Profile Scattered settlement in the North Kohala district makes it difficult for residents to get to recreation areas. Parks in this district consist of two school grounds and four County parks. The Halaula Middle Annex for Kohala High and Intermediate Schools formerly the Halaula Elementary School, has a 5-acre playfield, [and] playground, and basketball court used by [children] residents in the area. Kohala High School has a gym, playground, track, and a 4.5- acre playfield. The gym is used by the community for gatherings. Kamehameha Pazk in Kapaau is a major [community] district park hand hasJ with an area of 18.4 acres. Facilities include a grandstand, lighted playfield, lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a large gymnasium community center complex. The park, however, is not large enough to accommodate people at] major events. A community park to serve the Kahei area is being proposed Along the windward coast of the district, the County's Keokea Beach Park at Niulii, with an area of 7.1 acres and two pavilions, is the only developed beach area. Swimming [here, however,] at this park is limited because of ocean conditions. On the leeward side of the district are two County beach parks. Kapaa Beach Park has a total area of 28.3 acres, but only a small portion has been developed. Mahukona Beach Park has a total area of less than three acres and is located close to the harbor, which is popular for fishing and swimming. The harbor has a launching derrick maintained by the County but lacks docking and mooring facilities for small boats. Parking is inadequate at these beach parks. With the approval in 1993 of the proposed 240-unit Mahukona Resort on lands adiacent to Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks the Hawaii County Council required the developer to provide various improvements to both Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks. These improvements will include facilities for active recreational uses and improvements to the existing access roadway pavilion and restroom facilities. among others. Improvements to Kapaa Beach Park include accommodations for camping and passive recreational uses and the construction of restrooms and additional parking. The Pololu Valley lookout at Niulii has limited parking but no other facilities. The valley itself is an area of scenic beauty. An access trail from the lookout descends into the valley. The State manages three historical parks: Lapakahi State Historical Park, Kamehameha I Birthsite State Monument, and the Mookini Heiau State Monument. Courses of Action Encourage the development of Pololu Valley as a recreation area with a minimum of man-made elements.] • [Encourage the use of the total area of] Expand facilities at Kapaa Beach Pazk. 296 Recreation • Encourage the State to further develop the Lapakahi complex as a historic park and establish a marine park]. • Recommend the expansion of small boat harbor facilities at Mahukona Harbor [and multi-use recreation area on adjacent lands]. • Expand the multi-use recreation areas at Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks. • Encouraae the State to dedicate approximately 12 acres of its lands surroundine Mahukona Beach Park to the County to accommodate the expansion of Mahukona Beach Park. • Encourage the development of the Upolu Point azea for recreation, including access to fishing areas. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Recreation areas in the South Kohala district are limited. The Waimea Elementary and Intermediate School has a playground and a gymnasium used during school days; and jointly operated by the County after school hours. The County's Waimea Park (10.5 acres) is the district's recreation center with a community center, playfields and facilities for spectators, tennis courts, restrooms, and an attractive playground for young children. One playfield and the tennis courts are provided with lights for night activities. This park is often a rest and picnic stop for travelers. Parking, however, is undefined and restroom facilities are inadequate. The County also maintains a 2.8-acre passive roadside park area in Waimea. A four-acre neiEhborhood park was developed in Waikoloa Village and a community park adjacent to the Waikoloa School is currently bein¢ developed. The Waimea community center is a [county] Coun facility. A senior citizen center is operated by the County at the former courthouse in Waimea. There are private rodeo facilities at Parker Ranch and Waikoloa. The district of South Kohala should now have at least 30 acres of community recreation areas.] The island's major white sand beaches stretch along the coast of South Kohala. Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area and the County's Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park are the major developed areas. The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway between Kawaihae and Kailua has made the beaches of South Kohala more accessible. Hapuna is 61.1 acres in size and is the major water-oriented recreation area in the County. Samuel M. Spencer Park near Kawaihae Harbor 297 Recreation has an area of 13.4 acres and a sandy coastline of approximately 1,200 feet. The water is shallow and is [especially] frequently used by family groups. Both Hapuna Beach and Samuel M. Spencer Parks receive intensive use. [Facilities and parking are inadequate.] In addition to these public beach parks, public access to the beaches at Anaehoomalu, Mauna Lani, and Mauna Kea have been provided. [Plans exist to locate the improved and expanded] The perimeter breakwater of the Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor [north of the beach park.] is now complete. This new breakwater was constructed at the southern end of the harbor by the Armv Corps of Engineers in 1998. Infrastructure will be added by the State when funding can be appropriated. The present small boat harbor has [catwalks for 33 boats and mooring] moorings for [12.] 40 boats and a pier with 3-point (Tahitian-style) moorings that can accommodate six boats. The National Park Service manages the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site [which overlooks the] overlooking Samuel M. Spencer Beach Pazk. There are 18-[holes] hole golf course sites located at the Mauna Kea [Beach Hotel] Resort 2 ,Waikoloa Village, Mauna Lani [Hotel] Resort 2 ,and [Sheraton] Waikoloa Resort (2). These courses are privately owned but open to the public. Also open to the public is the 18-hole Waimea Country Club. Courses of Action • Encourage the full implementation of the Hapuna Beach State Park Master Plan including Wailea Bay Area. • [Implement the Spencer Park development plan.] Improve picnic and camping facilities at Samuel M. Spencer Beach Pazk. • [Reserve, acquire] Ac uire and develop additional public shoreline recreation areas [in South Kohala]. • Encourage the establishment of neighborhood [park reserves in the district.] ap rks• • Ensure public use of and access to beach aeeas [in South Kohala]. Implement the development of the petroglyph fields at Puako as a historic park. • Recommend the State to implement plans for small boat harbor facilities at Kawaihae.] • Develop [and implement a master plan] parking areas for Waimea Park [to include basketball courts, improved parking and restrooms]. 298 Recreation • Develop additional recreational facilities in Waimea, including an approximate 30-acre regional park on land to be donated by Parker Ranch. • Encourage the expansion of outdoor recreational areas around Waimea School. Playfields and four neighborhood playground sites shall be set aside within Waikoloa.] • Develop recreational facilities in Waikoloa, including an enclosed community center/sports complex. • Develop trail systems linking residential areas to Waimea's urban center. • Support the passive use of Church Row Park. • Encourage development of Waimea Trails & Greenways and Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau). NORTH KONA Profile The existing recreational areas and facilities in the North Kona district are generally inadequate. (The almost 18,500] Approximately 27,400 residents are served by nine County parks. Hale Halawai (3.2 acres) provides a meeting place for the community and also serves as a [rest stop and) picnic area. Acoustics are poor and parking is inadequate. The distance of Hale Halawai from mauka areas is a problem for many residents in the district. The small Kailua Playground (0.7 acre) is used by Kailua residents for tennis and basketball; however, its limited area restricts active team sports. The Hill Crest Subdivision Park is too small for competitive team sports has no restroom facility] and has inadequate parking. The Harold H. Higashihara Park is also too small for competitive team sports, although its tennis and outdoor basketball courts and newly constructed playground aze well utilized and a small playground with swings for children and a pavilion are available]. The one-acre school yard at Holualoa is used for organized sports. Holualoa School and the Kona Imin Center in Holualoa also serve as community centers for meetings, social gatherings, and recreational purposes. The newly completed Kealakehe High School offers facilities that are open to the public during non-school hours. Kealakehe currently has a gymnasium, two general use playfields, four tennis courts and outdoor basketball courts. The general use playfields also accommodate baseball, football, soccer and track activities. Construction is in progress to provide dugouts, bleachers and other improvements to these plavfields. 299 Recreation The Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) consists of [ 14] 34 acres and provides lighted fields for baseball, softball, and football. New baseball and soccer fields were recently constructed. Also situated here are four lighted tennis courts [and a bike (BMX) track]. The old terminal building houses restrooms, [and] offices[/], and a meeting place. [Nineteen (19) additional acres, acquired in a 40-year lease from the State in 1986, will be used to develop a] A multipurpose gymnasium track and field/football stadium, baseball stadium] was completed in 1993 and a 50-meter Olympic-size swimming pool was completed in 1999. Using the ratio of 5.0 acres of recreation area for every 1,000 people, the district of North Kona should now have at least [91 ] 137 acres of area for community recreation. The County has three developed beach parks in North Kona. [White Sand Beach (Disappearing Sands)] Laaloa Bay Beach Park is located along Alii Drive south of [Kailua.] Kailua-Kona. Pahoehoe Beach Park is located north of the White [Sand] Sands Beach. Kahaluu Beach Park (5.4 acres), also along Alii Drive, is located in close proximity to the hotels at Keauhou and receives intensive use from visitors and residents. The park also has a unique and readily accessible coral garden with an abundance of marine life. It is usually overcrowded [and has inadequate parking facilities]. There are three small boat harbors in the district: Kailua Bay, Keauhou, and Honokohau. Honokohau harbor has a capacity for 450 small boats and has other facilities to accommodate boat repair, restaurant, dry storage, eta The Kailua Bay anchorage provides limited docking facilities and offshore anchorage for small boats and commercial charter and tour boats. The wharf is used as a promenade, a fishing area, and is the center of the Annual Billfish Tournament. Parking and comfort facilities are inadequate. The nearby small sand beach is used for swimming. Keauhou Boat Harbor is a small marina and has a launching ramp as does Honokohau. Facilities are inadequate. The Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is the only developed State park. Activities at this 84-acre coastal park include picnicking, sunbathing, fishing, wading, tidepooling, and surfing. Facilities include a special events pavilion[.] and a jogging path. Kekaha Kai State Park (formerly known as Kona Coast State Park) is a 1,700-acre park and wildlife sanctuary situated alone the coast between the ahupuaa of Kukio to the north and Kaulana to the south. Facilities at the park are minimal with portable toilets and a Graded, unpaved access road and parkins area at Mahaiula. A conceptual plan for the park was developed in 1998, and will provide low intensity use of the park to preserve the unique natural, cultural and recreational resources of the area. Most of the limited facilities within the park, such as an activity center, Park Ambassador's residence, picnic facilities, restrooms and a dry botanical Barden, will be concentrated at Mahaiula. Access roads and parking areas will be provided at both the northern and southern ends of the park near Kua and Mahaiula Bavs, respectively. Awakee will remain a wilderness area and Manini'owali will be an intermediate level activity area adjacent to the resort and residential developments of Kaupulehu and Kukio. 300 Recreation There [is a 27] are two 18-hole golf (course] courses at Keauhou jwhich is privately owned. Another 9 more holes aze proposed to be constructed.] and a private 18-hole course at Puuanahulu. Makalei, and the Hualalai Resort. The Honuaula Forest Reserve on the upper western slopes of Hualalai is used for limited wilderness recreation. No facilities are available and access roads are privately owned and in poor condition. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of community and district recreational facilities, a gymnasium and community center with easy access for residents. • Encourage the development of Alii Drive within the Kailua Village area as a pedestrian mall with open space areas for passive recreation. • Improve facilities at White Sand] Laaloa Bay Beach Park and [expand] Kahaluu Beach Park. • Implement the development of the Kailua Pazk (Old Kona Airport) as a major regional or district park. • Encourage the development of a maior multi-purpose regional recreational and sports complex. • [Reserve, acquire and develop] Acquire, and/or encourage the development of additional public shoreline recreation aeeas [in North Kona]. • Establish public access to and the development of shoreline regions along the North Kona Coast Aso as to provide recreational opportunities] in areas such as Keawaiki, Kiholo Bay, Kaupulehu, Kukio and Kapapa Bays, Kua Bay, Kahoiawa, Makalawena, [Mahaiula,] and Honokohau. • Encourage the State to continue with the establishment of Kekaha Kai State Park reaching into Mahaiula, Awakee, and Maniniowali Ahupuaa. • Protect the marine life at Kahaluu Bay. • Protect Opaeula, Kaloko, and Honokohau (Aimakapa) Ponds as natural areas. • Encourage the development of historic trails. • Develop a municipal golf course. 301 Recreation • Encourage the establishment of a historic pazk at Kamoa Point [and protect the historic sites]. • Encourage the acquisition and establishment of the summit area of Hualalai as a wilderness park. • Increase mauka park lands. SOUTH KONA Profile In all of South Kona there is one [community] district recreation center, the County's Arthur C. Greenwell Park (2.7 acres) in Captain Cook. Facilities include tennis and basketball courts, a newly developed playground, and a lighted playfield. Multipurpose facilities at Rodney J.T. Yano Memorial Hall are utilized by the County, individuals, and community organizations. Kona Scenic Park, a neighborhood park, has a baseball/football field Outdoor],outdoor courts, and a restroom [and pazking facilities are being proposed]. The Konawaena School in Kealakekua has a swimming pool (County-owned and maintained), a gymnasium [and playfield area.], baseball and football fields, four tennis courts, and an eight lane all-weather track. [The playfield area is inadequate to serve both school and community needs.] Communities in North Kona [which do not have] without recreation areas use this field. School yards at Hookena and Honaunau Schools aze available for community use. Honaunau School has a small playfield used by community organizations and teams from as far away as Milolii. The playground and restrooms are available only during school hours. Hookena School has lighted basketball and volleyball courts and a small playfield. These are occasionally used by community teams. [For the present population (6,730) of South Kona, at least 34 acres of land are needed to adequately meet recreation needs. ~ There are four developed beach parks and two beach park reserves in the district. The County beach parks are small and have limited facilities. Milolii Beach Park (1.2 acres), on the old school grounds, has very limited facilities for camping, picnicking, fishing, and swimming. Hookena Beach Park (3.4 acres) is about 60 feet wide and 600 feet long [and has] with outstanding scenic qualities. The Pu'uhonua O' Honaunau National Historic Park at Honaunau Bay consists of 182 acres and provides opportunities for fishing, swimming, and picnicking. There aze also interpretive trails to significant historic sites. Tidepools are easily accessible and the offshore waters are excellent for snorkeling and diving. 302 Recreation An undeveloped beach reserve is located at Manini Point (5.6 acres) on the southern shore of Kealakekua Bay. At the southeast shore of Kealakekua Bay is the Hikiau Heiau State Monument (0.8 acres) [which] that has been incorporated into the presently undeveloped Kealakekua Bay State Historical Pazk. The [county's] State's Napoopoo Beach Pazk is located adjacent and to the south of the Hikiau Heiau. Rich in coral and fish display, adjacent to the Captain Cook Monument, is the Kealakekua Bay State Underwater Pazk consisting of 315 acres. The bay provides opportunities for snorkeling, scuba diving, and glass bottom viewing to observe the mazine life in this underwater habitat. The South Kona Forest Reserve consists of 23,322 acres and offers limited wilderness recreation accessible by a few trails. Courses of Action • Expand and/or develop recreational facilities in existing [and urbanizing] communities. • Establish, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, additional recreational facilities at Konawaena, Honaunau, and Hookena Schools. • Encourage the development of a district recreation center with the cooperation of public and private agencies. • Encourage the development of the coastal area for public recreational use. • Encourage the development of a historic pazk at Kealakekua Bay and protect historic sites and scenic aspects of the area. Provide a conservation buffer around Kealakekua Bay. • Encourage the development of beach park reserves as natural areas and the improvement of existing beach parks. • (Recommend] Encourage the further development of Honaunau Bay as a historic park with recreational opportunities. • [Recommend that] Encourage the development of Honomalino Bay [become] as a beach reserve. • [Implement the development plans for] Encourage the development of Palemano Point and Hookena(.] areas for public recreational opportunities. • Develop and provide cultural facilities and programs. 303 Recreation KA'U Profile Naalehu [district park,] P~ Waiohinu and Pahala community parks and their school yards provide community recreation areas. There is a plantation community center in Pahala and [aJ County community [center] centers in Naalehu and Pahala that are used for community and private functions. In addition, there is a (county] Coun swimming pool at the Ka'u Hiah School campus in Pahala. Several neighborhood pazk sites have been reserved in subdivisions in the Kahuku area. (These sites are undeveloped as the population is small and scattered.] The new Kahuku Park is on a four-acre site in Ocean View. The new park will include a ba116e1d, basketball court, playaround, pavilion and restroom facilities. There is a lack of beaches with safe swimming areas in the district. There are two developed beach parks in Ka'u: Whittington Beach Park (0.8 acre) in Honuapo Bay and Punaluu Black Sand Beach Park (6.0 acres). Swimming at Whittington Beach Park is hazardous due to rough seas. The area is scenic and used for picnicking, camping, and (as a] a rest stop for travelers. The black sand beach at Punaluu is an easily accessible swimming area [which] that is heavily used. It is often crowded and has inadequate parking. [The small County pazk is located in a lava area not fronted by the sand beach and swimming area.] The adjacent County park is located on a lava plateau on the southwest side of the bay. South Point (Ka Lae) offers unique scenic landscape, historic sites, and good fishing. The Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands' Kamaoa park site, consisting of 28.8 acres, is undeveloped. Manuka State Wayside, a botanical gazden with picnicking facilities, serves as a rest stop for travelers. The Kilauea State Recreation Area near the national park boundary in Volcano has one furnished cabin. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Pazk consists of [201,007] 229,176 acres and features geologic phenomena and wildlife. Facilities for picnicking and camping as well as good hiking trails are located throughout the park. There are also forest reserves in the district, but they have poor access and lack facilities. The 18-hole golf courses in the Ka'u district are located at Discovery Harbor, Volcano Country Club, and Punaluu (SeaMountain). These golf courses are privately owned and [opened open to the public. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of a swimming facility [and instructional program] in Naalehu. 304 Recreation • Develop parks [in subdivisions in the Kahuku azea] in Ocean View, commensurate with population growth. • Encourage the establishment of the Punaluu-Ninole Springs region as a recreation area. • Encourage the State Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands to develop the South Point area for recreational opportunities [The Kamaoa park site could be utilized as a camping park]. • Recommend the development of Kaalualu Bay as a remote camping-beach park. • Encourage the State [Division of Forestry and Wildlife] Department of Land and Natural Resources to develop wilderness recreation uses of the Kapua- Manuka Forest Reserve. • Encourage the restoration of Ninole Pond as a recreation area. • Encoura¢e land acquisition surroundine Whittington Beach Park to allow for its expansion and the construction of a parkinH area. 305 Recreation TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Transportation is the systems and modes of conveyance of people and goods from place to place. It can be considered the major infrastmctural element of an area. The different elements of the transportation system ideally need to be planned through an integrated and comprehensive process [which] that includes land use planning. The coordinated planning of transportation facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of the modes of conveyance and the patterns and densities of the area [which] that they are intended to serve. The purpose of transportation planning is to provide faster, safer, [more] efficient and more pleasant travel, as limited by the [financial] ability [of the area] to [pay for it.] Finance the cost of transportation. [As transportation] Because transportation systems are expensive to construct and maintain, great care and foresight [are needed in developing plans for them.] are necessary when developing plans for its construction. Modern transportation planning emphasizes the total transportation system rather than isolated facilities. It considers all modes of transport which are economical in an area, as well as all types of improvements, including traffic engineering improvements. The island [of Hawaii) is faced with an increasing demand for the development of new transportation facilities and systems. Over the past [two] three decades, [numerous] a number of maior transportation projects have been completed, while many others are in the planning stage. Much of the current construction, however, is either expansion or improvement of existing systems of facilities. A sizable portion of the new construction [which is] either planned or underway is but an incremental part of a long-range program. ~In recent years, the County of Hawaii has seen the construction of major highways, the expansion of harbor facilities, the expansion of the Hilo Airport, and the development of an unique airport in the midst of barren lava at Keahole Point.] Since the adoption of the General Plan in 1971. the County has seen the construction of maior hiehways, the expansion of its airport and harbor facilities and the establishment of a mass transit system. The 1970s saw the construction of the 35-mile Iona Oueen Kaahumanu Highway (Hiahwav 19) that provided access to the coastal areas between Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona. Since its openine in 1970, the runway and terminal facilities at the Kona International Airoort at Keahole has been expanded to accommodate increased passeneer traffic and international fliehts. The State has developed master plans for its hiehwav, airport and harbor facilities to accommodate anticipated demands in the use of its facilities. Similarly, the State, in coordination with the County, prepared the Hawaii Lone Ranee Land Transportation Plan (1998) that identified the island's maior land transportation improvement needs to support the County's projected growth to the Year 2020. Funding sources for future improvements may have to be expanded given decreasing Federal and State government capital expenditures. Traditionally, much of the funds for the 306 Transportation major elements of the transportation system have come from these levels of govemment. In recent years, however, such funding has been declining and [thus] the financing of these improvements directly by the private sector may be required. These funding considerations will become more significant as the level of federal government financial support declines. The different elements of a transportation system should be planned [together] in conjunction with the overall land use plan of the County. To be effective, transportation planning as a "team task" requires the coordinated efforts of trained persons from a number of fields. Aside from these professionals, [citizen] community participation [and], awareness and understanding are also vitally important. [L.] TRANSPORTATION GOALS • Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically. • Make available a variety of modes of transportation [which] that best meets the needs of the County. POLICIES • A framework of transportation facilities [which] that will promote and influence desired land use shall be established by concerned agencies. • The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present traffic and future demands, including the prosrammed development of mass transit programs for high growth areas[.] by both the private and public sectors. • The improvement of transportation service shall be encouraged. • Consider the provision of adequate transportation svstems to enhance the economic viability of a liven area. • Develop a comprehensive, islandwide multi-modal transportation plan that identifies the location and operation of automobile, mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian svstems, in coordination with appropriate Federal and State asencies. • Work with various non-profit asencies to coordinate transportation opportunities. 307 Transportation jSTANDARD]STANDARDS • Transportation systems shall meet the requirements of the U.S. Deuartment of Transaortation, State Department of Transportation and the County of Hawaii. • Transaortation facilities and systems shall conform Lo the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act fADA). • Transaortation systems shall conform with desi¢n euidelines established by the American Association of State Hiahwav and Transaortation Officials (AASHTO) The following sections on Highways and Streets] Roadways and Transportation Terminals are sub-elements of the overall transportation element. 308 Transportation [THOROUGHFARES & STREETS] ROADWAYS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The mobility of today's population is expected to increase. Population growth and increased car ownership will continue and will require additional measures for improving transportation[.] facilities. [Thoroughfares and streets] Roadwavs, as well as other elements of the transportation system, provide the connecting links between destination points. In planning vehicular transportation, the various systems take into consideration activities or land uses that will continue to generate traffic. New major highways are expected to create new and productive land uses in appropriate locations. [Thoroughfares and streets] Roadwavs must be planned with other transportation elements, as all contribute to the total movement of people and goods. The planning and design of [the thoroughfares and streets] roadways must also consider the area through which the corridor passes, the scenic vistas available, the potential for multiple uses of the right-of-way, and the impacts that may occur in the surrounding lands within the limits of feasibility and quality road design. Roadway systems in Hawaii County are generally financed through Federal, State, and County programs. Recent funding limitations are reducing the availability of such monies[, however, and thus]. Conseauently, additional sources will have to be sought to implement the needed improvements. The County of Hawaii has ~ 1,294] 1393 miles of public roads. This includes [319] 394 miles of State highways and [975] proximately 879 miles of County roads. [Portions] Some of these [systems] roads do not meet present standards and require improvements. Of the [975 miles of County roads, 77 miles or 8%] approximately 879 miles of roads maintained by the County, 24 miles or 2.7 per cent are unpaved. There are also drainage and flooding problems along many highways and streets, as well as traffic congestion in some areas. There are approximately 360 miles of primary and secondary arterials within the Countv that provide the maior intra-island route between the maior urban centers of Hilo Kailua-Kona and Waimea and the maior commercial airports and harbors Maior and minor collectors total approximately 200 miles. Local streets comprise about half of the total number of miles of public roads or approximately 600 miles The Countv-owned and maintained roads as detailed in the previous paragraph do not include the many miles of homestead roads or "paper" roads throughout the island Under the terms of the Highways Act of 1892 and Chapter 264 Hawaii Revised Statutes 1HRS), all roads existing at the time of adoption of the Highways Act were declared to be 309 Transportation public hiehwavs. In addition public hiehwavs include all roads alleys streets ways lanes btkewavs, and bridges laid out on paper or built by the Territorial State or County governments since 1892. A 1999 State Attorney General opinion clarified that all public hiehwavs are Countv hiehwavs unless declared by Chanter 264 HRS to be under State jurisdiction. The implications of this upon the County's ability to effectively manage its roadwav svstems have not vet been clearly defined What is clear is that additional resources are needed to fairly and adeouately address the added responsibility of maintaining what the Department of Public Works estimates to be anywhere from 500 to 800 mdes of homestead roads, manv of which are unpaved and have not been maintained for manv veers. Assuming that the general public will not accept a large reduction in maintenance and repair activities of the other 1000 miles of Countv-owned roads additional funding is essential to systematically integrate the maintenance of these homestead roads into the Department of Public Works maintenance program The major highway [system ofJ svstems on the island [is] are the Hawaii Belt Highway[.] and the Mamalahoa Highwav. which combined, link the major towns of all districts except North Kohala. This corridor has aspects of natural beauty [which] that have often been overlooked. To alleviate the problem of distance between east and west Hawaii, a [highway between these two areas is expected to be built.] project planned by the Federal, State and County governments would improve the commute along the narrow and winding Saddle Road (Highwav 2001, the only paved road serving the astronomical observatories on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa and the Pohakuloa Training Area This project will upgrade and modernize the Saddle Road to Federal highway design standards and address conflicts in its shared use by the general public and the military. Once completed the one-way commute time between East and West Hawaii could be reduced by twenty to thirty minutes. With the cooperation of various State and Countv agencies and citizen advisory committees, the Long Range Land Transportation Plan for the Island of Hawaii was developed in 1998 to identify the major land transportation improvement needs to support theproiected growth of the Countv to the Year 2020. Various State and Countv roadwav systems located throughout the island were identified for improvement including the reconstruction of Saddle Road (Highwav 2001 and the widening of Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav (Highwav 19) to four lanes between Waikoloa Road and Kona International Airport at Keabole. In addition to the public road systems, there are numerous private roads. GOAL5 • Provide a system of [thoroughfares and streets] roadways for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods [between and within the various sections of the County]. • Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so that new major 310 Transportation routes will complement and encourage proposed land [uses.] olicies. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the programmed improvement of existing [thoroughfares and streets] roadways by both public and private sectors. • [The County shall investigate] investieate various methods of funding road improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing transportation needs of the island. • Encouraee the State to establish a continuous State hiehwav system connecting the County's major airports and harbors. • Support the development of programs to identify and improve hazardous and substandard sections of roadway and drainage problems. • [The County shall coordinate) Coordinate with appropriate Federal and State agencies for the funding of transportation projects for areas of anticipated growth. • Consider the development of alternative means of transportation such as mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian systems as a means to increase arterial capacity. • There shall be coordinated planning of Federal, State, and County street systems to meet program goals of the other elements such as historic, recreational, environmental quality, and land use. • Provisions for on-street parking shall be incorporated into the design of street systems. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the State Department of Transportation to establish special scenic routes within and between communities. • Transportation and drainage systems shall be integrated where feasible. • [The County shall support] Support the development of an efficient transit route between east and west Hawaii. [ • The design of urban streets shall consider their implications for urban design and potential multiple uses of the right-of-way within the limits of feasibility and quality road design. ~ 311 Transportation • Adopt street design standards that accommodate where appropriate flexibility in the design of streets to preserve the rural character of an area and encourage apedestrian-friendly design including landscaping and planted medians. • Develop minimum street standards for homestead and other currently substandard roadwavs that are offered for dedication to the Countv to ensure minimal levels of public safety. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of [pedestrian and bicycle facilities] walkways, logging, and bicycle paths within designated areas of the community. • Explore means and opportunities to enhance the shared use of the island's roadwavs by pedestrians and bicyclists, in coordination with appropriate government agencies and organizations. • The Bikeway Plan for the Countv of Hawaii (19791 shall be updated to include the development of a safe and usable bikeway system throughout the island. • [The County shall work] Work in conjunction with the State [or] to establish a clear agreement of the ownership and maintenance of the old homestead roads [which were laid out several decades ago]. All specific courses of actions shall be re-evaluated in conjunction with community development planning or other county land planning activities.] • [The County shall develop] Develo short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for transportation [which] that are consistent with the [County] General Plan. STANDARDS • Primary (RoutelArterial: Includes major highways, parkways, and primary arterials [which] that move vehicles in large volumes and at higher speeds from one geographic area to another; highest traffic volume corridor. Designed as a limited access roadwav. Primary arterials shall have a minimum right-of- way of 120 feet. • Secondary Arterial: A street of considerable continuity [which] that is primazily a traffic artery [for intercommunication] between or through large areas; interconnect with and augment primary system. Designed as a limited access roadwav. Secondary arterials shall have a minimum right-of-way of 80 feet 312 Transportation • Maior Collector fStreetl: Any street supplementary to the arterial street system [which] that is a means of transit between this system and smaller areas; used to some extent for through traffic and [to some extent for] to access [to] abutting properties; collect and distribute traffic between neighborhood and arterial system. Maior collectors shall have a minimum right-of-wav of 60 feet • Local Streets-commerciaVindustrial: Local streets within commercial and industrial areas shall have a minimum ri ht-of-wav of 60 feet • Minor Collector and Local lMinorl Streets: Minor collectors are used at times as through-streets and for access to abutting properties The principal purpose of a local street is to provide access to property abutting the public right- of-way lowest level of mobility]. • These standards shall apply to new construction. The County shall determine standards for the dedication and upgrade of existing roads 313 Transportation DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district with reference to [highways and streets.] roadways. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUMA Profile Primary routes within the Puna district are the Volcano Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 11), which provides access to Hilo and serves the upper Puna region; the Puna Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 130), serving lower Puna from Keaau to Kalapana-Kaimu; the Kapoho Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 132), from Pahoa to Kapoho; and the Puna Coast Road ([Hawaii] Hiehwav 137), linking Kapoho and Kalapana-Kaimu. The latter road is basically a [one-lane] narrow, paved cinder road [while the rest are all-weather, surfaced roads]. Recent uuerades have greatly improved Hiehwav 130 from Keaau to Kalapana and Hiehwav 11 from Hilo to Volcano However, [The] the majority of the roads throughout the district are inadequate by present standards [with the exception of the Volcano Road between Hilo and Keaau which is the only 4-lane divided highway on the island]. As the only two primary routes serving the district, Hiehwav 130 and Hiehwav 11 are coneested during the work week for Hilo-bound traffic as the population in the district continues to Brow. The recently completed Keaau By-Pass H~hway re-directs Hilo- and Pahoa-bound traffic around the town of Keaau avoiding the coneested intersection of Volcano Hiehwav-Keaau-Pahoa Road. Many sections of the roads in this district have drainage systems that do not meet present standards or have sharp curves and grades without adequate [sighting] sight distance. In several communities, buildings directly abut or encroach [on to] onto rights-of-way. Most private roads in large subdivisions are cinder-surfaced and deficient in layout and construction. [Limited] During the develoument of these large, substandard subdivisions in the 1950s and 1960s, limited attention [has been] was given to proper roadway base construction and drainage. There is also a network of private old plantation roads throughout the area. Courses of Action Primary arterial rights-of-way providing access to the district should be increased as necessary where they pass through relatively undeveloped lands. • The present Puna Coast Road, eventually to connect with the Chain of Craters Road, should be developed as a scenic parkway along the coast. Alignment should basically follow the existing road from the Kalapana end of the Chain of Craters Road to the proposed extension of the Saddle Road in the vicinity of the Hilo Airport. 314 Transportation • Anew road alignment to connect the junction of the Kapoho-Pohoiki Roads with the Pohoiki area should be constructed. This alignment will eliminate a series of curves in the present road.] • Explore the possibility of developing a mid-level roadway to be located makai of Highway 130, beginning at Hawaiian Beaches Subdivision and extending through Hawaiian Paradise Park Subdivision with its eventual connection to Railroad Avenue in South Hilo. Consider the establishment of a bikeway along the same alignment. • Consider, in conjunction with community associations and the property owners, the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide infrastructure in [the] non- conforming subdivisions[.], beginning with the major roads providing access into the more densely populated subdivisions. • [Major collector roads should run from: Opihikao to the Puna Road. Volcano Road to the coast pazkway along the Puna-South Hilo boundary. Volcano Road to the Saddle Road above Hilo along the existing Kulani Road. Upper portion of the National Park to a point approximately 2 miles west of Kalapana.] SOUTH HILO Profile The Hawaii Belt Highway (Highway 19) is the primazy traffic artery serving the district outside of [the city ofJ Hilo. Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway serve scattered residential areas such as Pepeekeo and Honomu. Several narrow roadways cross-connecting the Hawaii Belt Highway and the old Mamalahoa Highway serve upper homestead areas. There is also an intricate system of private, former plantation roads. [The city of) Hilo is a terminal point for the island-circling Hawaii Belt Highway. Augmenting [this primary highway system] the Hawaii Belt Highway is the trans-island Saddle Road. The Saddle Road route within the city follows major thoroughfares [which] that are congested, narrow, and/or winding. Planning and design is currently underway to improve and partially realign Highway 200 (Saddle Road) between Kaumana in East Hawaii and its connection to the Oueen Kaahumanu Highway iust south of Waikoloa in West Hawaii. The extension of Puainako Street in Hilo to connect with Highway 200 is currently in its 315 Transportation planning stages and will ultimately provide the final link in a much improved and safer trans-island connector between East and West Hawaii. Hilo's internal circulation system provides arterial and collector streets to handle traffic moving from one part of the city to another. However, except for Komohana Street below the mauka residential sections, the majority of the traffic flow in [the city ofJ Hilo is forced through the downtown area because of the lack of arterial connections. High traffic volume is also generated around the Hilo High and Hilo Intermediate School complexes during peak traffic hours. Kawailani and Puainako Streets also experience high traffic volumes during peak traffic hours as students arrive at the various public schools located nearby The Keaukaha area is served by a single main road, Kalanianaole Avenue that is vulnerable to the threat of tsunamis in this low-lying area. A portion of this road has been recently widened and improved. However, the unimproved portion remains [road that is totally] inadequate [for the proposed high density] to accommodate the existing uses in the area. The majority of the roads throughout the district do not meet present standazds. Many sections of the roads have sharp curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] sight distance. There are many streets with a maximum 40-foot right-of-way [which] that is below present standard, and many more that do not have designed pedestrian areas, or that drain poorly and lack curbs, gutters or swales. In many instances, there is no major surface drainage system to handle the increased runoff brought about as new lands are opened for construction development. Courses of Action • Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway, especially those serving Pepeekeo and Honomu, should be [widened] improved to provide a secondary north-south route along the Hamakua coast. • Major east-west collector roads between the old Mamalahoa Highway and the Belt Highway and those serving upper homestead areas should be widened and improved [to all-weather standards]. A marginal street or other means of handling ingress and egress, should be developed on the west side of Kanoelehua Avenue between Lanikaula and Piilani Streets to provide access to abutting properties.] • A realignment of the] Highway 200 SSaddle Roads from the Forest Reserve boundary on the south side of Kaumana Drive and along the north side of Puainako Street, intersecting the present Puainako alignment at Kinoole Street and continuing to the intersection of Kanoelehua Avenue should be constructed. Limited access control is recommended with intersections at the major cross arterials serving the various areas of the city. [Approximately 3-1/2 miles west of the Kanoelehua intersection on the Saddle Road, a secondary arterial acts as a continuation of Ponahawai Street.] 316 Transportation • Construct the aroaosed imarovements and extension of Hiehwav 200 (Saddle Road) from Kaumana Drive to the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav in South Kohala. • Widen and arovide curb, Butter and sidewalk imarovements alone Kilauea Avenue from Haihai Street to Ponahawai Street. • Widen and provide curb, nutter and sidewalk imarovements along Kinoole Street from Haihai Street to Olona Street • [A circumferential route should be constructed from the intersection of Stainback Highway and Volcano Road, through the Panaewa agricultural area, toward the airport industrial area, turning into the Kawili Street extension of the Kanoelehua Industrial Park, aligning with Iwalani Street and terminating at the Stainback Highway above the Volcano Road.] • [A Saddle Road extension] An extension of Puainako Street east of Kanoelehua should be the main route from the airport terminal for direct access to the business district. • Widen and improve Kekuanaoa Street from Kanoelehua Avenue to Kilauea Avenue. • Plan for the eventual closure of the Bavfront Hiehwav and the relocation of the existing Hiehwav 19-Pauahi Street intersection to an area in the vicinity of Ponahawai Street, in coordination with the State. • Ainako Street should extend across Kaumana Drive to meet the Mohouli extension to provide one of the major mauka cross-city connections. • [Widen Akolea Road to provide the uppermost cross-city connection from Piihonua to Kaumana and the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive.] Improve Akolea Road between Piihonua and Kaumana Drive and construct its extension to the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive to arovide a cross-city connection between Upper Wailuku and Waiakea-Uka. • Improve Waianuenue Avenue and Kaumana Drive along their entire alignments, including the acquisition of additional rights-of-way as needed Kawailani Street should be extended from its upper terminal point across the realigned Saddle Road to Kaumana, thus providing an additional cross-town route.] 317 Transportation NORTH HILO Profile The primary traffic circulation system through the district is the Hawaii Belt Highway (Highway 19). A secondary system [which is] also parallel to the shoreline is the existing Mamalahoa Highway, [which was] the major link between Hilo and Honokaa before the Hawaii Belt Highway to Honokaa was completed in 1960. The major highway through this district] The only means of access to the manv small towns within this district is via the Hawaii Belt Hi hwav which has many sharp curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] sight distance. Several [of the] bridges along this highway are narrow. Landslides also occur along certain portions of [his [system] roadwav during heavy rainfall. In addition to the roads paralleling the seacoast, many mauka-makai roads connect the lowlands to the upper homestead and agricultural belt. [These] Manv of these roads are maintained by the County [or the sugar companies] but were also maintained by the now- defunct sugar companies. Continued maintenance of these former plantation roadwavs is a concern that the County and the affected residents alone these roadwavs must strive to resolve. Courses of Action • [Improve mauka-makai maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private subdivision.] Restore and maintain existins homestead roads. • [Improve certain portions, specifically the 3 gulches, of the Hawaii Belt Highway.] Encourase the State Department of Transportation to improve those portions of the Hawaii Belt Hiehwav at Maulua Laupahoehoe and Kaawalii Gulches. • [Realignment ofJ Encourase the State Department of Transportation to realien that portion of the Hawaii Belt Highway at Kapehu Camp. • Encourase the State to install additional passing lanes at various sections along Hiehwav 19. 318 Transportation HAMAKUA Profile The Hawaii Belt Highway is the primary traffic artery connecting Hamakua to the Hilo and Kohala districts. Realignment and widening of the secondazy road through Honokaa and its continuation to Waipio Valley is completed.] complete. The pattern of circulation in Honokaa is overly dependent upon Mamane Street[.], the only roadway providing access through the town There is a lack of parallel loop circulation routes and most of the local traffic is on Mamane Street or sub-streets [which] that branch off [of] the main street. However. because of the sloping topography and the water courses dividing Honokaa into separate areas it is difficult to develop loop circulation systems without constructing a number of bridges [Mamane Street, the main street in Honokaa, is the only one that carries traffic across the town. This one street system results in undue congestion and delay in times of emergency. However, because of the sloping topography and the water courses dividing Honokaa into separate areas, it is difficult to develop loop circulation systems without constructing a number of bridges.] In addition to the roads mentioned, there are several homestead roads mauka of the Hawaii Belt Highway serving the Paauilo, Pohakea, Kaapahu, Kalopa, Kaao, and Ahualoa Homestead lands. These roads, however, are narrow unpaved or are] and in poor [riding] condition. There is also a network of private former plantation roads. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to install additional passing lanes along Highwav 19 at appropriate locations. • Provide for an industrial traffic connection leading from the former sugar mill to [the new highway alignment,] Highwav 19, separating this traffic from local traffic movement on Mamane Street. • [Construct] Encourage the State to construct a scenic highway from the Waipio Valley lookout extending mauka to connect to [Mudlane Highway] Mud Lane at the entrance of Waimea. • Improve County maintained roads and encourage the improvement of non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private [subdivider.] landowner. • [Close off Pakalana Street through Honokaa School.] Consider alternatives in the management of Pakalana Street, such as its conveyance to the State Department of Education or its conversion to a one-way traffic pattern 319 Transportation • Provide across-town connection to Plumeria Street by extending Kamani Street. • Provide amauka-makki connection from the Kamani Street extension to Mamane Street on the Hilo side of the elderly housing. • Eliminate the Milo Street extension on the Waipio side of Pakalana[.] Street. NORTH KOHALA Profile There are two roads leading into North Kohala, the Kohala Mountain Road and the Akoni Pule Highway. The mountain route to Kohala has sharp vertical and horizontal curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] sight distance. The urban areas of this district are scattered along the main road between Hawi and Niulii, a distance of nearly [7] seven miles. There is also an intricate system of former plantation roads. Courses of Action • [Improve mountain route to Kohala.] Encouraee the improvement of the Kohala Mountain Road. • [Improve road from] Encouraee the improvement of that portion of the Akoni Pule Hiehwav between the towns of Hawi to Niulii. • Improve mauka-makai county maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private [subdivision.] subdivisions. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The primary highway [which] that runs through the town of Waimea is the Mamalahoa Highway. [Sections] Recent improvements to this section of the highway have sieniflcantly improved the traffic flow through Waimea town. However the narrow and winding sections of Mamalahoa Highway from Waimea to Kona [have sharp curves and grades with relatively short sighting distance.] still reauire improvements. [A 12-mile highway along the shore between Kawaihae and Mahukona was completed and provides another access to North Kohala. There are also a number of minor streets within the district.] The Akoni Pule Hiehwav extends from Kawaihae in South Kohala to the towns of Hawi Kaaaau and Niulii in North Kohala. 320 Transportation [Studies for a Waimea by-pass road and new highway from Waimea to Kawaihae have been completed.] Studies are on-going for the construction of a new Bvpass highwav around the town of Waimea (Waimea Bvpass) and a new road from Waimea to Kawaihae (Kawaihae Road Realignment). Construction of these transportation segments will be needed to accommodate the anticipated expansions of resort areas along the coast, commuter traffic from Hamakua and Waimea and the transportation of goods to and from the Kawaihae Harbor. Preliminary designs for the realignment of the Saddle Road indicate that its proposed connection with the Mamalahoa Highwav (Highwav 190) will be located approximately 8 miles south of its current intersection or 3 miles to the south of the Mamalahoa Highwav-Waikoloa Road intersection From this intersection the Saddle Road will continue makai along the South Kohala-North Kona District boundary to its ultimate connection with the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav Courses of Action • Improve [mauka-makai county maintained] existing homestead roads [and encourage improvement of the non-county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private subdivision]. • Implement] Encourage the construction of a Waimea by-pass road from [Mudlane Highway] Mud Lane to Mamalahoa Highway on the Kona side of Waimea. • Encourage the construction of connector roads from the Waimea Bvpass Road to the Mamalahoa Highwav. • [Implement) Encourage the construction of a new Waimea to Kawaihae road from Mamalahoa Highway to the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. • Encourage the [expansion] widening of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need arises. • Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths. • To relieve traffic congestion through Waimea town implement construction of a) Parker Ranch's connector road from Kamamalu Street to Mamalahoa Highwav; and b) the County's extension of this road between Mamalahoa Highwav and Kawaihae Road in the vicinity of the Waimea solid waste transfer station. • Construct, at a minimum, one other paved two-lane access road out of the Ke Kumu Housing area onto Paniolo Drive. 321 Transportation • Extend Paniolo Drive in Waikoloa north to intersect with the Kawaihae Road and the proposed Waimea-Kawaihae Road • Provide traffic signals at the Waikoloa Road-Paniolo Drive intersection NORTH KONA Profile The major traffic arteries serving the North Kona [districts] district are the Hawaii Belt Highway connecting Kona with South Kohala and Ka'u, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the Kuakini Highway connecting Kailua with the mauka Keauhou area, and Alii Drive serving the shoreline areas between Kailua and Keauhou. The latter of these systems is the only access to areas along the shoreline between Kailua and Keauhou. [Access to the Kailua Bay area from the Belt Highway is via Palani Road.] Mauka-makai access between the Mamalahoa Highwav and the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav is provided by Kaiminani Drive. Hina Lani Drive and Palani Road. [The Kealakekua Bay, Honaunau Bay, Hookena Bay and Milolii areas are accessible via roads from the Belt Highway. Drainage and flooding problems occur in certain portions of some of these roadways.] The Keahole to Kailua Development Plan was adopted by the Hawaii County Council in 1991. This development plan encompasses an area from the Kau ahupuaa near Kona International Airport at Keahole to the Keahuolu ahupuaa in Kailua-Kona with the Mamalahoa Highwav as the mauka boundary of the study area The overall goal of the plan was to develop a mixed residential. commercial industrial resort and recreational community to meet the growing needs of the Kona region. In 1997 the Planning _Department developed the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan-Revised Roadway Plan Implementation Strategy. This plan identified schematic roadway corridors necessary to accommodate future traffic volumes upon full build-out of the study area Recommended roadway improvements, among others, include widening of the Oueen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways and the construction of a mid-level roadway and mauka-makai connectors between the Oueen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways Currently in its design stage, the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerly known as the Alii Highwav) will provide another north-south arterial between its northern connection to the Oueen Kaahumanu Highwav at Kahului ahupuaa and its southern terminus at the Alii Drive-Kamehameha III Road intersection in Keauhou There is also a network of private subdivision roads with steep grades and limited [sighting] si t distance. 322 Transportation Courses of Action • Develop a roadway network circulation plan in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation and affected communities Upon adoption of the plan, the plan recommendations shall be incorporated on the zone district meas. • Encouraee the State to widen Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav as necessary to accommodate increases in traffic flows in particular between Kona International Airport at Keahole and Kailua-Kona • Widen Palani Road between the proposed Keanalehu (Waena) Drive and the Queen Kaahumanu Hiehwav or construct the proposed Palani Bypass Hiehwav. • Encouraee the State to extend Kealakehe Parkway mauka to connect with the Mamalahoa Hiehwav. • Construct the followine north-south collector roadways from Palani Drive and extendine north to the aroposed University Drive. 11 Ane Keohokalole Hiehwav (Mid-level Roadl; 2) Keanalehu (Waena Drivel. and 31 Kealakaa Street. • Construct the proposed University Drive between the Mamalahoa and Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehways. • Widen Hina Lani Drive to four lanes between the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav to the proposed Ane Keohokalole Hiehwav • Construct the proposed Shore Drive from the Old Kona Airport Park to the Kealakehe Drive intersection. Convert Kuakini Highway to limited access status.] • Construct the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway SAlii Highwayl from [Kuakini] Oueen Kaahumanu Highway to Keauhou. Construct a new scenic road over the Hualalai Saddle.] • Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo. • Provide vertical connectors from Alii Drive to Kuakini Highway. 323 Transportation • [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.] Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Highwav extending from the North Kona to the Ka'u Districts • Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths. Encourage the expansion of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need azises. • Construct additional east-west connectors between the Hawaii Belt Highway and Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. • Construct amid-elevation lateral connection between Palani Road and Ka'iminani Drive.] • Develop a roadwav circulation plan for the area between Palani Road and Kamehameha III Road in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation, Federal Highwav Administration and the affected communities. • Extend Lako Street to connect to Alii Drive • Work with the State and the adiacent landowners in establishing the old railroad right-of-wav as a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-wav SOUTH KONA Profile The Mamalahoa Highwav is the only arterial roadwav currently serving all of the South Kona District. Many portions of this roadwav are narrow and winding Lands mauka and makai of this roadwav are served by private and County-owned collector roadways, many in poor condition. Plans are underway for the construction of the new Mamalahoa Highwav Bypass Road, which will extend the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway from its terminus at Keauhou, North Kona south to the intersection of Mamalahoa Hi hwav and Napoopoo Road in Captain Cook, South Kona a distance of approximately five miles Upon its completion, the combined Alii Highwav and Mamalahoa Highwav Bypass Road will provide a new north-south alignment from Kailua-Kona to Kealakekua relieving traffic congestion alone the existing Mamalahoa Highwav between the communities of Honalo and Captain Cook. The bypass road is being constructed by the developers of the proposed 730-unit Hokuli'a agricultural subdivision as a requirement of the project's approval by the Hawaii County Council. 324 Transportation Courses of Action • Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo. • [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.] • Develop a roadway network circulation Ulan for South Kona in cooperation with the State Department of Transportation and affected communities Upon adoption of the Ulan by the County the recommendations shall be incorporated on the zone district maps • Construct the Mamalahoa Bypass Hiehwav between Keauhou and Captain Cook as a Scenic Corridor. with limited access • Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Hiehwav extendine from the North Kona to the Ka'u Districts • Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or ioeeine oaths • Establish a Heritaee Corridor on Old Mamalahoa Hiehwav between Hualalai and Honaunau. • Improve substandard, rural roads. KA'U Profile The primary highway [leading] through the Ka'u district is the Mamalahoa Highway. Certain portions of this highway system are narrow with sharp vertical and horizontal curves and relatively short sighting] sieht distance. Flooding also occurs in certain azeas. This district also has an intricate system of former plantation and older subdivision roads. The majority of the private roads in the lazge subdivisions are cinder-surfaced and/or oil-treated and lack adequate maintenance. Courses of Action • [Improve hazardous sections of the major highway,] Continue to improve Mamalahoa Hiehwav, realigning where necessary. • Install culverts and construct drainage channels and other related improvements. 325 Transportation • [Improve] Encourage the improvement of substandard subdivision roads. • Explore alternatives and means to establish an evacuation route throueh Hawa?ian Ocean View Estates Subdivision to Hiehwav 11 in cooaeration with the residents of Ocean View 326 Transportation TRANSPORTATION TERMINALS: AIRPORTS & HARBORS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The principal concerns of planning for transportation terminals are location, provision of adequate transportation connections to terminals, financing and programming of improvements and services through Capital Improvement Projects, and the planning and zoning of adjacent land uses. Although the State Department of Transportation is responsible for the actual design, construction and operation of terminals and supporting facilities, the General Plan addresses the location of these facilities in [relationship] relation to the pattern of overall land uses. Major transportation terminals in the County of Hawaii consist of harbors and airports. There are two deep [water] draft harbors on the island, one at Hilo and another at Kawaihae. While improvements continue to be made, both harbor terminals lack adequate docking and support facilities. Water pollution is a continuing problem in the vicinity of the harbors. It is anticipated that the use of both deep [water] draft harbors will expand substantially. BAs population grows, resort areas develop in West Hawaii and cargo is re-routed from Hilo, Kawaihae Harbor is especially expected to experience a dramatic increase in its use.] Cargo volume at Kawaihae Harbor has increased sienificantly as the population and development in West Hawaii continues to Brow. The Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan was developed by the State in 1998 to euide the development maintenance and enhancement of the island's harbor systems to ensure its efficient safe accessible and economical operations. Facilities for small boats, such as launching ramps, have been developed in various parts of the County. Those [which] that provide refuge are discussed to a limited extent in this element. For the most part, they are addressed in the Recreation element. Air terminals [which] that service inter-island transportation are located at Hilo, Waimea, Upolu, and [Ke-ahole.] Kona. The terminals at Hilo and [Ke-ahole] Kona are overseas facilities. [While Hilo's Airport is expected to continue to service overseas transportation, overseas] Oversea flights at the Kona International Airport at Keahole [Ke-ahole are likely] will continue to increase with the growth of resort areas in Kona and Kohala. Overseas flights through [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Airport have been important to agriculture in East Hawaii. [The] However, the facility is currently underutilized[.] by overseas passepeer carriers. The statewide need for a second gateway, especially for cargo, still exists. The proximity of Hilo's airport and harbor offer a number of opportunities for centralized distribution. Plans are currently underway to construct a new cargo facility at Hilo International Airport to centralize cargo operations at a location closer to terminal facilities The airstrip at Upolu Point in North Kohala is used as a general aviation field. The Waimea-Kohala airport is underutilized, but its use may increase with resort development in 327 Transportation South Kohala. Except for small private landing strips [which were] developed to serve the former sugar plantations, there are no airfields in Puna, Ka'u or South Kona. There may be an increase in demand for airstrips and helipads stemming from the growth of the visitor industry. The State, in coordination with the County and the affected communities has been developing master plans for each of the four airport facilities to assess current and future demand as well as specific recommended improvements As population becomes more mobile and as resident and visitor populations increase, there will be a greater demand for new and expanded transportation facilities. The following goal, policies, and standard are set forth to guide the orderly development of the County's transportation terminals and related facilities. GOAL • Provide transportation terminals and related facilities for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the programmed improvement of existing terminals, including adequate provisions for control of pollution[.] and appropriate and adequate covered storage facilities for agricultural products. • The State Department of Transportation should continue to implement its [framework ofJ plans for transportation terminals and related facilities [which wi11J to promote and influence desired land use[.) olicies. • Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different elements of the overall transportation system. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage maximum use of the island's airport and harbor facilities. • Encourage the development, maintenance and enhancement of Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors as detailed within the State's Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan. • Support the State's objectives to acquire rights within the runway clear- zones, limit heights within approach zones and restrict noise-sensitive uses within designated noise contours determined by the State. 328 Transportation ~STANDARD]STANDARDS • Requirements of the State Department of Transportation. • Federal Aviation Administration standards for airport desisn runway clear zones, and noise comuatibility. • State Department of Land and Natural Resources Standards for small boat harbors and boat launches. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district with reference to transportation terminals. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile There are several small private aircraft landing strips [which were] developed by the former sugar industry for use by "crop-dusting" single engine aircraft. Although there are no developed harbor sites in the district, Kumakahi is being evaluated as a small boat harbor site by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A boat launching ramp at Pohoiki is heavily used by fishermen. It, however, lacks adequate on-shore improvements, such as parking. J The County has purchased twenty-two acres of land on the mauka side of Isaac Hale Beach Park for the construction of additional car and boat Harkins areas ~laysrounds. Hicnic and bathroom facilities to suuHlement the heavily used boat launchins facilities at Pohoiki. [Course] Courses of Action • Provide [for] general aviation and small boat harbor facilities as the need arises. • Provide another small boat launchins facility at Kaaoho. 329 Transportation SOUTH HILO Profile [The island's major harbor and airport are located in Hilo.] Hilo Harbor is one of two maior, deep draft harbor facilities on the island. The present harbor has a 35-foot deep draft and three commercial piers. There is limited loading or back-up space. There also is limited land area for the expansion ofharbor-oriented industrial uses. The number of cruise ship passengers visiting Hilo has increased dramatically during the 1990's and there is a need to improve the accommodations for these passengers at the harbor. The Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan recognizes the limited expansion opportunities for Hilo Harbor and the need to accommodate increased cargo and passenger volumes. In addition to specifying recommended cargo yard acreages, berthing requirements and roadway improvements, the plan also recommends the construction of a passenger terminal facility at Pier 5 to accommodate the growth of cruise ship arrivals. Within Hilo Harbor, Radio Bay has limited facilities for small boats. The State Department of Transportation also maintains small boat facilities at the mouth of the Wailoa River. [General Lyman Field) Hilo International Airport serves inter-island and occasional overseas air traffic. [Major improvements, including a new airport terminal and runway development, have been made over the past decade.] The airport facilities are currently underutilized. The close proximity of Hilo's airport and harbor may potentially be [exploited] utilized to the County's advantage. Both transportation facilities are surrounded by or near [to] State-owned lands [which] that could be used for support services and facilities. Hilo is [second] fourth to Honolulu, Barbers Point, and Kahului in the amount of cargo especially agricultural products, which is] handled through both its airport and harbor. There may be an opportunity for the development of a centralized cargo distribution center within Hilo that could eventually alleviate congested conditions on Oahu. Such a distribution center could eventually serve other neighbor islands by distributing and marshalling cargo both from and to the mainland. [An authority could be established to coordinate and oversee such a project.] Hilo International Airport has a runway length of 9,800 feet, capable of accommodating aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. However, the current runway length imposes some take-off weight restrictions. To accommodate maximum-rated cargo payloads to the West Coast would require a runway length of up to 12.000 feet. Until such time that a maior cargo facility is constructed at the Hilo International Airport, extension of the existing runway will not be needed. Courses of Action • Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health should enforce and strengthen present pollution regulations. 330 Transportation • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve facilities at Hilo Harbor to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise shin passeneer arrivals. • Future land uses in the vicinity of the [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Airport should have an adequate open space buffer and/or be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity. • [The County shall pursue the implementation of an Air Cargo Distribution] Encouraae the construction of an Agricultural Processing and Packine Center at the old Hilo Airport, the planning of which shall be coordinated with future development plans for Hilo Harbor. • Encouraae the construction of a centralized air cargo distribution complex at the Hilo International Airport. • Encourage development of a small boat harbor for the area. NORTH HILO AND HAMAKUA Profile There are no air or harbor terminals in these districts. The only small boat ramp on the Hamakua Coast is located within the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park. Although the boat rams was improved through a ioint effort of the County of Hawaii and the U S Armv Corns of Engineers, it is [It is, however,] inadequately protected [and because of damage is closed to users.] from damage due to storm surges. Without further improvements, the ramp will continue to be hazardous for users of the facility. Course of Action • [Improve] Continue to improve the small boat ramp at Laupahoehoe, [construct] extend the offshore protective [structures,] structure. and provide for adequate parking. NORTH KOHALA Profile Upolu airfield is the only air transportation facility in the district. It is used on a limited basis. [The State Department of Transportation has made limited improvements to it.] The State prepared the Upolu Airport Master Plan in 1999 to forecast aviation demand at the facility to the Year 2020 and to evaluate the need for additional facility improvements 331 Transportation Based on forecast demand, no extension of the existing runwav or expansion of terminal facilities will be required during the study period However it recommends the acquisition of lands adjacent to the airport for future runwav and terminal expansion The widening of the airport's existing 1.8 mile access road to a two-lane paved road is also recommended. [Course] Courses of Action • Retain Upolu airfield for general aviation use. • The State should continue to provide improvements to runwav and terminal facilities at Upolu Airport, including the improvement of the airport's access road from the Akoni Pule Highway. SOUTH KOHALA Profile There is a deep [water] draft port and small boat harbor at Kawaihae, both of which are being further [developed.] improved. Kawaihae Harbor has two commercial piers with approximately 14 acres of cargo handling and storage areas with room for expansion as needed. Although a new perimeter breakwater was constructed at the southern end of the harbor by the Army Corps of Engineers, there [There] is insufficient parallel docking space at the present facility. The State Department of Transportation has plans to increase small boat capacity [by developing a small boat harbor outside the coral stockpile area where a portion of a breakwater has been constructed.] when funding can be appropriated. The Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master Plan identities the need for additional car o yard space to accommodate interisland and overseas cargo as well as the construction of a passenger terminal at Pier 4. ~An inter-island air terminal which services the residents of North and South Kohala and Hamakua on a limited basis is located in Waimea. This airport is too small for the landing of larger inter-island aircraft without load restrictions. Use of this air terminal may increase with the growth of the South Kohala resort area.] Opened for air service in 1953, the Waimea- Kohala Airport provides commuter air service, air cargo and air ambulance service to the residents of North and South Kohala as well as Hamakua. Other users of the airport include the military, private aircraft owners and flight training schools The State prepared the Waimea-Kohala Airport Master Plan in 1999 that forecasted aviation demand and facility needs to the Year 2020. While use of the facility by current users is expected to increase during the study period commercial interisland and overseas flights will remain at the international airports in Hilo and Kona. In general the master plan recommends various improvements and upgrades to the runwav and terminal facilities to improve operating efficiencies and increase aircraft load capacity 332 Transportation Courses of Action • The State Department of Transportation should continue [the use ofJ to provide improvements to terminal and runwav facilities at the Waimea-Kohala airport [as an inter-island facility serving North and South Kohala and Hamakua and should improve existing facilities to handle inter-island aircraft at maximum load capacity]. • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve harbor facilities at Kawaihae to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise ship passenger arrivals. • [Support the State Department of Transportation's] Continue to support the Department of Land and Natural Resources in its plans to develop a small boat harbor at Kawaihae. KONA Profile The [Ke-ahole Airport,] Kona International Airport at Keahole, which began operations in July 1970, was built in the midst of a barren lava field. The inter-island terminal has a Polynesian motif [and] that received a design award for excellence in 1985. Direct flights from the mainland to [Ke-whole] Keahole began in 1985[,]; direct flights from .lapan began in 1~ and the number of inter-island flights have increased. Kona International Airport at Keahole [Ke-whole Airport] is [the principal entry point] one of two principal entry points for [the County's) visitors[.] to the Big Island. [Presently, expansion of the airport facilities is being master planned. Industrial space is needed for airport support uses such as fuel storage facilities. These facilities are presently located at Kawaihae.] In 1994, the airport runwav was extended from 6.500 to 11,000 feet in length to accommodate aircraft as large as the Boeing 747 The State developed its Keahole-Kona International Airport Master Plan in 1987 to provide a guide for the location, design and construction of future facility improvements at the airport. A Master Plan Update Study prepared in 1997 supplemented the original master plan to identify facility needs to the Year 2015 With the expansion of the visitor industry in West Hawaii, the airport has and will continue to experience growth in passenger arrivals, aircraft operations and cargo/mail activities Annual passenger volume is anticipated to increase by 51 per cent to approximately 3 5 million in 2015 The master plan details land use, terminal improvements access and circulation and supporting infrastructural needs to accommodate future facility needs. Some of the improvements include an expanded air cargo facility and new overseas terminal flight kitchen postal facility and general aviation facilities. 333 Transportation Aside from the small boat harbors at Kailua, Keauhou, and Honokohau, [here are no shipping terminals in the district. Improvements to Honokohau small boat harbor have been made incrementally. Cruise ships visiting Kailua-Kona currently anchor about one-third mile offshore of Kailua Bav and shuttle their passengers to Kailua-Kona Wharf A visitor information booth is the only visitor-related accommodation provided at the wharf Funding fora $3.5 million refurbishment of the Kailua-Kona Wharf was approved by the 2000 State Legislature with construction anticipated to be completed before the end of 2003. Courses of Action • Future land uses in the vicinity of the [Ke-whole Airport] Kona International Airport at Keahole should be [of a compatible nature and/or be] compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity. Industrial acreage should be provided at Ke-whole for support use.] • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve and expand (Ke-whole Airport and terminal facilities to meet anticipated increases in air transport needs.] Kona International Airport at Keahole in accordance with the recommendations of the Keahole-Kona International Airport Master Plan Update Studv (1997). • Encourage the State to renovate the Kailua-Kona Wharf or to seek alternative facilities to accommodate the cruise shin industry KA'U Profile There are presently no terminal facilities in Ka'u. [Because of impending growth, however,] However, there will be need for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities[.] should growth within the district demand such facilities. Course of Action • Provide for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities and launching activities as the need arises. 334 Transportation MASS TRANSIT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The County is committed to providing its residents with a public transportation system that is affordable. efficient, accessible safe environmentally friendly and reliable Mass transit svstems provide residents with an alternative means of transportation to employment, services and activities. It also promotes and enhances pedestrian activities reduces congestion, improves air quality and increases economic development opportunities. The County's Mass Transit Agency was created to provide mass transit service on this island. The County currently operates the Hele-On bus system with a fleet of 28 buses each with a capacity of 33 or 45 passengers Eleven of these buses are wheelchair accessible. Approximately 10 per cent of the cost to operate the buses is Federally funded with the remainder funded by the County. Approximately 55 per cent of the County's operational costs are derived from fare revenues with the remainder from general revenues. The Hele-On provides service along the main roadways serving the major urban centers of the island. Within Hilo, there are three additional routes servin the Waiakea- Uka, Downtown Hilo, and Kaumana areas. Within the Kona District, a shuttle operates between Kailua, Keauhou and Kealakekua. The Hawaii Long-Range Land Transportation Master Plan recommends that additional routes be provided to link Waimea town and the towns in North Kohala with Kailua-Kona and the resorts located along the South Kohala coast. In addition to the Hele-On, the County also offers ashared-ride taxi service that provides door to door service within the urban areas of Hilo and Kailua-Kona This program allows the public to purchase coupons and use the coupons instead of cash with participating taxi companies. The program allows a user to submit one coupon (at a cost of $2) to travel up to four miles and two coupons to travel up to nine miles The Hawaii County Economic Opportunity Council, anon-profit community action agency supplements the County's bus services by providing bus services for the low-income elderly, disabled, and pre-school children who attend Head Start schools GOAL • Provide residents with a variety of public transportation svstems that are affordable, efficient, accessible safe environmentally friendly and reliable 335 Transportation POLICIES • Improve the integration of transportation and land use planning in order to ~timize the use, efficiency, and accessibility of existing and proposed mass transportation systems. • Support and encourage the development of alternative modes of transportation, such as enhanced bus services and bicvcle paths • Incorporate, where appropriate bicvcle routes lanes and paths within road rights-of-way in conformance with The Bikeway Plan for the County of Hawaii. • Provisions to enhance the mobility of minors, non-licensed adults low- income, elderly, and people with disabilities shall be made STANDARDS • American Association of State Highwav and Transportation Officials (AASHTOI, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. • U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highwav Administration Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices tMUTCDI. 336 Transportation LAND USE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The General Plan expresses both the integrated and [specified] s ecific concerns and problems as well as alternative solutions and guidance regarding the use of County resources. Land use is one of the principal focal points of public concern and policy. The other study elements of the General Plan, [which] that depict the various aspects of the County, directly involve land use in varying degrees. The land use element provides the primary basis for direct control and guidance of publicly and privately owned resources.] The land use element sets forth goals, policies, and standards to guide the location and density, and building intensities of land uses in particular areas. [From these, other implementive area plans designate detailed land use patterns and aze the most appropriate and convenient references for the County Administration and the County Council in their consideration of routine land use, zoning, subdivision and development matters. They are also a source of information to the public as to the anticipated use of private and public properties and the future form and nature of their communities.] Regional and/or Community Development Plans are intended to implement the broad goals within the General Plan on a r~ional basis. Thev serve to designate and coordinate detailed development patterns and infrastructure needs throughout the County. The Plans detail land use policies and infrastructure priorities, transportation, recreation and other major land use policies within each area, and must be developed with participation by the affected communities and adopted by ordinance by the County Council. The land use element is intended to be used as a policy guide for the coordinated growth and development Hof all sectors] of the County. It seeks to accommodate growth without congestion; to designate and preserve the lands needed for residential use, commercial and visitor services, industry, agriculture, and open space; and [to] coordinate these uses with the County's service and circulation systems. [The County Planning Department has maintained its land use inventory to keep a current account of the physical status of the land use patterns in Hawaii County. As a result of the parcel-by-parcel inventory, some of the potential land needs have become evident.] [According to findings, the] The total area of the island of Hawaii is approximately [2-1/2] 2_5 million acres or [4,038] 4028 square miles: [4,037] 4023 square miles of land and [one square mile] 4.4 square miles of inland water. All of these lands are divided into approximately [120,353] 125,01)0 parcels. Previous General Plans [The first General Plan, adopted in 1965, consisted of three separate documents and used different criteria for classifying land uses. All districts, with the exception of Ka'u, were general planned. The documents which had been adopted as the official General Plan for the County included: 337 Land Use Introduction "A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo," by Belt, Collins & Associates, Ltd. "A Plan for Kona," by Harland Bartholomew and Associates. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan," by Robert I. Bush and Andrew Gerakas. Subsequent amendments to the preceding General Plan documents.] The first General Plan for the County of Hawaii adopted in 1965 was a compilation of three separate documents: A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo. A Plan for Kona and The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan. The first General Plan provided for the >;eneral planning for all districts except Ka'u. In 1971, the County adopted its first comprehensive General Plan that provided for the general planning of all nine judicial districts on the island. Included within this General Plan was a requirement for ten vear comprehensive reviews and updates to the General Plan. The first of these comprehensive reviews and updates resulted in the adoption of the first comprehensive revision to the General Plan in 1989 that updated supporting information, the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities maps and the various study elements. Several other documents are used in local planning including regional and functional plans, the Zoning Code [including the official zoning map,] and Subdivision Code. These are specific and detailed pieces of legislation and plans [which are] intended to carry out the [proposals] Qoals, policies, standards and courses of action of the General Plan. [The General Plan documents adopted in 1965 relied heavily on the use of detailed maps. Because the maps were detailed, they were often confused with the zone maps.] State Land Use Hawaii was the first of the fifty States to have a State Land Use Law and aState[-wide] General Plan. Today, Hawaii remains unique among the fifty states with respect to the extent of control that the State exercises in land use regulation. [Indeed, the land use regulatory process in the State of Hawaii is the most complex in the world.] Some of the actions leading to the passage of the State Land Use Law resulted from concerns and discussions predating World Waz II. In the post-World Waz II period, there was a perception that government action to control land uses was desirable because of the very limited area of the islands. It was also perceived that development of land for urban uses in many cases tended to occur in areas where it was uneconomical for public agencies to provide proper and adequate service facilities, and that there was a consequent lag in the provisions of such facilities. Further, there was a perception that development of land for urban uses in many cases occurred on land having a higher capacity for contributing to the basic economy of the State, namely agriculture, than the uses [which] that were developed thereon. 338 Land Use Introduction The passage of the Land Use Law in 1961 established the State Land Use Commission. It called for the classification of all lands in the State and authorized the adoption of rules of practice and procedures and regulations for land use within the various State land use districts. The four land use districts created by the State Land Use Commission provide the basic legal framework [ofJ for land uses in the State of Hawaii. The Urban District is generally defined as lands in urban use with sufficient reserve to accommodate foreseeable growth. In the County of Hawaii this district is [made up] comprised of about 39,638] approximately 54.267 acres[.] or two per cent of the island's total land area. Rural Districts are defined as lands primarily comprised of small farms mixed with low density residential lots [which] that have a minimum lot size of one-half acre under the State Land Use Law. Of the four districts, this is the smallest, [having about 689] with approximately 807 acres of the island's total land area. The Agricultural District includes lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation as well as those with low capacity. The minimum lot size in this district under the State Land Use Law is one acre. The Agricultural District has the second greatest land area with approximately [1,186,674] 1,184,599 acres or slightly over [47%J 46 per cent of the total land area of the island. Conservation Districts are primarily those lands in the existing forest and water reserve zones. This district has the largest land area with (about 1,296,095] approximately 1,338,135 acres or [51%] 52 per cent of the total land area of the island. Land uses within the Urban Districts are administered exclusively by the wunties [in which they are located]. In the Agricultural and Rural Districts, the State Land Use Commission establishes use regulations and the counties are responsible for their administration. The counties, however, may adopt more stringent controls than those imposed by the State within these two districts. [Although over 50% of the island's land is in the Conservation District, the County has no land use jurisdiction in these areas except in coastal areas where conservation district lands are overlaid with special regulations relating to coastal zone management. In the Conservation district, land uses are administered by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources.] Land use in the Conservation District is regulated by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources, except that the Countv has concurrent permitting power within the Special Management Area near the coast. The Countv has no land use control over Federal property, and the Hawaiian Homes Commission has the ultimate control over uses of the Hawaiian home lands leased to native Hawaiians. 339 Land Use Introduction State Land Use Acreage fas of Mav. 2000) A ricultural Conservation Rural Urban Total Puna 175 104 138 563 146 6 329 320142 South Hilo 70 695 169 493 0 12 814 253 002 North Hilo 53 587 120110 71 608 174 376 Hamakua 162 729 235 805 13 1041 399 588 North Kohala 64 713 13187 16 2 434 80 350 South Kohala 150 426 15 356 53 10 608 176 443 North Kona 158 853 188 331 477 17 787 365 448 South Kona 110 749 35 051 31 845 146 676 Ka'u 237 743 422 239 0 1 801 661783 Total 1 184 599 1338135 807 54 267 2 577 808 State of Hawaii. DBEDT. Office of Plannine GIS Data Counlv of Hawaii Plannine Deoartmenl County Zoning The Zoning Code for the County of Hawaii is the legal instrument [which] that regulates the use of land. The Zoning Code implements the General Plan and is a document dealing with existing conditions and shorter range needs. The Zoning Code is the County's primarv land use control. The Zoning Code implements the General Plan. It deals with existing conditions and shorter ranee needs. The Zoning Code sets out the various types of zoning districts and the allowable uses for each. Zoning maps, established by ordinance, set out the zoning for the island on aparcel-bv-parcel basis. Rezoning is the primarv method for changing the allowed uses of land. Rezoning must be consistent with the General Plan, including the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. Other factors beside the map consistency must be taken into account during the rezoning process, which requires specific consideration of a number of factors to determine the suitability of the property for the proposed zone. These include proximity to roads. utilities, and public services, environmental factors such as drainage, slope, and soil types and other public concerns. [Besides the General Plan, several other factors contribute to the basis for changing zoning districts. These include the State Land Use Regulations, existing land use distribution, existing public facilities, utilities and services, and public concern and changing needs of the community.] The tabulation of zoned lands based on the County zoning as of [1985] December 2000 is as follows: 340 Land Use Introduction Single-family residential: [17,850 acres; 9,117 acres or 51% vacant.] 20,189 acres Multiple residential (including duplex): [2,006 acres; 1,383 acres or 69% vacant.] 3065 acres Resort: [794 acres; 395 acres or 50% vacant.] 1,353 acres Commercial: [1,173 acres; 428 acres or 36% vacant.] 2,859 acres Industrial: [4,158 acres; 1,091 acres or 26% vacant.] 6,039 acres Industrial-Commercial Mixed: 27 acres Family Agriculture: 100 acres Residential-Agriculture: [1,175 acres; 773 acres or 66% vacant.] 2,105 acres Agricultural: [Approximately 1,069,514 acres.] 1,219,773 acres* *includes lands chaneed from Unplanned to Aericulture as Dart of the 1996 amendments to the ZoninaCode Open: X319,968] 317,262 acres. Unplanned and no zone (Forest Reserve): About 1,106,456 acres.] Proiect District: 1,748 acres Agricultural Proiect District: 23 acres Lands not zoned (includes Forest Reserves and National Parksl• 933 842 acres 341 Land Use Introduction Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 1989 1989 pone South. Nor h Hamakua N h Sou h North South H~Q it Kohala Kohala Kona Kona a~° T-~ Sinele Familv 2_,684 745 391 636 616 399 2 54 M1s90 783 18_98 Multi-Familv 4 380 0 4 43 1y0~ 129 0 101 26_70 Resort I 138 0 0 0 350 742 0 45 1.276 Commercial 60 975 10 37 38 329 314 ~1 59 1f~23 Industrial 479 282 38 15 59 241 2.245 0 52 5.311 Residential ~ 0 55 0 20 0 468 144 0 1 2 Aericullure - - - - i1 Aericullure 19 796 71 59 61y54 165076 62y_58 79_`93 ]ly184 44y 33 252.620 10. 52.803 Ocen 5.041 263 ~ 963 15 ll_~47 17_082 7.634 ]ly 319324 Unplanned 0 351 0 185 5_~RS 41y53 52180 67~ 5 223 17112 Estimate -Planning Department Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 2000 Pyna South. North Hamakua N 1 oath orth Sou got81 Hilo Hilo Koh a Kohala Kona Kona Sinele Familv 2.677 Ss 7474 391 631 652 3J82 287 414 781 20,189 Mulfi-Familv 4 38U 0 4 43 1507 126 0 101 3_65 Resort 1 136 0 42 14 360 740 15 45 1353 Commercial 74 188 10 38 39 426 115 108 61 2.859 Industrial 490 21_85 38 15 59 291 2.909 0 52 6_39 Industrial- Commercial 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Mixed - - - - - - - - - - Family Agriculture 22 26 0 0 0 6 39 7 0 100 Residential 625 185 55 0 22 585 489 144 0 21_05 Aericullure - - - - - Aericulture 198 7~7 73_50 61_54 165 23 67.977 11 813 16y415 112 0 1 252.843 1.219.773 529 265 38 963 27 11.951 173.821 7 6 8 11y740 31262 Project Uislricl 0 0 0 0 0 0 h48 0 0 1748 Agricultural Project 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 23 District - - - - - _ - - Estimate -Planning Department 342 Land Use Introduction Lands designated Residential-Agriculture (RA) saw the largest percentage increase in acreage between the years 1989 and 2000 at 60 per cent although the total acreage of RA zoned lands accounted for less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total land area within the County. During the same period, Commercial zoned lands increased by 49 per cent Multiple Family Residential zoned lands increased by 15 per cent and Industrial zoned lands increased by 14 per cent. Acreages of Open zoned lands fell by 0 6 per cent Lands designated as Agricultural, excluding lands zoned Unplanned prior to the comprehensive revision to the Zoning Code in 1996 account for 77 per cent of all zoned lands within the County. (Existing Land Use and Acreage Distribution The following summarizes the distribution of land uses based on actual uses: Residential: 15,850 acres. Includes all residential uses, including boazding houses and dormitories. Manufacturing manufacturing services and wazehousing: 4,430 acres. Includes areas used for the manufacturing of durable and non-durable goods, as well as for construction services and industrial utilities and storage. Commercial: 520 acres. Includes uses in the retail and wholesale trades. Services: 32,950 acres. Includes areas used for consumer, professional, governmental (including military installations), business, and health and welfare services. Social and Cultural: 1,510 acres. Includes areas used for the personal development of an individual or individuals, such as educational institutions, cultural centers, and religious institutions. Recreation: 251,220 acres. Includes areas used for public and private recreation. Agricultural: 810,670 acres. Includes all areas used for agricultural purposes. Transportation: 8,360 acres. Includes all areas used for transportation terminals, facilities and private roads. Unused and Oaen Syace: 1,397,680 acres. Includes developable, subdivided, and unsubdivided vacant lands and areas such as forest reserves, rivers, and steep land.] 343 Land Use Introduction LAND USE CONCEPTS Proposed Land Use Pattern A well-balanced land use pattern capable of meeting the future needs of the County is an essential part of the General Plan. There are no universal standards for determining the [amounts] amount of land needed in the future for each land use or activity located within an area. Estimates can be made, however, of the future land use acreage allocation for each use. The land use pattern is a broad, flexible design intended to guide the direction and quality of future developments in a coordinated and rational manner. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map indicates the general location of various land uses in relation to each other. Land uses are designated generally on the map in reference to the following categories: Urban [and Rural] Designations High Density: [Commercial,] General commerciah multiple family residential and related services ([general and office commercial;] multiple family residential up to 87 units per acre). Medium Density: Village and neighborhood commercial and single family and multiple family residential and related functions Q3-story commercial;] multiple family residential up to 35 units per acre). Low Densitv: [Single family residential in character] Residentiah with ancillary community and public uses, and neighborhood and convenience-type commercial uses[.]; overall residential density may be up to six units per acre Resort Node: These areas include a mix of visitor-related uses such as hotels condominium-hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotelsl side family and multiple family residential units, Golf courses and other typical resort recreational facilities, resort commercial complexes and other sport services. Only Maior Resort Areas are identified as Resort Nodes on the LUPAG Mao. Resort Area : These areas include a mix of uses such as hotels, condominium- hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and [supporting] support services. Intermediate Resort. Minor Resort, and Retreat Resort Areas are identified as Resort Areas on the LUPAG Map Urban Expansion Area: Allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial, industrial-commercial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern 344 Land Use Introduction and mix of uses have not yet been determined. [Within areas designated for development as resorts, portions of the resort area may be included in the urban expansion area.] Industrial Area: These areas include uses such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, [and] light industrial and industrial-commercial uses. Rural Designation Rural: This category includes existing subdivisions in the State Land Use ~ricultural and Rural districts that have a significant residential component Typical lot sizes vary from 9,000-square feet to two acres These subdivisions may contain small farms, wooded areas, and open fields as well as residences Allowable uses within these areas, with appropriate zoning may include commercial facilities that serve the residential and agricultural uses in the area and community and public facilities. The Rural designation does not necessarily mean that these areas should be further subdivided to smaller lots. Most lack the infrastructure necessary to allow further subdivision. Agriculture Designations Intensive Agriculture: Sugar, orchard, diversified agriculture, and floriculture. High: Fertile soil. Low: Less fertile soil. Extensive Agriculture: Pasturage and range lands.] Orchard: Those agricultural lands which though rocky in character and content support productive macadamia nuts, papaya, citrus and other similar agricultural products. Important Agricultural Land: Important agricultural lands are those with better potential for sustained high agricultural yields because of soil type climate, topography, or other factors. Important agricultural lands were determined by including the following lands: • Lands identified as "Intensive Agriculture" on the 1989 General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide mans • Lands identified in the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) classification system as "Prime" or "Unique" 345 Land Use Introduction • Lands classified by the Land Studv Bureau's Soil Survev Report as Class B "Good" soils. (There are no Class A lands on the island of Hawaii • Lands classified as at least "fair" for two or more crops on an irriaated basis, by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service's study of suitability for various crops • In North and South Kona, the "coffee belt", a continuous band defined by elevation, according to input from area farmers • State aericultural parks. Some areas that meet the criteria for important aericultural lands on an irriaated basis only were included in the "Extensive Agricultural Land" cateeorv due to their remoteness from potential sources of irrigation Certain areas that could have been classified as Important Agricultural lands have been placed within urban land use categories Generally, these are adjacent to existing urban areas This represents a decision that the orderly development of those urban areas justifies the eventual conversion of those lands to urban use. Because of the scale of the Land use Pattern Allocation Guide maps used to desienate Important Agricultural Land, the location of these lands should be verified by more detailed mapping when considerine specific land use decisions. Extensive Aericultural Land: Lands not classified as Important Agricultural Land. Includes lands that are not capable of producing sustained hieh agricultural yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, machine tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses such as Brazing and pasture may be included in the Extensive Agricultural land cateeorv. Other Designations University: University and support community services.] Public university, including ancillary public uses, residentiah and support commercial uses Open: Parks and other recreational areas historic sites[.], and open shoreline areas. 346 Land Use Introduction Conservation Area: Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, [open,] areas in active management for conservation purposes areas to be kept in a largely natural state, with minimal facilities consistent with oven space uses, such as picnic pavilions and comfort stations and lands within the State Land Use Conservation District. [Commercial centers in urban areas]The urban centers include high, medium and low density designations [and in rural areas, includes medium and low density designations]. These centers and clusters provide physical, social, governmental and economic concentrations so that the total activities of the community can be more readily and easily conducted. In the County [of Hawaii], several of these centers have political and social antecedents, while others have been influenced by economic practices. Some of the County's possible future centers may result from the development of resort areas. The future improvement and development objectives are directed toward making urban and rural centers more efficient, livable, and safe. Growth should be encouraged in terms of renewing older areas or [as extensions of existing ones.] extending existing areas. The creation of new urban and rural centers should be initiated only when it is in the public interest and [they] must be accompanied by commitments [by] from both government and the private sector for the [current] development of basic community and public facilities and services. Infrastructure costs less when new residential areas are located near existing highways water and sewer lines, and employment centers. Within the rapidly growing districts of South Kohala and North and South Kona, the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide mans focus future urban development around Waimea and Waikoloa Village. Kawaihae and between Keahole and Keauhou. The location of urban and rural uses should be evaluated from the standpoint of how each use services existing and future land uses of the surrounding area. The direction and form of growth in accord with future demand will be influenced by many factors. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map shall also designate areas for urban expansion. An area is designated as urban expansion when the specific settlement pattern and types of uses have vet to be determined. [In addition, a "floating zone" concept may be effected for industrial and retreat resort uses.] [The "floating zone" concept for industrial and retreat resort areas will enable their locating in areas so as to take advantage of new concepts and trends, economic influences, unique resources and other situations which may occur. Compliance and compatibility with other pertinent elements of the General Plan and with the objectives and standards of the industrial and retreat resort land use classifications shall be required]. The methodology used to develop the land use pattern reflects estimates of future population based on economic and employment evaluations, existing land uses and zoned areas, determination of community facility needs, and transportation demands for the entire island. The topography and other physical features of each area were also analyzed, and other factors, [particular] particularly economic, social, and physical characteristics, were noted. 347 Land Use Introduction The following table illustrates the Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation by districts. The high, medium, and low density allocations are included within the residential and commercial allocations [in the table. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation should be reviewed at ten-year intervals. This review should re-examine the elements of the General Plan, and as certain substantial changes or trends occur, new levels of community needs would be estimated and the land use pattern re-established]. [Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage Districts Residential Commercial Industrial Resort Total Acreage Puna 22,535 2,254 3,380 91 28,260 S. Hilo 24,045 2,405 6,259 293 33,002 N. Hilo 650 65 98 813 Hamakua 2,878 288 437 60 3,663 N. Kohala 2,951 295 661 120 4,027 S. Kohala 11,056 1,106 2,034 746 14,942 N. Kona 25,066 2,507 5,068 L,160 33,801 S. Kona 5,122 512 768 90 6,492 Ka'u 2,062 206 525 135 2,927 TOTAL 96,365 9,638 19,230 2,695 127,928] 348 Land Use Introduction Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) MaD Estimated Land Use Allocation Acrea e LUPAG Mao South North North oath Novi South Desienations ~I ~ Hilo Hilo K ~ ~ of a ei ohel Kona Kan Hi¢h Densily 0 847 0 0 0 0 458 0 0 1305 Urban - - - - - - - - Medium 478 181 69 292 176 1.282 ly_56 292 421 5 47 Density Urban - - - - - Low Density 813 10y3 617 2.293 2i 5,084 6287 1070 1.148 37253 Urban - Industrial ~ 4.264 ~ 132 51 1.869 3.889 0 74 10.977 Important Aericultural 49y70 37.237 21y32 78.023 41314 51.500 26.703 32y804 47y_00 _ 6 R Land Extensive Aericultural 88y73 26y78 31_`55 82y24 21y85 71j 9999 105`074 66y8 167.426 661382 Rural 29.251 2542 71 0 102 1908 ] 001 31 13_II~0 47996 Resort/ 0 gq 0 0 47 3 12 2 9 1 29 576 ResoR Node - - - - ~ ~ Open Area 2335 11798 434 1.266 2119 14y74 633 2 6_99 438 35_`96 Conservation 13210 16779 ]ly710 235 12 11.217 13y57 199585 43398 426.956 1 55021 Urban Expansion 3,844 122 62 0 258 12264 11.995 0 597 29.142 Area - - - - - University Use 0 664 0 0 0 0 461 0 0 1_.125 Plannine Department Estimates - GIS Data 349 Land Use Introduction The following is a list of urban and rural centers, industrial areas and resort areas of the County by district. District Urban and Rural Center Industrial Areas Resort Areas Keaau Pahoa ]Kalapana] Keaau [Kapoho] Keaau-Gateway Center fI-CI PBna Kurtis[own [Kapoho] [Papal (Inermediate)] ML View Pahoa Hawaiian Paradise Park Panaewa Orchidland Estates Hawaiian Paradise Park f4Cl Volcano [City of] Hilo [City of] Hilo Waiakea Peninsula-Reeds Bay Pa aikou Hilo Iron Works (I-Cl S. Hllo p Waiakea Houselots (I-Cl (Intermediate) Pepeekeo-Kulaimano Keaukaha (Minor) Honomu Papaikou Pepeekeo Wainaku tMinorl Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa N. Hilo ~Ninole] Laupahcehce-Papaaloa Ookala Ookala Honokaa Haina (Hamakua-Kohala Mountain Forest Hamakua paauilo Honokaa Reserve (Retreat) Paauilo Kalopa (Retreat)] Hawi Halaula N. Kohala Kapaau Halaula Mahukona (Minor) Kahua IKohala Ranchl Hawr [Kohala Mountains (Retreat)] Niulii Kawaihae Puako (Mauka Kawaihae Anaehoomalu (Major) S. Kohala Lalamilo Waikoloa Villaee [Kawaihae] Kaunaoa Bav-Hapuna Waikoloa illa a Waimea Bea (Major) Waimea Waikoloa Mauka [Puako] Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay ]Kawaihae Harbor] (Major) Keahole to Kailua Kailua (Major) Kailua-Keauhou Kailua Keauhou-Kahaluu (Major) Keahole-0'oma] Kona Industrial Subdivision [Kealakehe (Intermediate) iKealakehe] and adiecent area H-Cl Kohanaiki (Imermediate) N. Kona [Holualoa-Along Kuakini Honokohau (I-Cl Kukio (Intermediate) Highway] Kainaliu-Honalo O'oma (Internedia[e) Holualoa Mauka [Ke-whole] Keahole Honokohau (Minor) [Keopu] Kabko Kaupulehu (Intermediate)] Kainaliu-Honalo Kauuulehu-Kukio (MaioN S. Kona Captain Cook Kealakekua-Captain Cook [Honaunau-Keel (Intermediate)] Kealakekua Keekee-Kalukalu fBetreatl Naalehu Honuapo Pahala Naalehu Ninole-Punaluu ](Imermediate)] Kau pahzlz Minur Waiohinu Ocean View Ocean View [Volcano (Retreat)] Note: I-C refers to Industrial-Commercial 350 Land Use Introduction [Zoning Guide Map In the implementation of the General Plan land use pattern concerning the allocation of acreage for zoning, the Planning Department shall prepare zoning guide maps which delineate specific uses in conformance to the designated uses in the land use pattern. Taking into consideration all elements of the General Plan, the zoning guide maps shall also indicate alternative or appropriate sites. At a minimum every five years, these zoning guide maps shall be reviewed by the Planning Commission and adopted by Council resolution. During the preparation period of the zoning guide maps, zoning changes may be granted, as long as they conform to the General Plan. Land Zoning Bank In conjunction with the development of the Zone Guide Map, a Land Zoning Bank will also be developed. Of the estimated total acreage for the County, an appropriate proportion will be allocated throughout the districts in a "district bank" and the remainder will be retained in a County zone bank. The district bank totals will be further allocated to the urban and rural centers, industrial and resort areas. The allocations serve as a guide and shall not be construed to be the absolute desired acreage allowed. Acreage allocation may be shifted within a district from one area to another if the needs increase or accelerate within the initial allocation period. Similarly, land use may be reallocated within a district without any change in the total allocated acreage for a given land use if no appreciable development or change is evidenced or indicated within the initial allocation period. In the event that the allocated acreage is absorbed within the districts, additional allocation may be made from the County "Land Zoning Bank." The following table illustrates the Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation for all districts and may be used during the preparation period of the zone guide map and land zoning bank. The allocated residential areas are to include those areas set aside within the resort complexes. Zone of Mix The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incorporated in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands which have topographic and/or drainage problems. Although [he zone of mix allows a mixture of housing types within an area, the density shall not exceed that which is designated for the area. In an area which allows a zone of mix, a certain percentage of the density will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be single-family residential units. 351 Land Use Introduction Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation (In Acres) Residential Commercial Industrial Resor[ County Allocation 38,546 3,855 7,691 1,558 Land Zoning Bank (9,636) (964) (1,924) (201) Puna 9,014 901 1,352 55 South Hilo 9,618 ...962 2,504 195 North Hilo 261 26 39 Hamakua 1,152 115 174 6 North Kohala 1,181 118 264 12 South Kohala 4,422 442 814 439 North Kona 10,027 100 2,027 733 South Kona 2,050 205 307 54 Ka'u 930 93 210 64 Net acres] Zone of Mix The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incorporated in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands that have topographic and/or drainage problems. Although the zone of mix allows a mixture of housing types within an area, the density shall not exceed that which is designated for the area. In an area that allows a zone of mix, a certain percentage of the density will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be single- family residential units. The clustering of housing in the zone of mix concept may be a means of minimizing grading, preserving the natural appearance of topography, and making optimum use of the terrain for residential structures and recreational and open spaces. Mixed Use Zones The revision to the Zoning Code, completed in 1996, [shall be re-evaluated to incorporate] incorporated the concept of mixed use zones to allow compatible commercial uses to mix with light industrial uses, and [to allow] the mixing of residential and commercial uses. Mixed use light industrial and commercial zones may include, but are not limited to, wholesale, retail, office uses and personal and business services. Mixed use zones are appropriate in areas of economic transition, such as light industrial areas [which] that are in demand as sites for commercial uses, and older residential areas [which are] needed as sites for more intensive development. 352 Land Use Introduction [Important Agricultural Lands Includes Intensive, Extensive or Orchard lands which (a) possess certain physical properties or setting capable of producing sustained high agricultural yields when treated and managed according to modern farming methods and technology; (b) contribute to the County's economic base and produce commodities for export and for local consumption; and (c) are not characterized by the above categories but are considered and designated by public policy as important agricultural lands because of some unique quality, setting or use. Important agricultural lands exclude lands which fall into the categories described, but have been designated by County policy or plans to be of greater benefit to the general public in some current or potential non-agricultural use.] Through the careful analysis and examination of past and present situations, the following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to physically plan the lands in the County in the best interest of the island's residents. GOALS • Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County. • Protect and encourage the intensive and extensive utilization of the County's important agricultural lands. • Protect and preserve forest, water, natural and scientific reserves and open areas. POLICIES • Zone urban- [and rural-] types of uses in areas with ease of access to community services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and facilities. • Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and use of urban [and rural] areas [which) that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities. • Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected needs of neighborhood, community, region and County. Maintain the "land zoning bank" from which land use zoning may be allocated to specified urban and rural centers and districts.] • Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to assure compatibility with land use goals and policies. • Incorporate innovations such as the "zone of mix" and "mixed use zones" into the Zoning Code. 353 Land Use Introduction Incorporate the concept of a "floating zone" for future industrial and retreat resort areas, to allow flexibility in locating future needed developments which cannot be pinpointed at this time, especially in the more rural and/or remote areas.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment. • [Conduct a review and re-evaluation] Establish a program of continuing review of the Zoning Code in light of emerging new industries and technologies and incorporate revisions to land use regulations as necessazy. • jThe County shall develop, in cooperation with community residents] Develop community development or regional plans for all of the districts or combinations of districts in cooperation with community residents and periodically review and amend these documents as necessary or as mandated. • Ensure that condominium property regimes (CPR) comply with the requirements of the Zoning Code, Subdivision Control Code and other applicable rules and regulations. • Encourage urban development within existing zoned areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered development. STANDARDS • The designated land uses will be delineated on the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. The broad-brush boundaries indicated are graphic expressions of the General Plan policies, particularly those relating to land uses. They are long-range guides to general location and will be subject to: a) existing zoning; and b) State Land Use District and c)zone guide map and interpretation]. Similarly, the acreages allocated represent alternatives for the various levels of economic activity and supporting functions, such as resort, residential, commercial and industrial activities. Land required for community and governmental services and programs as well as new towns and resort centers maybe accommodated within the allocated acreages. • Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation, district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need. • Zoning may be recommended on an incremental basis depending upon construction schedule, development of supporting services and facilities, and other pertinent factors bearing upon the performance of the petitioner. 354 Land Use Introduction Zoning may be reallocated as to location within districts according to need with or without change in total zoned acreage. • Zoning of areas for industrial and retreat resort uses under [he "floating zone" concept shall be required to meet all pertinent elements of the General Plan.) • The establishment of urban-types of zonine may include additional acreaees to account for acreaees utilized for public benefit such as historic sites public access and parks. 355 Land Use Introduction AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS In the County, [of Hawaii] approximately [47%] 1,184,599 acres or 46 per cent of the total land area [(1,185,816 acres)] is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural district. Included in the district aze ?ands with a high capacity or potential for agricultural use as well as those with very low potential for productive agricultural activity. [Approximately 27% of the total acreage of the County (686,000 acres) are presently being used for agriculture.] [The structure of commercial] Commercial agriculture in Hawaii County [is in a state of transition. While commercial agriculture] was once dominated by sugar and ranching. [Trends indicate that a larger number of small] With the demise of sugar in the mid-1990s and reduced production volumes within the ranching industrv since the mid-1980s, independent farmers producing a wide variety of commodities [will play an increasingly important role in the future.] have played an increasing role in the continued growth of the agriculture industrv. At the same time, trends also indicate increasing efficiencies of operations resulting in overall reductions in land requirements. [As the prospects for sugar have declined and the acreages cultivated reduced, the large] Large corporations and mid-size and small entrepreneurs have led the way in examining alternative uses for former sugaz land. Papaya, macadamia nuts, guava, exotic tropical fruits, forestry and ginger are some of the commodities [which] that have been given a boost by the research and marketing efforts undertaken [by these corporations. Although large corporations initially investigated new commodities, in numerous instances smaller farmers have provided innovative and efficient approaches to realize their potentialJ. While additional opportunities to develop new commodities may [be expected to] arise, the realization of these opportunities requires the cooperative effort of the large corporations, entrepreneurs, the small independent farmers and government. Large corporations can assist in the supply of land, water, marketing, and capital; the entrepreneurs and small independent farmer can supply the human resources of imagination, determination and hard work; and government can provide an environment that supports their efforts. In addition to the agricultural land uses relating to the growing of the products, agricultural land uses also [includes] include those relating to the packing, processing and manufacturing of the products, [which] that may be more industrial in character, but are nevertheless agricultural. The [diversified] agricultural industry may also need a variety of such industrial type uses [which] that are dependent upon the specific processing requirements of the product. In light of the changes faced by commercial agriculture, the land use regulatory system must be examined to determine [what] the adjustments [will be] required to allow the agricultural industry to make the change. In agriculturally designated areas, both the State and County have established goals, objectives and policies [which] that reflect a desire to promote agricultural activities as well as preserve and protect agricultural land. 356 Land Use Agricultural Significant changes to the State Land Use Law have been proposed since its adoption. These changes could streamline the state's land use regulatory system for controlling land use, and change the County's role in the land use regulatory system. The changes to the land use regulatory system are due, in part, to changes to the socio-economic conditions of the State.] The Countv and State governments continue to explore possible chances to their respective land use regulatory svstem in response to the continuous chances occurring within the State's socio-economic climate As agriculture's contribution to the State's economy since the davs of sugar has declined, there has been a concurrent rise by tourism as the State's major source of income. The [decline] demise of the sugar industry on this island has resulted in thousands of acres of land being removed from productive agricultural use. At the same time, growth in [tourism] the island's population has contributed towards increasing [both population and] land costs. Agricultural land values have risen beyond their value for agricultural purposes. The high cost of agricultural land reflects non-agricultural uses and values rather than the value that may be attributed to land if it were used as a resource for food and fiber production. Although there are many legitimate reasons for allowing zoning and use conversions of agricultural land, the increasing land values is one of the major problems that needs to be addressed to facilitate the expansion of agriculture. One of the key factors in adjusting to the changing socio-economic conditions is the restructuring of our land use regulatory system to [make a distinction] distinguish between important agricultural land and [marginal] other agricultural land. These distinctions should be made in the evaluative criteria for considering zone changes, permitted uses, minimum lot size requirements, and subdivision development standards. Rural-style residential-agricultural developments may include either new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities. Such development provides opportunities for a mix of residential and small scale agricultural activities. However, the primary intent of these developments would be to provide an added range to housing opportunities. Along with this housing, the large lots of these rural areas will provide opportunities for part-time agriculture, gardening activities and the raising of livestock on a small scale. By providing opportunities to satisfy the demand for a rural lifestyle on marginal agricultural land, the pressures to develop [ourJ important agricultural land for these purposes would be decreased. It should be emphasized that commercial agricultural operations will not be discouraged from or penalized for utilizing lands considered "marginal." Many commodities including macadamia nuts, papaya, anthuriums and orchids are now produced on such lands. To protect these existing agricultural operations from urban encroachment, a buffer area, or uses [which] that are compatible with agricultural operations should be considered before allowing any type of rural or urban development into the area. 357 Laud Use Agricultural [In summary, diversified agriculture, including macadamia] Macadamia nuts, cattle, flowers and nursery products, papayas, vegetables and melons and coffee all have the potential for continued growth. Although the prospects for [diversified] agriculture are encouraging, there aze problems [which] that need to be overcome before the potential can be realized. These problems include, but are not necessarily limited to: land cost, cosUavailability of water, cost/availability of transportation, cost of labor, marketing, developing and maintaining quality standards, and disease and pest control. Lands for agricultural parks are areas set aside by the State specifically for agricultural activities to encourage continuation or initiation of such agricultural oaerations. The State's Agricultural Parks Program makes land available to small farmers at reasonable cost with long-term tenure. The State Department of Agriculture currently oaerates four agricultural parks on the island, one each in the districts of Puna. South Hilo, Hamakua and North Kona. The following goals and policies are intended to address some of the land related problems of agriculture and are to be consistent with and supportive of the overall land use element. GOALS • Identify, protect and maintain important agriculture lands on the island of Hawaii. • Preserve the agricultural character of the island. • Preserve and enhance oaaortunities for the expansion of Hawaii's Agricultural Industry. POLICIES • [Zoning shall protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. New] Implement new approaches to preserve important agricultural land [shall be implemented by the County]. • [The County shall assist] Assist in the development of basic resources such as water, roads, transportation and distribution facilities for the agricultural industry. • [The County shall assist] Assist other State agencies, such as the University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture[,] and Human Resources, University of Hawaii[,] at Hilo, College of Agriculture. Forestry and Natural Resources Management [(Hilo)], Department of [Planning and] Business, Economic Development[,] and Tourism, Office of Planning, Department of Land and Natural Resources and Department of Agriculture, on programs [which] that aid agriculture. • Agricultural land [shall] may be used as one form of open space or as green belt. 358 Land Use Agriwltural • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate and encourage efforts to solve the problems of the agricultural industry in the County of Hawaii. • [The compatibility of agricultural and non-agricultural uses should be carefully reviewed and where appropriate, buffers required.] In order to minimize the potential conflicts between agricultural and non-agricultural uses, standards and guidelines for the establishment of well defined buffer areas as part of new, non-agricultural developments that are located adjacent to important agricultural lands shall be developed. • Rural style residential agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations.] Land zoned for use in the Rural District shall be expanded, where appropriate. • [The County shall develop] Develop subdivision standards [which] that make a distinction between agricultural and urban land uses. • Designate, protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. [New approaches to preserve important agricultural land shall be implemented by the County.] • [The County shall ensure] Ensure that development of important agricultural land be primarily for [commercial] agricultural use [purposes]. • Support the development of private and State agricultural parks to make agricultural land available for agricultural activities. • Assist in the development of agriculture. • Assist in the development of water for agricultural purposes. • Investigate possibilities to prevent non-agricultural uses that could interfere with potential or existing agricultural activities on important agricultural lands. • Support efforts to provide tax relief and other incentives to enhance competitive capabilities of commercial farms and ranches, thereby insuring long-term preservation, enhancement, and expansion of viable agricultural lands. • Ensure that condominium property regimes (CPR) on agricultural- designated lands comply with the requirements of the Zoning Code and other applicable laws, rules and regulations. 359 Land Use Agricultural • Farm labor housine projects shall be developed in a manner that minimizes the use of important agricultural lands and is consistent with the character of surrounding land uses. • Encourage, where appropriate, the establishment of visitor-related uses and facilities that directly Promote the aericulture industry. • Important aericultural lands shall not be rezoned to parcels too small to support economically viable farmine units. • Discourage speculative residential development on aericultural lands. • Encourage other compatible economic uses that complement existing aericultural and pastoral activities. DISTRICTS The analysis that follows concentrates on agricultural land use and focuses on the relationship of the districts to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The major agricultural businesses in Puna [are] include macadamia nuts, flowers, foliaee, papaya, bananas, tropical fruits and [truck farming.] vegetable production. The Puna district is the major papaya growing region in the State. In the past, the papaya industry has been faced with challenges from fruit flies and the Papaya Rinespot Virus. Today, the industry is thrivine due to the development of several methods of quarantine treatment and the development of a genetically engineered disease resistant variety. The papaya industry however, is faced with a major problem which is finding] is continuine its efforts to find an acceptable alternative to ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigation to control fruit flies. [Vegetables and a variety of fruits, primarily oranges and tangerines, are grown throughout the district.] There is a fairly sizable planting of macadamia nuts on the Hilo side of Keaau. Additional plantings [are projected on former sugar lands which became available with the closing of the Puna Sugar Company in 1984. A pilot project to test the feasibility of Coco plants was started in 1986.] may be anticipated as the market dictates. Other future agricultural uses projected [for the former sugar land] include expansion of papaya, bananas, [alfalfa (for cattle feed),] cacao and tree farms [(for biomass fuel).], coffee and kava (awe). The State has also made lands available at the Pahoa Agricultural Park.] 360 Land Use Agricultural Veeetables and a variety of fruits are also Brown in the Puna District. Some of the more exotic types of fruits beine Grown include lychee, rambutan, cherimoya, starfruit, sapodilla, maneosteen, iackfruit, euava, breadfruit and atemova. Flowers, chiefly anthuriums and orchids, are grown throughout the district. The major flower cultivation aeeas are Mt. View, Pahoa. Kapoho and Volcano. Numerous truck farms are located in the Volcano area. Major crops are lettuce, temperate ranee flowers [(cymbidiums)] and cabbage. The Puna district also has the potential for agricultural processing and manufacturing opportunities utilizing the geothermal resources of the azea. These direct use applications of the geothermal resources need to be located within effective proximity of the resotsce itself and may require the need for new forms of land use management and control. The State has made lands available for agriculture at the 60-lot Pahoa Aericultural Park, that covers an area of approximately 600 acres. The aericultural park is fully occupied with no lots available for lease. There are [ 197,900 approximately 198.747 acres zoned for agricultural use in Puna. [Less than 50,000 acres of this total is being used for agricultural activities. The vast majority of the agriculturally zoned areas have been subdivided for large lot residential purposes.] [Courses] Course of Action ~ • Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] • Assist in the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in the district]. SOUTH HILO Profile [Sugar is the principal crop grown in South Hilo. The major area of sugar cultivation is found in the rural areas north of Hilo along the Belt Highway. Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) and its two sugarcane growing entities, Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc. and the United Cane Planters Cooperative, aze the chief agricultural enterprises in this area. In an effort to increase efficiency, C. Brewer and Company, Ltd., the owner of Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc., plans to remove 8,000 acres from sugar cultivation and convert most of these acres to macadamia nuts. Some of the conversion to macadamia nut plantings have already occurred in the Wainaku to Pepeekeo area. The total acreage in sugarcane in 1985 was approximately 19,900 acres.] Sugar was once the principal crop Brown in South Hilo until the closine of Hilo Coast Processing Company in 1984. A diversified aericultural industry has since emerged to make productive use of the former sugar cane lands. The flower, foliaee and nursery industry is the leadine diversified agriculture industry in the state. The South Hilo district is well-known for the cultivation of flowers and nursery products. 361 Land Use Agricultural Anthuriums, orchids, and landscaping plants are lust some of the many types of foliage being Grown within the district. Because of proximity to the marketing area of Hilo, numerous [population-related] commodities [are raised in South Hilo such as dairying, hog and poultry raising, vegetables, and other agricultural activities. Hilo is also known for its flower cultivation. Anthuriums, chrysanthemums, orchids, landscaping plants, and other foliage are grown.] such as vegetables, ginger root and flowers are Grown in South Hilo. [Cattle are grazed on the mauka fringe of Hilo city and in the Puu O'o area above the forest reserve. Eucalyptus trees are also raised in the higher elevations for biomass fuel to generate electricity.] Farms in rural South Hilo are located along major transportation routes [near villages]. Within the city limits, agricultural uses are found in the Panaewa farm lots, upper Kaumana and Waiakea Uka areas. There are [71,280] approximately 73.750 acres of land zoned for agricultural use in South Hilo[, most with a minimum lot size of 20 acres and above]. Courses of Action The County shall provide for agricultural areas within proximity to the city for products consumed locally. • Necessary capital shall be provided to agricultural areas.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between agricultural and urban/residential areas. • [The County shall support] Support the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College aid in their development of programs [which] that assist agriculture. NORTH HILO/HAMAKUA Profile Sugar cultivation [dominates] once dominated the agricultural scene in both districts[.] until the closing of the Hamakua Sugar Company in 1994. The Hamakua Sugar Company [has] once cultivated approximately 35,000 acres in sugar in the North Hilo and Hamakua districts. These vacant sugar lands are slowly being cultivated in various crops. A mainland company has recently initiated plantings of eucalyptus on Kamehameha Schools land along the Hamakua coast in its effort to establish a 15,000-acre eucalyptus plantation. A 1981 study to identify the best potential forest lands within the County identified 80,000 362 land Use Agricultural acres, mainly located along the Hamakua coast between the 1,000- and 3,000-foot elevations. Within both districts there are small truck farms [which] that raise vegetables, fruits, flowers, and macadamia nuts. Taro is also raised within Waipio Valley. [Ranching operations are also found on the higher slopes. The Hamakua Sugar Company has developed a 10,000 head cattle feedlot and a meat processing facility near Paauilo.] Ranching has now expanded from the upper elevations to the ocean. There are [223,174] approximately 227,177 acres zoned for agricultural use in the North Hilo and Hamakua districts. [Courses of Action • Encourage large landowners in the district to make surplus important agricultural lands available for diversified agriculture. • Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.] [Courses] Course of Action • Encourage large landowners [in the district] to make [surplus important] agricultural lands available for [diversified] agriculture. Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.] NORTH KOHALA Profile Ranching, macadamia nut production, and nursery production are the principal agricultural activities currently operating in North Kohala. [Since the demise of sugar in 1975, however, agricultural activity within the district has remained low. The majority of the land formerly in sugar production is now utilized for extensive grazing purposes. No one commodity or combination of commodities have come close to utilizing the vast agricultural land resources within the district.] Some [of these] lands in this district are being converted to large lot rural- residential subdivisions. There are [62,593] 67,977 acres of agriculturally zoned lands in the district. Over 14,000 acres [of this total was in sugar production up to 1975. Because much of the basic] within this district were previously serviced by agricultural infrastructure including] .This includes the Kohala Ditch irrigation system, [still] that remains viable and could provide there should be ample) opportunities to more intensively utilize these lands[.] for agricultural purposes. 363 Land Use Agricultural The agricultural lands of North Kohala also create much of the feeling of open space that is so important to the area. A number of legislative resolutions have supported the protection of viewplanes and open space from the main highway to the sea, most recently Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 146. Courses of Action Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.) • Encourage the maintenance [ofJ and [the] more intensive utilization of the Kohala Ditch irrigation system for agricultural production. • Support the development of private and State agricultural parks as a means of making agricultural land available for commercial agricultural activities. • In reviewing Special Permit applications, rezonings, and other land use changes in the Agricultural District, great care should be given to preserve existing viewplanes to and along the coastline. SOUTH KOHALA Profile South Kohala's Waimea region contains the most extensive truck farming area in the County. Vegetables such as celery, daikon (turnip), carrots, lettuce, cabbage, [and] broccoli, tomatoes and bell peppers, and fruits such as strawberries are grown for both local and export markets. Certain flowers and foliage are also grown in this region. Most of the lands in South Kohala are used for cattle ranching. Parker Ranch is the largest ranch in the area and owns most of the grazing lands. [Of the 101,541] There are approximately 119,813 acres zoned for agriculture in the district over half are vacant]. Although land in the Waimea area is considered some of the most productive in the County, there is a need to develop a more reliable agricultural water system to more fully utilize this potential. With the [recent] growth in the district spurred [primarily) by tourism, urban pressures are increasingly competing for basic resources required by agriculture, namely land, labor, and water. Courses of Action • Through zoning the County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] 364 Land Use Agricultural • [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile Coffee, macadamia nut, avocado and ranching are the major agricultural endeavors in Kona. Other commodities grown in Kona include [bananas, papayas, oranges, tangerines,] tropical fruits, beans, cucumbers, tomatoes, flowers, foliage and nursery plants. There are 280,937 acres of land within the State Land Use Agricultural designation in this district [Of these 160,409 are agriculturally zoned and an additional 120,145 acres are zoned Unplanned by the County.] Approximately 279,466 acres are zoned for agricultural uses by the County. Although the climate of Kona is favorable for agriculture, soils and topography present some limitations, especially for mechanized farming. This has been one of the problems faced by the coffee industry. Another factor [which inhibits] inhibiting agricultural activity in the district is the price of land. There is a substantial dispazity between the agricultural use value and market value of land in Kona. In addition, the land ownership pattern in agriculturally suitable areas, is chazacterized by a few large land holders, and requires favorable lease arrangements [which] that are not always available. The same urbanization pressures faced in the South Kohala district are also present in Kona. Keahole Agricultural Park. located mauka of Kona International Airport at Keahole, is comprised of 179 acres subdivided into 341ots. Few lots are available for lease. [Courses of Action • The County shall protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt. • The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged to accelerate research on agricultural products which are or could be of economic value to Kona. • Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas. • The County shall encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.] 365 Iand Use Agricultural Courses of Action • [The County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt[.] from urban encroachment through the use of zoning and other mechanisms. • [The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged] Encourage the University of Hawaii at Hilo to accelerate research on agricultural, aguaculture and forestry products [which] that are or could be of economic value to Kona. Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land. KA'U Profile [Sugar and macadamia nuts are the major crops grown in the Ka'u district. There are approximately 16,000 acres planted in sugar and approximately 5,000 acres planted in macadamia nuts.] Macadamia nuts are the maior crop Brown within the Ka'u District. Sugar, which once dominated the agricultural industry within the district, saw its end with the closing of the Ka'u Suaar Company in 1996. Other crops, such as bananas, avocados, tomatoes, and carnations are cultivated on a limited scale. Other production includes vegetables, coffee, and hardwoods. Ranching operations are also found throughout the district. [In addition, eucalyptus trees are also raised for biomass fuel to generate electricity.] A private initiative has been undertaken to plant approximately 5,000 acres of eucalyptus trees. There are [252,647] approximately 252,843 acres of agriculturally zoned land in the district. Over 70[%] per cent of this total area is not being utilized for agricultural purposes. The lack of an adequate water supply is one of the major limitations to further agricultural development in the district. [Courses] Course of Action Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] • Encourage and support the expansion of [diversified] agriculture, including forestry and the macadamia nut industry [in the district]. 366 Land Use Agricultural COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Commercial development is basically comprised of businesses in the retail trade and service categories. Commercial areas are generally located in concentrated areas where goods and services may be conveniently sold. Examples are shopping centers, central business districts, and community and neighborhood business areas. The extent of commercial development is influenced by the number of both resident and transient populations and their incomes, mobility and lifestyles. This land use is also affected by the availability and costs of transportation, internal and external competition, and other factors. According [o the Census of Business for 1977 and 1982, the County's commercial establishments increased both in number and in the value of sales generated. In 1977, there were 593 retail and 257 service establishments with payrolls, excluding hotels. By 1982, retail trade was conducted in 738 establishments, while services accounted for 520 businesses. Sales for commercial activities in 1982 were about $598 million, compared to $303 million in 1977. Retail trade accounts for 81°I° of the sales.] AccordinH to the U.S. Census Bureau, the County's commercial establishments continue to increase in both number of establishments and value of sales. In 1992, there were 1,012 retail and 974 service establishments within the County, an increase of 37 per cent and 87 per cent respectively. over the number of establishments in 1982. Total sales of $1,700,000,000 were venerated by commercial establishments in 1992, an increase of 186 per cent since 1982. Latest fivures for 1997 show a 4 per cent decline in the number of retail establishments from 1992 and a 36 per cent increase in the number of service establishments duriny the same period. The increase in sales in almost every category of commercial activities, executed the growth in the number of establishments, reflecting both the impact of inflation as well as real growth in per capita expenditures. Commercial development related to the visitor industry experienced the largest increase.] There are two distinct markets for commercial development on the island [of Hawaii]: the resident and the visitor markets. Adequate planning for commercial establishments in both markets is equally important. Commercial activity in the County is characterized by the existence of the large urban [center] centers in Hilo the growing urban center emerging] and around Kailua-Kona, several smaller centers and many rural neighborhood shopping areas. [The city of] Hilo and Kailua- Kona jserves~ serve as the major commercial [district of the island] centers with secondary centers located in ~Honoka'a,] Honokaa, Keaau, Waimea, Kealakekua, and Naalehu. Recent trends reflect commercial development outside of Hilo's older commercial core and a more decentralized pattern. This decentralization is reflective of the growing markets outside of the immediate environs of Downtown Hilo ~proper~ and the general trend toward 367 Land Use Commercial multi-centered urban areas. Similarly, commercial develoament within Kailua-Kona is extending mauka and north of its traditional commercial areas alone Alii Drive and Palani Road. Lands mauka of the Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav have recently been the focus of commercial develoument with the arrival of Wal Mart. K-Mart. Safeway Borders Bookstores. Liberty House and other retail oaerations. Some of the problems of many of the existing commercial developments are the poor or dilapidated conditions of the older facilities and the inadequacy of vehicular and pedestrian systems. Pedestrian and vehicular circulation patterns are not continuous in all cases making repeated on and off street movements necessary. Such movements serve to congest the streets providing access to these commercial areas and create congestion problems for the entire area. Strip development of commercial facilities has occurred and commercial zoned lands have not always been utilized for their intended purpose. Following an examination and analysis of present and past situations concerning commercial development, the following goals, policies, and standards have been set forth. GOALS • Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience to users. • Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of transportation and land usage within the island's regions, communities, and neighborhoods. POLICIES • [ln an effort to assist existing commercial developments, urban] Urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs shall be undertaken in cooperation with communities, businesses and governmental agencies. [The key to the success of these kinds of programs is active and sustained participation from communities and businesses.] • Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately served by necessary services, such as water, utilities, sewers, and transportation systems. Should such services not be available, the development of more intensive uses should be in concert with a localized program of public and private capital improvements to meet the expected increased needs. • Distribution of commercial areas shall [be such as to best] meet the demands of neighborhood, community and regional needs. • Existing strip development shall be converted to more appropriate uses when and where it is feasible. 368 Land Use Commercial • Encourase the concentration of commercial uses within and surroundins a central core area. • The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the locale with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services. Appropriate infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such developments. • Applicable ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include considerations for urban design, aesthetic quality and the protection of amenities in adjacent areas through landscaping, open space and buffer areas. • Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessarv for development. • Encourase commercial areas to develop on an axis perpendiwlar to the hishway. STANDARDS There are three basic types of shopping centers: • [1)] Neighborhood Centers Provide: Convenience goods, e.g., foods, drugs, and personal services. Major Shops: Supermarket and/or drug store. Number of Shops: 5 to 15. Acreage: 5 to 10 acres. Approximate Market: 3,000 people. • [2)] Community Centers Provide: Convenience goods, plus "soft line" items, such as clothing, and "hard line" items, such as hardware and small appliances. Major Shops: Variety orjunior department store. Number of Shops: 20 to 40. Acreage: 10 to 30 acres. Approximate Market: 15,000 people. • [3)] Regional Centers Provide: Full range of merchandise and services. Major Shops: Full size department store. Number of Shops: 40. Approximate Market: 50,000 people. 369 Land Use Commercial Commercial development shall be located in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Commercial developments shall provide for adequate internal circulation amongst commercial facilities in the area. • Off-street parking and loading facilities shall be provided. • Commercial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present environment through the consideration of visual, access, landscaping, and other design elements in their development. • Preference shall be given to commercial lands with a reasonably level topography.] DISTRICTS The following analysis [by district] of commercial development by districts is intended to bring into focus the relationship of each district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile Commercial activity in the Puna district primarily consists of small rural enterprises [which] that serve the surroundine rural-residential and agricultural communities. Commercial activity is mainly located in the communities of Keaau and Pahoa, with lesser activity in Orchidland Estates, Mountain View, Kurtistown, and Glenwood. The communities of Keaau and Pahoa are the commercial centers of the district. The extent of commercial development consists of a shopping center in Keaau and grocery and general merchandise stores, service stations, and miscellaneous retail shops and services. The majority of these [mainly serve residents of the communities.] retail enterprises primarily serve the immediate surroundine communities. W. H. Shiuman, Ltd. is currently seekine to rezone approximately 32 acres of land in Keaau from an Aericultural to an Industrial-Commercial Mixed Use district The project site is located adjacent to the Shipman Business Park and mauka of the Volcano Highway-Keaau Bypass intersection W H Shipman plans to initially develop a shoppine center with up to 118 000 square feet of retail floor area on approximately 16 acres located within the northern half of the 32-acre project area. The balance of the oroiect area is proposed to be developed as a mixed use commerciaVliehtjndustrial area with 370 Land Use Commercial approximately 100,000 to 125,000 square feet of floor area. Completion of this uroiect is anticipated in 2008. Population is scattered throughout the district and the remainder of the commercial activity is minimal. Proximity to Hilo limits the demand for commercial activities as Hilo is, to a great extent, the major shopping area for the residents of Puna. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in Pahoa Town, rather than alone the Pahoa By-Pass, to serve the residents of Lower Puna shall be encouraged. • Expanded commercial services to meet the needs of population growth in the Puna district shall be encouraged in [the area of] Keaau. • Rehabilitation of existing commercial development in appropriate locations shall be encouraged. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Allow the establishment of small neighborhood commercial areas within existing non-conforming, residential-agricultural (rurall subdivisions SOUTH HILO Profile [The] One of the island's two major commercial [center] centers is located in [the] South Hilo [district]. [The city ofJ Hilo contains a downtown business district, several shopping center complexes, and neighborhood commercial facilities. The rural communities, primarily plantation settlements[,] located along the coastal areas have limited commercial facilities. Commercial activity in Hilo is undergoing rapid change. [A new shopping complex has been recently completed.] Most of the recent commercial development serving the East Hawaii region has been concentrated in the Waiakea District and includes the Prince Kuhio Plaza and Waiakea Shopping Center complexes. Other shopping areas include the Hilo Shopping Center, the Kaiko'o Mall and surrounding office developments, and the [downtown] Downtown Hilo central business district. Downtown Hilo generally lacks adequate parking facilities and efficient traffic circulation. The physical condition of many buildings within Downtown Hilo is also poor, although there have been recent efforts to rehabilitate many of the buildings in the area. Some of these efforts include the rehabilitation of the Palace Theater, Kress Building, S. Hate Building and the Tovama Building. Another effort to revitalize Downtown Hilo is seen in the establishment of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Corridor, that is part of the larger Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program that seeks to preserve historic sites and buildings along transportation corridors. As detailed within the 371 Land Use Commercial Downtown Hilo Redevelopment Plan development of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area would preserve and rehabilitate public and private structures of historical or architectural significance, reinforce the area's past and future function and image as an important civic area, and serve as an activity center for attracting both residents and tourists Without continuing efforts for renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment, the downtown business district may further lose its competitive position. In addition, neighborhood shopping areas are located throughout the city. The largest of these [is aJ are supermarket-variety store [complex] complexes in the Waiakea Homesteads area. These neighborhood shopping complexes including KTA Super Stores and Sack-n- Save supermarkets, are located near one of the busiest intersections in the city and is part of the High Density Urban core of Hilo. Multiple ownership of contiguous properties [and speculative practices on commercially zoned lands have] has created problems which make orderly development in any one area difficult. Incompatible land uses also create an undesirable climate for commercial development. Expansion of the University of Hawaii facilities and community will induce a need for commercial services in proximity to the campus. Under the University land use category. support commercial uses are permitted. [Course] Courses of Action • [Rehabilitation,] Continue to pursue the rehabilitation, renewal, and redevelopment of downtown Hilo [must be undertaken]. Continual improvement of other existing commercial areas must also be assured. • Assistance to small businesses in obtaining loans and management education classes and manpower training programs shall be encouraged. • Controls that discourage speculation shall be established. • Appropriately located commercial zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Commercial zoned lands in proximity to the University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be allocated as the need arises. NORTH HILO Profile Commercial development is limited in the North Hilo district. There are several small rural communities in the district [which] that are primarily plantation settlements. 372 Land Use Commercial Miscellaneous stores and services are found in Ninole, Papaaloa, Laupahoehoe, and Ookala. The majority of the commercial services are located in Laupahoehoe. As the facilities in North Hilo provide limited services, [the city of] Hilo serves as the major shopping area for the residents of the district. Population in the district has been declining[,] over the past thirty years, thus limiting the market for expansion of existing commercial facilities. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area shall be encouraged. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Do not allow stria or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the primary commercial area. HAMAKUA Profile The town of Honokaa provides commercial and government services for the Hamakua district. Honokaa was once the second largest community on the island for several decades and has a high school, government offices, [general hospital] and numerous stores and services. The smaller communities of Kukuihaele and Paauilo have limited commercial facilities. Although some renovations and new commercial buildings have occurred in Honokaa, [most] many of the structures housing commercial activities are generally still in poor or dilapidated condition and lack adequate parking facilities [are lacking]. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in the Honokaa area shall be encouraged. Urban renewal of the area [shall] should be undertaken. • Suitable commercially zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. The County shall encourage community beautification efforts.] • Encourage commercial activities within Honokaa town to promote and enhance the history and culture of the paniolo and former sugar plantation 373 Land Use Commercial NORTH KOHALA Profile Commercial activity in the North Kohala district is located to a limited degree in the village of Halaula with Kapaau and Hawi serving as the main commercial centers. The village of Waimea in the South Kohala district also serves the commercial needs of the residents of this district. Courses of Action • The development of a commercial core within the towns of Hawi or Kapaau shall be encouraged. • Continual improvement of commercial facilities shall be undertaken. • Develop and encourage the use of special design districts in Hawi and Kapaau that include guidelines to preserve, protect and enhance the rural and historic qualities of the commercial areas. • Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the designated urban areas. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Commercial activity in the South Kohala district is centered in the Waimea, and Kawaihae, and Waikoloa Village areas. The Kawaihae area contains a few miscellaneous commercial facilities surrounding the Kawaihae port. The Waimea area contains a number of commercial facilities and professional services. The major facility is the [Parker Ranch Shopping Center.] Waimea Shopping Center. This shopping complex includes a supermarket, [vaziety store,] various retail stores. restaurants, lbanks, post office,] a bank, and other services. [Expansion plans for the commercial area have been developed by Parker Ranch.] Parker Ranch Shoaaing Center, once the major shopping complex in the district, is currently undergoing renovation as part of a larger plan by the Richard Smart Foundation Trust to expand the commercial area of Waimea. In 1992. commercial lands within Waimea Town were increased by approximately 104 acres as part of the implementation of the Richard Smart Foundation Trust's Parker 2020 Master Plan that detailed the future growth of residential commercial and industrial development in Waimea over the course of 35 years. 374 Land Use Commercial [The availability of transportation facilities in the area, which consists of a deep water port and an inter-island airport, and its central location in the northern portion of the island are factors which will cause Waimea's commercial activities to grow.] Transportation facilities within the district include Kawaihae Harbor, Waimea-Kohala airport and maior hiehwav systems. These transportation facilities provides a vital link between the erowine resort areas alone the coast the transport of goods from Kawaihae Harbor and the commercial area within Waimea. The visitor industry is [rapidly becoming a] the major economic force in the district. The [Westin] Mauna Kea [Beach], Mauna Lani [Bay] and [Royal Sheraton] Waikoloa Beach [Hotels] Resorts, located in the coastal region, [are the forerunner of a substantial future resort development in the area.] have established the South Kohala District as one of the world's premiere resort destinations. These complexes [are to] contain their own ancillary commercial areas. The Kine's Shops, located on 9.5 acres within the Waikoloa Beach Resort currently hosts 40 tenants offerine a ranee of specialty retail shops restaurants and services to both visitors and local residents. Courses of Action • The establishment of Waimea as a regional commercial center for northem Hawaii shall be encouraged. • [Controls] Establish controls to insure orderly development and minimize speculation of commercially zoned lands [may be established]. • Continue the concentration of commercial uses in Waimea Kawaihae Waikoloa Villaee, and in the resort areas. Do not allow strip or soot commercial development on hiehways outside of these primary commercial areas. NORTH KONA Profile Commercial activity in the North Kona district is located in Kailua-Kona, in the Keauhou Resort area, and in several mauka rural [village areas] communities along the Mamalahoa Highway [in the mauka areas]. Increased commercial activity in Kailua has paralleled the growth of the tourist industry in the area and [recent ]resident population growth. Commercial facilities, consisting of office and shopping complexes, professional and financial service buildings, retail shops, and restaurants, are located on Alii Drive and Kuakini Highway, mainly between Palani and Hualalai Roads. Kailua-Kona provides services for both residents as well as visitors. Vehicular and pedestrian systems within Kailua village are poor and there is a lack of adequate parking facilities. The increase in commercial development within Kailua-Kona has extended 375 Land Use Commercial beyond its traditional commercial area on the makai side of Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav and alone Palani Road. Maior retailers includine Wal-Mart K-Mart Safeway and Borders Bookstore have begun to occupy lands on the mauka side of Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav. expanding the commercial core of Kailua-Kona Approximately 315 acres located on the mauka side of Oueen Kaahumanu Hiehwav and situated north of Palani Road was zoned for Commercial uses in the mid 1990s. This area known as Makalapua Center, is currently home to K-Mart and Liberty House and a new 10-plex movie theater currently under construction. The Keauhou [Resort shopping center complex] Shopping Center is located at the south end of Ali i Drive [and services both residents and visitors.] alone Kamehameha III Road and provides both residents and visitors with ranee of retail establishments and services such as a supermarket, drug store, restaurants and real estate offices. [Commercial services within the complex include a restaurant, real estate offices and a supermarket. Additional increments to this complex have also been planned. The mauka commercial activity is geared primarily toward residents and includes neighborhood general stores, service stations, restaurants, with some arts and crafts or specialty shops.] Courses of Action • Controls to prevent speculative practices on commercially zoned lands may be established. • Implementation of programs to correct existing deficiencies shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. SOUTH KONA Profile Commercial activity in the South Kona district is located in several village areas along the Mamalahoa Highway in the mauka area and are geared primarily towards the needs of residents. Population is distributed along the Mamalahoa Highway or dispersed on the slopes in agricultural or rural-residential communities. Due to the sloping terrain and many non-conforming commercial uses, commercial strip development has occurred along the Mamalahoa Highway, though the commercial activity is focused in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area. Commercial services in the area include financial and professional services, [supermarkets,] asupermarket, specialty shops and stores, hotel and restaurants and service stations. 376 Land Use Commercial Courses of Action • Centralize commercial activities in existing [rural] town centers. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. • Allow the development of small-scale visitor-oriented commercial facilities alon¢ Ke Ala O Keawe Road (City of Refuee Roadl leadine to Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historic Park. KA'U Profile Commercial activities in the Ka'u district are concentrated in the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu and [in] the area of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pahala [is the largest of these communities. The town] was built around a former sugar mill, once the major employer of the area, and contains a high school and hospital ]which) that serve the district. Commercial facilities, consisting mainly of convenience goods and services, are located in this community. Naalehu although smaller in population than Pahala,] contains a greater variety of commercial facilities. (Governmental] Government facilities in the community include educational facilities for elementary and intermediate students and a police facility serving the district. Commercial development includes a small shopping center complex. Waiohinu lies a few miles southwest of Naalehu. The major commercial facility here is a 14-unit hotel with a few small commercial establishments within the community. (There are commercial facilities, consisting of general stores, service station, restaurant and office, in the Hawaiian Ocean View Ranchos and Estates Subdivisions.] There are various commercial establishments, includine eeneral stores, restaurants, service station Laundromat and offices in Ocean View alone both sides of Hiahway 19. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the Ka'u district contains commercial facilities connected with the Volcano House hotel complex and the Kilauea Military Camp. Major purchases are made in Hilo which serves as a regional commercial center for this district.] 377 Land Use Commercial [Course] Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activity in the communities of Pahala, [and ] Naalehu and Ocean View and [in] the area of the Volcanoes National Park shall be encouraged. • Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the designated urban areas. 378 Land Use Commercial INDUSTRIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Industrial development includes manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards. There are two distinct types of industrial development. One sector is service-oriented and is affected by population and the level of activity of other business activities. The other sector, basic industries, is mostly influenced by outside markets. The location of industrial developments is important for many reasons. In the case of service types of industrial development (non-basic), areas designated for industrial uses must be close enough to population and/or commercial areas for efficiencies but still distant enough to avoid traffic problems. Some industrial districts consist of enterprises and facilities [which] that are not necessarily compatible with commercial areas. Businesses included in this district are generally more noxious than those in general commercial areas. [Presently, industrial] Industrial developments in many communities are located adjacent to these areas and could result in environmental problems such as noise, air and water pollution. Basic industrial activity is usually found close to raw products or other key resources. Both kinds of industries are affected by the availability of transportation facilities. Other factors equally important are the [existence] availability of public utilities, the cost of land, and internal and external circulation. A [significant] portion of the County's industrial activity is related to agriculture. [The major user of industrial lands is the processing of sugar and related industries. There are two sugar plantations on the island which operate mills located in the district of North and South Hilo, Hamakua, and Kau. Other] These agricultural industrial activities include the processing of coffee, macadamia nuts, meat products, tropical fruits, [and] vegetables[. and timber. The processing of these export products is expected to expand. [There is also a small lumber industry. ] Recently, there have been new endeavors in alternate energy and [aquacultural] aguaculture activities at Keahole in the North Kona district and geothermal- related development in the district of Puna. Both of these developments are utilizing resources not previously tapped creating the possible need for new forms of land use management and control. [Similarly, high-tech parks in other jurisdictions have evolved new district regulations which seek to promote and preserve the attractive campus-like atmosphere desired by those industries.] Service-oriented industries, such as wholesaling, government facilities, printing and bakeries, are located close to population centers. [South Hilo contains more than half of the island's population, and the] The majority of such facilities are located within [this] the South Hilo district. North Kona, with its arowine population, has also seen the number of its service industries increase suite rapidly. 379 Land Use Indus Vial There are [3,858] approximately 6,000 acres of industrially zoned lands in the County, 1,107 acres of which are vacant. The County's land use inventory indicated that in 1985 there were 2,099 acres] Manv of these Industrial-zoned lands are used for manufacturing, manufacturing services, and wholesaling. [These include] There are other lands zoned for agricultural, commercial, and other uses[.] that are used for industrial purposes. The existence of non-conforming uses which are incompatible with industry creates an undesirable land use pattern. In fact, the physical appearance of many of the island's industrial areas needs improvement. There are three industrial zoning districts within the Zoning Code• General Industrial (MG); Limited Industrial (ML)• and Industrial -Commercial Mixed District (MCX). The MG district applies to areas for uses that are generally considered to be offensive and noxious. These noxious heavy industrial uses must be separated from residential and other incompatible uses in the zonine process. The ML district applies to areas for business and industrial uses that are eenerally in support of but not necessarily compatible with those permissible activities and uses in other commercial districts. The MCX district allows a mix of some industrial uses with commercial uses. The following areas are identified for industrial -commercial mixed uses: Keaau (Gateway Center)• Hawaiian Paradise Park; Hilo Iron Works; Waiakea Houselots: Kona Industrial Subdivision and the adjacent area to the north; and Honokohau (south of the existing Kaloko Industrial Subdivision). The following goals, policies and standards are set forth to guide the development of industrial areas in the best interest of the County and its residents. The residents must be [also] made aware of the circumstances resulting from industrial development. Citizen pazticipation, awareness, and most of all, citizen understanding are vital in the development of industrial areas, as in all phases of the planning process. GOALS • Designate and allocate industrial areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County. • Promote and encourage the rehabilitation of industrial aeeas [which] that aze serviced by basic community facilities and utilities. POLICIES • The County shall support] Support the creation of industrial parks in appropriate locations as an alternative to strip development. • [It shall be the policy of the County to achieve] Achieve a broader diversification of local industries by providing opportunities for new industries and strengthening existing industries. 380 Land Use Indusvial • (Through its zoning powers, the County shall locate] Locate industrial areas convenient to transportation facilities, and provide a variety of industrial zoned districts and lot sizes, depending on the needs of the industries and the communities. • (The County shall attempt to improve] Improve the aesthetic quality of industrial sites and protect amenities of adjacent areas by requiring landscaping, open spaces, buffer zones, and design guidelines. The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development of industrial areas.] • Industrial development shall be located in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other [amenities.] essential infrastructure. (Redeveloping or newly developing areas shall be developed in concert with programmed public and privately funded infrastructure to meet the expected needs.] • [The County shall review] Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code [in light of] to accommodate emerging new industries [and shall establish new land use regulations as necessary]. • Industrial-commercial mixed use districts shall be provided in appropriate locations. • Repuire developers to provide basic infrastructure necessarv for development. STANDARDS • Industrial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present environment. • Industrial activities may be located close to raw materials or key resources. • Topography of industrial land shall be reasonably level. • Industrial development shall be conveniently located to its labor resource. • Buffer zones shall be established between industrial and adjacent [noncompatible] incompatible uses of land. • The direction of wind patterns and the absence of tradewinds shall be considered in (locating industrial designations.] the siting of industrial areas. 381 Land Use Industrial DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by districC with reference to industrial development. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The major industrial activity in Puna is a large macadamia nut processing plant, northeast of the sugar mill. Other industrial activities include a kim Ghee factory, quarrying of lava materials, slaughter houses, bakeries, flower packaging, papaya processing and packing and several cottage industries. The proximity to Hilo limit service-oriented industrial activity in this district. There are plans for a new industrial subdivision near the Puna and South Hilo district boundaries. This subdivision with highway access to both districts will increase the availability of sites significantly. Geothermal related activities will create the need for industrial sites, though Che magnitude of this need has not yet been established.] There are approximately 490 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Puna District The 488-acre W.H. Shipman Industrial Park is located near the Puna-South Hilo District boundary. It is being developed as another maior industrial center for East Hawaii. Industrial uses in the area ranee from warehousing to construction yards W H Shipman Ltd. also has plans for additional mixed use industrial-commercial zoned lands in close proximity to the industrial park. The Puna District includes various agricultural industrial activities including the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation's processing facility flower packaging and papaya processing and packaging. Other industrial activities in the area include cinder and rock auarrying and certain cottage industries. The Puna Geothermal Venture power plant began operation in 1993. It currently produces 30 megawatts of energy from the use of geothermal steam. The Puna geothermal resource subzone is identified on the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map. Activities associated by the use of the geothermal by- products may be established within and/or in close proximity to the geothermal resource subzone. 382 Land Use Industrial [Course] Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identi sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate locations. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in Pahoa althoueh the area is not currently identified in the LUPAG map. SOUTH HILO Profile The South Hilo district has approximately 2,185 acres of industrial zoned lands With almost [75%] 36 per cent of the island's [industrially] Industrial-zoned lands, South Hilo is the major industrial center on the island [of Hawaii]. The principal industrial areas are the Kanoelehua area, Hilo [port and the surrounding area,] Harbor, and [he [sugar processing areas at Pepeekeo.] Hilo International Airport area. [Industrial activity in the rural areas is confined to sugaz processing and related uses. Small pockets of population centers aze located close to these plantations and these communities contain a few minor industrial services.] Industrial development in the city ofJ Hilo is primarily due to its available transportation facilities, the harbor and airport, and its concentration of population. [The harbor facility is the primary shipping point for the island's sugar industry. Numerous businesses which service the sugar industry, such as industrial equipment manufacturing, fertilizer plant, and machine shops, are located in the city.] There are also industries involved with the processing and packaging of locally grown products. [Several plants process tropical fruits into puree, juices, jams and jellies.] Papaya grown in Puna is inspected, fumigated, and packaged in [the city.] Hilo. Major processors of livestock products are located in South Hilo. Other industrial activities include quarrying, gazment manufacturing, storage, wholesaling facilities and numerous other population service-oriented activities. Besides transportation facilities, major advantages of [the city ofJ Hilo include the availability of labor, a full range of community facilities and the availability of utilities and land. Industrial activities in both service and non-service categories [is] are expected to expand in [the city ofJ Hilo. 383 Land Use Industrial Courses of Action • [Through its zoning powers, the county shall encourage) Encouraee the centralization of industrial activities in the Kanoelehua Industrial area. Noxious industries shall be located away from residential and related areas. • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraee the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to develop industrial zoned lands in the Kanoelehua Industrial area and airport industrial area. • [The County shall allocate] Allocate appropriately zoned lands. • Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided at appropriate locations. NORTH HILO Profile There are approximately 38 acres of industrial zoned lands within the North Hilo district. These industrial zoned lands were primarily used by the former sugar companies for the processine of sugar. The sugar mill at Ookala owned by the Hamakua Sugar Company and the related facilities comprise the bulk of industrial activities in North Hilo.] Limited industrial facilities such as warehousing are (also] located in Laupahoehoe. Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area althoueh the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. 384 land Use Industrial HAMAKUA Profile [Sugar processing is the major industrial activity in Hamakua. There is one factory at Haina. Haina is also the site of one of the island's macadamia nut processing plants. This facility is owned by Hawaiian Holidays. Industrial activity in macadamia nut processing is expected to expand. A feedlot and slaughterhouse has been developed in the Hamakua district which has the potential to become a major activity in itself while increasing the productivity of livestock operations on the island generally.) There are approximately 15 acres of industrial lands within the Hamakua district These industrial zoned lands were primarily used by the former sugar companies for the processinv of sugar. The macadamia nut industry utilized some of these industrial zoned lands in the later years. The recent completion of a 60 mevawatt co-veneration Dower slant at Haina will encourave other manufacturiny activities by providinv thermal enervv (waste heat) that could be utilized for drviny of macadamia nuts or aauaculture activities There are [numerous other] some industrial developments in Hamakua, most of which are small [and] family-operated[.] operations. These industries include [dairying,] d 'r operation, miscellaneous food processing, sawmills [and] wood carving, and other service- oriented endeavors. The bulk of industrial activity is in the Honokaa-Haina area. In terms of level topography, there is a limited amount of suitable lands for industrial use. The Zoning Code [and Special Permits allow] allows agriculture-related industrial facilities to be built in agricultural [zones.] zoned districts. Further, Special Permits may also be secured within the State Land Use Avricultural District. Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity[.] as the need arises. • [The County shall encourage] Encourave the rehabilitation of existing service- oriented industrial [activities.] areas. 385 Land Use Industrial NORTH KOHALA Profile Industrial activity in North Kohala consists of small agriculturally related services [and include a cottage industry which produces preserved vegetables for export]. There are approximately 59 acres of industrial zoned lands within the district [Course] Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity[.] as the need arises. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Hawi area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. SOUTH KOHALA Profile There are 291 acres of industrial zoned lands within the South Kohala district. There are two [general] areas where most of the industrial activity in South Kohala takes place: Waimea and Kawaihae Harbor. Many of the industrial activities in Waimea are linked with agriculture and include a vacuum cooling plant, the preserving of vegetables, warehousing, and [dairying.] dairy operation. These industrial activities, however, are scattered throughout the Waimea area. The Kawaihae Harbor is [being developed into] a port facility for West Hawaii. Industrial use of the area consists of storage facilities. Several service-oriented industrial activities are located in this district. Among these activities are government baseyards, utility installations and development of specialized equipment for the astronomy facilities. Several quarrying operations were established within the district. The West Hawaii Concrete uuarry and processing facility is located in mauka Waikoloa. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map designates this facility and lands in the immediate area for industrial and its related uses Courses of Action • The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of a regional industrial park at Kawaihae and centralize limited industrial activities in Waimea. 386 Land Use Industrial • Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment. • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. NORTH KONA Profile There are 2,909 acres of industrial zoned lands in the North Kona district Most of Kona's industrial development is service oriented and located [near Kailua.] in the northern portion of the North Kona district from Kailua to the Kona International Airport at Keahole. The Kona Industrial Subdivision in Kailua-Kona has transformed into a mixed use industrial-commercial area over the years. Newer industrial areas including the Kaloko Industrial subdivision, are being developed to the north of Kailua-Kona [There are industrial parks just north of Kailua, and some industrial use at Keahole.] The industrial activities within these newer areas include warehousing, lumber storage yards, auto body shops, wholesaling and other service oriented activities. The energy and [aquacultural] apuaculture activities at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii at Keahole have [potentials for expansion and may] become major employment generators in the district. Though located in industrial zoned districts, these alternate energy and aquaculture activities are not the traditional uses usually found in industrial areas. Major factors to be considered for the existing industrial areas and other new developments are their visual effects on motorists and passengers using Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the views from the residential areas above. Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities. • [Industrial] Additional industrial acreage should be provided at [Ke-ahole] the Kona International Airport at Keahole for support facilities for the airport. • Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment. • Industrial-commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate locations. 387 Land Use Industrial • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Kainaliu-Honalo area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. SOUTH KONA Profile There are no Industrial zoned lands in the South Kona district The major industrial export activity is coffee and macadamia nut milling and roasting. Other activities include slaughterhouses, fish packing and processing and ancillary agricultural services. Many of these industrial activities are located on Agricultural-zoned lands and improved through the issuance of Special Permits. Other service related industrial uses such as warehousing, garages and auto body shops are located in pockets along the Mamalahoa Highway. Because of its topographic condition, however, level land necessary for development is limited in the mauka areas. Courses of Action Through its zoning powers, the County shall encourage the centralization of industrial development in suitable areas in South Kona.] • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial Commercial uses may be permitted in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. KA'U Profile There are approximately 52 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Ka'u district [Sugar processing and macadamia nut milling in Ka'u constitute the majority of the industrial development in Ka'u.] Aside from the macadamia nut industry, there are no other dominant industrial activity within the Ka'u district. There are miscellaneous activities, such as County and State baseyards, public utilities stations, and fish [and meat] processing. The distance from port facilities in Hilo creates somewhat of a problem for the movement of goods to and from this district. Approximately 13 acres of Industrial zoned lands that 388 Land Use Industrial accommodate a gas utility, telecommunications auto repair and soil remediation facilities are located in Naalehu. C. Brewer and Co.. Ltd. is considering development plans for the former Pahala Sugar Mill site. Preliminary plans identify the former mill site as the industrial service center of Pahala, providing agricultural processing and light industrial uses Uses being contemplated include wood milling, lumber storage. research facilities food processing and other limited industrial uses. These plans would require the increase of Industrial- zoned lands surrounding the former Pahala Mill site from its current 33 6 acres to 815 acres. ~ Course] Courses of Action • The County shall identify) Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Naalehu area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. 389 Land Use Industrial MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The multiple residential district is part of the County's overall land use structure and provides for residential structures containing two or more dwelling units. Multiple residential living is becoming a way of life for many people. (Such units provide) This type of housing [for persons] is preferred by those who prefer not to own a single-family residence, [persons] who find it financially difficult to own asingle-family residence, persons] and those with changing employment, [and others.] among other reasons. In practice, multiple residential developments use less land area per person, and locate in areas of concentrated economic and population activity and] where land is scarce and costly. This form of residential development utilizes less land area.] This trend will continue in the future due to rapid urban growth, mobile populations and the rising costs of land and improvements. In response to the increase in demand for multiple residential housine numerous structures have been constructed, are being constructed or are in the plannine stases However, as the market responds to this increased demand with the construction of multiple residence structures. [The County will be faced with a great demand for multiple residential development. A carefully worked outs land use [plan] plannine and development standards will be essential in assuring that any development will [be an asset to the] comply with County[.] ordinances, coals, policies, and standards. BAs a result of the need for housing, numerous multiple residential stmctures have been constructed, are being constructed, or are in the planning stage. As of July 1985, the County had a total of 7,624 multiple residential units and 768 duplex units.] Throughout the County, there are [1,949] 3065 acres of land zoned for multiple residential use. This includes 159 acres zoned for duplex or double family use. In addition, commercially zoned lands also permit multiple residential development. Of the total acreage, 1,325 acres or 68 percent are still not developed.] However, some these lands are also used for other purposes, such as single family dwellings. Some of the problems [ofl associated with multiple residential developments include the increased volume of traffic that the higher density use generates; the incompatible uses in surrounding areas; the lack of [basic improvements,] infrastructure, namely sewers, water and adequate access; the existence ofnon-conforming uses within zoned areas; the lack of development in appropriately zoned areas; and the [rising] increasing costs of land and construction. (As the demand for multiple residential development increases, it will have to be assured that subsequent developments are of such standards that they will be assets to the County.] 390 Land Use Residential The resort areas are typically designed with large proportions of multiple family residential units sold as occasional visitor units. In Hawaii County, this pattern has manifested itself especially in the North Kona and South Kohala resort areas. These units are generally higher priced in comparison to the residentially oriented developments outside the vicinity of the resort plan. The followine goals, policies, and standards [which follow] are the result of the examination and analysis of past and present situations. GOALS • To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize convenience for its occupants. • To provide for suitable living environments [which] that accommodate the physical, social and economic needs of the island residents. • To enhance the overall puality of life in our residential communities POLICIES • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be allocated with respect to places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and cultural facilities, and public facilities and utilities. • ]The County shall incorporated Incorporate reasonable flexibility in applicable codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. • ]The County shall encourage] Encouraee flexibility in the design of residential sites, buildings and related facilities to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market requirements. • The rehabilitation and/or utilization of multiple residential areas shall be encouraged. • To assure the use of multiple residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and resale of undeveloped lots only, the County may impose incremental and conditional zoning, which shall be based on performance requirements. • Applicable codes and ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include consideration for urban design, and aesthetic quality through landscaping, open space, and buffer areas. 391 Land Use Residential • Support the rezoning of those multiple residentially zoned lands that are used for other purposes to a more appropriate zoning designation • Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessary for development. STANDARDS • Areas shall be located in such a manner that traffic generated by high density development will not be required to travel through areas of lesser density en route to principal community facilities. • Areas shall be protected from incompatible uses by transition zones. • Provide adequate access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools, employment centers, and other services. • Development shall not be permitted in natural hazard areas unless proper on-site improvements are provided. • Development shall be located in areas where public utilities can be economically provided at a level adequate to meet the demand for the concentrated service. • Recreational area and/or facilities shall be considered in multiple residential development. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district of multiple residential development. It is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The Puna district has [only limited areas] approximately four acres zoned for multiple residential use. The predominant form of housing in the district is single family development. [With] However, due to the forecasted population growth, the demand for [housing, there will be a need for] multiple residential development[. may increase. Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. 392 Land Use Residential SOUTH HILO Profile Throughout the district, there are [312] 380 acres zoned for multiple residential use which includes 109 acres zoned for duplex residential use. Of this total, 94 acres are not developed. In addition to the areas specifically zoned for multiple residential use, areas zoned for resort and commercial zones also allow multiple residential development. Many of the zoned areas lack the basic amenities] infrastructure to support the higher density use. Examples of this include the absence of a sewer system in the apartment zoned area below the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the inadequate roadway system within the Puueo and Kapiolani-Ululani Streets area. Courses of Action • Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. NORTH HILO Profile The North Hilo district has no area zoned for multiple residential use although existing commercial zoned areas permit the higher density residential use. Course of Action • Although the North Hilo district is not projected to witness any extensive need for multiple residential development, appropriately] Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated should the need arise. HAMAKUA Profile [Except for the duplex zoned area in Paauilo and the existing commercial zones which permit] The Hamakua District has approximately four acres zoned for multiple residential development [the district has no area zoned for high density residential use]. 393 Land Use Residential Housing plans of the sugar company in the district propose to relocate employee housing in and around Honokaa. This will ease the problem of availability of housing.] Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district has only one area zoned for multiple residential use, below the Kohala Estates Subdivision, although commercial zoned areas permit higher density residential development.] The North Kohala district has approximately 43 acres zoned for multiple residential development. With people living in this district but working in the South Kohala resort azea, there may be some activity in multiple residential development. Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The South Kohala district has about [782] 1507 acres of multi-residential land with the vast majority being] located in the resort areas. Although activity in the construction of these types of units is currently limited, the district is projected to increase in population and visitor activity [which] that will generate [a] an increased demand for multiple residential development. The revised Parker Ranch 2020 proiect proposes the rezonine of 37.66 acres to multiple family residential. Courses of Action • Basic [amenities] infrastructure shall be provided to those areas zoned for higher density use. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. 394 Land Use Residential NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile [Construction activities of multiple residential units in the Kona district has proceeded at a rapid rate.] The Kona district has [703] approximately 1,026 acres zoned for multiple residential use in addition to commercial zoned areas [which] that permit higher density residential development. Some of the areas zoned for high density residential use lack the basic [amenities] infrastructure such as sewer, water and adequate roadway systems [which] that limit development for the intended use. Courses of Action • Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.] Courses of Action • Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re-allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. KA'U Profile There are [ 106] 101 acres zoned for multiple residential use within the district. This zoned acreage is located in Pahala and at Punalu u. The Ka'u district is expected to experience further activity in multiple residential construction. Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. 395 Land Use Residential SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS As part of the overall land use structure of the County, the single-family residential district provides areas for low-density residential uses. The location of single-family residential lands is important in that they should be in close proximity to centers of employment, shopping and other conveniences, and [should] have the basic improvements and amenities necessary for development. As has been the case in the past, uncontrolled single-family residential development will place a burden on the County and its [people.] residents. Before the Subdivision and Comprehensive Zoning Codes were adopted in 1966 and 1967-68 respectively, thousands of non-conforming [residential) residentially-sized lots were created [within] in isolated areas [where] without the basic [improvements] infrastructure and amenities for development [were lacking. Developers sold lands without providing improvements to the area]. These lots were then sold with no prospect of improvements to these facilities. Housing in Hawaii County has traditionally been characterized by single-family residential units. Residential units of this sort account for [76%] 80.5 uer cent of the total housing inventory of the island. In [July 1985,] 1~ the County of Hawaii had [29,687] an estimated 43.979 single-family residential units. With the anticipated increase in population and the replacement of substandard units, more residential units will be needed. Rehabilitation, renewal or redevelopment will be required in many of the older single-family residential neighborhoods. [In certain residential areas poor site planning has produced a crowded feeling.] The County has [a total of 17,868] approximately 20,189 acres zoned for single-family residential use at varying densities. [About 46% or 8,259 acres is presently used.] Several areas, however, are occupied by incompatible non-conforming uses, [unbuildable] undeveloaable because of topographic conditions, [located] their location in hazardous areas, or [lack] without the basic improvements necessary for development. [The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on lot size: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 1,893 11 10,000 9,579 54 15,000 4,937 28 20,000 1,459 8] The prices of these single-family residential zoned lands differ substantially depending on location. For example, single-family residential zoned lands along beachfronts are usually more expensive than the mauka residential zoned aeeas. The cost of acquiring and/or constructing a home remains cost arohibitive for manv residents One of the avenues that have been adopted to alleviate this problem is the construction of ohana dwellings 396 Land Use Residential [There will be greater pressure for more single-family residential lands as the County has an influx of people and as more people desire to own their homes, thereby experiencing the pride of possession that accompanies home ownership. However, it will take more than the development of a land use plan to achieve this as well as the goals and standards set forth in this section. Social, economic, and physical ramifications must be taken into consideration. Public planning and regulation alone cannot accomplish this; the cooperation and coordination of all segments of the County's population are required. Citizen participation, awareness, and understanding are vitally important. How satisfactory development occurs will depend to a large extent on the County and its people.] The 1981 session of the Legislature of the State of Hawaii had recognized that the ~iraling cost of housing, the limitations of land For housing and the failure of wages to keep aace with inflation, had contributed to the inability of manv families to aurchase homes. Thus, the [The] ohana dwelling provisions of Act 229, 1981 Session Laws of Hawaii ~SLHZ, and the subsequent amendment to the Zoning Code allows the construction of a second dwelling on lots where one dwelling is already permitted. However, this is only provided [that] after the county determines that adequate facilities exist and provided that there are no deed restrictions prohibiting the construction of a second dwelling. This substantially alters the concept of a "single family residential zone." The net effect of these laws has been to increase the density of neighborhoods without overt rezoning actions. [In addition to satisfying the housing needs of the residents, single family dwellings are also used for weekend or vacation homes especially within or in proximity to resort developments.] Through careful examination and analysis of the present situation, the following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to guide the orderly development of single-family residential areas in the interest of the residents of the County [of Hawaii]. GOALS • To maximize choices of single-family residential lots and/or housing for residents of the County. • To ensure compatible uses within and adjacent to single-family residential zoned areas. • To rehabilitate and/or rebuild deteriorating single-family residential areas. • To provide single-family residential areas conveniently located to public and private services, shopping, other community activities and convenient access to employment centers[.] that takes natural beauty into consideration. • To enhance the overall puality of life in our residential communities 397 Land Use Residential POLICIES • To assure the orderly use ofsingle-family residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and resale of undeveloped lots, the County may impose incremental and conditional zoning, which would be based on performance requirements. This is to assure that a certain percentage of buildings will be constructed. • [The County shall encourage more] Encourase innovative uses of land with respect to geologic and topographic conditions through the use of residential cluster and planned unit developments. [The clustering of residential units in sloping areas is a means of minimizing grading and drainage problems, preserving the natural appearance of the topography, preventing strip development, and making optimum uses of the terrain for buildings and open spaces.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourase and coordinate with the State in providing fee simple and leasehold single-family residential lots to the residents through State and/or County Housing Programs. • [The County shall incorporated Incorporate reasonable flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and to permit aesthetic balance between single-family residential structures and open spaces. • [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped single-family residential zoned areas and reallocate zoned lands in appropriate locations. • [The County shall designate] Desisnate and allocate single-family residential zoned lands at varying densities for future use in accordance with the needs of the communities and the stated goals, policies, and standards. • Rural-style residential-agricultural developments, such as new small scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations. • [The County shall review] Review and amend [if necessary] land use ordinances and codes to include considerations for rural-style residential subdivisions in appropriate locations. Standards and criteria for the establishment of these areas shall be developed. • Require develoaers to arovide basic infrastructure necessarv for development. STANDARDS • There shall be a transitional area between single-family residential areas and incompatible uses. 398 Land Use Residential • Major traffic routes shall not be located through single-family residential areas. • Areas shall have basic improvements and amenities necessary for immediate use. Areas shall be limited to low-density and medium density residential uses.] DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district in reference to single-family residential development. The brief analysis [of each district] is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The Puna district has [3,188] apuroximately 2,677 acres zoned for single-family residential use [of which 2,493 acres or 78% are still undeveloped. The following is the breakdown of zoned aeeas based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 0 0 10,000 1,329 50 15,000 158 6 20,000 1,187 44 The land use inventory indicates that there aze 4,822 single-family residential units in the area]. The district has thousands of non-conforming [residential] residential-sized lots [which] that lack the basic [improvements] infrastructure necessary for development and/or are held in speculation. Nevertheless, constmction of single-family dwellings within these non-conforming subdivisions has increased. The district is [emerging as] a bedroom community to the Hilo area. [Strip residential development exists along the highways. (e)] SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL Courses of Action • [The County shall work] Work with community groups to explore possible avenues for financing infrastructural improvements within the non-conforming subdivisions. 399 Land Use Residential • Enwurage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide employee housing. • Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. SOUTH HILO Profile The South Hilo district has [7,344] approximately 8.374 acres of single-family residential zoned lands. [Forty-one per cent or 3,033 acres of the total zoned area is undeveloped.] Many of the undeveloped areas lack the basic improvements necessary for development, are held in speculation, or are committed to other uses. Drainage and flooding problems exist in many of the areas zoned for residential use. [The following is the breakdown of residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 1,065 15 10,000 4,030 55 15,000 2,155 29 20,000 94 1 The land use inventory indicates that there are 11,505 single-family residential units in the district. In certain areas residential lands are too large for the zoning district but too small to subdivide or permit additional units to be built. Many of the lots have narrow frontage and long depth with inadequate width for resubdividing.] In addition to private developers, government has played an important role in single- family residential housing. [The] Previously. the State has made available hundreds of housing units in [the city of[ Hilo for low and moderate income families. Course of Action • Improve substandard residential roadways through the County's Capital Improvement Program or by Improvement District. 400 Land Use Residential NORTH HILO Profile The North Hilo district has X400] approximately 391 acres zoned for single-family residential use. [One hundred sixty-three acres are still undeveloped.] Some of this area is undeveloped because of unfavorable topographic conditions and the lack of basic [improvements] infrastructure necessary for development. Single-family residential zoned lands are also located adjacent to former sugar processing plants. [The following is the breakdown of zoned areas based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 10,000 276 69 15,000 123 31 There are 566 single-family residential units within the district.] Courses of Action The County shall encourage the sugar company to make available on the private market its undeveloped residential zoned lands in Laupahoehoe.] • [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage] Encourage more innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments. • Urban areas shall continue to be Ninole and Ookala as well as the Laupahoehoe- Papaaloa area. HAMAKUA Profile The former plantations that were in operation in the area have heavily influenced the settlement pattern of the Hamakua district. The sugar plantations in the area were the primary employers in the Hamakua district. However, as Hawaii neared the end of the millennium, the plantations also approached the end of their era Slowly plantations began to close until the Hamakua Sugar Company finally ceased operations in 1994 After the closing of the plantation and the cessation of its housing programs for its emplovees The Office of Housing and Community Development coordinated the use of federal funds to subdivide the Hamakua Sugar Plantation camas into individual house lots Assistance towards obtaining title to the newly created house lots was provided to those emplovees who participated in the final harvest. Furthermore. Office of Housing and Community 401 Land Use Residential Development (OHCD) established a program that provided grants to those qualified owners of plantation homes to conduct emergency repairs to their homes Other programs included the design of the Ookala and Paauilo water distribution system training for six newly formed community associations. and the closing of existing gang cesspools and sewage lagoons. The Hamakua district has [638] 631 acres allocated for single-family residential use 163 acres of which are undeveloped]. Some residential zoned lands are located adjacent to the former sugar processing plant and certain areas have drainage problems. Incompatible non-conforming uses also exist within the zoned areas. The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 110 17 10,000 380 60 15,000 148 23 The district has 1,650 single-family units.] With the anticipated level of growth in population and economic activity the current number of single family residential zoned land should be sufficient. However, the County shall allocate more land in this zone should the need arise. [The plans of the sugar company in the area is to concentrate its employee population in the Honokaa area. The sugar company has been pursuing residential subdivisions for employees either for relocation purposes or new homes. The present plantation subdivisions and those in the planning stage will be for the replacement of existing plantation homes which are to be demolished. These will not, therefore, relieve the housing problems in the area for residents who do not work for the sugar company and are not eligible for these homesites. Excluding these plantation subdivisions, only a limited supply of single-family residential lands is available for the private market. Land owners with large residential lots display no desire to sell, subdivide their lots, or surrender their accustomed rural way of life.] Course of Action • [The County shall aid and encourage the sugar company to continue to make available on the private market its undeveloped single-family residential lands in Honokaa for employee housing and the private market.] Designate lands for single family use as the need arises. 402 Land Use Residential NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district has [550] approximately 652 acres allocated for single-family residential use [at a density of 15,000 square feet of land area per unit. Of the total area zoned, 167 acres are undeveloped]. Many of the undeveloped residential zoned areas are unsuitable for residential development because of unfavorable topographic conditions. Strip residential development also exists along the roadways. [The land use inventory indicates that there are 1,174 single-family units. The Kohala Corporation is the major landowner of existing residential zoned areas.] [Courses] Course of Action The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development.] • [The County shall aid] Aid and encourage [industry] maior landowners to make available residential lands in the area for employee housing and the private market. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The district has [3,041] proximately 3,382 acres of single family residential zoned lands, primarily located in the Waimea area and in Waikoloa Village. [Two thousand four hundred twenty-two acres of the total zoned area are undeveloped. The following is a breakdown of lands zoned for single-family residential use based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 130 4 10,000 2,672 88 15,000 86 3 20,000 154 5 The land use inventory indicates that the South Kohala district had 1,989 single-family units. This district also has a number of non-conforming residential lots in the Puukapu area which lack the basic improvements necessary for development.] Several areas already zoned for 403 Land Use Residential single-family residential use are not being developed because of [speculation,] the lack of basic improvements or the lack of a market. Course of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced State-owned, Hawaiian Home Lands and privately-held lands for houselots. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile The North and South Kona districts have [2,420] approximately 3,301 acres zoned for single-family residential use. Sixty-four per cent or 1,554 acres is still undeveloped.] Some of the undeveloped residential lands are unsuitable for development due to unfavorable topographic conditions. Inadequate roadways and the lack of basic facilities are two principle reasons for residential zoned lands not being developed. [The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 456 19 10,000 754 31 ] 5,000 1,200 50 20,000 10 1 The total inventory of single-family units in North and South Kona is 6,543.] Because of topographic conditions, there are drainage and flooding problems in certain residential areas. Incompatible non-conforming uses exist within residential zoned areas and there are also residential areas located adjacent to industrial zoned lands. ~ Courses of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held and State-owned lands for houselots. • Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. • The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development. 404 Land Use Residential • Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.] Courses of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately-held and State-owned lands for houselots. • Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraae the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development. • [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage] Encouraae the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments. KA'U Profile The district of Ka'u has X799] approximately 781 acres allocated for single-family residential use, primarily located in the towns of Naalehu [and], Pahala and at Punalu'u. [Three hundred forty-six acres or 43% of the total zoned lands are undeveloped. The following is the breakdown of zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 133 17 10,000 137 17 15,000 515 64 20,000 14 2 The Ka'u district has a total of 1,439 single-family units.] The sugar company actively pursued subdivisions to provide fee simple residential lands to their employees. These subdivisions [are] were primarily provided for relocation purposes. Since many of the single-family residential zoned lands [are] were held in plantation ownership, only a limited supply [areJ were available on the private market. Like Hamakua. manv of the towns that were established in Ka'u were a direct result of the influence of the former sugar alantations that once existed in the region. Prior to its closing in 1996 Ka'u Agribusiness engaged in housing development with the State Housing and Community 405 Land Use Residential Development Corporation of Hawaii to construct housine for its employees Over the Years, this effort has increased fee ownership of homes from 42 per cent in 1970 to 94 per cent in 1997. The district also has non-conforming residential subdivisions (which lack] lackine the basic improvements necessary for development. Course of Action • [The County shall aidJ Aid and encourage [the sugar company] major landowners to make available [single-family zoned] residential lands [at Pahala and Naalehu] in the area for employee housing and [for] the private market. a06 Land Use Residential RESORT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Resort developments are intended to satisfy the needs and desires of both visitors and residents. Such areas have basic amenities and attributes [which] that support visitor accommodations and related facilities. [Another factor of major importance is the recreational facilities available to visitors.] [Resort development sites generally have a harmonious combination of both the built environment, including buildings and landscaping, and the physical environment such as climate, specific site characteristics and scenery.] Most successful resort areas have a harmonious combination of certain characteristics, such as climate, scenerv, and/or man-made facilities In most instances, the [elements of the physical environment provide] natural factors have been the basis for the development of an area[.] and the man-made facilities were designed to enhance the area. Buildings and landscaping are generally designed to enhance the site and area. In other cases, [the features of the built environment] man-made features enhance what may be considered undistinguished physical features. [Most resorts are planned and developed to compete for the visitor market that prefers to stay at a single place for several days to several weeks. Sufficient activities and interests within the immediate resort area are necessary to accommodate the visitors to these resort complexes.] Generally, several factors in combination with one another contribute to the growth of a visitor industry in a given area. These factors include: • The amenities that an area has to offer including its beaches, scenic attractions, and recreational facilities and activities. • The community providing support for the industry. • Both the public and private sectors providing the needed infrastructure improvements (such as airports, water and sewer systems, and road improvements) and other support[.] services. • The private sector developing a concentration of visitor accommodations in an area. • The participation of hotel operators with strong ties to national and international markets. • The successful promotion of an area as a destination and the participation in the promotional effort by airlines and travel agents. 407 Land Use Resort The County [of Hawaii] has several natural advantages, including its climate, topography and scenic qualities [which) that provide the setting desired for resort development. With [appropriate] rp oiler planning, resort development can have a positive impact on the island's social, economic and physical environment, and [on] the visitor industry as well. A resort area should be large enough to provide a concentration of hotel and recreational facilities [which] that will keep the visitor interested and entertained. It should not be so large, however, as to destroy either the sense of scale, intimacy and [leisureliness] leisure associated with an area or the way of life on an island [such as this]. The visitor industry is generally regarded as the primary catalyst of economic and population growth throughout the State and particularly the Neighbor Islands. The visitor industrv is the driving force of the economv for the State of Hawaii and contributes $14 6 billion of economic activity, employs nearly 180,000 people accounts for 28 per cent of statewide tax revenues, and contributes nearly 28 per cent of the Gross State Product The total number of overnight visitors to the State has increased from [ 1.7 million people in 1970 to] 4.9 million in 1985[.] to 6.7 million in 1998. The number of [westbound visitors to the State traveling] visitor arrivals to Hawaii County increased from [446,000 in 1970 to 697,400] 760,000 in 1985[.] to 1.27 million in 1998. These statistics do not reflect visitor arrivals from cruise ships. The total statewide westbound visitors in 1998 was 4.2 million. The Bi Island accounted for 22.8 per cent of this figure with 961,400 westbound visitors The maiority of the westbound visitors originated from the United States with others from Canada Europe and other countries. The maiority of eastbound visitors originated from .Tapan as well as Korea China and other Asian countries. The total statewide eastbound visitors was 2.5 million in 1998 The island of Hawaii accounted for 12.4 per cent of this figure with 309 000 eastbound visitors. Accompanying this growth in visitor arrivals has been the development of additional visitor accommodations, particulazly on the Neighbor Islands. Based on data from the Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau, the State's visitor room inventory increased from [26,923 in 1970 to] 65,919 in [late-1985, and] 1985 to 71.480 in 1998. Hawaii County's visitor room inventory increased from [3,200 in 1970 to] 7,511 in [late] 1985[.] to 9,655 in 1998. The visitor accommodation units include hotels, resort condominiums, apartment hotels bed and breakfast operations, hostels, and individual vacation units. The bed and breakfast operation in the County, although not significant to the total visitor unit count has been a fast-growing segment of the visitor industrv. In 1969, the County of Hawaii had 677 acres zoned for resort use of which 357 acres were still undeveloped]. By ]985, the zoned acreage had increased to 793 acres of which 473 acres were not utilized]. The total acreage zoned for resort use in 2000 was approximately 1,353 acres. 408 Land Use Resort The County's existing primary resort centers [on the island] are located along the coastal areas of Hilo in East Hawaii, and North Kona and South Kohala in West Hawaii. The majority of future resort [development should be expected to be in these same coastal areas with secondary centers of development being in the southern and northern quadrants of the County. The North Kona coastal area between Keauhou and Kaupulehu is attracting considerable interest for new resort projects. This is to be expected given the area's physical attributes and proximity to the Keahole airport, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the existing West Hawaii communities.] developments are proposed in the North Kona and South Kohala districts Although resort development has traditionally been located in coastal areas, [it is anticipated that developments] smaller-scale resort proiects such as mountain and retreat resort complexes may be developed in the future. In recent years, niche tourism markets, such as eco-tourism and health and wellness tourism have established themselves throu hoot the island. Niche markets for these types of tourism have growth potential by promoting the abundance of natural, historical and cultural resources this island has to offer While most of the larger resorts focus upon recreational opportunities offered by the island's coastal resources, these niche tourism markets also take advantage of other natural and cultural resources available from various locations throughout the County. How satisfactorily] and where future resort development occurs will depend to a large extent on the County. Although the County is faced with differences of opinion from its residents concerning resort development, the benefits that can be derived from resort development maybe optimized and the adverse affects minimized. Developers and residents must be made aware of the circumstances resulting from resort development. Citizen participation, awareness, and most of all, (citizen] understanding are vital in resort development, as in all phases of the planning process. GOALS • Maintain an orderly development of the visitor industry. • Provide for resort development that maximizes conveniences to its users and optimizes the benefits derived by the residents of the County. • Ensure that resort developments maintain the cultural and historic. social, economic, and physical environments of Hawaii and its people. POLICIES • The County may impose incremental and conditional zoning [which] that would be based on performance requirements. • Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resort areas [which) that are presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities. 409 Land Use Resort • Lands currently designated Resort should be utilized before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas. • Zoning of resort areas shall be granted when the proposed development is consistent with and incorporates the stated goals, policies and standards of the General Plan. • The County shall continue] Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvement Program to help develop visitor destination areas in accordance with the County's General Plan. • [The County shall designate] Designate and allocate future resort areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, economic, and physical environments of the County. • [The County shall evaluate] Evaluate resort areas and the areas surrounding existing resorts to insure that viable quality resorts are developed and that the surrounding area contributes to the quality, ambience and character of the existing resorts. • [The County shall evaluate] Encourage the visitor industry to provide resort facilities [which] that offer an educational experience of Hawaii as well as recreational activities. • Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and parking for beach and shoreline areas. • [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped resort designated and/or zoned areas and reallocate [resort designated and/or zoned] these lands in appropriate locations. The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development of retreat resort areas.] • Require developers to arovide the basic infrastructure necessary for development. STANDARDS The following established standards shall guide the development of resort areas. ]Destination Resort Communi~ A destination resort is aself-contained resort destination area which provides basic and support facilities for both the needs of the entire development and the surrounding regional area. Such facilities shall include employee housing, recreational 410 Land Use Resor[ facilities, regional civic center facilities, other community facilities serving the region. Basic infrastructure needs such as water, sewer and roads for the entire development shall be provided. The designation of any destination resort community shall be established through a formal General Plan Amendment accompanied by an Environmental Impact Statement. Maximum hotel and condominium-hotel units: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Resort Acreage: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Active and passive recreation area: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Residential acreage: acreage shall include areas for employee housing and/or affordable housing and shall be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two hotel units built. • Major Resort Area A major resort area is aself-contained resort destination area [which] that provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. A maior resort area is designated as a Resort node or Hart of a Resort node on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Man. Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 3,000 [rooms.] units. Resort acreage: 90 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation areas: 50 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 640 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. 411 Land Use Resort The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. • Intermediate Resort Area An intermediate resort area is aself-contained resort destination area [which] that provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development on a smaller scale than a major resort area. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 1,500 [rooms.] units. Resort acreage: 45 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation area: 25 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 320 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. • Minor Resort A minor resort area shall not exceed the density of an intermediate resort area [and is generally an area with many small property owners or an isolated resort development without sufficient land area to develop into aself-contained destination azea]. Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: 500 [Rooms.] units. [Resort acreage: 35 acres minimum) Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of development. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. 412 Land Use Resort • Retreat Resort Area A retreat resort azea is generally an area [which] that provides the user with rest, quiet and isolation for an environmental experience. It shall have sewer, water, roads, employee housing, and recreational facilities, etc.[.] Maximum [hotel and condominium-hotel] visitor units: [up to 100 rooms to be determined in conjunction with retreat resort area's zoning.] 50 units. Resort acreage: 15 acres minimum. Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of development. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative azea and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district in reference to resort development. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile [The Puna district presently has no visitor or overnight accommodations. One acre is zoned Resort, however it is utilized by a drive-in restaurant. Except for a number of scenic attractions along the Puna coastline, the visitor industry has had very little effect on the district.] The visitor industry in the Puna district is primarily comprised of bed and breakfast visitor units. A drive-in restaurant currently occupies the district's only resort-zoned area of one acre located in Kaimu. The principal visitor [attractions] attraction in the region [are] is the Kalapana Extension of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park [and the Black Sand Beach at Kalapana]. Although resorts have been proposed previously in the Kaimu-Kalapana, [area and other resort developments have been proposed for Kapoho, Pohoiki and OpihikaoJ Kapoho, Pohoiki. and Opihikao areas. none of these have materialized. These azeas are also subject to volcanic activities, subsidence, and tsunami inundation. [Most of these] These azeas also lack most of the basic infrastructure improvements necessary for development. 413 Land Use Resort Courses of Action • The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development in the district shall complement the character of the area [and be consistent with the General Plan]. • Consider the development of small family or 'bed and breakfast' type visitor accommodations and small-scale retreat resort development. SOUTH HILO Profile The city of Hilo in the South Hilo district is one of the gateways for Big Island visitors. Direct flights to the continental United States can be accommodated at the General Lyman Airport. In the early 1970s, Hilo was envisioned as the gateway to the Island of Hawaii for overseas visitors. In anticipation of that status, the Hilo International Airport terminal was modernized and the runway modified for jumbo aircraft. The anticipated flow of overseas visitors, however, did not materialize. Hilo continues to attract its share of visitors with approximately 30 per cent of the island's total visitor count. The Hilo area also accommodates a substantial number of business travelers as well as local travelers attending special events such as sporting events and hula competitions. The visitor industry in South Hilo will continue to service the transient visitors, business travelers, and local residents. The visitor plant inventory indicates that in 1960 there were 376 hotel units, increasing to 1,247 in 1970 and 1,313 units in 1985. The present inventory of visitor accommodations in Hilo has actually decreased since it reached its peak of 2,152 in 1976. The decrease is primarily attributable to the reduction of direct mainland service to Hilo.] South Hilo's visitor accommodations have declined to 1.165 visitor units in 1998. The majority of Hilo's existing inventory of visitor units are located in the Waiakea Peninsula resort area. [As a resort area, Hilo has consistently experienced the lowest occupancy rates statewide. Although two other hotels were constructed in the vicinity of the Waiakea Pond, both hotels have since been converted to office and condominium apartments. Two other areas within the Hilo city limits have resort zoning, one in the Puueo area and the other in the Keaukaha area. These resort zoned areas, however, are utilized by other non-conforming uses. A 15-story condominium with 88 units is located in the Puueo area. The Hilo area has 139 acres zoned for resort use. Of the total, 51 acres are vacant. The Hilo area has approximately 136 acres zoned for resort use. 414 Land Use Resort Courses of Action • Re-evaluate [some of they azeas currently zoned for resort use. • Continue to improve roadways and sewer and water systems in all areas where high density resort uses are allowed. NORTH HILO Profile Presently, the visitor industry plays no significant role in the area as areas of interest to visitors are limited [because of inadequate access]. In the foreseeable future, resort development in the North Hilo district is unlikely. Course of Action • Encourage the development of small-scale visitor related facilities near points of interest. HAMAKUA Pro61e The visitor industry in South Kohala has provided employment opportunities for residents of the Hamakua area. Within the district, there is a small hotel located in Honoka'a [which that is primarily used by local businessmen, [and] construction workers[.]Land travelers. Bed and breakfast operations were also established in Harts of the Hamakua district. As of December 2000, there were 42 acres of resort zoned lands in Hamakua. In early 2001, a 15-acre area at Kukuihaele was rezoned to a resort district for the development of a 40-unit retreat resort facility referred to as "The Trees at Kukuihaele." There are also no shoreline areas where resort complexes can be feasibly developed to any substantial degree. Nevertheless, the district does have some visitor attractions. Waipio Valley is a major visitor attraction. Its beauty lies in its naturalness and the general absence of man-made elements. Because access into the valley is poor alone a steep and dangerous road, the valley itself is not a suitable location for visitor-oriented commercial facilities and accommodations. Honoka'a town offers a different visitor attraction with its main street setting of 1930's commercial buildings. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of small family-operated hotels. • Consider [the] small-scale retreat resort development. 415 land Use Resort • Encourage resort development [which] that enhances the natural beauty of the area. NORTH KOHALA Profile The district of North Kohala [has limited] provides overnight accommodations[.] for local travelers. [Its two hotels are generally used by local businessmen and construction workers.] Chalon International, Inc., a major landowner in the North Kohala district obtained rezonine of approximately 15 acres of land in 1993 for the development of a 200 to 240-unit lodge hotel at Mahukona. No activity towards the development of the lode hotel has occurred to date. In addition to being an agricultural community, there aze [people) those who live in this district and commute to work at the South Kohala resorts. The district does have potential for resort development catering to visitors seeking quiet and rest. There are areas of historical significance and natural beauty in North Kohala. Courses of Action Consider possible development of resort facilities at Mahukona.] • Encourage the development of small family for "bread and breakfast" ]type hotels.] and bed and breakfast establishments • Consider small-scale retreat resort development[.] that is consistent with the rural character and cultural lifestyle of the district. SOUTH KOHALA Profile South Kohala's role in the visitor industry is unique. In Waimea, the small lodging facilities totaling 29 units offer opportunities for an upland, cool, vacation experience. At Waikoloa Village active recreation attractions, such as horseback riding, hunting and golfing, are available. Approximately 40 condominium units within the V illage area are available to visitors. The South Kohala coast has long been envisioned as a prime visitor destination area since the late] 960s. Its natural attributes, white sand beaches, calm ocean waters, and a dry, sunny climate have made it especially attractive. The Mauna Kea, Mauna Lani and Waikoloa Resorts, the three major resort developments along this coastal area have each developed a hotel and are 416 Land Use Resort actively pursuing plans for further hotel development. Each of the three existing South Kohala resorts also have recreational amenities which include a championship golf course at each development, tennis facilities and beach and ocean activities. The three South Kohala resorts' hotel room inventory has increased from 315 units in 1969 to 1,357 units in 1985. At the Waikoloa Resort, the 1,244-unit Waikoloa Hyatt is under construction and is generally expected to be the catalyst for a new wave of development activity in the County.] There are [297] 360 acres zoned for resort use in South Kohala. [Of these zoned acres, 115 have been utilized. In addition all three of the major coastal resort areas have 268 acres zoned for multiple family residential use which may also be used for vacation rental condominiums.] The South Kohala coast has developed into a maior destination resort area for the island of Hawaii, as well as the State. The three maior developers of the area are Mauna Kea Properties .Mauna Lani Resort, and Waikoloa Land Company. The maior hotels within these developments are the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, Hapuna Prince Hotel. Mauna Lani Bav Hotel and Bunealows, The Orchid at Mauna Lani. Hilton Waikoloa Villaee and The Outrieeer Waikoloan Beach Hotel. The number of hotel rooms within these three resort nodes totals over 3,250. A limited number of visitor accommodations are also available in Waimea Some visitor units are also available within the Waikoloa Villaee. The South Kohala resorts erectly benefited from the direct fliehts to Kona International Airport at Keahole from .Tapan and the mainland United States. These direct fl~hts sienificantly increased the number of visitors to the South Kohala resort destination areas. As a result of these direct Fliehts and the potential for growth of future visitor accommodations, the visitor industry at the South Kohala coast should expand. The excellent climatic conditions of the area and its ease of access from the Kona International Airport at Keahole provide an optimistic future for the South Kohala coast's maior resort destination area. Course of Action • Adequate access, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities shall be provided in all areas where higher density uses are allowed. NORTH KONA Profile The district of North Kona has historically been the focus of resort activity on the Island of Hawaii. The initial development occurred in the Kailua-Kona area with a small number of visitor accommodations. Few of these hotels contained the full range of resort amenities. As the tourism industry expanded, the character of the Kailua-Kona area has changed. [The hotel 417 Iand Use Resort facilities are now located in both the Kailua area and at Keauhou. Other visitor related uses such as condominiums, single-family dwellings, restaurants and other commercial establishments are located along Ali'i Drive between these two points. The "Kailua Village Design Plan," originally prepared in 1974 and adopted by the County Council in 1976, guides development within the Kailua Village area. The plan needs to be updated and requires more definitive design and landscaping criteria.] Today, visitor accommodations and facilities extend from the Keauhou-Kona Resort at the southern end of the North Kona district to the Hualalai Resort and Kona Village Resort at the northern end. Keauhou-Kona Resort is master-planned and [has been] developed as a resoNresidential community (and] that offers the full range of resort amenities including [a] golf [course,] courses, tennis facilities, shopping center and entertainment facilities. [A convention center is located at the Kona Surf Hotel. The expansion of resort areas in the district is anticipated north of Kailua-Kona. A number of resorts have been proposed for this area.] The recently refurbished Aston Keauhou Beach resort is part of the Keauhou-Kona Resort There are two resort-zoned sites at Keauhou-Kona Resort totaling 59 acres that have vet to be developed. [Other area-wide facilities have helped to encourage the growth of tourism in the district. These include the Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, Keahole Airport and the completion of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.] The Hualalai Resort and the Kaupulehu Development's Project District will be developed as another master-planned resortlresidential community. The 243-room Four Seasons Hualalai opened in 1996. Other developments in the area include a championship golf course, condominium and single-family residential units and other support amenities The visitor units in the North Kona district include over 2,180 hotel rooms and approximately 1,465 resort condominium units. Approximately 500 units are operated as timeshare units, including the 263-unit Kona Coast Resort at Keauhou-Kona Resort the largest time share Proiect. A number of bed and breakfast units have also been established. There are [328] 740 acres zoned resort in the North Kona District [with approximately 135 acres vacant]. However, not all of the acres zoned for resort are actually utilized for hotels. Other uses which have largely been established are multiple] Multiple family residential uses[.] and single family residential uses have been established on some of the resort zoned lands [In addition, there are some non-conforming residential and commercial uses. The] According to the 1998 data from the Hawaii Visitors and Convention Center. the North Kona district [now] has the largest inventory of visitor units on the island. The [4,694] 4399 units include a broad range of accommodations, [beginning with 100 units of the luxury retreat at the Kona Village to lower priced condominium units along Ali'i Drive.] ranging from hotels to bed and breakfast establishments. For every hotel unit in the district, there are almost two condominium units that are available for vacation rentals.] Some of the older hotels are in need of major refurbishment. 418 Land Use Resort Courses of Action • Discourage strip resort development along Alii Drive. • Re-evaluate some [of the] areas currently zoned for resort use. • Improve and provide adequate roadways, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities in all areas where higher density uses are allowed. SOUTH KONA Profile The South Kona district has limited visitor accommodations. There is one hotel with 64 units [which] that is primarily used by [island] local residents. Some bed and breakfast operations have also been established in recent years An 80-unit private member's lodee is proposed on a 14-acre area within the Hokulia development proiect The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map was amended in 1997 to reflect the resort use This area was also rezoned to the resort district in 1997. There are no other resort zoned lands within the South Kona district. [The South Kona district does have the natural and historic amenities which provides areas and sights of visitor interest. There are presently no resort zoned lands in the district.] Courses of Action • Developments shall blend in with the character of the area. Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for development.] • Encourage the development of small family-operated hotels[.] or bed and breakfast accommodations. Re-evaluate and if appropriate implement plans formulated in the West Hawaii Corridor Study.] 419 Land Use Resort KA'U Profile Tourism activity in the Ka'u district has been limited to [Punalu'u] Punaluu and the Volcano areas. The Punaluu Resort, formerly known as SeaMountain, has [33] 56 condominium units, tennis, golf and retreat conference facilities[.] in need of repair. [The Shirakawa Motel also serves local residents and business people.] This resort generally caters to those wishing a relatively quiet and isolated vacation experience. The 12•unit Shirakawa Motel in Waiohinu also serves local travelers [A 37-unit hotel] The 37-unit Volcano House within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park caters largely to those wishing to explore the National Park. The hotel also manages cabins within the park. These are available to visitors who prefer a more "wilderness" experience. A number of bed and breakfast operations have been established within the district particularly the Volcano area. There are approximately [27] 45 acres zoned resort in the district [of which 26 remain vacant. Additions and expansion of the Punaluu Resort area are being proposed. A major resort has also been proposed for the Kahuku coastal area]. Courses of Action Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for development.] • The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development [in Ka'u] shall complement the character of the area. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of small family or "bed and breakfast" type visitor accommodations. 420 Land Use Resort OPEN SPACE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS A vital part of the environment, open space is [that] land [which] that is basically not used for buildings or structures and is characterized by scenic beauty, existing openness, and natural conditions. It is the counterpart of development. Retained in its state of use, open space would maintain and/or enhance the conservation of needed or desired natural, scenic, or historical resources [which] that might otherwise be permanently lost. It would also enhance the present or potential value of abutting or surrounding urban development. Open space is used to maintain and/or provide forestry pursuits, water supply, fish and marine protection, wildlife and endemic plant preservation, recreational pursuits and visual and scenic amenities. Open space also demarcates potential natural hazard areas. Just as the use of open space is affected by development, so is the character and quality of development influenced by what is done with open space. Three basic functions are served by open space. Positive human needs such as active and passive recreation amenities can be provided. The natural resource base such as air, water, soil and plants can be protected and enhanced. Economic development decisions, e.g. tourism, real estate values and development patterns, can be affected. The planning of open space is an integral part of any comprehensive planning consideration. Other elements of the General Plan affect or are affected by this element[; together]. Together, these elements and their interrelationships form an overall picture of the County of Hawaii. [For each resident of the County of Hawaii, there are approximately 14 acres of land which are in open designations. In addition to open zoned lands, areas zoned as agriculture are also generally uncluttered with structures. Such lands can also impart a sense of open space.] Open space on the island of Hawaii consists of lands zoned as [open] Open by the County as well as those in the State Land Use Conservation District. [The County zoning permits no structures except those related to recreational pursuits.] The "Open" zoning district permits golf courses with a use permit some recreational facilities and various public and utility-type facilities There is currently no County zoning district that calls for land to be preserved in a largely natural state. Various categories of open space areas have been designated according to use or amenities. Restricted watershed areas are strictly regulated in order to protect the island's essential water resources. Some of these are in close proximity and easy accessibility to development and without protection could be contaminated. All watershed aeeas are in forest reserves under the [joint] jurisdiction of the [Forestry Division and the Division of Water and Land Development.] State Department of Land and Natural Resources. 421 Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands Potential natural hazard areas are designated as open space for the welfare and safety of the public. These include areas [which] that are highly susceptible to flooding, erosion, volcanic activity and tsunami inundation. The following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to insure the protection and wise use of open space in the County of Hawaii. GOALS • Provide and protect open space for the social, environmental, and economic well- being of the County of Hawaii and its residents. • Protect designated natural areas. POLICIES • Open space [in the County of Hawaii] shall reflect and be in keeping with the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the other elements of the General Plan. • Open space in urban areas shall be established and provided through zoning and subdivision regulations. • The County of Hawaii shall encouraged Encourase the identification, evaluation, and designation of natural areas. • Zoning, subdivision and other applicable ordinances [in the County of Hawaii] shall provide for and protect open space areas. • Amend the Zoning Code to create a cateaory for lands that should be keat in a lar¢ely natural state, but that may not be in the Conservation District, such as certain important viewplanes, buffer areas, and very steep sloues. STANDARDS • Open Space designations shall include: Forest Reserves Water Areas Potential Natural Hazard Areas Natural Areas and Reserves Open Space Recreation Areas Scenic Vistas and Viewplanes General Use Conservation Sub-zones with Compatible Uses Scientific Areas, including Habitats of Endemic Species 422 Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands PUBLIC LANDS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The utilization of land resources in Hawaii is greatly influenced by the policies and practices of a relatively small number of major landowners. Approximately 52 per cent of the total land area in the State of Hawaii is government-owned. Federal lands constitute 8 per cent of these government-owned lands white State lands, including those of the Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands, comprise the remaining 34 per cent. Of the 48 per cent in private ownership, [a disproportionately large share is owned by] approximately three-fourths are owned by approximately fifty ["large landowners."] laree landowners. The degree to which private and public lands [of the County] can be put to their respective designated and zoned uses will determine the effectiveness of the General Plan. The historical pattern of land ownership in specific situations may adversely affect the realization of stated objectives and goals. County-owned lands amount to less than 1 per cent of the total land area of the island. State owned lands summarized in the following table,] account for 44 per cent of the County's 2.5 million acres, with district proportions ranging from a low of 17 per cent in South Kona to a high of 76 per cent in North Hilo. State lands include a variety of uses both existing and proposed, from] such as commercial, industrial, residential and resort uses and education and research in South Hilo to wilderness areas and mountain tops in Hamakua and Ka'u. Federal lands in the County of Hawaii include the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the National Historic Parks at Pu'ukohola and Honaunau, both of which are established programs of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of Interior. The National Park Service proposes to acquire additional lands for the expansion of the Hawaii Volcanoes, Puukohola and Puuhonua O Honaunau National Historic Parks at Kahuku, Kohanaiki, and Kiilae, respectively. Public trust or ceded lands in Hawaii comprise approximately 1.8 million acres of property throughout the State or 43 per cent of the State's total land area. These lands were "ceded" or transferred, to the United States by the Republic of Hawaii, under the 1898 annexation of Hawaii as a Territory of the United States and after the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The Admissions Act of 1959 that granted Hawaii statehood, defined the State as trustee for 1.4 million acres of these ceded lands and defined five purposes for its use including one for the betterment of conditions for native Hawaiians. The 1963 Ceded Lands Act allowed the transfer of title to the State of all but 300,000 acres of ceded lands that were excepted by the Federal government. In 1978, voters approved constitutional amendments to create the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and fund it with a share of the money derived from the use of ceded lands. In 1980, the Legislature defined the Office of Hawaiian Affairs' share of ceded land revenues at 20 per cent. The exact amount of ceded lands within the County is currently unknown. Act 125 was adopted by the 2000 Legislature to facilitate the establishment of a comprehensive information system for inventorying and maintaining information about these ceded lands. 423 Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands [Total Ac. State Ac. % of Total TOTAL 2,506,800 1,101,351 43.9 Puna 317,000 91,173 28.7 S. Hilo 252,300 150,102 59.4 N. Hilo 173,500 132,8013 76.5 Hamakua 396,500 232,497° 58.6 N. Kohala 79,700 16,5325 20.7 S. Kohala 175,100 51,5516 29.4 N. Kona 363,900 213,414 58.6 S. Kona 142,600 25,025 17.5 Ka'u 606,200 188,256 31.0 Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 2,000 Ac. 2Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,955 Ac. 'Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 48,800 Ac. °Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 12,197 Ac. SHawaiian Homes Dept. - 115 Ac. 6Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 22,584 Ac. Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,989 Ac.] The use of publicly owned lands needs to be more judiciously administered. There is at present no master plan for the vast public lands; namely those [which] that are designated Conservation, over which the County has virtually no administrative jurisdiction. The County acquires land for public uses such as parks and rights-of-way. Presently there is no done] County agency whose function is to expedite land acquisitions. Various County departments are involved, depending on the nature of acquisition. There is also a need for an agency to keep abreast of and initiate various programs on public land. The University of Hawaii, as a corporate body under the State Constitution, holds a unique position on land ownership unlike other State or County agencies [which] that utilize public lands. The University, under the State Constitution, obtains in fee title the land granted it by Executive Order [and can thus]. The University can therefore subdivide, lease or sell its lands provided it is in the interest of public education. GOALS • Utilize publicly owned lands in the best public interest and [to the extent possible,] to the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. 424 Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands • Acquire [necessary] lands for public use to implement policies and programs contained in the General Plan. POLICIES • Encourage uses of public lands [which] that will satisfy specific public needs, such as housing, recreation, open space and education. • Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the [County] General Plan. • State and County Capital Improvement Programs should continue to be coordinated. • Asub-classification, University use, shall continue to be utilized, permitting the primary institutional and numerous supportive and accessory uses required for establishing and/or expanding a public university. Its designation shall continue to be shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map. • Support the U.S. Department of Interior. National Park Service's expansion plans for the Hawaii Volcanoes, Puukohola and Puuhonua O Honaunau National Historic Parks. • Encourage the State to continue the Villages of Lai'opua proiect at Kealakehe. STANDARD • Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources sha?1 be maintained for public use. 425 Land Use -Open Space and Public Lands PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The General Plan sets forth broad Goals, objectives, and policies. Implementation requires translating these broad statements to specific actions, systematically evaluating progress, and active community participation. In this regard, follow-up planning efforts will involve the areparation of Community Development Plans, Capital Improvements Program, and an annual report. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS The Community Development Plans are intended to be the forum for community input into managing growth and coordinating the delivery of government services to the community. The Community Development Plans will translate the broad General Plan statements to specific actions as they apply to specific geographical areas. A Community Development Plan should direct physical development and public improvements within a specific area. The Community development Plan may contain detailed land use and zoning guide maps, plans for roadways, drainage, parks, and other infrastructure and public facilities, architectural design guidelines, planning for watersheds and other natural features, and any other matters relating to the planning area. The Planning Director or Council may initiate a Community Development Plan. Each Community Development Plan shall have a steering committee composed of members appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the council. The members shall be broadly representative of the affected communities. The steering committee shall work in conjunction with the Planning Department and with any professional consultants hired to assist in the preparation of the plan. The exact boundaries of the planning area may be determined during the preparation of the plan. It is not mandatory that there be a Community Development Plan for each region. Although the previous General Plan called for Community Development Plans, in the thirty years since the enactment of the first General Plan, only one Community Development Plan has been enacted by ordinance, one by County Council Resolution, and two by Planning Commission Resolution. Time, cost, the degree of effort, and, in some cases, the inability to achieve a sufficient consensus, has been the limiting factors. The need for a Community Development Plan for a particular area should be assessed considering a number of factors, including how much is public infrastructure challenged by recent or anticipated growth and whether there are significant efforts to change the zoning and land use in the area. After the steering committee has recommended approval of the Community Development Plan, it shall be forwarded to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation to the County Council. The County Council may modify or amend the 426 Plan Implementation Communitv Development Plan before enacting it by ordinance, but it shall give the steering committee and the Planning Commission an opportunity to review and comment upon substantive amendments and modifications before final adoption of the plan. In the process of creating the Communitv Development Plan, it may be determined that the General Plan should be amended. The Planning Director or County Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan, and the steering committee may recommend amendments, that would be enacted at the same time as the Communitv Development Plan. or as a follow-up to the Communitv Development Plan. If there is a direct conflict between the Communitv Development Plan and the General Plan, the General Plan shall be controlling. The Communitv Development Plans shall focus on action. The courses of action specified in each element of the General Plan need greater detail and need to be coordinated by district. The Communitv Development Plans shall identifv appropriate governmental actions that include: • Regulatory actions. Regulations rely on government's police power to control what people can and cannot do in the interest of the public's health, safety, or welfare. The County administers and enforces various regulations to control land use. These regulations include the zoning code, subdivision code, flood control code, grading code, sign code, and building code. The County also administers requirements imposed by the Federal and State governments, such as the Coastal Zone Management Act and the State Land Use Law. The Communitv Development Plans shall recommend amendments as appropriate to the codes, maps, or administration and enforcement. • Incentive measures. Where regulatory controls are the government's "sticks". incentives are the "carrots" to encourage certain actions. Too often, regulation is the solution. Regulation can be restrictive, reactive, and divisive. Incentive measures, on the other hand, can invite creative "win-win" solutions. Examples of incentive measures include property tax exemptions such as for agricultural or native forest dedications, expedited permit processing, density bonuses, and discounted facility fees. Communitv Development Plans shall consider appropriate incentive measures to achieve various objectives, as applicable. • Acquisition actions. Where significant resources are located on private property. it may be more appropriate for government to purchase the development rights or fee simple title rather than to severely regulate the owner's use of the property. Obviously, purchasing in reaction to development proposals is expensive. The Communitv Development Plans shall identifv acquisition priorities, as appropriate, and seek means to leverage financing by working creatively with the landowner, other levels of government, land trusts, and/or nonprofit groups. • Capital budgeting actions. The County annually prepares a capital improvements budget where public facility projects (new construction or major repairs) are identified. The budget is accompanied by a six-year capital improvements program (CIP). The CIP process is explained in more detail 427 Plan Implementation below. The Communitv Development Plans shall identifv and prioritize public facility proiects important to the community. The CIP shall take into consideration the recommendations in the Communitv Development Plans. recognizing that the CIP must reconcile competing interests for a limited amount of funds. • Programs. Certain community needs do not necessarily require land or a new facility, but rather a focused commitment of time and money towards achieving specific obiectives. These operational proiects are referred to as programs. Examples include an after-school youth program, neighborhood watch program, or mediation training program. Too often, resources are diverted to studies that could be more effectively used for pilot programs that actually try to achieve results and provide lessons through action. Communitv Development Plans shall identifv desired programs and the community's role in planning and implementing the programs. • Development/Redevelopment. In very special situations, it may be appropriate for government to take the lead and act as developer either singly or as a public/private partnership. These situations arise when the private market fails to address certain needs, such as very low income housing, or when the situation is quite large-scale, complex, and especially requires government's power of eminent domain to assemble land for redevelopment. Communitv Development Plans shall identifv desired proiects for public development or redevelopment. and shall coordinate input from appropriate agencies such as the Office of Housing and Communitv Development or the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PROGRAM (CIP) Capital improvement proiects have the potential to influence where growth occurs, to more equitably distribute County services, and to promote important obiectives such as affordable housing. The County Charter sets forth the procedure for the submittal and adoption of the CIP: 1. The various departments and agencies submit proiect requests and cost estimates to the Mayor. The Planning Director reviews the lists and recommends priorities. 2. The Mayor reviews the lists in preparing the CIP. 3. By March 1, the Mayor submits the CIP to the Council together with a message explaining each proiect proposed in the capital budget, estimated cost, and proposed method of financing. 4. By Mav 5, the Mayor may submit amendments (adjustments may be necessary depending on actions taken by the State Legislature) together with a message that describes the changes and the circumstances, which justify the changes. 428 Plan Implementation 5. On or before June 30, the Council shall adopt the capital budget. The capital budget for the upcoming fiscal year is adopted by ordinance. The six-year CIP is for information purposes. The capital budget appropriates funds for the specified proiects. Capital appropriations lapse at the end of the second fiscal year following the year in which they are appropriated. Prior to lapsing, the agency responsible to implement the project may request the Mayor to allot the funds. Once allotted, the agency may proceed to encumber (e.g.. execute contracts, issue purchase orders) and expend the funds. In order for the CIP to comprehensively prioritize and allocate the financial resources available to the County within the context of the General Plan, the CIP shall be prepared as follows: • The CIP shall be based on clear priority criteria; • The CIP shall integrate the several sources of funding improvements, including the fuel tax and the County Water Board proiects; • The CIP shall coordinate County proiects with State CIP proiects and available Federal funding; • The total County costs for the proiects selected for the CIP shall not exceed an amount that could be prudently financed taking into consideration the debt service capacity of the County: • The CIP process shall provide opportunity for community review of the CIP proposed by the administration prior to submittal to the County Council; • Where additional studies are needed to prioritize proiects from an islandwide or regional perspective, functional plans may be funded through the CIP; • A system shall be established to monitor the status of appropriated proiects. ANNUAL REPORT The Planning Department Shall prepare an annual report t0 monitor progress towards achieving the General Plan goals, objectives, and policies. To the extent possible, the annual report should develop measurable indicators related to the policies. The Planning Department shall submit the annual report to the Mayor for review. The Mayor shall submit the annual report to the Council together with the capital and operational budgets in accordance with the budget submittal timetable set forth in the Charter The annual report and CIP shall be the means to reconcile and prioritize competing community needs from a County-wide perspective. The Planning Department may organize an interagency committee to provide input for inclusion in the annual report. 429 Plan Implementation [SECTION 6. Amendment Procedures. Pursuant to subsection 3-16(c) Hawaii County Charter, the following amendment procedures for the General Plan are established: A. Amendment pursuant to comprehensive review. (1) Within 45 days of a ten-year lapse from the date of adoption of the County General Plan, the Planning Director shall, upon notification to the County Council, initiate the comprehensive review required of and by the General Plan. (2) In proceeding with the comprehensive review, the Planning Director shall give notice of the comprehensive review to the Planning Commission, Council, and the general public. The notice shall state: (a) The general scope of review; (b) The ability for the Public and Council to provide their input to the Planning Director within 45 days after the date of the notification. (3) Upon receipt of suggestions from the public, the Planning Director shall review the General Plan, the assumptions upon which the policies were drawn, including the suggestions for change. Within 90 days the Planning Director may propose draft amendments, and shall give notification to the County Council and the public of any proposed amendments. (4) Within 30 days of notification of proposed amendments, the Planning Director shall conduct a public workshop on proposed amendments prior to submitting it to the Planning Commission, and shall allow the public an opportunity to provide comments on the proposed amendments through an additional 30 day period. (5) The Planning Director, within 30 days of the completion of the public review period, shall initiate and forward proposed amendments to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. (6) Within sixty days of receipt of the Planning Director's proposed amendment(s), the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the proposed amendment(s). During the hearing and based on public testimony received, the Planning Commission may request the Planning Director to consider specific modification to any proposed amendment or to initiate within sixty days any new proposed amendment. If the Planning Director modifies a proposed amendment or initiates a new proposed amendment upon the Planning Commission's request, the Planning Commission shall hold further hearing on such matters, together with any proposed amendment originally submitted. Within sixty days of the conclusion of the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall submit to the Council its comments and recommendation on any proposed amendment initiated by the Planning Director. 430 Amendment Procedures (7) The Council shall review the Planning Commission's recommendation and act on the Planning Director's proposals. The Council shall request the Planning Director to consider its specific modifications to any proposed amendment or to initiate a new proposed amendment. Within 60 days of the request, the Panning Director shall forward to the Planning Commission either a recommendation for a denial, modification to a proposed amendment or shall initiate the new proposed amendment. (8) A public hearing on the proposed revisions and/or recommendations by the Planning Director shall be conducted by the Planning Commission within 60 days of its receipt from the Planning Director. Within 60 days of the closing of the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward the Director's proposed modifications, amendments, and recommendation together with its recommendations to the County Council for their action. (9) Failure by the Planning Commission or the Planning Director to respond within the designated time period shall not preclude the Council from acting on its proposed amendments. (10) During the comprehensive General Plan review, the Planning Director may defer action to any petition to amend the General Plan filed pursuant to section 6 B. and on any request to study a proposed General Plan amendment submitted pursuant to section 6 B(3). However, any deferral by the Planning Director shall not extend beyond a period of one year and, in any case, shall not extend beyond the completion date of the comprehensive review as set forth in section 6 A. B. Interim amendments. (1) Members of the general public, the Council, and the Planning Director may propose or initiate, as the case maybe, amendments to the General Plan at any time other than during the comprehensive review period. (2) Members of the general public may propose amendment to the General Plan goals, policies, and standards by filing a written petition with the Planning Director. In addition, the property owner may, by similar petition, propose an amendment to the land use pattern allocation map covering land held by that property owner. For purposes of this section, "property owner" means a person having an interest in title to the affected land and includes the holder of a lease interest in the affected land, where such lease interest is not due to expire until after ten years following the date of the filing of the petition. (a) A petition to amend the General Plan shall be filed with the Planning Director and shall include: 431 Amendment Rocedures (1) A filing fee of $100 to cover the administrative costs of processing the petition; (2) A statement of the nature of the petitioner's interest; (3) A draft of the language of the proposed amendment; (4) An environmental impact statement; (5) A statement of the reasons for granting the proposed change, supported by a written, documented analysis of the General Plan and using all pertinent elements upon which the General P?an is based; and (6) Graphs, plot plan, and other supportive information. (b) Upon receipt of a properly filed and completed petition, the Planning Director shall have one hundred eighty days in which to study the petition to take one of the following actions: (1) Recommend the approval of the petition, stating the reasons for such approval; or (2) Recommend the denial of the petition, stating the reasons for such denial. (c) In the event the Planning Director recommends the approval of the petition, the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the petition within sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty days after the close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward its comments and recommendation to the Council. (d) If the Planning Director recommends the denial of the petition, the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the petition within sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty days after the close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward its comments and recommendation to the Council. Upon receipt of the Planning Commission's recommendation, the Council may, within thirty days, consider the petition upon atwo-thirds vote of the entire membership of the Council. If the petition is not considered by the Council within the thirty-day period, the Planning Director shall certify the petition to be officially denied. The proposed amendment shall be adopted upon two-thirds vote of the entire membership of the Council. (e) If a petition is officially denied, the same or a substantially similar petition may not be submitted for consideration within one year following such denial, unless the petitioner submits significant new data or additional 432 Amendment Procedures reasons which the Planning Director may find to be a sufficient basis for the petition to be considered. (3) The Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan pursuant to the following procedure: (a) The Council may, by resolution, require the Planning Director or, when appropriate, another qualified body to conduct a study to determine the feasibility of a proposed amendment. (b) The Planning Director or the qualified body shall have one hundred eighty days or a longer period, as maybe agreed to by the Council, to submit a completed feasibility study to the Council. (c) Upon receipt of the feasibility study, the Council shall have sixty days to review and act on the study. The Council may, by resolution, direct the Planning Director to initiate the proposed amendment. The Planning Director shall then initiate the proposed amendment in the manner applicable to a petition in accordance with sections 6 B(2)(c) and 6 B(2)(d). If the Council does not direct the Planning Director to initiate the proposed amendment, the same or substantially similar proposal may not be considered within one year following the end of the Council's sixty-day review. (4) The Planning Director shall initiate proposed amendments to the General Plan in the manner applicable to amendments proposed during the comprehensive General Plan review, as set forth in section 6 A(2), except with regard to those provisions relating solely to the comprehensive review. C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director shall promulgate rules and regulations to implement this procedure.] 433 Amendment Procedures Amendment Procedures A. Comprehensive Review The Planning Director shall initiate a comprehensive review of the General Plan every ten years after the initial date of adoption of the General Plan and the date of adoption of subsequent amendments resulting from a comprehensive review. The Planning Director shall give notice of the comprehensive review to the County Council, Planning Commission, and the general public. The notice shall state: ~ The general scope of review; The ability for the County Council, Planning Commission, and the general public to provide their comments and suggestions to the Planning Director; and ~ The initiation date, schedule of events, and time for completion of the review period. Upon completion of the review period, the Planning Director shall conduct public workshops on the proposed amendments. The public shall be afforded 60 days from the date of the last public workshop to provide comments to the Planning Director. The Planning Director may then initiate proposed amendments to the General Plan and shall submit the amendments to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation within 60 days after the public deadline to submit comments to the Planning Director. The Planning Director shall notify a property owner of a proposed amendment that would redesignate its property to Open or Conservation, unless the property is already designated Conservation by the State land Use Commission. If the Planning Director originally initiates the redesignation, then a notice shall be sent not less than 21 days before the first Planning Commission hearing on the proposed amendment. If the Planning Commission suggests the proposal, the property owner shall be notified of the Planning Director's decision to initiate it not less than 21 days before the County Council's first reading. If initiated by the County Council, the property owner shall be notified not less than 21 days before the County Council's first reading. 434 Amendment Procedures The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearings on the proposed amendments to the General Plan within 90 davs from the date of receipt of the proposed amendments. The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation to the County Council together with the Planning Director's proposal within 60 davs from the close of the public hearing. The Planning Commission shall recommend approval of the Planning Director's proposal, in whole or in part, recommend changes, or recommend the refection of the proposal for changes to the General Plan. The Countv Council shall review the amendments submitted by the Planning Director and the recommendation of the Planning Commission. The Countv Council may adopt the changes proposed by the Planning Director and Plannin¢ Commission, including any modifications, deletions, or additions deemed necessary by the County Council. The County Council shall render a decision within 120 davs of receipt of the proposed amendments. B. Interim Amendments The County Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan at any time other than during the comprehensive review pursuant to the following procedures: ~ The County Council may. by resolution, direct the Planning Director to conduct a study to determine the feasibility of a proposed amendment. The Planning Director shall have 120 davs or a longer period, as may be agreed to by the Countv Council, to submit a completed feasibility study and recommendation on the County Council's proposal to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. If the Planning Director recommends an approval, the Planning Director shall also submit a draft ordinance for consideration and action by the County Council. ~ The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearings on the proposed amendment within 60 davs of receipt of the feasibility study and recommendation from the Planning Director. The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation on the proposed amendment together with the Planning Director's feasibility study and recommendation to the County Council within 30 davs from the close of the hearing. 435 Amendment Procedures ~ The County Council shall review the proposed amendment in accordance with its rules of practice and procedure. Planning Director ~ The Planning Director may initiate an amendment to the General Plan at any time other than during the comprehensive review. The Plannine Director shall conduct a workshop on the proposed amendment prior to submitting it to the Plannine Commission. ~ The Plannine Director shall submit the proposed amendment to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. The Plannine Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the proposed amendment. ~ The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation together with the Planning Director's proposal to the Countv Council within 30 days from the close of the hearing. tom' The County Council shall review the proposed amendment in accordance with its rules of practice and procedure. General Public ~ Consistent with the County Charter, a member of the public may submit an application requesting the Planning Director to initiate an amendment to the General Plan at any time other than during the comprehensive review. ~b The application shall include: A filing fee of $500.00 to cover the administrative cost of processing the application; ii A statement of the nature of the proposed amendment; iii A draft of the language of the proposed amendment; iv A statement of the reasons for granting the proposed change, supported by a written, documented assessment of the relationships of the proposed change with pertinent elements of the General Plan; and 436 Amendment Procedures ~ Maps, graphs, plot plan, and other supportive information. ~ Upon receipt of a properly filed and completed application, the Planning Director shall have 120 days to take one of the following actions• Reiect the application for an amendment; or ii Initiate an amendment to the Genera] Plan. Should the Planning Director initiate an amendment, the Planning Director shall then transmit the proposed amendment to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. ~ The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearings on the proposed amendment within 60 days of receipt of the proposal from the Planning Director. l~j" The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation on the proposed amendment to the County Council within 30 days from the close of the hearing. ~ The County Council shall review the proposed amendment in accordance with its rules of practice and procedure. In the event that the Planning Director reiects an application for an amendment, the applicant may request the County Council to initiate an amendment on its behalf. In the event that an application is denied by the County Council, the same or a substantially similar application may not be submitted for consideration within one year following such denial, unless the applicant submits significant new data or additional reasons that the Planning Director may find to be a sufficient basis for the application to be considered. C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director and the Planning Commission shall promulgate rules and regulations to implement the amendment procedures. SECTION 7. Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. The Land Use Allocation Guide Map for the Island of Hawaii, referenced as Exhibit "A", and incorporating by reference the amendments indicated by Hawaii County Ordinance 87-128, referenced as Exhibit "D" and by Hawaii County Ordinance 88-118, referenced as Exhibit "E" is hereby adopted. SECTION 8. Facilities Map. The Facilities Map for each of the nine districts of the Island of Hawaii is hereby adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "B". 437 Amendment Procedures SECTION 9. General Plan Support Document. In order to provide the basis for the various Council policies, statement of development objectives, standards and principles, as stated in Section 4 of this ordinance, the Hawaii County General Plan Support Document is hereby adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "C". SECTION 10. Repeal• Ordinance No. 439 as amended by Ordinance Nos. 456, 475, 484, 538, 761, 822, 851, 854, 868, 878, 83-20, 83-27, 84-40, 87-49, 87-52, and 87-68 of the continuing ordinances of the County of Hawaii is hereby repealed, as are the above-noted ordinances that have amended Ordinance No. 439. SECTION ll. Severability. If any provision of this ordinance or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the ordinance which can be given without the invalid provision or application, and to this end, the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable. SECTION 12. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.] 438 Amendment Procedures c ~ a ~ o m m ~ m mm ~ n $ g_ B a a s j a q~ c~ i 'u~ ~ i~ 2 W J O E 4 Y O D~ Y 'Lp m g~ g Q A °~8~' fi~a s ~f~g~~~~~g3~ ~ 8 E b~ rp~~ .m B m B~~~~ a a a a a `Q 8~ o d~ c~ e `0 88.8 8 E 2 2 c~ x~ c~ J J o 0 o a` a` a` d a a a` a a a a` a x o~ 3~ ° ~ H U ~ .a a O ~ ~ N a z ° ~ W ~ ~ o W o x K' M N A z a o 0 ~ 0 o ~ o. ~ ~ w a z ~ -c 6 ( ~ B f„ ~X> 5 0 1'!.~•~1 Q 3 i'% b ~ O ~ ~ O ~ W~ W _~'J„m ~ ~ ~d?p c ~ ~o a ~~aaa ~ m ~ _~-_b-b w"za a J ~ P 4 u ~ N Y N Y c C ~ i sc 8 8 d 8 8 8 d B 8 8 8 C. ~ ~ C f z f°~ rc~~ W O U O S a n a` a` a` u u` d a a` a` J E _ ~ i ~®oo~~~oo~~®®®oao®®ooao Ja( y0 ~ ~ Z W C (Q O C d O O C O_ O - Wj °x"oX°X" Y ~ °W'oW W c WN~L~~ ~ zW ~yDOta C~,rn ~ u n u~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ N ch v~ aa¢a a dd a a _ O a: a. ,.~o~ kf i~ ~e~: , ~ a~ ~ - b: X~ i~: ._V ~ ~ - ~S ~ d W 3 Y z M py N a n y N n £ m o _ _ - N a ~ / ~ 0 0 r N c ~ ~ ~ rn c ? ° C m ~ n ~ v « ~ ~ ~ N ~ N N ~ Q Q d « ~ C ~ ~ C > 16 ? C ~ ~ ~ ' a "e « y C C y _pJ ? p f/1 C~ N O 2 rf V N 7 3 C LLl a m N~ U~ W 2' J a ~ l0 y~ ~ D D~ D~ D X 2 N E_ Q N N N N N N N W Z N O L N? O O. O. 2 d O. O. d f0 ? 'gyp N 00 3~ p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WLC~ UJ ~Oa`a` a`a`a`a`a`~ a W~~~_~~~~_~'0~0~0~~ m o e U L I y - ~ C III m 4 y a ~ a D ? ~ ~ z E~>-~ ~ ~ ° o' Z C w J O O O O O O ~ N N ~ 'O a "O "O l6 l0 w N n ~ L L L L U U U H O ~ ~ ~ ~ O O w O O O O O N u u W O II II II II II ~ m d crT I~ oo rn° ~ N W, ~ E O p3 ~ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ~ a m`~ I-a e ~ ~ ~ i~ , 3 ~ z z ~ ~ 1 ~ ca ~ ~ ~ Q~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ma~J O U ~ a 0 0 0 ;I4. I:I. ff 4 I M m 0 ~ C ~ x m > 0 z m J c ~ C4 m Q Q N 3 m ~ m N c ~ c ~ ~ ~ p r c o 0 O m m ~ Io c E T< ~ c~ m N o m ~ d v v p v~ ° fA i.y d' Z N E. Q N N N W Z \WI y ~ ~ ~ O O O C L Q O O F~1 O O p W a 0 0 0 .e ~ ~ 'O 'O W~ U J f O a a a 7 (7 > `m m` a w ~~~~!_i a®~OD~I~I~ o 0 0 w f to u n a M v ~ ¢ ¢ I Q a e, O ~ a N b O N ~ N N N N G W d d 9 ~ ~ Nm w'N (A 2a w~~ ~ m a ~ y m a ~ m L ~ ~ ~mm v°c m~m mN 4 N N N Y ~ C G Y V NJW N~ YaYYm ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ aW ~a e~ de/e F~~ egged ~/i e S7li" n ~ Q W J U ~ ~ ~ t0 Q Q N ~ A z~~ ~ ~ ~ O C ~ ~ a 3 °m o m_ w~ ~ pp Z~ m y -o o f m ~ y 0 ~ o 0 o s ~ ~ O io w o 3~ $ °a' o 0 0~ > Z~ O U O a a a U' ~ ~ O p ¢ m 4 0 ~ N ~ N O C Q G N N N ~ ~ a ~ v ~ m .N m ~ py ~ y~~,j R~ U N V 1 MQ~ aWW.Jyy ~ O 5 O y w ~ O II II II ~ d r ~ r ~ a a a a F ~ F ~ ~ a ~ a~, ~ w " ~ ~ H ~ P i E,,; z ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ i A W W I ei nl i i e ~ ~ d a o r a '4AAA o S~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~$B c F; _ _ o ~ ~%a o ~ =~~o wm~YVa ui ~~mD m az o mad ~~~~~a=~ Lam. ~m8„ _ ~o =a~~9wE~o ox~os<~m~~~~gmxvv~am$~mv p~>.~ a ma o sg ~ ~ a sg.gaa.aasgags. C ~ ~ ~ x E ~ rc ,~,~~~>{1}{J j u~ ~ (g 6 a` n a` u a a a` a` n` a` n` a U m0 y dQ 3~ ~ m O> J O ~ N I (n C C YO C 4 m Z f0 ~ C p~ Q ~ ~ p_ C W rn~ ~w Ol~w. C ~ X C y ~ W N W ~ c tp ~ (n ~ N d ~ Q J C ~ J O II 11 II II ~ c-N M~ amma5m fil W W '~'~ry Tk?8 xe,Ke~ . M m ~ J x z ~ m 0 M Y N O' N O O ^ ~ N = c W ~ 7 o m~ ~ ~ X16 cc°o'~ c O A o ° 3 c m C ~ ~ ~ ~ Z N N = J N O O O O'~ L= J ~ C S n 3 ~ ° c£ c m m E Z W J my o rcN` ~ ~ ~ -'i ~ ~ ~p Orm~°'cc aLL.mo v~s~ c om oo:N ~~~SEc~U~~7 aotmo NN~30 E m m Z W .C p J Q N N N N~ N N ~ A J 0 0 Z N O N 2 ~ Q tI1 ~ d ~ NN ~~CN y 00000000y~C yCtN ~y~yy N a ~ O!!~O mUDWdOO OOO OOCV dCrNC yO. NC O W SOU S ~JfO aa`aaa aa~~ FL-a °nmU FJ UU y0 ~ W ~.~J~1 ~_~~®0~0000~11 Z m s _T (0 O N N j ~ p p J O m II II ~ N M f a m m ~ l c © O N N C ~ m a ~ ~ c m n O O C ~ C I C Q ~ O d ~ ~ T C tq ~ C T W T ~ .N N C r ~ d J p r p 3 !4 O ~ ~ J n u n u ® ° m rn m i m m m m o 01 ~ 7 ~ Y T r N N Q L O) ~ ~ J I ~ ~ o ~ ~ Z O ~ rn ? ~ 3 ~ ~ o d I ~ ! > p c ® ~ m E o p = a~ 0 ~ ~ O a u u u n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ a ~n m m ~ ~ ~ m c M ~ w ~ Q m n~ c C ~ i _ N N U .C Q T W N C~ O E N 'm ~ K m L' _ Ol Z V~ J C C~ ~ C C N C L1. j ~ ° ~ T C~ L' y C ~ W N v/ ~ N L O ~ (0 10 D. 3 j 0 L~ L' d W 2 E C J 7 'e C N ~ m0 m m 7 a~ a 3 ~tsdo~ Ea~H ~8~~~-, ~ ~ ~ C L~~ d n n n n~ n~ n m> 0 0 ~ o~ o m v o m o. Q o 0 0 0 0 0 0~ ~c rn Z ¢ o v = ~ ~ ~ O a a` a a` a` a` a` a` > > m v W ~:IJ~ ~J~r!1~0~~00~~'!~1 V \\\(V II II N M N N ~ m m \ m rl ~ ~ I1 r ~ N I ad PJe ~ ~ ~I~~~ll{ - w ~ m r44 II ~ ~ RaAco ~ I~ r l l I ~ D~ ~ ~ ,~I~~Illilllf~~ N _ c ¢ ° ~ Kanoet ue Ave. > .pl ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ J ~ X O U W y}~ d O ~ O Q ~ V) ~ p .y u C C j ~ Q d N l0 N x C 3 c z W ~ Cq ~y c ~w Kea S K q, o d a v ~ `fo U ~ ~ m . I II II II ~ ~ m m m ~ Ku lau Rd o ~ o m o£ o ~ N ~ N w aN a O C ~ l0 C O C L ~ O JL O ~ ~ 7 ~ Y(q N ~ fry II II II Q1 m m ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ m~~ o ~ (n ~ r ~ C 1"1 Q T C 'y C ~ ~ ~ C 0 Q n X ~ ~ j Ol W p 'p = f0 ~ ~ ~ O a I' II a m ao o V o c m o ~ ~ ~ /w T_~ N J T ~ ~ y n n ~ `m ¢ v ~ z ~ (n E ~ p "N m o =o w 3 a ~ p "m n D 3 ~ a ~ .4 a~i ~ E ~ ~ U o p° ~ p d a a a a d m ~ d ~ ~ ~ d E `O 'C N ~/1 p? c O O O O m p "m w o~ 3 9~ o 0 0 0 w o a a a a ~ W "pa flag uemeH W O W ~ x aW, ly ~ O l 1 m 1 t r e' c J , r J ~ 'U Z < o v> Z------__ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ ~ 2~~ N _ c ~ II ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d N \ & m \ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ V N J ~ ~ O ~ N ~ O ~ ~ Q .N C J ? C C N Z N N 'e « p~ ~ O Z ~ ~ 3 Cy E J d' t0 a 3 o m° 10 c? d m a~Oi m d n ~ c vii O u c h o 0 o c ~ m N O p N a~ O o o d W H O U J~ O E a a a~ w ~:~-~_I~._i11~001~~ ~ a a ~ ~ m~~ z a m~ > J « N l0 N S~ ~ ~ d m W v ~ aao ~J ~ `m o, a a~i n m ,2`a e c E .N m m O c ~ ~ c ~ ~ Z ~ y W x ~ O « m rn W ~ ~ xa ~ 0.i i W > e o a~~ W ~ ~ ~ d o a U U U ~ QF1. W ~ O a ~ x a° d' m ~ 0 L O L a d t0 J ~`~a ev U a M o ~ U a Q O ! v ^ ^ J \ N Y w ID m a~ z _ 3 "o ~ m f m b N ~ ~ ~ N ~ j ~ 2 y d' m m ¢ CL O n ~ J N ~ N N ~ ~ O 0 ~ ~ 7 'N O 3 O m m m c O w o a o~ w w 0 ' c n n O N N O~ p W a 0 0 W h o v ~ ~ ~ O a` a` ~ W ~;J i_'iJ1~0 z p°a ~ r x J c !0 C y l0 ~ . U A O1 N Q ~ Q ~ A 3 oa QK ~ E tea. d m in o o s'~° 3m AoyP z j LL a Zo` ~~O W W ~ c ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I n ~i I d ~ N ~ ~ ~ d m L Z r m ~ W Y n n 3 ~ rr Z z 7 C m j ~ f U = n N « C ~ Q N J C ~ ~ ~ ry r I ~ ~ r o a ~ .N a 3 ~ W o ~ a~i ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ N a D a C N E N N N O N~~ ~ d 4 d w~ ~ ~ O a` a` a <\j C G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C H O N O Q 0 O Qy J O N ~ J AWQ•J' C ~ O r In W ~ U Z N . C ~ Q d Q X ? j W j W 'm c w N ~ a~i a d W W ~ ~ ~ II II II d r- N M ~ W W W a Qd i m .s 0 °c~ 0 Peoi1 rneH M I W -,.I ~ \ _ I N I m I ~ r ~ Y ~ 1 Z / ~ ~ ~ m l 1 tzg ~a. 1 ~ c~0~o ~ ml% ~o~ (7s ~~a\a ~ ~ ~~02 W W ~F x~ n W N i N`9h,NaY ~ PKo~~ W W 0 i z o ~ G ~ G O ~ y x ~ ~°~W W O J O l0 ~ c O G O 7 N~ N N ~ ~ O Q 1 ~ O U ~ _ ~ d J r c~ ~ C C Z U U U G Z` ~ ~ T W r p c O ~ V~ ~ N o m ~ QcQa:. acmT'~ oE3~ c N ~ a~ o Q v~ U n Z m o~ v "w o a~ a a a a x ~ o m o w ~ m~ w m ~ d c a o 0 0 o a c ~ N v a> aGi U U m c 3 ^G' o 0 0 0 ~°n m z ~ W S W W Q W h o U° w 0 a a a a~~ a o_ wwww ~ m ~ r ~~`r3c~gw~~mm Y ~ t~Qmj2Q £Zrn L `c mmevmm3d~ ~ ~I x ~Aio E ~~cE o ? ~ 10a'3~~aiYx° ~ ~ I r. L'' w m ? \ ~ b r if ~ I S ~ a ~ ~ i ~ a ~ ~ ~ l 1-~ ? j ~ ~ _ H eoye~eweyy ~ I~ Ili ry ~ ~ M ~ a¢ W o o Poaa t ~ ~ ~o~a\a~. Y ~ ~ E mavN w~'n10`m J - ~ l0 l0 ~ >N OL O C U ~TV QY~2 U c ~ J n ~ > W N Q ~ .N ~ m c c ~ ~ 7 ~ ; a ~ ° w ° ° ~ E ~ ~oo c ~ (n ~ U O O N C m O) T C Z U~ V N N ~ ` a ¢ N n ~ Q~ Q Q a a J cp 7 m> yc W ~ N N X X C c 0 c p > > d > ~ W W ~ v ~ w c c m ~ ~ K o c ~ C~ c C N N 0 o m° o Q .y ~ E w J K~ n O ~ 0 4' Tic ~ -e m> m c a a~ a v x W J ~ W 7 7 z N o U y ~ N 0 2 c n O. n n n m Q II II II II II II 'N w p K 'c0 ~ N~ O O O O O~ d ~ N C] v N T m z i p U w ~ O a` a s a a` ~ ~ LL~~ LL Li LL a 3 w ~y~~ ~ cqj N ` ~ i m 3~ N c ~ N L z o m Y d a ~ m ~1~11II ~IIfI~I~,, ~i ~~I `~1~TI!I C! , ~ iC~~~~ ~ ~ I~i ' ~ , . ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ lii'i ~II~~~ ~afllal~ ~ „ll, ,1~~ 3 ~ ,~C ; ~~r ~#E 11f _ ~ Y r ~ ~ c kl ~ ~ o I i ~ ~~~,'I' "~;I~ a m T r m E m m d ~ fii m o m m m c c g > > ~ Y ~ w ~ a w ~ O y i o ~ N c ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ? v, > > ~ b ~ ~ it 30 d C ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ y C C O a p p J 'e A 'z ~ ~ C ~ Q l0 'O C C d N Q T N ~ O y j E ~ (p ~1/1 ~f/1 J ~ C ~ C tp C O ~ Z 3 ~ d N N N O X. X D E C ~ N D 3~ ~ d 7 C o ~ ~ j ~ rL ~ Z W w m o o Q .D w~ E~ ~ O K¢ n C r ~ ~ C C C O f~ W N N p d N N Ol d d v° w w n ~ ,°n 3~~~ aZi c h ~ ~ o 0 0 0 0 D o c rn p ~ ~ ~ O 'a w o~ a o 8i n o 0 0 0 0 0 0~ n d u ii u u z g'p U w 5 ~ f O a a a a a a a~ w ~~~JIDODD~~~lil ~ w - i;i ~ _ '~'I1 ~ ~ i ~ ~I o m r. i I I Y Y rn 1 it f i i (n - I I ~ i d ~ i, ' ICI ~ 0 O 1 i~ ~i. i' f I. I I !1 loll III I ICI - ~'~I, 11 - X11'- II.. ICI i i i,~, I ii i ~ T I ! Ql m ~ Y I it if i" ~ ~ '.I ~ ~I I ~ i ~ a it I I ~I~ ~ I !~li III. M 11 I. i I, ~~I (j. I tl' y !i I ~r ~4i 3 i i GL r ~ ~ ti m Y N m l0 > N (0 ap t ~ w m a T I m I 3 [D _ ~ m ~ w Y m ~ Y a. m a1 tC ~ c m c ~ ~ ~ N c ~ ~ 1 0 ~ _ m w a ~ c x w ~ ~ W ~ z N p°o m o,~ p Z 'e m m C (C6 CO J C ~ ~ 3 a c ~ ~ (cO N N a d = ~ N ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ 'W ~ N c ~ O ~ ~ A ~ r m~ c O U .N a .N O `m ~ o ~ A C p N O O N O N~ Q ~ 'in Ui p ~ d c c p s p Z c v w m ~ d v o p o 0 o c ~ ~ o m m? c g y m Z' ' ~ a r` m U ~ c p ~ N j p o O y a a~ X n ° c m 7 c o v n aNi c o ~ E S C w w w o w o~ o a ~ d„ o~ a 0 ~ V N N ~ N f0 O c ~ C l0 O m N c p N 0~ D "O X "O H O ~ ~ ~ N N~ N~ 'N N E a N N M f~0 w N ~ 'L a' R' ~ p p~ 0 ~ O p p' o N p~ a o ~i a o 0 0 0~ o e, O u u u u n u u u n z o o o w J~ O a a a a~ a O ~ ~ ~ m ~ m rn o C7 \ ~ lI InI i n d li LL LL LL LL LL LL IY li W \ \ _ L~ I~I I ~ ~ ~ ~ 'III! V (1u'~j \ p m i I ~ (0 m ~ t O I ...I Y ~~a ~ ~ ~e Q 5a°° d~ e I ~ I I N I T Q+r4By I ' I Pa/B/BHP W I N I ~I e N ~ ~ o I M N / I m / Y / I ~ i ~0°J y I Sc ~ Q e0`g c `.i ~ ec c o m d I ~ ~ 7 c m ~ a ~ w O Y° N ~ ~ Q c ~ p ~ ~ ~ ~~~~1i~i~~~ ~ ~ ~ii~ Lf{I 4; , ~ ~ o ' III .I C~~~lll~ ~I l i~ m a ~ c ~ W C p O d d N N N p C ~ C L v U ~ ~ ~ N Q ~ 0 (n ~ .N U d Z Ol I ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ Q c ~ O N ¢ ~ U U D 0 N C X 0 3 ~ fn ~ N ~ v' ~ ~ ~i aci E a~ Q D w~ E c ~ K a~ W c ° o m i m c p m a a a a x a ~ 3 ~j I N yNN N W W d p Ste( 0~ ~ p? a w 0 0 O C O p -.I ~ W C Z ~ p 'gyp h X -~O ~ ry p, O O O o~ 0 (n 11 II II II ~ W~ p W C J TC O a, a a a~ a O N ~ I a 3 Wz: i ~!~_~~aooa~~~io a m b ~ ~ Im % ~ Y ~ _ Z ~c ~~Y° a' ~2' m ~m a Z f i i~l/Y ~ ~ I i % / 1 T m 1 _J - ~ ~ m m 1 o ~ o L C A \ 1. Q m i ~ T Y 10 v T ~ N Y t0 L o ~ A~ L 1 y 1 1 b AI r u R y c ~ O1 v V v y m @ Q v 1 ~ ~ m 7 2> Z m m r y m~y C C m T G O Tf d J C ~ v J o Q y m U w~~ a o m° 2>~ U~ a°i m a~i w w p m c ~ a o 0 0 o c ~ .-O o n o Tc o~ d 0 0° o o m m ~ ~ \ N z g ~O U w e ~ O a a a a~ p I I m a ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ N _~1_I I (6 ~ m Z ~ o ~ upi ~ ~ ~ 3 o U O~ Y ~ o ~ Q ayi a 'c i y o m ~ m ~ c .N c c Z O Q ~ dQ RdZ I c d !n N X f/i .N K ~ 'C y j ? W 'oc Who N N N o ~ ti O r( .e U W .e ~ p O a z w w~ 0~ 0~... ~ u u n u rn O j 3 O ~ N M q' C ~ a i I __I U' N !0 Y Z ,~j r~ - Y% - _ ~ S - C7 ~ N ~ A'M1 ' * % 'Ili l I i l i / r 1 '1^ V y. I y I ~ i2 I < Y.~ U1 f 5 ~ Y'~. (U ~ ~P~ Y~ y~~~ v r ~ c c ~ ~ ~ a ~ c~ ~ ~ cn N n _T a a> ~ c ~ h o ~ w m ~ c ~ y p T _ ~p C r m a 3 ~ O N C~~~ N N ~ C~ ula C t0J C L ~ Z (A 0 0 0 N~ X d O O C c C Z ~ .C W C O_ O_ O O O O~ ~ `m v" >mmmpp-~O~~omm ~ N B N " ~ W W W~ .C ~ ~ `m c c ~ a~ ~ o" E g r w~?@ v a` C c c p "O L c0 t9 ~ v~ n v- < a 2 ~ 7 7 ~ 0' ~ II ~ O = 7 ~ p E ~ i0 ~ C = a 2 < °w ~ °m °m °m v °v °v v $ °v °v O ~ u n u u~° II N c~ v m v~ v$ ~ e$ 8 8& 8 8& 8 8 8 8 8 8 V1 (O I~ ~ O f x ~ = tt ~ ~ w o ~ o a` a` a` a a` a a` a` a a` a a` € , e ~ o Y N Z ~ ~ N ^^^~~0 n I H~ghwaY N a N ~!~{-YI~~ ~ I ' ll~~~ ~ Ma~a~a~ fir" . l r ~ l ~ k I ~ i I ~I i i II GI l~ Itff~l llt~l TI i ~~{f 11 I11 Y ~ pe ~ L I I~. ~ I'~l ~ III VIII II ~ ~ L_l r tt N I 1~' I f ° y S~ - pZf I~I j ry w~C~ 4 1 O m D ~'TTFI~-i^.- S - , ~ Q i Y I i <<, » - ~ 'Y 1 ~ I~~ ~ N ~ c 'e o 0 ~ 1 ~ ~ N r III ~ N . ..II . N 6 C ~ X eou !I#li !~~I a o N c o {Illl~l~ ~ m ~ ~ a N N N w t rl O O O C ~ a a a m YN o 0 0 ~ ~m a` a a ~ o ~ .r c w N ' m m _ o a z N c ~ c N O E ~ j~ 9 Z W v ° ~ O m e 3 m c c ~ ~ ~ m m ~ t n. 10 4 m .N c « ~ ~ m n c 'y ~ C N c 'y O ~ O C C y N ~ p O p N yp C ~ ~ V• r L N ~ N m O x' W m J S ~ o `1 m ° cm m N 0 B X ° c~ ~ o 0 0 ~ i~ ~ `m ~ m `m Z Q pA C~ E z ~ O C C O O O O O O~ c« ,U ~ "e p ~ ~ ~9~- m h O cwa QC~ca cmc ccc~T~~ oQ~~yD EUO a m S O p, ~ n Z n~ n a a n~ W ~ ~ ~ c o c m w v °v a~i °w d a°i _ X d r0 O X O X~ X X X X N W 2 'y, E d Q N h N N N N N o W W W W~ p W~ W W W W a a E~ ~ y c~ ~ 0 w c n a n n a a° ~ c c o o c N o a"i m y m m m `m .c L 2 a O o o~ ~ o a 0 0 0 0 0 0$ p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .e c { a n .o ~ O z ~ v w = ~ ~ ~ o a a a a` a a` a ~~o~o~ ~>>oo~~ W~~l-~~~~ ~aooaoao g o „ d ~ 'r ~ N N N N N N N N a O a C7 C7 C7 C7 U' C7 (7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C7 C~ (7 4 'Y~'.~ ~M .z G o ~ m C Y 0 ~ Z x ~ x a ~ o z c ~ N M O _ 1 Mam lahoa ~~a~~~~~ ' ~ O a~ I~~}y~) L m F~ O-1 V D Y ~ iM' W ~ ~ Qom! i ~ ~ { ~ °D i U ' N N C C O ~ C x~q ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ C T ~ ~ C C C ~ ~ d N ~ ~ O ~ E N.p ~ 3 ' ~ ~ ~ N ¢ ~ C N O W C (n ~ ~ C N p > G Z C C (0 O Z h ~p W d ~ c ~ (I1 N ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ S g a a `o ~ d Q.N N a. W O N ~ @y x x g ~ c c E ~ 5 z° G] ~ z ~ ~ N ~ W ~1.~ ~ ~ ~ fA fn N 2 0 ~ ~ g~ o u F~ w¢ r m ~ C C U O C t9 f0 Q a~` J w M o m°~ ~ e 8 ~ E S r 8 ~ fE f0 g W 8~ Q c 'z f _ 9 3S E u° O W l] a 3 m U U g E 8~ n~ Pz a E R d E& 8 E~ p»~~000~ h Y$ z ~ M g 8. ~ S 8 x 8 0 0 0 9 o ~ o a u n a u u u ~ ~ Y ~ ~ F ~ > > uS O` v O a n a` g a` g n a` n` ~ n` a` O a0 ~ O ~ N c'1 c ~ Y ~ ~ 0 tD N 0 Y s ~ 2 0 v ~ ,~ei ~a`~ ~ ~ a~'°~ ~ ~ O ~ _ U ~zl r~ p~-.~ Qw ~ r~.~ I~ U PuuhonuaR ~~~~u ~~~~r , V~ f, ~ ~ C, 2 ~ i = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~N ~ i i _ i = , 1 c c m m a rn 7 Q c rn ~ ~ > N N N i OC T O ~ ~ Z N 3 c O c 0 ~ ~ o 3 Q m o~~m~ Q c'f o n~~ c c N T N O a cOQ.. n - L L~ N C ~ N~ Z Z ~ N O.Q N~ 0 0 00i~n o f a~ o 0 8 N J ~ ~ a D¢NTQaOT~QO ~n¢ nac~. W N Q ~N N O N N¢ N ~ w a' ~ a a$ A a' C~~ C C y 41 ~ j c c ~ j c~ z° m y B E d c a~ m E o ~ ~ D o w v~ IyJ N O O t m~ a g~ a o z s ~ rc o ~ 9 u o d O S"( N~ 30 a r( ~ rc `v g= w' a N 8 Q 8~ v 8 8 v v 8 d o 8~ N O W~ ~ W~°~ E W O v~ m$° 9&$ i= 5 0 `g. 8 8~ 88.88.8 8 B o O 1! II 11 II II 11 II 11 m ~ i f ~ ~ rc > i'3 O O O n` a` a` S a a a n a` a ~ d N i C O Y ~ ~ n ICI ~ `'a___ ,~1_'0 - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'unog loi,µsi4 ouo ~ .r A S ~ ~ L~ °o ~i ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~ ° 9 p ~ 1 s , Mamalahoa Nwy~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ -__i v~~_. T T ^ J N A N N m m m H m m o a rl m m m W ~ o a Q ~ m ~ ~ Y a ~ E O N O Y ~ O c c o ~ c O O ~ o Z U1 C c O U ,o U ~ o N o Z J ~ C ~ ~ m t O U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U ti O ~ Q C ~ O Q Q ] '(n _ ~ J « ~ c > > U ~ Z m (n v ' m ~ o d m Z rn Q W m o~ Q ~ U~ w~ O_ N> N z m o m m> m m °w d aDi 7 N m ~ U N N Q N N N N W C N L O C ry c 6 d d d ~ N~~ 3 p m N o x a' o 0 0 o p ~ w 0 z i p U w O a a a a` W w a w ~ ~ ~ u -a, ~ x xx a ~ j a; ~ ~ .,,,r..r N ~e e:, ~ wm ~ ~ ~ Y ' ~ ~ ~o a ry _ - © ~O ~ Grv ~ c Q O o N I _ ~ m C / 1 m J ~ m°i ~ h ~ ~ ~ o m H ~ ~ rm ~ rl ~ ~ ? ~ O / E r ~ ~ / ~ ~ 0 O ~ U ~ / ~ h~.y u ~ V (0 a. O r~ ~ ~ ~ U 7 Q N Ol L' N O Q j ° y U d % Q c o N 3 W ~ aci ~ ~ ~ o O w ~ T ~ II II II ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ t - - - a° - ; c m o !V ~ c !~M o. ~ d ~ X N O C \ M ~ t o v r:' ~ ~ O o ~ Q m d d ~ c ~ r ~ ~ .N J U O f7 > > ~ N y U U ~ ~ m a Q o m O rn rn p W J c .e a ~ Q Q U o Z ~ ~ ~ .m y w e > a m y c c c rn a c E x o c ~ N N O m °m o ~ Q W ~ W U ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ N ~ m i c~ d a°i a~Oi a~Oi m °m w N W W R' ~ ~ Z r ~ O h ~ y~ "O ~ n n Q 4 d N ~ II II II II ` O X O d a o O o o O~ ~ ~ N ~ 8 w ~ o U w ~ ~ O a` a` a` o. a` ~ ~ - _ - ~:C~ I~ ~1~D~DDI~;1 r ~ c N ~ N ~ N i 'C ~ ~ O ~ C Zy _ _J j N U .N ~ Y m ~ m m ¢ « aci Q m aZi a 3 J ' c~ 2 c N o d al c 2, m m m a~i E m ~ o ~ ~ m m a~ o Q w U E ~ J~ W 7 m ~ ~ O O [lj N j~ C ~ N a D a a a a a X r _ ~ ~ ~ fj W ~N ~ N E Q N fNb N N N N N W O V Q ~ y C y C O O O O O O O C ~ h ~ N c d~ p v a a a n n a n m m c ? a ~ ~t0 y O K a ~ N n O O O O O O O .e ~ N « ~N m z~? v w 5 J~ O a a a a a s p, ~ ry ~ ~ ~ C c~ f W ° o ~ ~ xaQ o ~ s ~ Y ~jj -c', o -e o o a > W y W W v -o w ~ C l0 >i ~ S`~] U U n~~ ~ O w J>> O O ~'~eM 0. ~ W= u u u u u ey ~ O u u ~ p m rn ° O a x ~ ~ ~ x a N o ~ ili~~~ z ,~T, ~ ~f~~~ i C~-~" N ?~I o ~ ~ M x ;o ~ 3 w s o Y ? z ~ 2 N ~ m N N W t0 Q ~ a U ~ ~ ~ N d m a .4 ¢ D u~i Q E D U° m U7 K Z~ C UI E Q N N N ~ N C N B ~ C O O O 0 N ~ ~ Z~ U W C J~ O d d d R' ~ Q w CJ~, 1~0~1 0 ~ ~ N Z ~ ~ m_ O T w i (n ~ uj ui W Q l6 ? O ~ w ~ O ~ u u a ~n co O n ~ _ _ Qi a \ m \ !cJ-~ N a N /J/J \ Il ~ pub' Q ~~~eM any a n / \ m > 5 ~ y i0 Z N C U C t/~ N ~ O O o ~ ~ z rn ~ c O~ a ~ ~ ~ y w Q ~ Q ~ O O ~ g 3 OW ~ U dU r w y O ~ ~ W ~ ° ~ o w <Z II II E K U w ~ ~ ~ N d d W d _ _ o 0 0 0 n a n n 0 0 0 0 a a a a` oaoo - _ ~..,r - o ~ / O / W h ~ J ~ N ~ M 3 J r ~ ~ f ~ N .U ~ ~ u- N O j O¢ T C d ~ i p m W ~ ~ d O ~ N C fU ~ C d O ~ ~ o U w~ 0 ~ ~ ° \ ~ a ?N ~ ~ ro ~~~jJJJ~~ b ~/ae V' ~ 4pM~~~ v v a ~ ~ ~ a9 0 ~ aw`°~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r.. G m y L ~b d i O ~ _ ~ ,O N rLn ~ N 6 O~ 9 0 a Q - o 3 Ca c ° m 2 I'1 L R _S N H a a.~ . v v O Z x z v°, a x E~ ¢ a' m ~ Q i 0 w c ~ ~ ¢ O ¢ w WW w _ ~ =Q `..4' 7 W c O 7 O z N w a aw, m ~ ¢ O m = Q a a = S- Cir... S `1Yy ?4 3 O x v ¢ r a. ~ \ _ _ ~ i O a I. 1~~ ` ~4 d e O ¢ ¢ a J I > Y z O al m l ~ _ a W o < a ~ ~ Y ~ z 1 _ ~ m ~ _ 4 3/~ ~ I - o w ~ / 3 ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ti - ~ ~ ° ~ _ , ¢ ~ ~ , w ¢ - z ¢ ~ ~ ~ ¢ a d a ¢ ~ f6 ~ ¢ ¢ ~o m ~ ~ m c i s o v ~ ~ ~ v n 1 m G 7 C ~ ~ ~ T ~ - ro' W ~ 6 D ro -Cl O ~ V1 C `c'y f I 1 ~ y vii ~ 1 H~ CJ G y b C ~ ~ ~ r G O.F ? ~ I T ~n C ~y ~ Q ~ v ° a o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a Y~. ~ o .c 'ro ~ ~ ~ 3 Q o °i S ~ k ° o c QI ~ a a.9 ~ v p ~ = O ~ ~ E z ~ ~ ~ o ~ / Y a O ~ 7 ~ . Q W > ~ 3 d 0. m a r..d~ 4 ~ mi Y z~~ ~ ¢ a Q ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ x o ~ S ~ m m ~ O .d-~ m ~ t ro ~ J > > CO ' 1 , ~J ~ ~ '~.y D y r ~,.,y _ ~ i Q a ~ d m ~ / r Y I z ~t~°a ~ ~ d x p ~ ~ ~ W W Q 'y 2 y x. d o m 1 ~ d s / ~t` ~ - _ a 'z Y i Q. ~ 6 / C E a~ O N t9 ~ - t6 y F_-~ ~ N > ~ ~ ~ t9 E a ~ o _ ~ ¢3 3 ~ ~ a ~ ~:r ~ ~ , W w ¢ ~ ~ ~ _ - ~ ~ 05,1 I ~ ~ 4! I ~ 3~ ~ ~a i _ d - .c - - ~ ~ x m J j Y z a ~ Y r L¢ a O ~ Q p W ~ x _ - aC ~ ro a ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i y 0 .n (/j m" W I~ J ~ m aa., w N [~J ~ .`f~-i N ~ T .N -Jl W I~,1 ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ r ` O E- 4, q N V 9 7 y ~i n d ! o~ ~lI ~ J.oaro a' MCI ~ v ~ ~ w 1 n'q l ~5oro n U Iy1 ~~Nb d N J a ~ ~ ~ ~ U Q o 9 a i.~l I~ a~`i" G o 3 F+ti y E.°- °gn' ~ 'o ~ j o Q+ F+1 F- a. a.~ v~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ • U ~ ti- ° ~ w ~ ~ a ~ a o zm Q d P.. '-a\ Z~ d d x ~ aW. ~ ~-_~y a w ¢ _ ' c9 X y d U ~ ~ N ~ i F.. ~ O i, q(- Y > ¢ 0. ~ ~ ~ m o z - ; r x x i i ~ ~ I z., ~ ~''t~. z ¢ ¢ ~ a z 3 - ~ ~ ,1 ~ z o ¢ ~ ~ ¢ i ~ ~ ¢ , . - - - _.._T ~ ~ - ¢ , ; a a ~ ` ¢ _ ~ ~ a ¢ ~ ~ ~ ~ O N v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ry z~~>°. ~ oo..n~ o o ~ ~ m~ ~ I~ « . a ro Q ` " r..l ~.y a ' .o a E _ 9 C s t ~ t ~ ~ ~ I V Q~~~ ~ W ~~q~~s a a.5 .E ~ S ,-P O oJ~ `c m = O - n z ~ _ ~ ~ ~ O ¢ ~1 1f/µ ~ ~ ~ P Z ~ :A OQ~ W / T~!'1 V ~ O 3 O x 1 a k 3},~ i x z~ ~ ,'e f . F.h b ~ _ N ~ ~ s a i - ~ / O a o Q" ~ x. ~ p r~ i 1 w y~ ~ _ S C'~ e a ~ W 4 ,i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z 3 ~ ~ ~ a r = E- ~ si ` \ go~ . m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ( ~ •~Pr ~ • O ~ r?. 'fi't ~ Q 3 i f m ~ WW Y Y. ~ ~ ~ _ )O ~ o z ¢ a ~ o s a (j ~ Y ~ ~ Q ~ ~ W Q X W Q Y W CL Q Q \ o_ ~ ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ S ~ n~oc v a ~ X E 0 W ° ~`w 0.= E.y o w o .p~m ~.y J c y ~ a~ v t ~1 L ~~n c N o U ~ 9^=a ~ acs~Ya ° 7 aC~ oa ~ G r U ~ _ _ I~ " m~ ~.4 ~ o G O .v ~ ~p,o~ o z O z y ~ Qt' c a0. J > ~ ~ ~ ~ o 0 0 ~ ~ U U U Q I U U o o a Q o 1 a P ~ N N ~ ~ / d M n7 D D Il 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ d W O z~~„ O Q w ~ ~ d a 0.. 3 x x _ > ad. 1 ~ y~~~~ ~y ~i o a I o n e a h~ O u, ° ~ , \ 3,ti ~ ~ I \ )a Q / ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ GY d ~ I ~ ~ o i. O ~0 \ \ \ a O p ~ \ ¢ j 'x t~S m ` ~ ~ ~ Q''- ¢ o _ z _ _ ~ Y ti ~ ~ w m m ~ , - 7~ ~ i~ ~ > Y Q / \ / ? 'o \ ~ _'1 3"~I d~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ z y ~ - ~ / Y c~ P ~ W W d -k,_ ~ Ole 1. ~ olU~~ ~~_~\OD. a al \ _ z 3 ~ .7 ~ ?qli _ - ~ ~ _ .J a Q ~ Q .'"-i 2 ¢ Q J Q Liz .`L' s N N V1 N ~ ^ v i~ a ~ ~ ~ _ ~ bD tO r/1 ~ ~ o c ~ W ~ ~ k H ~ ~a~= Hy v 7 ro U ~ E ~ a ~L..= ~ ~~d 7 e ' O V ~-a n ¢ fQ Z Q U O ~ O 9 m 0.T C4, N ~l d' 3cao°° m ~ I ~p a s~? ~'E o O n w v ~ Y d O X. ~ z ~ a ~ ¢ o ui z a m y I a ' ro ~ .di m O m I W _ ^.C ~ dm o a ~ m ~i pa z ~ ~ 3 ~ i ~ a a a~ m > O: r E _ O a ~ U ~ ~ m ~ ~ dry- ~ f - O a l ~ L~--~ d ~ d ~ i m' A. V Y a ~ ~ (6 ~ ~ .C .7 0 1~ O '7 S d d ~-I d i'~" d Z 1 ~ ~ ~ i mXI n. Y i ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ . _ > s ! 3 • ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ':o i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 3 ~ ~ Y O \ Y ~ ~ O 'xj ~ ~ • ~ :7 a d ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ d a W Q y X vl 1 Y 0 n m b~A ~ ~ ~ °m L W ~L ~ W ,a'O m MCI ctl ~ ? C ~ V1 .7~+ T r~ W i..i o o ~ w h'y F~ '+''u°.o ~.yl r ` U a ~ ~a ?y ~ y v: ~ Q 7 F~ = C N L' `a ~ ~ o b ~ itl ? m O v O° - O 6T C~ ro y 30 o~c° ° S ~ ~ co N 5 °o o a~ ~ E .5 °J, k', ~ c ~ ~ ~ ° ° E 7 u ro O c W f~-~ a~. a.~ ~ a~0i ~ x v ~ Y~ a ~ ? N C t0 f~ N ~ r_ z ~z a o ~ 1~ " O z ~ ~ ~ x w .~i 'al ¢ u o a aw. x , d,~ ,tea ~ c - ~ ~ ~ ~¢Wg Q l ~ - - z~, ~ r- o ~ .m ~ ~ o~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ z ( > ~ ~ x ~ o O ~ , ~ ~ 4 ~ i ~ ¢ ° i 4 m -7 ~ w .o ~ ¢ ~ ~ ~ s / `6 a. ~ ~ 1 3 m ~ ~ - - o~ a r ~ z ti m. 6~ -o z3 i V a ~F N Q ~ ~ m ~ ~ d ~ _ -_',~O y, LI : ~ S 3 1 ~ c ' ~o 'm 1~~ Y~ W__ i ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ,T2 Q d ~ z 3 ~ ~ O ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ x ^.C ~ ~ ~ o d ¢ L.Qya i4 ~ ~ ~ W O Y 0 LL 0 ~ v V M ~ N n, y m a o Y rn ~ D ~ u ~ O .^.D :J S~ ~ 'y' Vil C ~ C 'O N G~ G X 0 0 O m W ~w.o aQ~ 'X ~~'C r' ~ ~ o ~ ~ C~N L' C itl 'O V T'~ °e v N 3 m N ~ ~ ~ ~--r N N I '[y-{~J~ ~ 9 V ~ ~ _ I Z O y iy O Y]~cp ~i o>m II ICI ~ ^ ~ C SOP VVN~ ~ 'I ~I Gay ~ itl y' y'~ f~~.-.-~~ I O Q~b ~xz m~chn~~~ -x "x YA a ~ o dococc O a~ ~ G T N ~ Y VI j Q C ~ F Q F~~I y j l0 ~~yy 5 y Z'. min n~~ F+1 E ~ d rrrrrr O H 1 n..G ~ rn oddddc~ 4 N,`n, E z ~ ~ so ~ ~ d `mom dddddc Y~ d nn~ ° - .q-] m c 0 m O !`Q ?4 ~Y FF- `°m ~N ~V- ~ ~ d W O ~ - ~ aM ~ c~ mm °oor`-=m °n~ z~m i~. ~ O ~ 0.W. `'~~~[3-, iv y `"'`~'i' oo ~Y~ 3 ~ S \ ~ u: O~ YY Q1m5m 'y n n i i mar o d ~ . ~ ~ ~ f Y m oo a~°n u u ~I ~ p p, ~ `O N C> n Cj ~ ~ ~ \ ~~i ~ - o m CO ~ vi d ~ 1\ N~o Y N d d dd " 0 0 1 d Xn"O O? F a' n n of o ~iz ~ ~ ~ dod ° d z O r ~ i r Z / ~ V ~ ~D p nS' ~ ~ ~ OO ~ o d - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ro oO d o i ~ M I .1 n ~ ~ 00 d z N~~ - f N G ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ .T O . ~ e w ~ {J r w d ° Gdi r ~ r. 4G _ O ~.NN ~W ~ ~`~To O/ \ (NO i d0 l( K. / ~ / ~ ~ d 7 a ~ _ N ~ u m v N _ ~c: O O ~ \ o d ~ N~RO O)tD ~ ~ ~O dd t.~ m..: _ oo~~~~ ~ a v = yam a-~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ c W ~mn,o cba'rni_rn o d O V - ~ w N N O'1 <o of l0 I ~ O - _ - - - 1~ rv x y - rt- - dddddo r i Na dy~~.~ d ~ rn P J~o ~j`aNO~ - 00 O J I V V d ~ n _ r7 ONN10 OCR ~ .G 7N rn~n ~ W a_rrr r ~ PN~-.- (6 0000 ~ ' Off. d 00.7 NOlMdb t0 Nry ~ ~ h o'.,~ddo~ ~d N O 1 00' Gn! n O O O N d r d N ~ - O O h ~ro G_ a m ~ ~ c u ~ Z ro W ,O a~ 'o ~ o 'O ` ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o o ro G mi a U c g~ a a ~ ~ y c " m ICI ~ h c ~ ~ _ UH ~-~q 9-~ I"M U O v o ~ o a o.~ a y.y ~.ry `tl ~ c o ~ J~ _ a F+I 3 G o 9 a i_ ~.5 ~.o r 3 ~ ~ i a ^w a.5_ v ~ ~ r o ~ z ~ ¢ i .r z i ¢ l,~ ~ ¢ ~ ~ `.4 ~ ~ z ~ w d' . ~ ¢z ~ B ~ ~ a x ''~.A~ W ~I y ~ XY" ~ _ r ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ A E' ~ p ~ ¢ I U I ¢ - ~ m ~ \o ~ 1 i~ ~ m z 1C ~ V a of i x ~ i ~ z x ¢ i E ~ ~ Y ¢ _ ¢ t ~ ~ ~ z o a x N ~ ¢ ° ~ a ,~'l~~mZ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ¢ tv ¢ ~ ~ z Y ' ~ 3r(~ o ~ ¢3 ¢ \ ' W-__- 3l - ~c x Y - - ¢ ~ ¢ - z 3 ~ - ~ ¢ a 5 ~ ~ ~ o 0 x 5 ~ x ~ ¢ a ¢ ~ ~ ~ ~ ` O N d[[F/O~~-1 ~ N 1 l~ tcq~L ~p ~ Q 3~gg~~ ~ ~ ~ W F Q~ 3 m u c o~ S ~wa_ yo N Hx o a W J c~ ~ a> W - N ~ 9 ~ ~ C ~ a c~ ~ ~ - ~ G n t of O~ J - _ ~ ~ ~ $ y .3. No U F4 ~ ~ O J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a c w .v o. ~ ~ M \ 30 o~ao ~ o ~ _ I+1 ~ ~ eu w `~3 0 o Z d ,y 7 E ,5 c ~'y ~ r I.r F- a a.5 . v v 'x A ° ? z ~ - Q '7 _ o qj ¢ e a m H a _ Q)~~ Q ~0 ~ o _ Q ~ .~J i ~ L W .a W ~ fg a m (n M L O ~ w o a. 2 2 a. x ~ c ~ .T ~ c i ~ ~ o d ~ ~ ~ Y 4U' O ~ i 3 ~ ~cn ~ ~ s o N O ~ s ~ o~a ' - - 6 _o ~ S z ~ a ~~I ~ L _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a \ \ O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ \ - Q w o { ~ '~ii Q i ~ a ~ z o ~l`~ ~ vj ~ ~ ~ i ~ l d _ i =~v`ii, o v n ~ ~ a tH o i f c ~ O x / A ~ A ul z ~ r ~ _ ~ ~Vf -F- D 3 ~ s . s ~ s' L Q~/ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ - b a~ 3 ~ - ~ ~ ~o ~ -:g Y ~ - ~ F Y r ,.Y < c _ - • Q Q O r ttl T z 3 m z ~ _--z ¢ ~ a_ 7 ~ ~ m T .G a 0 n ~ Z ~ o 0 ~ W ~ Q ~ O .D ~ r/~ ~jJ^ 4" a N -1 m Vl J 'G y3 E w 9 ~NLy. ~C. r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T y G C itl I-I ~ ...o o, E in a r of ~ c y y ~ a 3 o v a o a O x m a>. ~ w ~ _ a a 3 p° o° .9 ° ~ ,a wi ~ ro o x ~b ~ °m p„i - a. n .5 _ ~ v~ D o r U z N n a r/1 ~ ¢ o Y O C ¢ , r. s a / ¢ C ~ v~-' a ~~S_, d ~ ~ ~ o~ ~ Ll o L U~.. m L W O 0 0 ~ ¢ y T~ t~-pA ~ ~ ~ 2 m j x_ - o a ~ v ~~~~-1 ~ f ~ 'i ¢ ~ ~ m o p, ~ ~ -o o U z~' o o ~ 0 3 ~ n~ J` ~ _ ~~i a ~ z a z(~ ~ ~ ~ I j°_~° ~_q ~ d ~ ~ ~ a 0. ~ n Y ~ 3 y (6 ~O a ~ A ~ o n- ~ ~ O ~ U 0 0 o ~ a~ S Y,O ~ ° \ > oL ~ i>a~~. o 1 aa~~ ¢ l m u~ ~ ~ ~ m m z m ~1E ~ ~ mm~ L E ~t- n ~ ~ ~ g ~ .5~~~ _ o.Q - .v- m v ~ X1-3 a ~ --g_a o ~ n is 0 3 i ~ \ 3 ~o o ~ a z r Y ~ _ - n " \ ~ \ W / ' ~ ¢ a. 3 ~ ~ ~L - - ~ - ¢ f ~Y ~ p X _O 7 ~ ~a ~ ~ ~ a =k X n Y m Y 0 ~ ~ c m ~ ~3 "c ~'o ~ 0 z~~°, ~ v o `o a n ~ll u ~ F~V O 'O ~ N C ~ U C ~ e~ eY+ ~ i.c a b vs ~ 0 3 n FBI ° ~O ~ iO d ro W ~ ~ c o o ?O~ E ,C ~ ~ .0 4 ~ ~ $Ei5 3~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ hN F.a a.°_. ~'S O J V z ~ u ~ ~ - z 0 O d W ~ O ~ O Z. ~ v~ W 0. ~ ~ ~¢y Q O u i y c~ Ly c. 3 W d ' ~ e~ a ~ _ \ ~ 1 a ~ ~ ~ o~' _ o a ~ ~ O y d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o i~ ~ y z ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ z c~ W n. ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ - ~ _ ~ i O a z a F '4., t o k Y._ % t m - ¢ Y, _ i ~ W m m m ~ O O \1 ~ ~ a m a y Q ryQj Q Y' ~ ~ o a N ro G'O ~ U :y+ 'L N ~ 1> it Y O N GamG' ~ G CC ry C ;^'J y1>' N ~s_ m a~ a, ~ sYry;: Uo ~ m°- ~ boa in m ~~jj 1+4C9 ~ (O.aY ` ~ _ CY 9~ e(!1 N NYC ~ N C O~ i Vi O F-1 ~ ~ 0. `°.12'~I~«. _ °n mrn ova mN~3 Umo O NQ~~'F_~ cCi O UC~~ o mod=~~~¢tiECpc mom 3s Ny '3VE>.~c.o.j ''>:Cx ~~rJ'~~ro ~ tcc oY~c do mmcs m°~Cm'cv =no oo~c~my,~ F o.~ p o._ mm dmo mo c°¢my-s .O -a Pa P Q QQC ~~.~~r~jZ SYY Y~~nn-~i.'S 11 C92~i S~~Zai4:~ i Q~+'"o~~ 3d a ti ° wE"9~No4 ° a ~ - ~z~~~=w ~ ~ v,~ ti~ ~ m ~i, i`WJ ~ m °v, ~ pc o ~c o m m b z ~a c `i ~ U E.C ~°T' ~ m ism "o v / GX' m ° ~ ~ ~ ~ C.~ ° ~ mp o.n~rY U' O s ~ v L_i.ay`°a`6imO'Om°~ n. oc ~J o p c eNOm.3 ~s~~O c d o ti E°~~ _mL x ~ c = r ~ c y m 9 ra4 L V N ~ ~ Q N ,i c co 3 m d _ m T~a~ ~ ~ 1, a m C7m ~E ~ m o ~ F w V / d oo'L3 ~ ucOT~~ z~~aamm yEa~~~~`n x d 3~_~ mT ms GU° ol'~ LLLL >U~ N N Y ~ cryQ~~ ,Llj .3 L°o.c°~cc°o m m Q x o°i W m c ~ m naaa~ xY kod aa2 F ~o°o mm QY ? : ~ L ~ .gym. p ~C~~ CY. 0~~ J f. ( o TT ~qq I~~ a oE~ ~ _°d Y °c ii ~ 7cm t`~a oa O ~ - o~ m~ a t i° ~ U.mv c 3 ° ' .~iY rn d~ c7 -]o a ~ v>.. ~ 1.~ 3.S~J~ ,i ~mmm ='7~ i .o ~ °''X a~ ~c ~ t~Y,y',i y~ m Y o'~, Y Y.is ~ Q l sl J YY W U d O 0000 ~ d °1..- 1 'ON ~ Q. tE OOGO d'f16. lG N2 3 F ~ L SZSZS d » 1 a ° Q a v% m o v m ~ ~ c m m ° Lt m I ~ ro m m x a o r 5 ~ ~ o C, ~ ° U g c W- o n .]t ya ~v ~ cU ~ Q m x- m t ~ m ° y g ~ Q m ~~~U~ 0. ~ ~ ~ ~ EcE~ .d.7 2 z x m E o- - L °.c ~lmE a / om3m Q a`n ~q aN m 'o~ ,~~o '~rn o \ mmmm Q dU m .'GY y~~] m.. ~ ~ NmLL a m E~ Y `S ~ AYE ° o z d ~ _ n.~ T L 1 'i-r x w ~ d to y V 7 m Q` N 4__r 1 E a~o' z _ - s d ~ ~ mY~ ~ r. ~ Y S r m~ Y n ~ V ~ [G Q ~ O :c C~ 4 E R N ` V Y N :o xms, ~ - YQ a~`0~ Lail ~ m a .yi m Lry ~ m ~Y°_ -jam y~~m° ~ i° ~ 3mEv=o Q ° Qm ~mm-a i 5_ c°m s = ~ o m E _ is ° L v m i~YY s o v~ p ..yy [ p x d Fi+ .5 '~~'a ~ c p a% Z ~ C Z j ~ Y p ?~1 O 0.v. v .a ? ~ Y p W ~ ~ 'f. ~ Or ~ W 9~ 7. id C d H p ~i O ~ N p O 'O p~ ~ N~ t C p p'p ~ O'^ T ~ Zl Y y n C O~~ ~ J pc G Z rn C ~y v d ~ O~ O p m ~ n' ~ y v fn ~I N n L t~ ~ ~ O ~ j L F-I 'p p 9 ~ p y t L O a~~ p s = ~ rn -L` ~ n c °m ~ aTC~- ~ a .x o ~ a~ o'~ c ~ N ~ ~ 8' °c r Y Qi E .c ~ ~ ° c c° ,j a in m ~ N ~i m O in ~ ~ Q ~ Z O ~ W z ~ " ¢ fsl/ b ~ z P o Q p +W~' C f6 ~ Q O x 0. n ~ 4 ~4. ~ 3 o x ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ o ~ o ~ m'~ o a~ • ~i_ F- Z ~ a Y ~ cS a p- -:U. c a~ ~ 2 ~ I a , ~ ~ f~•m io ~ 'i x ~~1 O 'll ~ a Q l , Y ~ ~ ~ z ° l~, ~ ~ d ~ ~11,_ _ m k ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ -_T ( " L ¢3 i ~ ~ • ~,o > m o ~ m ~ o ~ a L ~a~~inmQm 3 ~ Y m __a~pa a y J ~ ~ oL~¢~ ~ a ~ 1 m 7 d ~ F-~~ m ~ m W Q ~ ~ ~ y Y ~ ~ c6 m ry~ Y O Y m -o ~ O y Y O N 09 N L J n ~ ~a ~ N ? G m T^ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ VJ o 0. m ~d v~L~ z = i ~ A, E-~ ~ : ~ o a.'O 6 o a a`" 7 W ~ ~ ~~z w a o~ a O a o U W c. ~ c w E A 3 ~ o'O o m ~ W m eu ~ 'S ~ O E.co~~ ? S r ~ ,a3 ~ v, ~ _ ¢ m y ° YQ z ~ ~ z Q N ~ ~Q ~ V ~ ~ ~ a ~ 0 w ~ a x _ ¢ w o z ~ ~ o z ~ ~ a ~ - ~'''l o ~ h ~ ' ~ 3 ~>t., :7 ~ m ~~J d ~ ~ ~ tir. i ~ z ~ n 5 ~ o ~ x ~ _ ~ i ~ i o ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ z ~ o ¢3 ~ a a a~ i ~ ~ __i ~,o W ~ t ~ 3 ~ ' a o a o ~ Y y Y a m~ Y a x a o ~ s~° ~ °m Y ~ ~o ~a o _ ,U j O O Y a 0 S cc n m ~ 7 c v _ y ~ ~ ~ o a9 yo ~ o r~ Z G.09,n G O ~ 'y _T, o O ~ ~d jay ra .S o ~ ~.r 9 n v Jh J o ~I W ~ ~ V a~~ o~ .3 L a s 3p co .oo y i. o Q~ ~.S S~O' ~ y - ~ ~O.i ~ya~.~..~ p s i ~ x z ~ ° ~ x c. r-- z ~ ~ 1, a o ~ ~ a ~ ~ 6y~ p .a m _ w ~ ~ ~C Y L x i'ri d p d w ~ z~ ~[d] x ^1. 0.+ ~ P. n o x ~ ~ ' 3 ~ x o ~ ~ Y Y ~ a~ ~ m w s V' .a7 A~ °s~ ~ ~ H Z o O ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ A~ ' 4. J V U S'~ Z L i 6 Q L ~ / - ~ ~ ~ k m ~ ~ ~ O a ~ \ m ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ w o ` ¢ ¢ of ~ a x z E E ~ ~1 a~ ~ m ~ -T. ~ \ m i ~ ~ d~ ~ / ~ ~ i \ z m t° I o ~ ~ ~ ¢ > > 1 U - ~ O x ~ ~ m r - --r z a a ~ Y Y ~ k x Y Q Q s ~ d Y ~ a ~ ~ Y 0 ~ Y C N a O 3 ~ c z rRiS C 9 O .D .O _ a O ~ r^ ~ > N C W ~ VI ~ N O Q' ~ C.G OQ NU.p _ /I O,G O `L G ~ T ~ a E tC y N_ O ~ L[] O..bp ~ ~ m rFr/^`I~ m _ VI O ~ ~ z ~ ~ o c !y 7 ~ J a x v .J O s x ~ ~ a z 6 r,. ~ f w a ~ a ° ,a+ ~ w o a~~~.~~; ~ ' , Zvi ~ d W S S k a o ¢ \ m r ~ ~ ° _ ~ s ~ ~ ~ o s ~ ~ o a ~ 1 ~ ~ a a ~ ~i_'-:~ ~ ~ , ~ O~ ~ ~ ~~i 6 ~ a~ _ y z o o 3 / A ~ 3 ~ o ~ \ w w '1 0 z ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ .r 3 ~ " a ~ < } ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L 0 W o n ~ o ~ m x ~ T ~ o ~ ~ o ~ W• v v a 3 0-' ~ N b x a u al A `.1 ~ R o S o x ~ 3 m ~ - ~ m ~ ~ ~ c a. ~ ~ _ a b o ~ d• O ~ a o x U ~ a, o a z~ ~ ~ o a 8 r, ~ ~ ~ r - ~ U - a o C~ aw ,SG ~ ¢ m x a rL° H ~ ~ ~ ~ W a"3 ~q > ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ o ` p ?'i Oa ~ i3 Y ~ i N a' L Z ~ V ~ ~Q p N O 0. p Q~ N U ? ~ E ~ ~ r amx -r o v a O x ° a ~ z Asa d' '~~a ? ~ O ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~ c ° ~ x, ~ z 3 C ~o .y a y> ~N ~ Q H ~ - a ~ s3 Q ro i 3 m m - % ~ ~ ~ ~ p v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x H G r ~ v W 5 ~ x a o i i i o 0 ~ ~ (R~ i ~ ~ ~ t3 3 ~ ~ ~ 9 'x T ~ ~ ~ o o p a R x U ~ p d R -~•..J ~~3 ~~.c ~ y ~ ~ S T a.U. x" 'n a ~ Y m :L 0 R ow 3 x Y a 7 0 Y K ~ n m ~ a~ > ~ ~ ro O to v T Y E ~ m ~ a d ~ v i Y ° ~ a. an o ~ U c ~ ~ ~t~ z 3 ~I ~ ~ ww'~ ~ - J ~,c oQ Q x x3 ~ ~ ~ G W nv Z W z~~ ~ ~ x zo x j O ti O _ - _ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c Ty ro o ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ J ~ N ry7~ W 1 ~ z 1 Q 1 o 1 g'I x ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ 01 a. °v Z~ ~ z B ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ °o G , ^.4 U z ~ ~ \ V~'~ ~ W~ ~ a4 z. o t s m \ e ~ O ` m ro ~ ~ ~ z o ~ a x ~ ~ ~ ~ o o ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ o ~ o a a t s ~ Y x ~ ¢ Z 3 ~ d' Sri a ~ c am ~ ~ ~c W ~ I u ~.c op a ~ o /O^~~ A w= - A I~ W 0. W ~ Y O Q T O I ua C4 .3 ~ ~ = X o x _ o ~ N Ey ~ v ~ ~ ~ N O 5 U ~ ~ \ ~ ~ O 9 Q 6 ro ~ ~ ~ P,- O q~ Z ~n D r~ ~ i 3 a. y o ~ z o~ ~ a c a o ~ ~ a ~ ~ a. 6 H ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ \~~A4 U ° ~i ICI o o ° \ \8'~~ v fly F-i ~ ~ ° ° m A~~si ~ ~ Q ~ > ¢ vii ~ LLB jt \QP xxj ° ro ~ ° a ° \ °It j d s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P. ~ j 0. ~ \ ~ ~ Pie. ~ ~ c ro ~ 5 roCti \ o ~ o m ~ A m y o. \ a:~ K o r O ~ ~K a \ °c z m O p„ oN a° \ am \ am \ U p°G v 3 ~ ~ \\V~, ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ti~ x Q ~ ~ a ~ 3 o.ro ~ Ca ~ ~ o o m 3 ~ v Y rG S o 0 0 N O ~ ~F c Y'' ;rod ~o~, z~~ ~ ~ ° ~r w ~ O o ~ ~ ~ F y o a A x ~ ~ x _ ~ c e t Y Opp, O ~ O Ih~-~ G ° ~ aroi ~ n~_"i ~'J v'~i roE ..V~ ao ~ S 6' 0..,d Q p (G ~ ~ m ? ° ° . 3 ~ i, o ~ ¢ u0. ~ op a U~ x x - a ~ a ~ ~ ~ U~ ~ ~ o ~ f/1 n w = a " _ ~ 3 L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ro a v a o ~ ° O ~w> H o ~ v C v v j~ ~ o a ~ c a ox ~ 3 O a - A a x x ~o~ ~ ~ ~ x za ~ v a x ~ s o ti ~ a c o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . o x - r-i ~ z~~ a4 CW ~Q ~~a x 3 o ¢ ~ Y ~ n dm ~ a a a a~ a N N _ U ~ 6 ~ o N Y Y dm m ~ ~ Q O a ~i o 3a i ~ S a p'° G b s ~ 9 o o a Q ~ ~ c o Q ~ ~ b ~ o x a. q o x ~ ~ ~ ° , u ~A ~ ~ ¢ a~ 3 \~~P a x ~ A4 ~ ~°dA x a \ 4R ~ ~ C ~ W ~ T ~ ~ 3 Z H ~ \ v W zo a ~ w r ° - ~ i ' H ~ ~~s U s~~, 1 0 ~ - Boa 1 ~I V1 r ~ " "7 Q F o C ~ ~ \ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ a~~ ~ ~ _ r A r ~ XZ V] a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ dd _ _ ~ j ~ G C ~ Vim] O ~ 'JJ U1 ` 9 x ~ ~ ~ - a ~ ~ x Q F. O z q I~ ro O ° - ,,d..~ ~ o ~ CLo ~ .2 < 9 ~ ~ x y ~ a tia~~ ~ o ~ C nog ~ ~ x 9 P P,~\ \ ca 'ti sV ~ ~ A_ ~ Q~ v ~ 'x d' U ~ ~ \ X00 F „a 3 /off ~~ly~~'O• R ~ AO04S~P a ~ ~ v.~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a~ a`o, ~~yd` ~ ~ ~ r~ ~ h o ~ ~om ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 v3 U ~ a 3 m o / o o c r re ~ 6'~ ~i CC ~ p'~ ~C~` ~ O W O O K' 0. O ro ~ x ~ y.G oQ ar x v~, x ~ H ~ ~ .G R ~o z ~~'~3 r3 IY' C. ~ O u]_ ,a Lpq z Qx W ~ x ~ ~ , d' ~ z ~ x d''Y'i ~ 2 ' `o c ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ o w ' ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a x ~ o sm _ ~ - Y Z ~ Q `z ~ 3 0 a y Z~" ro a m F A ~ ti a. ti O o r ' ~ Y b z 3 0 0 o ~ o (fH T^ ~'O 6 ~ ~ W G .C O'- N ~~y p- a> `v C Ca m ~ G 3 ~ ~ ~ o ~s ~ a ~ °~'~z a ~o b za ~ 3 0 H a ~ ~ a o ~ ~ ~ M' ~ o ~ h ~ ~ U oOyy hi'I x is b 0 0 w try W 3 d' n ~y ro i ~ o c -6~ o ro F r. - ~ o r •J ~ ~ ~ _ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~[a ` FBI - o T 0.~ ~ z d _ ~ ~ d x m ~ -J - 0.'. ~ Q ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ a ~ N ~J i N I X ~ ~ o LL] C r ~ 3 " z ~ _ o ~ 3 ~ ~ ° uo ~ .c o Q o E c v ro F QI Q O ~ Ft (~fi1 3~ N ^Ji ° ~ o ro ;J v~ y N O ' ~ 3 ro x ~ ~b__ ~ ~ rod Y. ~ ~.Z-_ ~ c 0. s 0 ~ _ m _ ~ ~ ~ ~ b m ~ o ~ ~n v T y ~ t ~ n ' T Ada? ~v d ~ p n o~ o a E W TwW ~ ON O Y C v~ ~ U ~ N 3~ vmi C?. ~'C x N O _N a O i.6 0.~ Gur W 3'= V ~o=~-° a EO~ a-~i SEE -LC2~ _ _ ~~1y _ m Q N o FBI ~gstro ani u:.ro ~ W NW(yJW c=NOE ~ ~.C 09 [~O'Z ¢ ,O ~L W CC f010 N N.`-T'(1 Ol) J I U ~ `~a~co~-. .M O ~SS.'E.ommmmal~m n MCI 3 Q o ° m ti O O O N N N N N (6 l9 'c N - ° ~.5 o o-`G` 2xS ~YY~~~~~~5 _ m y Q+ F a a.5 vii O .J 2 ~ ¢ 'z v°, ~ ~ O0. - ° c E t W Y s ~ E W `x z ` ~ ~ ~ ~ d c al E ~ ~ ~ , ¢ ~ W ~ mmm `jd 4 ~ iy N O ~ Y Y N ~ ~ ~ J: I. ~ W W ~ m Y~~ ~ ~ y~~, °'m ¢ ~ ~ ~ C, - E~ x 0 Wa m ~ ~ ¢ ~ c ~ ~ d m Y d W- 3 L W Y ~ o O5 ° ~ ¢ ~ r, yy d o C t0 N-~.L V l S t yl O ! ~ ~ - xq ~ - ~ t4 6 \ O ~ ~ W O ~ _ ~ ~ a ~ x h' 3 z ° E~ A C Qu ` ~ w y~\! m a~ ~ ¢ w= ¢ a ~ / mm ¢X' ~ ° i zx x ~ E~ c ! v ¢ On w~ ~ _ 1 ~ ¢ ' ¢ a~ ~ ~ y ~ d ~I~L ..~D N Lll Z N m ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ Gd.. ~ ~ w = ~ / ~ a~ -1 ,(,d ~-tits.-°~b /i \ ~ ~ a~i~ o>w\\ w Y d3 W 3;. °~a ~ w~= ~ m ww YY ~ 1 ~>O / ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~,c V~ ' r 4 ~ x a~i~a~ a~~i a~q~qSiS a~ Y~ O ~ ~ ~~dl i W CI W 3 qiii ~i O O A N 3 W L L L O C C C x x ~ v L ~ ~ z o ¢ ¢ af0iwa1Di x z 3 YYY ¢ a ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~ 'x d N Y ¢ ~ W ~ ~ ~ ti Y o ~tl ~ ~ C ~ ~ 3 C/~~'~ x a$ 3 w r, O ~ y V G O a ~ O ur1 W J C ' ~ '.Jq J y N~ _ Vl u.S p ~ N~ _ U W ~i o E s Q 3 i oa ~ C py F ~ aY~-~ o~ '3 C C ~ D. T Q w ~tl ~ J o Fly ~ p. ~ ~ O C x a W E° S c ~ ? ~J V_ 2 o'. F a. a.5 ,E J OO. ~ = ~ x a i~ a ~ Q ~ ' ~ i d ~ 0 2 ~ _ - ~ s ~ w n d x ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ y a ~ ¢ o o x x ~ o" ,y- m ~ ~ pf 8 a Y ~ ro p,-~. O ~ ~ ~ ~ A~ ~ z ~ Y ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ Q 1 1 ~ ~ °z ~ ~ o o ~ ~ ~ d :i ~ - d w ~ z Q ~ _ ~ ~T ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ z ~ Q 3 i ~ ~ ,~t ~ m ~ F _ _ , d ° 1 - A r r L.~ S m 2a a ~ ~ x ~ a Y ~ ~ Q (6 [xta (0 N Y 0 h y 'y GM~r ^ v n c a c c N V1 ? T 3 w O D ~ =v~>. 3 7 ~ .~I U ~ ~ ~ o a a v~ s ro V ~ O N ~ N 3 a~n oY / 3 C1 0 ~n ~ 'x a c / l H a ya.~ ~ J .o ~ u O o ' ~ :z v m co m Y d a~i a3i a3i ~ w Y d J ~ mmm » mmm mm ~ r d o 1'-- - a a a m af6i f¢ w - ° ~ N YY v J L Y~ a 3 o am~~EE~a~mY ~ d ~N~N ~~.~mmca ~ kQ~ o ~ ~ ~ moc»YY ~ ~ x~ZZ m m ~ y~,n O o ~ mS YY d ~\M~~O oY mro ~ ~ p~m= 3 d cU o ~~cc-~L YY ri. 7~ \ amU m aoi a~i d~ ~ ~ O ~ o~~o> > > > o~~ Y Y dj ii` m m C G G C t6 "'-~C. ~0 ~ ~ N L3. ` _ _ ~ ~ ~ ..,'Y r d (tlN ~U}Ujd d.d mN ~o¢ y rNLL•~=p~~'~ m~ ~ mm 2L~ ~NLL m~xo ~ .-1 ~2 z' I O ~ O. Q T6Y N ~p ~ ~ - C d 7 O y 3= Y~~d. ' ~ 1 ~ Z m rn ~ O Sa ~ I 1 ~ a. ~ c ~ c ~ d ° n~ ay ~ - \ a~, d ~ ~ _ - ~ ~ z c ~ > > c `.1, ~ m m p N m N~ ~ -rte ~ ' \ fO (n p_ I N N c c6 N ~ N O ~ \ ! 1 m I ~ / ~ ~ / ~ p N 3 z ~ 0 m` asO zv d3mm o L ~ o - z ~ w~ z _g ~ ~ ~ ~ > ~ ~ _ m~vo~:- s"~` m ~ S- ~ w 3~ ~ om~~m~ ~ ~_r~~ o.c-= QS, itimc mm- - - ~N m o duo d d YS2Y 2 3's z 3 d ammo SS Y d amUO 'fix' .~.~.~.a O ~ Y Oo00_ t `'~YYYY ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~amUO~n d N CJm:J d 3»>:j ~ N(dN ~ 4 ~__3~ 3: J J.J J ~Y. N f6 !9 l9 (0 LLl LLLLL RS (O (D N ~6 YYYYY `o_ o ~ V1 m~=c y' v a Z a waS~, bz~ 0 0 0 F+-1 c v~ :a 'a ? " U ~ ~ ~ o ~ T.9 ~ E 3 Q a' ~ h~~l m ~ m Fi/ F+1 a n q~ ~ ~ VL 7 r /O^~\r/^~ ~ C z' .5 m C~ a ~'dC r F+M Vl O ~ b ~ ~ _a Q C rf f. G Z r~I ~ ~ ~ C ~ O ~3 ~ .L P; Spa°y V ro m a - o e ,o ~ ~ o 0 0 ~ _ - a, a.5 'E ~ U J, o a a. r 3 ~ o = O t. ii N Y X L z ~ a z omo Q I a ~mm ~ ¢ m r u, m m S B o , i Q ~ Y 210' ~ ° w O r ~ L~cl 'S " ,d 0. ',y o C Q n. R}V I zm w0 m O Z _ _i 'fix o~ a U \ \ y I 3 ~ ~ ~ > O~ ~ A ~'Y O N, d d Q _ ~ ~ ~ a ~ O ~ 2 ~ ~ W t -l l ~ -v_, 1 Q Q a z r ~ ,A Q 1 Q Q3 F ~ w w ~ x ~ ~ ~ i I a S ~ f1 ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; _ _ _ _ _ _ Y ~ ~ 'S, c~.., oml4 m - ~ ~ _ Q O~ n]SS Z' >L Q C.~.t p ~'~3 llNN N .D Q O Q 7C 3 ca U 3 L L r N f 0 07 w C O Y 2 ~ )G O U 5-3333 O Y o o m Y x v S 0 ' u~ ro ~ o d ~ = on ~ rJ' i z °~c~c ro I w a g' ro ~ iy o pw Q o N o °mi m W ~b~~ ~b z sEo~ ~ ~ 0.b Uy~ro ~ CC A.,~a a ~ ro 3 0~ ti ~ o 0 i-i a" ~ 4 V^ o m ? C7 a ~ n "d o u ~ r M m ~ w ~ z o~ ~ oE'o o`o~ Q ~ ~..c ~'rn v~U s nom, W a 2 ~ `~aa ~ c w ~ Ca ~ q ~ d 'z z ~ O 'G an o p o U q ~ o ~ ~ W F o, c.5 .E x U N O z o °x ~ ~ o a z a a z N o < ~ ~ o ~ ~ m 3 ~ a o A a ~ a d y z ~ \ a c ~ zl ~ ` 7 ~ N ~ F a ~ ~ i O \ ~ r \ ~ ~ of \ d A / ~ ~ ~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i O I CL o a1 ~ ~ d ~ w-1 ~ ~ '.L" ~ - .y .-W a ~ i a i ~ ~ ..,~y / ` ~ ~ a a 3 ~ ~ ~W ~ I I \ r _ \ a ~ _ 0 s ~ ~ o ~ Y a ' C 9 Y ~ ~ ~ e ~ Y j 0 N N V] Q N w ~ DO M H C 9 L l-. N ~~yC C C P a O -p F~ a u.' CD,~ ~ ~ 5 'J ~O y ~ 'O O ~ frl 9 N r/i y ~ .GAL, C I ~ FBI y C 7 y C L` ro aTi ~ N O N D C d ~ O~ ~ O 9 O `v ie c°~ BB 07 C ~ n ~ C C y~ N O f"u A J ~j ~ C ~ 9 O "O ~ ~ ~p~ ~ a 4 W 3q 0~~ c ~~a C7 ~ O,~O `e°'' Z eC~~~, ~~,3 a ~ I ~ d 2.~3 r~ ~'aa.5~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C7 z a ~ ' z w w a z~ w ,°o w 3 j ~ 5 x ~ ~ I w s ~ Q i U Ni Q 1 e, r ~ t ~ \ e a C \ z S a, CC e ,1 Q .w] _ Z ~ ` Q \ ~ ~ ~ O ~ \ R3 < ~ a ~ r x ~ - e ~ Y 1 R, , ~ O p X - ~ v4 ~ z e ~ e X 1 .w! 0 n _ ~ I--I ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ o N ~ ~ ~ d ~ x~~ v ~ ~x 4~ o o a o~ ro `~d ~ C' Z' o o O ~w ~ Q o ~ ~ N m' ~ ~ .d ~ 7. U N 9 Ld ~ _ rn ~ ~ U C v m ~ x F ro o W x ~ a U c ~ 3 ~ w O 3 ~ ° w ~ °n' c o o o`i' 'v u° o W cG Q q O o F=~7 c w a n.5 .E 'S' cC a Q U ~ ~ v u ~ ~ O ~ z s x C7 Q i s w ( a 3 z ~ o .Q ~ ~ ~ ~ w a j ~ a ~ ~ ~ w a a ~ ~ ~ x \ d \ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ Y` fill _ O ~ \ ~ 1 ~ ~ s--.f~ ~ \ c ~ z °x ~ ~ ~ ° ~ ~ ~ 5 z i ~ 4 ~ ~ T' i ~ ~a ~ ~„i'!~ ~i Y _ ° ~r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ` ~ ~ \ 1 j ~ 'l e T ~ ~ 1 ____~r o ~ ~ o / a S Y r ~ a z ~ ~ s ~ w °J o fC ~ ~ Z. N N vi P ~ y) ~ a"' d ~ O` 7 ~ ~ v N,Q vnO EtN 0 M NN z 0 0 0~ ~ 3 9 G W E«~.9 N 0 c ~ y.. o L O'p mid OFyN,~, c3tl 'OAN aR ut~N ~ ~I ~ N U G N~ ~ G~ x O> iC N m~ O N N ~ v~~_ C7 C ti W o ~ ~i N~~~yG". ~L ~m L G ~.Y A A ~ O B E bA^ ~tl'AO A>L O ?c d 9 ~ri~ Fil ~ TJ 6 C, o ~tl F ~ a> > _ ^l C~ v m o U C~ S« ^C V~ d NO ro~ L F N C.~ ti~ O ~ v o~.o oa op.a FL-.Ss ~ o y°r~~o~~ S~ F.~.y 6 m is o'c, aCi m v ~ a>>si~ 9 ~'s°'. FBI ~ a C 4, E ~ a~ ~ a: ~v .'2 0 ~ o ~ ~ '3Q O'dC ~O~ WNM7V1 ~O l~WG, bO~6v~~tlG Vx u e-oa~ o ~ ~ > Q ~~e~~ ~,~3 a®10000...0 ~o~~o~a°° !I s z ~ w M z~~ M 3 Q „fr " ~ "ni. ~ ~I M Y ~ of 2 a M Z a a a Y ~ tF' ~ ~o ' M lG J Q ~ Y O V S