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PLOS ONE <br />Identifying wastewater management tradeoffs in Kona, Hawai'i <br />A Present I B Future permitted C <br />All ATU upgrade D <br />WWTP upgrade <br />y, - <br />JlulJ • <br />°N, <br />i1 p • <br />'�1�1 mphrypp <br />�Al <br />�� <br />P change (kg/yr) n <br />i <br />-2,412 - -162 <br />WWTP <br />-161 - -10 <br />P (kg/yr) <br />0-9 - -1 <br />E:�]1 - 390 <br />�......�1 - 3 <br />1391 - 1,418 2 1 <br />JM4 - 209 <br />1,419 - 3,363 E-1km <br />W210 - 13,111 <br />E Target low efficiency i F Target high efficiency i G <br />Target low efficiency i H <br />Target high efficiency <br />+ WWTP upgrade i <br />+ WWTP upgrade <br />04 <br />°. <br />♦ <br />ry <br />A <br />IIIIIIryrypp <br />II11p�qg <br />'Ull/Glr <br />l/l//G. <br />Fig 6. Marine water quality. Maps display (A) absolute loads of phosphorus (kg/year) under present conditions and (B-H) <br />change (kg/year)-relative-to present conditions under all scenarios classified by geometrical intervals. <br />htttlusaldolli oir5/15.'1371/yoa jirinaIl.Ipoine.0257125,gOO6 <br />3.4 Tradeoffs <br />While it has been recognized that eliminating nutrient runoff significantly improves water <br />quality and coastal ecosystem health, complete nutrient runoff elimination comes at a cost, <br />often exceeding available funds. Tradeoff analysis can help inform what improvements can be <br />achieved at different costs. Spatially aggregated changes in N, P, marine habitat quality, and <br />present value cost relative to the current scenario are presented in Table 4. As expected, the <br />largest increases in N (164 kg/d) and P (52 kg/d) occurred under the future permitted build <br />out scenario, wherein future development added to the WWTP load and neither the cesspools <br />PLOS ONE I Ihuttlps://doaa.oirg/10.1371/�OLuirirualll,lpoi ne,025712 a September 8, 2021 15 / 26 <br />