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HomeMy WebLinkAboutPD BACKGROUND REPORT (PL-SPP-2021-000004) BLT.SPP-2021-000004.jma 11-24-21 COUNTY OF HAWAI`I PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT LILI`UOKALANI TRUST SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SPP-2021-000004) LILI`UOKALANI TRUST has submitted an application for a Special Permit to establish a cultural academy and retreat facility within an existing ranch house and barn and related improvements, including overnight accommodations,programmed activities and special events on 5.362 acres of land situated with the State Land Use Agricultural District. The subject property is located at 64-5122 Pu`u Manu Place, approximately 1,560 feet from its intersection with Mamalahoa Highway, Pu`ukapu Homesteads, 2nd series, Waimea, Hawaii, TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095. APPLICANT'S REQUEST 1. Request: The applicant is requesting a Special Permit to establish a cultural academy and retreat facility, called LT Ranch. The proposed use will occur throughout the subject property, including within an existing 3,476-square foot, 4 bedroom, 3.5 bathroom ranch house and an existing 2,700-square foot barn. LT Ranch will offer small group sessions for four to eight participants at a time. Two to four staff members will also be on site, including at least two staff members during any overnight stay. Activities are estimated to range from half-day sessions to three-week overnight retreats, depending on the program. Program hours are anticipated to be from 7:00 AM until 8:00 PM. Day programs would end earlier at 5:00 PM. Quiet hours for any overnight stays will be from 8:00 PM until 7:00 AM. Capacity is limited to eight students regardless of session duration. The applicant will use the existing two-story ranch house to board the participants during overnight stays and provide staff office and workspace. The existing barn will include maker spaces, a workshop, and other support spaces for storage and equipment for cultural, art, and agricultural activities including ceramics, woodworking, crafting, and leather making. The applicant also intends to add sleeping accommodations for visiting staff in the barn. The remaining site will remain open with fenced pastures, a riding ring, a horse barn, goat barn, and pig pen. Fruit trees and lei plants will also be planted and nurtured to support the hands-on activities. The applicant recognizes the need for a Change of Use Building Permit for both the existing ranch house and barn. Accordingly, the applicant will work with the Department of Public Works to ensure all code requirements are met and necessary upgrades are completed, with the goal of commencing operations in January 2022. 2. Objectives: According to the applicant, LT Ranch will provide a safe and nurturing environment for youth and their families to connect with nature, explore their potential, and reconnect with their culture. Core to the LT Ranch programming will be providing experiential activities focused on strengthening connections to self, `aina, others, and Queen Lili`uokalani. Through nature-based programming connecting youth to animals, the land, and creative expression through arts, youth will better understand their inherent potential and mana. Embraced within this healing environment, youth will engage in activities that increase their confidence, identity, and skills to self-determine their possible futures. 3. Employees: Two to four staff members will be on site, including at least two staff members during any overnight stay. 4. Parking: On-site parking is available for the staff and students of the facility. Additionally, the applicant intends to offer transportation to and from the property via shuttles. 5. Supportive Information: A Special Permit is required to establish a cultural academy and retreat facility in the State Land Use Agricultural District. The applicant, who is the listed owner, submitted the attached in support of the request: (Planning Department Exhibit 1 - Special Permit Application dated September 2021) DESCRIPTION OF STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 6. State Land Use District: Agricultural. 7. County Zoning: Agricultural-5 acre (A-5a). 8. General Plan LUPAG MAP: Important Agricultural Lands. 9. South Kohala CDP: The SKCDP was adopted by Ordinance No. 08 159 on December 1, 2008. The subject property is located in an area designated for the "Small Farms and Ranches Preservation Program." According to the SKCDP, the small farm and ranch lots in East Waimea are visually important to maintain the rural and paniolo character of -2- Waimea. 10. Special Management Area (SMA): The Special Management Area is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program and regulated by the County. The property is not located within the Special Management Area and does not front the shoreline. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREAS 11. Subject Property: The property is rectangular in shape. Pu`u Manu Place runs along the west side of the property within a shared access and utility easement. Elevations across the property range from approximately 2,877 feet to 2,952 feet above mean sea level. The northwestern portion of the property, which contains a portion of Pu`u Maile, features the steepest slopes at thirty (30)percent. The central portion of the property features the gentlest slopes at one (1) percent. The property contains animal pens, a round pen riding ring, fenced pastures and numerous trees and landscaping. There is an existing dwelling and existing barn on the north side of the subject property. The existing dwelling was permitted in 1980 under building permit number 800098. The existing barn was permitted in 2004 under building permit number B2004-0117K. 12. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Surrounding areas to the north, south, and west of the property are zoned A-5a. Properties to the east are zoned A-40a. Private residences are located to the north, south, and east of the property. The nearest adjacent dwelling is located approximately 125 feet to the north of the subject property and two other dwellings are located approximately 215 feet to the south and southwest of the subject property. Undeveloped agricultural land is located to the west. 13. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System: Soil within the property is classified as "C" or"Fair"for agricultural productivity. 14. Soil Survey: Soil is Kikoni medial series, consisting of both silt loams and very fine sandy loams, with between 0 to 12 percent slopes. 15. ALISH: Classified as Prime Agricultural Land. 16. Flora/Fauna Resources: The property has been developed with a dwelling and agricultural structures. There are existing stands of trees along the north and east sides of the property and around the existing dwelling and barn. Landscaping around the dwelling and barn includes a mix of large tree species, fruit trees, herbs, ornamentals, as well as a -3- manicured lawn area. Various mature pine species dot the lawn and line the paved driveway along with other foliage including monstera, as well as several varieties of ginger and palms. Plants surrounding the barn include money tree, various citrus, trees, avocado, hibiscus, lily of the Nile, and other weedy ground covers. Trees near the ranch house include a mixture of mature pine species, a row of paperbark trees,podocarpus, royal palms, and small stands of guava, in addition to various palm trees, monstera, asparagus ferns and sword ferns. According to the applicants, the likelihood of any rare or endangered species, habitat or flora on the property is remote. According to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) the Hawaiian Hawk, State listed Blackburn's Sphinx Moth, State listed Hawaiian Goose (Nene) and State listed Hawaiian Hoary Bat may occur in the project vicinity. DOFAW also provided recommendations to mitigate impacts on these species. 17. Cultural and Archeological Resources: An Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) was conducted for the property by ASM Affiliates (ASM)in June 2021. As a result of the fieldwork, no historic properties of any kind were identified within the property. Additionally, the applicant states that there are no specific valued historical resources currently present within the property. The survey does identify several traditional cultural practices that formerly took place in the general vicinity of the property and eight natural resources. According to the survey, Pu`u Maile lies in the northeastern corner of the project area and Pu`u Manu lies just south of the project area. Pu`u have been recognized as areas of importance in the Kohala region for hundreds of years "as they were not only a part of the cultural landscape but were used as landmarks spanning from historic events that occurred to personal connections."Past cultural practices identified in the survey were bird hunting, agriculture, and ranching. Prior to ranching and the deforestation of the area, native birds were commonly harvested for subsistence and artistic purposes, particularly to create royal insignia with feathers. The report concludes that the proposed action would have no direct impacts on the practice of bird hunting or traditional agricultural practices or associated agricultural features. No impacts are anticipated to Pu`u Maile as the current proposed action does not include construction at the pu`u. The applicant has stated that they will also incorporate cultural and historical education into -4- the activities with the `opio and planting of native plants. 18. Public Access: There is no public access to any shoreline or mountain areas as well as none being used on the property. 19. Flood Zone: The property is situated within an area designated as Flood Zone X and Zone AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)by FEMA. Zone X is an area of minimal flood hazard located outside the 500-year flood plain. Zone AO is the special flood hazard area that corresponds to the areas of one-hundred-year shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain)where average depths are between one and three feet. Average whole-foot depths derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses have been determined within this zone. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 20. Access: Access to the property is via Pu`u Manu Place, a private roadway located within an access and utility easement on the western side of the property and connects to Highway 19. Pu`u Manu Place is a paved 14-foot-wide private road that provides two- way traffic within the existing 50-foot-wide access and utility easement that runs across all the parcels in the subdivision. No known public trails traverse the property. However, the access easement connects to a pedestrian easement to the south of the subdivision. 21. Traffic: According to the applicant, little to no traffic occurs on Pu`u Manu Place. Pu`u Manu place is a private road lined with large agricultural parcels with farmhouses, barns, pastures or similar facilities and surrounded by other agricultural land. Pu`u Manu Place serves only the eight parcels created in the 1978 subdivision of the original Lot 100 of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads Second Series plat map. Traffic is anticipated to slightly increase on the beginning and ending days of each session, during arrivals and departures. The applicant will offer transportation to and from the property via shuttles, reducing traffic impacts. Two to four onsite staff members will be arriving and departing the property daily during their shifts and providing transportation for the students via shuttles should there be any offsite activities. 22. Water: The applicant indicates they have an existing 1-inch water meter providing service to the property, but according to DWS" memo dated October 27, 2021, the property is currently serviced by a 5/8-inch water meter, which is limited to an average -5- daily usage of 400 gallons. The applicant has provided water calculations, dated November 15, 2021, showing that the proposed use will result in 1,040 GPD of total domestic daily use. DWS has reviewed the water calculations and provided comments, dated December 2, 2021, stating that the calculated water demand will require three (3) water units. There is one existing water unit, and according to DWS, water can be made available for the two additional water units by either upgrading the existing service lateral or by adding a new meter. The applicant will need to establish a water commitment for each of the two additional water units as required by DWS. Additionally, a reduced pressure type backflow prevention assembly will need to be installed within five (5)feet of the existing or any new water meters on the property. Additionally, the DWS stated that the existing waterline within Pu`u Manu Place is inadequate to provide 2,000 GPM of flow for fire protection, as required per DWS standards for the proposed use. The applicant will need to contact the Fire Department to determine any other fire protection requirements or alternatives. 23. Wastewater System: Wastewater generated by the existing dwelling is presently disposed of into an existing cesspool. The Department of Health (DOH) stated, in their comments letter dated October 19, 2021, that the existing wastewater system is inadequate for the proposed project. The applicant will close the existing cesspool and replace it with a new septic system meeting DOH requirements. 24. Police and Fire Services: Police and fire facilities are available nearby in Waimea. 25. Utilities: Electrical and telephone services are available to the property. AGENCIES' COMMENTS 26. Department of Water Supply: (Planning Department Exhibit 2 — October 27, 2021 Letter and December 2, 2021 Email) 27. Department of Public Works—Engineering Division: (Planning Department Exhibit 3 —October 13,2021 Memo) 28. Department of Environmental Management: (Planning Department Exhibit 4— October 22,2021 Memo) 29. Fire Department: (Planning Department Exhibit 5 —October 20, 2021 Memo) 30. Pu`u Mann Homeowners Association: (Planning Department Exhibit 6—November -6- 10, 2021 Letter) 31. US Fish and Wildlife Service: (Planning Department Exhibit 7 —October 19, 2021 Letter) 32. State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife: (Planning Department Exhibit 8—November 10,2021 Memo) 33. Department of Health: (Planning Department Exhibit 9—October 19,2021 Memo) AGENCY RESPONSES WITH NO COMMENTS OR CONCERNS 34. State Department of Land and Natural Resources- Land and Engineering Divisions, Police Department. AGENCIES-NO RESPONSE 35. State Office of Planning, Real Property Tax Office, Department of Public Works— Building Division, State Land Use Commission, State Department of Agriculture. APPLICANT RESPONSE TO AGENCIES' COMMENTS 36. Letter from Kyle T.Y. Cheng,Engineer, to Department of Water Supply,including Water Calculations for the Proposed Use: (Planning Department Exhibit 10— November 15,2021 Letter) 37. Letters from PBR Hawaii&Associates,Inc., in response to Agency Comments: (Planning Department Exhibit 11 —December 1, 2021 Letters) PUBLIC COMMENTS 38. As of the date of this writing, the Planning Department has not received any objections from the general public or adjacent landowners. -7- II�+x.'a�uF, iL.T RANCH L1* 111* "uokalani rus LT Ranch COUNTY OF HAWAI`I SPECIAL PERMITAPPLICATION TM- -K (3) 6-4-018 : 095 PREPARED BY: PBR IAWAII &AS500ATES, INC. SEPTEMBER 2021 SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT APPLICANT: Lili'uokalani Trust f APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: DATE: ADDRESS: 1100 Alakea Street Suite 1100, Honolulu, HI 96813 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER:The Applicant is the owner. TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808) 203-61SO (Fax) (808) 203-6198 REQUEST: Proposed cultural academy and retreat within existing ranch house and barn and related improvements, including overnight accommodations and programmed activities and special events. TAX MAP KEY: (3) 6-4-018:095 SITE ADDRESS: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, HI 96743 ZONING:A-5a; State Agricultural Land Use District, minimum 5-acre lots AREA OF PROPERTY/AREA OF REQUESTED USE:Total area of the property is 5.362 acres.The entire parcel is requested for the proposed use. LANDOWNER: Lili'uokalani Trust f LANDOWNER'S SIGNATURE: DATE: �'fl btu LANDOWNER'S ADDRESS: 1100 Alakea Street Suite 1100, Honolulu, HI 96813 LANDOWNER'S EMAIL: aarakawa@onipaa.org AGENT: PBR HAWAII& Associates, Inc. ADDRESS: 1001 Bishop Street, Suite 650, Honolulu, HI 96813 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808) S21-5631 (Fax) (808)523-1402 EMAIL: kyuen@pbrhawaii.com Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent to: ORIGINAL: Mr. Sherman Wong, Lili'uokalani Trust, 1100 Alakea Street Suite 1100, Honolulu, HI 96813 COPIES: Ms. Kimi Yuen, PBR HAWAII, 1001 Bishop Street Suite 650, Honolulu, HI 96813 LILI`UOKALANI TRUST LT RANCH SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FILING FEE............................................................................................................ 1 2. SIGNED COPIES OF APPLICATION...................................................................... 1 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION........................................................................... 1 A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED USE, A STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND REASONS FOR REQUEST, PROPOSED HOURS OF OPERATION, AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES/CLIENTELE....................................................................................................... 1 B. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT PROPERTY IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO PRECISELY LOCATE THE PROPERTY. DESCRIBE EXISITING USES, STRUCTURES, AND TOPOGRAPHY. IF PORTION OF THE PROPERTY TO BE USED, STATE USE OF REMAINDER OF PROPERTY...................... 2 Locationof the Property.......................................................................................................... 2 Existing Uses and Structures.................................................................................................... 2 Topography .............................................................................................................................. 3 Soils .......................................................................................................................................... 3 C. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS AFFECTING THE SUBJECT REQUEST....................................... 4 StateLand Use District............................................................................................................. 4 GeneralPlan............................................................................................................................. 4 Special Management Area ....................................................................................................... 4 South Kohala Community Development Plan.......................................................................... 5 Zoning....................................................................................................................................... 5 D. SURROUNDING ZONING AND LAND USES.......................................................................... 5 E. FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM) DESIGNATION........................................................ 6 F. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 6 G. FLORAL AND FAUNAL RESOURCES...................................................................................... 6 H. VALUED CULTURAL RESOURCES......................................................................................... 7 I. PUBLIC ACCESS.................................................................................................................... 8 J. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS TO THE AREA.............................................................................. 8 K. TRAFFIC IMPACTS ............................................................................................................... 8 L. AVAILABILITY OF UTILITIES.................................................................................................. 9 i imp- 4. SPECIAL PERMIT CRITERIA ................................................................................ 11 A. PROPOSED USE PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS AND OBJECTIVES OF HRS CHAPTER 205, AS AMENDED, AND IS NOT CONTRARY TO HRS CHAPTER 205A........................................... 11 B. THE DESIRED USE SHALL NOT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE SURROUNDING PROPERTIES..... 11 C. USE SHALL NOT UNREASONABLY BURDEN PUBLIC AGENCIES......................................... 11 D. UNUSUAL CONDITIONS, TRENDS, AND NEEDS HAVE ARISEN SINCE THE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES AND REGULATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED ................................................... 12 E. LAND SUITABILITY FOR PERMITTED USE WITHIN THE DISTRICT...................................... 12 F. USE WILL NOT SUBSTANTIALLY ALTER OR CHANGE THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTER OF THE LAND AND THE PRESENT USE ........................................................................................... 13 G. USE WILL NOT BE CONTRARY TO THE GOALS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS OF THE GENERAL PLAN OR SOUTH KOHALA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN ....................................... 13 H. THE PROPOSED USE IS AN UNUSUAL AND REASONABLE USE OF LAND, WHICH WOULD NOT BE CONTRARY TO THE OBJECTIVES TO BE SOUGHT BY THE LAND USE LAW AND REGULATIONS, WHICH, FOR THE AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DISTRICTS, SEEKS TO PRESERVE OR KEEP LANDS OF HIGH AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN AGRICULTURAL USE .................................................................................................................................. 13 5. ORIGINAL SCALE-DRAWN PLOT PLAN ............................................................. 14 6. SURROUNDING PROPERTY RECEIVING NOTICE............................................... 14 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 15 ii APPENDICES Appendix A: Archaeological Assessment Appendix B: Ka Pa'okai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis Report Appendix C: Surrounding Properties Notice List Appendix D: Figures LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Site Plan Figure 2: Regional Location Map Figure 3: Tax Map Figure 4: Aerial Photograph Figure 5: Existing and Proposed Ranch House Lower Floor Plan Figure 6: Existing and Proposed Ranch House Upper Floor Plan Figure 7: Existing and Proposed Barn Lower Floor Plan Figure 8: Existing and Proposed Barn Upper Floor Plan Figure 9: Topography Figure 10: NRCS Soils Map Figure 11: State Land Use Districts Figure 12: Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Figure 13: South Kohala Community Development Plan Waimea Town Conceptual Plan Figure 14: Hawai'i County Zoning Figure 15: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map Figure 16: Flora and Fauna Figure 17: Accessways and Roadways Figure 18: Map of Surrounding Properties Required to Receive Notice iii [PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] iv LILI`UOKALANI TRUST LT RANCH SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION TMK: (3) 6-4-018: 095 1. FILING FEE A filing fee of$500 payable to the County of Hawai'i (County) Director of Finance is included with this application. 2. SIGNED COPIES OF APPLICATION The signed application with attachments is included in the application package. We understand the County is requiring the electronic version be uploaded to their Electronic Processing and Information Center (EPIC) and no hard copies need to be submitted. 3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED USE, A STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND REASONS FOR REQUEST, PROPOSED HOURS OF OPERATION, AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES/CLIENTELE According to statistics from the 2021 Ka Huaka'i, many native Hawaiian 'opio (youth) face a multitude of economic, social, familial, and educational disadvantages. For example; economically, 16 percent of Native Hawaiian school-age children (5-17 years old) are in poverty and only 50 percent of Native Hawaiian households with school-age children earn a livable income. (Kana'iaupuni, Kekahio, Ka'eo, & Ledward, 2021). With Queen Lili'uokalani as their guiding star, Lili'uokalani Trust (LT) recognizes the need to reverse this trend by providing hands- on interactive cultural, artistic, and educational opportunities for these kamali'i to explore their inherent potential. Researchers have identified key components that best support overall wellbeing for youth include relationship with nature, connectedness, comfort and safety (Allock, 2019). The benefits of offering children access to green spaces include improved mental wellbeing, overall health, and improved cognitive development (McCormick, 2017). LT is therefore seeking a Special Permit to establish a cultural academy and retreat called LT Ranch. Situated in a quiet, rustic area in Waimea on the island of Hawai'i, LT Ranch provides a safe and nurturing environment for youth and their families to connect with nature, explore their potential, and reconnect with their culture. As a part of LT's continuum of services, LT Ranch will offer small group sessions for four to eight participants at a time. Two to four staff members will also be on site, including at least two staff members during any overnight stay. Activities are estimated to range from half-day sessions to three-week overnight retreats, depending on the program. Program hours are anticipated to be from 7:00 AM until 8:00 PM. Day programs would end earlier at 5:00 PM. Quiet hours for any overnight stays will be from 8:00 PM until 7:00 AM. Core to the LT Ranch programming will be providing experiential activities focused on strengthening connections to self, 'aina, others, and Queen Lili'uokalani. Through nature-based programming connecting youth to animals,the land, and creative expression through arts, youth will better understand their inherent potential and mana. Embraced within this healing 1 environment, youth will engage in activities that increase their confidence, identity, and skills to self-determine their possible futures. LT will use the existing two-story ranch house to board the participants during overnight stays and provide staff office and workspace. The existing barn will include maker spaces, a workshop, and other support spaces for storage and equipment for cultural, art, and agricultural activities including ceramics, woodworking, crafting, and leathermaking. LT also intends to add sleeping accommodations for visiting staff in the barn. The remaining site will remain open with fenced pastures, a riding ring, a horse barn, goat barn, and pig pen. Fruit trees and lei plants will also be planted and nurtured to support the hands-on activities. A site plan is provided in Figure 1. Access to the site will remain via the existing driveway off Pu'u Manu Place, which in turn connects to Mamalahoa Highway to the north (see Figure 2). LT recognizes the need for a Change in Use Building Permit for both the existing ranch house and barn. The LT design team will work with the County Department of Public Works to ensure all requirements are met and necessary upgrades are completed. LT is targeting a program start date of January 2022. B. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT PROPERTY IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO PRECISELY LOCATE THE PROPERTY. DESCRIBE EXISITING USES, STRUCTURES, AND TOPOGRAPHY. IF PORTION OF THE PROPERTY TO BE USED, STATE USE OF REMAINDER OF PROPERTY. Location of the Property The property is located at 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, bounded on all sides by agriculturally zoned parcels. Pu'u Manu Place runs along the west side of the property within a shared access and utility easement. The property is identified as Tax Map Key (TMK) 6-4-018:095 and is approximately 5.362 acres (Figure 3).The entire parcel will be used for the cultural academy and retreat and is the subject area of this Special Permit Application. An aerial is provided in Figure 4. Existing Uses and Structures Figures 5 through 8 show floor plans for the ranch house and barn. Existing elements are labeled with text starting with "(E)" and proposed changes are indicated with labels "(N)". The existing site has a two-story ranch house nestled on the lower southwestern slope of Pu'u Maile, with two elevated lanais, a patio, and garage. The house contains 3 bedrooms, a family room, laundry area, and 2 bathrooms on the lower floor. The upper floor has a master bedroom and bathroom, small office and half bathroom that will be used for staff, and an open floor plan connecting the main entry with the living room, media area, and dining space. There is also a large kitchen on the upper floor where 'opio will cook locally sourced meat and vegetables from the garden each day. The living rooms located on both floors will be used as a gathering space to read, write, utilize technology devices, and debrief in the evening. The plans for the existing house also show which bathrooms will meet the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) design requirements and the addition of a covered ADA ramp at the main entry. Floor plans of the existing and renovated ranch house are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The existing barn includes 2,700 SF of space that will be renovated into the maker spaces and other program spaces.The new sleeping quarters for visiting staff will be in the barn's mezzanine 2 or upper level. Floor plans of the existing and renovated barn are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. In addition, the property contains animal pens, a round pen riding ring, fenced pastures, and numerous trees and landscaping dotting the site (Figure 1). Topography Elevations across the property range from approximately 2,877 feet to 2,952 feet above mean sea level. The northwestern portion of the project site containing Pu'u Maile features the steepest slopes at 30 percent. Surrounding topography to the south and southwest exhibit a relatively flat ground surface. The central portion of the property features the gentlest slopes at one percent.The two-story house is situated near the highest elevation at 2,915 feet above mean sea level. The topographic survey is provided in Figure 9. Soils The U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Services (NRCS) Soil Survey for the Island of Hawai'i classifies the soil on the property as Kikoni medial very fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, Kikoni medial silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, and Honokaa highly organic hydrous silty clay loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes (Figure 10). The Kikoni soil series is characterized by deep, well drained soils that formed in basic volcanic ash overlying 'a'a lava. Runoff is slow and permeability is moderately rapid. The mean annual rainfall is about 40 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 65 degrees F. Kikoni soils are used mainly for pasture. The Honokaa soil series is characterized by deep, well drained soils that formed in basic volcanic ash. Runoff is low to high and permeability is rapid. The mean annual rainfall is about 125 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 66 degrees F. Honokaa soils are used for tree plantations and pasture (NRCS, 1973). Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawai'i The State of Hawai'i Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawai'i (ALISH) system rates agricultural land as "Prime," "Unique," or "Other." The entire property is classified as Prime. Prime land is best suited for the the production of food, feed, forage and fiber crops.The land has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to produce sustained high yields of crops economically when treated and managed, including water management, according to modern farming methods (State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture, 2008). The proposed cultural academy and retreat is consistent with this designation as the Applicant proposes no new development, and activities with the 'opio will focus on caring for the animals, nurturing the land, and nature-based experiences. Fruit trees, vegetables, and lei plants will also be planted to support the hands-on activities. Land Study Bureau Detailed Land Classification The Land Study Bureau (LSB) of the University of Hawai'i produced the Detailed Agricultural Land Productivity Ratings for non-urbanized lands on the islands of Hawai'i, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, O'ahu, and Kaua'i from 1965 through 1972. The LSB classification system groups land into homogenous units called Land Types, describes their condition and environment, delineates the areas on aerial photo base maps, rates the lands on their overall quality(productivity) in relation to other lands, and appraises their performance under selected alternative agricultural crops. 3 This series of reports were produced with the intention of developing a land inventory and productivity evaluation based on statewide "standards"of crop yields and levels of management. It uses a five-class productivity rating system, which indicates the degree of overall suitability of the land for agricultural use, using the letters A, B, C, D, and E, where A represents the highest class of productivity and E represents the lowest class of productivity (State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture, 1956).The soils of the property are classified as LSB ranking B. Similar to the ALISH, the proposed cultural academy and retreat is consistent with this designation as the Applicant proposes no new development, and activities with 'opio will focus on caring for the animals, nurturing the land, and nature-based experiences. Fruit trees, vegetables, and lei plants will also be planted to support the hands-on activities. Impacts on soil productivity are not expected. C. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS AFFECTING THE SUBJECT REQUEST The proposed Special Permit is consistent with and implements applicable State and County plans and land use policies as discussed below. State Land Use District As shown in Figure 11, the property is located within the State Land Use Agricultural District as established in Hawai'i Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 205. The proposed cultural academy and retreat is consistent with the Agricultural District as the program fits well into the existing ranch house, barn, and pastures and will help reconnect'opio to nature and teach them about the rural agricultural lifestyle while nurturing their spirit and minds through hands-on experiences. It also meets the criteria for a Special Permit as discussed in more detail in Section 4 below. General Plan The County's General Plan (GP) is the long-range policy document for development on the island of Hawaii. It was adopted by ordinance in November 2008. The County is currently working on an update of the GP but the property's current designation on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) is Important Agricultural Land (ial) (Figure 12).The land use patterns are designed to be "broad" and "flexible," and "intended to guide the direction and quality of future development in a coordinated and rational matter" (County of Hawai'i, Planning Department, 2005). The Important Agricultural Land designation is one of three agricultural designations in the LUPAG in addition to Orchard and Extensive Agriculture and represents lands "with better potential for sustained high agricultural yields because of soil type, climate,topography, or other factors" (County of Hawai'i, Planning Department, 2005). The proposed cultural academy and retreat is consistent with this designation as the Applicant proposes to maintain and use the existing facilities for the academy and retreat and help the 'opio build relationships with nature and focus on healing through the serenity that the property already offers. No new development is proposed at the property. Special Management Area The property is not within the Special Management Area (SMA). 4 South Kohala Community Development Plan The property is within the South Kohala Community Development Plan (SKCDP) planning area and is located within the Waimea Town Boundary. Figure 13 shows the property is within the "Small Farms & Ranches Preservation Program" designation and Pu'u Maile is identified on the SKCDP Waimea Town Conceptual Plan.According to the SKCDP, "preservation of Waimea's sense of place shall be the principal, overarching land use policy for Waimea. This policy shall be implemented through measures for responsible growth, and through the preservation and protection of important lands and resources, including important cultural and historic sites and structures, important agricultural lands, and visually and environmentally important open space areas in Waimea Town." Per the SKCDP, "preserving Waimea's close relationship with nature is critical to preserving its 'sense of place"' and the "small farm lots and ranch lots in East Waimea" are "of great importance to the rural and paniolo character of Waimea." (County of Hawai'i, Planning Department, 2008). In addition, the SKCDP identifies the protection of the pu'u of Waimea as a key strategy to preserving Waimea's sense of place. Quoting directly from the SKCDP: The green pu'u above Waimea Town have great cultural, historical, and visual importance for the community. Together with the grand views of Mauna Kea to the southeast of the town, the pu'u define the special landscape "sense of place" of Waimea. Efforts to protect the pu'u should be centered on keeping the pu'u and surrounding areas in agricultural use (grazing) and conservation use. Many of the pu'u have deep cultural importance for Native Hawaiians, and they are important areas for Native Hawaiians to pursue traditional cultural practices. Allowing access to the pu'u is important for these traditional cultural practices. The pu'u also play an important role in the natural systems of the watershed. (County of Hawai'i, Planning Department, 2008) The proposed LT Ranch is consistent with the vision for Waimea Town and strong sense of place as LT will be maintaining the existing ranch house, farm and barn structures, and the open space as pasture. No new construction is proposed on Pu'u Maile and the proposed cultural academy and retreat will provide hands-on activities, which connect 'opio to nature and the land, consistent with the SKCDP vision of preserving the small farms and ranches in Waimea. Zoning The property is currently located in the County of Hawaii A-5a Agricultural zoning district (Figure 14). LT is seeking a Special Permit for the proposed cultural academy and retreat, which is like other uses permitted in the A-5a district with a Special Permit as it will provide social, educational, cultural, and recreational activities and will not be operated for financial gain. It will be compatible in scale and feel with the surrounding community as LT will keep the existing ranch house, barn, and pastures to host these activities, along with a few other accessory structures such as the horse and pig pens, a riding ring, and storage/workspaces. D. SURROUNDING ZONING AND LAND USES Surrounding areas to the north, south, and west of the property are zoned A-5a. Zone A-40a borders the property to the east (see Figure 14). Private residences are located to the north, 5 south, and east of the property. Undeveloped agricultural land is located to the west. The property is approximately three miles east of Waimea Town. E. FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM) DESIGNATION The property is designated as Zones X and AO in the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). See Figure 15. Zone AO covers the most of the western half of the parcel,with the exception of two small areas in the northwest and southwest corners. Zone X covers the remaining area within the parcel. Zone AO describes the special flood hazard areas subject to a one percent chance of shallow flooding each year, usually in the form of sheet flow. The Zone AO areas on the property are anticipated to have an average flood depth of one foot. Zone X describes the areas of minimal flood hazard and outside of the 500-year floodplain (FEMA, 2021). This zone covers the lands to the east where the pu'u and elevation rises. F. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES An Archaeological Inventory Survey(AIS) was conducted for the property by ASM Affiliates(ASM) in June 2021.As a result of the fieldwork, no historic properties of any kind were identified within the property. The study is intended to inform that application process and has been undertaken in accordance with Hawai'i Administrative Rules (HAR) 13§13-284 and complies with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR 13§13- 276. Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR SHPD) and the County of Hawai'i Planning Department. According to HAR 13§13-284-5(b)(5)(A), when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment (AA). The AA is attached as Appendix A and concludes that implementation of the activities associated with this Special Permit application will have no effect on any historic properties and recommends that no further work be conducted prior to or during the implementation of the activities associated with the Special Permit application (Kepa'a & Brandt, 2021). G. FLORAL AND FAUNAL RESOURCES Per the AA and topographic survey, much of the ground surface of the project area, except for the northeastern corner of the project area that includes a portion of Pu'u Maile, appears to have been previously mechanically altered, most likely to create pasture for livestock grazing. This prior disturbance is most evident in the fairly uniform, manicured ground surface and sparse vegetative pattern largely dominated by introduced species. Ground cover consists predominantly of various pasture grasses such as kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and honohono(wandering Jew; Commelina diffusa) interspersed with white clover(Trifolium repens), narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolate), fireweed (Senecio madagascoriensis), and patches of nasturtiums (Tropoeolum rnajus), thimbleberry (Rubus sp.), and various other ground cover species. This vegetation pattern transitions to dense growth of ornamental ginger (Hedychium 6 r sp.) and ferns in the northeastern portion of the project area on the slopes of Pu'u Maile. Landscaping around the ranch house and barn includes a mix of large tree species, fruit trees, herbs, ornamentals, as well as a manicured lawn area. Various mature pine species dot the lawn and line the paved driveway along with other foliage including monstera (Monstera deliciosa), as well as several varieties of ginger (Hedychium sp.) and palms. Plants observed in the area surrounding the barn include money tree (Dracaena marginata), various citrus (Citrus sp.),trees, avocado (Persea americans), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.) lily of the Nile (Agopanthus praecox), and other weedy ground covers.Trees near the ranch house include a mixture of mature pine species, a row of paperbark trees (Melaleuca guinguenervia), podocarpus, royal palms, and small stands of strawberry guava (waiawi, Psidium cattleianum) and guava (kuawa, Psidium guajava), in addition to various palm trees, monstera, asparagus ferns (Asparagus densiflorus) and sword ferns (Nephrolepis sp.) (Kepa'a & Brandt, 2021). There are no critical habitats for federally listed and protected species on or near the property. The closest unit is over 2.5 miles northwest of the property and is identified as Q37C for the Phyllostegia warshoueri plant. There are also no federally inventoried wetlands in or near the property. See Figure 16. While not known to be onsite, the endangered 'ope'ape'a, or Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), is found throughout the island of Hawai'i and are likely to be in the general area. To mitigate potential impacts to the 'ope'ape'a, any tree trimming, removal, or disturbance of woody plants taller than 15 feet will be avoided during the pupping season, which runs approximately from June 1 through September 15. H. VALUED CULTURAL RESOURCES According to the County of Hawai'i's South Kohala Community Development Plan (SKCDP), a key land use strategy for Waimea Town includes the protection of important cultural and historic sites, structures, and landscapes. Quoting directly from the SKCDP: Waimea Town has a wealth of cultural and historic resources, from pre-contact Hawaiian culture, from the heyday of the paniolo era, and from more recent times...Many of these sites, structures, and landscapes should be protected and preserved as important elements of Waimea's heritage and sense of place. The 'Waimea Concept Plan' graphic [see Figure 13] identifies only a few of these important resources: the Waimea Field System to the west of the Lalamilo Farm Lots, the Pukalani Complex, including the Break Pen, Carriage Barn, Pukalani Stables, Blacksmith Shop, and Pu'u Hihale Corral near the Parker Ranch Headquarters. These identified sites are not meant to be "officially protected" sites, but are identified as important examples of Waimea's history. There are many other important historical properties, including the Anna Ranch, the churches of "Church Row," the old Lindsey house, and the Parker Ranch houses at Puopelu, to name a few. Overall, Waimea nees to establish an official "historic district," at the state and/or federal level, to preserve and protect its cultural and historic heritage. A Waimea historic district could honor Hawaiian culture, paniolo traditions, agriculture, and natural resources. (County of Hawai'i, Planning Department, 2008) Per the Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis (Ka Pa'akai) report (Appendix B) completed by ASM, there are no specific valued historical resources currently present within the property. However several traditional cultural practices that formerly took place in the general vicinity of the property and 7 natural resources were identified. Pu'u Maile lies in the northeastern corner of the project area, and Pu'u Manu lies just south of the project area. Pu'u have been recognized as areas of importance in the Kohala region for hundreds of years"as they were not only a part of the cultural landscape but were used as landmarks spanning from historic events that occurred to personal connections." Past cultural practices identified in the Ka Pa'akai report were bird hunting, agriculture, and ranching. Prior to ranching and the deforestation of the area, native birds were commonly harvested for subsistence and artistic purposes, particularly to create royal insignia with feathers. Agricultural practices including the growing of cabbage,tomatoes, beans, and Irish potatoes were common in the area and used to replenish cargo ships at Kawaiahe Harbor, and crops such as banana and sugarcane were cultivated by native residents. Ranching practices mainly consist of cattle ranching, which was introduced after the establishment of Parker Ranch during the 1830s and is now a major industry in Waimea. ASM concludes that the proposed action would have no direct impacts on the practice of bird hunting or traditional agricultural practices or associated agricultural features. No impacts are anticipated to Pu'u Maile as the current proposed action does not include construction at the pu'u (Brandt & Ishihara, 2021). LT will also incorporate cultural and historical education and into the activities with the 'opio and planting of native plants. I. PUBLIC ACCESS Access to the property is via Pu'u Manu Place, a private roadway located within an access and utility easement on the western side of the property and connects to Highway 19. No known public trails traverse the property. However, the access easement connects to a pedestrian easement to the south of the subdivision.The property is not located near shoreline or mountain areas but a portion of Pu'u Maile is on the northeastern corner of the property. J. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS TO THE AREA The property is accessed by Pu'u Manu Place, a paved 14-foot-wide private road within the existing 50-foot-wide access and utility easement that runs across all the parcels in the subdivision. Pu'u Manu Place connects to Mamalahoa Highway(Highway 19), which connects the area to Waimea Town and areas east and west on the island. Figure 17 shows photographs of the access to the property from Mamalahoa Highway and Pu'u Manu Place. According to the original 1978 subdivision map, Pu'u Manu Place used to connect to Mana Road to the south, but that portion of Mana Road is closed, and Mana Road currently turns south just west of its former intersection with Pu'u Manu Place (Brandt & Ishihara, 2021). There is a narrow pedestrian easement that connects the southern end of Pu'u Manu Place with the former alignment of Mana Road across TMK parcel 6-4-018:057 (see Figure 3). K. TRAFFIC IMPACTS Existing Roadway System: The property is located along Pu'u Manu Place, a paved private road that runs roughly north south and only provides access to the eight parcels part of the original 1978 subdivision. Pu'u Manu Place provides two-way traffic that begins in the north with its 8 intersection at Mamalahoa Highway and dead ends at the northern border of TMK parcel 6-4- 018:057. There is no alternate vehicular exit from Pu'u Manu Place. Existing Traffic Observations and Analysis: Little to no traffic occurs on Pu'u Manu Place. Pu'u Manu place is a private road lined with large agricultural parcels with farmhouses,barns, pastures or similar facilities and surrounded by other agricultural land. Pu'u Manu Place serves only the eight parcels created in the 1978 subdivision of the original Lot 100 of the Pu'ukapu Homesteads Second Series plat map. Site-Generated Traffic: The cultural academy and retreat is not anticipated to generate any significant traffic issues. Traffic is anticipated to slightly increase on the beginning and ending days of each session when the 'opio arrive and depart the property. The increase in traffic on these days will be minimal as the capacity is limited to eight students regardless of session duration. LT will also offer transportation to and from the property via shuttles, further reducing any traffic impact. The two to four onsite staff members will also be arriving and departing the property daily during their shifts and providing transportation for the 'opio via shuttles should there be any offsite activities. During the remaining days of each month, Lili'uokalani Trust case managers in Hilo and Kona will have the opportunity to utilize the property with their clients for day sessions and short overnight stays. Minimal increases in traffic are expected during this week as occupancy will vary each day but remain small at an estimated maximum of twelve people. Pedestrian Accessibility:The site is easily accessed by pedestrians via Pu'u Manu Place, which has minimal traffic. However, there are no sidewalks in the area along Pu'u Manu Place or Mamalahoa Highway. Conclusion: The proposed use is anticipated to generate minimal traffic on various days when the different cohorts arrive and leave as well as daily for the two to four staff members' shift changes. L. AVAILABILITY OF UTILITIES The following information summarizes the existing utilities and any proposed improvements. Water: Water service to the property is provided by the County of Hawai'i. There is an existing 1" residential service meter with a 1" PVC pipe main that connects to the barn and house. At the pressure regulator valve, the 1" main reduces down to a W waterline. No changes are proposed for the project. Drainage: No new structures or paved areas are proposed as part of this project; therefore, no specific changes to the existing drainage flows are anticipated. Telecommunications: Telecommunications are currently provided by Hawaiian Telcom via overhead transmission lines along Highway 19 and transition to underground lines located in the access and utility easement that runs in Pu'u Manu Place. LT will also obtain wireless Wi-Fi service that will be accessible throughout most of the property. Electricity: Existing electricity is provided by Hawaiian Electric Light Company (HELCO) via an overhead transmission line along Highway 19 that transitions to an underground line located in 9 natural resources were identified. Pu'u Maile lies in the northeastern corner of the project area, and Pu'u Manu lies just south of the project area. Pu'u have been recognized as areas of importance in the Kohala region for hundreds of years"as they were not only a part of the cultural landscape but were used as landmarks spanning from historic events that occurred to personal connections." Past cultural practices identified in the Ka Pa'akai report were bird hunting, agriculture, and ranching. Prior to ranching and the deforestation of the area, native birds were commonly harvested for subsistence and artistic purposes, particularly to create royal insignia with feathers. Agricultural practices including the growing of cabbage,tomatoes, beans, and Irish potatoes were common in the area and used to replenish cargo ships at Kawaiahe Harbor, and crops such as banana and sugarcane were cultivated by native residents. Ranching practices mainly consist of cattle ranching, which was introduced after the establishment of Parker Ranch during the 1830s and is now a major industry in Waimea. ASM concludes that the proposed action would have no direct impacts on the practice of bird hunting or traditional agricultural practices or associated agricultural features. No impacts are anticipated to Pu'u Maile as the current proposed action does not include construction at the pu'u (Brandt & Ishihara, 2021). LT will also incorporate cultural and historical education and into the activities with the 'opio and planting of native plants. I. PUBLIC ACCESS Access to the property is via Pu'u Manu Place, a private roadway located within an access and utility easement on the western side of the property and connects to Highway 19. No known public trails traverse the property. However, the access easement connects to a pedestrian easement to the south of the subdivision.The property is not located near shoreline or mountain areas but a portion of Pu'u Maile is on the northeastern corner of the property. J. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS TO THE AREA The property is accessed by Pu'u Manu Place, a paved 14-foot-wide private road within the existing 50-foot-wide access and utility easement that runs across all the parcels in the subdivision. Pu'u Manu Place connects to Mamalahoa Highway(Highway 19), which connects the area to Waimea Town and areas east and west on the island. Figure 17 shows photographs of the access to the property from Mamalahoa Highway and Pu'u Manu Place. According to the original 1978 subdivision map, Pu'u Manu Place used to connect to Mana Road to the south, but that portion of Mana Road is closed, and Mana Road currently turns south just west of its former intersection with Pu'u Manu Place (Brandt & Ishihara, 2021). There is a narrow pedestrian easement that connects the southern end of Pu'u Manu Place with the former alignment of Mana Road across TMK parcel 6-4-018:057 (see Figure 3). K. TRAFFIC IMPACTS Existing Roadway System: The property is located along Pu'u Manu Place, a paved private road that runs roughly north south and only provides access to the eight parcels part of the original 1978 subdivision. Pu'u Manu Place provides two-way traffic that begins in the north with its 8 intersection at Mamalahoa Highway and dead ends at the northern border of TMK parcel 6-4- 018:057. There is no alternate vehicular exit from Pu'u Manu Place. Existing Traffic Observations and Analysis: Little to no traffic occurs on Pu'u Manu Place. Pu'u Manu place is a private road lined with large agricultural parcels with farmhouses, barns, pastures or similar facilities and surrounded by other agricultural land. Pu'u Manu Place serves only the eight parcels created in the 1978 subdivision of the original Lot 100 of the Pu'ukapu Homesteads Second Series plat map. Site-Generated Traffic: The cultural academy and retreat is not anticipated to generate any significant traffic issues. Traffic is anticipated to slightly increase on the beginning and ending days of each session when the 'opio arrive and depart the property. The increase in traffic on these days will be minimal as the capacity is limited to eight students regardless of session duration. LT will also offer transportation to and from the property via shuttles, further reducing any traffic impact. The two to four onsite staff members will also be arriving and departing the property daily during their shifts and providing transportation for the 'opio via shuttles should there be any offsite activities. During the remaining days of each month, Lili'uokalani Trust case managers in Hilo and Kona will have the opportunity to utilize the property with their clients for day sessions and short overnight stays. Minimal increases in traffic are expected during this week as occupancy will vary each day but remain small at an estimated maximum of twelve people. Pedestrian Accessibility:The site is easily accessed by pedestrians via Pu'u Manu Place, which has minimal traffic. However, there are no sidewalks in the area along Pu'u Manu Place or Mamalahoa Highway. Conclusion: The proposed use is anticipated to generate minimal traffic on various days when the different cohorts arrive and leave as well as daily for the two to four staff members' shift changes. L. AVAILABILITY OF UTILITIES The following information summarizes the existing utilities and any proposed improvements. Water: Water service to the property is provided by the County of Hawai'i. There is an existing 1" residential service meter with a 1" PVC pipe main that connects to the barn and house. At the pressure regulator valve,the 1" main reduces down to a 3/" waterline. No changes are proposed for the project. Drainage: No new structures or paved areas are proposed as part of this project; therefore, no specific changes to the existing drainage flows are anticipated. Telecommunications: Telecommunications are currently provided by Hawaiian Telcom via overhead transmission lines along Highway 19 and transition to underground lines located in the access and utility easement that runs in Pu'u Manu Place. LT will also obtain wireless Wi-Fi service that will be accessible throughout most of the property. Electricity: Existing electricity is provided by Hawaiian Electric Light Company (HELCO) via an overhead transmission line along Highway 19 that transitions to an underground line located in 9 the access and utility easement that runs in Pu'u Manu Place. Electrical work will include upgrading the existing panel from 125 to 200 amps to allow for the additional power that will be needed for various lighting and equipment, such as the kiln and welder. An electrical engineer will work with HELCO to make any necessary improvements. Gas: There is an existing 300-gallon Hawai'i Gas Company propane tank onsite which provides fuel for water heating, the kitchen stove, and dryer. It is located along the walkway just west of the ranch house. Wastewater: There is an existing cesspool on the property that will be closed and replaced by a septic system.The preliminary location of the septic system is shown in Figure 1 and located near the barn and riding ring. 10 J 4. SPECIAL PERMIT CRITERIA A. PROPOSED USE PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS AND OBJECTIVES OF HRS CHAPTER 205, AS AMENDED, AND IS NOT CONTRARY TO HRS CHAPTER 205A The proposed cultural academy and retreat supports and promotes the objectives of the State Agricultural Land Use District as the existing ranch house, barn, and pastureland will be maintained to support the programs LT will be running with 'opio and families from the area and throughout the state. The activities will include hands-on nature-based experiences, caring for the land, plants, and animals. In reconnecting them with nature, the experiences and learning activities will help support spiritual healing and mental wellbeing as well as development of a sense of self-worth and purpose. There will also be open area recreational facilities such as the riding ring, and the raising of animals, both of which are uses consistent with HRS Chapter 205. The proposed use is not contrary to HRS Chapter 205A, Coastal Zone Management.The proposed property is not located within the Special Management Area and will not change any of the existing structures or add any new structures that will impact existing public accesses, scenic or open spaces resources, coastal view planes, or coastal ecosystems. B. THE DESIRED USE SHALL NOT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE SURROUNDING PROPERTIES The proposed project is not anticipated to have a detrimental impact on surrounding properties as the existing ranch house, barn, and pastures will be maintained, and are consistent with the surrounding properties. While the proposed cultural academy and retreat will be utilized daily, 'opio will be participating in planned activities to provide learning and growth opportunities through interactions with an intimate and peaceful environment. These will include caring for the land and plants, working with animals, and creative art and music activities, such as woodworking, painting, and playing instruments. Typical traffic to and from the proposed facility is not anticipated to substantially affect current traffic patterns and will be intermittent. C. USE SHALL NOT UNREASONABLY BURDEN PUBLIC AGENCIES Traffic generation to and from the proposed cultural academy and retreat will be minimal and not anticipated to require any roadway improvements. The proposed use will therefore not unreasonably burden either the State Department of Transportation or the County of Hawai'i Department of Public Works. There is no County wastewater service in the immediate area. Therefore, the proposed project will develop its own septic system and associated leach field to serve both the house and barn structures. The existing cesspool will also be closed. For these reasons, the proposed use will not unreasonably burden the County of Hawai'i Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Division. The existing property is connected to the County water system. No upgrades to the property's water service are anticipated for the proposed use. However, LI will work with the County on any potential upgrades required by the County's updated building code or for fire suppression. 11 r No significant changes in drainage requirements are also anticipated for proposed use as the existing buildings will remain the same. Therefore, the proposed use will not pose an unreasonable burden to the County's storm drainage system. The proposed project is not a type of use that will generate new students (such as a new residential development). It is intended to serve existing '6pio and families and therefore the proposed use will not unreasonably burden the State of Hawai'i Department of Education. It will support existing educational facilities by providing additional enrichment activities, social services, and nature-based learning experiences for '6pio and their families. The property is served by the County of Hawai'i Police Department through the Waimea Station at 67-5185 Kamamalu Street in Waimea. While there will be an occasional and unavoidable need for police protection, the proposed facility does not create or worsen security problems as it will be housed in the existing ranch house and barn. In fact, the proposed use is envisioned as a safe place for '6pio and their families to heal and improve their sense of self-worth and purpose. The closest County of Hawai'i fire station is the Hawai'i Fire Department- Station 9 at 67-5175 Kamamalu Street in Kamuela. While there will be an occasional and unavoidable need for emergency medical services and fire protection, the proposed use is not anticipated to unreasonably burden the County of Hawai'i Fire Department as there is no increase in population or housing related to the proposed use. LT has also reached out to the County Fire Department to coordinate access to the property and determine if any fire protection upgrades are needed for the anticipated Change in Use Building Permit.The team was informed that there are no code requirements for gates, but that it would be best to have an emergency access in place to avoid potential damage in the event of an emergency. The Fire Inspector also informed the team that the building classification process must be completed with the Building Department prior to the establishment of fire suppression requirements.The LT team will work with the County to ensure all requirements are met with the County Fire Department. D. UNUSUAL CONDITIONS, TRENDS, AND NEEDS HAVE ARISEN SINCE THE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES AND REGULATIONS WERE ESTABLISHED As noted earlier, many native Hawaiian '6pio face a multitude of economic, social, familial, and educational disadvantages. LT recognizes the need for a cultural academy and retreat to serve the South Kohala as well as the statewide Native Hawaiian population. The proposed cultural academy and retreat would provide immersive nature-based experiences to support mental wellbeing, overall health, cognitive development, self-purpose, and personal growth. Therefore, while an unusual use, the property is a perfect setting to help vulnerable Hawaiian children. The cultural academy and retreat is therefore a reasonable use in the State Agricultural District because of the existing peaceful ranch setting and ability forthe children to connect directly with nature through hands-on activities at the ranch. E. LAND SUITABILITY FOR PERMITTED USE WITHIN THE DISTRICT The County through the SKCDP identifies this property in an area where the preservation of small farms and ranches is desired. No changes to the property as a small ranch are proposed as part 12 of this application as LT will maintain the existing ranch house, barn, animal pens, and pasture lands. However, because the proposed activities and overnight stays of up to eight unrelated participants are integral to the programs LT envisions for this cultural academy and retreat, a Special Permit is being sought for this use. F. USE WILL NOT SUBSTANTIALLY ALTER OR CHANGE THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTER OF THE LAND AND THE PRESENT USE The proposed cultural academy and retreat will not alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. LT will maintain the existing ranch house, barn, animal pens, and pasture lands. The proposed use will not alter the character of the surrounding area as the proposed cultural academy and retreat will be similar to facilities on nearby parcels. The general site topography will be left undisturbed and the existing view planes especially of Pu'u Maile will be maintained. G. USE WILL NOT BE CONTRARY TO THE GOALS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS OF THE GENERAL PLAN OR SOUTH KOHALA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN As discussed in Section 3.C, both the Hawai'i County General Plan and the South Kohala Community Development Plan (SKCDP) are supportive of the proposed use. H. THE PROPOSED USE IS AN UNUSUAL AND REASONABLE USE OF LAND, WHICH WOULD NOT BE CONTRARY TO THE OBJECTIVES TO BE SOUGHT BY THE LAND USE LAW AND REGULATIONS, WHICH, FOR THE AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DISTRICTS, SEEKS TO PRESERVE OR KEEP LANDS OF HIGH AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN AGRICULTURAL USE The proposed cultural academy and retreat is an unusual and reasonable use for the property that is consistent with the existing character and neighboring properties and will provide much needed services and hands-on nature-based learning experiences for Hawaiian 'opio and families in this peaceful ranch setting. State Land Use Law directs the State Land Use Commission, or county planning commissions for applications under 15 acres, to consider the general plan of the county (HRS §205-2). The property is located within an area designated as important agricultural land in the General Plan LUPAG. LT proposes to maintain the existing ranch house, barn, animal pens, and pastureland and is the reason they chose this property for its cultural academy and retreat. It will therefore remain consistent with the County GP. Under the powers granted to counties under HRS §46-4 for zoning, HRS §205-5(b) also states "other uses may be allowed by special permits" within agricultural districts. LT is seeking this Special Permit for the proposed cultural academy and retreat as it is an usual but reasonable use and is like other uses permitted in the County's A-5a zoning district with a Special Permit such as social, educational, cultural, and recreational activities which are not operated for financial gain (Hawai'i County Code Chapter 25). This Special Permit application is submitted to be consistent with both State and County laws and regulations. 13 r 5. ORIGINAL SCALE-DRAWN PLOT PLAN An original copy of a plot plan of the site plan (Figure 1) showing property lines and measurements is included with this application. All existing and proposed structures with uses and improvements are shown and include reference points such as Pu'u Manu Place. 6. SURROUNDING PROPERTY RECEIVING NOTICE Parcels within 500 feet of the proposed property have been identified and mapped in Figure 17. A list of the names, addresses, and tax map keys of all owners and lessees of record of the surrounding properties who are required to receive notice has been generated and is included as Appendix C. 14 REFERENCES Allock, A. (2019). Healing Environments for Children who have Experienced Trauma. Retrieved from https://www.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-04/iriss-esss-outline-healing- environ-children-20190506.pdf Brandt, L. M., & Ishihara, N. B. (2021). A Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis for the Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu. County of Hawaii. (2020). Retrieved from Hawaii County Zoning: https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/zoning-hawaii- county/explore?location=19.582650%2C-155.431800%2C9.82 County of Hawai'i, Planning Department. (2005). County of Hawaii General Plan. Hilo: Hawai'i County Planning Department. Retrieved from https://www.planning.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/301643/6372 04664141830000 County of Hawai'i, Planning Department. (2008). South Kohala Community Development Plan. Retrieved from https://www.planning.hawaiicounty.gov/big-island-vision/community- planning/community-development-plans/south-kohala-cdp/south-kohala-cdp- document FEMA. (2021, April). FEMA Flood Map Service Center. Retrieved from https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home Kana'iaupuni, S. M., Kekahio, W. M., Ka'eo, D., & Ledward, B. C. (2021). Ka Huako'i. Honolulu: Kamehameha Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ksbe.edu/assets/research/ka_huakai/2021_KaHuakai.pdf Kepa'a, L. B., & Brandt, L. M. (2021). An Archaeological Assessment for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu. McCormick, R. (2017). Does Access to Green Space Impact the Mental Well-being of Children: A Systematic Review. Retrieved from https://www.pediatricnursing.org/article/50882- 5963(17)30185-9/fulltext NRCS. (1973). Natural Resources Conservation Service Soils. Retrieved from United States Department of Agriculture: https://www.nres.usda.gov/wps/portal/nres/surveylist/soils/survey/state/?stateld=H I State of Hawaii. (2020). Hawaii County Zoning. Retrieved from Hawaii Statewide GIS Program: https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/zoning-hawaii- county/explore?location=19.582650%2C-155.431800%2C9.82 State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. (1956). Retrieved from https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/gis/data/Isb.pdf State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. (2008).ALISH Metadata. Retrieved from Hawaii.gov: https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/gis/data/alish.pdf 0:\Job34\3486.15 LT Ranch Waimea\Special Permit Application\LT Ranch Special Permit Application-05.docx 15 Appendix APCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT An Archaeological Assessment for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Pu'ukapu Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawai'i Prepared By: Lauren Kepa'a,B.A. and Lokelani Brandt,M.A. E , 4q(y?yi✓°y 7 Prepared For: Queen Lili'uokalani Trust c/o Sherman Wong a 1100 Alakea Street,Suite 1100 Honolulu, HI 96813 June 2021 Ab"' Archaeology-History•Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Office-(808)969-6066 Fax:(808)443-0065 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Hogolulu CNfI�-(808)43,9-8039 Fax.(A0u 9-8087 A M Project Number 37060.00 )43 820 INililani Street,Suite 700,Honolulu,HI 96813 An Archaeological Assessment for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawaii ASS M Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Queen Lili`uokalani Trust(QLT), ASM Affiliates conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS)of a 5.362-acre project area located on Tax Map Key(TMK)(3)6-4-018:095 in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a,Waimea Kalana, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii. The current study was conducted in support of a Special Permit Application prepared for the proposed utilization of an existing ranch house,barn, and ranch located on the property to serve at-risk youth through hands-on activities and educational programs. This study is intended to inform that application process and has been undertaken in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR) 13§13-284 and complies with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR 13§13-276. Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR—SHPD) and the County of Hawaii Planning Department. According to HAR 13§13-284-5(b)(5)(A), when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on April 21,2021,by Lauren Kepa`a and Lokelani Brandt,M.A. (Principal Investigator).A total of one hour was expended to complete the fieldwork,which consisted of an intensive (100%)coverage pedestrian survey of the entire project area.The entire project area was accessible,and the boundaries were clearly identifiable in the field. The survey crew walked systematic northwest-southeast oriented pedestrian transects across the project area with fieldworkers spaced at no more than ten meters apart. As a result of the fieldwork,no historic properties of any kind were identified within the current project area.The implementation of the activities proposed in the Special Permit Application will have no effect on historic properties. With respect to the historic preservation review process of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the County of Hawaii Planning Department,our recommendation is that no further work needs to be conducted prior to or during implementation of the activities associate with the Special Permit Application. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii i Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... I PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 5 2. BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................13 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT............................................................................. 13 Overview of Traditional Hawaiian Land Management Strategies............................... 14 PU`UKAPU AHUPUA`A AND THE GREATER SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT......... 15 Select Mo`olelo of Pu`ukapu........................................................................................ 18 Early Historic Accounts of Waimea and Pu`ukapu...................................................... 27 The Legacy of the Mahele `Aina of 1848..................................................................... 30 Boundary Commission Testimony(1862-1876).......................................................... 35 Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a During the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries....... 35 A Concise History of Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2nd Series and the Project Area............. 38 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES................................................................. 45 3. PROJECT AREA EXPECTATIONS........................................................................47 4. FIELDWORK,.............................................................................................................48 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION ......................................................48 REFERENCESCITED...................................................................................................49 FIGURES Page 1. Project area location..................................................................................................................................2 2. Tax Map Key plat(3)6-4-018 showing location of current project parcel (095).....................................3 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area location(outlined in red)......................................4 4. Northwestern corner of project area adjacent to Pu`u Manu Place,view to the northeast. ......................6 5. Geological units in the current project area(Sherrod et al. 2007). ...........................................................6 6. Soils within the project area(Soil Survey Staff 2019)..............................................................................7 7. Typical vegetation pattern in previously grazed areas, view to the north.................................................7 8. Fenced animal pen situated along eastern boundary of the project area,view to the northeast................8 9. Paved driveway extending along northern boundary of the project area, view to the northeast...............8 10. Barn situated in the northwestern portion of the project area,view to the southwest.............................9 11. Single-family dwelling located in the project area, view to the southwest.............................................9 12. Landscaping in the vicinity of the single-family dwelling,view to the northeast. ............................... 10 13. Fence line separating manicured lawn area in the northern portion of the project area from pasture, view to the south. ..................................................................................................................... 10 14. Fence line extending along paperbark trees,view to the southwest. .................................................... 11 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii iii Table of Contents 15. Grubbed area adjacent to eastern boundary of the project area,view to the north. .............................. 11 16. Grubbing in northeastern corner of project area along fence line, view to the northwest. ................... 12 17. Stockpiled wooden fence posts and old fencing in the northwestern portion of the project area, viewto the northwest............................................................................................................................. 12 18. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 2060 by J. M. Donn, 1901 showing project area location within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a(shaded yellow; Donn 1901)........................................................ 16 19. Hawai`i Registered Map No. 712 (Wiltse 1866)showing the project area within the kalana of Waimea and associated ahuptca`a..........................................................................................................17 21. Portion of a Map of Waimea ca. 1830(after Andrews et al. 1830). .....................................................29 22. Hawai`i Registered Map 2552 (Kanakanui and Lutz 1913)with kuleana awards. Indicated...............32 23. Detail of Hawaii Register Map No. 2552 showing kuleana parcels situated southeast of the current project area(after Kanakanui and Lutz 1913)...........................................................................33 24. Annotated map showing agricultural and house lots in kuleana parcels situated southeast of the current project area(Rechtman et al. 2014)...........................................................................................34 25. Copy of Survey Furnished(C.S.F.) Map No. 2490 showing the proximity of a Parker Ranch Pipeline(highlighted blue)to the current project area(shaded red) in 1913.........................................38 26. Hawai`i Plat Map No. 0402 402 prepared in March 1913 by S.M. Kanakanui and M.E. Lutz (1948) showing project area location(shaded red)within Lot 100 (outlined in red) of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2nd Series...........................................................................................................40 27. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 2785 prepared in 1917 by Geo. F. Wright(1917) showing the location of the project area(shaded red)within the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d SeriesSubdivision. ................................................................................................................................41 28. Portion of 1930 USGS Kamuela quadrangle map showing fence line bisecting the project area (outlined in red). ....................................................................................................................................41 29. Aerial photograph taken in 1941 showing the current project area and surrounding pasture (USAAF 1941).......................................................................................................................................42 30. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.4057 (Towill 1948)with the project area indicated..............42 31. 1954 USGS aerial photograph showing the project area(USGS 1954). ..............................................43 32. 1977 USGS aerial photograph showing the project area(Hawaii Statewide G. I. S. Program 2017)......................................................................................................................................................43 34. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current project area..........................46 TABLES Page 1. Land Commission Awards Awarded in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a.................................................................31 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project area........................................46 iv AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of Queen Lili`uokalani Trust(QLT), ASM Affiliates conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS)of a 5.362-acre project area located on Tax Map Key(TMK)(3)6-4-018:095 in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a,Waimea Kalana,South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(Figures 1,2,and 3).A Special Permit Application is being prepared for the proposed utilization of an existing ranch house, barn, and ranch located on the property that will be used to serve at-risk youth through hands-on activities and educational programs. This AIS document is intended to inform that application process and has been undertaken in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) 13§13- 284 and complies with the Riles Governing Minimal Standards.for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR 13§13-276.Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR—SHPD)and the County of Hawaii Planning Department.According to HAR 13§13-284-5(b)(5)(A), when no archaeological sites are found during an AIS, the results of the AIS shall be reported through an Archaeological Assessment. This report contains background information outlining the project area's physical and cultural contexts,a presentation of previous archaeological work in the vicinity of the project area,and current survey expectations based on that previous work.Also presented are an explanation of the project's methods and a description of the findings,followed by recommendations and a determination of effect for the proposed project. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction A N Arai„r.I�Iail 11,11 2 Portion of USGS?.5 Quadrangle Kukulaele&Kanuiela,111'0?U 0 _u0 400 El 1Lztcr, Project area Figure 1.Project area location. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 343 .0 :3 t 2 � U 7— 61 z.. ",.�'�7 i ��a S a O c, ` 0 �4% t a 3 i� J . r i v , N 0 r � w AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 3 1.Introduction 11 Ji1f1 'llfl a7 Km ,emu „ ❑ Project area Figure 3.Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area location(outlined in red). 4 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area consists of the entirety of Lot 5 of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d Series Subdivision. It is located along and accessed from the eastern edge of Pu'u Manu Place, which extends south from Mamalahoa Highway (Hawai`i Belt Road,Highway 19; Figure 4). The project area is situated within the plateau that extends between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea at elevations ranging between 879 and 900 meters (2,883 and 2,952 feet) above sea level,20.6 kilometers(12.8 miles)inland from the coast at Kawaihae(to the west),and 10.8 kilometers(6.7 miles) inland from the coast at Waipi'o(to the northeast). It is bounded on the west by Pu'u Manu Place,and on the north, south,and east by developed agriculturally-zoned parcels(Lots 4,6,and 102,respectively).There is a hog wire fence on its northern,southern,and eastern boundaries. The underlying geology of this portion of the South Kohala District is generally formed of 'a'a lava flows, mapped as hawaiitic-substage Hawi lava flows of that originated from Kohala Volcano between 64,000 and 300,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch(labeled Qhw and Qhwc in Figure 5)(Sherrod et al. 2007; Wolfe and Morris 1996). Within the northeastern portion of the project area, deep, well-drained Andisol soils formed of volcanic ash overlying 'a a lava flows are classified as Kikoni medial very fine sandy loam on 6 to 12 percent slopes (symbol "488"in Figure 6),while soils comprising the southwestern portion of the project area are classified as Kikoni medial silt loam on 0 to 3 percent slopes(symbol"493"in Figure 6)(Soil Survey Staff 2017). The climate at this elevation in South Kohala is generally cool throughout the year, with a mean annual temperature of between 64'to 66'Fahrenheit throughout the year(Giambelluca et al.2014).The lands in the vicinity of the project area receive a mean annual rainfall of approximately 1,311 millimeters (52 inches), with the highest rainfall occurring during the winter and spring months of January and March,and the least amount of rainfall occurring during the autumn months of September and October. Trade winds often blow from east to west across this region, except when kona winds are blowing(typically during the summer months),and the wind pattern is reversed. Terrain within the northeastern portion of the project area is characterized by the moderate to steeply southwest slope of Pn`U Maile, while the surrounding topography to the south and southwest exhibit a relatively level ground surface. Much of the ground surface of the project area, except for the northeastern comer of the project area which includes a portion of Pu'u Maile, appears to have been previously mechanically altered,most likely to create pasture for livestock grazing(Figure 7).This prior disturbance is most evident in the fairly uniform,manicured ground surface mostly absent of cobbles,and sparse vegetative pattern largely dominated by introduced species.Ground cover within previously disturbed areas consists predominantly of various pasture grasses such as kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)and honohono(wandering Jew; Commelina diffusa)interspersed with white clover(Trifolium repens), narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata), fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis), and patches of nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus), thimbleberry (Rebus sp.), and various other ground cover species. This vegetation pattern transitions to dense growth of ornamental ginger(Hedvchiuni sp.)and ferns in the northeastern portion of the project area on the slopes of Pu'u Maile. The built environment of the project area(see Figure 3)includes a fenced animal pen(Figure 8)in the southeastern corner of the parcel, a paved driveway that extends along northern boundary of the project area (Figure 9), a single family dwelling,and a barn located in the northern portion of the project area(Figures 10 and 11).Landscaping around the buildings includes a mix of large tree species, fruit trees, herbs, ornamentals, as well as a manicured lawn area. Various mature pine species dot the lawn and line the paved driveway along with other foliage including monstera (Monstera deliciosa),as well as several varieties of ginger(Hedychium sp.)and palms(see Figure 10).Plants observed in the area surrounding the single-family dwelling include money tree(Dracaena marginata), various citrus (Citrus sp.) trees, avocado (Persea americana), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), lily of the Nile (Agapanthus praecox), and other weedy ground covers(see Figure 10). Landscaping near the single-family dwelling(Figure 12) include a mixture of mature pine species, a row of paperbark trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia), and small stands of strawberry guava (waiawF, Psidium cattleianum) and guava (kuawa, Psidium guajava), in addition to various palm trees, monstera, asparagus ferns(Asparagus densiflorus)and sword ferns(Nephrolepis sp.). The barn and the single-family dwelling are separated from the pasture by a hog wire fence(Figure 13).Another fence,extending along a row of paperbark trees towards the southern parcel boundary(Figure 14),divides the pasture to create a large paddock around the animal pen. An area located immediately north of the animal pen has been mechanically grubbed(Figure 15). Minimal grubbing is also evident along the edges of a newly installed hog wire perimeter fence that extends along the southern and eastern parcel boundaries(Figure 16).There is a small collection of stockpiled wooden fence posts and old metal fencing materials in the pasture just south of the single-family dwelling (Figure 17). AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 r 1.Introduction X 1 v. 'r '� +u' .,�, &>N n��+^i1G,• ;..��-iA aka, R`M .r v Figure 4.Northwestern comer of project area adjacent to Pu`u Manu Place,view to the northeast. •max. �&+ "', a �, r �*���s � a � j .�•,�, b• ,��^r +;.. as' '#•;�'s^. lhm tia. N tr.ern.arra Qj 1 in(WO"0_00t �r tla��l Abh ml„ tM Ql— ('4 JM)lI-"00'tA), r II om.ti.ua%M L.l- (A :V fq 1-'b1L000 [lent\oi._m... Sherrpp p R S,tor J Mt,waN,ns S t and 3—t K M 2PJ7 iedo-g[Ida:N"S[aR a'Ha— V S Geuogaal Survey Open.Pna 2ep.,t2W','089 83 p 8 pWt-e<—t 1t1U 4G9 Anil�25.7 OJC with G1S d—b—Acne W d 7:2021 Figure 5.Geological units in the current project area(Sherrod et al.2007). 6 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 1.Introduction 4 ' ` Q f ,, If 411, r; o a , �S t a. NIK � aA;. ro 4,4 " w �y W Low 4� fr 1 yy qM * . L�Pr+,tatara F;,F.,nn:r,rdc: i'1 Palapalaz hi Sr„a,.,h loam I't Un.^r.n� .. H,�nakaa h,uhh crg xra to d:= 41, K,l,au mcd,,,l Figure 6. Soils within the project area(Soil Survey Staff 2019). Nm o. Figure 7.Typical vegetation pattern in previously grazed areas,view to the north. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 7 r L Introduction u T r k '.rt' x R{ m Figure 8.Fenced animal pen situated along eastern boundary of the project area,view to the northeast. f' ? ,• AI�` a 4 Figure 9. Paved driveway extending along northern boundary of the project area,view to the northeast. 8 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction a� 4,ro ------------ Y 9 rFigure 10. Barn situated in the northwestern portion of the project area,view to the soulhmCst. .. ray. Figure 11. Single-family dwelling located in the project area,view to the southwest. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 9 1.Introduction e' ,ft „ a 31 ML �s S a a 7S YY SF w du (4 f +L i m � Figure 12. Landscaping in the vicinity of the single-family dwelling,view to the northeast. „ v m 5 bti"+4 a M s a J l Figure 13.Fence line separating manicured lawn area in the northern portion of the project area from pasture, view to the south. 10 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction f r � t b e a F y s✓» s, W gin 9 n4NOME o � Figure 14.Fence line extending along paperbark trees, view to the southwest. w Figure 15. Gnibbed area adjacent to eastern boundary of the project area,view to the north. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii t 1 1.Introduction w ro ,r k a , a 6� ,'. s.. � SRv" " eyW y., Figure 16. Grubbing in northeastern corner of project area along fence line, view to the northwest. Tip %A - �,..., � f � s4 t w' \ F 4 S 7i ure 17. Stockpiled wooden fence posts and old fencing in the northwestern portion of the project area,view to the northwest. 12 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current project area,and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance of any such resources, a general culture-historical context for the South Kohala region that includes specific information regarding the known history of Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a and the project area is presented. This is followed by a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project area. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The chronological summary presented below begins with the peopling of the Hawaiian Islands and includes a presentation of a generalized model of Hawaiian Prehistory containing legendary references to and a discussion of the general settlement patterns for South Kohala. The discussion of prehistory is followed by a summary of historical events in the district that begins with the arrival of foreigners in the islands and then continues with the history of land use in South Kohala in the vicinity of Pu`ukapu after contact. The summary includes a discussion of the changing lifeways and population decline during the early Historic Period,a review of land tenure in the study ahupua'a during the Mdhele 'Aina of 1848,and the subsequent transition into a residential subdivision in the last half of the twentieth century. A Generalized Model of Hawaiian Prehistory While the question of the timing of the first settlement of Hawaii by Polynesians remains unanswered, the current archaeological consensus derives from various sources of information (i.e., archaeological, genealogical, mythological,oral-historical,radiometric).With data from advances in palynology and radiocarbon dating techniques, Kirch (2011) and others (Athens et al. 2014; Wilmshurst et al. 2011) have argued that Polynesians arrived in the Hawaiian Islands sometime between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1200 and expanded rapidly thereafter. Other versions of the peopling of the islands, including various native Hawaiian traditions,place the event earlier in time—and as early as the creation of the world(e.g., Beckwith 1951; Liliuokalani 1978; Malo 1951). What is more widely accepted is the answer to the question of where Hawaiian populations came from and the ways their society transformed as they established a uniquely Hawaiian culture. The initial migration to Hawaii is believed to have occurred from Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of Hawaiian gods and people)with long-distance voyages occurring fairly regularly through at least the thirteenth century. It has been generally reported that the sources of the early Hawaiian populations originated from the southern Marquesas Islands (Emory in Tatar 1982). In these early times, Hawai`i's inhabitants were primarily engaged in subsistence-level agriculture and fishing (Handy et al. 1991). This was a period of widespread environmental modification when early Hawaiian farmers developed new subsistence strategies by adapting their familiar patterns and traditional tools to their new environment(Kirch 1985;Pogue 1978).According to Fomander(1969), the Hawaiians brought from their homeland certain Polynesian customs and belief: the major gods Kane, Ku, Lono, and Kanaloa; the kapu system of law and order; and the concepts of pu'uhonua (places of refuge), 'aumakua(ancestral deity),and mana(divine power). As currently understood,the settlement of the islands involved a gradual shift in residential patterns from seasonal, temporary habitation to the permanent dispersed habitation in both coastal and upland areas. Following the initial settlement period,areas with the richest natural resources became populated and perhaps crowded,and the population began expanding to the Kona (leeward side) and more remote areas of the island (Cordy 2000). As the population grew, so did social stratification, which was accompanied by major socioeconomic changes and intensive land modification.Most of the ecologically favorable zones of the windward and coastal regions of all major islands were eventually settled, and the more marginal leeward areas were being developed. During this expansion period, additional migrations to Hawaii occurred from Tahiti in the Society Islands. Rosendahl (1972) has proposed that settlement at this time was related to the seasonal, recurrent occupation in which coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources,and upland sites focused on agriculture were occupied during the winter months. An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well,which increasingly supported the exchange of upland agricultural products for marine resources. Hommon (1976) argues that kinship links among coastal settlements became less important than those with the mauka-makai(upland-coastal)settlements. This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupata`a system sometime during the A.D. t400s (Kirch 1985),which added another component to an already well-stratified society. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 13 r 2.Background Overview of Traditional Hawaiian Land Management Strategies The ahupua`a was traditionally the principal land division that functioned for both taxation purposes and furnished its residents with nearly all of their fundamental necessities.Ahupua'a are land divisions that typically incorporated all of the ecozones from the mountains to the sea and for several hundred yards beyond the shore, assuring a diverse subsistence resource base (Hommon 1986). Although the ahupua'a land division typically incorporated all of the ecozones, their size and shape varied greatly (Cannelora 1974). Hawaiian scholar and historian Samuel Kamakau (1976:8-9)summarizes the types of ecozones that could be found in a given ahupua'a: Here are some names for[the zones of]the mountains—the mauna or kuahiwi.A mountain is called a kuahiwi,but mauna is the overall term for the whole mountain,and there are many names applied to one, according to its delineations ('ano). The part directly in back and in front of the summit proper is called the kuamatma,mountaintop; below the kuamaLma is the kuahea,and makai of the kuahea is the kuahiwi proper. This is where small trees begin to grow; it is the wao nahele. Makai of this region the trees are tall,and this is the wao lipo.Makai of the wao lipo is the wao 'eiwa,and makai of that the wao ma'ukele.Makai of the wao ma'ukele is the wao akua,and makai of there is the wao kanaka, the area that people cultivate. Makai of the wao kanaka is the 'ama'u, fern belt, and makai of the `ama'u the 'apa'a,grasslands. A solitary group of trees is a moku la'au(a"stand"of trees) or an adu la'au, grove. Thickets that extend to the ki.iahiwi are uhmahele,wild growth.An area where koa trees suitable for canoes(koa wa'a)grow is a wao koa and mauka of there is a wao la'au,timber land.These are dry forest growths from the 'apa'a up to the kuahiwi. The places that are "spongy" (naele) are found in the wao ma'ukele,the wet forest. Makai of the 'apa'a are the pahe'e[pill grass]and 'ilima growths and makai of them the kola,open country,and the 'apoho hollows near to the habitations of men.Then comes the kahakai,coast,the kahaone, sandy beach, and the kalawa, the curve of the seashore—right down to the 'ae kai, the water's edge. That is the way ka po'e kahiko [the ancient people]named the land from mountain peak to sea. Ahupua'a residents were required to supply resources and labor that supported the royal communities of regional and/or island kingdoms. The ahupua'a became the equivalent of a local community, with its own social, economic, and political significance,and served as the taxable land division during the annual Makahiki procession(Kelly 1956). During this annual procession, the highest chief of the land sent select members of his retinue to collect ho'okuprl (tribute and offerings) in the form of goods from each ahupua'a. The maka'ainana who resided in the ahupua'a brought their share of ho'okupu to an ahu (altar) that was symbolically marked with the image of a pua`a (pig). Ahupua'a boundaries,in most instances,were established along rational lines, following mountain ridges,hill,rivers or ravines,however, Chinen(1958:1)reports that"oftentimes only a line of growth of a certain type of tree or grass marked a boundary; and sometimes only a stone determined the corner of a division."Ahupua'a were ruled by ah`i 'ai ahupua'a or chiefs who controlled the ahupua'a resources; who, for the most part,had complete autonomy over this generally economically self-supporting piece of land(halo 1951).Ahupua'a residents were not bound to the land nor were they considered the property of the ali'i. If the living conditions under a particular ahupua'a chief were deemed unsuitable,the residents could move freely in pursuit of more favorable conditions(Lain 1985).This structure safeguarded the well-being of the people and the overall productivity of the land, lest the chief loses the principal support and loyalty of his or her supporters.Ahupua'a lands were in turn,managed by an appointed konohiki or lesser chief-landlord,who oversaw and coordinated stewardship of an area's natural resources(Lam 1985). In some places, the po'o lawai'a(head fisherman)held the same responsibilities as the konohiki(Jokiel et al.2011). When necessary, the konohiki took the liberty of implementing kapu (restrictions and prohibitions) to protect the many of the area's resources from physical and spiritual depletion. Many ahupua'a were further divided into smaller land units termed 'ili and 'ili kupono (often shortened to 'ili ku). 71i were created for the convenience of the ahupua'a chief and served as the basic land unit, which hoa`aina (native tenants) often retained for multiple generations (Jokiel et al. 2011; MacKenzie 2015). As the 'ili themselves were typically passed down in families,so too were the kuleana(responsibilities,privileges)that were associated with it.The right to use and cultivate 'ili was maintained within the 'ohana,regardless of any change in title of the ahupua'a chief(Handy et al. 1991). Malo (1951) recorded several types of `ili: the 'ili pa`a, a single intact parcel and the 'ili lele,a discontinuous parcel dispersed across an area.Whether dispersed or wholly intact,the 'i1i land division required a cross-section of available resources, and for the hou'aina, this generally included access to agriculturally fertile lands and coastal fisheries. While much of the same resource principles applied to the 'ili kupono, these land units 14 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background were politically independent of the ahuptta`a chief.This designation was applied to specific areas containing resources that were highly valued by the ruling chiefs,such as fishponds(Handy et al. 1991). The ah`i who presided over the ahupua`a (ah'i-'ai-ahupua'a), in turn, answered to an ali`i `ai moku, or chief who claimed the abundance of the entire moku or district(Maio 1951). On Hawaii Island, there are six traditional moku. Kona, Ka`u, Puna, Hilo, Hamakua, and Kohala. Although moku contained multiple ahupua'a, they were considered geographical subdivisions with no explicit reference to rights in the land (Cannelora 1974). Other land units were also used. In what is now South Kohala, for example,the kalana was a division of land that was smaller than a moku but composed of several ahupua'a and `ili `dina. The term `okana was also sometimes used interchangeably with kalana(Lucas 1995;Pukui and Elbert 1986),but Kamakau(1976),equates a kalana to a moku and states that `okana is merely a subdistrict. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and structurally supported the resource management planning by ali`i and konohiki. As knowledge of place developed over the centuries and was passed down intergenerationally by direct teaching and experience, detailed information of an area's natural cycles and resources were retained and well-understood. Decisions were based on generations worth of highly informed knowledge and sustainably adapted to meet the needs of a growing population.This highly complex land management system mirrors the unique Hawaiian culture that coevolved with these islands. PU`UKAPU AHUPUA`A AND THE GREATER SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT The current project area is located in Pu`ukapu Ahtupua`a (Lit., "sacred hill"; Pukui et al. 1974:199) within the traditional moku of South Kohala, a portion of which comprises the traditional moku-o-loko of Kohala (Figure 18). Kohala is comprised of some seventy ahupua'a on the leeward shores of Hawaii Island. In one `olelo no`eau (Hawaiian proverbial saying) recorded by Pukui (1983:196), the extent of the moku is described as "Kohala, mai Honoke`d a Keahuolono,"which she translates as"Kohala, from Honoke`a [a valley in the northeast of the district] to Keahualono [an altar constructed on the district's southern boundary near `Anaeho`omalu]." Handy and Handy (1991:528)further describe the moku of Kohala: The district of Kohala is the northernmost land area of the island of Hawaii. `Upolu Point, the northwesterly projection, fronts boldly out into the Alanuihaha [sic] Channel towards the southeastern coast of Maui,and is the nearest point of communication between the two islands.To the south,along Hawaii's western coast,lies Kona;to the east the rough coast of Hamakua District unprotected from the northerly winds and sea.Kohala was the chiefdom of Kamehameha the Great, and from this feudal seat he gradually extended his power to embrace the whole of the island, eventually gaining suzerainty of all the Hawaiian Islands... In the moku of Kohala, the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones. The wetter windward zone on the eastern side distinguished by its lush green valleys, and the leeward zone on the western side, sits drier in the rain shadow of the mountains. Poetical expressions for this district also identify other geographical divisions. For example, one expression derived from an ancient chant titled Kill e ho'opi`o ka la includes: 'O Kohala-iki, 'o Kohala-nui lesser Kohala,greater Kohala `O Kohala-loko, `o Kohala-waho... inner Kohala,outer Kohala... (Pukui and Korn 1973:188) (Pukui and Korn 1973:190) Today, Pu`ukapu is identified as an ahupua`a, however, historical records have classified as both an `ili (a subdivision of an ahupua'a)and 71i kupono(a subdivision of an ahupua'a but ruled independently),and was one of the multiple land divisions that constituted the kalana of Waimea(Lyons 1875). Unlike typical ahupua`a which were ruled by the ah'i 'ai ahupua`a (ahupua'a chief)who served under the ali'i 'ai moku(district chief),Pu`ukapu as an `ili or `ili kupono, may have held a different political status and was perhaps administered and ruled independently from Waimea.Gonschor and Beamer(2014),note that the lands that constituted Waimea are one of the most complex and ambiguous land divisions with great historical classification inconsistencies; thus a clear understanding of its status as a land division is not fully understood.According to Lyons(1875),nine-tenths of Waimea was comprised of the'ili kupono of Pu`ukapu and Waik6loa. Waimea, translated as "reddish water" also held a unique status. As a kalana,Waimea was treated as a subdistrict of the greater moku of Kohala(Maly and Maly 2002).The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including the lands of`Ouli, Wai`aka, Lalamilo, Puak6, Kalahuipua`a (Lahuipua`a), `Anaeho'omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`611i`a, Paulama,Pu`ukalani(Pukalani),Waikoloa,and Pu`ukapu.These lands are labeled in Figure 19.Bernice Judd,a former AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 15 2.Background librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, describes the extent of the kalana of Waimea as well as the streams that flowed through the area: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae.This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains,where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea. The most easterly one entered the plain at Puukapu and flowed through Hamakua. The middle stream, which was famous for wild ducks, was named Waikoloa, or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau, went towards Kawaihae, but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. (Judd 1932:14) Y�,... ;- }'r 6111 , 7 M A U N A K E A - Figure 18. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.2060 by J.M. Donn, 1901 showing project area location within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a(shaded yellow;Donn 1901). 16 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background `4 n d ° �Project area(approsuuate) 0 T a c ,, a 0 Y a 4 WA I MT£A E `r Q N o T+ Fi IC O N A Figure 19. Hawai`i Registered Map No. 712(Wiltse 1866)showing the project area within the kalana of Waimea and associated ahupua`a AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 2.Background Select Mo`olelo of Pu`ukapu Prior to first contact with Europeans in the late eighteenth century and the development of a written Hawaiian language,the history of ancient Hawaii was transmitted orally from generation to generation.After the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820,Hawaiian culture underwent major transformations,one of which included the adoption of the written language.Although oral traditions were still maintained,many natives and foreigners began writing down versions of these oral traditions, which provide invaluable insight into Hawai`i's past by recording elements of Hawaiian culture such as historical figures,beliefs,traditions,wahi papa(legendary places),inoa 'dina(place names), and mo'olelo(legendary accounts,stories,and myths),mele and oli(songs and chants),and 'olelo no`eau;all of which contribute to an in-depth understanding of the people, their culture and place. Traditional mo'olelo referring specifically to Pu`ukapu are limited in number,but mo'olelo that include Waimea and the South Kohala region abound. The following summaries of select traditional accounts take place in South Kohala,Waimea,and Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a. Mo'olelo no Pupualenalena(A Story of Pupualenalena) Pupualenalena was a supernatural dog who resided at Puak6(located 14 miles southwest of the project area) during the time of Hakau,the eldest son of Uloa and half-brother of`Umi-a-LYloa(Fornander 1916-1917;Pukui and Curtis 1996). Pupualenalena's master took him fishing regularly where he would sit in the back of the canoe. Every time a fish was caught,the dog would eat it until his master said, "Yes, I have no objections to your eating the fish, if you can only supply me with my favorite drink,the awa,then it would be all right for you to eat the fish"(Fornander 1916- 1917:558). Pupualenalena understood his master and later disappeared in the evening to steal `awa (kava; Piper methvsticum)from Waipi`o.Hakau,the king at this time, lived in Waipi`o and owned a large `awa field at the foot of Puaahuku cliff. Pupualenalena gathered as much 'awa as he could and by daybreak he reached home to his owner who would prepare his concoction and drink it.The supply of`awa lasted him for many days.However,Pupualenalena had left Hakau's field with very little to harvest,so Hakau became suspicious and sent guards to protect his field.One night, the dog entered the field and harvested a large load of 'awa. The guards were sure that it was a dog who was the culprit and followed it.Pupualenalena saw the guards and attempted to outrun them.One guard was able to chase the dog to Puak6 where the dog's master was covered in scales due to his constant use of'awa.The guard approached the master and asked: "Ea, nau no keia ilio?"Ae mai la kela: "Say, is this your dog?" The master replied: "Ae."I aku ua kanaka nei: "Ua hewa "Yes."The guard then said:"You two have sinned olua i ke lii is Hakau, oia ka awa a ko against the king, Hakau. Your dog has been ilio e kii nei, o ka awa a ke lii." stealing the awa which belongs to the king" (Fornander 1916-1917:558-561) The guard then took the man and his dog to Hakau in Waipi`o where the king asked if the dog belonged to him and if he was drinking his `awa. The man confirmed that Pupualenalena was his and that he was drinking his 'aiva, unbeknownst to him as he thought the dog was gathering it closer to home.Angry,Hakau sentenced both of them to death. During Hakau's reign, a pu(shell trumpet)called Kuana was owned by the spirits who lived above Waipi`o. Kuana was blown every night and it upset Hakau who then told Pupualenalena's master: "I will, however, save you and your dog if you will get me the shell owned by the spirits"(Fornander 1916-1917:560).Pupualenalena understood Hakau, so that evening after Kuana was blown, the king of the spirits retired for the night and left the shell with his spirit guards to keep watch. Eventually,the spirit guards fell asleep and Pupualenalena stole Kuana.While in the act of stealing Kuana,one side of the shell struck a rock,and a piece of it broke off.The spirits awoke but were unable to catch the dog. When Pupualenalena arrived at Hakau with Kuana, the king was happy and placed the master and his dog on a piece of land nearby. Hole Waimea Hole Waimea is a mele inoa(name chant)composed for Kamehameha 1.This mele speaks of the Kipu`upu`u,a band of Kamehameha's warriors whose name is taken from the cold wind that blows across Waimea and can be felt in the project area. The mete is full of kaona or double entendre(Kanoa-Martin 1997). The warriors were trained in spear- fighting and set forth to Mahiki, a forest in the Waimea-Hamakua region. While in the forest, these warriors sang about love,not work or war. Hanakahi refers to an area associated with Hilo,but is also the name of an ancient chief from Hilo"who was a symbol of profound peace"(Pukui and Elbert 1986:56).Malanai is the name of a gentle wind, while pua o koai'e refers to the blossom of the koai'e(a native tree similar to the koa;Acacia koala)tree that grows in the wild and is a euphemism for delicate parts (Kanoa-Martin 1997; Pukui and Elbert 1986:157).The mele,with a translation by Kanoa-Martin(1997),reads: 18 AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani Waimea strips the spears of the wind Hao mai nd'ale a ke Kapu`upu'u Waves tossed in violence by the Kipu`upu`u rains He ld'au kala 'ihi 'ia na ke anu Trees brittle in the cold I 'o`o i ka nahele o Mahiki Are made into spears in Mahiki forest Ku aku i ka pahu Hit by the thrusts KCi a ka 'awa`awa Hit by the cold Hanane'e ke kfkala o ko Hilo kini The hips of Hilo's throngs sag Ho'i lu'ulu'u i ke one o Hanakahi Weary,they return to the sands of Hanakahi Ku aku la 'oe i ka Malanai Pelted and bruised by A ke Kipu'upu'u The Kipu`upu`u rains Holat ka maka o ka 'ohdwai a Uli The petals of Uh sway Niniau 'eha ka pua o ke koai'e The flower of koai`e droops Ua 'eha i ka nahele o Waikd Stung by frost,the herbage of Waika According to Kihei de Silva (2006), most understandings of this popular mele are just the"tip of an iceberg, a ko`a man6 projecting above the reef below"in regards to the hidden meanings(e.g., love making)within the text of Hole Waimea. De Silva (2006) offers more insight and a variation of the mele translated by Mary Kawena Pukui below: Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, Waimea is tousled with shafts of the wind, Hao main a ale a ke Kipuupuu, While the Kipuupuu puffs in gusts, Laau kalaihi na ke anu, The trees are blighted by the cold Oo i ka nahele o Mahiki. That drives through the forest of Mahiki. Ku aku la oe i ka malanai a ke Kipunpzat, You are pierced by the cold Kipuupuu wind Holu ka maka o ka ohawai o Uli, That sets the ohawai blossoms asway, Niniau, eha ka pua o koaie Wearied and bruised are the flowers of Koaie, Aloha Waika ia'u me he ipo la, Waika loves me like a sweetheart, Me he ipo la ka maka lena o ke koolau Dear to me are the yellow centered koolau blossoms, Ka pua i ka nahele ma Huleia The blossoms of the forest of Huleia, E lei hele i ke alo o Moolau That are worn in wreaths at Moolau, E lau ka huakai hele i ka pall loa, Travel-wreaths for travelers on a long climb Hele hihini,pill noho i ka nahele, To our homes in the wildnerness, O kini noho wale iho no i kahua e, Still do I cherish our old home, O kou aloha kai hiki mai i o'u nei, For your love still visits me here, Mahea la i nalo iho nei. Where have you been hiding till now? Pukui provides a definitive explanation of the mele in her notes on the late master chanter James Kuluwaimaka's kepakepa(conversational chant)rendition,which places the Kipu`upu`u warriors of Waimea as the haku(composers) of the mele, in which they honor their ali'i, Kamehameha (de Silva 2006). According to Theodore Kelsey, Kuluwaimaka's great-grandfather was very close to Kamehameha I and fought beside the ali'i in battles at Hamakua and Hilo Paliku(de Silva 2006). She further describes their activities in Mahiki below: Kamehameha needed more spear fighters and having heard of a company of twelve hundred young men of Waimea,Hawaii,who were trained runners,he went to see for himself.He was pleased with their swiftness and knew that they would make excellent spear fighters. He appointed Na-nu`u-a- Kalani-`6pu`u to train and lead them...It was there that the young men thought of composing a chant in honor of their chief,Kamehameha I.The first composition was criticized by several expert poets and hula masters. It began with `Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, hala kika i ka pu'u kohl.' (Waimea is pierced by the spear-like blasts of the wind;slipping and sliding over the triple hills.) It was the slipping and sliding that was objected to. With the few changes, the chant was completed to the satisfaction of all and presented as a gift to the ruler by[his]newly trained warriors of Waimea. It was first chanted as an oli and later, as a hula. This was one of the most popular chants of Kamehameha's day and was heard wherever his annies moved.(de Silva 2006) Clearly, there are variations of the mele and Pukui points out that author of Hawaiian mythology Nathaniel Emerson's version focus on"effeminacy and sentimentality"and doesn't capture"the powerful,image-rich language of the original"(de Silva 2006). Clergyman and author Stephen L. Desha add: AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 19 2.Background When Kamehameha was staying at Kawaihae,he went with his many warriors to that forest for the making of spears. Some of his court accompanied them,in other words,the chiefly women. At this place of the story,the writer conceals the hidden meaning of the"Stripping of Waimea by the spear of the wind"and it is for the reader to guess the meaning. (de Silva 2006) The Legend of Kuapnka`a and the Wind-Gourd ofLa`amaomao The K3pu`upu`u wind of Waimea is only one of several named winds for the area that appear in a traditional mo`olelo featuring the famous wind-gourd La`amaomao, which was said to contain all the winds of Hawaii. A definitive version of the story was originally published in 1902 by Moses Kuaea Nakuina (2005). The legend, which is summarized below,relates the story of Paka`a,son of La`amaomao and Kuanu`uanu. Paka`a succeeded his father as kahu(personal attendant)of Keawenui a`Umi(the grandson of celebrated ah`i nui`Umi a Liloa).In this role,Paka`a had charge over Keawenui's many belongings,and he dutifully served the ah`i by keeping a close and careful watch over them. Paka`a's greatest and most cherished responsibility, however, was the keeping of a highly treasured personal possession: a very special and sacred ipu(gourd)passed down to him from his mother and his grandmother before her. The ipit contained Paka`a's grandmother's bones and all of the winds of the islands, including those of Kohala.When Paka`a's mother passed the ipu to him,she gave him these instructions: You must care for this gourd because it had been handed down from the kupuna. This gourd has great value—you may not think so now,but when you sail with the ali`i and arrive at an area where no wind blows and the canoes are becalmed, say that the winds are at your command; all you have to do is call,and the winds will blow. "When you're laughed at,remove the lid of the gourd and call for a wind.The wind will blow and bring the canoes to shore.The ali`i will be grateful to you,and you'll be loved and valued by him." Before Paka`a sailed off,La`amaomao taught him the names of all the winds,along with the prayers, songs and chants concerning them,and when she was done,Paka`a had memorized everything.Then he took the wind gourd and tied it with a cord he had made,prepared his other things for the voyage, and left home. (Nakuina 2005:14-15) Paka`a settled into his role as kahu, and he became the favorite of Keawenui a `Umi, but made enemies of two other ah'i,Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna.The pair spread lies and slandered Paka'a,turning Keawenui a`Umi against him. Keawenui a`Umi took back all of Paka`a's gifted lands and authority and gave these to Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Paka`a gathered some of the belongings of his former hake, placed them inside the ipu, and departed for Molokai from Waipi`o. While on Molokai, Paka`a fathered a son, Kuapaka`a, and raised him to one day serve his own hake and take revenge on Paka`a's enemies. In time,Keawenui a`Umi teamed the true character of Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna. He grew to regret his dismissal of his former kahu, and searched frantically and persistently for Paka`a, with whom he had been communicating with in dreams.In the dark of morning off the shore of Molokai,Keaweanui,accompanied by canoe fleets from each of the six districts on Hawaii Island,found Paka`a and his son.The two were lying in wait for them, disguised while they fished for uhu(parrot fish).The six canoe fleets approached Paka`a and Kuapaka`a,and as each passed in turn, Kiiapaka`a hurled insults, incensing each district ali'i leading the fleets. When Keawenui a `Umi's canoe approached,Kuapaka`a chanted to him,predicting stormy weather and strong winds from Hawaii Island.This was an attempt to lure the canoe onshore,where Paka`a could exact revenge on Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Keawenui a `Umi's kuhina nui Kahikuokamoku challenged this prophecy and Kuapaka`a's knowledge of Hawaii Island's winds—how could a young boy from Molokai possibly understand, let alone foretell, that winds strong enough to force theta ashore would be heading towards them from Hawaii? In response, Kuapaka`a drew upon the ipat and his ancestral knowledge,and began chanting again,warning of destruction as he called on each of the winds of the island by name.The chant,with Kohala winds bolded and Kohala place names in italics below,began: Hurry,hurry, The source of the storms of Hilo, Is the wind called ua kea, Shearing off the edges of a hale and breaking it up, Kepia is of Hilo of the upright cliffs, Uluau is of Waiakea, Ulumano, `Awa,Pu`ulena, Moani`ala are of Puna, The winds of Kuamoa`e have gathered, 20 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background My Moa'e,the wind that is swelling, Apaiahaa is at Kanakaloloa, Hau is of Kapalilua, `Eka is of Kona, Kipu is of Kahua, 'E`elekoa is of Uli, Kipu`uyu`u is of Waimea, `Olauniu is of Kekaha, Pa`ala`a is in the ocean, Naulu is of Kawaihae, A wind that comes And dashes the milo leaves of Makaopau, Kalahuipua`a,`Apa`apa`a is of Kohala's upland cliffs, The wind that flies about like vapor, Pu`ukolea is of Kapa'au, Holopo`opo`o is of Waipi`o, 'Aeloa is of Hamakua, Kona is the wind of the sky Above the 'Alenuihaha sea, You should come ashore, The spray of the sea flies up, The spray of the wind,a storm is coming ...(Nakuina 2005:39-40) Keawenui a'Umi listened with rapt attention.Kuapaka`a continued,naming the Kohala and Waimea winds: There,there are the winds rising from the earth, The`Apa`apa`a is of Kohala, The rainy wind called Naulu is of Kawaihae, The Mpu`upu'u is of Waimea, A cold wind that hurts the skin, A wind that whips the kapa of that land about, Tossing up dust before it, Frightening the procession of travelers...(Nakuina 2005:41-42) After Kuapaka`a recited the winds of Hawaii and the other islands, Keawenui a `Umi became unsettled by the boy's warning. His advisors, however, remained suspicious of the youth, and demanded to know the boy's name. Kuapaka`a refused, arguing that he would reveal his name only after the men had landed. Keawenui's fleets did not go ashore,but sailed off to Oahu instead. Soon after they departed Kuapaka`a chanted: E winds that I've called, Blow here,those of Ka'ula and Kauai first, Those of Oahu and Hawaii from the sides, Those of Maui and Molokai last, Blow true,and overtake the canoe fleet Of Keawenuia`umi,the ali`i. (Nakuina 2005:63) With this utterance,every wind that had escaped Kuapaka`a's lips during his chant ravaged the atmosphere and wrought havoc upon Keawenui a `Umi's fleet. The survivors and their ah`i made their way back to Molokai where they were led safely to shore by Kuapaka`a and his father.Paka'a began to ingratiate his son to Keawenui a`Umi. He had Kuapaka'a offer the cold and wet ah`i a dry rnalo and a beautifully-scented kapa that he had kept with him even after leaving his service. Keawanui accepted Kuapaka`a's service. Meanwhile, Paka`a continued to plot his revenge on Ho'okele-i-Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna.He had his son let loose the winds of his gourd for four months to keep the weather unstable.Then,one morning before dawn,he had Kuapaka'a direct the six district ah'i and their men to sail to Ka'ula ahead of Keawenui a`Umi.When day broke,Keawenui a`Umi and his men(including Ho`okele-i-Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna) departed to Ka'ula to resume their search for Paka`a. Kuapaka`a accompanied them, and while enroute,released the winds out of La`amaomao.He anchored the canoe with a rock he had hidden and encouraged the men to ride out the storm in place. The bitter wind and rain chilled the men to the bone and just before they reached the verge of death, Kuapaka`a revealed a hidden trove of food, drink, and palm fronds to feed and protect everyone on board except Ho`okele-i-Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna, who succumbed to the cold and perished. When the weather AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawai'i 21 2.Background cleared,Kuapaka`a steered the canoe for Ka`ula,but in the night opened his wind-gourd yet again.The winds carried them to Hawaii Island where they landed at Kawaihae and met the rest of Keawenui a `Umi's party,who had also drifted there. Keawenui a `Umi and his party returned to their families, leaving Kuapaka`a alone and forgotten. Keawenui was eventually reunited with the boy, and a deal was made in which Kuapaka`a would fetch Paka`a from Molokai.Although Paka`a longed to serve his haku once more, he refused to travel back to Hawaii Island without having his land, position as navigator, and other rights restored. When Keawenui a `Umi was informed of this, he immediately consented,eager to reconnect,and Paka`a,the beloved kahu,returned to serve him faithfully for the rest of his days. The Battle of Hoku`ula The following mo`olelo tells of the invasion of Hawaii Island by Kama-lala-walu,ruler of Maui Island,as related by Kamakau (1961). A critical battle that ended the invasion was fought on the Waimea Plain. Figure 20 shows the approximate locations of key positions held by Hawaii and Maui forces at the beginning of the battle.Kamakau states that Kama-lala-walu's men landed at Puak6 and went up to the grass-covered plains of Waimea: After Kama-lala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu`ehu`e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Kau and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea,and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea.The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts. Kama-lala-walu with his warriors dared to fight. The battle of Puoaoaka was outside of the grassy plain of Waimea, but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama, so they led to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard,waterworn pebbles. The men of Hawaii feared that the Maui warriors would find water to drink and become stronger for the slinging of stones that would fall like raindrops from the sky. The stones would fall about with a force like lightning,breaking the bones into pieces and causing sudden death as if by bullets. Maui almost won in the first battle because of Hawaii's lack of a strong champion. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani [representing Maui]was first on the field and defied any man on Hawaii to match strength with him.Maka-ku-i-ka-lani tore Hawaii's champion apart.When Puapua-kea arrived later by way of Mauna Kea,those of Hawaii rejoiced at having their champion. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani and Puapua-kea matched their strength in club fighting on the battle site before the two sides plunged into the fight. (Kamakau 1961:58-59) Once he reached Waimea,Kama-lala-walu positioned himself on Haku`ula,the hill that he was told would serve as a refiige for him and his men(Fornander 1959).In Fornander's description,the battlefield would have extended to Pu`ukakanihia("noisy hill")which is located in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a approximately one mile northwest of the project area(Pukui et al. 1974:197): Kamalalawalu, upon arrival thereon, found on reconnoitering that there were neither stones nor trees, but only dirt [on H6ku`ula]. While they were engaged in a conversation with Kumaikeau together with Kumakaia, at that time messengers were sent to summon Lonoikamakahiki and Pupuakea. At Kealakekua, in Kona, was the place where Lonoikamakahiki lived. When the messenger appeared before him, he said to Lonoikamakahiki: "Kamalalawalu and Makakuikalani have come to give battle to you both...When Lonoikamakahiki heard these things, he questioned the messenger: "Where is the battle to take place?"The messenger replied: "There,at Waimea,on top of that hill,Hokuula,where Kamalalawalu and all Maui are stationed."(Fornander 1959:188) During that night and including the following morning the Kona men arrived and were assigned to occupy a position from Puupa to Haleapala. The Kau and Puna warriors were stationed from Holoholoku to Waikoloa.Those of Hilo and Hamakua were located from Mahiki to Puukanikanihia [Puukakanihia], while those of Kohala guarded from Momoualoa to Waihaka. (Fornander 1959:229) Puapua-kea was the eventual victor of this fight, and the warriors of Maui were put to flight(Kamakau 1961). After Kama-lala-walu was defeated, Hawaii was invaded by Alapa`i-nui,the son of a former Kona war chief of the Mahi lineage, who had been living on Maui since the death of his father (Kamakau 1961). Based on Kamakau's account,Alapa`i-nui resided in Waimea at Lanimaomao,a stream that flows through Pu`ukapu,until his death. Alapa`i dwelt in Hilo for a year and then went to live in Waipi`o. Shortly after, he and the chiefs moved to Waimea and others went by canoe to Kawaihae.From Waimea,he went to Lanimaomao, where he fell ill.(Kamakau 1961:77) 22 AA for the Queen Lili`uokatani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background ir,.. ery "311 y,?3121 M e ! 'J, f s , Figure 20.Approximate location of Hawaiian and Maui forces based on Fornander's(1959:229)description of the Battle of H5ku`ula(imagery from Google Earth). He Kanikau Aloha no S.P. Koko A kanikau is defined as a "chant of mourning" that shows the relationship between the composer and to whom the chant is composed(Pukui and Elbert 1986:129).It can be described as a fond recollection and can either be presented in chronological order of time spent together or geographic locations where time was spent. A kanikau is part of the grieving process, which helps to ease the pain of loss. The following kanikaat was composed for S.P. Koko, a lima 'auhau or tax collector for the district of South Kohala. He was a luna (manager, district representative) for Ke All 'Oko`a,a Hawaiian newspaper published on Oahu that was in print from April 1865 to March 1873.In 1865,Koko became a district judge in South Kohala. The kanikau was written by a"Mrs. Honolulu"from Niuli`i and published in the February 15, 1868 edition of Ka Nupepa Kil'oko'a.The lament reflects on places of South Kohala and mentions Pu`umanu,the pu`u situated just south of the current project area.It should be noted that the project area encompasses a portion of Pu`umaile but this pu`u is not mentioned in the kanikau. Below is an excerpt from the kanikau (Mrs. Honolulu 1868:4;English translation by H.Kapuni-Reynolds): Aloha is wahi a kuu kane e hele ai, Beloved are the places my husband traveled to, Kuu minamina pau ole la he kane, My neverending grief for a dear man, Kiut kane mai ke ala au o Mahiki My husband from the river ford path of Mahiki Mai ka piina la e Puuomoeawa, From the rising sun at Pu`umoe`awa Mai ka ua Kipuupuu la o Waimea, From the KYpu`upu`u rain of Waimea Mai ka ua lei kokoula i ke pill, From the rainbow-hued mists upon the pili grass Mai ka piina ikiiki o Namauenaena From the unbearable ascent of Namau`ena`ena Hoomaha aku i ka olu o ka wai o Resting briefly in the cooling waters of Keawewai, Keawewai, King kane hoi, kuu kane mai ke kai My beloved husband,my husband from the whispering hawanawana o Kawaihae, sea of Kawaihae, Mai ka piina o ke pili enaena o From ascending the glowing pili grass of Pohakuloa, Pohakuloa, Mai ka ua pee palcaiaulu o Kahua, From the Pe`epakaiaulu rain of Kahua AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 23 2.Background Kutt kane mai ka malu hale o My husband from the peaceful home of Ohialele, 'Ohi'alele, Aloha is wahi a'u a noho ai me kutt Beloved is the place where I lived with my aloha, lover Kuu kane mai ka aina ala Inu o My husband from Inu of Kohala, Kohala, Mai ka ihona la e Puumanu, From the descent of Pu'umanu, Mai ka pihana kanaka la e Halaula, From the gathering of people at Hala`ula, Kuu Kane mai ka aina makamaka ole, My husband from unfriendly lands, Hookahi makamaka o ka Oihana o ke A person who worked for the Aupctni Kingdom Mai ka makani hoohuli last ko o From the winds that turn over the sugarcane Kohala he Malanai... leaves of Kohala called the Malanai... 'Olelo No'eau of South Kohala The oral traditions of Hawaii are perhaps best preserved in Welo no'eau,which have been passed down throughout the generations.Many 'olelo no'eau speak of South Kohala,and most mention the famed winds of the region including the`Apa`apa`a as well as the Moa`e.The following proverbs illustrate the character of Puna in great detail,and appear below as they were interpreted and published in 'Olelo No'eau, Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Savings by Puku`i (1983): 'A'ohe u'i hele wale o Kohala. No youth of Kohala goes empty-handed. Said in praise of people who do not go anywhere without a gift or a helping hand. The saying originated at Honomaka'u in Kohala. The young people of that locality, when on a journey, often went as far as Kapua before resting. Here,they made lei to adorn themselves and carry along with them.Another version is that no Kohala person goes unprepared for any emergency. (25) He pn'd ko kea no Kohala, e kole ai ka waha ke 'ai. A resistant white sugar cane of Kohala that injures the mouth when eaten. A person that one does not tamper with. This was the retort of Pupukea,a Hawaii chief,when the Maui chief Makakuikalani made fain of his small stature. Later used in praise of the warriors of Kohala,who were known for valor. (95) 1 'ike 'ia no o Kohala i ka pae ko, a o ka pae ko is kole ai ka waha. One can recognize Kohala by her rows of sugar cane which can make the mouth raw when chewed. When one wanted to fight a Kohala warrior, he would have to be a very good warrior to succeed. Kohala men were vigorous,brave,and strong. (127) Ipu lei Kohala na ka Moa'eku. Kohala is like a wreath container for the Moa`e breeze. Kohala is a windy place. (136) Kahilipulrt Kohala na ka makani. Kohala is swept,mulch and all,by the wind. Kohala is a windy place. (143) Ka makani 'Apa'apa'a o Kohala. The 'Apa`apa`a wind of Kohala. Kohala was famed in song and story for the `Apa`apa`a wind of that district. (157) Kohala 'aina ha'aheo. Kohala, land of the proud. The youths,lei-bedecked,were proud of their handsome appearance and of their home district. (196) 24 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background Kohala ihu hakahaka. Kohala of the gaping nose. Kohala is full of hills,and the people there are said to breathe hard from so much climbing. (196) Le'i o Kohala i ka nukir na kanaka. Covered is Kohala with men to the very point of land. A great population has Kohala.Kauhiakama once traveled to Kohala to spy for his father,the ruling chief of Maui.While there,he did not see many people for they were all tending their farms in the upland.He returned home to report that there were hardly any men in Kohala.But when the invaders from Maui came they found a great number of men,all ready to defend their homeland. (213) Lele au la, hokahoka wale iho. I fly away,leaving disappointment behind. Said of one who is disillusioned after giving many gifts.Waka`ina was a ghost of North Kohala who deceived people. He often flew to where people gathered and chanted.When he had their attention he would say,"I could chant better if I had a tapa cloth."In this way he would name one thing after another,and when all had been given him he would fly away chanting these words. (213) Lele o Kohala me he lupe la. Kohala soars as a kite. An expression of admiration for Kohala,a district that has often been a leader in doing good works. (214) Na 'ilina wai We o Kohala. The waterless plains of Kohala,where water will not remain long. After a downpour,the people look even in the hollows of rocks for the precious water. (243) Nani ka waiho a Kohala i ka la`i. Beautiful lies Kohala in the calm. An expression of admiration for Kohala,Hawaii,or for a person with poise and charm--especially a native of that district. (248) `Ohi hdpuku ka waiie o Kapa'au. Anything was gathered up as fuel at Kapa`au. Said of one who takes anything and everything. At one time Kohala suffered a drought and food became scarce. The women did their best to raise food at `Ainakea while the men traveled far in search of some means of relieving the famine. In order to cook their meager, inferior crops, the women used whatever they found for fuel--dried sugar-cane leaves,grasses,potatoes,and so forth. (258) 'Ope'ope Kohala i ka makani. Kohala is buffeted by the wind. (277) `Uala ne`ene`e o Kohala. Ne`ene`e potato of Kohala. A person who hangs around constantly. Ne`ene`e, a variety of sweet potato, also means "to move up closer." (309) History After Contact The arrival of foreigners in the Hawaiian Islands marked the beginning of drastic changes in Hawai`i's culture and political-economy and signified the end of the Precontact Period,and the beginning of the Historic Period.During this time,there was a continued trend toward craft and status specialization, intensification of agriculture,ah'i controlled aquaculture, the establishment of upland residential sites, and the enhancement of traditional oral history. The Ku tradition and practices including the luakini heiau, and the kapu system were at their peaks, although western influences were already altering the cultural fabric of the Islands (Kent 1983; Kirch 1985). Foreigners very quickly AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 25 2.Background introduced the concept of trade for profit,and by the time Kamehameha I had conquered Oahu,Maui,and Molokai, in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). Captain James Cook and his crew on board the ships the H.M.S. Resolution and Discovery first arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on January 18, 1778.Ten months later,on a return trip to Hawaiian waters,Kalani`6pu`u,who was at war with Kahekili, visited Cook on board the Resolution off the East coast of Maui. Kamehameha observed this meeting but chose not to participate (Jarves 1847). Cook made his way back to Hawaii Island and although the expedition did not explore inland to Waimea while sailing up the Kohala coast,Lt.King recorded his observations of that part of the countryside: Koaara [Kohala] extends from the Westernmost point to the Northern extremity of the island; the whole coast between them forming an extensive bay, called Toe-yah-yah [Kawaihae], which is bounded to the North by two very conspicuous hills. Toward the bottom of this bay there is foul, corally ground,extending upward of a mile from the shore,without which the soundings are regular, with good anchorage,in twenty fathoms.The country,as far as the eye could reach,seemed fruitful and well inhabited, the soil being in appearance of the same kind with the district of Kaoo [Ka`u]; but no fresh water is to be got here.(King 1784:106) Hawai`i's culture and the economy continued to change drastically during Kamehameha's rule as capitalism and industry established a firm foothold in the islands. Foreigners very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit, and by the time Kaniehauieha had conquered Oahu, Maui, and Molokai, in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). Some of the work of the maka'dinana shifted from subsistence agriculture to the production of foods and goods that they could trade with early visitors. Introduced foods often grown for trade with Westerners included yams, coffee,melons, Irish potatoes, Indian corn,beans,figs,oranges, guavas,and grapes (Wilkes 1845).The sandalwood(Santalum ellipticuim)trade,established by Euro-Americans in 1790,became a viable commercial enterprise by 1805 (Oliver 1961)and was flourishing by 1810.Kamehameha,who resided on the Island of Oahu at this time,did manage to maintain some control over the trade(Kent 1983;Kuykendall and Day 1976). Soon after the arrival of foreigners,the landscape of Waimea also began to change dramatically,initially through deforestation from the collection of sandalwood and then by the introduction of cattle to these lands (Rechtman and Prasad 2006).In 1792,Captain George Vancouver,who had sailed with Cook during his 1778-1779 voyages,arrived at Kealakekua Bay with a small fleet of British ships,where he met with Kamehameha.Vancouver stayed only a few days on this first visit,but returned again in 1793 and 1794 to take on supplies. Vancouver introduced cattle to the Island of Hawaii at Kealakekua during these latter two visits,giving them as gifts to Kamehameha I,who immediately made the cattle kapu,thus preventing them from being killed(Kamakau 1961;Vancouver 1984).Some of the offspring of these animals escaped the initial attempts to contain them (Barr&e 1983; Bowser 1880; Henke 1929) and spread throughout Kohala, Kona, and the saddle region. In agricultural areas, they wrought havoc on crops and were responsible for a flurry of wall building as people tried to keep the feral cattle out of their fields and homes. Upon returning to Kailua-Kona in 1812,Kamehameha ordered men into the mountains of Kona to cut sandalwood and carry it to the coast,paying them in cloth, tapa material, food and fish(Kamakau 1961).This new burden added to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system. Farmers and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging,resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline. Kamakau(1961:204) indicates that,"this rush of labor to the mountains brought about a scarcity of cultivated food ... The people were forced to eat herbs and tree ferns,thus the famine [was] called Hi-laulele, Haha-pilau,Laulele,Pualele, 'Ama`u, or Hapu`u, from the wild plants resorted to." Once Kamehameha realized that his people were suffering, he "declared all the sandalwood the property of the government and ordered the people to devote only part of their time to its cutting and return to the cultivation of the land"(Kamakau 1961:204).In the uplands of Kailua,a vast plantation named Kuahewa was established where Kamehameha himself worked as a farmer.Kamehameha enacted the law that anyone who took one taro or one stalk of sugarcane must plant one cutting of the same in its place(Handy et al. 1991).While in Kailua- Kona, Kamehameha resided at Kamakahonu,from where he continued to rule the islands for another nine years. He and his high chiefs participated in foreign trade,but also continued to enforce the rigid kapu system. When Kamehameha I died on May 8, 1819, however, the changes that had been affecting the Hawaiian culture since the arrival of Captain Cook in the Islands began to rapidly accelerate. Following the death of a prominent chief, it was customary to remove all of the regular kapu that maintained social order and the separation of men and women and elite and commoner.Thus,following Kamehameha's death,a period of 'ai noa(free eating)was observed,along with the relaxation of other traditional kapu.It was for the new ruler and kahuna to re-establish kapu and restore social order, but at this point in history traditional customs were altered (Kamakau 1961). Immediately upon the death of Kamehameha 1,Liholiho(his son and to be successor)was sent away to Kawaihae to keep him safe from the impurities 26 AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background of Kamakahonu brought about from the death of Kamehameha. After the purification ceremonies, Liholiho returned to Kamakahonu,and rather than re-establish the kapu, Then Liholiho on this first night of his arrival ate some of the tabu dog meat free only to the chiefesses; he entered the lauhala house free only to them;whatever he desired he reached out for; everything was supplied,even those things generally to be found only in a tabu house. The people saw the men drinking rum with the women kahu and smoking tobacco,and thought it was to mark the ending of the tabu of a chief.The chiefs saw with satisfaction the ending of the chief's tabu and the freeing of the eating tabu.The kahu said to the chief,"Make eating free over the whole kingdom from Hawaii to Oahu and let it be extended to Kauai!" and Liholiho consented. Then pork to be eaten free was taken to the country districts and given to commoners, both men and women, and free eating was introduced all over the group. Messengers were sent to Maui, Molokai, Oahu and all the way to Kauai, Ka-umu-ali`i consented to the free eating and it was accepted on Kauai. (Kamakau 1961:225) When Liholiho,Kamehameha II, ate the kapu dog meat, entered the lauhala house and did whatever he desired it was still during a time when he had not reinstituted the eating kapu but others appear to have thought otherwise. Kekuaokalani,caretaker of the war god Kuka`ilimoku,was dismayed by his cousin's(Liholiho)actions and revolted against him but was defeated.With an indefinite period of free-eating and the lack of the reinstatement of other kapu extending from Hawaii to Kauai, and the arrival of the Christian missionaries shortly thereafter, the traditional religion had been officially replaced by Christianity within a year following the death of Kamehameha I.By December of 1819,Kamehameha II had sent edicts throughout the kingdom renouncing the ancient state religion, ordering the destruction of the heiau images, and ordering that the heiau structures be destroyed or abandoned and left to deteriorate. He did,however,allow the personal family religion,the `aumakua worship,to continue(Kamakau 1961; Oliver 1961).With the end of the kapu system,changes in the social and economic patterns began to affect the lives of the common people. Following the death of Kamehameha I in 1819,the Hawaiian religious and political systems underwent a radical transformation; Ka`ahumanu proclaimed herself"Kuhina nui" (Prime Minister), and within six months the ancient kapu system was overthrown. In October of 1819, seventeen Protestant missionaries had set sail from Boston to Hawaii.They arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820 to a society whose spiritual system has just been overturned. Many of the ah'i, who were already exposed to western material culture, welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western-style and adopted their dress and religion.As missionaries began to introduce Christian concepts and beliefs they also set forth the process of rendering a once purely oral language into written form and literacy was quickly taken up as a national endeavor(Nogelmeier 2010).Soon,many ah'i were rewarding these early missionaries with land and positions in the Hawaiian government. During this period, the demands of the ah'i to cut sandalwood overburdened the commoners,who were weakening with the heavy production, exposure,and famine just to fill the coffers of the ali'i who were no longer under any traditional constraints (Kuykendall and Day 1976; Oliver 1961). The lack of control of the sandalwood trade soon led to the first Hawaiian national debt,as promissory notes and levies were initiated by American traders and enforced by American warships(Oliver 1961).The Hawaiian culture was well on its way towards Western assimilation as industry in Hawaii went from the sandalwood trade, to a short-lived whaling industry,to the more lucrative,but environmentally destructive sugar industry. Early Historic Accounts of Waimea and Pu`ukapu Some of the earliest written descriptions of Waimea and Pu`ukapu come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island. In 1823, the missionary William Ellis described Waimea as a fertile, well-watered land"capable of sustaining many thousands of inhabitants"(Ellis 1831:399).The population was concentrated in three villages,Keaalii,Waikoloa,and Pu`ukapu,each located where major streams reached the plain(Figure 21).Ellis notes that another missionary, Asa Thurston,had counted 220 houses in the area, and estimated the population at between eleven and twelve hundred. In the time since Kamehameha I's death, the harvesting of sandalwood had once again been forced upon the maka'dinana. During his travels along the coast of Kohala,Ellis noted that most of the villages were empty as the men of the region had been ordered to the mountains by the King to collect sandalwood.He wrote: About eleven at night we reached Towaihae [Kawaihae], where we were kindly received by Mr. Young...Before daylight on the 22nd,we were roused by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandal-wood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku,by the people of Waimea,and which the people of Kohala,as far as the north point,had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach, for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu. There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 27 2.Background sandal-wood,according to their size and weight.It was generally tied on their backs by bands of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts. (Ellis 1831:396-397) During the Early Historic Period,traditional agricultural practices were maintained with kalo(taro)being one of the foods that the Waimea lands were known for. According to Handy and Handy(1972), dryland kalo was planted along the lower slopes of the Kohala Mountains on the Waimea side, and on the plains south and west of Kamuela (Handy and Handy 1972:532). On his second visit to Waimea town and Pu`ukapu (the last village), William Ellis made the following observation: . . . 25". In the morning,Mr. T. [Thurston] conducted worship with the people of the place [Ouli], and then walked on to Kalaloa the residence of the chief of Waimea, Kumuokapiki (stump of cabbage.) Leaving Kalaloa, he walked on to Waiakoa [Wai`aka], Waikala [Waikoloa], Pukalani, and to Puukapu, 16 or 18 miles from the sea-shore,and the last village in the district of Waimea. . . The soil over which he had passed, was fertile, well watered, and capable of sustaining many thousand inhabitants.He had numbered 220 houses,and the present population is probably between eleven and twelve hundred.(Ellis 1825:19) On a subsequent visit to Waimea town,Ellis(1825:196)made the following observation: The soil was fertile,the vegetation flourishing, and there was considerable cultivation, though but few inhabitants. About noon they [Messrs. Bishop and Goodrich] reached the valley of Waimea, lying at the foot of Mouna-Kea[sic],on the north-west side.Here a number of villages appeared on each side of the path, surrounded with plantations, in which plantains, sugar-cane, and taro were seen growing unusually large. Six years after Ellis' visit to Waimea, in 1829, an examination of Pu`ukapu lands was made by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) for the potential development of a home for mission members considered as invalids (ABCFM 1860). As part of the assessment, the climate, geology, and scenery of Pu`ukapu was evaluated in order to ascertain if the creation of such a facility would impart a rejuvenating effect upon missionaries who suffered from exhaustion as a result of their intensive mission-related work: The growth of wood, either for fuel or timber, is abundant on the eastern part of Waimea, or still nearer on the mountains bordering this district on the north.Timber for native buildings could easily be obtained,and even timber for frames would not be difficult. Stones are plenty a little below the surface of the ground, as appears from the long stone walls built to confine the wild cattle to the southern part of the district. Should an establishment be made,either at Keaalii,Waikoloa,or Puukapu,the natural scenery is of a kind the most interesting,partaking of the grand and beautiful.. . From the elevations at Waikoloa and Puukapu, the whole district appears spread out,exhibiting gentle undulations,groves of trees, here and there a house amidst luxuriant verdure,and distant herds of cattle feeding on the extensive plain. These prospects, occasionally obscured or rendered unpleasant by fogs, clouds, winds, and rain,and again bursting forth with all their distant and varied beauty,must constitute those grateful vicissitudes so agreeable to men generally, and especially to those accustomed to the changes of a northern climate.(ibid.:315-316) 28 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 2.Background i «. L',\!, e 1 Figure 21.Portion of a Map of Waimea ca. 1830(after Andrews et al. 1830). As the decade wore on, however, the population of the Kohala region began a rapid decline, and settlement patterns changed significantly. Leeward inhabitants relocated to the wetter windward slopes of North Kohala and the Waimea plain, abandoning their agriculturally marginal areas in favor of wetter sugarcane lands more productive farmland. According to Tomonari-Tuggle(1988),the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns, largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources. Tomonari-Tuggle (1988:33) clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from astral areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community. Foreigners,especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas, which were the sources of Western material goods, novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable.Associated with the emergence of the market,cash-based economy, commoners followed in search of paying employment. These population shifts were accompanied by an overall decline in the number of people living in Kohala. Contemporary observers and modern scholars(see Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggle 2005)offer several explanations, including the decline of the whaling industry,a kapa on killing wild cattle(Wilkes 1845),dissatisfaction with William Beckley's appointment as konohiki (Doyle 1953), and disease (Kenway 1848). Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, introduced diseases caused deaths and a depressed birth rate among native Hawaiians in the district.Epidemics in 1848 and 1849 killed more than 10,000 people in twelve months throughout the Hawaiian Islands (TomonariJuggle 1988).In the aftermath of these epidemics,the population of the district was reduced to nearly half of the reported population in 1835. The number of coastal residents soon dwindled, and most of the coastal villages were left with only a few solitary residents.The population reduction in Waimea,Kohala,and Hamakua documented by missionaries between 1832 and 1835 was tremendous,as the Rev. Lorenzo Lyons expressed, "if the decrease of local people continues the same, how many years before they are all dead, without any left?" (Schmitt 1973:29). Similarly, an 1848 description of the Waimea population cited by McEldowney (1983:432) laments that "it can scarcely be said that there is any native population at all." AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 29 2.Background The Legacy of the Mahele `Aura of 1848 By the mid-19`h century,the Hawaiian Kingdom was an established center of commerce and trade in the Pacific, and recognized internationally by the United States and other nations in the Pacific and Europe(Sai 2011). As Hawaiian political elites sought to modernize the burgeoning Kingdom,and as more Westerners settled in the Hawaiian Islands, major socioeconomic and political changes took place, including the formal adoption of a Hawaiian constitution by 1840,the change in governance from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy,and the shift towards a Euro- American model of private land ownership.This change in land governance was partially informed by ex-missionaries and Euro-American businessmen in the islands who were generally hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands that could be revoked from them at any time.Mo i(King)Kauikeaouli(Kamehameha III),through deliberations with his high-ranking chiefs and political advisors, defined the ownership of all lands in the Kingdom (King n.d.). They decided that three classes of people each had one-third vested rights to the lands of Hawaii: the Mo a, the ah'i and konohiki,and the native tenants known as hoa'dina. In 1846, King Kauikeaouli formed the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles (more commonly known as the Land Commission) to adopt guiding principles and procedures for dividing the lands, grant land titles, and act as a court of record to investigate and ultimately award or reject all claims brought before them(Bailey in Commissioner of Public Lands 1929). All land claims, whether by chiefs for an entire ahupaia`a or 'ili katpono (nearly independent 71i land division within an ahupua`a, that paid tribute to the ruling chief and not to the chief of the ahupua'a),or by hoa'aina for their house lots and gardens,had to be filed with the Land Commission within two years of the effective date of the Act (February 14, 1846) to be considered. This deadline was extended several times for chiefs and konohiki,but not for native tenants(Soehren 2005). The Mo`f and some 245 ah'i spent nearly two years trying unsuccessfully to divide all the lands of Hawaii amongst themselves before the matter was discussed in the Privy Council on December 18, 1847 (King n.d.; Kuykendall 1938). Once the Mo'a and his ah'i accepted the principles of the Privy Council, the Mahele Aina(Land Division)was completed in just forty days(on March 7, 1848). The names of all of the ahupua'a and 'ili k5pono of the Hawaiian Islands,as well as the names of the chiefs who claimed them,were recorded in the Buke Mahele(Mahele Book)(Buke Mahele 1848).As this process unfolded,the Mo a,Kauikeaouli,received roughly one-third of the lands of Hawaii,realizing in the process the importance of setting aside public lands that could be sold to raise money for the government and also purchased for fee simple title by his subjects. Accordingly,the day after the division when the name of the last chief was recorded in the Buke Mdhele,the Mo'f commuted about two-thirds of the lands awarded to him to the government(King n.d.).Unlike Kauikeaouli,the chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive their Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). The chiefs who participated in the Mdhele were also required to provide to the government commutations of a portion of their lands in order to receive a Royal Patent giving them title to their remaining lands. The lands surrendered to the government by the King and chiefs became known as"Government Land."The lands personally retained by the King became known as "Crown Land." Lastly,the lands received by the chiefs became known as"Konohiki Land"(Chinen 1958:vii; 1961:13). For all land designations, whether to the Mo i,konohiki, or Government, the rights of the native tenants were expressly reserved. (Garovoy 2005).To expedite the work of the Land Commission,all lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the lands could be formally surveyed. On January 28, 1848,the ah'i wahine(chiefess)Miriam Kekau`anohi relinquished her interest in Pu`ukapu,which at this time,was classified as an 'ili rather than an ahupua'a to the Mo'f Kauikeaouli(Buke Mahele 1848). As such, Pu`ukapu was established as Crown Lands, which up until 1865 could not be alienated and sold in fee simple but could only be obtained by lease with a maximum term of thirty years (Iaukea 1894). Crown Lands were held by the Mo 7 and any revenues generated from the lease of Crown lands belonged to the Mo 7(ibid.). To help clarify the exclusive nature of Crown Lands, in 1864 the Supreme Court established that all lands with such designation were inalienable and shall pass to the successor of the Hawaiian Kingdom for his or her lifetime (Van Dyke 2008). Van Dyke(ibid.:I 11)further explained that"[t]he Commissioner of the Crown Lands managed the land, leased the most productive lands(usually to sugar plantations or ranchers),and conveyed the revenues to the M6`Y." As the Mo 7 and his ah'i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mdhele,questions arose regarding the protection of rights for the native tenants.To resolve this matter,on August 6, 1850,the Kuleana Act(also known as the Enabling Act)was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied,actively cultivated,or had improved(Garovoy 2005).The Kuleana Act also clarified access to kuleana parcels, which were typically landlocked, and addressed gathering rights within an ahupua'a. Lands awarded through the Kuleana Act were and still are,referred to as kuleana awards or kuleana lands. The Land Commission oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAw.) 30 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background (Chinen 1958).Native tenants wishing to make a claim to their lands were required to register in writing those lands with the Land Commission,who assigned a number to each claim,and that number(the Native Register)was used to track the claimant through the entire land claims process. The native tenants registering their kuleana were then required to have at least two individuals (typically neighbors) provide testimony to confirm their claim to the land. Those testimonies given in Hawaiian became known as the Native Testimony, and those given in English became known as the Foreign Testimony. Upon provision of the required information, the Land Commission rendered a decision, and if successful, the tenant was issued the LCAw. Finally, to resolve any government interest in the property,the holder of a LCAw. obtained a Royal Patent Grant from the Minister of the Interior upon payment of the commutation fee. The volumes of native registry and testimony collected for the kuleana claims provide a snap-shot of life in Hawaii during the middle part of the 10-century.The information recorded in these volumes contains the names of smaller land divisions (`ili, mo`o, etc.) within the ahupua`a, ties individual claimants and their families to specific locations within those land divisions, provides background information about when and from whom the claimants received their lands,and gives accounts of the land use at that certain time and place.Rev.Elias Bond served the Land Commission as the Land Agent in Kohala during the Mdhele period.Bond was at first unwilling to accept this position, but was convinced that "he must, in order to protect the interests of the Hawaiians against foreigners coming in" (Damon 1927:180).As the Kohala Land Agent,he actively encouraged Hawaiians to make land claims(Erkelens and Athens 1994),and in a few cases,he even wrote letters to the Land Commission in support of various claims that were contested. Over 140 claims for kuleana were made by native tenants within the Waimea area. Nearly all of these claims were for house lots or cultivated sections(Hann et al.2003).Within Pu`ukapu,eighteen individuals were awarded 34 parcels that totaled approximately 66.7 acres(Table 1).None of these kuleana parcels were awarded within,or contain, the current project area (Figure 22). Four of the awarded parcels are located to the northeast of the project area. Eighteen of the nearby kuleana consist of 3-acre rectangular lots laid out in a grid pattern less than half a mile to the southeast of the project area(Figure 23).An additional twelve smaller(0.25 acre)parcels span a portion of the southern perimeter of the subdivision. Figure 24 shows the distribution of cultivated crops on each respective kuleana as described in the LCAw.documentation. Table 1.Land Commission Awards Awarded in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a. LCAw. Awardee Acres Royal Awarded Houses Crops Grown No Patent Parcels 3672 Maria 3.23 7637 2 1 taro 3675 Mahuka to Kalua 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro,banana 3685 Malice 3.24 6834 2 1 taro,banana,Irish potato,sugarcane 3686 Moluhi 5.94 N/A 2 1 - 3733 Imoehalau to 3.23 N/A 2 1 taro,banana,mdmaki Nakuala 3842 Paukumoku 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro,mdmaki 3923 Naihe to Mauae 3.23 7671 2 1 banana 4130 Kanakaole 3.24 7334 2 1 taro,potato,sweet potato 4132 Kama to 3.24 7684 2 1 taro,sugarcane,potato Kanekuapuu 4183 Kaluahinenui and 4.87 6271 2 0 kou, sugarcane Kanaue 418313:1 Kanaue 3.0 6848 1 1 taro,banana,potato,sugarcane 4210 Kalua 3.247 7675 2 1 sugarcane,mdmaki, taro,banana 4210B Wawaeluhi to 3.0 6835 1 0 sugarcane,mdmaki,taro,banana Mokuhia 4212 Kualehelehe 3.24 8044 2 1 taro 4214 Hamehame, 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro James 4218 Kaohimaunu 3.23 N/A 2 1 taro 4230 Kukahekahe 5.25 7398 2 1 taro Total 18 individuals —66.7 - 34 16 - AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 31 2.Background ZCi P 7� y U Cl 3 a i 1 1t f r N R C C�1 N N in. b4 �i N x 3 W R J N U 5A w 32 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background — 42-'0: 368 L - _ � 1 39z A LC'A. 1 421 2' 1 , 3 7 3� LC'A • 1 367�:1 4183:1 38: LC = 4� A L 4218: C 36 7S LCA LCA. 4210,0 42 CA' - 4 LC. 14:1 183�: 368� 1 4227. 1 421 A LCA. L C ; 4130 LCA A. 3685. :1 4132: LCIA 3 $•1 L+CA 12 18 LC • 3923 L C, -12:` �. 3 733: CA 36�� 2 LCA. 3672:, LC A. 4130 413-): - e , LCA' 4214•2 ,...- Figure 23.Detail of Hawaii Register Map No.2552 showing kuleana parcels situated southeast of the current project area(after Kanakanui and Lutz 1913). AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 33 2.Background - s t � � J - _ Z 77 r11 -77 7 U LM1 - Sri "' ' O o �J ^o J ri ri � _ J j C O u C Cz -- L C -1 00 U x 1 M U 010 Ai %Z R --t ti N U v u{puny pq 34 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background Boundary Commission Testimony(1862-1876) In 1862,the Commission of Boundaries(Boundary Commission)was established in the Hawaiian Kingdom to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupcta`a that had been awarded as a part of the Mdhele. Subsequently, in 1874, the Commissioners of Boundaries were authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents of the lands,many of which had also been claimants for kttleana during the Mdhele. This information was collected primarily between 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and transcribed in English. Although hearings for most ahupua`a boundaries were brought before the Boundary Commission and later surveyed by Government employed surveyors,in some instances,the boundaries were established through a combination of other methods. In some cases, ahupua`a boundaries were established by conducting surveys on adjacent ahupua`a.In cases where the entire ahupua`a was divided and awarded as Land Claim Awards and or Government issued Land Grants (both which required formal surveys), the Boundary Commission relied on those surveys to establish the boundaries for that ahupata'a. Although these small-scale surveys aided in establishing the boundaries,they lack the detailed knowledge of the land that is found in the Boundary Commission hearings. The settling of boundaries of the lands of Waimea was a complicated issue and a matter of much testimony and debate among Commissioners, kama`diva informants, and land petitioners. Waimea was a discrete land unit but considered by some to not be an ahupua`a; rather it was considered to be a kalana or 'okana, a unit larger than an ahupua'a. To further complicate the issue, some of the land units within Waimea were considered ahupua'a and others 'ili or 'ili kupono. As a result of the Mdhele testimony and decisions rendered by the Boundary Commission, many smaller ahupua'a names were dropped and some 'ili including Pu`ukapu were given ahupua`a status. Furthermore,testimony to settle the boundaries was gathered for all of Waimea as opposed to the specific land units that constituted Waimea. Thus, the testimony mentioning Pu`ukapu is scattered throughout the many pages of testimony gathered for all of Waimea. The most detailed testimony for Pu`ukapu was provided on October 5, 1866, when kama'dina informant Moluhi[Mooluhi]appeared before the Boundary Commission to help settle the boundaries of Waimea.Mooluhi noted that the infonmation he shared was passed down to him by his parents and uncle.Mooluhi was also the konohiki of Pu`ukapu from the time of his father's death in 1820. Because the project area is not located along the ahupua`a boundary, no specific information was discussed. However,places along the boundary of Pu`ukapu and landmarks were pointed out.Mooluhi noted that the boundary of Pu`ukapu runs to the pall (cliff) of Waipi`o. The ahupua`a of Kamoku, Pa`auhau, and Pu`ukapu meet at Pua`apilau—a place of worship(Maly and Maly 2004:170).Mooluhi pointed out two pu'u within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a: Pukaliali and Puupapapa.He also mentioned a water course and cave at Keanaoloa.A hill known as Papalaho`oki'iki'i is a place where people once gathered mdmaki(Pipturus spp).Testimony given by several other informants(see(Maly and Maly 2004)indicates that kia manu(bird catching)was practiced within Pu`ukapu. Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a During the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries By the mid-1860s the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company (WGAC), founded by Robert C. Janion and William H.Green in 1861,and joined by F.Spencer and Company soon thereafter,had acquired considerable strategic assets around Waimea in an attempt to monopolize the livestock industry in the region(Bergin 2004).From the outset, Spencer,Janion, and Green maintained an adversarial relationship with Parker Ranch, and land disputes and alleged cattle rustling were common occurrences between these two competing entities. During the early 1860s Parker successfully thwarted Janion's men from harvesting unbranded cattle on his lands, but attacks by Frank Spencer contesting Parker's claim to more than 17,800 acres in other parts of the island more difficult to resolve,and were still ongoing when John Palmer Parker,the founder of Parker Ranch,died on August 20, 1868(Bergin 2004).At the time Parker Ranch controlled about 47,000 acres of land in the region.The ranch lands were divided evenly between John Parker II and his adopted son and nephew, Sam Parker,Sr.(Bergin 2004). Despite the growth of the ranching industry, Lorenzo Lyons estimated that by 1867 the population of Waimea was only four hundred people;during the 1870s the town of Waimea contained five stores and a hotel(Doyle 1953). An 1877 Report of the Roval Commissioners on Development of Resources documents the effects of cattle ranching on the environment of the Kohala-Waimea region,and the resultant outmigration of the native population during this period: The forests on the Kohala mountains are dying rapidly. The land is mostly for grazing purposes, though on the mountain potatoes of fine quality can be raised in large quantities.In sheltered places, coffee would doubtless grow, but owning to the sparseness of the population and the superior attractions to other parts of the district, this part will hardly soon be settled. The once fertile and AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 35 r 2.Background populous plain of Waimea looked sterile and desolate when visited by the Commission-a painful contrast to Kohala loko on the other side of the mountain. The complaint of the people is well founded.The water they use is fouled in many places by cattle, horses and other animals,and as the stream is sluggish it has no chance to free itself of impurities, and the water used by the people in their houses must be a cause of disease and death,especially to the children—.It is little wonder that with his crops trodden out by the sheep or cattle of his stronger neighbors,his family sickened perhaps to death by the polluted waters,that the small holder should yield to despair, and abandoning his homestead seek employment in some other district, usually without making another home. . . The plains of Pukapu[Pu`ukapu] and Waimea-are subject to high winds,aggravated by the loss of the sheltering forests of former days.The soil however is very good in many places for sugar cane and other products. To develop its best resources, efforts must be made to restore the forests and husband the supply of water at their sources to furnish a supply for agricultural purposes.At present the lands are used almost exclusively for grazing purposes.Although the proprietors and lessors are probably not averse to the establishment of agricultural enterprises, it is to be feared that the denudation of the neighboring mountains and plains of the forests will render the climatic conditions unfavorable to success. It would seem that a wise appreciation of the best interests of this district, even of the grazing interests themselves, would lead to the decrease of the immense herds which threaten not only Waimea but even Hamakua with almost irreparable disaster. It is to be feared that they will in time render a large part of the land of little value even for grazing purposes. Owing to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and consequent failure of springs. Some thousands of cattle are said to have died this last winter from want of water, and the works erected in Waimea for the purpose of trying out cattle have been idle for months for want of water. The commission do not propose here to discuss fully the vexed Questions of the causes of the diminution of the forests,but in view of the fact that they are diminishing and the streams and springs diminishing a corresponding rations, also that with the cattle running upon the lands as at present, any effort to restore them must be futile and any hopes of their recuperation vain,the Government, if it would wish to preserve that part of the island of Hawaii from serious injury, must take some steps for reclaiming the forests. In this connection we would say that it is unfortunate that large tracts of Crown and Government lands have been lately leased on long terms for grazing purposes, without conditions as to their protection from permanent injury, at rates much lower than their value even as preserves for Government purposes or public protection. The commission deem (sic) this a matter of grave importance, challenging the earnest attention of the Government, and involving the prosperity of two important districts. (in Maly and Maly 2002:58-59) By the late-1870s, largely due to persistent drought conditions within its grazing lands, the WGAC went out of business, and its herd was purchased by Parker Ranch (Parker Ranch would also eventually acquire the lease of Waikoloa Ahupua`a) (Bergin 2004). Francis Spencer formed Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company, and continued to raise sheep in Waikoloa and neighboring lands. In October of 1876 Spencer sold his interest in the sheep ranch to George W. Macfarlane; included in this transaction were the Waikoloa Nui lands lease from G. D. Hu`eu (Maly and Maly 2002).George Bowser,the editor of The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Director,and Tourists Guide,visited Waimea in 1880 and stayed at Spencer's house. Browser writes: . . . Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads,notably the residences of Mr. F. Spencer and the Reverend Lyons.From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea,the summit of which was at this time of the year still in its winter robe of snow.The snow never leaves this mountain top entirely,but the position of the snow-line varies considerably with the season of the year,and also from one year to another,according to the weather which characterizes them.The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing,and,besides innumerable wild cattle,descended,no doubt,from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha I, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr.Parker,who has,besides,some large droves of horses,probably numbering a thousand head 36 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon.(Bowser 1880:540) Parker Ranch continued to expand their operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 1880s. By the mid-I880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch, and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R. Bishop and Co. for a fee of$200,000 (Bergin 2004).With the move to trusteeship new managers were brought in to oversee the day-to-day operations at the ranch. By the early 1900s,Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W.Carter,chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker, John Parker III's daughter, upon his death at the age of nineteen. By this time, the ranch had expanded to include over 100,000 acres,acquiring most of the land around Waimea,including the project area(Haun et al. 2003). Early on in his tenure as Ranch Manager, Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's lands from lease to fee.In 1903,with only a short period left on its lease,Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waikoloa Nui lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for S112,000, securing important grazing lands for the ranch (Bergin 2004). Soon thereafter, Carter purchased the adjacent lands of `Ouli and the Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company,encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`amuku Sheep station in Waikoloa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade. Much of these grazed lands were divided into paddocks, and transportation and water conveyance infrastructure projects were undertaken to increase the productivity of the Waikoloa rangelands. In 1906, on behalf of Thelma Parker, Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of $600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula, Ka`ohe, Waipunalei, and Kahuku Ranch (Bergin 2004). By 1913, Ralph Hosmer, the Superintendent of Forestry reported that the lease held by Parker Ranch for the lands in the project are were set to expire and efforts to establish the boundaries of the Kohala Mountain Forest Reserve were underway (The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturalist 1913). During his time as ranch manager, Alfred W. Carter obtained water rights at the headwaters in the Kohala watershed,which he used to create a large high-pressure water pipe that brought water up to nearby Waiki`i (which had no consistent water source). This water line ran from the head waters in the Kohala Mountains down through the current day Waimea Town.From the town,the pipeline expanded into a networking of pipes that continued across the Waimea-Waikoloa plains,through a section of Pu`ukapu to the west of the current project area(Figure 25),and on to Waiki`i.This system was quite controversial on the ranch and contributed to the on-going conflict between Carter and Sam Parker, Jr. (Bergin 2004). After Carter's initial pipeline proved successful, however, other pipes and pump stations were added to this water conveyance system. The continued expansion of Parker Ranch's land- and lease holdings throughout the late 1911 and early 20'h centuries allowed the ranch to raise cattle and sheep in paddocks around the island.Once ready for the market,these animals would be brought back to Waimea for sorting before being driven down to Kawaihae to be shipped. During these drives the cowboys followed a well-used network of trails that connected the distant stations at Waiki`i,Kalai`eha,and Ke`amuku with the town of Waimea and shipping harbors on the Kohala coast(Maly and Maly 2002). AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 37 2.Background i ' P / �- u / V f l jrj e' S +momOv Q O 7:4 � � c �of -igure 25. Copy of Survey Furnished(C.S.F.)Map No.2490 showing the proximity of a Parker Ranch Pipeline (highlighted blue)to the current project area(shaded red)in 1913. A Concise History of Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d Series and the Project Area The late 19" century was a tumultuous time in the Hawaiian Kingdom as the eighth reigning monarch, Queen Lili'uokalani faced serious pressure from American businessmen to abdicate her throne.On January 17, 1893,a small group of American businessmen and sugar moguls backed by a U.S. consul and marines illegally attacked the Hawaiian Kingdom government and the sovereign, Queen Lili`uokalani (Beamer 2014). This group consisted of thirteen men who referred to themselves as the Committee of Safety who, following the overthrow, proclaimed themselves as the Provisional Government who would manage the affairs of the Hawaiian Kingdom(Beamer 2014; Van Dyke 2008). The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom government had a rippling effect that caused major instability for the Hawaiian nation and severely impacted the way Crown lands were allocated and managed,such as those in Pu`ukapu. Van Dyke (2008:153) stated that "[s]ome also believed that abrogation of the Monarchy would open up the Government and Crown Lands for exploitation."This belief was publicized as early as 1872 by Sanford B. Dole, the acting President for the Provisional Government. In an article published in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser(1872:2)newspaper,Dole asserted that preserving Crown lands as inalienable under an 1865 Statute was a"mistaken policy."Dole believed that maintaining Crown lands as inalienable hampered the economic development of the islands and argued that these lands should be made available to foreigners for homesteading(Van Dyke 2008). Following the overthrow of 1893, Crown lands were administered in the same manner as Government lands, that is parcels could be bought and sold, and sizable portions of the previously inalienable Crown lands were divided and sold as Government land grants. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, large tracts of land were set aside within Pu`ukapu (and other pails of Waimea) by the newly formed Territory of Ilawai'i (formed in 1900) to create homesteads. Curtis P. Iaukea (1894:5), Agent of Crown lands, wrote in his 1894 biennial report, that "during the latter part of 1893 38 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu'ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background [September], arrangements were concluded with the Trustees of the Parker Estate by which a large section of the Crown Land of Puukapu, in Waimea,Hawaii,under lease to the Parkers,was surrendered to the Commissioners and devoted to homestead purposes."The first series of the Puuukapu Homestead tract,situated west of the 2n1 series lots, consisted of 933.75 acres of land divided into 81 homestead parcels delineated by the former route of the Government Road extending from Waimea to Hamakua(the current route of Mamalahoa Highway)(Iaukea 1894). In April of 1913,fifty-eight additional lots(Lots 82 through 141)were created within the Puuukapu Homesteads 2"Series(Figure 26).Only fifty-two of thee lots(Lots 82,85 through 123, 125, 127, 129,and 132 through 141)were made available for homesteading at that time(The Garden Island 1913). Six of the seven lots not initially offered for homesteading(Lots 124, 126, 128, 130,and 131)were set aside as a reserve and under a general lease to the Hawaiian Irrigation Co.,Ltd.The Puuukapu Homestead lots were to be taken only by Special Homestead Agreement,which had stipulations for payment,residency,crop cultivation,transfers, and patents. Once applications were received,names were put into a drawing for the selection of a lot(The Garden Island 1913).The current project area is situated within Lot 100 of the Puuukapu Homesteads 211 Series(see Figure 26;Figure 27),which consisted of 42.90 acres appraised at $386.00 (The Garden Island 1913). The lot was acquired by Samuel Harry Spencer, who obtained a Special Homestead Agreement(No. 1474)in May, 1918(Rivenburgh 1917:55). Spencer, born on July 3, 1897, was the second-born child and only son of Samuel Mahuka Spencer and Alice Kehaulani Leleo Kinimaka.The elder Spencer,known best for his role as Waimea deputy sheriff and as the namesake of Spencer Beach Park as well as the Kamuela Post Office. Alice Kehaulani Leleo Kinimaka was the granddaughter of the Mo`i David Kalakaua's hdnai(adopted)parents and daughter of Kalakaua's hanai brother,David(Clark 1985; Ing 2019; Siddall 1921; The Honolulu Advertiser 1964; Waimea 1910). In January 1916, Spencer was appointed as the clerk in the Hawaii county auditor's office,where his father worked(Hilo Daily Tribune 1916). In July of 1918, Spencer registered for the military draft(Spencer 1918)but was spared from service in World War I by the armistice that occurred on November I 1 of that year. Spencer's draft card notes that at the time he was employed by the Interisland Steamship Company on S.S. Claudine,and living in Honolulu.By 1920 Spencer had returned to Waimea, where he was employed as a laborer on a livestock farm (Waimea 1920). The following year, on May 29, 1921, Spencer wed Honolulu-born Mae K. Mundon,with whom he would eventually have three children. That same year, he borrowed $1,000 from the territorial government in the form of a farm loan (Bailey 1923). Spencer eventually purchased the lot under Land Grant No. 9674. In 1926, Spencer's father, the county chairman of the board of supervisors from 1924 until 1944, appointed him as a clerk of the South Kohala Road Department and then as road overseer for the district (Clark 1985; Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1926). Spencer, however,was not well, and on March 13, 1927, at the age of 29,he died at his home in Puuukapu Homesteads of a self-inflicted gunshot wound following an extended period of illness and despondency(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1927; Star-Bulletin 1927). The project area appears to have been used primarily for pasture based on a review of historic maps. The 1930 USGS Kamuela quadrangle map(Figure 28)depicts a paddock fence bisecting the project area from north to south. By the early 1940s, the fence line had been removed and that the overall boundaries of Lot 100 had been fenced in instead including the northwestern and southeastern project area boundaries(Figures 29 and 30).An aerial photograph from 1954 (Figure 31) illustrates that the entirety of the project area remained as undeveloped pastureland up until this time, although it is difficult to discern if the fence line depicted in 1948 was still present. During the late 1970s, the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2n1 Series lots were subject to a flurry of residential development(Figure 32),and in 1979, the County of Hawaii approved the subdivision of Lot 100 into eight 5.372-acre individual lots (Figure 33) (Inaba 1978).County of Hawaii Tax Records indicate that in 1979,John H.and Linda R.Buscher purchased the project area from Melvin B. Hewett et al.,and the barn and single-family dwelling were constructed in the early 1980s. AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Puuukapu,Puuukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 39 2.Background 1` -----—-I— E; Iv a 0 WL O Ct Ol CIS ��_��F� _ .,c;�c 't of-Y!�f !F � _,�,--` �_�} •.R, o� saIF '� Q `°i bpi F C � �s�� � �, t',u, `�is 2�''1 •� 01 61*0 cl i k1+ R j n �- 11 4Y 74,� a a rq 'c d � �,.�,,� �.`�i �-mar .���..�• Yi, Q �` ,6.�5 eat" _ Y "3. r,)�J''� '�' ��,;;g '�-_1.::•"^� - 0 L v r' I x � �O L fV b N N L 40 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background - t ! PUU KA PU 'flOhf£STEAOS \ � i t ,,�w a��e l` i1 Io�CI'1 e1R t c,,.c� � � �� �✓ �� .� k�PUUKAPU HOMST£AQJS ,.; /st �eele� Figure 27.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.2785 prepared in 1917 by Geo.F.Wright (1917)showing the location of the project area(shaded red)within the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2°d Series Subdivision. 02 1C f^ v e i w � Figure 28. Portion of 1930 USGS Kamuela quadrangle map showing fence line bisecting the project area(outlined in red). AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Koliala,Hawaii 41 2.Background ...... i'to�C�t area Figure 29.Aerial photograph taken in 1941 showing the current project area and surrounding pasture (USAAF 1941). 0 100 200 400 in 2 96 P U U K A P U _ S E G D N- D Fence _ roe 104 06 Pt'OICCI[1ICfl r ;figure 30.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.4057(Towill 1948)with the project area indicated. 42 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background a r Fe.y�+�� .-fry •• 4. y, � +� n le AO a r t Figure 31. 1954 USGS aerial photograph showing the project area(USGS 1954). ME flh �n Figure 32. 1977 USGS aerial photograph showing the project area(Hawaii Statewide G. 1. S. Program 2017). AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Koliala,Hawaii 43 2.Background I I 3 1 v ff w II oc Cn I ~ 4 � 1. E �3 0 M M N 7-. I � 44 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Background PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES To understand the nature of the archaeological and valued cultural resources that have been previously identified in the project area vicinity,past archaeological and cultural studies have been reviewed and summarized below.Table 2 lists all relevant studies conducted in the vicinity of the current project area, while Figure 34 shows the location of each study listed. No previous studies have been conducted within the current project area,and most of the previous archaeological and cultural studies have been conducted near the center of Waimea town or focus specifically on the Lalamilo agricultural field system;a large complex of Precontact agricultural features and associated habitations that were used into Historic times to the west of the current project area (Barrera and Kelly 1974; Barrera 1993; Ching 1979;Clark 1981;Clark and Kirch 1983;Clark 1987;Clark et al. 1990;Hammatt and Shideler 1989;Haun et al.2003; Rechtman 2000). Features identified within the Lalamilo Field System include terraces, mounds, enclosures, field boundaries(kuaiwi),irrigation ditches(`auwai),stone walls,platforms,walled terraces,C-shapes,U-shapes,modified outcrops,surface hearths,L-shapes,cairns,pond field,and various other miscellaneous types(Haun et al.2003).Areas associated with the Lalamilo field system were later utilized for military training and cattle ranching,with sites and features relating to those repurposed functions being interspersed with the Precontact agricultural fields and habitations. The Clark and Kirch(1983) study corridor(see Figure 34)passed well south of the current project area and documented none of the field ridges typical of the Waimea Field System in this portion of their study area. A subsequent study by Carson (2006) included test trenches within this corridor, none of which identified any buried archeological deposits. In 2005,Pantaleo(2005)conducted an archaeological inventory survey of a five-acre parcel located southwest of the current project area(see Figure 34).A pedestrian surface survey of the parcel found no cultural remains or isolated artifacts and extensive previous disturbance from cattle grazing and construction activities. Five backhoe trenches were excavated,and no cultural remains or deposits were encountered in any of the trenches. Rechtman Consulting(Rechtman and Prasad 2006)conducted an archaeological and cultural assessment survey of an approximately 109-acre property comprised of six TMK parcels(TMKs: (3)6-4-001:051, 053, 156, 157, 158, and 159)within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a northwest of the current project area(see Figure 34). A pedestrian survey was employed with north/south transects with a 30-meter spacing interval except for a gulch,which was inspected with 5- meter transect spacing. As a result of the fieldwork,no historic properties were encountered, and no further historic preservation work was the recommended treatment. In 2014, ASM Affiliates (Rechtman et al. 2014) conducted an AIS for a 3-acre parcel and a 20-foot wide government-owned easement on TMK (3) 6-4-005:017, southwest of the current project area (see Figure 34). Five test trenches were mechanically excavated to test for the presence of buried cultural deposits and to examine the subsurface stratigraphy. Excavation of all five trenches did not reveal the presence of any subsurface cultural material or deposits but did exemplify the subsurface stratigraphy where all trenches consisted of similar soil profiles.However, the background research indicated a unique Mdhele-era cultural landscape where the proposed access/utility corridor traversed portions of two roadways/trails that were known as Ala Mauka and Ala Hikina and were part of a grid pattern comprised of a dozen LCAw. (Rechtman et al. 2014:31). As a result, the designation of State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) Site 50-10-07-30084 was assigned to the entire complex of parcels and the road/trail network under criterions A (Mdhele association), C (uniqueness), D (research value), and E (cultural significance assigned by modern-day descendants of kuleana awardees) (Rechtman et al. 2014:40). It was recommended that Site 30084 "be preserved as a significant intact landscape continuing to maintain the current parcel boundaries (prohibiting subdivision)and network of roadways"(ibid.). Also in 2014, Keala Pono Archaeological Consulting, LLC (McElroy and Duhaylonsod 2015) conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the Waimea Nui project area on TMK: (3) 6-4-038:011, southwest of the current project area(see Figure 34).The AIS included a pedestrian survey of the entire parcel as well as three subsurface test units and ten trenches. The survey resulted in the identification of a single site; Site 30195, a surface alignment of cobbles. The site was determined to be significant under criterion d and no further work was the recommended treatment. McElroy and Duhaylonsod (ibid.) recommended archaeological monitoring only in the vicinity of Site 30195. In 2019,ASM Affiliates(Barra 2019a)conducted archaeological monitoring during ground-disturbing activities associated with the development of a portion of the Waimea Homestead Community Agricultural Park within a portion of the McElroy and Duhaylonsod(2015)project area within TMK: (3)6-4-038:011, located southwest of the current project area (see Figure 34). Bama (2019a) noted that past land clearing for grazing was known to have obscured surface indications of archaeological sites and deposits on the Waimea Plain, and subsurface stratigraphy as noted during monitoring was illustrated only by undulated bedrock underlying a fairly uniform deposit of silt loam AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 45 2.Background measuring between a few centimeters to over a meter in depth.As a result of monitoring fieldwork,no archaeological features,deposits,or artifacts of any kind were identified. Also in 2019,ASM Affiliates(Barra 2019b)conducted a field inspection of a 2-acre parcel identified as TMK: (3) 6-4-006:022 located southwest of the current project area(see Figure 34). A portion of an overgrown improved drainage channel historically noted as being utilized as a water source for agriculture during Precontact and Historic times was identified during the study, although Barra (ibid.) noted that no human modifications (e.g. lo'i kalo terracing) were observed within the drainage or on the drainage banks within the confines of the project area other than a modern gravel driveway. As a result of the field inspection, no archaeological resources of any kind were observed on the subject parcel. Table 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project area. Year Author(s) Type of Study 1983 Clark and Kirch Archaeological Inventory Survey 2005 Pantaleo Archaeological Inventory Survey 2006 Rechtman and Prasad Archaeological and Cultural Assessment 2014 Rechtman et al. Archaeological Inventory Survey 2014 McElroy and Duhaylonsod Archaeological Inventory Survey 2019 Barra Archaeological Monitoring 2019 Barra Field Inspection - N�I N tILA. 1 � • _ l 0 �. .. .Mary m C AiU gnu .m, ye ? •1... ' 0 Kuhio _ V1,1102e i H r 'T-k • . .I'it ilil IICI RI =U K A P U� W.3txr 11,k&1. 1 1'1\: M)] a Figure 34.Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current project area. 46 AA for the Queen Lili'uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawai'i 3.Project Area Expectations 3. PROJECT AREA EXPECTATIONS Given the results of previous archaeological research coupled with the culture-historical context presented above, a formulation of a detailed set of project area expectations is possible. Based upon the specific location of the project area within the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2nd Series created in the early 201h century coupled with Pu`ukapu's storied history as Parker Ranch grazing lands,the archaeological expectations for the current study are limited.The results of the background research and the review of prior archaeological work presented above indicate that the general settlement pattern for Pu`ukapu and this portion of South Kohala appears to have focused habitation near the streams at the base of Kohala Volcano,with some,perhaps limited,agriculture occurring on the Waimea Plain in the vicinity of the current project area.Although the Waimea Plain was the location of the famous Battle of Hoku`ula,the mo`olelo passed down concerning the battle suggests that no fortifications were built during that campaign, and that encampments were likely ephemeral.During the Mahele of 1848,kuleana awards were limited to the thirty-four lots created southeast of the current project area and four other kuleana lots situated north of Mamalahoa Highway to the northeast of the current project area. Previous archaeological studies conducted within this portion of South Kohala have largely focused on the Lalamilo and Waimea Field Systems to the west. The few studies that have occurred within the eastern portion of Pu`ukapu have identified only limited cultural resources, and these have been largely restricted to features associated with kuleana parcels and a pair of presumed associated roads/trails identified as the Ala Mauka and Ala Hikina southeast of the project area. The use of the project area and surrounding lands for livestock grazing during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries prior to the establishment of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d Series Subdivision suggests that archaeological site types related to ranching(e.g. animal enclosures,walls,and fences)are more likely to be encountered than those pre-dating the advent of livestock in the late eighteenth century. Thus,given the prior history of cattle ranching and residential development in the current project area,archaeological features associated with ranching during this period may be expected. These could take the form of paddocks or pens built with stone walls or wire fences, and possibly other smaller features such as watering troughs. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 47 5.Recommendations and Conclusion 4. FIELDWORK, Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on April 21,2021,by Lauren Kepa`a,B.A.and Lokelani Brandt,M.A. (Principal Investigator).A total of one hour was expended to complete the fieldwork,which consisted of an intensive (100%)coverage pedestrian survey of the entire project area.The entire project area was accessible,and the boundaries were clearly identifiable in the field. The survey crew walked systematic northwest-southeast oriented pedestrian transects across the project area with fieldworkers spaced at no more than ten meters apart. As a result of the fieldwork,no historic properties of any kind were identified within the current project area.The northern portion of the project area surrounding the barn and the single-family dwelling has been extensively landscaped. No stone features were observed within the pasture that covers the rest of the parcel. All fencing within the parcel appears to be modern,based on the materials used. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION Based on the negative results of the current study, it is our conclusion that implementation of the Special Permit Application for the project area,will have no effect on any historic properties.With respect to the historic preservation review process of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR— SHPD) and the County of Hawaii Planning Department, our recommendation is that no further work needs to be conducted prior to or during the implementation of the activities associated with the Special Permit. 48 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited REFERENCES CITED ABCFM(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) 1860 Retreat,for Invalids on Hawaii.The Missionary Herald Containing the Proceedings at Large of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions;With a General View of Other Benevolent Operations,vol.XXVI.Crocker and Brewster,Boston. 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In Fortieth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1931 with papers read at the annual meeting February 29, 1932, pp. 14-25. Hawaiian Historical Society,Honolulu. 52 AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited Kamakau,S.M. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii.Kamehameha Schools Press,Honolulu. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na Hana a ka Po`e Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Kanakanui, S.M. and M. E.Lutz 1913 Puukapu Homesteads Second Series Waimea Kohala Hawaii. Hawaii Territory Survey. HTS Plat 402. 1:1000 scale.Electronic document,http://ags.hawaii.gov/survey/map-search/,accessed June 7, 2021. Kanoa-Martin,K. 1997 Hole Waimea. Electronic document, http://www.huapala.org/Ho/Hole_Waimea.html, accessed April 20,2021. Kelly,M. 1956 Changes in Land Tenure in Hawaii, 1778-1850.Manuscript. 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University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu. Kuykendall,R.and A.G.Day 1976 Hawaii:A History;From Polynesian Kingdom to American Statehood. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey. Lam,M. 1985 The Imposition of Anglo-American Land Tenure Law On Hawaiians.Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 23:104-128. Liliuokalani 1978 An Account of the Creation of the World According to Hawaiian Tradition, Translated from Original Manuscript Preserved Exclusively in Her Majesty's Familv. Pueo Press,Kentfield. Lucas,P. 1995 A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. University of Hawaii Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture, Honolulu. AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 53 References Cited Lyons,C.J. 1875 Land Matters in Hawaii,No. 3. The Islander[Honolulu].July 16: 118-119. MacKenzie,M.K. 2015 Native Hawaiian Law,A Treatise.Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu. 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McEldowney,H. 1983 Report 16,A Description of Major Vegetation Patterns in the Waimea-Kawaihae Region During the Early Historic Period. In Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor,Island ofHawai'i.An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect,pp.407-448. edited by J. Clark and P. Kirch. Departmental Report Series 83-1. Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu, McElroy,W.and D. Duhaylonsod 2015 FINAL—Archaeological Inventory Survey of TMK: (3) 6-4-038:011 (por.), Waimea Ahupua'a, South Kohala District, Island of Hawai'i. Keala Pono Archaeological Consulting, LLC. Prepared for Group 70 International,Honolulu. Mrs. Honolulu 1868 He Kanikau Aloha no S.P. Koko.Ka Nupepa Kuokoa[Honolulu]. 15 February 1868. Nakuina,M. 2005 The Wind Gourd of'La`amaomao (translated by Esther T. Mookini&Sarah Ndkoa).University of Hawai'i Press,Honolulu. 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AA for the Queen Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 57 Appendix MCA PA'A KA 1 o d A 'AINA ANALYSIS REPOPT `{ry A Ka Pa `akai O Ka `Aina Analysis for the Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawai i Prepared By: Lokelani Brandt, M.A., and Nicole Ishihara,B.A. Prepared For: 3 x Queen Lili`Llokalani Tnist 71 , c/o Sherman Wong 1100 Alakea Street, Suite 1100 . � Honolulu, HI 96813 May 2021 A qll�-- Archaeology•History-Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Offim(808)969-6066 Fax:(808)443 0065 507•A E.Lan kaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax.(808)439-8087 ASM Project Number 37060.00 820 Mililani Street,Suite 700,Honolulu HI 96813 J A Ka Pa `akai O Ka `Aina Analysis for the Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch in Pu`ukapu TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawai`i ASMA Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY....................................................................... 5 PROJECTAREA DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 5 Vegetation ...................................................................................................................... 5 2. IDENTIFICATION OF CUSTOMARY AND TRADITIONAL RESOURCES AND PRACTICES ............................................................................ I I CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT............................................................................. 11 Celebrated Landscape and Natural Elements............................................................... 12 He Mau Mo`olelo No Pu`ukapu(Traditional Accounts of Pu`ukapu)......................... 18 Post-Contact History and Early Explorer Descriptions of South Kohala .................... 23 The 1848 Mdhele Aina and Land Commission Awards............................................. 26 Land Commission Awards (Kuleana Awards) in Pu`ukapu........................................ 27 Commission of Boundaries (1862-1876)..................................................................... 32 Ranching....................................................................................................................... 32 The 1893 Overthrow and the Establishment of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads................. 35 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES................................. 44 3. CONSULTATION.......................................................................................................45 DR. BILLY BERGIN......................................................................................................... 46 4. ANALYSIS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES........................................................46 IDENTIFY WHETHER ANY VALUED CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, OR NATURAL RESOURCES AREA PRESENT WITHIN THE PETITION AREA, AND IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS ARE EXERCISED.............................. 46 Natural Features: Pu`umaile......................................................................................... 46 Past Cultural Practices: Bird Hunting, Agriculture, and Ranching.............................. 47 IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THOSE RESOURCES AND RIGHTS WILL BE AFFECTED OR IMPAIRED BY THE PROPOSED ACTION.......................47 SPECIFY ANY MITIGATIVE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO REASONABLY PROTECT NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS IF THEY ARE FOUND TO EXIST. .........48 REFERENCESCITED...................................................................................................49 FIGURES Page 1. Project area location..................................................................................................................................2 2. Tax Map Key snap(3) 6-4-018 showing parcel 095.................................................................................3 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area...............................................................................4 4. Example of fencing separating pasture from barn, view to the east. ........................................................6 5. View of the northern portion of the project area with barn(foreground) and single family- dwelling in background,view to the east. ...............................................................................................6 6. Animal pens located in the southeast corner of the project area with a row of olive trees,view to thenortheast.............................................................................................................................................7 7. Open pasture located in the central and southwest portion of the project area,view to the north............7 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii i Table of Contents FIGURES Page 8. Western boundary of the project area deliniated by a row of plum pine(Podacarpus sp.)......................8 9. View of the project area from southeast corner with fencing along the southern boundary,view tothe west................................................................................................................................................8 10. Fencing located along eastern boundary ascending Pu`umaile,view to the north. ................................9 11. Driveway and fencing located along the northern boundary of the project area,view to the west. .......9 12. Geology in the project area...................................................................................................................10 13. Soils in the project area.........................................................................................................................10 14. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 2060 by J. M. Donn, 1901 showing project area within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a(Donn 1901).......................................................................................................... 12 15. Residential dwelling located on the south side of Pu`umaile, view to the north. ................................. 13 16. Pu`umanu(foreground)and Mauna Kea(background)from Pu`umaile,view to the south................. 13 17. View of other pu`u from the northeast corner of the project area located along the base of the Kohala Mountains,view to the northwest............................................................................................. 14 18. 1995 USGS map,Kamuela Quad with project area; note Pu`u Kakanihia(center). ............................21 19. Portion of a 1948 RM 4057 by R.M. Towill depicting the project area and the surrounding pu`u including Pu`umaile(within project area) and Pu`umanu(south of the project area)...........................22 20.A portion of"Map of Waimea" ca. 1830 with main villages (after Andrews et al. 1830),APE not shown(Hawaiian Mission Houses Library and Archives Digital Collection). ...............................25 21. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map 2552 by Kanakanui and Lutz, 1913, showing LCAw. in Pu`ukapu................................................................................................................................................29 22. Inset 1 from Hawaii Register Map No. 2552 showing close up of LCAw. southeast of the projectarea.............................................................................................................................................30 23. Annotated map showing corresponding agrivultural and house lots LCAw. parcels...........................31 24. Map of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads prepared ca. 1893 by A.B. Loebenstein(in Iaukea 1894) showing the proposed locations of Pu`ukapu Homesteads 1"Series Lots situated west of the current project area(project area not shown). .......................................................................................36 25. Portions of Government lands in Waimea(Wall 1928 in McElroy et al. 2014:25)..............................37 26. Hawai`i Plat Map No. 0402 402 prepared in March 1913 by S.M. Kanakanui and M.E. Lutz (1948) showing project area location(shaded red)within Lot 100(outlined in red)of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"a Series...........................................................................................................38 27. 1930 USGS map showing the Pu`ukapu Homesteads and the project area..........................................39 28. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 4057 prepared on October 30, 1948 by R.M. Towill (1948) showing project area location(shaded red)within Lot 100 of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d Series................................................................................................................................................40 29. 1954 aerial of the project area(USDA 1954). ......................................................................................41 30. 1977 aerial of the project area(USDA 1977). ......................................................................................42 31. Map showing subdivision of Lot 100 into Lots 1 through 8 with project area(Lot 5)outlined in red(Inaba 1978).....................................................................................................................................43 32. Prior and current archaeological and cultural studies conducted in the project area vicinity...............44 Tables Page 1. Land Commission Awards Granted in Pu`ukapu....................................................................................28 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted near the project area...........................................................44 3. Persons contacted for consultation..........................................................................................................46 ii Ka Pa'akai O Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of the Lili`uokalani Trust (LT), ASM Affiliates (ASM) has prepared this Ka Pa'akai O Ka `Aina analysis for a Special Permit Application for Tax Map Key (TMK) parcel: (3) 6-4-018:095, located in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a,Waimea Kalana, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii.The 5.362-acre property is currently classified as agricultural land and is located in the Second Series of the Pu`u Kapu Homesteads,(Figures 1,2,and 3).The LT is proposing to utilize an existing single-family dwelling, barn, and ranch located on the property that will be used to serve at-risk youth through hands-on activities and educational programs. No ground-disturbing activities with the potential to affect buried archaeological or cultural resources are included in the proposed action requiring the Special Permit. The LT is seeking a Special Permit from the Leeward Planning Commission and this Ka Pa'akai O Ka `Aina Analysis is intended to assist the planning commission in upholding the State's obligation to reasonably protect customarily and traditionally exercised rights of native Hawaiians. Article XII, Section 7 of the Hawaii Constitution obligates the State and its agencies, such as the Leeward Planning Commission, "to protect the reasonable exercise of customarily and traditionally exercised rights of native Hawaiians to the extent feasible when granting a petition for reclassification of district boundaries"(Ka Pa'akai O Ka `Aina v Land Use Commission,94 Hawai`i 31,7 P.3d 1068 [2000]).Under Article XII,Section 7,the State reaffirms and shall protect all rights,customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence,cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights. In the context of land use permitting, these issues are most commonly addressed where a petition for the reclassification of district boundaries or zoning is before the state or county commission as such petition most often initiates activities that precede initial intensive development.In this case, development of the property began in 1980 and the LT is not proposing any additional development. While the LT's proposed action does not involve the reclassification of any lands, the LT nonetheless thought it prudent to provide a discussion of such rights to facilitate the Special Permit decision-making processes for the Leeward Planning Commission. On September 11,2000,the Hawaii Supreme Court's landmark decision in Ka Pa`akai O Ka 'Aina v Land Use Commission established a three-part analytical framework for addressing the preservation and protection of traditional and customary rights specific to Hawaiian communities. To effectuate the State's (and its agencies) constitutional responsibility to protect native Hawaiian customary and traditional practices while reasonably accommodating competing private interests,the framework addresses the following: 1) the identity and scope of"valued cultural,historical,or natural resources" in the petition area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the petition area; 2) the extent to which those resources—including traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights—will be affected or impaired by the proposed action;and 3) the feasible action, if any,to be taken by the LUC to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist. Following this framework,the Ka Pa'akai o ka Aina analysis provided here consists of four chapters,beginning with an introduction that outlines the compliance component of the project.Chapter one also includes a description of the proposed LT at-risk youth camp project and a description of the geological and physical setting. To identify customary and traditional practices and resources,chapter two includes a presentation of culture-historical background information specific to the project area, Pu`u Kapu Ahupua`a, and the broader Waimea region. Chapter three details the consultation methodology and results of the consultation process. Lastly,chapter four assesses the findings from the background research and consultation process and assesses those findings using the three-part Ka Pa'akai o ka Aina analytical framework outlined above. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction N N A ' n IM ;ou D Portion of LSGS %.?Quadran,lc KLIKUiliacle&Kamucla, u 200 auo Project area \tct¢rs Figure 1. Project area location. 2 Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r I.Introduction 24 All a , q ° Ete�t €�� � �x ��� t •� j �� �F 14 1 f r'1 Rd j RI y t i i t '•h r i ..� ON I I �V F. �• I)[) CSMIVfKt1'.._>�� L dldtKC V Y. .d 'w� 'Y+^E�Ar54' el fv�.aeY. d ".'.^ bAA �I�"T MV. L• T. RL o0 - Ka Pa`akai O Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 3 J 1.Introduction N :1rri oY d.m it 0 Illil ?@ jKm -gyps „,,'yrr ❑ Project area Figure 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area. 4 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1. Introduction PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY The LT is proposing to utilize an existing ranch house and barn,the latter two of which were constructed in 1981 and 1980 respectively, for their at-risk youth camp. The LT is referring to this project as LT Ranch and it is intended to support small groups of campers that may or may not stay on the property overnight. If overnight stays are planned, campers will be on the property for durations of up to three weeks at a time. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area, also identified as Lot 5 of the Pu`ukapu Homestead 2"d Series Subdivision, is located within the plateau of the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea in the central section of Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a,Waimea Kalana,South Kohala District, Hawaii Island. The project area is situated along and accessed from the eastern edge of Pu`u Manu Place, a road that extends south from Mamalahoa Highway (Hawai`i Belt Road, Highway 19; see Figure 1). The project area is segmented into three areas delineated by various types of fencing (Figure 4), with a single-family dwelling and barn, a paved driveway, and a lawn located along the northern half(Figure 5), animal pens in the southeastern corner(Figure 6), and the remaining area is maintained as pasture (Figure 7). The southern half of the project area is relatively level and ranges in elevation between 876 meters(2,874 feet)above mean sea level(amsl)at its western end and rises to 879 meters(2,883 feet amsl)at its eastern end.The northeastern portion of the project area encompasses the southwestern section of Pu`umaile and thus has a greater elevational range. Along the northern boundary of the project area(see Figure 5),the elevation at its western boundary is 877 meters(2,877 feet amsl)and rises to 900 meters (2,952 feet amsl) at its eastern end. The western boundary located along Pu`u Manu Place is delineated by a row of recently planted plum pine(Podacarpus sp.)(Figure 8),while the remaining perimeter of the project area boundaries is marked by galvanized steel fencing (Figures 9, 10, and 11). It is bounded to the west by Pu`u Manu Place, and to the north, south, and east by developed agriculturally-zoned parcels (Lots 4, 6, and 102, respectively),and is fenced in hog wire fencing on its northern,southern,and eastern sides. Surface geology in the northeastern portion of the project area within Pu`umaile is mapped in Figure 12 as"Qhwe" and described as Hawi Volcanics dating to between 120,000 to 260,000 years ago. The remainder of the project area is mapped as"Qhm"(see Figure 12)and described as Hamakua Volcanics dating to between 64,000 to 300,000 years ago. Surface soils in the project area is comprised of two types. Within Pu`umaile, the soils are mapped in Figure 13 as"488"and described as Kikoni medial very fine sandy loam with a 6 to 12 percent slope.The remaining portion of the project area is mapped as "493" (see Figure 13) and described as Kikoni medial silt loam with a 0 to 3 percent slope. Vegetation The vegetation in the project area consists almost entirely of introduced species and includes a mix of mature trees, grasses, shrubs, ornamentals, and herbs. The southern portion of the property in which the pasture is located (see Figure 4) consists predominately of Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum), with patches of nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus),thimbleberry(Rubus sp.),honohono(Commelina diffusa),banana(Musa sp.),fireweed(Senecio madagascariensis), narrow-leaved plantain(Plantago lanceolata),white clover(Trifolium repens)and other ground cover species.A row of paperbark trees(Melaleuca quinquenervia;see Figure 9)separates the southeast corner of the property,where the animal pans are located,from the remaining pasture.Along the southeast boundary near the animal pens is a row of olive trees(Olea europaea),some of which have recently been cleared(see Figure 6).A row of plum pine (Pordacarpus sp.) has recently been planted along the western boundary between Pu`u Manu Place and the pastured area(see Figure 8). The vegetation along the northern half of the parcel near the built structures is more diverse and includes a mix of large tree species,fruit trees,herbs,ornamentals,and a lawn.Various mature pine species dot the lawn and line the paved driveway along with other foliage including Monstera (Monstera deliciosa) and several ginger species (Hedychium sp.),and palm species(see Figure 5).Plant species found around the westernmost structure include money tree (Dracaena marginata), citrus trees, avocado (Persea americana), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), lily of the Nile (Agapanthus praecox),and other weedy ground covers(see Figure 5 and 11).The tree species near the ranch house is comprised of mature pine species,a row of paperbark trees,small stands of waiawF(Psidium cattle yanum),and kuawa (Psidium guajava). Other flora and ferns found in this area include palms, monstera, asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus),sword fern(Nephrolepis sp.),along with various other vines,flowering plants,and herbs. Ka Pa`akai O Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 r 1. Introduction r.n � I Figure 4.Example of fencing separating pasture from barn,view to the east. 1 Figure 5. View of the northern portion of the project area with barn(foreground)and single family- dwelling in background,view to the east. 6 Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 1.Introduction OW .nvpyry - A fA. *CV W. e 4 ss 'ip p Figure 6.Animal pens located in the southeast corner of the project area with a row of olive trees,view to the northeast. x uv.r x x b rea'h Figure 7.Open pasture located in the central and southwest portion of the project area view to the north. p p J Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 7 1.Introduction :. '_ fr sn y d Figure 8. Western boundary of the project area delineated by a row of plum pine(Podacarpits sp.). a 77 ww ",=wm Figure 9.View of the project area from southeast corner with fencing along the southern boundary, vices to the west. 8 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 1. Introduction >!Y R a mu,e�".�'.a^"+•p0,,,r �w..�'.^�°xw�"�'""5r y�+''��`°".�, "�`56.e-d°S'� � "��..f � •'w �w Figure 10. Fencing located along eastern boundary ascending Pu`umaile,view to the north. *sue w ry u 3x�y Figure 11. Driveway and fencing located along the northern boundary of the project area, view to the west. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 9 1.Introduction Qlm l Qhm Qlmv r -t t~ Q1IIS7 11 m Nx k QfmC N M Project ar'n QhiN I t�000'vU.000 er Plat,I\ul.1m s ,- Qhm 64.000-:90i000 e r 1E'.unAu,.Vol-im, 011".r 120.000-260,000 yr Ha t�t Icanx, Sn erod 7 R 5;,t J-" S c ane Brunt q M 2007 G—qlc Moo of tnc 5:—of ri—,1:J s G,6og ca r npen.F-te Rep�'t^_Cu'�'..c?9 5.. i plo!---' 'C..C40 ane+25C CC0 with G'.S database accesaea 5'e 2u' .�• Figure 12.Geology in the project area. Prularl ar,.t 141 Ktkom n,,di:d.dt loam 0 to 7 P""m cl.'P" J [ 1dIp%Aal hN:WU,lilt 0" Honokaa <tgamch,diou,.At,e l.it Iaim.U to 10 p;t,c,1 4SS Kikont mrclett t,rt tine Sande Itso i n io i p,r„nt,lop,, so'i o v Stan Naw:-a Rescares C x,Sap,— oo Stares Depa—en;Cf a.gr:cWwre S rvey rvan Gecgrag m i5SLRG01 Dataoase p:,—s 1—at hips somaa—cess sr,egov usda go+ .essed 172021 e.._.�r. Figure 13. Soils in the project area. 10 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka ' ina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 2. IDENTIFICATION OF CUSTOMARY AND TRADITIONAL RESOURCES AND PRACTICES In an effort to identify any valued cultural,historical,or natural resources,and to assess the extent to which traditional and customary rights are or have been exercised in the project area (the first part of the analytical framework), this section presents a summary of historical-archival information concerning Pu'ukapu Ahupua'a and where applicable the broader regional areas including the kalana (subdistrict) of Waimea and moku (district) of South Kohala. This section concludes with a summary of findings from previous archaeological and cultural studies conducted within the project area and nearby vicinity. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The project area is located within Pu'ukapu Ahupua`a(Figure 14), whose name translates to"sacred hill"(Pukui et al. 1974:199).The spelling of the ahupua'a name varies in the historical record as is sometimes written as Pu'u Kapu. In this study,the condensed spelling of Pu'ukapu is utilized unless the variant spelling is used in direct quotes.Today, Pu'ukapu is identified as an ahupua'a,however,historical records have classified as both an 'ili(a subdivision of an ahupua'a)and 'ili kupono(a subdivision of an ahupua'a but ruled independently), and was one of the multiple land divisions that constituted the kalana of Waimea(Lyons 1875). Unlike typical ahupua'a which was ruled by the ah'i 'ai ahupua'a (ahupua'a chief)who came under the ah'i 'ai moku (district chief), Pu'ukapu as an 'i1i or 'ili kupono, may have held a different political status and was perhaps administered and ruled independently from Waimea. Gonschor and Beamer(2014),note that the lands that constituted Waimea are one of the most complex and ambiguous land divisions with great historical classification inconsistencies; thus a clear understanding of its status as a land division is not fully understood. According to Lyons(1875),nine-tenths of Waimea was comprised of the`di kupono of Pu'ukapu and Waikoloa. Waimea, translated as "reddish water" also held a unique status. As a kalana, Waimea was treated as a subdistrict of the greater moku of Kohala(Maly and Maly 2002).The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including the lands of'Ouli, Wai'aka,Lalamilo,Puako,Kalahuipua'a(Lahuipua'a), 'Anaeho'omalu,Kanakanaka,Ala'ohi'a,Paulama,Pu'ukalani (Pukalani), Waikoloa, and Pu'ukapu (see Figure 14). Bernice Judd, a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, describes the extent of the kalana of Waimea as well as the streams that flowed through the area: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains,where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea. The most easterly one entered the plain at Puukapu and flowed through Hamakua. The middle stream, which was famous for wild ducks, was named Waikoloa, or Duckwater. This and the most westerly stream, called Kahakohau, went towards Kawaihae, but neither reached the sea, except in times of flood. (Judd 1932:14) While the traditional name of this region is Waimea,the name Kamuela(Samuel)has been used since the United States post office in Waimea was renamed in 1901 (The Hawaiian Star 1901). Although originally named after the town, it shared this name with the Waimea post office on Kaua'i. The post office's practice was to avoid duplicate names within a state or territory to avoid confusion.However,as the office's cashier Kenake said at the time,"Letters come here marked 'Waimea, Hawaii.' Under the old system this would be understood, but now it produces untold trouble on account of the fact that mainland people cannot conceive of two offices of the same name in a Territory" (The Hawaiian Star 1901).The new name,Kamuela,is said to have referred to the postmaster Samuel Spencer or the famed rancher Samuel Parker (Pukui et al. 1974). For whomever this area is named after, most of the references describing the Precontact history and the cultural landscape refer to this area as Waimea. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 11 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices f' ' 1 y" P Project area 1 h..n,.e/.e, 11 ri.� - \ '•� ` ...� .: , c A M A U N A K E A ...,.:.... / Figure 14.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.2060 by J. M. Donn, 1901 showing project area within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a(Donn 1901). Celebrated Landscape and Natural Elements Nestled between the plateau of two shield volcanoes(Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea),Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a along with the greater South Kohala region boasts stunning views of its wind-swept landscape dotted with rolling and jutting pu'u (hills). As noted by Plunkett (2018), "More than just aesthetically pleasing, the pu`u of Waimea as landscape fabric,functions culturally as definers of place."Within the northeast corner of the project area is Pu`umaile and south of the project area is Pu`umanu(Figures 15 and 16). Also viewable from the project area are many other prominent pu'u located along the base of the Kohala Mountains(Figure 17)as well as Mauna Kea(see Figure 16). 12 Ka Pa'akai O Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices z y. ' F td3 v��� ,`,��xx .,4 q �� a fir..�, ,.�,y �` i `�✓ Figure 15.Residential dwelling located on the south side of Pu`umaile,view to the north. 4 , ,w Figure 16.Pu`umanu(foreground)and Mauna Kean(background)g from Pu`umaile,view to the south. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 13 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 07 tt x l �s to r a, ° m a q u y, Figure 17. View of other pu`u from the northeast comer of the project area located along the base of the Kohala Mountains,view to the northwest. While these ptt`u are a culturally-celebrated natural feature of Waimea,so too are the winds.The variety of winds found in Kohala are numerous and several Hawaiian proverbs recorded by Pukui (1983) capture their names and characteristics.Of the famous Apa`apa`a winds, she records: Ka makani `Apa`apa`a o Kohala. The `Apa`apa`a wind of Kohala. Kohala was famed in song a story for the `Apa`apa`a wind of that district. (Pukui 1983:157) Kahilipulu Kohala na ka makani. Kohala is swept,mulch and all,by the wind. Kohala is a windy place.(Pukui 1983:143) `Ope`ope Kohala i ka makani. Kohala is buffeted by the wind. (Pukui 1983:277) Other winds in Kohala, such as the one that sent clouds racing across the sky, were seen as omens that foretold impending trouble. Pukui(1983)writes: Makani luna ka lele `ino mai ld ke ao. There is wind from the upland,for the clouds are set a-flying. Signs of trouble are seen. This saying originated shortly after the completion of Pu`ukohola heiau by Kamehameha I. He sent Keaweahuulu to Ka`u to invite Keouaku`ahu`ula to Kawaihae for a peace conference between them.Against the advice of his own high priest,Keouaku`ahu`ula went, taking his best warriors along with him. When outside Mahukona, he saw canoes come out of Kawaihae and realized that treachery awaited him. It was then that he uttered the words of this saying. His navigator pleaded with him to go back, but he refiised. Arriving in Kawailae, Keouaku`ahu`ula stepped off the canoe while uttering a chant in honor of Kamehameha.One of the 14 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices latter's war leaders stepped up from behind and killed him. All of his followers were slaughtered except for Kuakahela, who hid a later found his way home,where he wailed the sad story. (Pukui 1983:228) In addition to the hilly landscape and winds of the greater South Kohala district,there were various rains of the moku including the Kipu ("to bundle up" as mist or rain), 'Apu'upu'u, KFpu'ar, Kipu'upu`u, and Leikoko'ula. The 'Apu'upu'u,Kipu'u,and Kfpat'upu'u"refers to the bumpiness of the skin in the cold,wind-driven rain"and"may also refer to the hilly land of Waimea"(Akana and Gonzalez 2015:92). The following excerpt is from a mele mdka'ika'i or a travel chant for`Emalani Kaleleonalani(Queen Emma)that mentions both the Kipii and Leikoko'ula rain: Hana Waimea i ka 'upena a ka makani Waimea creates a net with the wind I ka 'alihi pFkoi a ke Kipu With the upper cord formed by the Kipu-wind-rain A ka ua Leikoko'ula i ke pili And the Leikoko'ula rain over the pili grass Me he 'ahu'ula i luna o ka Id'au Like a feather cape above the trees (Akana and Gonzalez 2015:92) Although the Kipu'upu'u rain and wind are associated with Waimea, it is also found in other areas such as Hilo, Hawai'i.Photographer and researcher Theodore Kelsey further detailed this rain stating,"The ua Kipu`upu`u is a rain with a wind that beats against you. It is known in Hilo as well as Waimea and lasts but a few minutes" (Akana and Gonzalez 2015:93). The K►pu'upu'u rain was also mentioned at length in The Epic Tale of Hi'iakaikapoliopele as Hi'iaka and her companions made their way throughout the Hawaiian Islands facing dilemmas and dangers as they travel.The passage below describes the rain of Mahiki,a place and well-known forest that extended between the area of Pu'ukapu and Waipi'o.In the passage below,the Kipu'upu'u rain is a kinolau(body form)of Mahiki,the guardian of the forest: I kiia manawa i hao mai ai ua kupua Then Mahiki employed his powers, pelting them Mahiki nei i kona mana, 'o is ho'i, nou with the piercing rain of Mahiki Forest, darkening maila 'o is i ka ua kEkoni 'ili o ka the entire woodland from edge to edge. ulunahele o Mahiki,po ka ululd`au mai 'o a 'o. I keld ivd i ne'e aku ai `o Hi'iaka i matt Hi'iaka moved forward with her companion behind a 'o ke aikdne aku no ma hope ona, a i her,as she spoke to her attendant, Pa'uopala'a."Are is wd i Welo a'e ai 'o Hi'iaka i ke you listening,Pa'uopala'a? kahu, id Pa'fiopala'd, "Auhea 'oe, e Pd'uopala`d! O maila no ho'i ke kahu me ka ninau The attendant responded, asking, "What is it, my 'ana mai, "He aha ia, e ku`u chiefess?" "Make your body forms into a shelter haku?" "E male a'e ho'i ko kinolau ma above us, so we are not blinded by the eye-piercing Luna o mdua, i We ho'i mdua e maka rain of Mahiki Forest." Iele'ele i ka ua pehi maka a Mahiki." In no time, fronds of pala'a and 'ama'u fern made a He manawa We ia, malu ana nd lau shelter for the two of them as the icy rain poured pala'd me ke 'ama'u ma lama o ldua down outside. They carried on until the rain nei, hele ka ua me ke ko'eko'e ma diminished, and when Mahiki looked, he saw they waho. Oi hele ldua nei a mao ka ua, i were still going, while he had been certain that ndnd mai ka hana o Mahiki, e hele akti Hi'iaka and her fellows had died in the cold and ana no ldua nei, me kona mana'o loa cramping chill of the torrents of[kuaua] rain he had ua make ld 'o Hi'iaka and i ke anti a me unleashed... ka 'opili o ke kuaua ana i ho'oku'u mai ai... Mahiki heard this chant by Hi'iaka and snarled back, Lohe maila ua Mahiki nei i kiia kau a "I shall not spare you,you arrogant woman.You will Hi`iaka,pane maila 'o is me ka huhii, die by my hand this day.You escaped my rain form, "'A'ole `oe e ola ia'u, e kind wahine the Kipu'upu'u downpour,but here comes the death ho`okano. E make ana 'oe ia'u i nei Id. of you."(Akana and Gonzalez 2015:93-94) Hala a'ela ka make a ku'u kino ua Kfpu'upu'ti, eia mai no ua make ou." Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 15 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Another famed mo'olelo titled, The Legend of Kuapdka'a and the Wind-Gourd of La'amaomao, also speaks of the various winds of Waimea,Kohala,and other lands around the Hawaiian Islands.Retold by Moses Nakuina(2005), this nio'olelo describes the winds in the context of of the story of Paka`a, the son of La`amaomao and Kuanu`uanu. Paka`a succeeded his father as kahu (personal attendant) of Keawenui a `Umi (the grandson of celebrated ah'i nui `Umi a Uloa).In this role,Paka`a had charge over Keawenui's many belongings,and he dutifully served the ah'i by keeping a close and careful watch over them. Paka`a's greatest and most cherished responsibility,however, was the keeping of a highly treasured personal possession:a very special and sacred ipu(gourd)passed down to him from his mother and his grandmother before her. The ipu contained Paka`a's grandmother's bones and all of the winds of the islands, including those of Kohala. When Paka`a's mother passed the ipu to him,she gave him these instructions: You must care for this gourd because it had been handed down from the kupuna. This gourd has great value—you may not think so now,but when you sail with the ali`i and arrive at an area where no wind blows and the canoes are becalmed, say that the winds are at your command; all you have to do is call,and the winds will blow. "When you're laughed at, remove the lid of the gourd and call for a wind. The wind will blow and bring the canoes to shore.The ali`i will be grateful to you,and you'll be loved and valued by him." Before Paka`a sailed off,La`amaomao taught him the names of all the winds,along with the prayers, songs and chants concerning them,and when she was done,Paka`a had memorized everything.Then he took the wind gourd and tied it with a cord he had made,prepared his other things for the voyage, and left home. (Nakuina 2005:14-15) Paka`a settled into his role as kahu, and he became the favorite of Keawenui a `Umi, but made enemies of two other ah'i,Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna.The pair spread lies and slandered Paka`a,turning Keawenui a`Umi against him.Keawenui a`Umi took back all of Paka`a's gifted lands and authority and gave these to Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Paka`a gathered some of the belongings of his former haku, placed them inside the ipct, and departed for Molokai from Waipi`o. While on Molokai, Paka`a fathered a son, Kuapaka`a, and raised him to one day serve his own haku and take revenge on Paka'a's enemies. In time,Keawenui a `Umi learned the true character of Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho-okele-i-Puna. He grew to regret his dismissal of his former kahu, and searched frantically and persistently for Paka`a, with whom he had been communicating with in dreams.In the dark of morning off the shore of Molokai,Keaweanui,accompanied by canoe fleets from each of the six districts on Hawaii Island,found Paka`a and his son.The two were lying in wait for them, disguised while they fished for uhu(parrot fish).The six canoe fleets approached Paka`a and Kuapaka`a, and as each passed in turn, Kuapaka`a hurled insults, incensing each district ah'i leading the fleets. When Keawenui a `Umi's canoe approached,Kuapaka`a chanted to him,predicting stormy weather and strong winds from Hawaii Island.This was an attempt to litre the canoe onshore,where Paka`a could exact revenge on Ho-okele-i-Hilo and Ho`okele-i-Puna. Keawenui a `Umi's kuhina nui Kahikuokamoku challenged this prophecy and Kuapaka'a's knowledge of Hawaii Island's winds—how could a young boy from Molokai possibly understand, let alone foretell, that winds strong enough to force them ashore would be heading towards them from Hawaii? In response, Kuapaka`a drew upon the ipu and his ancestral knowledge,and began chanting again,warning of destruction as he called on each of the winds of the island by name. The chant,with Kohala winds bolded and Kohala place names in italics below,began: Hurry,hurry, The source of the storms of Hilo, Is the wind called ua kea, Shearing off the edges of a hale and breaking it up, Kepia is of Hilo of the upright cliffs, Uluau is of Waiakea, Ulumano, `Awa,Pu`ulena, Moani`ala are of Puna, The winds of Kuamoa`e have gathered, My Moa`e,the wind that is swelling, Apaiahaa is at Kanakaloloa, Hau is of Kapalilua, `Eka is of Kona, Kipu is of Kahua, `E`elekoa is of Uli, 16 Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Kipu'upu'u is of Waimea, `Olauniu is of Kekaha, Pa`ala`a is in the ocean, Naulu is of Kawaihae, A wind that comes And dashes the milo leaves of Makaopau, Kalahuipua`a,'Apa'apa'a is ofKohala's upland cliffs, The wind that flies about like vapor, Pu`ukolea is of Kapa'au, Holopo`opo`o is of Waipi`o, `Aeloa is of Hamakua, Kona is the wind of the sky Above the `Alenuihaha sea, You should come ashore, The spray of the sea flies up, The spray of the wind,a storm is coming ...(Nakuina 2005:39-40) Keawenui a 'Umi listened with rapt attention. As Kuapaka'a continued, he included the Kohala and Waimea winds as he chanted: There,there are the winds rising from the earth, The'Apa`apa`a is of Kohala, The rainy wind called Naulu is of Kawaihae, The Ki-pu'upu'u is of Waimea, A cold wind that hurts the skin, A wind that whips the kapa of that land about, Tossing up dust before it, Frightening the procession of travelers...(Nakuina 2005:41-42) After Kuapaka'a recited the winds of Hawaii and the other islands,Keawenui a 'Umi became unsettled by the boy's warning. His advisors, however, remained suspicious of the youth, and demanded to know the boy's name. Kuapaka'a refused, arguing that he would reveal his name only after the men had landed. Keawenui's fleets did not go ashore,but sailed off to Oahu instead. Soon after they departed Kuapaka'a chanted: E winds that I've called, Blow here,those of Ka'ula and Kaua'i first, Those of Oahu and Hawaii from the sides, Those of Maui and Molokai last, Blow true,and overtake the canoe fleet Of Keawenuia'umi,the ali'i. (Nakuina 2005:63) With this utterance, every wind that had escaped Kuapaka'a's lips during his chant ravaged the atmosphere and wrought havoc upon Keawenui a 'Umi's fleet.The survivors and their ali'i made their way back to Molokai where they were led safely ashore by Kuapaka'a and his father. Paka'a began to ingratiate his son to Keawenui a 'Umi. He had Kuapaka'a offer the cold and wet ah`i a dry malo and a beautifully-scented kapa that he had kept with him even after leaving his service. Keawanui accepted Kuapaka'a's service. Meanwhile, Paka'a continued to plot his revenge on Ho'okele-i-Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna. He had his son let loose the winds of his gourd for four months to keep the weather unstable. Then,one morning before dawn,he had Kuapaka'a direct the six district ah'i and their men to sail to Ka'ula Island ahead of Keawenui a 'Umi. When day broke,Keawenui a 'Umi and his men(including Ho'okele-i- Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna)departed to Ka'ula to resume their search for Paka'a. Kuapaka'a accompanied them, and while enroute,released the winds out of La'amaomao. He anchored the canoe with a rock he had hidden in the canoe and encouraged the men to ride out the storm in place. The bitter wind and rain chilled the men to the bone and just before they reached the verge of death,Kuapaka'a revealed a hidden trove of food,drink,and palm fronds to feed and protect everyone on board except Ho'okele-i-Hilo and Ho'okele-i-Puna, who succumbed to the cold and perished. When the weather cleared,Kuapaka'a steered the canoe for Ka'ula,but in the night opened his wind-gourd yet again. The winds carried them to Hawaii Island where they landed at Kawaihae and met the rest of Keawenui a 'Umi's party,who had also drifted there. Kcuwenui a 'Umi and his party returned to their families, leaving Kuapaka'a alone and forgotten.Keawenui was eventually reunited with the boy,and a deal was made in which Kuapaka'a would fetch Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 r 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Paka`a from Molokai. Although Paka`a longed to serve his haku once more, he refused to travel back to Hawaii Island without having his land,position as navigator,and other rights restored.When Keawenui a`Umi was informed of this,he immediately consented,eager to reconnect,and Paka`a,the beloved kahu,returned to serve him faithfully for the rest of his days. While a few mo'olelo have been presented above, the following section summarizes other mo'olelo that are specific to Pu`ukapu. He Mau Mo`olelo No Pu`ukapu (Traditional Accounts of Pu`ukapu) The history of ancient Hawaii was transmitted orally from one generation to the next,but after the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820, one of the major transformations to Hawaiian culture was the creation of a written Hawaiian language. Although oral traditions were still maintained, many natives and foreigners began inscribing generations worth of knowledge onto paper.These writings provide us with invaluable insight into Hawai`i's past as they describe elements of Hawaiian culture such as historical figures, beliefs,traditions, wahi pana (legendary places), inoa 'dina (place names), and mo'olelo (legendary accounts, stories, and myths), mele (songs), and `olelo no`eau and `olelo kaulana (proverbs and famous sayings); all of which contribute to an in-depth understanding of the people, their culture, and their relationship to place. It will be noted here that mo'olelo referencing Waimea and the South Kohala region abound, thus for this report, the following paragraphs present a summary of select traditional accounts that feature Pu'ukapu Ahupua`a and other nearby historically significant places. Mo`olelo no Pupualenalena(A Story of Pupualenalena) Pupualenalena was a supernatural dog who lived during the time of Hakau,the eldest son of Liloa and half brother of `Umi-a-Liloa,and resided at Puak.Pupualenalena's master took him fishing regularly where he would sit in the back of the canoe. Every time a fish was caught, the dog would eat it until his master said, "Yes, I have no objections to your eating the fish, if you can only supply me with my favorite drink,the awa, then it would be all right for you to eat the fish"(Fornander 1916-1917:558). Pupualenalena understood his master and later disappeared in the evening to steal 'awa (kava; Piper methysticum) from Waipi`o. Hakau, the king at this time, lived in Waipi`o and owned a large 'atva field at the foot of Puaahuku cliff. Pupualenalena gathered as much 'awa as he could and by daybreak he reached home to his owner who would prepare his concoction and drink it. The supply of 'awa lasted him for many days.However,Pupualenalena had left Hakau's field with very little to harvest,so Hakau became suspicious and sent guards to protect his field. One night, the dog entered the field and harvested a large load of 'awa. The guards were sure that it was a dog who was the culprit and followed it. Pupualenalena saw the guards and attempted to outrun them.One guard was able to chase the dog to Puako where the dog's master was covered in scales due to his constant use of 'awa.The guard approached the master and asked: "Ea, nau no keia ilio?"Ae mai la kela: "Say, is this your dog?" The master replied: "Ae."I aku ua kanaka nei: "Ua hewa "Yes."The guard then said:"You two have sinned olua i ke lii is Hakau, oia ka awa a ko against the king, Hakau. Your dog has been ilio a kii nei, o ka awa a ke lii." stealing the awa which belongs to the king" (Forriander1916-1917:558-561) The guard then took the man and his dog to Hakau in Waipi`o where the king asked if the dog belonged to him and if he was drinking his 'awa. The man confirmed that Pupualenalena was his and that he was drinking his 'awa, unbeknownst to him as he thought the dog was gathering it closer to home. Angry,Hakau sentenced both of them to death. During Hakau's reign,a pit (shell tnimpet)called Kuana was owned by the spirits who lived above Waipi`o. Kuana was blown every night and it upset Hakau who then told Pupualenalena's master: "I will, however, save you and your dog if you will get me the shell owned by the spirits"(Fornander 1916-1917:560).Pupualenalena understood Hakau, so that evening after Kuana was blown, the king of the spirits retired for the night and left the shell with his spirit guards to keep watch.Eventually,the spirit guards fell asleep and Pupualenalena stole Kuana. While in the act of stealing Kuana,one side of the shell struck a rock,and a piece of it broke off.The spirits awoke but were unable to catch the dog.When Pupualenalena arrived at Hakau with Kuana, the king was happy and placed the master and his dog on a piece of land nearby. Hole Waimea Hole Waimea is a mele inoa(name chant)composed for Kamehameha I.This mele speaks of the Kipu`upu`u,a band of Kamchameha's warriors whose name is taken from the cold wind associated with Waimea and is frill of kaona or double entendre(Kaaoa-Martin 1997). The group was trained to spear fight and set forth to Mahiki, a forest in the 18 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Waimea-Hamakua region.While in the forest,these warriors sang about love,not work or war.Hanakahi refers to an area associated with Hilo,but is also the name of an ancient chief from Hilo"who was a symbol of profound peace" (Pukui and Elbert 1986:56). Malanai is the name of a gentle wind, while pua o koai`e refers to the blossom of the koai'e(a native tree similar to the koa;Acacia koaia)tree that grows in the wild and is a euphemism for delicate parts (Kanoa-Martin 1997;Pukui and Elbert 1986:157): Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani Waimea strips the spears of the wind Hao mai nd'ale a ke Kapu'upu`u Waves tossed in violence by the Kipu`upu`u rains He ld`au kala `ihi 'ia na ke anu Trees brittle in the cold I `o'o i ka nahele o Mahiki Are made into spears in Mahiki forest Ku aku i ka pahar Hit by the thrusts Ku a ka `awa'awa Hit by the cold Hanane'e ke kakala o ko Hilo kini The hips of Hilo's throngs sag Ho'i lu`ulu`u i ke one o Hanakahi Weary,they return to the sands of Hanakahi Ku aku la `oe i ka Malanai Pelted and bruised by A ke Ki a`u -p pua The Krpu`upu`u rams Holu ka maka o ka `ohawai a Uli The petals of Uli sway Niniau `eha ka pua o ke koai`e The flower of koai`e droops Ua `eha i ka nahele o Waikd Shmg by frost, the herbage of Waika (Kanoa-Martin 1997) According to Ki�ei de Silva (2006), this is just the "tip of an iceberg, a ko`a many projecting above the reef below" in regards to the depth of the available literature regarding Hole Waimea. de Silva offers more insight and a variation of the mele translated by Mary Kawena Pukui below: Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, Waimea is tousled with shafts of the wind, Hao main a ale a ke Kipuupuu, While the Kipuupuu puffs in gusts, Laau kalaihi na ke anu, The trees are blighted by the cold Oo i ka nahele o Mahiki. That drives through the forest of Mahiki. Ku aku la oe i ka rnalanai a ke Kipuupuu, You are pierced by the cold Kipuupuu wind Holu ka maka o ka ohawai o Uli, That sets the ohawai blossoms asway, Niniau, eha ka pua o koaie Wearied and bruised are the flowers of Koaie, Aloha Waika ia'u me he ipo la, Waika loves me like a sweetheart, Me he ipo la ka maka Lena o ke koolau Dear to me are the yellow centered koolau blossoms, Ka pua i ka nahele ma Huleia The blossoms of the forest of Huleia, E lei hele i ke alo o Moolau That are worn in wreaths at Moolau, E lau ka huakai hele i ka pali loa, Travel-wreaths for travelers on a long climb Hele hihini,pill noho i ka nahele, To our homes in the wildnerness, O kuu noho wale iho no i kahua e, Still do I cherish our old home, O kou aloha kai hiki mai i o`u nei, For your love still visits me here, Mahea la i nalo iho nei. Where have you been hiding till now?(de Silva 2006) Pukui explains the late master chanter James Kuluwaimaka's kepakepa (conversational chant) rendition of the above mele inoa,which places the Kipu`upu`u warriors of Waimea as the hake(core)of the composition where they honor their ali'i,Kamehameha(de Silva 2006).According to Theodore Kelsey,Kuluwaimaka's great-grandfather was very close to Kamehameha I and fought beside the ali'i in battles at Hamakua and Hilo Paliku (ibid.). She further describes their activities in Mahiki below: Kamehameha needed more spear fighters and having heard of a company of twelve hundred young men of Waimea,Hawaii,who were trained runners,he went to see for himself.He was pleased with their swiftness and knew that they would make excellent spear fighters. He appointed Na-nu`u-a- Kalani-`6pu`u to train and lead them...It was there that the young men thought of composing a chant in honor of their chief,Kamehameha I. The first composition was criticized by several expert poets and hula masters. It began with `Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, hala kika i ka pu'u kolu.' (Waimea is pierced by the spear-like blasts of the wind;slipping and sliding over the triple hills.)It was the slipping and sliding that was objected to. With the few changes, the chant was completed to the satisfaction of all and presented as a gift to the ruler by[his]newly trained warriors of Waimea. It was first chanted as an oli and later, as a hula. This was one of the most popular chants of Kamehameha's day and was heard wherever his armies moved. (de Silva 2006) Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 19 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Clearly, there are variations of the mele and Pukui points out that author of Hawaiian mythology Nathaniel Emerson's version focus on"effeminacy and sentimentality"and doesn't capture"the powerful,image-rich language of the original"(de Silva 2006).Clergyman and author Stephen L.Desha add: When Kamehameha was staying at Kawaihae,he went with his many warriors to that forest for the making of spears. Some of his court accompanied them, in other words,the chiefly women.At this place of the story,the writer conceals the hidden meaning of the"Stripping of Waimea by the spear of the wind"and it is for the reader to guess the meaning.(de Silva 2006) The Battle ofHoku`ula The following mo`olelo is a noteworthy event that occurred in Waimea that tells of the invasion of Hawaii Island by Kama-lala-walu, ruler of Maui Island as related by Kamakau (1961). Kamakau states that Kama-lala-walu's men landed at Puak6 and went up to the grass-covered plains of Waimea: After Kama-lala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu`ehu'e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Kau and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea,and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea.The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts. Kama-lala-walu with his warriors dared to fight. The battle of Puoaoaka was outside of the grassy plain of Waimea, but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama,so they led to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard,waterworn pebbles. The men of Hawaii feared that the Maui warriors would find water to drink and become stronger for the slinging of stones that would fall like raindrops from the sky.The stones would fall about with a force like lightning,breaking the bones into pieces and causing sudden death as if by bullets. Maui almost won in the first battle because of Hawaii's lack of a strong champion. Maka-kti-i-ka-lani [representing Maui] was first on the field and defied any man on Hawaii to thatch strength with him.Maka-ku-i-ka-lani tore Hawaii's champion apart.When Puapua-kea arrived later by way of Mauna Kea,those of Hawaii rejoiced at having their champion. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani and Puapua-kea matched their strength in club fighting on the battle site before the two sides plunged into the fight. (Kamakau 1961:58-59) Once he reached Waimea,Kama-lala-walu positioned himself on 1­16ku`ula,the hill that he was told would serve as a refuge for him and his men(Fornander 1959).In Fornander's description,the battlefield would have extended to Pu'ukakanihia("noisy hill";Figure 18),which is located in Pu`ukapu Ahupua'a approximately one mile northwest of the project area(Pukui et al. 1974:197): Kamalalawalu, upon arrival thereon, found on reconnoitering that there were neither stones nor trees, but only dirt [on H6ku`ula]. While they were engaged in a conversation with Kumaikeau together with Kumakaia, at that time messengers were sent to summon Lonoikamakahiki and Pupuakea. At Kealakekua, in Kona, was the place where Lonoikamakahiki lived. When the messenger appeared before him, he said to Lonoikamakahiki: "Kamalalawalu and Makakuikalani have come to give battle to you both...When Lonoikamakahiki heard these things, he questioned the messenger: "Where is the battle to take place?"The messenger replied: "There, at Waimea, on top of that hill,Hokuula,where Kamalalawalu and all Maui are stationed."(Fornander 1959:188) During that night and including the following morning the Kona men arrived and were assigned to occupy a position from Puupa to Haleapala. The Kau and Puna warriors were stationed from Holoholoku to Waikoloa.Those of Hilo and Hamakua were located from Mahiki to Puukanikanihia [Puukakanihia], while those of Kohala guarded from Momoualoa to Waihaka. (Fornander 1959:229) Puapua-kea was the eventual victor of this fight, and the warriors of Maui were put to flight(Kamakau 1961). After Kama-laid-walu was defeated, Hawaii was invaded by Alapa`i-nui,the son of a former Kona war chief of the Mahi lineage, who had been living on Maui since the death of his father (Kamakau 1961). Based on Kamakau's account,Alapa`i-nui resided in Waimea at Lanimaomao(see Figure 18),a stream that flows through Pu'ukapu,until his death. Alapa`i dwelt in Hilo for a year and then went to live in Waipi`o. Shortly after, he and the chiefs moved to Waimea and others went by canoe to Kawaihae. From Waimea,he went to Lanimaomao, where he fell ill. (Kamakau 1961:77) 20 Ka Pa`akai O Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii r 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices It was during this time of warfare that Kamehameha was born in the North Kohala District in the ahupma'a of Kokoiki,near Mo`okini Heiau(Kamakau 1961). There is some controversy about the year of his birth,but Kamakau (Kamakau 1992:67-68)places the birth event sometime between A.D. 1736 and 1758,and probably nearer to the later date. J� V }�9 s f 4 l Uv 1 /' `8Oc I { 2.30 is D DIY/ \� r,�t\ '� l.' ~__._..�`'' jPf3rn7iia- _R�. �n- �, •� P Maile I ._ COT--` Pull no! Facf .'�. V .•:C.O. '`,�� \• •/ �._`� �\A 1 Kuhio— e° Vilapge A I • Figure 18. 1995 USGS map,Kamuela Quad with project area;note Pu`u Kakanihia(center). He Kanikau Aloha no S.P. Koko A kanikau is defined as a"chant of mourning" that shows the relationship between the composer and to whom the chant is composed(Pukui and Elbert 1986:129). It can be described as a fond recollection and can either be presented in chronological order of time spent together or geographic locations where time was spent.A kanikau is part of the grieving process, which helps to ease the pain of loss. The following kanikau was composed for S.P. Koko, a lima `auhau or tax collector for the district of South Kohala. He was a Luna (manager, district representative) for Ke Au 'Oko'a, a Hawaiian newspaper published on Oahu that was in print from April 1865 to March 1873. In 1865,Koko became a district judge in South Kohala. The kanikau was written by a"Mrs. Honolulu" from Niuli`i and published in the February 15, 1868 edition of Ka Nupepa Kii'oko'a.The lament reflects on places of South Kohala and mentions Pu'umanu,the pu`u south of the current project area(Figure 19). It should be noted that the project area encompasses a portion of Pu'umaile, but is not mentioned in the kanikau. Below is an excerpt from the kanikau,which speaks of places in Kohala: Aloha is wahi a kum kane e hele ai, Beloved are the places my husband traveled to, Kum minamina pall ole la he kane, My neverending grief for a dear man, Kuu kane mai ke ala all a Mahiki My husband from the river ford path of Mahiki Mai ka piina la e Puuomoeawa, From the rising sun at Pu`umoe`awa Mai ka ua Kipuupmu la o Waimea, From the Kipu'upu'u rain of Waimea Mai ka ua lei kokoula i ke pill, From the rainbow-hued mists upon the pili grass Mai ka piina ikiiki o Namauenaena From the unbearable ascent of Namau'ena'ena Resting briefly in the cooling waters of Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 21 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Hoomaha aku i ka alit o ka wai o Keawewai, Keawewai, My beloved husband,my husband from the whispering Kuu kane hoi, kim kane mai ke kai sea of Kawaihae, hawanawana o Kawaihae, From ascending the glowing pili grass of Mai ka piina o ke pili enaena o P6hakuloa, Pohakuloa, From the Pe`epakaiaulu rain of Kahua Mai ka ua pee pakaiardu o Kahua, My husband from the peaceful home of Kuu kane mai ka malu hale o `Ohi`alele, Ohialele, Beloved is the place where I lived with my Aloha is wahi a`u e noho ai me kuu lover aloha, My husband from Inu of Kuu kane mai ka aina ala Inu o Kohala, Kohala, From the descent of Pu`umanu, Mai ka ihona la e Puumanu, From the gathering of people at Hala`ula, Mai ka pihana kanaka la e Halaula, My husband from unfriendly lands, Kuu Kane mai ka aina makamaka ole, A person who worked for the Hookahi makamaka o ka Oihana o ke Kingdom Aupuni From the winds that turn over the sugarcane Mai ka makani hoohuli lau ko o leaves of Kohala called the Malanai... Kohala he Malanai... (In-house translation by H. Kapuni-Reynolds (Mrs.Honolulu 1868:4) Mrs.Honolulu 1868) a N a a ` p Pu`umaile Pu`umanu Figure 19. Portion of a 1948 RM 4057 by R.M. Towill depicting the project area and the surrounding hn if including Pu`umaile(within project area)and Pu`umanu(south of the project area). 22 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Post-Contact History and Early Explorer Descriptions of South Kohala The arrival of foreigners in the Hawaiian Islands marked the beginning of drastic changes in Hawai`i's culture and political-economy. There was a continued trend toward craft and status specialization, intensification of agriculture, ah`i controlled aquaculture, the establishment of upland residential sites, and the enhancement of traditional oral history.The Ku tradition and practices including the luakini heiau,and the kapu system were at their peaks,although western influences were already altering the cultural fabric of the Islands (Kent 1983; Kirch 1985). Foreigners very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit, and by the time Kamehameha I had conquered O'ahu, Maui, and Molokai, in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). Captain James Cook and his crew on board the ships the H.M.S. Resolution and Discovery first arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on January 18, 1778.Ten months later,on a return trip to Hawaiian waters,Kalani'6pu`u,who was at war with Kahekili, visited Cook on board the Resolution off the East coast of Maui. Kamehameha observed this meeting but chose not to participate (Jarves 1847). Cook made his way back to Hawaii Island and although the expedition did not explore inland to Waimea while sailing up the Kohala coast,Lt. King recorded his observations of that part of the countryside: Koaara [Kohala] extends from the Westernmost point to the Northern extremity of the island; the whole coast between them forming an extensive bay, called Toe-yah-yah [Kawaihae], which is bounded to the North by two very conspicuous hills. Toward the bottom of this bay there is foul, corally ground,extending upward of a mile from the shore,without which the soundings are regular, with good anchorage,in twenty fathoms.The country,as far as the eye could reach,seemed fruitful and well inhabited, the soil being in appearance of the same kind with the district of Kaoo [Ka'u]; but no fresh water is to be got here.(King 1784:106) Hawai'i's culture and the economy continued to change drastically during Kamehameha's rule as capitalism and industry established a firm foothold in the islands. Foreigners very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit, and by the time Kamehameha had conquered O'ahu, Maui, and Molokai, in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). Some of the work of the maka'dinana shifted from subsistence agriculture to the production of foods and goods that they could trade with early visitors. Introduced foods often grown for trade with Westerners included yams,coffee, melons, Irish potatoes, Indian corn,beans, figs, oranges, guavas, and grapes (Wilkes 1845).The sandalwood(Santalum ellipticum)trade,established by Euro-Americans in 1790,became a viable commercial enterprise by 1805 (Oliver 1961)and was flourishing by 1810.Kamehameha,who resided on the Island of Oahu at this time,did manage to maintain some control over the trade(Kent 1983;Kuykendall and Day 1976). Soon after the arrival of foreigners,the landscape of Waimea also began to change dramatically,initially through deforestation from the collection of sandalwood and then by the introduction of cattle to these lands (Rechtman and Prasad 2006).In 1792,Captain George Vancouver,who had sailed with Cook during his 1778-1779 voyages,arrived at Kealakekua Bay with a small fleet of British ships,where he met with Kamehameha.Vancouver stayed only a few days on this first visit, but returned again in 1793 and 1794 to take on supplies. Vancouver introduced cattle to the Island of Hawaii at Kealakekua during these latter two visits,giving them as gifts to Kamehameha I,who immediately made the cattle kapti,thus preventing them from being killed(Kamakau 1961;Vancouver 1984).Some of the offspring of these animals escaped the initial attempts to contain them(Barrere 1983; Bowser 1880; Henke 1929) and spread throughout Kohala, Kona, and the saddle region. In agricultural areas, they wrought havoc on crops and were responsible for a flurry of wall building as people tried to keep the feral cattle out of their fields and homes. Upon returning to Kailua-Kona in 1812,Kamehameha ordered men into the mountains of Kona to cut sandalwood and carry it to the coast,paying them in cloth, tapa material,food and fish(Kamakau 1961). This new burden added to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system. Farmers and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging,resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline. Kamakau(1961:204) indicates that, "this rush of labor to the mountains brought about a scarcity of cultivated food ... The people were forced to eat herbs and tree ferns,thus the famine [was] called Hi-laulele,Haha-pilau,Laulele,Pualele, 'Ama'u,or Hapu'u, from the wild plants resorted to." Once Kamehameha realized that his people were suffering, he "declared all the sandalwood the property of the government and ordered the people to devote only part of their time to its cutting and return to the cultivation of the land"(Kamakau 1961:204).In the uplands of Kailua,a vast plantation named Kuahewa was established where Kamehameha himself worked as a farmer.Kamehameha enacted the law that anyone who took one taro or one stalk of sugarcane must plant one cutting of the same in its place(Handy et al. 1991). While in Kailua- Kona,Kamehameha resided at Kamakahonu, from where he continued to rule the islands for another nine years. He and his high chiefs participated in foreign trade,but also continued to enforce the ancient l,rtpu system. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawai'i 23 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices When Kamehameha I died on May 8, 1819,however, the changes that had been affecting the Hawaiian culture since the arrival of Captain Cook in the Islands began to rapidly accelerate.Following the death of a prominent chief, it was customary to remove all of the regular kapu that maintained social order and the separation of men from women and elite from commoner.Thus,following Kamehameha's death,a period of'ai noa(free eating)was observed,along with the relaxation of other traditional kapu.It was for the new ruler and kahuna to re-establish kapu and restore social order, but at this point in history traditional customs were altered (Kamakau 1961). Immediately upon the death of Kamehameha I,Liholiho(his son and to be successor)was sent away to Kawaihae to keep him safe from the impurities of Kamakahonu brought about from the death of Kamehameha.After the purification ceremonies,Liholiho returned to Kamakahonu,and rather than re-establish the kapu, Then Liholiho on this first night of his arrival ate some of the tabu dog meat free only to the chiefesses;he entered the lauhala house free only to them;whatever he desired he reached out for; everything was supplied, even those things generally to be found only in a tabu house. The people saw the men drinking rum with the women kahu and smoking tobacco,and thought it was to mark the ending of the tabu of a chief.The chiefs saw with satisfaction the ending of the chief s tabu and the freeing of the eating tabu.The kahu said to the chief,"Make eating free over the whole kingdom from Hawaii to Oahu and let it be extended to Kauai!" and Liholiho consented. Then pork to be eaten free was taken to the country districts and given to commoners, both men and women, and free eating was introduced all over the group. Messengers were sent to Maui, Molokai. Oahu and all the way to Kauai, Ka-umu-ali`i consented to the free eating and it was accepted on Kauai. (Kamakau 1961:225) When Liholiho(Kamehameha II),ate the kapu dog meat,entered the laathala house and did whatever he desired it was still during a time when he had not reinstituted the eating kapu but others appear to have thought otherwise. Kekuaokalani,caretaker of the war god Kuka`ilimoku,was dismayed by his cousin's(Liholiho)actions and revolted against him but was defeated in the Battle of Kuamo`o in Kona(Kamakau 1992). With an indefinite period of free- eating and the lack of the reinstatement of other kapu extending from Hawaii to Kauai, by December of 1819, Liholiho had sent edicts throughout the kingdom renouncing the ancient state religion,ordering the destruction of the heiati images, and ordering that the heiati structures be destroyed or abandoned and left to deteriorate. He did, however,allow the personal family religion,the`aumakua worship,to continue(Kamakau 1961;Oliver 1961). With the end of the kapu system, changes in the social and economic patterns began to affect the lives of the common people. Following the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, the Hawaiian religious and political systems underwent a radical transformation; Ka`ahumanu proclaimed herself Kuhina nui (Prime Minister), and within six months the ancient kapu system was overthrown(Kamakau 1992). By October of 1819,seventeen Protestant missionaries had set sail from Boston en route to Hawaii.They arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820,to a society whose long-standing kapu system had just been overturned. Some of the ah`i,who were already exposed to western material culture,welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western-style and adopted their dress and religion. Soon they were rewarding their teachers with land and positions in the Hawaiian government. During this period, the sandalwood trade was wreaking havoc on the commoners, who were weakening with the heavy production,exposure,and famine just to fill the coffers of the ah'i who were no longer under any traditional constraints (Kuykendall and Day 1976; Oliver 1961). The lack of control of the sandalwood trade was to soon lead to the first Hawaiian national debt,as promissory notes and levies were initiated by American traders and enforced by American warships(Oliver 1961).The Hawaiian culture was well on its way towards Western assimilation as the industry in Hawaii went from the sandalwood trade to a short-lived whaling industry. Soon after the arrival of foreigners, the landscape of Waimea began to change; initially through deforestation from the collection of sandalwood,followed by the introduction of cattle to these lands(Rechtman and Prasad 2006). Wild foraging cattle that had been placed under a protective kapu by Kamehameha began to wreak havoc on the agricultural fields and were responsible for a flurry of wall building as people tried to keep the feral cattle out of their fields and homes(Bergin 2004). Early Historic Accounts of Waimea and Pu`ukapu Some of the earliest written descriptions of Waimea and Pu`ukapu come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island.In 1823,the missionary William Ellis(1831:399)described Waimea as a fertile,well- watered land "capable of sustaining many thousands of inhabitants." The population was concentrated in three villages,Keaalii,Waikoloa, and Pu`ukapu,each located where major streams reached the plain(Figure 20). 24 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices pr "`:... , fi�lt�t ° ' •�„r Figure 20. A portion of"Map of Waimea"ca. 1830 with main villages(after Andrews et al. 1830),APE not shown(Hawaiian Mission Houses Library and Archives Digital Collection). Ellis notes that another missionary, Asa Thurston, had counted 220 houses in the area, and estimated the population at between eleven and twelve hundred. In the time since Kamehameha I's death, the harvesting of sandalwood had once again been forced upon the maka`ainana. During his travels along the coast of Kohala, Ellis noted that most of the villages were empty as the men of the region had been ordered to the mountains by the King to collect sandalwood.He wrote: About eleven at night we reached Towaihae [Kawaihae], where we were kindly received by Mr. Young...Before daylight on the 22nd,we were roused by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandal-wood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku,by the people of Waimea,and which the people of Kohala,as far as the north point,had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach, for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu. There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandal-wood,according to their size and weight. It was generally tied on their backs by bands of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts. (Ellis 1831:396-397) During the Early Historic Period,traditional agricultural practices were maintained with kalo(taro)being one of the foods that the Waimea lands were known for. According to Handy and Handy(1972), dryland kalo was planted along the lower slopes of the Kohala Mountains on the Waimea side, and on the plains south and west of Kamuela (Handy and Handy 1972:532). On his second visit to Waimea town and Pu`ukapu (the last village), William Ellis made the following observation: . . . 25`h. In the morning, Mr. T. [Thurston] conducted worship with the people of the place [Ouli], and then walked on to Kalaloa the residence of the chief of Waimea, Kumuokapiki (stump of cabbage.) Leaving Kalaloa, he walked on to Waiakoa [Wai`aka], Waikala [Waik6loa], Pukalani, and to Puukapu, 16 or 18 miles from the sea-shore,and the last village in the district of Waimea. . . The soil over which he had passed, was fertile, well watered, and capable of sustaining many thousand inhabitants.He had numbered 220 houses,and the present population is probably between eleven and twelve hundred. (Ellis 1825:19) On a subsequent visit to Waimea town,Ellis(1825:196)made the following observation: The soil was fertile,the vegetation flourishing, and there was considerable cultivation,though but few inhabitants. About noon they [Messrs. Bishop and Goodrich] reached the valley of Waimea, lying at the foot of Mouna-Kea[sic],on the north-west side.Here a number of villages appeared on Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 25 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices each side of the path, surrounded with plantations, in which plantains, sugar-cane, and taro were seen growing unusually large. Six years after Ellis' visit to Waimea, in 1829, an examination of Pu`ukapu lands was made by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) for the potential development of a home for mission members considered as invalids (ABCFM 1860). As part of the assessment, the climate, geology, and scenery of Pu`ukapu was evaluated in order to ascertain if the creation of such a facility would impart a rejuvenating effect upon missionaries who suffered from exhaustion as a result of their intensive mission-related work: The growth of wood, either for fuel or timber, is abundant on the eastern part of Waimea, or still nearer on the mountains bordering this district on the north.Timber for native buildings could easily be obtained,and even timber for frames would not be difficult. Stones are plenty a little below the surface of the ground, as appears from the long stone walls built to confine the wild cattle to the southern part of the district. Should an establishment be made, either at Keaalii, Waikoloa, or Puukapu [see Figure 20], the natural scenery is of a kind the most interesting,partaking of the grand and beautiful. . .From the elevations at Waikoloa and Puukapu, the whole district appears spread out, exhibiting gentle undulations, groves of trees, here and there a house amidst luxuriant verdure,and distant herds of cattle feeding on the extensive plain.These prospects,occasionally obscured or rendered unpleasant by fogs, clouds, winds, and rain, and again bursting forth with all their distant and varied beauty, must constitute those grateful vicissitudes so agreeable to men generally, and especially to those accustomed to the changes of a northern climate.(ABCFM 1860:315-316) As the decade wore on, however, the population of the Kohala region began a rapid decline, and settlement patterns changed significantly.Leeward inhabitants relocated to the wetter windward slopes of North Kohala and the Waimea plain, abandoning their agriculturally marginal areas in favor of wetter sugarcane lands more productive farmland.According to Tomonari-Tuggle(1988),the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns, largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources. Tomonari-Tuggle (1988:33) clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from rural areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community.Foreigners,especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas, which were the sources of Western material goods, novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable.Associated with the emergence of the market,cash-based economy, commoners followed in search of paying employment. These population shifts were accompanied by an overall decline in the number of people living in Kohala. Contemporary observers and modern scholars(see Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggle 2005)offer several explanations, including the decline of the whaling industry,a kapu on killing wild cattle(Wilkes 1845),dissatisfaction with William Beckley's appointment as konohiki (Doyle 1953), and disease (Kenway 1848). Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, introduced diseases caused deaths and a depressed birth rate among native Hawaiians in the district.Epidemics in 1848 and 1849 killed more than 10,000 people in twelve months throughout the Hawaiian Islands (Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). In the aftermath of these epidemics,the population of the district was reduced to nearly half of the reported population in 1835. The number of coastal residents soon dwindled, and most of the coastal villages were left with only a few solitary residents.The population reduction in Waimea,Kohala,and Hamakua documented by missionaries between 1832 and 1835 was tremendous, as the Rev. Lorenzo Lyons expressed, "if the decrease of local people continues the same, how many years before they are all dead, without any left`?" (Schmitt 1973:29). Similarly, an 1848 description of the Waimea population cited by McEldowney (1983:432) laments that "it can scarcely be said that there is any native population at all." The 1848 Mahele `Alba and Land Commission Awards By the mid-19'century, the Hawaiian Kingdom was an established center of commerce and trade in the Pacific,and recognized internationally by the United States and other nations in the Pacific and Europe(Sai 2011).As Hawaiian political elites sought to modernize the burgeoning Kingdom,and as more Westerners settled in the Hawaiian Islands, major socioeconomic and political changes took place, including the formal adoption of a Hawaiian constitution by 1840,the change in governance from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy,and the shift towards a Euro- American model of private land ownership.This change in land governance was partially informed by ex-missionaries 26 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices and Euro-American businessmen in the islands who were generally hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands that could be revoked from them at any time.Mo 7(King)Kauikeaouli(Kamehameha III),through deliberations with his high-ranking chiefs and political advisors, defined the ownership of all lands in the Kingdom (King n.d.). They decided that three classes of people each had one-third vested rights to the lands of Hawaii: the M57, the ali`i and konohiki,and the native tenants known as hoa`dina. In 1846,King Kauikeaouli formed the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles (more commonly known as the Land Commission)to adopt guiding principles and procedures for dividing the lands, grant land titles, and act as a court of record to investigate and ultimately award or reject all claims brought before them (Bailey in Commissioner of Public Lands 1929). All land claims, whether by chiefs for an entire ahupua`a or `di kaipono (nearly independent 'ili land division within an ahupua`a, that paid tribute to the ruling chief and not to the chief of the ahupua`a),or by hoa`dina for their house lots and gardens,had to be filed with the Land Commission within two years of the effective date of the Act(February 14, 1846) to be considered. This deadline was extended several times for chiefs and konohiki,but not for native tenants(Soehren 2005). The Mo a and some 245 ah`i spent nearly two years trying unsuccessfully to divide all the lands of Hawaii amongst themselves before the matter was discussed in the Privy Council on December 18, 1847 (King n.d.; Kuykendall 1938). Once the Mo i and his ah`i accepted the principles of the Privy Council,the Mahele Aina (Land Division)was completed in just forty days (on March 7, 1848). The names of all of the ahupua`a and `ili katpono of the Hawaiian Islands,as well as the names of the chiefs who claimed them,were recorded in the Buke Mahele(Mdhele Book)(Buke Mahele 1848). As this process unfolded,the M(57,Kauikeaouli,received roughly one-third of the lands of Hawaii,realizing in the process the importance of setting aside public lands that could be sold to raise money for the government and also purchased for fee simple title by his subjects. Accordingly,the day after the division when the name of the last chief was recorded in the Buke Mahele,the Mo'F commuted about two-thirds of the lands awarded to him to the government(King n.d.).Unlike Kauikeaouli,the chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive their Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). The chiefs who participated in the Mdhele were also required to provide to the government commutations of a portion of their lands in order to receive a Royal Patent giving them title to their remaining lands. The lands surrendered to the government by the King and chiefs became known as"Government Land."The lands personally retained by the King became known as"Crown Land."Lastly, the lands received by the chiefs became known as"Konohiki Land"(Chinen 1958:vii; 1961:13). For all land designations, whether to the Mo a, konohiki, or Government, the rights of the native tenants were expressly reserved. (Garavoy 2005).To expedite the work of the Land Commission,all lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the lands could be formally surveyed. On January 28, 1848,the ah'i wahine(chiefess)Miriam Kekau`6nohi relinquished her interest in Pu`ukapu,which at this time,was classified as an 'ili rather than an ahuplia'a to the Mo'i Kauikeaouli(Buke Mahele 1848). As such, Pu`ukapu was established as Crown Lands, which up until 1865 could not be alienated and sold in fee simple but could only be obtained by lease with a maximum term of thirty years(Iaukea 1894). Crown Lands were held by the Mo'f and any revenues generated from the lease of Crown lands belonged to the Mo a(Iaukea 1894).To help clarify the exclusive nature of Crown Lands,in 1864 the Supreme Court established that all lands with such designation were inalienable and shall pass to the successor of the Hawaiian Kingdom for his or her lifetime (Van Dyke 2008). Van Dyke (2008:111) further explains that"[t]he Commissioner of the Crown Lands managed the land, leased the most productive lands(usually to sugar plantations or ranchers),and conveyed the revenues to the M6`1." Land Commission Awards(Kuleana Awards) in Pu`ukapu As the M.57 and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mahele, questions arose regarding the protection of rights for the native tenants.To resolve this matter,on August 6, 1850,the Kuleana.Act(also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied,actively cultivated,or had improved(Garavoy 2005).The Kuleana Act also clarified access to kideana parcels, which were typically landlocked, and addressed gathering rights within an ahupua'a.Lands awarded through the Kuleana Act were and still are,referred to as kuleana awards or kuleana lands. The Land Commission oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAw.) (Chinen 1958).Native tenants wishing to make a claim to their lands were required to register in writing those lands with the Land Commission,who assigned a number to each claim,and that number(the Native Register)was used to track the claimant through the entire land claims process. The native tenants registering their kuleana were then required to have at least two individuals (typically neighbors) provide testimony to confirm their claim to the land. Those testimonies given in Hawaiian became known as the Native Testimony, and those given in English became known as the Foreign Testimony. Upon provision of the required information, the Land Commission rendered a Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 27 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices decision, and if successful, the tenant was issued the LCAw. Finally, to resolve any government interest in the property,the holder of a LCAw.obtained a Royal Patent Grant from the Minister of the Interior upon payment of the commutation fee. The volumes of native registry and testimony collected for the kuleana claims provide a snap-shot of life in Hawaii during the middle part of the 19"'-century.The information recorded in these volumes contains the names of smaller land divisions ('ili, mo`o, etc.) within the ahupua`a, ties individual claimants and their families to specific locations within those land divisions, provides background information about when and from whom the claimants received their lands,and gives accounts of the land use at that certain time and place.Rev.Elias Bond served the Land Commission as the Land Agent in Kohala during the Mahele period.Bond was at first unwilling to accept this position, but was convinced that "he must, in order to protect the interests of the Hawaiians against foreigners coming in" (Damon 1927:180).As the Kohala Land Agent,he actively encouraged Hawaiians to make land claims(Erkelens and Athens 1994),and in a few cases,he even wrote letters to the Land Commission in support of various claims that were contested. There are no LCAw. within the project area, however, within Pu`ukapu eighteen individuals were awarded 34 parcels that totaled approximately 66.7 acres. The details of these LCAw. including LCAw.number, awardee name, acres,corresponding royal patent grant number,number of parcels awarded,number of houses,and type of crops that were grown are listed in Table 1. Four of these LCAw. are located to the northeast of the project area on the Kohala Mountain side of Mal5mahoa Highway. The location of three(LCAw.4230;4227:2;and 3686:2)of the four LCAw. are shown in Figure 21 and according to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Kipuka Database,the fourth LCAw is located in the area south of the westernmost LCAw (3686:2). Eighteen LCAw. (3-acre rectangular lots) are laid out in a 3 (north/south) by 6 (east/west) grid pattern less than half a mile to the southeast of the project area. Twelve smaller (0.25 square lots) span a portion of the southern perimeter of the 3-acre rectangular lot subdivision. The location of the LCAw. with respect to the project area is shown in Hawaii Registered Map No. 2552 prepared in 1913 by surveyors,Kanakanui and Lutz(see Figure 21). A close-up of the LCAw. located to the southeast of the project area is shown in Figure 22 and an annotated map showing the distribution of crops is provided in Figure 23. Table 1. Land Commission Awards Granted in Pu`ukapu Royal No. of LCAw.No Awardee Acres Patent Awarded Houses Crops Grown No Parcels 3672 Maria 3.23 7637 2 1 taro 3675 Mahuka to Kalua 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro,banana 3685 Mahoe 3.24 6834 2 1 taro,banana,Irish potato,sugarcane 3686 Moluhi 5.94 N/A 2 1 - 3733 Imoehalau to Nakuala 3.23 N/A 2 1 taro,banana, mamaki 3842 Paukumoku 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro,mamaki 3923 Naihe to Mauae 3.23 7671 2 1 banana 4130 Kanakaole 3.24 7334 2 1 taro,potato, sweet potato 4132 Kaina to Kanekuapuu 3.24 7684 2 1 taro,sugarcane, potato 4183 Kaluahinenui and Kanaue 4.87 6271 2 0 kou, sugarcane 4183-B Kanaue 3.0 6848 1 1 taro,banana, potato,sugarcane 4210 Kalua 3.247 7675 2 1 sugarcane, mamaki, taro, banana Table/continued on next page 28 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Table 1 continued. LCAw. Royal No. of No Awardee Acres Patent Awarded Houses Crops Grown No Parcels 4210B Wawaelulii to Mokuhia 3.0 6835 1 0 sugarcane, rndmaki,taro, banana 4212 Kualehelehe 3.24 8044 2 1 taro 4214 Hamehame,James 3.24 N/A 2 1 taro 4218 Kaohimaumt 3.23 N/A 2 1 taro 4230 Kukahekahe 5.25 7398 2 1 taro Total 18 individuals —66.7 acres - 34 parcels 16 houses End of Table 1. N ,k I CA 3086:2 LCA. 422-7.2 423t) . Inset I �7igure 21.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map 2552 by Kanakanui and Lutz, 1913,showing LCAw. in Pu`ukapu. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 29 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 4230;1 368,A. LCA 6.1, 3y23.1 LCIA. 4212:1 �"4 LC'4 LCA .1 3672• 4183.1 3LCA LC 1 4 1 A. _ - 4218. 1 3675.•1 LCA. LC 42148 41 g:. 3 LCA L 4`14.1 1 6851; 4 2 C 271 4 10: LCA. - LcA. 36 is _1 1 Q' 413 4 � L CA' S.2 132.1 1 L C� 3h,42 LCA 368s.1 LCA. 421 8 IC A 3y23 LCA 421 LCA' 3733.E LCA. 3672: LCA 41�0 CA. 412:2 CA 42 14.2 . Figure 22.Inset 1 from Hawaii Register Map No.2552 showing close up of LCAw. southeast of the project area. 30 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka 4ina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices C � � r 3 r w Q r rstF�{agra�eY�titb' r. _ J - zt L V C a U R S�. - - _ Z Y CJ ;1j1`ll L ..J V �., N' 7 tt M N r��i yoao ti� � R. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 31 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Commission of Boundaries (1862-1876) In 1862,the Commission of Boundaries(Boundary Commission)was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua'a that had been awarded as part of the Mdhele. Subsequently, in 1874, the Boundary Commission was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents who learned of the boundaries from their parents, neighbors or other relatives. The boundary information was collected primarily between 1873 and 1885 and was usually given in Hawaiian and simultaneously transcribed in English. Although hearings for most ahupua'a boundaries were brought before the Boundary Commission and later surveyed by Government employed surveyors, in some instances,the boundaries were established through a combination of other methods. In some cases,ahupua`a boundaries were established by conducting surveys on adjacent ahupua'a.Or in cases where the entire ahupua'a was divided and awarded as an LCAw. and/or Government-issued Land Grants(both of which required formal surveys), the Boundary Commission relied on those surveys to establish the boundaries for the ahupua'a.Although these small- scale surveys aided in establishing the boundaries, they lack the detailed knowledge of the land that is found in the Boundary Commission hearings. The settling of boundaries of the lands of Waimea was a complicated issue and a matter of much testimony and debate among Commissioners, kama`dina informants, and land petitioners. Waimea was a discrete land unit but considered by some to not be an ahupua'a; rather it was considered to be a kalana or 'okana, a unit larger than an ahupua'a. To further complicate the issue, some of the land units within Waimea were considered ahupua'a and others `ili or 'ili kupono.As a result of the Mdhele testimony and decisions rendered by the Boundary Commission, many smaller ahupua'a names were dropped and some 'ili including Pu'ukapu were given ahupua'a status. Furthermore, testimony to settle the boundaries was gathered for all of Waimea as opposed to the specific land units that constituted Waimea. Thus, the testimony mentioning Pu'ukapu is scattered throughout the many pages of testimony gathered for all of Waimea. The most detailed testimony for Pu'ukapu was provided on October 5, 1866,when kama`dina informant Moluhi [Mooluhi] appeared before the Boundary Commission to help settle the boundaries of Waimea. Mooluhi noted that the information he shared was passed down to him by his parents and uncle. Mooluhi was also the konohiki of Pu'ukapu from the time of his father's death in 1820. Because the project area is not located along the ahupua'a boundary, no specific information was discussed. However,places along the boundary of Pu'ukapu and landmarks were pointed out. Mooluhi noted that the boundary of Pu'ukapu runs to the pali (cliff) of Waipi'o. The ahupua'a of Kamoku, Pa'auhau, and Pu'ukapu meet at Pua'apilau—a place of worship(Maly and Maly 2004:170).Mooluhi pointed out two pu'u within Pu'ukapu Ahupua'a: Pukaliali and Puupapapa.He also mentioned a water course and cave at Keanaoloa.A hill known as Papalaho'oki'iki'i is a place where people once gathered mdinaki(Pipturus spp). From the bits of testimony offered up by several other informants,we learn that kia manu(bird catching)was practiced within Pu'ukapu. Ranching After a kapu(taboo,rule)over battle was lifted in 1815,the Mo a Kauikeaouli appointed John Palmer Parker to be his authorized cattle hunter. Three years later, Parker married Keli'i Kipikane Kaolohaka, the great-granddaughter of Kamehameha.Hunting, salting, and corning beef along with the procurement of hides and tallow became a booming industry with the main clientele stemming from the whaling industry. By the early 183Os,the unregulated population of cattle was cause for concern and under the Mo'i Kauikeaouli,vaqueros(cowboys of Mexican,Indian,and Spanish descent)from Central and South America were brought to the islands to train Hawaiians in the handling of both horses and wild cattle(Bergin 2004).It was out of these early interactions among the vaqueros and Hawaiians that the Hawai'i paniolo(Hawaiianized version of espahol;cowboy)culture developed.This cultural mixing greatly shaped Waimea's cultural traditions and heritage. Parker went on to become the founder of the legendary Parker Ranch,where he purchased 640-acres of land right next to Harry Purdy's lot, one of four brothers who were well-known cowboys in Waimea. This became the nucleus of early ranching operations for Parker Ranch.A family home, dubbed"Hale Mana"was constructed not long after the purchase was complete. According to Bergin(2004), Parker's entire ranching staff was comprised of Hawaiians. Parker's homestead expanded, and a "saddle house/blacksmith shop, a barn for bullock wagons and plows, and a stone-enclosed meat house adjacent to a small household dairy"were constructed, as was an"outdoor cooking hale combined imu and smokehouse," and two cisterns composed of stone and mortar (Bergin 2004:152). Upon John Parker's death in 1868,the spacious homestead was divided between his son,John Palmer Parker TT,and his grandson, Samuel Parker Sr. who retained Hale Mana. Later Samuel purchased Jack Purd 's 640-acre lot and graciously left 32 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu'ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices five acres of it to the Purdy family so they could maintain their homestead at Po`o Kanaka.This lot eventually became a part of Parker Ranch.Harry Purdy passed away in 1886 and was buried on his property. By the mid-1860s the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company (WGAC), founded by Robert C. Janion and William H.Green in 1861,and joined by F.Spencer and Company soon thereafter,had acquired considerable strategic assets around Waimea in an attempt to monopolize the livestock industry in the region(Bergin 2004).From the outset, Spencer,Janion,and Green maintained an adversarial relationship with Parker Ranch, and land disputes and alleged cattle rustling were common occurrences between these two competing entities. During the early 1860s Parker successfully thwarted Janion's men from harvesting unbranded cattle on his lands, but attacks by Frank Spencer contesting Parker's claim to more than 17,800 acres in other parts of the island more difficult to resolve,and were still ongoing when John Palmer Parker,the founder of Parker Ranch,died on August 20, 1868(Bergin 2004).At the time Parker Ranch controlled about 47,000 acres of land in the region. The ranch lands were divided evenly between John Parker II and his adopted son and nephew,Sam Parker Sr.(Bergin 2004). Despite the growth of the ranching industry, Lorenzo Lyons estimated that by 1867 the population of Waimea was only four hundred people;during the 1870s the town of Waimea contained five stores and a hotel(Doyle 1953). An 1877 Report of the Royal Commissioners on Development of Resources documents the effects of cattle ranching on the environment of the Kohala-Waimea region,and the resultant outmigration of the native population during this period: The forests on the Kohala mountains are dying rapidly. The land is mostly for grazing purposes, though on the mountain potatoes of fine quality can be raised in large quantities.In sheltered places, coffee would doubtless grow, but owning to the sparseness of the population and the superior attractions to other parts of the district, this part will hardly soon be settled. The once fertile and populous plain of Waimea looked sterile and desolate when visited by the Commission-a painful contrast to Kohala loko on the other side of the mountain. The complaint of the people is well founded.The water they use is fouled in many places by cattle, horses and other animals, and as the stream is sluggish it has no chance to free itself of impurities, and the water used by the people in their houses must be a cause of disease and death,especially to the children. ..It is little wonder that with his crops trodden out by the sheep or cattle of his stronger neighbors,his family sickened perhaps to death by the polluted waters,that the small holder should yield to despair, and abandoning his homestead seek employment in some other district, usually without making another home. . . The plains of Pukapu[Pu`ukapu] and Waimea-are subject to high winds, aggravated by the loss of the sheltering forests of former days. The soil however is very good in many places for sugar cane and other products. To develop its best resources, efforts must be made to restore the forests and husband the supply of water at their sources to furnish a supply for agricultural purposes.At present the lands are used almost exclusively for grazing purposes.Although the proprietors and lessors are probably not averse to the establishment of agricultural enterprises, it is to be feared that the denudation of the neighboring mountains and plains of the forests will render the climatic conditions unfavorable to success. It would seem that a wise appreciation of the best interests of this district, even of the grazing interests themselves, would lead to the decrease of the immense herds which threaten not only Waimea but even Hamakua with almost irreparable disaster. It is to be feared that they will in time render a large part of the land of little value even for grazing purposes. Owing to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and consequent failure of springs. Some thousands of cattle are said to have died this last winter from want of water, and the works erected in Waimea for the purpose of trying out cattle have been idle for months for want of water. The commission do not propose here to discuss fully the vexed Questions of the causes of the diminution of the forests,but in view of the fact that they are diminishing and the streams and springs diminishing a corresponding rations, also that with the cattle running upon the lands as at present, any effort to restore them must be futile and any hopes of their recuperation vain,the Government, if it would wish to preserve that part of the island of Hawaii from serious injury, must take some steps for reclaiming the forests. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 33 2. Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices In this connection we would say that it is unfortunate that large tracts of Crown and Government lands have been lately leased on long terms for grazing purposes, without conditions as to their protection from permanent injury, at rates much lower than their value even as preserves for Government purposes or public protection. The commission deem (sic) this a matter of grave importance, challenging the earnest attention of the Government, and involving the prosperity of two important districts. (in Maly and Maly 2002:58-59) By the late-1870s, largely due to persistent drought conditions within its grazing lands,the WGAC went out of business, and its herd was purchased by Parker Ranch (Parker Ranch would also eventually acquire the lease of Waikoloa Ahupua`a) (Bergin 2004). Francis Spencer formed Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company, and continued to raise sheep in Waik6loa and neighboring lands. In October of 1876 Spencer sold his interest in the sheep ranch to George W. Macfarlane; included in this transaction were the Waikoloa Nui lands lease from G. D. Ha'cu(Maly and Maly 2002).George Bowser,the editor of The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourists Guide,visited Waimea in 1880 and stayed at Spencer's house. Browser writes: . . . Waimea has always been a place of some considerable importance, and there are around it several pretty homesteads,notably the residences of Mr.F. Spencer and the Reverend Lyons.From Mr. Spencer's veranda there is a striking view of Maunakea, the summit of which was at this time of the year still in its winter robe of snow.The snow never leaves this mountain top entirely,but the position of the snow-line varies considerably with the season of the year,and also from one year to another,according to the weather which characterizes them.The country all round is chiefly suitable for grazing,and,besides innumerable wild cattle,descended,no doubt,from those which Vancouver gave to Kamehameha 1, there are some 20,000 head depastured in the neighborhood, the property of Mr.Parker,who has,besides,some large droves of horses,probably numbering a thousand head in all. Mr. Spencer has turned his attention chiefly to sheep farming, and occupies a large tract of country with his flock of 15,000 sheep and 15,000 goats. Waimea itself, although of immemorial age, and once populous, is now only a scattered village, with but two stores and a boarding and lodging house and coffee saloon. (Bowser 1880:540) Parker Ranch continued to expand their operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 1880s. By the mid-1880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch, and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R. Bishop and Co. for a fee of$200,000 (Bergin 2004).With the move to trusteeship new managers were brought in to oversee the day-to-day operations at the ranch. By the early 1900s,Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W.Carter,chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker, John Parker III's daughter, upon his death at the age of nineteen. By this time, the ranch had expanded to include over 100,000 acres,acquiring most of the land around Waimea,including the project area(Haun et al. 2003). Early on in his tenure as Ranch Manager, Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's lands from lease to fee.In 1903,with only a short period left on its lease,Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waikoloa Nui lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for $112,000, securing important grazing lands for the ranch (Bergin 2004). Soon thereafter, Carter purchased the adjacent lands of `Ouli and the Pu`uloa Sheep and Stock Company,encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`amuku Sheep station in Waikoloa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade. Much of these grazed lands were divided into paddocks, and transportation and water conveyance infrastructure projects were undertaken to increase the productivity of the Waikoloa rangelands. In 1906, on behalf of Thelma Parker, Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of $600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula, Ka`ohe, Waipunalei, and Kahuku Ranch (Bergin 2004). By 1913, Ralph Hosmer, the Superintendent of Forestry reported that the lease held by Parker Ranch for the lands in the project are were set to expire and efforts to establish the boundaries of the Kohala Mountain Forest Reserve were underway (The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturalist 1913). During his time as ranch manager, Alfred W. Carter obtained water rights at the headwaters in the Kohala watershed, which he used to create a large high-pressure water pipe that brought water up to nearby Waiki`i (which had no consistent water source).This water line ran from the head waters in the Kohala Mountains down through the current day Waimea Town.From the town,the pipeline expanded into a networking of pipes that continued across the Waimea-Waikoloa plains, through a section of Pu`ukapu adjacent to the project area to the west and on to Waiki`i. This system was quite controversial on the ranch and contributed to the on-going conflict between Carter and Sam Parker, Jr. (Bergin 2004). After Carter's initial pipeline proved successful, however, other pipes and pump stations were added to this water conveyance system. The continued expansion of Parker Ranch's land- and lease holdings 34 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices throughout the late 19"' and early 20' centuries allowed the ranch to raise cattle and sheep in paddocks around the island. Once ready for the market, these animals would be brought back to Waimea for sorting before being driven down to Kawaihae to be shipped. During these drives the cowboys followed a well-used network of trails that connected the distant stations at Waiki`i,Kalai`eha,and Ke`amuku with the town of Waimea and shipping harbors on the Kohala coast(Maly and Maly 2002). The 1893 Overthrow and the Establishment of the Puukapu Homesteads The late 19"century was a tumultuous time in the Hawaiian Kingdom as the eighth reigning monarch, Queen Lili`uokalani faced serious pressure from American businessmen to abdicate her throne.On January 17, 1893,a small group of American businessmen and sugar moguls backed by a U.S. consul and marines illegally attacked the Hawaiian Kingdom government and the sovereign, Queen Lili`uokalani (Beamer 2014). This group, consisting of thirteen men referred to themselves as the Committee of Safety,and following the overthrow, they proclaimed to be the Provisional Government that would manage the affairs of the Hawaiian Kingdom(Beamer 2014;Van Dyke 2008). The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom government had a rippling effect that caused major instability for the Hawaiian nation and severely impacted the way Crown lands were allocated and managed,such as those in Puukapu. Van Dyke (2008:153) stated that "[s]ome also believed that abrogation of the Monarchy would open up the Government and Crown Lands for exploitation." This belief was publicized as early as 1872 by Standford B. Dole, the acting President for the Provisional Government. In an article published in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (1872:2)newspaper,Dole asserted that preserving Crown lands as inalienable under an 1865 Statute was a"mistaken policy."Dole believed that maintaining Crown lands as inalienable hampered the economic development of the islands and argued that these lands should be made available to foreigners for homesteading(Van Dyke 2008).Following the overthrow of 1893,Crown lands were administered in the same manner as Government lands,that is parcels could be brought and sold,and sizable portions of the previously inalienable Crown lands were divided and sold as Government land grants. Following the overthrow,within Puukapu(and other parts of Waimea) large tracts of land were set aside by the newly formed Territory of Hawaii(formed in 1900)to create homesteads.Curtis P. Iaukea(1894:5),Agent of Crown lands,wrote in his 1894 biennial report,that"during the latter part of 1893 [September],arrangements were concluded with the Trustees of the Parker Estate by which a large section of the Crown Land of Puukapu,in Waimea, Hawaii, under lease to the Parkers,was surrendered to the Commissioners and devoted to homestead purposes."The first series of the Puukapu Homestead tract(Figure 24),situated west of the 2°"series lots,consisted of 933.75 acres and divided into 81 homestead lots and separated by the former route of the Government Road between Waimea and Hamakua (the current route of Mamalahoa Highway,was laid out(Iaukea 1894). The first series of the Puukapu Homestead, which extended east from Waimea Town is shown in Figure 25. By 1913,the second series of the Puukapu Homestead consisting of an additional fifty-eight lots(Lots 82-141) which extended east from the first series towards Hamakua was created(see Figure 25).However,only fifty-two lots (Lots 82,85 through 123, 125, 127, 129, 132 through 141)were formally listed as available homestead lots within the newly created subdivision (The Garden Island 1913). A 1924 tracing of a Hawaii Territory Survey Map originally prepared in March 1913 by S.M. Kanakanui and M.E. Lutz depicts all fifty-eight of the Puukapu Homesteads 2nd Series lots(Figure 26).The lower right-hand corner of the figure depicts six of the seven lots missing from the initial lot offering(Lots 124, 126, 128, 130,and 131)as being set aside as a reserve and under a general lease to the Hawaiian Irrigation Co., Ltd. Lots 82 and 83 also do not appear on this map. Instead, they are depicted as being a part of the Puukapu Homesteads 1 y`Series Subdivision along the southwestern base of Pu`u Haloa in the mauka portion of the subdivision as illustrated in Figure 27. The Puukapu Homestead lots were to be taken onlyb Special Homestead Agreement, which had stipulations Y p g p for payment,residency,crop cultivation,transfers,and patents. Once applications were received,names were put into a drawing for the selection of a lot(The Garden Island 1913).The current project area is situated within the Puukapu Homesteads 2n1 Series within the central portion of Lot 100; a 42.90-acre lot appraised in 1913 at S386.00. Lot 100 was sold as Grant No. 9674 to 16-year old Samuel H. Spencer or his heirs and the boundaries of the lot surveyed b Y Y the Assistant Government Surveyor, S. M. Kanakanui, with the official survey copy and grant furnished to the Land Office on August 8, 1913. Spencer, born on July 3, 1897, was listed in United States Federal Census records taken in 1910 for Waimea Village as the second-born child and only son of Samuel Mahuka Spencer and Alice Kehaulani Leleo Kinimaka.The elder Spencer, most notable for his role as Waimea deputy sheriff, and namesake of Spencer Beach Park as well as the Kamuela Post Office, wed Alice Kehaulani Leleo Kinimaka of Honolulu, granddaughter of the David Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Puukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 35 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Kalakaua's(brother of Queen Lili`iokalani)hanai(adopted)parents and daughter of Kalakaua's hanai brother,David (Ancestry.com 1910;Clark 1985;Ing 2019; Siddall 1921;The Honolulu Advertiser 1964). Nearly three years after receiving his grant, in January 1916, Spencer was appointed as the clerk in the Hawaii county auditor's office(Hilo Daily Tribune 1916). However,roughly two years later on July 31, 1918, Spencer was drafted into World War I and held employment upon the steamer known as the S.S. Claudine with a home address listed in Honolulu (National Archives 1918) although it does not appear he served in the war based upon an examination of Hawaii service records. Two years following his draft, in 1920, census records for Waimea list Spencer as living again in Waimea and as an employee as a laborer on a livestock farm(presumably Parker Ranch)as well as the head and sole member of his household (Ancestry.com 1920). The following year, on May 29, 1921, Spencer wed Honolulu-born Mae K. Mundon, and the couple had three children. Five years later in 1926, Spencer was appointed as a clerk of the South Kohala Road Department and later as road overseer for the district by his father, who served as the county chairman of the board of supervisors from 1924 until 1944(Clark 1985; Hawaii Tribune- Herald 1926). The unexpected death of 29-year-old Spencer at his home in Pu`ukapu Homesteads on the evening of March 13, 1927, was attributed to a self-inflicted gunshot wound following an extended period of illness and despondency(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1927;Star-Bulletin 1927).It is unclear as to what became of Spencer's property in the wake of his passing, although it is presumed that it was passed on to his wife and children per the information provided on his grant documentation. DIE °i A tX �.- >;9`\6icukcwtt�forne.yteario, WAIMEA' jt S.KOHALA HAWAII. A 8.Laeb to li. SCALE 1000 FT,TOAN INCH. 1 67 t ..3 48 s 60 27 19 .21 t7 13 26 9 10 (� Figure 24.Map of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads prepared ca. 1893 by A.B. Loebenstein(in Iaukea 1894) showing e th proposed locations of Pu`ukaP u Homesteads I"Series Lots situated west of the current project ro'ect P ro P area(project area not shown). 36 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices CIA _ M G I N Cz u � V Z3 o Oc 01 / wL ,. ✓� ., ` 1 � 6 i x�3 nyy $ Q w y 'ry Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 37 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 1 W sr = y CIS 19 L nil i IL ri IL le en (14 � �; ��'_•� � ��,i� ice"'y� ;, �'i r ;�;`l r £{ 1 en �i t'ra o r 0 ' 1 41 a l- n t r� x �4.- a u✓�'� '�� -` NO O t u y a z . f � 3 Jter+ r.a 'C w N on-o w 38 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices Land use records for the project area are largely silent from 1927 onwards,although a United States Geological Survey(USGS)Kamuela quadrangle map from 1930 depicts what appears to be the fenced,eastern edge of a paddock bisecting the project from north to south(Figure 27). By 1948 it appears the bisecting fence line had been removed and that the overall boundaries of Lot 100 had been fenced in instead including the northwestern and southeastern project area boundaries (Figure 28). An aerial photograph from 1954 (Figure 29) illustrates that the entirety of the project area remained as undeveloped pastureland up until this time,although it is difficult to discern if the fence line depicted in 1948 was still present. During the late 1970s,the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2nd Series lots were subject to a flurry of residential development (Figure 30), and in 1979, the County of Hawaii Field approved the formal subdivision of Lot 100 into eight 5.372- acre individual lots(Lots I through 8) on behalf of Melvin B. Hewett, et al. Seven of the parcels(Lots 1 through 7) were redesignated from TMK: (3)6-4-018:057 to TMK parcels 91 through 97,respectively,with the current project area being identified thereafter as TMK parcel 095 and as Lot 5 of the Pu`ukapu 2"d Series Subdivision(Figure 31) (Inaba 1978). County of Hawaii Tax Records indicate that in 1979, John H. and Linda R. Buscher purchased the project area from Melvin B.Hewett et al.,and the single-family dwelling and barn were constructed in the early 1980s. VpV r � s • %^ �,r'---y.�F. .,�;,�,a- _ _ '"`=`-�'.�-.�.`�p''.,•�""•-ter" , "'� f� G1U Ilk 7 1 Figure 27. 1930 USGS map showing the Pu`ukapu Homesteads and the project area. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawai'i 39 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 92 E C C Af �Pu,Ject area - 102 9Z — 106 _ 4 Figure 28.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No.4057 prepared on October 30, 1948 by R.M.Towill (1948)showing project area location(shaded red)within Lot 100 of the Pu`ukapu Homesteads 2"d Series. 40 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices N V V • s t � 111 ,r t Nk Fs Figure 29. 1954 aerial of the project area(USDA 1954). Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 41 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices ��NOIL `� + a A 441 6m *� Figure 30. 1977 aerial of the project area(USDA 1977). 42 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka 'Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices 4 I I - ti a I � -v j I j j ! .9 ' O _ � O O _ { 1 - 4r _ � O O 1 � -- -- - O y o,o Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka `Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 43 2.Identification of Customary and Traditional Resources and Practices PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES To understand the nature of the archaeological and valued cultural resources that have been previously identified in the Pu'ukapu Homestead area, past archaeological and cultural studies have been reviewed and summarized below. Table 2 lists all relevant studies conducted in the vicinity of the current project area,and Figure 32 shows the location of each study with respect to the project area. Most of the previous archaeological and cultural studies have been conducted near the center of Waimea town or have focus specifically on the Lalamilo agricultural field system, a large complex of Precontact agricultural features and associated habitations that were used into Historic (Barrera and Kelly 1974; Barrera 1993; Ching 1979; Clark 1981; Clark 1987; Clark et al. 1990; Hammatt and Shideler 1989; Haun et al. 2003; Rechtman 2000). Features identified within the Lalamilo field system include terraces,mounds,enclosures, field boundaries(kuaiwi),irrigation ditches('auwai),stone walls,platforms,walled terraces,C-shapes,U-shapes,modified outcrops,surface hearths, L- shapes, caims, pond field, and various other miscellaneous types (Haan et al. 2003). Areas associated with the Lalamilo field system were later utilized for military training and cattle ranching, with sites and features relating to those repurposed functions being interspersed with the Precontact agricultural fields and habitations. Table 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted near the project area Year Author(s) Type of Study 2006 Rechtman&Prasad Archaeological and Cultural Assessment 2014 Rechtman et al. Archaeological Inventory Survey 2014 McElroy et al. Cultural Impact Assessment 2014 McElroy&Duhaylonsod Archaeological Inventory Survey 2021 Kepa`a and Brandt Archaeological Inventory Survey ( so. . 1nN\ •,.,,`_ (l ate_ � . . I 0 WT �. 1100 y(.. ..COP t� ip U Gam Sta J�O • ' ' 1 _I P, 1. GuMh �• _I. O r r PuL j Xairanihia stsy .....- •• •,•a Made h _ J P,u l3 . ' Manu PUU And _ P a m o u R set ts e s Ratliq ti0 � �� rau I .1 area - Kuhio J Vill ge '` / K'pa'a and Brandt 1 R,chnnan &°a a . Rshunan ct a!__U!d \IcF1m\ct aL'u14 VIcFlroe.YDuha,km od'_ui� • u; = _ ter I Krlutnetraga�,. 'Y iank Figure 32.Prior and current archaeological and cultural studies conducted in the project area vicinity. 44 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 3.Consultation Concerning studies conducted in the Pu`ukapu Homestead area, Rechtman Consulting (Rechtman and Prasad 2006)conducted an archaeological and cultural assessment survey of an approximately 109-acre property comprised of six TMK parcels (TMKs [3] 6-4-001:051, 053, 156, 157, 158, and 159) within Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a northwest of the current project area(see Figure 32).A pedestrian survey was employed with north/south transects with a 30-meter spacing interval except for a gulch,which was inspected with 5-meter transect spacing. As a result of the fieldwork, no historic properties were encountered and no further historic preservation work was recommended. In 2014, ASM Affiliates(Rechtman et al. 2014) conducted an AIS for a 3-acre parcel (LCAw. parcel 3672:1 to Mana) and a 20-foot wide government-owned easement on TMK (3) 6-4-005:017, southwest of the current project area(see Figure 32).Five test trenches were mechanically excavated to test for the presence of buried cultural deposits and to examine the subsurface stratigraphy. Excavation of all five trenches did not reveal the presence of any subsurface cultural material or deposits but did exemplify the subsurface stratigraphy where all trenches consisted of similar soil profiles. However, the background research indicated a unique Mdhele-era cultural landscape where the proposed access/utility corridor traversed portions of two roadways/trails that were known as Ala Mactka and Ala Hikina and were part of a grid pattern comprised of a dozen LCAw.(Rechtman et al.2014:31).As a result,SIHP Site 50-10-07-30084 was assigned to the entire complex of parcels and the road/trail network under criterions A(Mdhele association),C(uniqueness),D(research value),and E(cultural significance assigned by modern-day descendants of kuleana awardees) (Rechtman et al. 2014:40). It was recommended that Site 30084 "be preserved as a significant intact landscape continuing to maintain the current parcel boundaries (prohibiting subdivision) and network of roadways"(ibid.). A Cultural Impact Assessment was prepared in 2014 by Keala Pono Archaeological Consulting, LLC(McElroy et al.2014)for the Waimea Nui Community Development Initiative located to the southwest of the project area(TMK: (3) 6-4-038:011; see Figure 32). McElroy et al. (2014) compiled culture-historical background information and conducted interviews with four kupuna from Waimea,Mr.Sonny Keakealani,Allen"Uku:Lindsey,Mark Yamaguchi, and an unnamed female kupuna. In summarizing the findings from the interviews,McElroy et al(2014:49)reported that the area was formerly called Christmas Paddock and that no material remains of the paddock exist today. The interviewees also did not know of any archaeological resources within the area but noted that the place was utilized for gathering koah (morning glory). They also shared their thoughts on the changes to Waimea over time and made note of the changes in weather, flora, fauna, and lifestyle. They also provided the following concerns and recommendations:the need to construct another road into the area;concerns about cultural practices hindered by laws and regulations; concerns about further development, overpopulation, and the waste; concerns about water; recommendations to utilize the old place names; recommendation to hold a blessing before construction begins; recommendations to work with kama`diva and the general community in the planning process. McElroy et al(2014) also noted the presence of two surface archaeological features, which were identified during an AIS (McElroy and Duhaylonsod 2015)of the subject property and a modern ahu located outside of the project area along Hi`iaka Street, which was constructed by Hawaiian cultural practitioner,Keali`i Bertelmann.In light of their findings,McElroy et al. (2014)recommended that archaeological monitoring be performed during all ground-disturbing activities. As previously noted,the Waimea Nui project area(TMK: (3)6-4-038:011;see Figure 32)was also the subject of an archaeological inventory survey(McElroy and Duhaylonsod 2015). The AIS included a pedestrian survey of the entire parcel as well as three subsurface test units and ten trenches.The survey resulted in the identification of a single site Site 30195, a surface alignment of cobbles. The site was determined to be significant under criterion d and no further work was the recommended treatment. McElroy and Duhaylonsod (2015) recommended archaeological monitoring only in the vicinity of Site 30195. An archaeological inventory survey was conducted for the current project area(see Figure 32)by ASM Affiliates (Kepa'a and Brandt 2021). A pedestrian survey was employed for the entire project area where the boundaries were identifiable in the field. The survey crew walked systematic northwest-southeast oriented pedestrian transects across the project area with fieldworkers spaced at no more than ten meters apart.As a result,no archaeological resources of any kind were identified within the project area,and Kepa`a and Brandt(2021)recommended that no further work be conducted before or during project implementation. 3. CONSULTATION In an effort to identify individuals knowledgeable about past and ongoing customary and traditional cultural practices associated with the project area,efforts were made by ASM staff to contact seven individuals and/or organizations via email. The names of those contacted for this project are listed below in Table 3. These individuals were identified as persons who were believed to have genealogical ties,long-standing residency,or knowledge of Pu`u Kapu Ahupua`a. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka 4ina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 45 4.Analysis and Mitigative Measures Of the seven individuals contacted,two responses were received from Dr.Billy Bergin and Leningrad Elarionoff.Mr. Elarionoff stated that he is not familiar with the property and had no further comment.Dr.Bergin submitted an email response,which can be found below. ASM staff provided the potential interviewees with information about the nature and location of the proposed project and the scope the current study. The potential interviewees were informed that the interviews were voluntary and that they would be given an opportunity to review and edit their interview summary before inclusion in this report. With their consent,ASM staff then asked questions about their background,their knowledge of past land use,and the history of the project area,as well as their knowledge of any past or ongoing cultural practices.The informants were also invited to share their thoughts on the proposed development and offer mitigative solutions. Below are the interview summaries that have been reviewed and approved by the consulted parties. Table 3. Persons contacted for consultation. Name Affiliation Outreach Date Responded Billy Bergin Former Parker Ranch Veterinarian April 27,2021 Yes Leningrad Elarionoff Kama`dina of Waimea April 27,2021 Yes KAHEA April 27,2021 No Office of Hawaiian Affairs April 27,2021 No Paniolo Preservation Society April 27,2021 No Waimea Hawaiian Civic Club April 27,2021 No Ku`ulei Keakealani Kama'dina of Waimea April 28,2021 No Samuel Kamuela Plunkett Kama`dina of Waimea April 28,2021 No DR. BILLY BERGIN A consultation letter and associated maps were sent to Dr. Billy Bergin via email on April 27, 2021. Dr. Bergin responded via email the next day with the following statement: My input is first backgrounded in having lived across the highway from the subject property for 23 years. In our early tenure the subject block of property was subdivided I believe by Mel Hewett who acquired the property from Hartwell and Becky Carter. These parcels were occupied by good neighbors whose children played with mine.The remaining folks are the Soong's(sp)at the Mauna Kea end of the road who are respected floral fanners. The proposed use is one that our society so badly needs,but will likely arouse NIMBY[Not In My Back Yard]emotions.I know of no historic, archaeological or cultural aspects to the property, nor that of our former 11 acre parcel across the street. The plateau of Puu Kapu however, was productive cabbage farming and elderly operators that could attest to this aspect may be long gone. However,their descendants in Lalamilo Farm lots in many cases farmed there before the State opened up the Lalamilo Ag Park. Hirako, Kawano, Kawamata and Yamamoto are families that I know to have started in Puukapu and they may have boyhood memories that are pertinent. From the consultation efforts,no specific valued cultural or historic resources in the project area were identified. 4. ANALYSIS AND MITIGATIVE MEASURES This section provides an analysis within the three-part Ka Pa'akai framework. IDENTIFY WHETHER ANY VALUED CULTURAL, HISTORICAL, OR NATURAL RESOURCES AREA PRESENT WITHIN THE PETITION AREA,AND IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS ARE EXERCISED A review of the culture-historical background in conjunction with the information from the consultation efforts, no historic resources were identified. However, several traditional cultural practices that formerly took place in the general vicinity of the project area and natural resources have been identified. Natural Features: Pu`umaile Pu'ukapu Ahupua`a along with the greater South Kohala region is famous for its wind-swept landscape and dotted with rolling pu`u or hills.The northeastern corner of the project area lies on Pu`umaile,while just south of the project 46 Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Analysis and Mitigative Measures area is Pu`umanu.The famous mele inoa,Hole Waimea, originally began with the line,"Hole Waimea i ka the a ka makani, hala kika i ka pu'u kolu," or"Waimea is pierced by the spear-like blasts of the wind; slipping and sliding over the triple hills" demonstrating that even during the reign of Kamehameha I how pu'u were recognized and celebrated.According to Fomander,the battlefield during the Battle of H6ku`ula extended from pu'u to pu'u with the ruler of Maui, Kama-lala-walu, positioned on 1­16kWula while Hilo and Hamdkua warriors were stationed at Pu`ukakanihia, which is located northwest of the project area. A kanikau or chant of mourning for luna 'auhau of South Kohala, S.P. Koko, was written by a Mrs. Honolulu and published in the Hawaiian newspaper,Ke Au Okoa, which mentions Pu`umanu.Native testimony provided by Mooluhi to settle the boundaries of Waimea referred to two pu'u within Pu`ukapu: Pukalilai and Puupapapa. The examples given above attest to the importance of pu'u in Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a as well as the greater Kohala region as they were not only a part of the cultural landscape but were used as landmarks spanning from historic events that occurred to personal connections. Past Cultural Practices: Bird Hunting,Agriculture,and Ranching Testimony gathered during the Boundary Commission hearings indicates that Pu`ukapu was famed for bird hunting. This practice suggests that before ranching and the resulting deforestation from decades of grazing, Pu`ukapu undoubtedly contained dense mature native forest to support endemic bird species.The harvesting of native birds for subsistence and artistic purposes was an important part of certain traditional practices (comes 2016). Perhaps, the most famed traditional use of native birds involved the use of their feathers from which spectacular royal insignia including ahu'ula (feathered cape), mahi'ole(feathered helmet), lei(garland), kahili(feathered standard), and other adornments were intricately crafted. Although today,the landscape of Pu`ukapu largely reflects Waimea's ranching heritage,these bits of testimony help to shed light on Pu`ukapu's pre-ranching landscape. Traditionally and into Historic times, Waimea was known for kalo where a dry variety was planted along the lower slopes of the Kohala Mountains. In the early 1800s, William Ellis observed that the lands from Waikoloa to Pu`ukapu were well-watered and fertile. Crops such as Irish potatoes, watermelons, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, mulberries, figs, and beans were introduced in Historic times where these products were also sent to replenish cargo ships at Kawaihae Harbor. Native testimony provided by Mooluhi indicated that a hill known as Papalaho`oki`iki`i was a place where mamaki was gathered. A review of LCAw. documents also attest to agriculture taking place in Pu`ukapu where crops such as kalo, banana, sugarcane, mamaki, sweet potato, and Irish potato was cultivated by native residents.Former Parker Ranch veterinarian,Dr.Billy Bergin,was consulted for this project and shared that he lived across the highway from the project area where he recalled the plateau of Pu`ukapu being productive for cabbage farming and that at the end of the Pu`umanu Road there are floral farmers. Previous archaeological studies within the Pu`ukapu Homestead are sparse. The majority of prior archaeological work has been centered around Waimea town proper or focused specifically on the Lalamilo agricultural field system. From these studies, it can be concluded that within Waimea, agriculture was a prominent traditional practice. Dr. Bergin also mentioned that prior to the opening of Lalamilo Agricultural Park,the descendants of the cabbage farmers in Pu`ukapu also farmed in the Lalamilo Farm Lots. The archaeological inventory survey conducted of the project area did not identify any surface Precontact or Historic Era archaeological resources. The industries of hunting, salting, and corning beef, along with procuring hides and tallow stemmed from the whaling industry. Shortly thereafter, the first vaqueros arrived to lend their generational experience and skills in training Hawaiian in handling cattle and resulted in the creation of Hawaii paniolo culture.John Palmer Parker,who was the King's authorized cattle hunter, founded the legendary Parker Ranch in Waimea during the 1830s. After Parker's death in 1868, the ranch was divided amongst his son and grandson. His grandson, Samuel, purchased an additional 640-acre lot,which became a part of Parker Ranch. By the 1990s,the ranch had expanded to include over 100,000-acres making cattle ranching the major industry in Waimea. IDENTIFY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THOSE RESOURCES AND RIGHTS WILL BE AFFECTED OR IMPAIRED BY THE PROPOSED ACTION Based on the traditional practices identified above(i.e.bird hunting, agriculture, and ranching)birth hunting has not been taking place since at least the early 1800s likely as a result of the demise of the practice itself and the degradation of the local ecology.It is the authors'conclusion that the proposed action would have no direct impacts on the practice of bird hunting. Concerning agricultural practices, while other parts of Waimea are known for their extensive agricultural complexes,no surface agricultural features have been identified in the project area.Thus,the authors do not anticipate any impacts to traditional agricultural practices or any associated agricultural features. Ka Pa`akai 0 Ka ',Tina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii 47 4.Analysis and Mitigative Measures Although ranching is a Historic Era introduced practice,it is nonetheless a fimdamental part of Waimea's shared heritage. Given LT intends to maintain the property as a ranch,thus allowing for the continuation of this practice,no impacts are anticipated. Of the natural resources identified above,the authors contend that efforts to maintain the integrity of Pu`umaile should be considered. As noted above, in Waimea,pu`u are culturally important definers of place as they serve as geographical markers and their names and associated stories help to convey valued cultural and historic information. While portions of Pu`umaile have been compromised through the construction of the house, LT's current proposed action does not include any further ground disturbance to Pu`umaile,thus at this time,no impacts are anticipated. 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Prepared for Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and Historic Sites, Department of Land and Natural Resources,State of Hawaii. 54 Ka Pa'akai 0 Ka Aina Analysis for the LT Ranch,Pu`ukapu,South Kohala,Hawaii SUPROU N I G PPOPEPTIES NOTICE LIST 640180830000 640181000000 640181000000 LEI HOLDINGS LLC YAMASAKI, MILTON TETSUO TRST YAMASAKI, HARRIET IWALANI TRST 1668 S KING ST STE 230 PO BOX 613 PO BOX 613 HONOLULU HI 96826 2074 KAMUELA HI 96743 0613 KAMUELA HI 96743 0613 640180550000 640180550000 640180550000 ONODERA, KIMI ONODERA, FUDEKO KANESHIRO, CHARLES T JR/DALE M TR PO BOX 143 PO BOX 553 74-5097 KUMAKANI ST KAMUELA HI 96743 KAMUELA HI 96743 KAILUA KONA HI 96740 1529 640180550000 64018OS50000 640180550000 ONODERA, GAIL T ONODERA, BRIAN M SIU, LISA 0 PO BOX 553 1545 KILAHA ST PO BOX 296 KAMUELA HI 96743 HILO HI 96720 KAMUELA HI 96743 0296 640180550000 640180550000 640180580000 ONODERA, YUKIO GILLESPIE, JAMES M/SANDRA 0 TRST AKASHI, ISAAC G/KAREN Y TR 64-535 MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY 1621 DOLE ST APT 1103 PO BOX 685 WAIMEA HI 96743 HONOLULU HI 96822 4841 KEAAU HI 96749 0685 640180590000 640180590000 640180770000 YAMASAKI, MAURICE M TRST YAMASAKI, SHARON F TR YAMASAKI, RAYMOND M TR PO BOX 212 PO BOX 212 PO BOX 250 KAMUELA HI 96743 0212 KAMUELA HI 96743 KAMUELA HI 96743 0250 640180770000 640180930000 640180940000 YAMASAKI, GERTRUDE K TR 64-5160 PUU MANU PLACE LLC HUSTACE,JAMES J TRST PO BOX 250 233 SW WILSON AVE STE 233 C/O HUSTACE,JAMES J/MOLLIE M,TTEES KAMUELA HI 96743 BEND OR 97702 2988 PO BOX 6484 KAMUELA HI 96743 6484 640180960000 640180960000 640180970001/640180970002 STEWART, MICHAEL ALEXANDER STEWART, LISA MAKAUIKALANI AH LOY, RONALD DEAN PO BOX 6371 PO BOX 6371 64-5188 KINOHOU ST KAMUELA HI 96743 6371 KAMUELA HI 96743 6371 KAMUELA HI 96743 8409 640180970001/640180970002 PUU MANU HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION AH LOY, MARVA LEE C/O HUSTACE,JAMES 66-1270 MAMALAHOA HWY PO BOX 2874 KAMUELA HI 96743 KAMUELA HI 96743 Appendix FIE I i E s,x r>.':x � *�^ 9 ✓.-�' gl" .r �S ""'� �, ��$�� s �.�, �, �� a�,^. �«a �,�s� '"� It �'�� � a , T ♦�}N` �e+ k 7+bt Yrt _ J Z ow �0- - i LA. - � 1 U�w K w b wl � N �Of �Z mew aw O w=< w�U w 0 w V1 O Qt .Z-.m 2 U d 0 2 I' T --Pr 1,) w C� vm W b I i i Z Ln I ¢�U w U Of Q �y W D V ~ O V 7 00 0-1 o 0 2 2 w (� C ¢ a:> o r �1 wQK I �w t 0m ( i �g = c u 0 a t dE C_oa LEGEND FIGURE 2 REGIONAL LOCATION MAP Project Site TMK Parcels LT Ranch Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawaii North Linear Scale(feet) 0 160 300 60o Source:County of Hawai'i,2020;USGS The National Map. 7�� a Disclaimer:This graph,[has been prepared far general planning purposes only. :TK}I�\N%II I + F .W Y _ yy., 'rr��Zi' a • t:'Fj ,,.. i w. •� 1 �3 � rt i' � I Lu va.c.wi w ir.+ra m7 rY.RM1R how" r y ,a a-tweSy- rr",a a all A it .� a ({� - •'� c lo In lip uj t y F • a ^� v i . • a + � } a �i 2 O " 1 r ' o � �� • I e-.... r u y y ln , '• r v,. . w w uw a ga „ w.w R � � k } AR; IN 3 g 4 Mtl id dAkhiii y. 4,4 � a Ak FIGURE 4 LEGEND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH Project Site LT Ranch, Waimea Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawai'i Vorth Linear Scale(feet) 0 50 100 200 Source.Google Earth,2020, Disclaimer:This graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes only. 7=:7 1,K H\ll:W r o �bLdlb ITi `�-1'�nW�%1 a ®� • m - J c Ln _ d E L1 s � / � J \ C U CU i � a \t-.4�Lifi p V� � r / / /Y G 2 F r w � \ \ E v = � a c_ - E _ v 3 - 0o y ii \ \ \ \ / S N v 9 C s K.7c� c V E `- v = a �,a 9` 9 (Q • F L = NN LL il x F � \ V' -f Yly Ian I c � nh 1 �z J - � 3 N m = L � o o `- �f E _ J 00 G1 - Aq LL 1 TV5 ® V J � 1 I H C 2 J 6] T C E C Z J N - �a ut S= T� A � C E _ � o a 3 V C � q J Y K Q � q 10 LL I d 9 I r I _t _ I Imo_ I i i � i' , OPHt NN1A 1.•� -o G 955 z c -o v� m -o va m 4 8 493 488 0 1 _ Op,D Mp.N LEGEND Project Site FIGURE 10 TMK Parcels NRCS SOILS MAP Soil Type LT Ranch 488: Kikoni medial very fine sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawai i 493: Kikoni medial silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes North Linear Scale(feet) 955: Honokaa highly organic hydrous silty clay loam, 0 to 10 percent o 100 200 400 Source:County of Hawaii,2020;USDA,2020. Disclaimer This graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes anIV, "riK � 17 OPN`GHW MAMP� N -o G � G 'O r n � m o G m A l it t MPN- pPD LEGEND FIGURE 11 Project Site STATE LAND USE DISTRICTS TN1K Parcels LT Ranch Agricultural Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawai'i forth Linear Scale(feet) 0 700 200 400 Source:County of Hawaii,2020;State of Hawaii,2020. Disclaimer:This graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes only. NOPNI G W PY MPMP ° G G Z G m -o L A m ial 0 Mp,N ROPID 5 LEGEND FIGURE 12 LAND USE PATTERN Project Site ALLOCATION GUIDE L—� TMKParcels LT Ranch LUPAG Classification Lili uokalani Trust Island of Hawai'i North Linear Scale(feet) ial: Important Ag. Lands o loo zoo aoo ►%�—' ow Source:County of Hawaii,2020;State of HawaYi,2019. 7=077 _I�/1Nt Disclaimer.Thls graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes only. " Z 3 W = C o -*Zi ' a O . . LLJ Z x _ ui x = N u, N `«x Q 0 O L' a Q z a Q ■ MOF U 15 �v t' W Z W -4,k aEL a - * — — tv ca ■ e _ ■ 3 # $ N. t iw F 402, maw :' ■ �$+ s A tc ■ #.� a CU cy�y rx w In OL � Z a � SE 0 W W � �� � A J �° o (il ¢t M t t oP�G"W road)., MPMP�AH �. -o G ; 3 C� m v A-5a 4 _ � P = MPNPRO (road) A-Sa LEGEND FIGURE 14 HAWAI`I COUNTY ZONING QProject Site Zoning Districts u TMK Parcels - A-40a:Ag District(minimum building site of 40 acres) LT Ranch A-5a:Ag District(minimum building site of 5 acres) Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawaii North Linear Scale(feet) - FA 2a: Family Ag District(minimum building site of 2 acres) 0 100 200 400 Source:County of Hawaii,2018. Nsclalmer:This graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes only. f,K I'W U1 �E PMP�PHOP H\GN�J p,Y M AE AE -o X XS c � -,AE AE X v XS� G v AO m L m i� X MPNP RO PO X t LEGEND FLOOD HAZARD AREAS Project Site FLOOD ZONE FIGURE 15 TMK Parcels X: Minimal flood areas FEMA FLOOD INSURANCE XS: 0.2% annual chance flood RATE MAP Base Flood�^r Elevation AE: 1% annual chance flood, with BFE LT Ranch BFE Line Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawai'i Floodway areas in AE North Linear Scale(feet) AO: 1% annual chance flood, flood depths of 1-3ft 0 150 300 600 Source:County of Hawaii,2020;FEMA,2021 Disclaimer:This graphic has been prepared forge nera I planning purposes only. R5UBH �r tv 4� R5UBFx vz Ufgq � � �ati R5UBH _ 1, p 45 1 BH R5 BH R5U13 R B PUB R4 BJ N�P� - PUBH PMP�PNOP PUBHh A,go M R5 H LEGEND Project site WETLANDS FIGURE 16 TMK Parcels PF03B: Freshwater Forested/Shrub Wetland FLORA AND FAUNA CRITICAL HABITATS PUBHh: Freshwater Pond LT Ranch Q37C: - R4SBJ: Riverine ® Phyllostegia RSUBFx: Riverine Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawaii warshaueri North Linear Scale(feet) R5UBH: Riverine (plant) 0 500 1000 2000 Source:County of Hawaii,2020;USFWS,2019. 7=:7vmlm,1 Disclaimer.This graph,c has been prepared for general planning purposes only. 0 0 e y. -O u - � � v W tn3 ,r - a�'�,'{ 3 o o Q U Q v l UO m $$ 4 a 1a C ► O — G!la L �= O I n s c � t E v L "�.. _ .,x fir � � o .� c.e� ''' •" � oa IC C O L 'r+ G1 0 L u > o cqmlwL E u b o 3 m a v u 7 C 3 bo a E 2 bus o f _ L by cL m O ,�Er gv N C O` p f Y P ° N O K 71 O u � E9 > C �' m �Jf r bo z® n 00 yy i` 6 8 N C M ° aaj Q o C � p aj c DI O o LLJ W a a J. r hr5a i"s.i.i i r— 364018093 -11 t�6401807 40180 364018094 - " 364018055 364018095 ar �a 364018059 364018096 3 4A010 364018097 wn 401808� LEGEND RE 18 MAP OF SURROUNDING PROPERTIES Project Site REQUIRED TO RECEIVE NOTICE OF 500 ft. Buffer SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION Surrounding Properties Required to Recieve LT Ranch Notice of Special Permit Application Lili'uokalani Trust Island of Hawaii ######### TMK Parcel Number North Linear Scale(feet) 0 77552250 500 3 74" I�I� 1 Source:County of Hawai'i Real Property Tax Office,2021. Disclaimer:This graphic has been prepared for general planning purposes only, �' DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY COUNTY OF HAWAI`I r� 345 KEKUANAQ`ASTREET, SUITE 20 HILO, HAWAI"I 96720 TELEPHONE(808)961-8050 • FAX (808)961-8657 October 27, 2021 C014 rr L0NN7NG INEPT XT 29 20�1 PH2:10 RE(]"D HAND DELIVERED TO: Mr. Zendo Kern, Director Planning Department FROM: Keith K. Okamoto, Manager-Chief Engineer SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) Applicant: Lili`uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements Tax Map Key (3) 6-4-01.8:095 We have reviewed the subject application and have the following comments. Water is currently served through an existing 4-inch waterline within Pu'u Manu Place fronting the subject parcel. The subject parcel is served by an existing 5/8-inch meter, which is limited to an average daily usage of 400 gallons. The Department requests that the applicant submit estimated maximum daily water usage calculations showing the water demand for the proposed uses, prepared by a professional engineer licensed in the State of Hawaii, for review and approval. The water usage calculations should include the estimated peak flow in gallons per minute (GPM)and the total estimated maximum daily water usage in gallons per day (GPD). Upon acceptance of the water usage calculations,the Department will inform the applicant, if necessary, of the water commitment deposit due,prevailing facilities charges to be paid, and any water system improvements required for water service. A reduced pressure type backflow prevention assembly will need to be installed within five (5) feet of the meter on private property. If a larger or additional meter is required per above, a backflow prevention assembly will also be required for that meter. The installation of the backflow prevention assembiy(s) must be inspected and approved by the Department before water service can be granted. The existing waterline within Pu'u Manu Place is inadequate to provide 2,000 GPM of flow for fire Protection, as required per our Water System Standards for the proposed use. The applicant should contact the Fire Department to determine any other fire protection requirements or alternatives. . . . Water, Our Wost ftecious lZesource. . . Ko Wai A W ne. . . Planning Dept. The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer. Exhibit 2 Mr. lendo Kern, Director Page 2 October 27, 2021 Subject to other agencies' requirements to construct improvements within the road right-of-way fronting the property affected by the proposed development, the applicant shall be responsible for the relocation and adjustment of the Department's affected water system facilities, should they be necessary. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Ryan Quitoriano of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at (808) 961-8070, extension 256. Sincerely yours, 6:1- P r /L- Keith K. Okamoto, P.E. Manager-Chief Engineer RQ:dfg copy — Lili`uokalani Trust PBR Hawaii & Associates, Inc. Mori, Ashley From: Beck, Lawrence <LBeck@hawaiidws.org> Sent: Thursday, December 2, 2021 3:16 PM To: Andrews, Jessica Subject: FW: DWS comments and water calcs for Liliuokalani Trust Special Permit TMK 6-4-018:095 Attachments: Liliuokalani Trust Special Permit - DWS Comments Letter.pdf, Liliuokalani Trust Water Calcs 11.15.21.pdf TMK 6-4-018:095 Hi Jessica, To satisfy the calculated water demand of 1,040 gpd requires 3 water units. There is one existing water unit and water can be made available for the two additional water units. The Applicant, Liliuokalani Trust, will get credit for the first existing water unit, so the two additional water units will require a facilities charge (FC) of$6,095 each, or$12,190(plus the cost of installation by their contractor). Applicant can establish a water commitment for each of the two additional water units with a water commitment deposit of$150 per additional unit of water or a total of$300. The deposits are good for three years and can be renewed annually after that period. Deposits will count towards the FC. It is possible to serve all three water units through a single 1-inch meter. Applicant's contractor would install the new 1- 1/4" service lateral and meter box and cut-&-plug the existing service lateral at the 4-inch pipeline (work to be coordinated with DWS Operations Personnel). Also, the Applicant's contractor is to install a backflow prevention device within 5 feet of meter on customer's side. Another possibility is to keep the existing service lateral and 5/8-inch meter(requires backflow prevention device) and add a new 1-1/4" service lateral and a 1-inch meter(minimum FC for a 1-inch meter is$15,237). Also, requires a backflow prevention device sized for 1-1/4-inch service lateral & 1-inch meter. Applicant's contractor to install. A third possibility is to keep existing service lateral and 5/8-inch meter(requires backflow prevention device) and add two new 1-inch service laterals, or one 1-1/4-inch lateral, and two 5/8-inch meters (FC of$6,095 each, so $12,190). Each meter requires a backflow prevention device. Applicant's contractor to install. Each backflow device requires annual inspection and testing. Engineered plans by the Applicant's engineer will be required for the service lateral(s), meter(s) and backflow device(s) installation. How the water is to be routed on site may determine which is the best option to use . Applicant should also consider the various standby charges for different meter sizes. Currently a 5/8-inch meter requires a monthly standby charge of$22.83, and a 1-inch meter requires a monthly standby charge of$48.59. The existing 4-inch pipeline cannot meet standard fire flow requirements. The fire flow requirement for this type of proposed facility is 2,000 gpm for a two-hour duration (240,000 gallons total) and a hydrant within 150 ft. 2,000 gpm would require a 12-inch pipeline coming from Mamalahoa highway. It is not possible to flow 2,000 gpm through the existing 4-inch pipeline under standard operating conditions. Also, DWS Water System Standards do not allow hydrants on 4-inch water lines. There may be alternate ways of meeting fire flow requirements. However, DWS is not the approving agency of fire flow conditions or the use of alternate methods. That should be coordinated with the Fire Department. Thanks, Lawrence E. Beck, P.E. Civil Engineer-Water Resources and Planning Branch 1 Department of Water Supply-County of Hawaii 345 Kekuanaoa Street, Suite 20 Hilo, HI 96720 Phone: 808-961-8070 X260 Fax: 808-961-8080 Email: Ibeck(cDhawaiidws.org Web:www.hawaiidws.org 'the Department of Water Supply is an f qual Opportunity Provider and t irtployer' All comments in this email are basic/non-binding information. All binding comments must be in writing and signed by the Manager-Chief Engineer. From:Andrews,Jessica Sent:Wednesday, December 01, 2021 3:25 PM To: Beck, Lawrence<IL eck( b� �.ii_d s o.fg> Subject: DWS comments and water calcs for Liliuokalani Trust Special Permit Hi Larry, Thanks for following up on the water requirements for this special permit application from Liliuokalani Trust. I'm attaching the original comments letter from Ryan, in addition to the water calcs provided by the applicant's engineer. The water calcs show a projected daily use of 1040 GPD, which exceeds the current limit of 400 GPD, as stated in Ryan's comment letter. We need to account for how they will provide the additional water beyond the current limit. Is it feasible for the subject property to be served by an additional meter? If not, we will include a condition in the Planning Director's approval recommendation that the applicant supplement with water storage tanks. Thanks for taking the time to look into this question. Let me know if you need more information. Jessica Andrews, Planner (,::Afl nt tad II Ila °auJ 11IIlairnirnoirng Il::epairfurnwne irnt 101 If:IaUaltnli Sheet, Si.dh� 3 I ulltt, II Ila °aliJ 96/20 1e551C�.�Y1C�P'EW5(��I1�W�IICCDUY1'�",f.�?t3V COUNTY OP HA AII Electronli c Processing and Information e (EPIC) Tbe County of II N w lili has launched Its new Electronic Processing & Information Center (EPIC) permit system on July ,2021. ..IIc.l.c. .ir a .i Ijan tc afterthat date. il . c c ........................ ...................... ............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................ For more Information go t hltt m//ha aiicount hli....enelr cv u ®t Ielrhlc t®net/ / elf ervice /Moir e Confidentiality Notice: This e-mail message, including any attachments, is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s)and may contain confidential and/or privileged information. Any review, use,disclosure,or distribution by unintended recipients is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipient, please contact the sender by reply e-mail and destroy all copies of the original message. 2 BW W rs�M �ww WAT�" SUIPPLI� �' WP 1 7r�II� 4.Y1I Iil ail �y 7 `, �� � 84 KEKLtANA A STREET, SUITE 0 HILO, HA V'AI] 87 TELEPHONE (808) 81-8050 » FAX (808) 81-88 ' October" 27, 2t°f'2l *..N.dCll H p IYh %2+�u iC:.JJ G 5tl f 170: Mr. Zendo Kern, Director Planning Department F lit)1 I: Keith K. Okamoto, Maurtir ,er'-Clue`t:,nginccr•. SLJB.JF',CT: Special Permit Application (Pt,-SPP 021-0100004) Applicant: Lili`uokalani'Fruawt Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements Tax Map Key ( ') 6-4-01 tl:095. We, have reviewed the subpect application and have the following comments. Water is currently served through an existing 4-inch waterline within) l LCU 'w!lanu ]'lace fronting the scrbiect parcel. The subject parcel is, served by our existing 5O8-inch metcr, which is lirrrited to all average daily' ursaage of'400 gallons. The Department rcc:ir.est.:s that the 'ippl'icant submit estimated rmmrrr un daily water usage carlcrrlartions showing the water demand For the proposed uses, prepared by a professional engineer licensed in the State of l lawari`i, for review and approval, The water usage calcurlations should include the estimated peak tlo\v in gallons per minute ((il'l"v ) and the total estimated maximum daily water usage in gallons per day ((,l'.D). Upon acceptance ofMthe water usage calculations, the Department will inform, tlae aap pticaaart., it' necessary, of'the water commitment deposit clrrc:, prevailing facilities charges to be paid, and any water syste:na improvements rcgUired for water service. reel:uced pressure type baackfloww prevention assembly will need to be: installed within live (5) feet of the meter on private property. lima larger or aadditionaal meter is required per above, as backf o", prevention assembly will also be retpurired for that rracter. ']'lie installartion of the barckilowv prevention. assembly(s) narust be inspected and approved by the Depar.rtrauerat: bctore water service can be granted. The existing waterline within Puu`u lt'laimi Place is inurcleLlUaute to provide 2,000 til'yv'l of flow for fire; protection, as required per our Water System Standards for the prrol`rcrsccl ruse. The applicant should contact the l ire Department to determine any other fire protection regUirements or alternatives, . 'Water, Our.Most F®.4.st '"l.WYy.io us&sou ce ., . . 'K,4.p. ea'W al K ne. . . The Department of water Srppa y is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer, Mr, /endo Kern, Director 11agc 2 Odober 27, 2021 Subject to other agencies' requirements to construct improvements within the road right-o I'-' \Vay fronting the property al'Fected by the proposed development, the �,ipphcanl shall be rcsix,msible t'()r the relocation and ad.justment of the Department"s affected water system facilities, should they be necessary. ShOU[d there be an), questions, please contact Mr. Ryan Quitcariaaracr ofour Water Resources and Planning Branch at (8 fit 8) 961-8070, extension 256. Sincerely yours, Keith K. Okamoto, R Q:d fg, copy - L,fli'uokalam Trust P13R I la waii & Associates, Inc. MEHMECHANICAL ENGINEERS OF HAWAII CORPORATION , 50 SOUTH BERETANIA STREET,SUITE C-208A,HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813-2222 TELEPHONE:(808)521-8981 FACSIMILE:(808)536-5457 E-MAIL:INFOi�,MEHCORPORATION.COM November 15, 2021 Attention: Keith K. Okamoto Manager-Chief Engineer—Department of Water Supply - County of Hawaii Project: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) Applicant: Lili'uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Subject: House and Barn Proposed Use Water Calculations After reviewing the proposed use and plans for the renovated house and barn. In our opinion, the maximum domestic water peak use and daily use for the proposed property is as follows: Property Domestic Peak Flow: 24 GPM Property Domestic Daily Use: 1040 GPD Water use calculations for the existing and new work are attached. If you have any questions, please contact Kevin Hanks, PE at 808-521-8981. Very truly yours, LICENSED PROFESSIONAL * ENGINEER Kyle T.Y. Cheng, PE No. 13747 M Vice President House and Barn - Existing Hot Water Fixtures Qty Trap Cold Water Units Units Waste Units Size Private Public Total Each Total Each Total low flow reg flow low flow reg flow BWS 2012 UPC 2012 1991 UPC UPC BWS MEH Water Closet (Flush Valve) 0 4" 3.4 - 5 10 4 Water Closet (Flush Tank) 6 4" 1.7 3 2.5 5 10.2 15 4 24 Urinal 0 2" 1.7 - 4 5 2 Bidet 0 1-1/4" 1 1 - - 1 Lavatory(Single) 8 1-1/4" 0.6 1 1 2 4.8 8 0.45 3.6 1 8 Shower or Tub/Shower 4 2" 1.6 2 2 4 6.4 8 1.2 4.8 2 8 Bathtub or Furo 9 2" 2.5 4 4 - 2.5 4 3 3 2 2 Service Sink or Mop Sink 9 2" 2 1.5 3 1 4 2 1 3 2.25 1 2.25 3 3 Sink (Residential/Office) 9 2" 1.6 1.5 1.5 4 1.6 1.5 1.125 1.125 2 2 Bar Sink or Hand Sink 0 1-1/2" 1 1 2 2 2 Dishwasher(Residential) 0 2" 1.5 1.5 1.5 4 2 Sink w/Dishwasher(Commercial) 0 2" 2 - 4 4 3 Pot Sink (Per Faucet) 0 2" 1.6 - 4 4 3 Laundry Tray 0 2" 2 1.5 1.5 4 2 Clothes Washer 2 - 2 4 4 4 4 8 3 6 3 6 DF or EWC (Per Head) 0 1-1/4" 0.6 0.5 0.6 2 0.5 Floor Drain or Floor Sink 0 2" - - - - 2 First HB or Wall Hydrant (1/SFD) 9 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 2.5 - Add. HB or Wall Hydrant (Non-Res) 3 - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - Totals: 37 53 20.78 53 GPM 24 Pipe 1.5 Pipe 1.25 Sewer 4 Size Size Size BUILDING WATER SUPPLY Available Pressure at Main = 77 psi Total Demand = 24 gpm Static Pressure Loss = height 54 ft x 0.434 psi/ft 23.4 psi Piping Pressure Loss = length 591 ft x 1.18 ft loss/100 ft x 0.434 x 1.2 fit factor 3.6 psi Pressure Loss Thru Water Meter = 5.0 psi Pressure Loss Thru RPBP = 5.0 psi Total Pressure Loss = 37.1 psi Min Pressure Required at Fixture = 20.0 psi Total Pressure Required = 57.1 psi Excess Pressure = STREET PRESSURE IS SUFFICIENT 19.9 psi PLUMBING ENGINEERING DATA Job : 2147 Mechanical Engineers of Hawaii Corporation By: KH T50 South Beretania Street, Suite C-208A Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Date: 11/4/2021 House and Barn - New Work Hot Water Fixtures Qty Trap Cold Water Units Units Waste Units Size Private Public Total Each Total Each Total low flow reg flow low flow reg flow DWS 2012 UPC 2012 1991 UPC UPC DWS MEH Water Closet (Flush Valve) 0 4" 3.4 - 5 10 4 Water Closet (Flush Tank) 7 4" 1.7 3 2.5 5 11.9 17.5 4 28 Urinal 0 2" 1.7 - 4 5 2 Bidet 0 1-1/4" 1 1 - - 1 Lavatory(Single) 8 1-1/4" 0.6 1 1 2 4.8 8 0.75 6 1 8 Shower(per Head) 4 2" 1.6 2 2 4 6.4 8 1.5 6 2 8 Bathtub or Furo 0 2" 2.5 4 4 - 2 Service Sink or Mop Sink 2 2" 2 1.5 3 4 4 6 2.25 4.5 3 6 Sink (Residential/Office) 1 2" 1.6 1.5 1.5 4 1.6 1.5 1.125 1.125 2 2 Bar Sink or Hand Sink 0 1-1/2" 1 1 2 2 2 Dishwasher(Residential) 0 2" 1.5 1.5 1.5 4 2 Sink w/Dishwasher(Commercial) 0 2" 2 - 4 4 3 Pot Sink (Per Faucet) 0 2" 1.6 - 4 4 3 Laundry Tray 0 2" 2 1.5 1.5 4 2 Clothes Washer 2 - 2 4 4 4 4 8 3 6 3 6 DF or EWC (Per Head) 0 1-1/4" 0.6 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 Floor Drain or Floor Sink 0 2" - - - - 2 First HB or Wall Hydrant (1/SFD) 9 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 2.5 - Add. HB or Wall Hydrant (Non-Res) 3 - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - Totals: 38.2 54.5 23.63 58 GPM 24 Pipe 1.5 Pipe 1.25 Sewer 4 Size Size Size BUILDING WATER SUPPLY Available Pressure at Main = 77 psi Total Demand = 24 gpm Static Pressure Loss = height 54 ft x 0.434 psi/ft 23.4 psi Piping Pressure Loss = length 591 ft x 1.18 ft loss/100 ft x 0.434 x 1.2 fit factor 3.6 psi Pressure Loss Thru Water Meter = 5.0 psi Pressure Loss Thru RPBP = 5.0 psi Total Pressure Loss = 37.1 psi Min Pressure Required at Fixture = 20.0 psi Total Pressure Required = 57.1 psi Excess Pressure = STREET PRESSURE IS SUFFICIENT 19.9 psi OCCUPANT WATER USE Occupants GPD/Person GPD Occupants: Day use only 2 20 40 Occupants: Overnight use 10 100 1000 Total Occupants 12 1040 Total GPD PLUMBING ENGINEERING DATA Job : 2147 T50 echanical Engineers of Hawaii Corporation By: KH South Beretania Street, Suite C-208A onolulu, Hawaii 96813 Date: 11/9/2021 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII H I LO, HAWAI I DATE: October 13, 2021 ftoxft"464W TO: Zendo Kern, Planning Director FROM: " Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: Liliuokalani Trust Request: Proposed Cultural Academy and Retreat within Existing Ranch House and Barn and Related Improvements, Including Overnight Accommodations and Programmed Activities and Special Events. TM K: 6-4-018.095 We have reviewed the subject application forwarded by your memo dated October 13, 2021, and provide the following comments- 1. All earthwork activity, including grading, grubbing, and stockpiling, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentary Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 2. All development-generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and not directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage plan may be required by the Plan Approval process in accordance with Section 25-2-72(3) of the Hawaii County Code. 3. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Flood Zone X and AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). a. Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. b. Zone AO is the special flood hazard area that corresponds to the areas of one-hundred-year shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between one and three feet. Average whole-foot depths derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses have been determined within this zone. Questions may be referred to Bryce Harada at 961-8042. Planning Dep'• County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Exhibit 3 *4Y os^ry� Mitchell D. Roth �e r. Ramzi I. Mansour loyor Director Lee E. Lord y .: 'PF of+�•�' Brenda D. lokepa-Moses Managing Director Deputy Director County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 345 Kekuanao"a Street,suite 41 - Hilo, Hawai"i 96720 Ph:(808)961-8083 * Fax:(808)961-8086 Email: cohdem@hawaiicounty.Rov MEMORANDUM TO Zendo Kenn., Director Planning Department FROM: Ramzi 1. Mansour, Director Department of Environmental Management DATE: October 22, 2021 SUBJECT: Special.Permit Application(PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: Lili`uokalan.1 Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements Tax Map Key: (3) 6-4-018:095 The Solid Waste Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the fallowing comments and/or recommendations (contact the Solid Waste Division for details): ( ) No comments. (X) Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organization may not use transfer stations for disposal. Aggregates and any other construction demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent, Ample and equal.room should be provided for rubbish and recycling. (X ) Green waste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility, or other suitable diversion programs. {X) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines, ( } Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. { ) Other-, County of Hawaii is an Equal opportunity Provider and Employer [[ Rarrizi 1. Mansour, Director October 22, 2021 Page 2 The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations (contact the Wastewater Division for details): No comments. Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 2 1- 26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete Sewer Extension Application. Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. Check or line out as applicable: [ ], If required by the Director of the Department of Environmental Management("Director of DEM"), [ ] applicant shall conduct a sewer study in accordance with the applicable wastewater system design standards prior to approval to connect to the County sewer system. Applicant shall provide such sewer line or other facility improvements as the Director of DEM may reasonably require, which the sewer study may indicate are advisable for mitigation of impacts of the proposed project. Contact Wastewater Division Chief for details. Proposed activity may be subject to existing or future federal, state, or county regulation under Title 40 CFR 403.5, prohibiting discharge of certain pollutants into publiely owned treatment works. Contact the Hawaii Department of Health for information regarding pretreatment standards. (X) Applicant shall follow Department of Health regulations. ) Other: RM:pls HAWAII FIRE DEPARTMENT . COUNTY OF HAWAII - 111LO. HAWAII 96720 DATE October 20, 2021 Memorandum To Planning Department.County of Hawaii FROM Fire Inspector Edward Kawasaki. Fire Prevention Bureau. Couti4% ,'I lav-ll I SUBJECT Lili'uokalani Trust, LT Ranch TMK: (3)6-4-018:095 5122 Pu'u Manu I'laicc, Kamuela, Hi 96743 In regards to the above mentioned project. Fire Department Access and Water Sul)1)1% I comply with chliptcr 18 of the 2018 Edition of NFPA I. Portable Fire Extinguishers �,Iw I I he provided t, rckluired by NFPAIO. Fire Alarm, Smoke Detectors,and any other Fire Protection Systems shall bu installed if required by the International Building Code. 1'e Edward�Ka�wa, � Fire Inspector I Fire Prevention Bureau Planning Dept. Exhibit 5 Mori, Ashley From: James Hustace <jameshustace@gmail.com> Sent: Wednesday, November 10, 2021 8:54 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Cc: Cook, Eric Subject: PMHA Comments - Lili'uokalani Trust Special Permit Application PL-SPP-2021-000004 Attachments: LT Special Permit Application - PMHA comments.pdf Aloha, Please find attached comments from the Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association regarding the Special Permit Application for Lili'uokalani Trust (PL-SPP 2021-000004). Mahalo, James James Hustace jameshustace(C)-gmail.com Planning D�,-pi, 1 Exhibit 6 Pu`u Manu Homeowners Association P.O. Box 2874 Kamuela,HI 96743 November 10,2021 County of Hawaii,Planning Department West Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy. Kailua-Kona,HI 96740 Attention: Director Zendo Kern Subject:Special Permit Application(PL-SPP 2021-000004); Lili`uokalani Trust;TMK(3) 6-4-018:095 Aloha Director Kern, The Pu`u Manu homeowners and the Pu`u Manu Homeowners Association(PMHA) are grateful to be included in the County of Hawaii Planning Department process in providing an opportunity for the homeowners to give feedback on this Special Permit Application.Upon receiving the initial correspondence from your office, the homeowners were given adequate time to review the documentation and respond to outreach with any questions or concerns. PMHA also held a special meeting on Wednesday,November 3 with the applicant to review the application and pose any further questions. The applicant is one of the most recent additions to the Pu`u Manu subdivision and has regularly attended and been willing to host homeowner meetings even through the concerns brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.Through conversations with the applicant,it is apparent that the establishment of their cultural academy and retreat would be best suited in a quiet community,much like the one that has been established on Pu`u Mann Place.The land and unique environment here on Pu`u Manu Place will grant the applicant an opportunity to impart a sense of place and nurture the keiki of the greater Waimea area. In identifying their parcel and respective part of PMHA,the applicant has acknowledged and made note on numerous occasions that they acknowledge and value the quiet nature of the subdivision,and will adhere to the initial intent of the neighborhood and the guidelines set forth in the PMHA bylaws. Between conversations with homeowners and the special meeting held on Wednesday,November 3, questions were raised about the potential increase in vehicular traffic from the applicant and its plans as it relates to the purpose of the cultural academy and retreat.The applicant has made clear that on a regular basis children will be transported to and from the site from an external rendezvous point using an organizational vehicle. This shared use vehicle will drastically cut back on the impact to the privately owned roadway and further limit the number of vehicles entering and exiting at the highway access point. The applicant has further stated that all precautions will be taken to limit the impact to neighboring homes and parcels,from proper observation of students to limited operating hours,to restricting access to the site,to security measures,and to even working with neighboring homeowners for the purpose of planting adequate privacy barriers.The applicant is willing to take that extra step to accommodate and work with the homeowners in an effort to maintain good relations with all parties. Furthermore,the applicant is most willing to keep PMHA informed of their scheduled and future programs so as not to alarm homeowners,but rather create a general understanding of use and foreknowledge of upcoming events. PMHA and the applicant will work together on determining the best delivery and frequency of this information to the homeowners. PMHA is grateful for the transparency and cooperation from the applicant,as this type of information showcases the willingness of the applicant to work side by side with the Pu`u Manu community and highlights their respect and value of the neighborhood and its serene atmosphere. PMHA and its respective homeowners look forward to the positive relationship that will be cultivated with the applicant.Thank you for allowing Pu`u Mann Homeowners Association an opportunity to comment and weigh in on this project. Mahalo, � James Hustace,Primary Agent Pu`u Mann Homeowners Association Mori, Ashley From: Naboa, Eldridge E <eldridge_naboa@fws.gov> Sent: Friday, October 22, 2021 12:20 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Subject: 2022-TA-0037: Liliu'okalani Trust Cultural Academy and Retreat Kamuela Hawai'i Attachments: 2022-TA-0037_Liliuokalani Trust Cultural Academy and Retreat Kamuela Hawaii_Final.pdf Aloha Zendo Kern, Attached you will find the FWS Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office's response to your request for comment on the above-named project. We thank you for your efforts to conserve listed species and native habitats. Please contact me should you have any questions pertaining to this response or require further guidance. When referring to this project, please include this reference number: 01EPIF00-2022-TA-0037. Mahalo, Eldridge --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Eldridge E. Naboa Fish and Wildlife Biologist - Hawai'i Island and Maui Nui U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 154 Waianuenue Avenue, Suite 103 Hilo, Hawai'i 96720-2452 Office: 808-933-6964 Mobile: 808-284-0037 Website: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Planning Drp _ i Exhibit.__ 7 _ �T Op u.s. FISH&WILDLIFE 0 United States Department of the Interior SERVICE 0 _ FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE �QCH 3 � Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122 Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 In Reply Refer To: October 19, 2021 0IEPIF00-2022-TA-0037 Zendo Kern Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Subject: Technical Assistance on the Proposed Establishment of a Cultural Academy and Retreat by the Liliu`okalani Trust in Kamuela(Special Permit Application: PL- SPP 2021-000004), Island and County of Hawaii Dear Zendo Kern: Thank you for your recent correspondence requesting technical assistance on species biology, habitat, or life requisite requirements. The Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) appreciates your efforts to avoid or minimize effects to protected species associated with your proposed actions. We provide the following information for your consideration under the authorities of the Endangered Species Act(ESA) of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), as amended. Due to significant workload constraints, PIFWO is currently unable to specifically address your information request. The table below lists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. Based on your project location and description, we have noted the species most likely to occur within the vicinity of the project area, in the `Occurs In or Near Proiect Area' column. Please note this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. We have added to the PIFWO website, located at hops://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/promo.cfm?id=177175840recommended conservation measures intended to avoid or minimize adverse effects to these federally protected species and best management practices to minimize and avoid sedimentation and erosion impacts to water quality. If your project occurs on the island of Hawaii, we have also enclosed our biosecurity protocol for activities in or near natural areas. If you are representing a federal action agency, please request an official species list following the instructions at our PIFWO website INTERIOR REGION 9 INTERIOR REGION 12 COLUMBIA—PACIFIC NORTHWEST PACIFIC ISLANDS IDAHO, MONTANA*, OREGON*, WASHINGTON AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, HAWAI`I, NORTHERN `PARTIAL MARIANA ISLANDS Zendo Kern 2 hiips.://www.fws.govL/pacificislands/articles.cfin?id=149489558. You can find out if your project occurs in or near designated critical habitat here: hitps:Hecos.fws.gov/iDac/. Under section 7 of the ESA, it is the Federal agency's (or their non-Federal designee) responsibility to make the determination of whether or not the proposed project"may affect" federally listed species or designated critical habitat. A "may affect, not likely to adversely affect" determination is appropriate when effects to federally listed species are expected to be discountable (i.e., unlikely to occur), insignificant(minimal in size), or completely beneficial. This conclusion requires written concurrence from the Service. If a"may affect, likely to adversely affect" determination is made, then the Federal agency must initiate formal consultation with the Service. Projects that are determined to have "no effect" on federally listed species and/or critical habitat do not require additional coordination or consultation. Implementing the avoidance, minimization, or conservation measures for the species that may occur in your project area will normally enable you to make a"may affect, not likely to adversely affect" determination for your project. If it is determined that the proposed project may affect federally listed species, we recommend you contact our office early in the planning process so that we may assist you with the ESA compliance. If the proposed project is funded, authorized, or permitted by a Federal agency, then that agency should consult with us pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA. If no Federal agency is involved with the proposed project, the applicant should apply for an incidental take permit under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the ESA. A section 10 permit application must include a habitat conservation plan that identifies the effects of the action on listed species and their habitats and defines measures to minimize and mitigate those adverse effects. We appreciate your efforts to conserve endangered species. We regret that we cannot provide you with more specific protected species information for your project site. If you have questions that are not answered by the information on our website, you can contact PIFWO at(808) 792- 9400 and ask to speak to the lead biologist for the island where your project is located. Sincerely, CHELSIE Digitally signed by CH ELSIE JAVAR- JAVAR- SALAS Date:2021.10.19 SALAS 17:17:54-10'00' Acting Island Team Manager Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Enclosures (2): Federal Status of Animal Species Federal Status of Plant Species Zendo Kern 3 The table below lists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. For your guidance, we have marked species that may occur in the vicinity of your project, this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. Enclosure 1. Federal Status of Animal Species Scientific Name Common Name/ Federal May Occur Hawaiian Name Status In Proiect Area Mammals Lasiurus cinereus semotus Hawaiian hoary E bat/`o e`a e`a Reptiles Chelonia mydas green sea turtle/honu T ❑ - Central North Pacific distinct population segment DPS Eretmochelys imbricata hawksbill sea turtle/ E ❑ honu `ea or `ea Birds Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian duck/koloa E ❑ Branta sandvicensis Hawaiian goose/nene T Fulica alai Hawaiian coot/`alae E ❑ ke`oke`o Gallinula galeata Hawaiian gallinule/`alae E ❑ sandvicensis `ula Himantopus mexicanus Hawaiian stilt/ae`o E ❑ knudseni Oceanodroma Castro band-rumped storm-petrel E Hawaii DPS/`ake`ake Pterodroma sandwichensis Hawaiian petrel/`ua`u E Pufnus auricularis newelli Newell's shearwater/`a`o T Ardenna pacificus wedge-tailed MBTA ❑ shearwater/`ua`u kani Buteo solitarius Hawaiian hawk/`io MBTA Gygis alba white tern/manu-o-kid MBTA ❑ Insects Manduca blackburni Blackburn's sphinx moth E Megalagrion pacificum Pacific Hawaiian damselfly E ❑ Megalagrion xanthomelas orangeblack Hawaiian E ❑ damselfly Megalagrion nigrohamatum blackline Hawaiian E ❑ ni rolineatum damselfly Zendo Kern 4 Enclosure 2.Federal Status of Plant Species Plants Scientific Name Common Name Federal Locations May or Status Occur In Hawaiian Name Proiect Area Abutilon menziesii ko`oloa`ula E O, L, M, H ❑ Achyranthes splendens `ewa hinahina E O ❑ var. rotundata Bonamia menziesii no common name E K, O, L, M, H ❑ Canavalia pubescens `awikiwiki E Ni, K, L, M ❑ Colubrina oppositifolia kauila E O, M, H ❑ Cyperus trachysanthos pu`uka`a E K, O ❑ Cyrtandra nanawaleenis ha`iwale E H ❑ Gouania hillebrandii no common name E Mo, M ❑ Hibiscus brackenridgei ma`o hau hele E O, Mo, L, M, H ❑ Ischaemum byrone Hilo ischaemum E K, O, Mo, M, H ❑ Isodendrion pyrifolium wahine noho kula E O, H ❑ Marsilea villosa `ihi`ihi E Ni, O, Mo ❑ Mezoneuron kavaiense uhiuhi E O, H ❑ Nothocestrum breviflorum `aiea E H ❑ Panicum fauriei var. Carter's E Molokini Islet(0), ❑ carteri pamcgrass Mo Panicum niihauense lau`ehu E K ❑ Peucedanum sandwicense makou E K, O, Mo, M ❑ Pleomele (Chrysodracon) halapepe E H ❑ hawaiiensis Portulaca sclerocarpa `ihi E L, H ❑ Portulaca villosa `ihi E Le, Ka,Ni, 0, Mo, M, ❑ L, H,Nihoa Pritchardia affinis loulu E H ❑ (naideniana Pseudognaphalium `ena`ena E Mo, M ❑ sandwicensium var. molokaiense Scaevola coriacea dwarf naupaka E Mo, M ❑ Schenkia(Centaurium) `awiwi E K, 0, Mo, L, M ❑ sebaeoides Sesbania tomentosa `ohai E Ni, Ka, K, 0, Mo, M, ❑ L, H,Necker,Nihoa Tetramolopium rockii no common name T Mo ❑ Vigna o-wahuensis no common name E Mo, M, L, H, Ka ❑ Location key: 0=0`ahu,K=Kaua`i,M=Maui,H=island of Hawaii,L=Lana`i,Mo=Moloka`i,Ka=Kaho`olawe, Ni=Ni`ihau,Le=Lehua E of Mq SUZANNE D.CASE CHAIRPERSON DAVIDY.IGE GOVERNOR OF HAbVAII y BO ARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES 3 COMMISSION ON RATER RESOURCE AI ANACENIENI hand and Nat y Lam , 7 ��" F P a � STATE OF HAWAII Stae fHaWz DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 November 10, 2021 County of Hawaii Planning Department via email: planning(o-)_hawaiicounty.gov Attn: Mr. Eric Cook 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Cook: SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)-Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements located at 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Land Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) distributed or made available a copy of your request pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR's Divisions for their review and comments. At this time, enclosed are comments from the (a) Engineering Division, (b) Division of Forestry & Wildlife, and (c) Land Division-Hawaii District on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at (808) 587-0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamuraCa�-hawaii.gov. Thank you. Sincerely, R;���e-CG 7"uyG Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files o...F N SUZANNE D.CASE t E.... ....9 DAVID Y.IGE q?:i:959 s'9 CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII N. BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL,RESOURCES - COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and and Nat 10. s: 0 VAN STATE OF HAWAII Srare.fHawa° DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM FROM: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGRQhawaii.aov) X Div. of Forestry& Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terraao(ahawaii.aov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR.CWRM(a)hawaii.aov) _Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands X Land Division — Hawaii District (aordon.c.heitOa hawaii.aov) TO: €RGMd Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Russell Tsi, SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)— Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 9, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamura(cbhawaii.aov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: ( ) We have no objections. ( V) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. ( ) Comments are included/attached. Signed: Print Name: Carty S. Chang, Chief Engineer Division: Engineering Division Date: Nov 2, 2021 Attachments cc: Central Files O F SUZANNE D.CASE D"ID Y.IGE aP''s 195g �'q -D AIIiP_ATUR GOVERNOR OF HAWAII c9 BOARD OF LAND AN NATURAL RESOURCES CONMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE w. NLANAGENIENT s of hand and STATE OF HAWAII Slate Of Haw4 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(a_hawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry & Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terrago(a�_hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR.CWRM(c_hawaii.gov) _Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands X Land Division — Hawaii District (gordon.c.heit(a_hawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Ad min istratorl?ussell Tsuji SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)— Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 9, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamura(a-)_hawaii.gov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: ( ) We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. (�) Comments are included/attached. Signed: 00A Print Name: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Division: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Date: Nov 10,2021 Attachments cc: Central Files SLZAN-NE D.CASE or N _ CHAIRPERSON DAVID Y.IGE 'C�'.°pje '9 Jy- BOARD OF LAND ANDNATURAL RESOURCES GOVERNOR OF HAWAII q'9�. COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT y8 I � I ROBERT K.MAST-DA pNa FIRST DEPUTY NL KALEO MANUEL m 8 DEPUTY DIRECTOR-WATER AQUATIC RESOURCES BOATINGAND OCEAN RECREATION \ BUREAU OF CON TYANCES \\ COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STATE OF HAWAII NgwAt` CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION ANDRESOURGES ENFORCEMENT ENGINEERING FORESTRY"AND WILDLIFE DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE HISTORIC PRESERVATION 1151 PUNCHBOWL STREET,ROOM 325 KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESER�ECOMMISSION LAhD HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813 STATE PARKS November 10, 2021 MEMORANDUM Log no. 3386 TO: RUSSELL Y. TSUJI, Administrator Land Division FROM: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Division of Forestry and Wildlife SUBJECT: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Comments for Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)—Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements The Department of Land and Natural Resources,Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW)has received your inquiry regarding the Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) from the Lili`uokalani Trust LT Ranch located at Pu`u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii, TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095. The proposed project consists of establishing a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the existing ranch house and barn with related improvements to the structures to facilitate overnight accomodations and programed activities and special events. We appreciate the inclusion of mitigation measures in the Special Application Permit intended to avoid construction and operational impacts to State listed species such as the Hawaiian Hoary Bat `Ope`ape`a (Lasiurus cinereus semotus). DOFAW provides the following additional comments on the potential of the proposed work to affect listed species in the vicinity of the project area. The Hawaiian Hoary Bat has the potential to occur in the vicinity of the project area and may roost in nearby trees. Barbed wire should be avoided for any construction or other activities because bat mortalities have been documented as a result of becoming ensnared by barbed wire during flight. The historic range of the State listed Blackburn's Sphinx Moth (BSM; Manduca blackburni) encompasses the project area. Larvae of BSM feed on many nonnative hostplants that include tree tobacco(Nicotiana glauca)which grows in disturbed soil. We recommend contacting our Hawaii Branch DOFAW office at (808) 974-4221 for further information about where BSM may be present and whether a vegetation survey should be conducted to determine the presence of plants preferred by BSM. To avoid harm to BSM, DOFAW recommends removing plants less than one meter in height or during the dry time of the year. If you remove tree tobacco over one meter in height or disturb the ground around or within several meters of these plants they must be checked thoroughly for the presence of eggs and larvae. The use of artificial lighting can adversely impact seabirds that may pass through the area at night by causing disorientation. This disorientation can result in collision with manmade structures or grounding of birds. For nighttime lighting that might be required, DOFAW recommends that all lights be fully shielded to minimize impacts. Nighttime work that requires outdoor lighting should be avoided during the seabird fledging season from September 15 through December 15. This is the period when young seabirds take their maiden voyage to the open sea. For illustrations and guidance related to seabird-friendly light styles that also protect the dark, starry skies of Hawaii please visit: hgps://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2016/03/DOC439.pdf. The State listed Hawaiian Goose or Nene (Branta sandvicensis) could potentially occur in the vicinity of the proposed project site. It is against State law to harm or harass this species. If this species is found to be present during construction activities, then all activities within 100 feet(30 meters) should cease, and the bird should not be approached. Work may continue after the bird leaves the area of its own accord. If a nest is discovered at any point, please contact the Hawaii Branch DOFAW Office at(808) 974-4221. The State listed Hawaiian Hawk or `Io (Buteo solitarius) may occur in the project vicinity. DOFAW recommends surveying the area to ensure no Hawaiian Hawk nests are present if any trees are to be cut. `Io nests may be present during the breeding season from March to September. DOFAW recommends minimizing the movement of plant or soil material between worksites, such as in rill. Soil and plant material may contain invasive fungal pathogens(e.g.,Rapid`Ohi`a Death), vertebrate and invertebrate pests (e.g., Little Fire Ants, Coqui Frogs), or invasive plant parts that could harm our native species and ecosystems. We recommend consulting the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) at(808) 933-3340 in planning, design, and construction of the project to learn of any high-risk invasive species in the area and ways to mitigate spread. All equipment, materials, and personnel should be cleaned of excess soil and debris to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species. Gear that may contain soil, such as work boots and vehicles, should be thoroughly cleaned with water and sprayed with 70% alcohol solution to prevent the spread of Rapid `Ohi`a Death and other harmful fungal pathogens. DOFAW recommends using native plant species for landscaping that are appropriate for the area (i.e. climate conditions are suitable for the plants to thrive,historically occurred there,etc.). Please do not plant invasive species. DOFAW recommends consulting the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment website to determine the potential invasiveness of plants proposed for use in the project(hllps://sites.google.com/site/weedriskassessment/home). We recommend that you refer to www.planlpono.org for guidance on selection and evaluation for landscaping plants. We appreciate your efforts to work with our office for the conservation of our native species. Should the scope of the project change significantly, or should it become apparent that threatened or endangered species may be impacted, please contact our staff as soon as possible. If you have any questions, please contact Paul Radley, Protected Species Habitat Conservation Planning Coordinator at(808) 295-1123 or paul.m.radley2hawaii.gov. Sincerely, Orb DAVID G. SMITH Administrator /ob- z� SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID V.IGEq?',.•'A 193y `�9/ CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII y r BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE 55 jI t ? MANAGEMENT *S'1ateofHav41i�' STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OFLAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation _X_Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR@hawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry & Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terrago(c)hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management (DLNR.CWRM(@hawaii.gov) _Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands X Land Division — Hawaii District (gordon.c.heit6 hawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Busse//Tsuii SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)— Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 9, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at.d.arlene.k,nakamura@hawaii.gov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: ( ) e have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. ( ) Comments are included/attached. Signed: Print Name: C� Division: 1.�� .'I ✓ fIe; Date: 2 Attachments cc: Central Files DAVID Y.IGE o F„ ELIZABETH A.CHAR,M.D. GOVERNOR OF HAWAII p �g es 9 y DIRECTOR OF HEALTH STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: October 19, 2021 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: Lili'uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements TMK: 6-4-018:095 The wastewater system is inadequate for the proposed project. Have your engineer submit to DOH Wastewater Branch plans for an additional individual wastewater system. We recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: http://hawaii.gov/health/environmental/env-planning/landtise/landtise.html. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. The same website also features a Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist (Checklist) created by Built Environment Working Group (BEWG) of the Hawaii State Department of Health. The BEWG recommends that state and county planning departments, developers, planners, engineers and other interested parties apply the healthy built environment principles in the Checklist whenever they plan or review new developments or redevelopments projects. We also ask you to share this list with others to increase community awareness on healthy community design. Planning Dept. Exhibit 9 MEHMECHANICAL ENGINEERS OF HAWAII CORPORATION 50 SOUTH BERETANIA STREET,SUITE C-208A,HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813-2222 TELEPHONE:(808)521-8981 FACSIMILE:(808)536-5457 E-MAIL:INFWMEHCORPORATION.COM November 15, 2021 Attention: Keith K. Okamoto Manager-Chief Engineer—Department of Water Supply - County of Hawaii Project: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) Applicant: Lili'uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 Subject: House and Barn Proposed Use Water Calculations After reviewing the proposed use and plans for the renovated house and barn. In our opinion, the maximum domestic water peak use and daily use for the proposed property is as follows: Property Domestic Peak Flow: 24 GPM Property Domestic Daily Use: 1040 GPD Water use calculations for the existing and new work are attached. If you have any questions, please contact Kevin Hanks, PE at 808-521-8981. Very truly yours LICENSED Q PROFESSIONAL * ENGINEER Kyle T.Y. Cheng, PE No. 13747-M Vice President Planning Depi. Exhibit -__--1 0 House and Barn - Existing Hot Water Fixtures Qty Trap Cold Water Units Units Waste Units Size Private Public Total Each Total Each Total low flow reg flow low flow reg flow BWS 2012 UPC 2012 1991 UPC UPC BWS MEH Water Closet (Flush Valve) 0 4" 3.4 - 5 10 4 Water Closet (Flush Tank) 6 4" 1.7 3 2.5 5 10.2 15 4 24 Urinal 0 2" 1.7 - 4 5 2 Bidet 0 1-1/4" 1 1 - - 1 Lavatory(Single) 8 1-1/4" 0.6 1 1 2 4.8 8 0.45 3.6 1 8 Shower or Tub/Shower 4 2" 1.6 2 2 4 6.4 8 1.2 4.8 2 8 Bathtub or Furo 1 2" 2.5 4 4 - 2.5 4 3 3 2 2 Service Sink or Mop Sink 1 2" 2 1.5 3 1 4 2 1 3 2.25 1 2.25 3 3 Sink (Residential/Office) 1 2" 1.6 1.5 1.5 4 1.6 1.5 1.125 1.125 2 2 Bar Sink or Hand Sink 0 1-1/2" 1 1 2 2 2 Dishwasher(Residential) 0 2" 1.5 1.5 1.5 4 2 Sink w/Dishwasher(Commercial) 0 2" 2 - 4 4 3 Pot Sink (Per Faucet) 0 2" 1.6 - 4 4 3 Laundry Tray 0 2" 2 1.5 1.5 4 2 Clothes Washer 2 - 2 4 4 4 4 8 3 6 3 6 DF or EWC (Per Head) 0 1-1/4" 0.6 0.5 0.6 2 0.5 Floor Drain or Floor Sink 0 2" - - - - 2 First HB or Wall Hydrant (1/SFD) 1 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 2.5 - Add. HB or Wall Hydrant (Non-Res) 3 - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - Totals: 37 53 20.78 53 GPM 24 Pipe 15 Pipe 125 Sewer 4 Size Size Size BUILDING WATER SUPPLY Available Pressure at Main = 77 psi Total Demand = 24 gpm Static Pressure Loss = height 54 ft x 0.434 psi/ft 23.4 psi Piping Pressure Loss = length 591 ft x 1.18 ft loss/100 ft x 0.434 x 1.2 fit factor 3.6 psi Pressure Loss Thru Water Meter = 5.0 psi Pressure Loss Thru RPBP = 5.0 psi Total Pressure Loss = 37.1 psi Min Pressure Required at Fixture = 20.0 psi Total Pressure Required = 57.1 psi Excess Pressure = STREET PRESSURE IS SUFFICIENT 19.9 psi PLUMBING ENGINEERING DATA Job : 2147 Mechanical Engineers of Hawaii Corporation By: KH T50 South Beretania Street, Suite C-208A Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Date: 11/4/2021 House and Barn - New Work Hot Water Fixtures Qty Trap Cold Water Units Units Waste Units Size Private Public Total Each Total Each Total low flow reg flow low flow reg flow DWS 2012 UPC 2012 1991 UPC UPC DWS MEH Water Closet (Flush Valve) 0 4" 3.4 - 5 10 4 Water Closet (Flush Tank) 7 4" 1.7 3 2.5 5 11.9 17.5 4 28 Urinal 0 2" 1.7 - 4 5 2 Bidet 0 1-1/4" 1 1 - - 1 Lavatory(Single) 8 1-1/4" 0.6 1 1 2 4.8 8 0.75 6 1 8 Shower(per Head) 4 2" 1.6 2 2 4 6.4 8 1.5 6 2 8 Bathtub or Furo 0 2" 2.5 4 4 - 2 Service Sink or Mop Sink 2 2" 2 1.5 3 4 4 6 2.25 4.5 3 6 Sink (Residential/Office) 1 2" 1.6 1.5 1.5 4 1.6 1.5 1.125 1.125 2 2 Bar Sink or Hand Sink 0 1-1/2" 1 1 2 2 2 Dishwasher(Residential) 0 2" 1.5 1.5 1.5 4 2 Sink w/Dishwasher(Commercial) 0 2" 2 - 4 4 3 Pot Sink (Per Faucet) 0 2" 1.6 - 4 4 3 Laundry Tray 0 2" 2 1.5 1.5 4 2 Clothes Washer 2 - 2 4 4 4 4 8 3 6 3 6 DF or EWC (Per Head) 0 1-1/4" 0.6 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 Floor Drain or Floor Sink 0 2" - - - - 2 First HB or Wall Hydrant (1/SFD) 1 - 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 2.5 2.5 - Add. HB or Wall Hydrant (Non-Res) 3 - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - Totals: 38.2 54.5 23.63 58 GPM 24 Pipe 15 Pipe 125 Sewer 4 Size Size Size BUILDING WATER SUPPLY Available Pressure at Main = 77 psi Total Demand = 24 gpm Static Pressure Loss = height 54 ft x 0.434 psi/ft 23.4 psi Piping Pressure Loss = length 591 ft x 1.18 ft loss/100 ft x 0.434 x 1.2 fit factor 3.6 psi Pressure Loss Thru Water Meter = 5.0 psi Pressure Loss Thru RPBP = 5.0 psi Total Pressure Loss = 37.1 psi Min Pressure Required at Fixture = 20.0 psi Total Pressure Required = 57.1 psi Excess Pressure = STREET PRESSURE IS SUFFICIENT 19.9 psi OCCUPANT WATER USE Occupants GPD/Person GPD Occupants: Day use only 2 20 40 Occupants: Overnight use 10 100 1000 Total Occupants 12 1040 Total GPD PLUMBING ENGINEERING DATA Job : 2147 T50 echanical Engineers of Hawaii Corporation By: KH South Beretania Street, Suite C-208A onolulu, Hawaii 96813 Date: 11/9/2021 DAVID Y.IGE c o 4 ELIZABETH A.CHAR,M.D. GOVERNOR OF HAWAII �r o a 4 OIREGTOR OF HEALTH M Ik'vz' STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O.sox 916 HILO,HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: October 19,2021 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: Lili'uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements TMK: 6-4-018:095 The wastewater system is inadequate for the proposed project. Have your engineer submit to DOH Wastewater Branch plans for an additional individual wastewater system. We recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: http://hawaii.gov/liealth/environmental/env-planning/landuse/landuse.html. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. The same website also features a Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist (Checklist) created by Built Environment Working Group(BEM G)of the Hawaii State Department of Health. The BEWG recommends that state and county planning departments, developers, planners, engineers and other interested parties apply the healthy built environment principles in the Checklist whenever they plan or review new developments or redevelopments projects. We also ask you to share this list with others to increase community awareness on healthy community design. E. i",I��il1 j December 1,2021 �7 1� BR �IA AI I Eric Honda, District Environmental Health Program Chief &ASSOCIATES, INC. Department of Health State of Hawaii R.:STAN UC�:C•\'�.3N,4 P.O.Box 916 Hilo,Hawaii 96721 RGSSLIS '.I CI It�(i,l:VtilA.11'1.11 Al'1+14C, t ,«a S . VINCLN['SHIGEI+LKI SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PIrSPP-2021-000004)FOR ,w,"A .P, ;-r ' .,.rn.. LILI'UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI% GRANTT MUIZARAMI.AICP,LLED-AP 111)X TMK(3) 6-4-018:095 kAwwr0ce An-dint P,miprd KISI1MIKAMIYUEN.LEEO'AP811,C Aloha Mr.Honda, liar PAIdera Prnrdp a 'PrL ruj fOM HNEE.L.AICP Mahalo for your letter dated October 19,2021,regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) CATIE CULLISON.AICP Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we have reviewed Pr,ru'11,41 your comments and offer the following responses. THOMASS.N''ITTEN,EASLA The project's civil engineer, SSFM,has been working with Dane Hiromasa from the Clraimwn rmcruns %u EnAlvKHRANIrI;rASLA Department of Health(DOH)Wastewater Branch to address your concerns regarding the r+hdrM'paa rer capacity of the project's individual wastewater system(IWS).An Approval to Construct was initially received on August 31,2021 (IWS File No. 67664).Additional calculations RA"IOrbT.HrGA,ASLA were submitted and approved by DOH.LT and the design team will continue to work A'wdureP.mapar with DOH to address any further questions. hIARC SHIXIATSL,ASLA A.cwcintePrinurnt LT and the design team also reviewed the measures listed in the standard comments on DACHENG DONG,1EE1r AP As_wwte Prinnjmr the DOH website and will implement all measures as required and as noted: ANNSIIKIKOISOUSLOG,PI,O rrryectU��xmr A. Clear Air Branch (CAB): All activities will comply with the provisions of Hawaii RANISAY R.AL TAUM Administrative Rules, §11-60.1-33 and adequate measures will be taken to control Gdutral trrirt7b,liCyPlgnrtrr fugitive dust during construction as required. ,IICAIr'�1chi lLLFDr,ASI.A,LEER'AP .jh' '''"`"`xz B. Clean Water Branch(CWB): The project will meet the Antidegradation policy per Sa�rHAraeRAz" HAR Section 11-54-1.1,designated uses per H :.yuor�l tmcinlc , g p AR, Section 11-54-3 and water GRACE'LHr_V G.ASLA.LE£U•GA,S!T£5•AP quality criteria per HAR, Sections 11-54-4 through 11-54-8. All discharges related to Senevr A.cwrsats project construction or operation activities will comply with the State's Water ETSUYO KILA Quality Standards.The project team recognizes the consequences of noncompliance Assnctaw with these water quality requirements. The project team recognizes the State's GREGNAKAI position to reduce, reuse,and recycle to protect,restore,and sustain water quality and beneficial uses of State waters.LT is current' investigating water catchment and the � Y i g g $ELENA PANG potential reuse of rainwater onsite. Ala uate — NlcotesrANsnN.asv,r.iir C. Hazard Evaluation&Emergency Response(HEER)Office: There are no known hazardous substances onsite, including oil or chemicals. 'aril tsicl,PSlreet%ssuruto 65r1 D. Indoor and Radiological Health Branch IRHB The project team will comply Ho„�t�t�,Ir:,K�srr�sts�.Ixl g� ( )� p j P Y rel.(s,16,521 se3I with the Administrative Rules of the Department of Health Chapter 11-39: Air Eax.1=t.,dmm L neap.bp6�dmm(? txha%ass.eum Conditioning and Ventilating and Chapter 11-46: Community Noise Control. There are no known sources of radiation on site,but if found,requirements within Chapter 11-45: Radiation Controbvill be followed.There is no known asbestos on site, but if found,requirements within Chapter 11-501:Asbestos Requirements, 11-502: Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, 11-503:Fees for Asbestos Removal and Certification, and 11-504:Asbestos Abatement Certification Program will be followed. PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCIMECTURE • E\VIRON%IENTAL STUDIES. . ENTITLEMENTS 1 PERMITTItZG • GRAPHIC DESIGN Mr. Eric Honda SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S (LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I,TMK(3)6-4-018:095 December 1,2021 Page 2 E. Safe Drinking Water Branch (SDWB): The current onsite drinking water system complies with all SDWB requirements and is connected to the County-of Hawai`i's(County)waterlines.LT and the project design team are working with the County Department of Water Supply(DWS)on the required service for the proposed use and all upgrades will be installed.There are no injection wells or private water wells on site. F. Solid&Hazardous Waste Branch(SHWB): There is no known hazardous waste on site.The project team is aware that construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations and will comply with this requirement. Solid waste on site is disposed of at a transfer station by an LT Ranch staff member. There is no underground storage tank on site. G. Wastewater Branch(WWB): There is no County wastewater service in the immediate area. Therefore,the project includes an individual wastewater system(IWS)septic system and associated leach field to serve all structures within the project site.The project design team including the civil engineer for the project, SSFM,has been coordinating with DOH on the design of the system and confirming compliance with WWB requirements. The existing cesspool will also be closed once the IWS is approved for use by DOH. LT and the design team also reviewed the information listed in the Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist on the DOH website. The physical setting of LT Ranch and the proposed retreat activities promotes healthy communities through connection to land and opportunities for immersive experiences in nature. We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. Mahalo, PBR HAWAII Kimi Mikami Yuen,LEED BD+C Vice President cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust O Uob34E3486:I5 LT`Ranch VflaimeHFEp ial—PeEmii Eppp!cat a1C mmenf°I ettersCRespotise Letters1bOHTtespon e.d6cx o " KC!_\]]E D,CA LL DAVIE)Y.IGE �p ,,assF ,r eu RtiUN h a HU[Hl \NI)SPi. Rr,01 IOt5 GOVERNOR OF HAWAR CU)"I1SSIO\ON A1Ei RFSMA2CF STATE OF HAWAII sr,PaFH ,a DEPARTINIENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIN ISION POST OFFICE.BOX 621 HONOLULU.IrAWAII 96809 November 10,2021 County of Hawaii Planning Department via email: planning(a)-hawaiicounty.gov Attn: Mr. Eric Cook 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Cook: SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)-Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements located at 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)6-4-018:095 on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Land Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) distributed or made available a copy of your request pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR's Divisions for their review and comments. At this time, enclosed are comments from the (a) Engineering Division, (b) Division of Forestry&Wildlife, and (c) Land Division-Hawaii District on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at (808) 587-0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamura(aDhawaii.Qov. Thank you. Sincerely, rCG r�� Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files SU7ANNFTIXA$ OAVIU Y.IGE �a��i� ,� v CHAIRPERSO\ GOVERNOR OF HAWAIT a ROAR11 OF T.A\11 A\TI N ATL'RAf.RFSUURCFS COMMISSION ON ATER TtFSuURCl; �y S MANArF.%1KNT a� and and N,>e iy'w, � 9 k i i STATE OF HAWAII 'I�areof Nal au DEPARTNTENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM FROM: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div, of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGROhawaii.aov) X Div. of Forestry&Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terrago(c�hawaii.cl _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM(�hawaiLgoy) _Ofs•<ce of Conservation & Coastal Lands X Land Division—Hawaii District ordon.c.heit hawaii. ov) TO: FRAM' Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator R1sse11 rswji SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)—Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Lili'uokalani Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November S, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at dariene.k.nakamura(a hawaii.gov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: ( ) We have no objections. ( �/) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. ( } Comments are included/attached. Signed: Print Name: Carty S. Chang, Chief Engineer � Division: Engineering Division Date: Nov 2,2021 Attachments cc: Central Files I ttUZA\'SE D,C11L DAVID Y.IGE �¢ti ,9sa -0 q CIIAMPERSOS GOVERNOR OF HAWAII h BOARD OF LAND.II�,NA11'RiL TIF4OVRCLS CO}L1RSKOS OS AVATM RESOTRCE ALISAGE\{E\"1' z, and STATE OF HAWAII s�morllx+a; DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISIO POST OFFICE BOX 621 I3ONOLULU,RAIVAII 96909 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR@hawaii aov) X Div. of�Forestry&Wildlife(rubyrosa.t.terrago@hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM(Qhawail.gov} _Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands X Land Division — Hawaii District ordon.c.heit hawaii. ov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Russall Tsuji SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)— Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Llli'uokalant Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 9, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at dariene.k.nakamura@hawaii.gov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: { } We have no objections. { ) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. (�) Comments are included/attached. Signed: 00A Print Name: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Division: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Date: Nov 10,2021 Attachments cc: Central Files ,. SVZAN.' D.CASF Oi y`�' cxa:v lesa� DAVID Y.ICE f...•Ww••..R�� ae>27 uFLa�n�.a..._a{±PE Swxces Gu4i7ZNUR GF Y_{t5',{I[ rm:: E-EET ROBERI K.SL35E'D.\ F.CSTDE?LIt' l..\��ND OPE_ ACrs BnaCEn�%'PctiME.t:nN 1,' STATE OF HA`�'AII 1 co�sTzt'{:xcx"a�v cnasu:E.i�us DEPARTNIENT OF LAND Ant}INATTJRAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE 1151 PUNCHBOWL STREET.ROOM'25 �Y1x +rE:n���R SEct co:.!i s HONOLULU.HAWAII96813 5Tx Ea.v�cs November 10,2021 MEMORANDUM Log no. 3386 TO: RUSSELL Y. TSUJI, Administrator Land Division FROM: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Division of Forestry and Wildlife SUBJECT: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Comments for Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)—Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements The Department of Land and Natural Resources,Division of Forestry and Wildlife(DOFAW)has received your inquiry regarding the Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) from the LiIi`uokalani Trust LT Ranch located at Pu`u Manu Place, Kamuela,Island of Hawai`i,TMK: (3) 6-4-018:095. The proposed project consists of establishing a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the existing ranch house and bard with related improvements to. the structures to facilitate overnight accomodations and programed activities and special events. We appreciate the inclusion of mitigation measures in the Special Application Permit intended to avoid constriction and operational impacts to State listed species such as the Hawaiian Hoary Bat `Ope`ape`a (Lasiur'us cinereus sernotus). DOFAW.provides the following additional comments on the potential of the proposed work to affect listed species in the vicinity of the project area. r The Hawaiian Hoary Bat has the potential to occur in the vicinity of the project area and may roost in nearby trees. Barbed wire should be avoided for any construction or other activities because bat mortalities have been documented as a result of becoming ensnared by barbed wire during flight. The historic range of the State listed Blackburn's Sphinx Moth (BSM, 11mu tea black-burni) encompasses the project area. Larvae of BSM feed on many nonnative hostplants that include tree tobacco(Nicotiancr glauca)which grows in disturbed soil. ';Ale recommend contacting our Hawaii Branch DOFAW office at (808) 974-4221 for further information about where BSM may be present and whether a vegetation survey should be conducted to determine the presence of plants preferred by BSM. To avoid harm to BSM, DOFAW recommends removing plants less than one meter in height or during the dry time of the year. If you remove tree tobacco over one meter in height or disturb the ground around or within several meters of these plants they must be checked thoroughly for the presence of eggs and larvae. The use of artificial lighting can adversely impact seabirds that may pass through the area at night by causing disorientation. This disorientation can result in collision with manmade structures or grounding of birds. For nighttime lighting that might be required,DOFAW recommends that all Tights be fully shielded to minimize impacts. Nighttime work that requires outdoor lighting should be avoided during the seabird fledging season from September 15 through December 15. This is the period when young seabirds take their maiden voyage to the open sea. For ilhistrations and guidance related to seabird-friendly light styles that also protect the dark, starry skies of Hawaii please visit: 'twp= dlnrha%xah goy —,Nfli fe 10,1, ' ii 11'X 3 The State listed Hawaiian Goose or Nene (Branta san(A icensis) could potentially occur in the vicinity of the proposed project site. It is ag=ainst State law to harm or harass this species. If this species is found to be present during construction activities, then all activities within 100 feet(30 meters) should cease, and the bird should not be approached. Work may continue after the bird leaves the area of its own accord. If a nest is discovered at any point, please contact the Hawaii Branch DOFAW Office at(808) 974-4221. The State listed Hawaiian Hawk or 'To (Buteo solitarirts) may occur in the project vicinity. DOFAW recommends surveying the area to ensure no Hawaiian Hawk nests are present if any trees are to be cut. 'To nests may be present during the breeding season from March to September. DOFAW recommends minimizing the movement of plant or soil material between worksites,such as in fill. Soil andplant material may contain invasive fungal pathogens(e.g.,Rapid`Olii`a Death), vertebrate and invertebrate pests (e.g., Little Fire Ants, Coqui Frogs), or invasive plant parts that could harm our native species and ecosystems. We recommend consulting the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC) at(808)933-3340 in planning,design, and construction of the project to learn of any high-risk invasive species in the area and ways to mitigate spread. All equipment, materials, and personnel should be cleaned of excess soil and debris to minimize the risk, of spreading invasive species. Gear that may contain soil, such as work boots and vehicles, should be thoroughly cleaned with water and sprayed with 70% alcohol solution to prevent the spread of Rapid `Ohi`a'Death and other harinful fungal pathogens. DOFAW recommends using native plant species for landscaping that are appropriate for the area (i.e.climate conditions are suitable for the plants to thrive,historically occurred there,etc.). Please do not plant invasive species. DOFAW recommends consulting the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment website to determine the potential invasiveness of plants proposed for use in the project(https://sites.gooRle.com/site/weedriskassessment/home).We recommend that you refer to www-plantpon_o_.or for guidance on selection and evaluation for landscaping plants. We appreciate your efforts to work, with our-office for the conservation of our native species. Should the scope of the project change significantly, or should it become apparent that threatened or endangered species may be impacted,please contact our staff as soon as possible. If you have any questions, please contact Paul Radley, Protected Species Habitat Conservation Planning Coordinator at(808) 295-1123 or paul.m.radlev Jiawaii.gov. Sincerely, DAVID G. SMITH Administrator r SIVZANNE D.CASE nAV1O Y.IGE ,�psi 19�a :ky CIFAfAT•ERSON GOVEi3MOR OF HaWAII hs` =. BOARD OF IANG ANp NATURAL RFSOORCFS COAI51ISSION ON kVATFR RTSG11RCF {;prrvvLLr" a. 3(c( MANAUMENT �4rokl.4k/h/,l YtfQ "�J� �90 J STATE OF HAWAII DEPAIrrllTE3N-r Or<LAND AND NATURAL RFSOURCrs ].AND DIVISION POST OFFICE I3OX 621 110NOLLJL0,IIAWAII 96909 October 15, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic.Resources _Div, of Boating &Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(@hawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry& Wildlife (rub rosa.t.terra o hawaii. ov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM@hawaii.gov) ^O.ffice_oConser_vation-&-Coastal Lands X Land Diyisiorl—�-iawaiLDistrict.(gordon.c.heit(a-)hawaii;gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Rirssell Tsuji SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004)—Request to Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat Within the Existing Ranch House and Barn f With Related Improvements LOCATION: 5122 Pu'u Manu Place, Kamuela, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 5-4-018:095 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf:of Lili'uokalani Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 9, 2021. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request,please contact Darlene Nakamura at dariene.k.nakamura@hawaii.gov. Thank you. / BRIEF COMMENTS: ( /) We Wehave no objections. have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. ( ) Comments are includedlattached. _5i Signed: Print Name: (!!�7QL?,-Dou [' , ,j Division: s �yi;~,�,•;,� Date: /a Attachments cc: Central Files PBR H ANVAI I ASSOCIATES, INC. December 1,2021 R SVA":I*'XCAN.A%L� -o ,r Carty S.Chang,Chief Engineer RItiSI I I) I t,Ht'M,.I'ASi A.E.1'1 D AI'ISprt. - „ .1 . State of Hawaii t•INi EN I'M11GLLL-Ni Department of Land and Natural Resources ,,.° i t.r"hat 1- F'' Engineering Division GRAN'TT: IIQRAKAM4AWRLEED-APISPPG P.O.Box 621 Sevw1",r-rrt'srw^nr r't'u,pal Honolulu,H196809 KE\q MIKAti1E YUEN.LEER-AP BD-C Yx r-1'R'sir$iV�P:rntYjta7 TOM SCHNE[.L.AECP Pnn[[Wf SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR CATIECULLISU\,A'ICI' LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S (LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAPI, htrnrpat TMK(3) 6-4-018:095 TItL)MAS S.WITTEN,FASLA Mnawn Etnenna Aloha Mr. Chang, I�t:FRANK BRA\D7:FASLA rnandmv Mam ez Thank you for your letter dated November 2,2021 regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) RMA11INDT,,HIGA,ASLA Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we acknowledge `-xiif tee, alms that you have no comments for this project. MARCSHMIMSL ASLA ,r1sw[irere Fren[rjxrl We appreciate your review of the Special Permit Application. DACHEvG DDNG,I EEW AP ,iss+tefrs to Prnrryxr! ANNARKIKO BOUSLQG,PhD rrr Jntt Drnxror Mahalo, RAXISAY R.M.TAt3M Crdrtrral 5aernfnn6ibty farmer PBR HAWAII N1ICAH.1-1e 111LLE�D,ASLA,LEEIT AP %nierA.mczate N,#T31A1.1E RAZ.b .Senmtrtssvriati' GE:ACE ZR12-NG.ASLA,LEED"GA,SITES"AI' Kimi Mi ami Yuen, LEED BD-i-C kn,ur.Ltxxrurr• Vice President i MUYO KILA Aws fare GREGNAVAI cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department A.VV Iar` Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department SEtI:NAI:iNCi Sherman WonglLili`uokalani Trust — A,s &mre cla;r Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust '3xse[ra:e 17 Atis°V Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust 1tAt Blstuurys SSRrI,Suite 6$1 0AJ 63A3486.15 LT Ranch Waimea%Special Permit Application\Comment Letters\Response Letters\DLNR-Engineering Response.doex Honolulu Haw2rl{K.$13 31fr3 S.I;bOSti2t,63t Fax.{8ft)523 E1rP E tnat1.x)sadm43r�PLvlranan.utm printed m irgdedp)wr PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHATECTURE - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ENTITLEMENTS f PERMITTING - GRAPHIC DESIGN r i December 1,2021 PBR IIWTA11 &ASSOCIATES, INC. David G. Smith,Administrator R. TAN Dt'2:C.AN,-%q.A State of Hawaii,Department of Land and Natural Resources r-0, Division of Forestry and Wildlife rt'tiSL11 rI C1WNG,IASIA,1.1.11) hi At' 1151 Punchbowl Street,Room 325 P.— Honolulu,Hawaii 96813 l'1NCL.V t SI1IGLT.L M `V'. 1-I M1' ,1,il! P' .r GRAN LELD AP ttD,C SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004) FOR Ivan,I fee Prc,l<rr„r Nnrr"r LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S (LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI°I, €:last S1IK"tt YUEN.LEED•AP r.D,C TMK(3) &4-018:095 Va,,Pt uteit Principal TOM SCHNELL.AtCP &l'Jqd Aloha Mr. Smith, CA'IIECIl1.L15ON.AICP Prrrrcltvl Mahalo for your letter dated November 10,— 2021 (Log no. 3386)regarding Lili`uokaIani Trust's(LT)Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we THOMASS.Wl'ITEN,I'ASLA have reviewed your comments and offer the following responses. c1ralrrnrrn F.mrrlr€rs W.FRANK BRAND'r,rASIA 1) LT recognizes that the Hawaiian Hoary Bat has the potential to occur in the finnra,r;Pnrartr vicinity of the project area and may roost in nearby trees. Barbed wire will be RAYMONDT.111GA,ASI.A avoided on the property for any use. ASS OV&P IVA I ?6TARC5HD1A'F5L',ASLA 2) There are currently no tree tobacco plants onsite.We have contacted the Hawaii �lssauatcPrincyxlf Branch Division of Forestry and Wildlife(DOFAW)office and confirmed that a DACHENG DONG,LEED'AP ,1wCraiePrinn/hr1 vegetation survey is not needed. The project team is also aware that the ANN MIKIKO BOUSLOG,PhD Blackburn's Sphinx Moth eggs and larvae can be found near tomato and eggplant rmlea6lnrmr plants. There are currently no tomato or eggplant plants onsite.However, LT RAXISAYR.a1.TAUM Ranch staff will be shown photographs of the Blackburn's Sphinx Moth(BSM) Crrlrtlm[Srrstrtin�hrlr.�l7nplar eggs and larvae and will cease activity if eggs or larvae are found at any point MICAH A TcM ILLEIN.ASLA,LEED•AP .Le=,)r'Aumin r onsite.Any plants less than one meter in height will be removed during the dry NATIIAHERAZO time of the year to avoid potential harm to BSM. Scrriar,{ssoclnte GRACE ZHENG.ASLA.I.EED'GA.SITES'AP 3) Any outdoor or nighttime lighting will be fully shielded to minimize impacts to .$e'Rrur ilsw wle MUM fi[LA seabirds that may pass through the area at night.Nighttime work that requires sssor.rna• outdoor lighting will be avoided during the seabird fledging season from GREG NAKAI September 15 through December IS. We will share the link for seabird-friendly A`""`zr` lighting with LT and the design team. SELENA PANG A-rcrarc —NIC'c1Lr:St[ANSON ---- 4) If a Nene is found to be present during construction activities,all activities within 1�r�arr� one hundred feet will cease and the bird(s)will not be approached. We understand that work may continue after the bird(s)Ieave(s)the area of its own 10011N010pSUW1,Surtehil) accord.If a nest is discovered at any point,LT will contact the Hawaii Branch Hondulu,Hawafii%S1331xI DOFAW Office. ral,tula)TVSM] Rua(sW)523-1402 E mail:sysadnrmCmp6rhaxarlrnrn 5) LT and the project team will survey the area to ensure there are no `Io, or Hawaiian Hawk,nests present before cutting any trees,especially during the nesting season of March through September. PLAN]4ING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE . ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • ENTITLEMENTS 1 PERMITTING - GRAPHIC DESIGN Mr.David G. Smith SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`l,TMK(3)6-4-018:095 December I,2021 Page 2 6) The movement of plant or soil material between worksites will be minimized as much as possible.All equipment, materials,and personnel will be cleaned of excess soil and debris to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species.Gear that many contain soil will be thoroughly cleaned with water and sprayed with 70%alcohol solution to help prevent the spread of fungal pathogens. 7) LT and the project team will utilize native plant species that are appropriate to the area as much as possible.No invasive plant species will be planted and LT and the design team will refer to www.plantpono.org for guidance on selection and evlaution for landscaping plants. 8) LT and the project team will contact DOFAW staff if the scope of the project changes significantly or if it becomes apparent that threatened or endangered species may be impacted. We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit application. Mahal U, PBR HAWAII i imi Mi ami Gen,LEED BD+C Vice President cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department Sherman WonglLili`uokalani Trust Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust t 0AJob3413486.15 LT Ranch Waimeal5pecial Permit-Application\Comment Letters\Response Letters%DLNR-DOFAW Response.docx i PBR I IAWAII &ASSOCIATES, INC. December 1,2021 ASIA Gordon C. Heit R '6111 15 I CIII NG.I'ASI A,LI'1'1) AV ROIL It ro..= 1. State ofHawai`i INC EN UNI Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division GI:A.Iri.aluRAs.1�lLA:r1',LEED'AI'RIM- P.O.Box 621 iwu r 1Ile P-%Id at Pria"INJI Honolulu,HI 96809 KIND MIKAb11 YUEN,LEED-AP RD.0 %we A•ea&mr Prtru qnl pomq lHNELL,AICP SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PI SPR2021-000004)FOR CATI£CtlI.LISON AICP LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI°I, Pr=,k=J14: TMK(3) 6-4-018:095 THOMAS5.WITF£N.FASLA [Yr flrman Fmeraw W.FRANK BRAND'r.FASLA Aloha Mr.Heit, Fwairbag Patter Mahalo for your letter dated October 28,2021 regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) RAY�IbSnT IIrGA,ASLA Ranch Special Permit application. As the planning consultant for LT,we acknowledge ���rrt,eFr:n=r�rr that you have no comments for this project. MARC SHI\IATSL,ASLA A.untirrle Pfir:[ipal We appreciate your review of the Special Permit Application. DACHENG DUNG.LEER-AP Aswcm4•PrInural ANN TIIKIKo BOUSLOG,PhD Pmiver Dinreor Mahalo RA,'ASAY R.M.TAUM Culalml SnerrsinabW.7,Nanrsrr PBR HAWAII MICAH d10,1ILLEN.ASLA,LEED'AP Sejzw,As%rate NATIIALIIE RAW SetuarAsaortr:tc imi Mi arrli en,LEED BD+C GRACE 211ENG,ASLA,LEED"GA.St rES'AP Se410rAsvatn4 Vice President £TSUY61;ILA Assxzarr GREGNAKAI cc: Zendo Kern/Hawairi County Planning Department .4ww�a:e Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department SFLENA P4NG Sherman Wong/Liliruokalani Trust A w,rratr -- Jill Beatty/Lili[uokalani Trust A&w,mh 11.r.S\YA;rSU�i :L Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust trrh IMI 0:Uob34\3486.15 LT Ranch WaimealSpecial Permit ApplicalionlComment Letters\Response LetterADLNR-Land Division Response.docx Hnnatuhr,Hawz4 i%S13 J 184 let:IFAISI S^-I U.31 F:us(SOS)523 1442 F null:sl-s. aiuilpbrha,iaiLnrm pnnred un m),W paper PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ENTITLEMENTS PERMITTING • GRAPHIC DESIGN Y,Fr Mitchell D.Roth Mayer Ramzi 1.Mansour Director Lee E.Lord Managing Director •6F"a: Brenda D.lokepa-Moses Deputy Director County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 34S Kekuanao'a street,Suite 41•Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Ph:(808)961-8083• Fax:(808)961-8086 Email: cohdem@hawaiicounty.gau MEMORANDUM TO: Zendo Kern,Director Planning Department FROM: Ramzi i_Mansour,Directo, '•�3 �- � - Department of Environmental Management DATE: October 22,2021 SUBJECT: Special permit Application(PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: LiIi`uokalani Trust Request:To Establish.a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements Tax Map Key: (3) 6-4-018:095 The Solid Waste:Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations (contact the Solid Waste Division for details): ( ) No comments. (X) Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies,religious entities and non-profit organization may not use transfer stations for disposal. ( ) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. ( ) Ample and equal room should be provided for rubbish and recycling_ (X) Green waste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility,or other suitable diversion programs. (X) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. ( ) Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. ( ) Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. ( ) Other: County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Ramzl 1. Mansour, Director October 22, 2021 Page 2 The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations(contact the Wastewater Division for details): ( } No comments_ ( ) Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawai.`i County Code. ( ) Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21- 26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete Sewer Extension Application. ( } Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. ( ) Check or line out as applicable: [ ]if required by the Director of the Department of Environmental Management C Director of DEW'), [ ] applicant shalt conduct a sewer study in accordance with the applicable wastewater system design standards prior to approval to connect to the County sewer system. Applicant shall provide such sewer line or other facility improvements as the Director of DEM may reasonably require, which the sewer study may indicate are advisable for mitigation of impacts of the proposed project. Contact Wastewater Division Chief for details. ( ) Proposed activity may be subject to existing or future federal, state,or county regulation under Title 40 CpR 403.5,prohibiting discharge of certain pollutants into publicly owned treatment works_ Contact the Hawaii Department of Health for information regarding pretreatment standards. (X) Applicant shall follow Department of Health regulations. ( ) Other: RI PIS December 1,2021 P B R I I AWA I i Ramzi I. Mansour,Director &AS SOC[AT 1 S, [NC. Department of Environmental Management Tt.tTAV DUNC-N,AS1 A County of Hawaii 345 Kekuanao`a Street, Suite 41 Ms LLLY.1 CIIL'N(JASLA.1011 APIn1,t Hilo,Hawaii 96720 r 1•i 1 ,`• 11, VINCENTSIRGEKLIN'I ,r ,. I., l+,.e-firr r SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR GNANII"t,'MURAI:AMI.AICRLLLU'Al'11D.0 LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I, ienn+rl n, Aw drnra P4,raVa0 TMK(3) 6-4-018.095 91MI NUKAA11 TUEN.LE£D'AP RDrC furpreodrnr I'wuid T0161SCHNELL,JUCP Aloha Mr.Mansour, Noruj+Ql CATIECULLISOS.AtCP Mahalo for your letter dated October 22,2021,regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) Notoptl Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we have reviewed your comments and offer the following responses. THOMAS S.WITTEN.l;ASLA ChQ+rrxun Fauativa 1) Transfer stations will not be used for solid waste disposal. C(:FRAN T.EASLA linurding P furmer 2) Green waste generated onsite will be transported to green waste sites located at the Qtrnrr West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility,or other suitable €2Al'MON13T.Ht('.A.ASLA diversion programs. .tsuxarte Prt+urpe:l 3) The applicant and design teams have been notified that construction and demolition %1ARC SHt�IATSU,ASLA nay)dazeNimipal waste is prohibited at any County Transfer Station.The project team will dispose of DACHENG UONG.LEER,Al' all future construction and demolition waste appropriately. 4) LT and the project team will follow all Department of Health(DOH)regulations with ANNMIKIKOBOUSLOG,PI:D regards to wastewater and currently has approved plans for an Individual Wastewater Profrxt Dlttrror System(IWS File No. 67664). SSFM is coordinating with DOH to ensure all IrAMSAY R.11T.'1'AUAI Cultural SnaratnQhOyNartntr concerns are addressed. STICAH NTc,111LLV L ASLA,MEW AP &niorAmxiare We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. NATHAl.1E RAZO Sct+inrAvadlate GRACE 7HENG.ASLA,LEEll'CA,S1TE5'AP Mahalo, SCnlor.lsatM.YQ C ETSMOICILA PBR HAWAII IIiHJ(ow GREG NAKA[ JI3uA'lA tt SELENA PANG J-mmte Kimi Mlkami Yuen,LEED BD+C — NICOLESWANSON Vice President J1xv+eiQtL' cc: Zendo.Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department li%11 R+slity5trrr1.Suite 65AX Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department Honolulu,HAwafi-*Sl s 318t I.I:;aaslsu 5611 Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Fax:l1+'tH+152.i 13ir2 E-niailn}'saJntut Plirhmeao.cwn Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust printed on reryded paper 0:1Job3413486.15 LT Ranch WaitnealSpecial Permit ApplicationTomment LetterslResponse LetterslDEM Response,docx PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. • ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • ENTITLEAIEXT.S s PERMITTING • GRAPHIC DESIGN 1 �4 i Memorandum t 1t U11! 011%,it'E.11"m 4,u 1A Ott 11.1%vm I I.t s�, I tr, ln,,rct for I <lkurd I,.n�.r�.�kr, I m. Pre wnuon Bureau.# sumo t+ t t 1 �t t�tl t t 111,11 alatn i m'.1 I I Runell 1' Pu'u Nlanu flare. kamuc:la,IIt 96741 tr 1 . •y r,.�a.f.1�tx the a�w�e 1iil�ttll(711t`�l prc��c:�t,i•tc,r l3elaarlrlierlE AuLc.n.ti and �k a1c:t 1,uIypt% �,.� i ,-0111ph utih L11.,p1.:T 11"k-d'die 2 It Fditwn of N, 1-11,M Portable Fire E-xttnslumheN shatl lk P sr,i r;,iarrCd h% \1 P'%It} Nw alarm, Smoke Detector..-and an) ad r I w- 11rntel-tu *tt 1-balr b. i1l.talled if required hr the International Building;Co& I d%% Ira 1�714dti.IKI 11r, Ir 5pec:trar'} i� _~ December 1,2021 P B R ��AW n I I Fire Inspector Edward Kawasaki &ASSOCIATES, I NC. Fire Prevention Bureau V.WA%M-NOAN„ASIA Hawai`I Fire Department E County of Hawaii RUSSEI E.1.I C1I1 cNGJ' NIA,LUE:tr At'M) C 25 Aupuni Street, Suite 2501 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 t'E:�CtN C S1pC;EE.I'\I GRAN M.SIURAhA:,,1,A,cll.LLEWAP1111-C SLmor itFr prcxrrrrf Pr�),gxrr SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004) FOR NIMIM,NANI,YUEN,LEED'APRD-C LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I, 1xr.PrLSFdrrrf l+vnctfx[I TMK(3)6-4-018.095 TOM SCHNE:LL.AICP Prtrf,,r1Ff 1 CATEE CULLISON.AICP PrAmilwt Aloha Inspector Kawasaki, THOMAS S.WITTENF,FASLA ClratrmmlrurnUJL, Mahalo for your letter dated October 20,2021,regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) W.rRANN RRANDT,rASLA Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we have reviewed Frxt,.&,,�Nirlrrer your comments and offer the following resopnses. RAY.NIOND T.I tEGA.ASt A :Ux+c tale Prinulnl 1) The project team will ensure that Fire Department access and water supply shall MARCS1ILMATSL',ASLA comply with Chapter 18 of the 2018 Edition ofNFPAL ALFOcu71L'Prrrrfr fNd DACHENG DONG,LEE,Y AP Aaux'rarePrincq.1 2) Portable Fire Extinguishers will be provided as required by NFPA10. AN'N XIMIK013t7USLOG,PhD PnPT1D1rrctrrr 3) Fire alarm,smoke detectors,and any other fire protection systems will be installed if RASISAY,L NI.TAUNI required by the International Building Code. C ultupal%staliobileyPlamw hnc.•ltEataNuLLF.N,ASLA.LEED'AP We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. SerrrarAssar'ratr YATHAI]E RAZO SeninrASuxtate Gr.ACELtir-MG.ASLA.LEELY GA,StTES'AP Mahalo, SeurorAsouafe ,%' iflCIK,LA PBR HAWAII .Lcuxiarc GREGN 4%.1 4,v "te SELF .SIA PANG Kimi Mikami Yuen, LEED BD+C 113COIS SWA;SSON Asso= Vice President 1 WI AtxMrlr Strut,Sm[e 5 MI HupolQlu.Hasr�Pf9b313318} cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department [el•[SE74k 52E;fw3l Faa:It,iR)523 4IP2 Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department Epr.uRsysadmu:prpbthsx.ia-uutt Sherman Wong/L.ili`uokalani Trust Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust prtnledarreryYledpalxr Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Olkvio A. -Ravel WalmealS,p66W,PerEli__ t-ApplEcalionlComntentLetterstltesponseLeiteesFIREItespo PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • ENTITLEMENTS 1 PERMITTING GRAPHIC DESIGN Sus ��y. , Paul K.Ferreira Mitchell 1).Roth l Aohce Chref Kenneth Bugado—lr. Bepury Police Clue) County of Hawai'i POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapjbluni Street IIilo,liawai'i 96720-3998 , „ - PT (808)935-3311 fax(8D8)961-2389 ��- - �'y ` •t4E� ! - } JCT 22 2321 Al 11(ft5) October 20 202 TO : ZE 0 aCHIEF, RECTOR FROM : CHA AREA II OPERATIONS SUBJECT : SPECIAON (PL-SPP-2021 000004) APPLICANT: LILI'UOKALANI TRUST REQUEST: TO ESTABLISH A CULTURAL ACADEMY AND RETREAT WITHIN THE EXISTING RANCH HOUSE AND BARN WITH RELATED IMPROVEMENTS TAX MAP KEY: (3) 5-4-018:095 This is in response to your memorandum dated October 12, 2021 regarding the above- referenced special permit application. Staff has reviewed the application and has no comments or objections to offer at this time. Should you Have any questions or concerns, please contact Captain Jeremie Evangelista, Commander of the South Kohala District, .at (808) 887-3080 or via email at ieremie.evanaelista@hawaiicount ..ci JCEJjaj 21HQ1056 "HawaN County is an Equal oppom mity Provider and Employee" December 1,2021 PBRIIAWAII &ASSOCIATES, [NC. Chad Basque, Assistant Chief,Area II Operations R.,,TA\DUNCAN,ASLA Police Department County of Hawaii Rtti5111 t'I C[R\c;,1:SS1 A.[1'1D Art+Utr L 0, 1 349 Kapi`olani Street .I-[.E.rrNLIK;1IXI,,1 Hilo,Hawaii 96720-3998 1 of is 6rt 1 1, G[:A�1I"LtilltRAl•AA€1.AI[a;LEL13 APL'3).L som> 1rce t',t,farar Prnte,pal SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PI SPP-2021-000004)FOR €IMIMIKANIIWEN.LEED'APBDtC LILI°UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I, t„r P �r>u ro�rrrrpar TMK(3)6-4-018:095 TG11 SCHNELL.AICP Prtm heel CATI£CULLISl N\MCP Pr„cipac Aloha Mr.Basque, THOMASS,WITTEN,FASLA Mahalo for your letter dated October 20,2021,regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) (.1a uan Armerims Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we acknowledge ro Fehm,Pa RANDt:EASLA that you have no comments or objections for this project at this time. rn�t,rt o sa,e„�,� We appreciate your review of the Special Permit Application. RAYMOND T.I IIGA,ASLA Auu WePrlxup tl MARti SHIMATSL.ASLA Mahalo, At-xtazc Printepaf DACHENG DONG.L£E1r AP Aw,cw:ePrArtomt PBR HAWAII ANN 11IIKIKO RDIISLUG•PhD Pr,�tAiRYlor RAMSAY R.M.TAU\1 Ltdtnenl Lrsati,ratltylYartrrr Kimi Mikami Yuen,LEED BD+C iMICAHMd,11 1.FY.AS€.A,LEED'AP Vice President SmzarAtm aw NATHAIA E R.NZO Seniae,Isspurtlr CC'. Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department �RAc�z>3Evc..�sLA.EEED cA.slr>s.r Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department sr,uCf,Liwe,aiC VrSUYOKILA Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Assah,=e Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust GREGKAKAI Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Asvpcwu SELE,NA PANG O:Uob3413486;15 P,T�innch�Watinea}Special Permit Applica4on\Cammen[Lettetslltesponse�-�•-Lat[ers�POLICE Response,docx \ICOIX S,rANsoV 7 _ AAVRI[t1A IIRII BlAmP Sheet,Sale 6311 'elenalsla.H4u;k1 t 9t,313.3481 1eh(Sl1k)S21 3" razs1808i rr-1$tl2 F,nuvf.sysa3utpt�P6rlla+talLurh („trniYlu,t recycle$�rrer PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONXtENTAL STUDIES ENTITLFNIFNT5 7 PERMITTI.\G GRAPHIC DESIGN DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: October 13, 2021 ?ZZ1101dilL TO: Zendo Kern, Planning Director FROM: Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SPP-2021-000004) Applicant: Liliuokalani Trust Request: Proposed Cultural Academy and Retreat within Existing Ranch House and Barn and Related Improvements, Including Overnight Accommodations and Programmed Activities and Special Events. TMK: 6-4-018:095 We have reviewed the subject application forwarded by your memo dated October 13, 2021, and provide the following comments: 1. All earthwork activity, including grading, grubbing, and stockpiling, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentary Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 2_ All development-generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and not directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage plan may be required by the Plan Approval process in accordance with Section 25-2-72(3) of the Hawaii County Code. 3. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Flood Zone X and AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). a. Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. b. Zone AO is the special flood hazard area that corresponds to the areas of one-hundred-year shallow flooding (usually sheet flow on sloping terrain) where average depths are between one and three feet. Average whole-foot depths derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses have been determined within this zone. Questions may be referred to Bryce Harada at 961-8042. County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer y� i December 1,2021 P I R A MNIA I I Bryce Harada &ASSOCINFES. INC. Department of Public Works County of Hawaii R.ST.4ti llt•\C•1\,AMA 101 Pauahi St, Suite 7 RE S51A F,),I CIII NG,1'A1;LA,LF.1.1)APIIIrtt Hilo,Hawaii 96720 �I�ct IrsHlc,}Kr�I SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR LILFUOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I, GSAUI L.uuxalAsu.AICP,Lr DAPIu>Ec TMK(3) 6-4-018.095 S.•reru+lttc•Fen•+fnt JMorcrpal KIMI MIKAN11 Y'UEN,LEED'AP RT],C lite•Prndeirr 74irrctpal Aloha Mr.Harada, T(li.l SCHNELL,AFCP Pnm qxd CATIE CULLISON,AICP Mabalo for your letter dated October 13,2021 regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) Prruetlnl Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we have reviewed T}IUh[AS S.VVITTfN,fASLA your comments and offer the following resopnses, CJmrrrnoa Fnrrrau; NC FRANK BRANDT. ASLA 1) All earthwork activity, including grading,grubbing,and stockpiling,will conform to tF,rrrrJ=+ r�rnr=r Chapter 10,Erosion and Sedimentary Control,of the Hawaii County Code.LT's civil engineer, SSFM, will assist with these activities. RAYMOND r-IIFGA,ASLA A.,sroturlr Pr,rapal 2) SSFM will also ensure that all development-generated runoff and drainage will be \IARCSHMATSU,ASLA Amociara Prbrctlm? designed to County standards and will be disposed of on site and not directed toward DACHENGDONG,LEEVAP any adjacent properties. Should a drainage plan be required,LT and the project team �lnx+aan Pnna'rwl will submit one accordingly. ANN MIKIKOSUU5LOG,PhD F"iectDl""r 3) The project team recognizes that the subject parcel is in an area designated as Flood RArASAY R.10.'$AUht Zone X and AO on the Flood Insurance Rate Map(FIRM)by the Federal Emergency Cuftur PSruMtrrabd Plannrr Management Agency(FEMA). Any proposed improvements will be designed to &m!rj lMK=te laASLA,1XEmAP meet the requirements of the appropriate flood zones. S.mirr.lxwrtarr XI'HAIJ E RAZO Srnjar.lwxtatr We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. GRACE ZHENG,ASLA,LEE D GA,S17>:5'A11 SrnurrAssarrate Mahalo, ETSUYO KILA " `r" PBR HAWAII GREG NAKA1 A w,cwte 5ELF.IA FANG Awatat.• — `ICc,t.F sui tsn.1 Ktmi Mik i n,LEED BD+C �rrau Vice President 1RR1 llt5[wlr 5lreel.SuUr 6>tf HonoT eLHaivdi96St34M cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department 5x I;D, Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department F Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust printed unregvcWpaper Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust OUob3413486°IS 'T:RancFiW91- Sl p.6ai' e�_em-__itAp ]icp _ation\0554L etta=A s�onseletterslDPWResponse�oc PLA;NTN, tvG • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES • ENTITLEMENTS PERMITTING GRAPHIC DESIGN DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWA1`I 4111 345 KEKCANAO'ASTREET,SUfTE 20 • HILO, HAWAI`196720 TELEPHONE(808)961-8050 • FAX (808)961-8657 October 27,2021 FHRECEIVED 1 2021 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern, Director Planning Department AWAII FROM: Keith K. Okamoto, Manager-Chief Engineer SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP 2021-000004) Applicant: Lili`uokalani Trust Request: To Establish a Cultural Academy and Retreat within the Existing Ranch House and Barn with Related Improvements Tax Map Key (3) 6-4-018:095 We have reviewed the subject application and have the following comments. Water is currently served through an existing 4-inch waterline within Pu`u Manu Place fronting the subject parcel. The subject parcel is served by an existing 5/8-inch meter, which is limited to an average daily usage of 400 gallons. The Department requests that the applicant submit estimated maximum daily water usage calculations showing the water demand for the proposed uses,prepared by a professional engineer licensed in the State of Hawaii, for review and approval. The water usage calculations should include the estimated peals flow in gallons per minute (GPM) and the total estimated maximum daily water usage in gallons per day(GPD). Upon acceptance of the water usage calculations, the Department will inform the applicant, if necessary, of the water commitment deposit due,prevailing facilities charges to be paid, and any water system improvements required for water service. A reduced pressure type backflow prevention assembly will need to be installed within five (5) feet of the meter on private property. If a larger or additional meter is required per above, a backflow prevention assembly will also be required for that meter. The installation of the backflow prevention assembly(s)roust be inspected and approved by the Department before water service can be granted. The existing waterline within Pu`u Manu Place is inadequate to provide 2,000 GPM of flow for fire protection,as required per our Water System Standards for the proposed use. The applicant should contact the Fire Department to determine any other fire protection requirements or alternatives. . . Water, Our Most(Precious source. . . Ka WaiA Kane. . . The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer. Mr. Zendo Kern, Director Page 2 October 27, 202I Subject to other agencies' requirQments to construct improvements within the road right-of-way fronting the property affected by the proposed development, the applicant shall be responsible for the relocation and adjustment of the Department's affected water system facilities,should they be necessary. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Ryan Quitoriano of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at (808) 961-8070, extension 256. Sincerely yours, P" IX- Keith K. Okamoto,P.E. Manager-Chief Engineer RQ:dfg copy— Lili`uokalani Trust PBR Hawaii & Associates, Inc. December 1,2021 Keith K. Okamoto, Manager-Chief Engineer Department of Water Supply PBR IAWA1 County of Hawaii &ASSOCIATES, INC. 345 Kekuana6`a Street, Suite 20 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 t SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PI,-SPP-2021-000004)FOR Rt'atiELLS.€t:nL'r�c;.l:�yl:� .u:n:�Prl)r� LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT) RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I, �]vc>>rrclucc!unI TMK(3)6-4-018:095 k •u E 7 ! t<rr d Aloha Mr. Okamoto, GRA\17.AliIRAkA.•tI.AICr:ILLI)'APIID,(, InrAnd,In rsnpd Mahalo for your letter dated October 27, 2021,regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's(LT) IMU&T S:AaltWEN.LEEP'AV11D C Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT we have reviewed Ike Pnwllrnf !'l'erlreprsl p pp on. pann g s your comments offer the following responses. TO\I SCHIJELL,A1C1' PrrftrptlF 1) The project team recognizes that the existing 5/8-inch meter is limited to an CATIF curLrsoti.A,cP 1'"w4p"saverage daily usage of 400 gallons. THOMAS5,.+c1TTE'I.fASLA 2) SSFM,the project's civil engineer,has submitted estimated maximum daily Ctwonat,f,naux< water usage calculations showing the water demand for the proposed uses for W' FRANK a9ANM.FASL A review and approval to the Department of Water Supply(DWS). SSFM will nutndingNrtrrer submit plans for the water system improvements to DWS for approval. RAl'MOND T.InGA,ASIA 3) LT will complete, if deemed necessary by DWS,the water commitment deposit Attr4unernnk,pur due,prevailing facilities charges to be paid,and any water system improvements NWCSHBIATSU.ASLA required for Water service. As time Pnnrtpal UACHFNG nONG.LFEIrAll 4) A reduced pressure type backflow prevention assembly will be installed within 1Ltwcettr Pnrmtlat five(5)feet of the meter on private property. ANN€-MIKIKO ROUSLOG,P6n rralertDia mr, 5) If a larger or additional meter is required,a backflow prevention assembly will be RANISAY r.M.TAUNI installed for the above-mentioned meter.The project team recognizes that this Cultural SusaaitraUrluYl'lartmr must be inspected and approved by DWS before water service can be granted. NUCAHNIalILLE F,ASLA.LI-StrAV SnrlurAssmate 6) The project team has contacted the Fire Department to determine any other fire NATHALIERAZO protection requirements or alternatives and will continue to work with them to .%-szhr>AMrx,ate meet their requirements. GRACE'LHENG.ASLA,LEEW GA.SITES* 5er:mrAssrxratr 7) The project team will relocate and adjust the Department's affected water system ETSCYOKILA facilities if necessary due to other agencies' requirements. Avwv ltc DREGNAKA€ We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. rlwxt"tr SELFNA PANG Mahalo, Awxmv NICOLESWANSON PBR HAWAII Ai,vrmtr IM&shvpStr-4.Sulle&i0 imi MU ami en,LEED BD+C Hono€n€u.HaMMY196'313.0M Vice President ld.(MS)121 5631 E-Mail:sgsaditurV&PL Ulvall.ssnn cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department Sherman Wong/LilituokaIani Trust prlrtuxtnnmfclerllxrprr Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust OMA3413486.15 LT Ranch Waimea\Special Permit Application\CommentLetters\Response Letters\DWS Response.docx PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • Ell VIRO,\'DIENTAL STUDIES • ENTITLEMENTS I PERMTTiNr, - GRAPHIC DESIGN Mori, Ashley From: Naboa, Eldridge E <eldridge_naboa@fws.gov> Sant: Friday, October 22, 2021 12:20 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Subject: 2022-TA-0037: Liliu'okalani Trust Cultural Academy and Retreat Kamuela Hawaii Attachments: 2022-TA-0037-Liliuokalani Trust Cultural Academy and Retreat Kamuela Hawaii-Final.pdf Aloha Zendo Kern, Attached you will find the FWS Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office's response to your request for comment on the above-named project.We thank you for your efforts to conserve listed species and native habitats. Please contact me should you have any questions pertaining to this response or require further guidance. When referring to this project, please include this reference number: 01EPIF00-2022-TA-0037. Mahalo, Eldridge --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Eldridge E. Naboa Fish and Wildlife Biologist-Hawai'i Island and Maui Nui U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 154 Waianuenue Avenue, Suite 103 Hilo, Hawai'i 96720-2452 Office: 808-933-6964 Mobile:808-284-0037 Website: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands 0 w�� Qt�E�T QR THE FISU do WILDLIFE United States Department of the Interior RERFICE a ' FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ch s.'ae Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 300 Ala Moana Boulevard,Room 3-122 Honolulu,Hawaii 96950 In Reply Refer To; October 19,2021 01a F00-2022-TA-0037 Zendo Kern Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Subject: Technical Assistance on the Proposed Establishment of a Cultural Academy and Retreat by the Liliu`okalani Trust in Kamuela(Special Permit Application: PL- SPP 2021-000004), Island and County of Hawai`i Dear Zendo Kern: Thank you for your recent correspondence requesting technical assistance on species biology, habitat, or life requisite requirements. The Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (PIFWO)of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service)appreciates your efforts to avoid or minimize effects to protected species associated with your proposed actions. We provide the following information for your consideration under the authorities of the Endangered Species Act(ESA) of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), as amended. Due to significant workload constraints,PIFWO is currently unable to specifically address your information request. The table below lists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. Based on your project location and description,we have noted the species most likely to occur within the vicinity of the project area, in the `Occurs In or Near Pro'ect Area' column. Please note this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. We have added to the PIFWO website, Iocated at htt s:/,www.fi,�=s.aov/ acificislands/ romo.cfm?id=177175840 recommended conservation measures intended to avoid or minimize adverse effects to these federally protected species and best management practices to minimize and avoid sedimentation and erosion impacts to water quality. If your project occurs on the island of Hawaii, we have also enclosed our biosecurity protocol for activities in or near natural areas. If you are representing a federal action agency, please request an official species list following the instructions at our PIFWO website INTERIOR REGION 9 INTERIOR REGION 12 COLUMBIA—PACIFIC NORTHWEST PACIFIC ISLANDS IDAHO. MONTANA*, OREGON', WASHINGTON AMERICAN SAMOA, GUAM, HAWAN, NORTHERN PARTIAL MARIANA ISLANDS Zendo Kern 2 h s://wcvw.fNN,s. ov/ acificislands/articles.cfm?id=149489558. You can find out if your project occurs in or near designated critical habitat here: https:Hecos.fws_.gov-/ipac/. Under section 7 of the ESA, it is the Federal agency's (or their non-Federal designee) responsibility to make the determination of whether or not the proposed project"may affect" federally Iisted species or designated critical habitat. A "may affect, not likely to adversely affect" determination is appropriate when effects to federally listed species are expected to be discountable(i.e., unlikely to occur),insignificant(minimal in size), or completely beneficial. This conclusion requires written concurrence from the Service. If a"may affect, likely to adversely affect" determination is made,then the Federal agency must initiate formal consultation with the Service. Projects that are determined to have "no effect" on federally listed species and/or critical habitat do not require additional coordination or consultation. Implementing the avoidance, minimization, or conservation measures for the species that may occur in your project area will normally enable you to make a"may affect,not likely to adversely affect" determination for your project.If it is determined that the proposed project may affect federally listed species, we recommend you contact our office early in the planning process so that we may assist you with the ESA compliance. If the proposed project is funded, authorized, or permitted by a Federal agency,then that agency should consult with us pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA. If no Federal agency is involved with the proposed project,the applicant should apply for an incidental take permit under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the ESA. A section 10 permit application must include a habitat conservation plan that identifies the effects of the action on listed species and their habitats and defines measures to minimize and mitigate those adverse effects. We appreciate your efforts to conserve endangered species. We regret that we cannot provide you with more specific protected species information for your project site. If you have questions that are not answered by the information on our website, you can contact PIFWO at(808)792- 9400 and ask to speak to the lead biologist for the island where your project is located. Sincerely, GHELSIE Digitally signed by CHELS1 E JAVAR- JAVAR- SALAS Date:2021.10.19 SALAS 17:17:54-10'00' Acting Island Team Manager Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Enclosures (2): Federal Status of Animal Species Federal Status of Plant Species Zendo Kern 3 The table below Iists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. For your guidance,we have marked species that may occur in the vicinity of your project, this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. Enclosure 1.Federal Status of Animal Species Scientific Name Common Name/ Federal Mav Occur Hawaiian Name Status In Project Area Mammals Lasiurus cinerezis semotus Hawaiian hoary E bat/`o e`a e`a Reptiles Chelonia rnydas green sea turtle/honu T ❑ -Central North Pacific distinct population segment DPS Eretmochelys imbricata hawksbill sea turtle/ E ❑ honu `ea or `ea Birds Anas imilliana Hawaiian duck/koloa E ❑ Branta sandvicensis Hawaiian goose/nene T Fulica alai Hawaiian coot/`alae E ❑ ke`oke`o Gallinula galeata Hawaiian gallinule/`alae E ❑ sandvicensis `ula Himantopus mexicanus Hawaiian stilt/ae`o E ❑ knudseni Oceanodroina castro band-rumped storm-petrel E Hawaii DPS/`ake`ake Plerodroina sandivichensis Hawaiian petrel/`ua`u E Pzffinzis auricularis neivelli Newell's shearwater/`a`o T Ardenna pacificus wedge-tailed MBTA ❑ shearwater/`ua`u kani Buteo solitarius Hawaiian hawk/`io MBTA Gygis alba white tern/maim-o-ku MBTA ❑ Insects Manduca blackburni Blackburn's sphinx moth E Megalagrion pacifewn Pacific Hawaiian damselfly E ❑ Megalagrion xanthomelas orangeblack Hawaiian E ❑ damselfly Megalagrion nigrohamanan blackline Hawaiian E ❑ nik rolineaturn damselfly Zendo Kern 4 Enclosure 2.Federal Status of Plant Species Plants Scientific Name Common Name Federal Locations Mav or Status Occur In Hawaiian Name Proiect Area Abutilon menziesii ko`oloa`ula E 0,L, M, H ❑ Achvranthes splendens ewa hinahina E 0 ❑ var, rotundata Bonamia inenziesii no common name E K, 0, L,M,H ❑ Cancwalia pubescens `awikiwiki E Ni, K,L, M ❑ Colubrina oppositifolia kauila E 0,M,H ❑ Cvperzis trachvsanthos pu`uka`a E K, 0 ❑ Cyrtandsa nanawaleenis ha`iwale E H ❑ Gouama hillebrandii no common name E Mo, M ❑ Hibiscus brackenridgei ma`o hau hele E 0, Mo, L,M, H ❑ Ischaemian bvrone Hilo ischaemum E K, 0, Mo,M, H ❑ Isodendrion pyrifolizan wahine noho kula E 0, H ❑ Matsilea villosa `ihi`ihi E Ni, O,Mo ❑ Meaoneuron kavaiense uhiuhi E 0, H ❑ Nothocestrum breviorum `aiea E H ❑ Panicnnn fauriei var. Carter's E Molokini islet(0), ❑ carteri panicgrass Mo Panjewn niiliarrense lau`ehu E K ❑ Peucedarrntin sandwicetise makou. E K, 0,Mo, M ❑ Pleomele,(Chiwsodracon) halapepe E H ❑ hcnvaiiensis Portulaca sclerocarpa `ihi E L,H ❑ Portulaca villosa `ihi E Le,Ka,Ni, 0,Mo,M, ❑ L,H,Nihoa Pritchardia affinis loulu E H ❑ (maideniana) Pseudognaphalium ena`ena E Mo,M ❑ sandivicensium var. molokaiense Scaevola coriacea dwarf naupaka E Mo,M ❑ Schenkia(Centaurium) dwiwi E K, 0,Mo, L,M ❑ sebaeoides Sabanici tomentosa `ohai E Ni,Ka,K, 0,Mo,M, ❑ L, H,Necker,Nihoa Tetramolopium rockii no common name T Mo ❑ Vigna o-wahuensis no common name E Mo,M,L,H,Ka ❑ Location key: 0=0`ahu,K=Kaua`i,M=Maui,H=island of Hawaii,L=Lana`i,Mo=MoIoka`i,Ka=Kaho`olawe, Ni=Ni`ihau,Le=Lehua December 1,2021 PBR �IAWAll & ASSOCIATES, INIC. Chelsie Javar-Salas,Acting Island Team Manager Pacific Islands U.S.Fish and Wildlife Office R 'T"D'•,'"'^\:•4>I A 300 Ala Moana Boulevard,Room 3-122 Honolulu,Hawaii 96850 GEti�1.Il 1:f CEIE'ti$,IAtiLA.IE'Ep il'REIr[.. L Y . \'I NCL?S 1'tiFl IG£hl?:1 SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR j LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAPI, GEIA�I l..sE�se�h��F3..;1�1:t ktl�AP BO-E TMK(3) 6-4-018:095 S.'n:•ir L ra,t Plrsrrlrr[t PN.[t�rrrl F:E,1]Ml!vL1111'UE\,lEEf]'hP P,U-C Aloha Ms. Javar-Salas, TONI SCHNELL,AICP Prau ynl cATEEcul.usnx,nlcP Mahalo for your letter dated October 19,2021 (Reference No.01EPIF00-2022-TA-0037) Primlplt regarding Lili`uokalani Trust's (LT)Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we have reviewed your comments and offer the following responses: MOZMAS S.W rrr£N.PASLA GilrlfttMR FmRTlrli9 Mahalo for providing the list of protected species most likely to be encountered in the Founds NK glWn"NDT,rAsl_5 area of the project site. Measures will be taken to minimize potential impacts to the noted Fuxa�rglhftmr p J p p species as follows: RAYM014)r.IHGA.ASLA .1awciattPrsn[lya! LT recognizes that the Hawaiian Hoary Bat has the potential to occur in the vicinity MARCSHINIATsIJ•ASLA • of the project area and may roost in nearby trees.Mitigation measures will include AssrxmttPrirt[ipirl avoiding disturbance,removal, or trimming of woody plants greater than fifteen feet DACHENG DGNG,LMI'AP iUWdatcPr1r,1JW1 tall during the birthing and pupping season of June 1 through September 15. Barbed ANN il11KIKO BOUSLOG.Ph!) wire will be avoided on the property for any use. Pmifft P1=Zf r RAM SAY R.M.TAUM • If a Nerve is found to be present during construction activities,all activities within one Callairal Sit.ValtralulrtyP4rrrser hundred feet will cease and the bird(s)will not be approached. We understand that MICA HM01ILLLN.ASLA.LEXIYAP work may continue after the bird(s)leaves)the area of their own accord.If a nest is }err:orAssaririrr discovered at any point,LT will contact the Hawaii Branch Division of Forestry and NA'rHALIE1tA70 Wildlife(DOFAW)Office. Souor Associate GRACE LHEV(;.ASLA.L£ED'G3.51 rES'AP SCHWAzuxtat[' • LT and the project team will survey the area to ensure there are no `Io,or Hawaiian ETSUYOI;n.A Hawk,nests present before cutting any trees,especially during the nesting season of hwrr:[e March through September. GfiEG\AKAI AmocWr • Any outdoor or nighttime lighting will be fully shielded to minimize impacts to EL Wf PANG seabirds that may ass through the area at night,such as the Band-Ruin ed Storm� r — y ht p g g � p n1c01 s:sWANsnSE Petrel, Hawaiian Petrel,and Newell's Shearwater.Nighttime work that requires Al.W w, outdoor lighting will be avoided during the seabird fledgling season from September 15 through December 15.A link that discusses seabird-friendly lighting will be 1001 BishopSlreeWMILtIM shared with LT and the design team. Honolulu,Hawari'JU13 31Sh rr>a SM)21 63' We understand that the Blackburn Sphinx Moth BSM larvae feedon man Fa�:IFi(bsl;:a Fa[Ez • p (BSM) Y E nonnative plants and particularly prefers tree tobacco(Nicotiana glauca).There are no tree tobacco plants onsite.However,the project team has reached out to DOFAW printr[lnn,acFrkrt faprr for further information regarding the presence of plants preferred by BSM and will follow up on any recommended actions by DOFAW to avoid potential impacts to the BSM. PLANNING • LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • £NVIRONSIE\TAL STUDIES • ENTITLEMENTS r PERMITTING • GRAPHIC DESIGN t Ms. Chelsie Javar-Salas SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004)FOR LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S (LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAI`I,TMK(3)6-4-018:095 December 1,2021 Page 2 In addition to the above,onsite drainage will be designed to minimize and avoid sedimentation and erosion impacts to downstream water quality by containing runoff onsite. The project does not involve a federal agency action and no critical habitats are located onsite.LT and the project team understands if federally listed species are found onsite, LT may apply for an incidental take permit under section 10(a)(1)(B)of the Endangered Species Act(ESA).The project team recognizes that this section 10 permit application must include a habitat conservation plan that identifies the effects of the action on the listed species and their habitats and defines measure to minimize and mitigate those adverse effects. We appreciate your comments to the Special Permit Application. Mahalo, PBR HAWAII Kimi Mi ami uen,LEED BD+C Vice President cc: Zendo Kern/Hawai`i County Planning Department Jessica AndrewslHawai`i County Planning Department Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Jill Beatty/Lili`uokaIani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust O:Uob34l3486,15 I T RaricEi Waiineal5pecial Permit AgplieationlComment L•ettersl 6p-!Qme LettersTWS Respon d i Mori, Ashley From: James Hustace <jameshustace@gmail.com> Sent: Wednesday, November 10, 2021 8:54 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Cc: Cook, Eric Subject: PMHA Comments - Lili'uokalani Trust Special Permit Application PL-SPP-2021-000004 Attachments: LT Special Permit Application - PMHA comments.pdf Aloha, Please fine[attached comments from the Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association regarding the Special Permit Application for Lili'uokalani Trust(PL-SPP 2021-000004). Mahalo, James James Hustace lameshustace(c@gmail.com F 1 Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association P.O.Box 2874 Kamuela,HI 96743 November 10,2021 County of Hawaii,Planning Department West Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keobokalole Hwy. Kailua-Kona,HI 96740 Attention:Director Zendo Kern Subject:Special Permit Application(PL-SPP 2021-000004];Lili uokalani Trust;TMK(3)6-4-018:095 Aloha Director Kern, The Pu'u Manu homeowners and the Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association(PMHA)are grateful to be included in the County of Hawaii Planning Department process in providing an opportunity for the homeowners to give feedback on this Special Permit Application.Upon receiving the initial correspondence from your office, the homeowners were given adequate time to review the documentation and respond to outreach with any questions or concerns.PMHA also held a special meeting on Wednesday,November 3 with the applicant to review the application and pose any further questions. The applicant is one of the most recent additions to the Pu'u Manu subdivision and has regularly attended and been willing to host homeowner meetings even through the concerns brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.Through conversations with the applicant,it is apparent that the establishment of their cultural academy and retreat would he best suited in a quiet community,much like the one that has been established on Pu'u Manu Place.The land and unique environment here on Pu'u Manu Place will grant the applicant an opportunity to impart a sense of place and nurture the keiki of the greater Waimea area. In identifying their parcel and respective part of PMHA,the applicant has acknowledged and made note on numerous occasions that they acknowledge and value the quiet nature of the subdivision,and will adhere to the initial intent of the neighborhood and the guidelines set forth in the PMHA bylaws.Between conversations with homeowners and the special meeting held on Wednesday,November 3,questions were raised about the potential increase in vehicular traffic from the applicant and its plans as it relates to the purpose of the cultural academy and retreat.The applicant has made clear that on a regular basis children will be transported to and from the site from an external rendezvous point using an organizational vehicle. This shared use vehicle will drastically cutback on the impact to the privately owned roadway and further limit the number of vehicles entering and exiting at the highway access point.The applicant has further stated that all precautions will be taken to limit the impact to neighboring homes and parcels,from proper observation of students to limited operating hours,to restricting access to the site,to security measures,and to even working with neighboring homeowners for the purpose of planting adequate privacy barriers.-The applicant is willing to take that extra step to accommodate and work with the homeowners in an effort to maintain good relations with all parties. Furthermore,the applicant is most willing to keep PMHA informed of their scheduled and future programs so as not to alarm homeowners,but rather create a general understanding of use and foreknowledge of upcoming events,PMHA and the applicant will work together on determining the best delivery and frequency of this information to the homeowners.PMHA is grateful for the transparency and cooperation from the applicant,as this type of information showcases the willingness of the applicant to work side by side with the Pu'u Manu community and highlights their respect and value of the neighborhood and its serene atmosphere. PMHA and its respective homeowners look forward to the positive relationship that will he cultivated with the applicant,Thank you for allowing Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association an opportunity to comment and weigh in on this project, Mahalo, i James Hustace,Primary Agent Pu'u Manu Homeowners Association December 1,2021 PBR I IAWAII &ASSOCIATES, INC. R.ST4\UL"tiC•lC.�Sl.� James Hustace,Primary Agent P.O.u`u Box Homeowners Association 10--sSL11 Y 1 CIII\f;,t'ASI A,11.1.11 aYtMit P BOX 2874 ' „e. Kamuela, Hawaii 96843 4'tNCLN I'MtIGMUM GRAN rT;MURAkAML AEC l,LLLD APVD.L SUBJECT: SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION(PL-SPP-2021-000004) FOR s<rrrrrlwrrr�u a1 Prui.,rr! LILI`UOKALANI TRUST'S(LT)RANCH,KAMUELA,HAWAPI, KWIMIKANIIYUEN,LEED'AI'L'DrC TMK(3)6-4-018:095 tier-rWi'lotr nmapar TOM SCHN€LL,AICP Nw lm1 CATIE CULLISON.AICP Aloha Mr.Hustace, 'extutAss WrrTEN,FASLA Mahalo nui for your email and letter dated November 10,2021 regarding LiIi`uokalani (Iminrraafive u Trust's(LT)Ranch Special Permit application.As the planning consultant for LT,we k% EltANKIMANDI:tASLA appreciate your thoughtful comments and welcoming of LT's proposed cultural academy Tow,dmAnt ex and retreat in the Pu`u Manu community. LT concurs with your summary of the RAYAIn\DTIIIGA,-[SLA discussions held with homeowners and at the special meeting held on November 3,2021 A&swhjtrr-*mdprr and will continue to work with the community should any further concerns or questions MArCSI-IINIAI5L,ASLA arise. LT is happy to maintain ongoing communications with the community and look A.vadalP])raxy 1 forward to working with the Pu`u Manu Homeowners Association on the best delivery awimren,n prld LF>IrAp and frequency of these updates. LT truly appreciates the serene environment of the Pu`u AA`N MUKIKU RouSLOG,PhD Manu community and looks forward to being a part of the neighborhood. RAAI5ArR.,LTAU,%1 We sincerely appreciate your comments on the Special Permit application and the time c*1r4+r415UU4hWh,la:pPrana.r taken to discuss the application with the project team. A[ICAH 1 I ULLEN.AM.M.EEIPAP NATHA LI E RAZt) ,s'rlo,As.,4t� Mahalo, GRACE Z}ILIG,ASLA.LEED'GA,SITES'AI' SrnwrAsw— PBR HAWAII ETSUxo YILA Asrncrare GREG NANA1 �1 Asy Ww SELF,rA PANG Kimi tkami uen, LEED BD+C -t.:urare — — Vice President XfCOLESWA.NON ,11 u nre II>r tI II1�fg,P s�.1.s�=r,.I;� cc; Zendo Ketn/HawaN County Planning Department }{ono[uia,t{auzl't96813 3-IR-I Jessica Andrews/Hawai`i County Planning Department let it44s);2lsl.Il Fix:15i#tt�23I-Ip2 Sherman Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust £ Jill Beatty/Lili`uokalani Trust Chris Wong/Lili`uokalani Trust Pma"I'm"V)ck(1jWJ r O_�Toh3 34&6:15"i TRanch Waemea 5pecia[�_:Pe me �[i on GommentLett s Respd`nse,E etlerslHOA Res n�o se;d 2S PLANNING - LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - ENTITLEMENTS PERMITTING GRAPHIC DESIGN