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Home My WebLink AboutCommunication No. 2021-08- Simmy McMichael TestimonyCommunication No. 2021-08 From: Sim my Sent: Sunday, June 20, 20214:28 PM To: Planning - Kona <kona@hawaiicounty.gov> Subject: testimony for open space June 22, 2021 Ali'i Parkway Please add this importance to the Open Space. This is in the path of the Ali'i Parkway. Mahalo, Simmy McMichael ns NPS Form 10-900 OMB OMB No, 1024-0018 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior8� National Park Service *4T. RFG! NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLA oN��ylsr Y REGISTRATION FORM;;:'�' This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual propertie and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Name of Property historic name: Holualoa 4 Archaeological District (State Site No. 50-10-37-23,661) other names/site number: Kamoa Point/Keolonahihi Complex (10-37-2059); Keakealaniwahine Residential Complex (no #); and Kaluaokalani 2. Location street & number Alii Drive not for publication city or town Kailua-Kona vicinity state Hawaii code HI county Hawai'i zip code 96745 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. State/Federal Agency Certification ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this x nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property x meets _ does noyt�me, National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant x nationally _ statewide _ loc oftrtua n s1i1}P f¢r additional comments.) Date State or Federal agency and In my opinion, the property _ meets _ does not meet the National Register criteria. { _ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of commenting or other official Date State or Federal agency and bureau ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Vh�ery 'onal Park Service Certifieatio. ertify that this property is: ed in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register _ determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register _ other (explain): ignature of Keeper Date of Action See continuation sheet. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Halualoa 4 Archaeological District 5. Classification ------------------------ Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) private public -local x public -State public -Federal Category of Property (Check only one box) building(s) x district site structure object Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing buildings 19 sites (archaeology/pre-contact) 1 structures (post -contact construction) objects 19 _ 1 Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 13 Page 2 Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) N/A ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ 6. Function or Use ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Cat: RELIGION Sub: --- religioussffacility DOMESTIC multiple dwelling FUNERARY graves/burials Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Cat: LANDSCAPE Sub: State Park ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Description ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation roof walls other Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Statement of Significance ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing) x A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. x B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. x C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period,or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. • D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "X" in all the boxes that apply.) a owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. b removed from its original location. c a birthplace or a grave. d a cemetery. e a reconstructed building, objector structure. f a commemorative property. g less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) RELIGION AND POLITICS ETHNIC HERITAGE ENGINEERING ARCHAEOLOGY Period of Significance 1300 - 1800 A.D. Significant Dates Significant Person(s) (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) Keolonahihi Keakamahana Keakealani-wahine (daughter of Keakamahana) Keawe-i-kekahi-ali`i-o-ka-moku (son of Keakealani-wahine) Kamehameha I Cultural Affiliation Native Hawaiian Architect/Builder Keolonahihi Q) Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS) preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested. x previously listed in the National Register — previously determined eligible by the National Register _ designated a National Historic Landmark recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # T recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # Primary Location of Additional Data State Historic Preservation Office x Other State agency Federal agency Local government _ University Other Name of repository: Division of State Parks Office. Honolulu, Hawaii ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property 28.4 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing 1 05 187500 2170720 5 05 187780 2170640 9 05 187660 2170300 2 05 188070 2170820 6 05 18770012 70680 10 05 187420 2170240 3 058�. 8160 2170640 7 05 187680 2170580 11 _ 4 05 187780 2170480 8 0581 7620 2170540 12 _ Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 11. Form Prepared By ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ name/title Martha Yent, Interpretive Program Supervisor organization DLNR - Division of State Parks date February 15, 2003 street & number 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 310 telephone (808) 587-0287 city or town Honolulu state HI zip code 96813 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Hblualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) name State of Hawai'i. Department of Land and Natural Resources street & number 1151 Punchbowl Street telephone (808) 587-0401 city or town Honolulu - , state HI zip code 96813 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 1 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County. HI county and state Page 6 The archaeological and cultural sites within the ahupua`a of H61ualoa 4 (Palau'eka) are located in the district of North Kona on the island of Hawaii (Map 1). The H6lualoa Royal Center at H61ualoa Bay comprises one of the seven royal centers that existed along the Kona Coast, circa A.D. 1600-1800. The other chiefly residences of Kona were located at Kamakahonu, Kahalu'u, Keauhou, Ka'awaloa, Kealakekua, and H6naunau (Map 2). Traditional histories record the lands of Keolonahihi in H61ualoa as a chiefly residence and royal center during the reign of at least five consecutive generations of paramount ah'i (high chiefs) in the dynastic line of Hawaii Island: "Kalaniopuu then returned to Kau, but he left Kamehameha with his mother, Kekuiapoiwa II, and his guardians, Keaka and Luluka, at Puu in Holualoa, a place inhabited in Alapai's time and before. It was in the Holualoa lands of Kona that the chiefs dwelt in olden times, from the time of Keakamahana, the great kapu chiefess of Hawaii, and earlier. Where the large stone wall is located above Keolonahihi was Keakealaniwahine's dwelling place, for her parents, Keakamahana and Iwikauikaua, resided there. These were lands occupied by the chiefs because the surfing there was good, and the food abundant in ancient times. There Kamehameha learned to surf and to glide with a canoe over the waves, guarded by kaikunane of Keaka, in accordance with her commands." (John Papa 'Pi 1959: 6). The royal centers were areas selected by the ah'i for their residences and ah'i often moved between several residences throughout the year. The royal centers were selected for their abundance of resources and recreation opportunities, with good surfing and canoe -landing sites being favored. Holualoa offered a wealth of agricultural products from the Kona Fieldsystem, offshore marine resources, and the surf site off Kamoa Point in H61ualoa Bay. Structures associated with the royal centers include heiau (religious structures) and sacred areas, housesites for the ah'i and the entourage of family and kahuna (priests), and activity areas for burial, bathing, games, recreation, and crafts. Oral traditions suggest that the H61ualoa royal center was constructed as early as A.D. 1300 by the Chiefess Keolonahihi and her husband, Aka (Pinehaka 1974). However, much of the site's history relates to the occupation of the royal center by Chiefess Keakamahana and her daughter, Chiefess Keakealaniwahine, in the 17th Century. These two women were the highest ranking ah'i of their dynastic line and generation. Kamehameha I is said to have learned to surf and canoe in the waters of Holualoa Bay, circa 1760s to early 1770s. After his rise to power, he stored his war god, Kukailimoku, at Hale O Kaili within the Holualoa Royal Center. The H6lualoa complex was first recorded in 1823 by missionary William Ellis during a tour of Hawai'i Island. Ellis makes reference to the village of Kaluaokalani: "Shortly after, we reached a village called Kaluaokalani (the second heaven), where was a fine heiau in good preservation. It is called Pakiha; its dimensions were two hundred and seventy feet by two hundred and ten. We could not learn the idol to which it was dedicated, but were informed it was built in the time of Keakealani, who, according to tradition, was queen of Hawaii about eleven generations back." (Ellis 1969: 117). Individual sites in the H61ualoa 4 ahupua'a were sketched by John Stokes in 1906 and John Reinecke in 1930. Henry Kekahuna and Theordore Kelsey gathered information on place names and site use from Naluahine USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 2 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- Page 7 OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County, HI county and state ----------------------- ----------------------- Ka'opua in the 1940s. They mapped the sites in the Holualoa 4 ahupua'a as two complexes in 1950 and 1956. It was from Kekahuna and Kelsey's work that the center became identified as two complexes - Keolonahihi on the makai (west) side of Ah'i Drive and Keakealaniwahine on the mauka (east) side. Because of different ownership of these two complexes, much of the subsequent archaeological work has addressed the complexes, rather than the entirety of the Holualoa 4 ahupua'a. There have been two archaeological surveys conducted at Keakealaniwahine since Kekahuna and Kelsey's work in 1956. A 1973 survey for a new roadway known as the Ali'i Drive Realignment was conducted along the mauka portion of the Keakealaniwahine complex (Ching et. al. 1973). This survey located 1 heiau site, 2 burial sites, and 3 house platforms. A more comprehensive archaeological survey of the Keakeakealaniwahine complex was conducted in 1994 with a total of 28 sites being identified (Hammatt 1994). An archaeological survey of the Keolonahihi complex was conducted in 1977 (Sinoto 1977) with updated mapping and archaeological excavations conducted by the Division of State Parks between 1985 and 1989 (Yent 1995). The inventory included a total of 16 sites with multiple features. In addition to the archaeological investigations, a review of all the written literature and maps was conducted in 1986 which produced a historical overview and annotated bibliography (McEldowney 1986). There have been inconsistencies in the site names found in the traditional histories, oral histories, and archaeological surveys from the early 1800s until the present. This has created some confusion when trying to correlate sites and identify sites by a traditional place name. For this reason, several names may be given to a site or different sites may have the same name. Table 1 tries to correlate the site names from various sources. The Holualoa Royal Center was split into two archaeological complexes when Ali'i Drive was constructed in the 1800s (Maps 3 and 4). The parcel makai (seaward and west) of Ali'i Drive consists of 12 acres and was purchased by the State of Hawai'i in 1980. This area has been set aside for preservation and designated Keolonahihi State Historical Park. The 16.4 -acre parcel on the mauka (inland and east) side of Ali'i Drive is referred to as Keakealaniwahine's Residence, and this parcel was donated to the State in 1998 for inclusion into the historical park. Both portions of the Holualoa district set aside for park purposes lack any modern improvements and at present, both areas are covered with a dense growth of vegetation and are not open for public visitation. Historical photographs suggest that the site was fairly open with loulu palms and coconut trees lining the shore (Photo D. Early descriptions also suggest kou trees were common in the area (Ellis 1969: 118). Today, the dense vegetation cover consists of introduced species, such as Moreton Bay fig, Chinese banyan, opiuma, and kiawe (Photo II). Located about 3 miles south of Kailua-Kona town, the Holualoa 4 archaeological district is situated within the rapidly growing urban center between Kailua-Kona and Keauhou. The parcels around the district are zoned urban residential and resort. There are several privately owned parcels with modern house structures along Ali'i Drive and a residential subdivision to the south of the Keolonahihi site at Kaumalumalu. There are also several proposed roadways along the perimeter of the Holualoa district. The proposed realignment of Alii Drive runs along the mauka (east) boundary of the Keakealaniwahine complex and the proposed extension of the Lako Street runs along the northern side of Keakealaniwahine. While the complex has been impacted by shoreline erosion, the construction of Ali'i Drive, and post -contact house construction, the major portion of the archaeological district is intact and considered well-preserved. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 3 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property [WIMSM. 11 :1 i U130rewoTkS1I1jE.3 Hawai'i County, HI county and state Page 8 There are two legends dealing with the Kamoa Point area of Holualoa. One legend involves the giant named Maukaleoleo. Reverend Ellis in 1823 recorded a place named for the giant within the village of Kaluaokalani in Holualoa (Ellis 1969: 118). The giant was an attendant and warrior of 'Umi-a-Liloa who was a Hawai'i Island chief in the 15th Century. Ellis associated Kaluaokalani with the large enclosure that encompasses Keakealaniwahine's residence. The other legend involves a sorcery kahuna whose deeds are associated with Kona. There were 9 stones images called Hawa'e, one of which was said to be hidden in a cave close to heiau called Hailualani in Holualoa 4. This heiau may be Haulelani which is part of the Keakealaniwahine complex. Traditional histories record the history of the dynastic families in Hawai'i over a number of generations. These histories record the lands of Keolonahihi and Pu'u as a chiefly residence during the reign of at least five consecutive generations of parmount ah'i in this dynastic line (I'i 1959). Chiefly residences are known to have changed over time and an ali'i would expand or modify a residential complex to meet his or her needs and desires. Therefore, it appears very likely that the Holualoa Royal Center grew and changed over time. Three major occupation sequences have been identified based on the association with various ali'i: A.D. 1300 (Keolonahihi), A.D. 1600 (Keakamahana and Keakealaniwahine), and A.D. 1780 (Kamehameha D. Keolonahihi. The story of Kamiki was published in the Hawaiian language magazine Ke Au Hou between 1910 and 1912. In this reference, Keolonahihi is referred to as an ah'i wahine who lived in the lele of Palau'eka (Holualoa 4). This is the earliest document that applies the name Keolonahihi to a mythical character instead of a place or feature. John Reinecke in 1929 recorded a legend told to him by his informant Kahulamu which tells of Keolonahihi, a male figure who was the husband of Kahalu'u and the father of a daughter named Makole'a. In 1950, Kekahuna and Kelsey state that Keolonahihi was a young chiefess who lived at Kamoa. Pinehaka in 1974 added that Keolonahihi was the daughter of the priest Pa'ao and that Kamoa Point is named after her. The advisory committee for Keolonahihi (1982) stated that Keolonahihi, either the daughter or niece of Pa'ao, constructed the complex at Kamoa with her husband Aka. These sites included the women's features (Keolonahihi Heiau, Hale Pe'a, and Palama), the sports heiau (Kanekaheilani), and the grandstand at Kamoa Point to view the surfing and canoeing events in Holualoa Bay. Pa'ao brought the Ku religion, along with a highly stratified social system, to Hawai'i from Kahiki, circa A.D. 1300. He installed Pili Ka'aiea, an ali'i of the most royal blood, as ruler of Hawaii Island. Oral traditions from Naluahine Ka'opua suggest that Keolonahihi maintained the traditions of Pa'ao by continuing pure ah'i blood lines within the walls of the Holualoa royal center through the practices of ho'omau keiki (to conceive high ranking children) and ho`ao (marriage between high ranking ali'i). The following sites within the Keolonahihi Complex are thought to be associated with Keolonahihi and these Pa'ao traditions: Keolonahihi Heiau, palama (sacred kapu enclosure), hale pea (menstrual house), Kanekaheilani Heiau (warrior's heiau), Hale 'A'ama, Haleokekupa Heiau, and Keolonahihi's kahua hale (housesite) (Map 5). Keakamahana and Keakealaniwahine. Traditional histories and genealogies associate the chiefess Keakamahana and her daughter Keakealaniwahine with a residence at Holualoa and they are thought to have expanded the compound mauka. The residence of Keakamahana and Keakealaniwahine is believed to be the large walled enclosure on the mauka side of Alii Drive based on Ellis' and I'i's description of the residence USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 4 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County. HI county and state Page 9 being on an elevation above Keolonahihi in H6lualoa (I'i 1959: 159). The rule of both of these ah'i wahine is thought to have been nominal in secular affairs with their political and economic powers being limited to Kona. However, their religious obligations encompassed the entirety of Hawai'i Island. Both chiefesses were of the pi'o (highest) rank which carried the kapu moe (prostrating kapu). This status allowed them to be honored through human sacrifice and Keakealaniwahine is the only woman known to have conducted ceremonies associated with a luakini heiau, with the exception of the rituals involving the eating by the male priests and chiefs. Keakealaniwahine is the traditional figure most strongly associated with chiefly residential land in H61ualoa and "there was no other chiefess her equal" (I'i 1959). Keakealaniwahine was a direct descendant of Pili Ka'aiea. Keakamahana is the first named ah'i known to have resided near Kamoa Point. Keakamahana was of the highest rank (pi'o) and was the most senior ah'i of her generation. Keakamahana married the warrior Iwikauikaua and they were the parents of Keakealaniwahine. Keakealaniwahine succeeded her mother as the highest ranking ah'i of the dynastic family. Battles between the Kona and Hilo chiefs marked her reign and resulted in her banishment to Moloka'i for several years. Besides the residence at H61ualoa, Keakealaniwahine is associated with the Heiau of Keolonahihi (Haleokekupa) where she conducted the navel -cord cutting ceremony (oki piko) for her grandson. It appears that the major changes to the chiefly residence during the reign of Keakamahana and Keakealaniwahine took place in the mauka portion of the residence now referred to as the Keakealaniwahine Complex. Sites specifically associated with Keakealaniwahine include Haleokekupa Heiau and Pakiha, her residential enclosure (Map 6). Kamehameha I. John Papa I'i recorded that Kamehameha lived with his mother Kekuiapoiwa II and his guardians, Keaka and Luluka, at Pu'u in H6lualoa during the rule of Kalaniopu'u. At H6lualoa, Kamehameha learned to excel in board and canoe surfing. Later, Kalaniopu'u took Kamehameha to Ka'u and there is no evidence that Kamehameha maintained a residence at H61ualoa during his reign. Instead, Kamehameha used Keolonahihi for religious purposes. Ellis credits Kamehameha with the construction of 2 heiau at Keolonahihi, Hale o Kaili and the heiau adjacent to the pond at Kamoa Point (Map 7). Ellis states the the pond was used exclusively by Kamehameha for bathing and the war god Kukailimoku was kept at Hale o Kaili. Ellis names the heiau at the pond as Kanekaheilani, but after evaluating all the historical documents, the name Haleokekupua appears to be the correct name for this site. Historic Land Use (circa 1800 to Present) Keolonahihi was abandoned as a chiefly residence after Kamehameha's reign. In the Great Mahele of 1848, H6lualoa 4 was awarded to a woman named Lo'e. The land had come to her through her husband Ka'iama who had received the land prior to his death in 1842 from the king. Lo'e died in 1898 and the lands were passed to her children. The native testimonies indicate that there were 8 houselots on the mauka side of the beach road in H61ualoa 4. Other activities included the cultivation of selected trees, including lo'ulu, kou, hala, and coconut. Taro, bananas, and breadfruit were being grown in the uplands with sweet potato the dominant crop in the lowlands. In 1884, Queen Kapiolani purchased 2/3 interest in the property of Lo'e while a descendant of Lo'e, Moi Kalani, retained the other 1/3. It is Mo'i's house that appears in the 1890s photograph of Kamoa Point (Photo I). Along with the house, Mo'i constructed a pumphouse and water tank within a large walled enclosure (Map 8). USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 5 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property -------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- Page 10 OMB No. 1024-0018 _Hawai'i CountyHI county and state ----------------------- ----------------------- The lands of Holualoa 4 were sold to the Kona Sugar Company in 1899, but it appears that sugar was grown only in the uplands. In 1933, the land was purchased by Thomas White who used it for cattle grazing. In 1956, Frank Kent bought the makai portion of Holualoa 4 with plans to build a hotel. It was in response to the plans for resort development, that the Friends of Kamoa Point formed. Consisting of members of the Kona community, the Friends fought resort development and pushed for preservation of the cultural and historical complex at Kamoa Point. As a result of this preservation effort, the State of Hawaii purchased the 11.6 acres at Kamoa Point and designated the area Keolonahihi State Historical Park. Keolonahihi Complex (Kamoa Point) - State Site No. 50-10-37-2059 The Keolonahihi site corresponds to the 11.6 -acre parcel on the makai side of Ali'i Drive. This site is situated along the southern edge of Holualoa Bay and the shoreline consists of a coral and basalt boulder beach. Inland of the shoreline, the rocky pahoehoe is covered by a thin soil deposit of volcanic ash, weathering lava, and organics. The surf site along the southern edge of Holualoa Bay is named Kamoa and was known as a popular site for surfing and canoeing contests. This surf off Kamoa Point remains a popular surf site today. The Keolonahihi Complex consists of 16 contributing sites (Map 9). The sites in this complex are mostly religious in function, including five heiau and a pu'uhonua (place of refuge). While oral traditions suggest that the complex was constructed by the chiefess Keolonahihi circa A.D. 1300, archaeological testing has not provided an early date related to this occupation (Yent 1995). However, the dates confirm a pre -contact occupation, circa A.D. 1600-1778. A housesite built within the complex along Alii Drive in the mid -1800s adds a post -contact component to the site. Archaeological test excavations indicate the presence of subsurface cultural deposits in the northern portion of the site that have the potential to yield additional information about the chronology and use of the site. In the 1906 survey of heiau on Hawaii Island, John Stokes of Bishop Museum located 3 heiau at Keolonahihi: Keolonahihi Heiau, Hale'a'ama Heiau, and Haleokekupa Heiau (Stokes 1991: 60-63). His informant for these sites was John Bull. John Reinecke, also with Bishop Museum, followed with a survey of the Kona Coast in the late 1920s. In addition to Keolonahihi Heiau and Hale 'A'ama, Reinecke identified the Pu'uhonua of Haulelani. Haulelani is part of the Keakealaniwahine Complex, but Reinecke mislocated the pu'uhonua on the makai side of Alii Drive. In addition, Reinecke mislocated Haleokekupa in Kaumalumalu, rather than in Holualoa. In the late 1940s and 1950s, Kekahuna and Kelsey surveyed and mapped a number of historic sites in Kona. On their 1956 map of Keolonahihi, they identified 6 heiau (Ka-Hala-o-Mapuana, Hale A'ama, Kane-ka-hei-lani, Keolonahihi, Hale-o-Kaili, and Hale-o-ke-kupua) along with house platforms, canoe sheds, wells/springs/ ponds, and the grandstand feature. In 1970, the Statewide Inventory of Historic Places delineated the Kamoa Point Complex (site #2059) and the Kaumalumalu Complex (site #2058). Both complexes were placed on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1974, George Pinehaka Nelson, a resident of Kona, reiterated much of Kekahuna's, Kelsey's, and Naluahine's information in an effort to protect the site from development. In 1977, Aki Sinoto of Bishop Museum conducted an archaeological survey and mapping of Keolonahihi for owner Kent. Since 1980, State Parks archaeologists have conducted several phases of archaeological investigations at Keolonahihi (Yent 1995). During these later surveys, bulldozer damage to some of the sites based on Kekahuna and Kelsey's 1956 map (Map 10). In other cases, damage was high surf was recorded. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 6 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County. HI county and state Page 11 Site 1 Pu'uhonua/Ahupua`a Wall. This massive wall separates the Keolondhihi complex and the H61ualoa 4 ahupua'a to the north from the Kamalumalu ahupua'a to the south. The wall measures 4 meters in height, 1.5 meter in width, and runs mauka-makai (E -W) from the shoreline to Ali'i Drive, a distance of about 100 meters. References to a pu'uhonua wall may be due to the mislocation of the pu'uhonua of Haulelani in the Keolondhihi area (Reinecke 1929; HRHP 1970). Site 2 Heiau. Referred to as Kane-ka-Hei-Lani Heiau and associated with sports and the training of warriors (Kekahuna/Naluahine 1956). Also named Hale-O-Kekupa (Stokes 1906) and referred to as a pu'uhonua. Six (6) features of this site have been identified: 2a Heiau platform at the mauka end of the site. Platform measures 25 by 15 meters with numerous depressions on the surface. Recorded as idol holes (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1956). 2b Large paved area (150 by 75 meters) where the sports and training are said to have occurred. Small pits excavated into the paving may be later agricultural modifications. 2c Raised platform (12 by 6 meters) referred to as kahua-hale (priest's house) (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1956). 2d Raised platform (10 by 15 meters and 50cm high) adjacent to the Site 1 wall. 2e Entry ramp to the south of the heiau platform (Feature 2A). 2f Midden deposit on the makai end of the paved area (Feature 2B). Site 3 Hale 'A'ama Heiau (Kekahuna/Naluahine 1956). This heiau platform (70 by 7 meters) is located on the coastline and is referred to as a surfing heiau. The platform has been damaged and reduced in size by high surf. The site consists of two features: 3a Heiau platform of stacked rock measures 25 by 8 meters and one meter high. 3b Wall remnant oriented parallel to the shoreline. Site 4 Heiau. Referred to as Keolondhihi Heiau and associated with the Chiefess Keolondhihi and the worship of female deities (Kekahauna/Naluahine 1956). The heiau consists of 8 features within an area of 175 by 60 meters. 4a Mauka-makai stacked rock wall measures 150 meters in length with stepped terrace on the north face. 4b Heiau platform which is a built up portion of the terrace (feature 4A). 4c Lined pit/enclosure (8 by 8 meters and 1 meter deep) within the terrace (4A). 4d Walkway through the wall and over the terrace. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 12 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 7 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Hawaii County. HI name of property county and state ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4e Rectangular platform defined by a low retaining wall. Referred to as Keolonahihi's house platform (Kekahuna/Naluahine 1956). 4f Entry to the heiau area marked by two upright basalt slabs with unique, linear and circular petroglyph forms. Larger slab measures 5 feet high by 3 feet wide and 12 inches thick. 4g Depression/ enclosure within the terrace (4A) near the makai end. Measures 5 by 10 meters. 4h Spring within the terrace area. The lined pit measures 1.5 meter in diameter. Site 5 Heiau. Referred to as Hale-O-Kaili and this platform heiau is where Kamehameha I placed his war god, Kukailimoku (Kekahuna/Naluahine 1956). Measures 9 by 12 measures with collapsed walls. Site 6 Heiau. Referred to as Hale-O-Ke-Kupua (Kekahuna/Naluahine 1956), Keolonahihi (Stokes 1906), and Kanekaheilani (Ellis 1823). This heiau platform, within a walled enclosure, is where the bones were defleshed prior to burial. The enclosure area measures 75 by 60 meters and consists of 5 features: 6a Southern wall of 3 -wall enclosure that is roughly square and open on the makai side. Wall of stacked basalt boulders measures up to 2 meters in height with possible bulldozer break in the wall. 6b Brackish water pool called Hala-O-Mapuana. Referred to as royal bathing pool for royal surfers (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1956) and sacred spring where ah'i bones were washed (Pinehaka 1974). 6c Massive wall along the northern shoreline that measures 2 meters in height and 2.5 meters in width. The wall was stepped with one large upright in the wall construction. This has been referred to as the grandstand area for viewing surfing events and religious ceremonies (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1956). 6d Spring that has been modified as a walled depression and is adjacent to the pool. 6e Heiau platform adjacent to the stacked east wall. Site 7 Walled well site. This excavated well has been walled with faced, stacked basalt boulders on three sides and a ramp down on the fourth side. Measures 4 by 2 meters and 2 meters in depth. Site 8 Wall remnants. Appears to have been a rectangular enclosure and connected with Feature 9 wall, but with bulldozing disturbance. Site 9 Wall. This wall runs along the eastern side of the site and is adjacent to Alii Drive. Wall has been disturbed by bulldozing. Site 10 Wall remnants. The foundation stones and the form of the wall remnants suggest a possible walled enclosure that has been disturbed by bulldozing. Site 11 Wall remnants. Located along the cove of Holualoa Bay in the vicinity of Feature 12. Possibly the canoe houses (hale wa'a) mentioned by Kekahuna/Naluahine. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 13 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 8 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Hawaii County. HI name of property county and state Site 12 Subsurface cultural deposit. A sandy silt cultural deposit, 50-80cm in thickness, is located along the small cove of Holualoa Bay. Three pre -contact cultural layers within the deposit are marked by shell midden, fishing implements, volcanic glass, adze fragments, and basalt flakes (Yeast 1995). These layers date to A.D. 1640-1790. One post -contact layer, circa late 1800s, relates to MoTs occupation at the housesite along Holualoa Bay (Site 14) and is marked by buttons, nails, and ceramics. Site 13 Stone structure. Walls built of faced basalt boulders, cut basalt slabs, and concrete. Sections of wall remain standing and indicate a structure 5 by 5 meters and 3 meters in height. Structure probably housed the watertank for the pump house in the northwest corner of Site 8. Site 14 Historic house platform (Mors housesite, ca. late 1800s). Stone alignments on the west (5 meters long) and north (2 meters long) define the platform that is now covered with boulders pushed onto the site in the 1970s. Archaeological excavations indicated 2 upper post -contact cultural layers associated with occupation of the house and a lower pre -contact layer marked by shell, fish bone, and charcoal. Site 15 Platform. Stone -lined platform paved with rounded basalt and coral pebbles underlying the stone and mortar structure. Platform measures approximately 10 by 10 meters and mapped by Kekahuna and Kelsey as Keolonahihi's kahua-hate. Archaeological excavations suggests that the platform dates to the post -contact period (Yent 1995). Site 16 Platform. Small, raised platform that measures 15 by 6 meters and 1.5 meter in height. Labelled a hale pe'a (women's menstrual house) by Kekahuna and Kelsey. Keakealaniwahine Complex (No State Site Number) The Keakealaniwahine complex was mapped in 1950 by Kekahuna and Kelsey and again in 1994 (Hammatt 1994). The later survey identified 29 sites, including 7 sites from the previous 1973 survey for the Alii Drive Realignment in the mauka portion of the Keakealaniwahine complex (Ching et. al. 1973) (Map 11). The complex is often referred to as Keakealaniwahine's Residence, although the Pakiha enclosure is believed to be the actual house compound. This complex contains many religious sites, including 3 heiau. Most of the sites date to the pre -contact period (A.D. 1600-1778). The Keakealaniwahine complex consists of 16 contributing sites with multiple features, and the corrals constitute the 1 non-contributing structure. Site 17 Keakealaniwahine or Pakiha enclosure (State Site No. 50-10-37-3831). Large enclosure measuring 60 by 70 meters with 3 meter high stacked rock wails. Referred to as the residence of Keakealaniwahine (Ellis 1823; Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950). Interior features noted on Kekahuna and Kelsey's map are not readily evident today. Described as Ha'ulelani pu'uhonua or Pakiha Heiau by Stokes, 1906. Site 18 Mo'ipe Heiau. Paved platform measuring 25 by 20 meters with interior divisions. Recorded as a heiau ho'oulu'ai dedicated to the replenishment of the land with food (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950). Site 19 Hualani Heiau (State Site No. 50-10-37-6319). Structure consisting of several paved platforms with interior divisions and walled enclosures. Recorded as a heiau ho'oulu (medicinal or healing heiau) where students were trained in la`au lapa`au. Separated from Mo'ipe Heiau to the west by an area of open, level ground. Site consists of 4 features: USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 9 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawaii County. HI county and state Page 14 19a Main paved platform that measures 50 by 20 meters. 19b Paved platform extension to the north of 19A which measures 40 by 15 meters. 19c Paved platform off the west side of 19A which measures 18 by 16 meters. 19d Walled enclosure with dirt surface that measures 50 by 40 meters with walls 5 meters in height. Recorded as a ko'ele for the planting of medicinal plants and herbs (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950). Site 20 Housesite. Walled enclosure with paved platform and terrace walls between Pakiha to the south and Mo'ipe Heiau to the north. Recorded as kahuna housesite by Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950. Site 21 Heiau (State Site No. 50-10-37-6327). Recorded as a burial heiau by Kekahuna and Kelse,1950. 21a Paved platform measuring 15 by 10 meters. Platform contains 4 possible graves. 21b Burials. Three burial platforms located adjacent to the heiau platform. 21c Walled enclosure located to the east of the heiau platform (21a). Site 22 Burial platform (State Site No. 50-10-37-6375). Located to the north of the burial heiau (Site 21), this platform measures 9 by 8 meters with walls 1 meter in height. Built of stacked pahoehoe with a depression in the center (Ching et. al. 1973: 87). Site 23 Pu'uhonua Enclosure. Large walled enclosure consisting of 3 smaller walled areas. This enclosure is contiguous with the eastern wall of Pakiha (Site 17). Referred to as a pu'uhonua by Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950. Consists of 10 features: 23a Western walled enclosure adjacent to Pakiha (Site 17) that measures 90 by 65 meters. 23b Roughly paved area in the northwest corner of enclosure 23a. 23c Faced bluff with pebble paving measuring about 6 by 6 meters. 23d Second enclosure in the northeast corner of the larger enclosure and feature 23a. Enclosure measures 40 by 20 meters. 23e Paved area within feature 23d that measures 5 by 6 meters and 1 meter in height. 23f Paved platform within feature 23d that measures 10 by 5 meters and 1 meter in height. Recorded as a kahuna housesite by Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950. 23g Third enclosure in the southeast corner of the larger enclosure and feature 23a. Enclosure measures 40 by 70 meters. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 15 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 7 Page 10 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District Hawai'i County. HI name of property county and state ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23h Small walled enclosure measuring 8 by 8 meters near the center of enclosure 23g. Floor of enclosure is paved. Recorded as a pen by Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950. 23i Paved, raised platform measuring 12 by 12 meters and located within enclosure 23g. Recorded as a housesite by Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950. 23j North -south stacked rock wall that separates the large enclosure (Site 23) into east and west halves. Wall is 1 meter high and 3 meters wide. Site 24 Platforms and walls (State Site No. 50-10-37-6376). Series of low walls, terraces, and paved platforms to the east of Hualani Heiau and Pu'uhonua Enclosure. Reported to contain 2 house platforms and one burial platform (Ching et. al. 1973). A small cave is located at the southern end of the feature (State Site No. 50-10-37-9843?). Site 25 Platforms and walls (State Site No. 50-10-37-6328). Series of low walls, terraces, and paved platforms to the east of Hualani Heiau. Reported to contain one house platform and 2 burial platforms (Ching et. al. 1973). Recorded as the location where la'au lapa'au students lived while in training (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950). Site 26 Enclosure with platforms and walls (State Site No. 50-10-37-6320). Walled enclosure measures 40 by 30 meters and adjoins the east wall of enclosure 23. Within the enclosure are paved platforms and walls. Recorded as a housesite (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950). Site 27 Platform and paving. Located south of the southern wall of enclosure (Site 23). 27a Paved platform that measures 15 by 15 meters and 80cm in height. 27b Pebble paving along the exterior of the southern wall of enclosure (Site 23). Site 28 Platform and paving. Paved platform (15 by 11 meters) with pebble paving. Site 29 Platform and paving. Boulder paved platform (7 by 7 meters and 40cm high) along the west wall of Pakiha (Site 17). Site 30 Platform. Remnant of a small platform that measures 6 by 6 meters. Site 31 Trail. Mauka-makai trail in the northeast quadrant of the site that runs along the south side of the burial heiau (Site 21). Site 32 Trail. Mauka-makai trail along the exterior (south) face of the southern wall of pu'uhonua enclosure (23). Site 33 Corrals. At least four (features 33a through 33d) walled corrals from the ranching activities conducted in the site area in the early 1900s. Concentrated in the northwest portion of the site. Non-contributing structures in the complex. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Hdlualoa 4 Archaeological District TABLE 1 HOLUALOA 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISTRICT SITE AND FEATURE CORRELATION Page 16 REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES (2003) STOKES (1906) REINECKE (1930) KEKAHUNA & KELSEY (1950 & 1956)1 CSH (1994)2 STATE SITE NO.3 Keolonahihi Complex 50-10-37-2059 1 Ahupua'a Wall Pu'uhontsa Wall 2 Kanekaheilani Haleokekupa Haulelani Kanekaheilani 3 Hale 'A'ama Hale 'a'ama Hale A'ama Hale A'ama 4 Keolonahihi 5 Hale O Kaili 6 Haleokekupa Keolonahihi Keolonahihi Haleokekupa 7 Walled well Palama 8 Wall 9 Wall 10 Wall 11 Wall Hale wa'a 12 Cultural Deposit 13 Stone building Keolonahihi's 14 Moi's house Kahua hale 15 Platform Kahua hale 16 Platform Hale pea Keakealaniwahine Complex No Site No. 17 Pakiha Pakiha Heiau Pakiha 50-10-37-3831 18 Mo'ipe Heiau Mo'ipe Heiau 15 19 Hualani Heiau Hualani Heiau 2,13,14 50-10-37-6319* 20 Housesite Kahuna's hale 21 Burial Heiau Burial Heiau 3 50-10-37-6327* 22 Burial 50-10-37-6375* 23 Enclosure Pu'uhonua 7-12 24 Platforms/walls Student houses 5 50-10-37-6376* 25 Platforms/walls Student houses 50-10-37-6328* 26 Platforms/wails Housesite 50-10-37-6320* 27 Platform/paving 6,18 28 Platform/paving 19 29 Platform/paving 16 30 Platform 17 31 Trail (north) 32 Trail (south) 33 Corral walls 1A Place names and site function as recorded on 1950 and 1956 maps by Kekahuna and Kelsey. Cultural Surveys Hawaii (CSH), 1994 - Archaeological survey of Keakealaniwahine parcel. State Site numbers assigned from Ching et. al. (1973) (*) and Hawai'i Statewide Inventory (1970). USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 8 Page 1 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County, HI county and state Page 17 The cultural significance of the H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District relates to the use of this area as one of the seven royal centers of Kona and the important role that these royal centers played in the political, religious, and social development of Hawaii Island for at least 200 years prior to Western contact, circa A.D. 1600-1778. This makes the district significant on the local and state levels in the area of religion and politics, ethnic history, engineering, and archaeology under criteria A, B, C, and D. The continuous use of these royal centers reflects the importance of these places through several generations of high-ranking ah'i. The key figures associated with the Holualoa royal center are ali'i of the highest ranking status, including its unique association with chiefesses. The Keolonahihi and Keakealaniwahine complexes that comprise the Holualoa 4 District are well- preserved archaeological sites. The major impact to the integrity of the H61ualoa District has been the construction of Ali'i Drive through the district and the modern houses built along this roadway. Religion and Politics Religion and politics were closely interwoven in Hawaiian culture. The royal centers of Kona reflect this interrelationship with residential sites, heiau, and sacred sites present within a defined royal compound. Often associated with these royal centers were pu'uhonua (places of refuge), reflecting the strong association between pu'uhonua and sites occupied by the high-ranking ah'i. Keakamahana was of the highest pi`o rank, born of the union between brother and sister. Both Keakamahana and her daughter Keakealaniwahine were the highest ranking ah'i of their generation. The power of these chiefesses is thought to have been nominal in secular affairs with their political and economic powers being limited to Kona. Kamehameha I's association with the H61ualoa center spanned his childhood when he learned to surf and canoe in Holualoa Bay, until the time of his rule (1795-1819) when he placed his war god, Kukailimoku, at the Hale O Kaili structure at H61ualoa. Kukailimoku and the Hale O Kaili sites play an important role in Kamehameha's efforts to unite Hawai'i Island and later, the Hawaiian Islands. As a royal center, the H61ualoa 4 District contains a total of 8 heiau structures that were constructed and dedicated for a range of religious functions that are representive of Hawaiian cultural traditions and practices. The functions of these heiau include surfing (Hale 'A'ama), warrior training (Kanekaheilani Heiau), medicine and healing (Hualani Heiau), fertility (Mo'ipe Heiau), and preparation of ah'i for burial (Burial Heiau and Haleokekupa). Because of its association with chiefesses, it is believed that rituals and ceremonies related to women were held at these sites. Ethnic Heritage With the arrival of Pa'ao circa A.D. 1300 from Kahiki, new traditions were introduced to Hawai'i. With time and adaptation, Hawaiian culture became more complex as a stratified social system developed, agriculture and aquaculture expanded with population growth, massive stacked rock heiau structures were constructed, religious ceremonies became more elaborate, and warfare became more common as chiefs fought for land and power. The royal centers of Kona are representative of this complex socio -political -religious system that had become well established on the island of Hawaii by A.D. 1600. With the stratified social system, it was important to retain the division between ah'i (chiefs) and maka'ainana (commoners). This was done through a physical separation, such as the royal centers that were restricted to only the ah'i and kahuna. The other means of maintaining the class distinction was to arrange royal marriages and USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 18 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 8 Page 2 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District Hawaii County. HI name of property county and state ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ births that insured the continuation of high-ranking geneologies. There were ho'ao rituals where arranged marriages among the ah'i were consummated. There were also ceremonies associated with the birth of an ah'i keiki (child) to recognize the child's rank and status in the society. At H61ualoa, these practices continued for five generations of ah'i prominent in the history of the island. The ah'i known to have resided in H61ualoa were Keakamahana and Keakealaniwahine. It is unclear if Kamehameha actually resided at H61ualoa, but his association with the area was both recreational and religious. Other prominent ah'i in the Kona District who may have resided at H61ualoa include Keakealani-kane (father of Keakamahana), Keawe-i-kekahi-ali'i-o-ka- moku (Keawe, son of Keakealaniwahine), Ke'eaumoku-nui (son of Keawe), and Alapa'i-nui (nephew of Keawe). Marriages between high-ranking aIN also assisted an retaining control over a district or island. Engineering The sites of the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District are representative of the traditional Hawaiian construction style that consisted of stacking rock to build walls and platforms without the use of mortar. As such, each rock had to be carefully placed and "locked" for stability. Several walls within the district are significant for their massiveness, especially the Pakiha enclosure with walls described as 13 feet wide and 9 feet high (Stokes 1906: 58). This massive enclosure remains intact (Photos VII and VIII). Another massive stacked stone site is the Grandstand (Site 60 near Kamoa Point where spectators would watch the surfing and canoeing in Holualoa Bay from the stepped terraces. This wall was described as 7 feet wide and 8 feet high (Kekahuna and Kelsey 1956), but has been damaged and reduced by shoreline erosion. The other massive wall is the ahupua`a wall (Site 1) within the Keolonahihi complex. This walls averages 4 meters in height. The enclosure of springs at Keolonahihi with retaining walls represents another example of engineering. There are four (4) such features within the Keolonahihi complex - features 4h, 6b and 6d and site 7. Site 7 is located inland of the shoreline and involved excavation to a depth of at least 2 meters, construction of stacked rock retaining walls, and a ramp down to the water level. The springs associated with Site 6 were enclosed to capture the brackish water that was used for religious rituals and ceremonies and as a bathing areas for ah'i. Archaeological excavations conducted in the Keolonahihi Complex have identified subsurface cultural deposits related to both the pre -contact and post -contact occupation of the site. While similar excavations have not been conducted within the Keakealaniwahine Complex, it appears likely that subsurface cultural deposits are present and have a potential to yield information for interpreting the age, construction sequence, and cultural use of sites within the Holualoa Royal Center. The archaeological testing at Keolonahihi provided a preliminary site chronology based on radio -carbon dating of charcoal from various depths within the cultural deposits. Three phases of pre -contact occupation were dated to A.D. 1640-1790. The lack of sterile cultural deposits between the cultural layers suggests that much of the occupation was continuous, rather than distinct periods of occupation separated by periods of abandonment. There were no cultural deposits in the test excavations that dated to an earlier occupation, circa A.D. 1300, that would correspond to residency of the site by chiefess Keolonahihi. A post -contact cultural deposit, circa mid to late 1800s, corresponds to the post -contact occupation of the site. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Halualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 8 Page 3 H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property C0rl 11 Z' rewsm, Hawaii County, HI county and state Page 19 The archaeological investigations also provided an opportunity to test the site functions indicated on the Kekahuna and Kelsey maps. In one case, the site identified as Keolondhihi's housesite by Kekahuna and Kelsey contained historic artifacts suggestive of a much later construction and use of the area. While not all the cultural practices mentioned for H61ualoa will be reflected by the archaeological remains, there is a high potential to understand the use and construction of the sites through additional archaeological research. If the H61ualoa Royal Center was used by five consecutive generations, there is a high probability that the different ali'i modified and expanded the site over time. Archaeological research can evaluate the various construction sequences that would reflect such change over time. By dating the construction phases, it may be possible to associate a site or building phase with a given chief or chiefess. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 9 Page 1 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawai'i County, HI county and state Page 20 Advisory Committee for Pu'uhonua 0 Keolonahihi 1982 "Cultural Resource Management Report for Pu'uhonua 0 Keolonahihi - Kamoa Point." Report prepared for State of Hawaii, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Ching, Francis, Earl Neller, Stephen Palama, and P. Bion Griffin 1973 The Archaeology of North Kona: Surface Survey Realignment of Ali'i Drive. Honolulu: Archaeological Research Center Hawaii. Ellis, William 1969 Polynesian Researches: Hawaii. journal of William Ellis. Vermont and Japan: Charles E. Tuttle and Co. (Reprinted from London edition, 1827). Hammatt, Hallett 1994 "Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of 16 Acres, Holualoa, North Kona, Hawaii (7-7-4: 11)." Report prepared for Eric von Platen Luder, January, 1994. Hawaii Register of Historic Places (HRHP) 1970 "Kamoa Point Complex (Site 50-10-37-2059) Site Form." On file at State Historic Preservation Division, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 'Pi, John Papa 1959 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Honolulu: B.P. Bishop Museum Press. Kekahuna and Kelsey 1950 "Pakiha Enclosure, Hualani Heiau and Mo'ipe Heiau - Heiau Ho'oulu'ai, Hooului'a in Holualoa IV and Burial Heiau in Holualoa III: Sketch and Descriptive Notes, Sept. 14,1950." On file at Bishop Museum and DLNR, State Parks, Honolulu. 1956 "Keolonahihi Inclosure, Holualoa IV, North Kona, Hawaii, T.H.: Sketch and Descriptive Notes." July 14, 1956. On file at Bishop Museum and DLNR, State Parks, Honolulu. McEldowney, Holly 1986 "A Narrative Summarizing and Analyzing Historical and Archaeological Documents Gathered on the Kamoa Point State Park." Report prepared for Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Honolulu. National Register of Historic Places 1983 Nomination Form for Kamoa Point Complex, Site No. 50-10-37-2059. Prepared by Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, April, 1983. Pinehaka, Keoki 1974 "Notes on Keolonahihi from Informant Naluahin. Kamoa Point - Kona: Chiefess Keolonahihi's City of Refuge". Manus. on file at DLNR, Historic Preservation Division. USDI /NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 21 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 9 Page _2 Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Hawaii County. HI name of property county and state ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reinecke, John 1929 "Survey of Hawaiian Sites, 1929-1930". Manus. on file at Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Sinoto, Aki 1977 "Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Kamoa Point, Holualoa Ahupua'a, Hawaii Island." Manus. on file at Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Stokes, John F.G. 1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawaii: A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Yent, Martha 1995 "Preliminary Archaeological Investigations: Keolonahihi State Historical Park (Cultural Site), North Kona, Island of Hawaii." Report prepared for Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section 10 Page _1 Verbal Boundary Description: Holualoa 4 Archaeological District name of property OMB No. 1024-0018 Hawaii County, I county and state Page 22 The Holualoa 4 Archaeological District corresponds to the properties currently owned by the State of Hawai'i and designated for inclusion into Keolonahihi State Historical Park. The boundaries of the Keolonahihi Complex correspond to Tax Map Key 7-7-04: 12, 51, 52 and the boundaries of the Keakeaianiwahine Complex correspond to Tax Map Key 7-7-04: 11 (refer to Map 3). These two complexes are separated by Ali'i Drive and a series of privately -owned parcels along both sides of the roadway. Boundaly Justification: The boundaries were selected to correspond to the intact archaeological complexes associated with the Holualoa royal center. The privately -owned parcels along Ali'i Drive contain modern houses that do not contribute to the archaeological district and do not maintain the historical integrity. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Additional Documentation - Maps and Photographs Page 1 Name of Property: Holualoa 4 Archaeological District County and State: Hawai'i County. HI -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAPS All maps were prepared by Hawai'i State Parks. Page 23 MAP 1 USGS, Kealakekua Quadrangle, Island of Hawai'i with boundaries of Holualoa 4 Archaeological District indicated. MAP 2 Hawai'i Island map showing the location of the Kona Royal Centers, ca. A.D. 1600-1800. MAP 3 Tax Map Key (7-7-04) indicating the parcels that comprise the Keolonahihi Complex, the Keakealaniwahine Complex, and the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. MAP 4 Sites and complexes within the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. MAP 5 Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1300. MAP 6 Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1600. MAP 7 Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1780. MAP 8 Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1890. MAP 9 Keolonahihi Complex within the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. MAP 10 Site Damage from Bulldozing and High Surf at Keolonahihi. MAP 11 Keakealaniwahine Complex within the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTO I 3. Unknown photographer 4. Unknown date; circa 1890 5. Hawai'i State Archives 6. View south of Keolonahihi from Alii Drive and across Holualoa Bay. PHOTO II 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawaii State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View south of Keolonahihi from Alii Drive and across Holualoa Bay. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Additional Documentation - Maps and Photographs Page 2 Name of Property: Holualoa 4 Archaeological District County and State: Hawaii County, HI -------------------------------------------------------------------------- PHOTO III 3. Rebecca Banks 4. September 12, 1950 5. Kaua'i Historical Society 6. East -facing face of basalt slab along wall (Site 4f) of palama enclosure within Keolonahihi Complex. PHOTO IV 3. Rebecca Banks 4. September 12, 1950 5. Kaua'i Historical Society 6. East -facing face of basalt slab along wall (Site 4f) of palama enclosure within Keolonahihi Complex. Page 24 PHOTO V 3. Martha Yent 4. January 11, 1990 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. Aerial view north of Holualoa 4 with Kaumalumalu in foreground, Keolonahihi and Holualoa Bay to north and Keakealaniwahine to east (mauka) of Ali'i Drive. PHOTO VI 3. Martha Yent 4. January 11, 1990 5. Hawaii State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. Aerial view northeast of Holualoa 4 with Kaumalumalu and Keolonahihi in foreground and Keakealaniwahine to east (mauka) of AIN Drive. PHOTO VII 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View south of Site 1 (ahupua'a wall) of Keolonahihi Complex. PHOTO VIII 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View east of Feature 2A (heiau platform) of Site 2 (Kanekaheilani Heiau), Keolonahihi Complex. PHOTO IX 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1987 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View northeast of Hale 'A'ama (Site 3) showing damage from high surf and build-up of basalt and coral beach. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 25 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Additional Documentation - Maps and Photographs Page 3 Name of Property: Holualoa 4 Archaeological District County and State: Hawaii County, HI ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PHOTO X 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View west of Feature 4f (slab with petroglyphs) along west wall of Keolonahihi Heiau (Site 4). PHOTO XI 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawaii State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View east of Feature 6c (Grandstand) of Haleokekupa Heiau (Site 6). PHOTO XII 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1983 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. Pumphouse, Site 13. View west of exterior face of east wall showing the construction style of basalt boulders and concrete. PHOTO XIII 3. Martha Yent 4. April, 1986 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View east of northeast corner of Pakiha enclosure (Site 17) within Keakealaniwahine Complex. PHOTO XIV 3. Martha Yent 4. December 12, 1989 5. Hawai'i State Parks, Honolulu Office 6. View northeast of interior wall face of northeast corner of Pakiha enclosure (Site 17) within the Keakealaniwahine Complex. >I/NPS NRNP Registration Form rtotuatoa 4 Arcnaeotogtcat uistrLct mage �e Puap as Pt Kau ka akaola 4, ` Heiau � I ' IV 'IYS +.y (�U ` 4' `�,�� 1 \1 I , Wa I `1d ailit� i �. \ •�. a ank ✓• �: a 6 `\ � k: 4 .> .\•• \.I7 \ ` �, . �� g Cn. I yrs 0o -M ` Holualoa 4 Archaeological District -�`'° s,;• ° 1 .I �: "°:+t , H ualoa B¢ V W ter =- c� ae r, - �•, i� o Tk,. •�=, -F Kamoa � - - Ju g Te Beach Park (D4appeaZa r WN Ssnd:Beaach Paris MAP 1- USGS, Kealakekua Quadrangle, Island of Hawaii. Reduced scale. •r,. g '� ` ell Ku� � J a Ka lJ,[ a n s=- Kalaau o Kal k "i1't`'- Heous pa oh u Y a Z W to H $ 4t o f � � APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION 1982 Q 1 - 1 1 Plan Golf Cours%: . ` SCALE 1:24000 2 1 112 0 1 MILE ti 1000 0 1000 20DO 3000 4000 5000 8000 7000 FEET 1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER+� CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET % DATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL e MAP 1- USGS, Kealakekua Quadrangle, Island of Hawaii. Reduced scale. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 27 oto MILE ROYAL CENTERS OF KONA '`�' circa A.D. 1600 - 1800 MAP 2 - Royal Centers of Kona, circa A.D. 1600-1800 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 28 MAP 3 - Tax Key Key (7-7-04) showing location of Kaumalumalu Complex, Keolonahihi Complex, and Keakealaniwahine Complex. Keolonahihi and Keakealaniwahine comprise the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Hblualoa 4 Archaeological District flqvKn,lvmlv)l Ca 0 PQN i Page 29 MAP 4 - Sites and complexes within the H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District. z -o Zas O W O � �� C flqvKn,lvmlv)l Ca 0 PQN i Page 29 MAP 4 - Sites and complexes within the H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 30 I ,\ r ��•, { ��. . i N tf\moi firr. , Q O U r,.' t r -r z �x r Page 30 I MAP 5 - Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1300. HEli z i N Q O U Cfj MAP 5 - Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1300. USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District a AM - 0 0 0 FOI a LP 0 0 0 a 000 0 MAP 6 - Keolondhihi Complex, circa A.D. 1600. Page 31 is a AM - 0 0 0 FOI a LP 0 0 0 a 000 0 MAP 6 - Keolondhihi Complex, circa A.D. 1600. Page 31 USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 32 [W� o O o O • C] 000 O Z MAP 7 - Keolonahihi Complex, circa 1780. USDIJNPS NRHP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District O r0 r•+ -i O 0 b 0 000 O MAP 8 - Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1890. LO Page 33 �" trr1rr I' L. 00 O z w O W ` p O r0 r•+ -i O 0 b 0 000 O MAP 8 - Keolonahihi Complex, circa A.D. 1890. LO Page 33 USDIJNPS NRNP Registration Form Holualoa 4 Archaeological District MAP 9 e Keolonahihi Complex within the Holualoa 4 Archaeological District. Page 34 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form Hol ualoa 4 Archaeological District Page 51 Ca q �C Ld t� O v CFO* O#° a w x a q O d 13 z MAP 10 - Site Damage from Bulldozing and High Surf at Keolonahihi 35 USDI/NPS NRNP Registration Form Halua loa 4 Archaeological District W B (D tCD MAP 11 - Keakealaniwahine Complex within the H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District. 36 LJKI W B (D tCD MAP 11 - Keakealaniwahine Complex within the H61ualoa 4 Archaeological District. 36