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Home My WebLink AboutPD Background Report (PL-SMA-2021-000007) RHolcomb AJR 3/16/2022 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT HOLCOMB FANHLY TRUST SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SMA-2021-000007) The HOLCOMB FAMILY TRUST has submitted an application for a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit to construct a single-story, 3,018 square foot, 3-bedroom, 3.5-bath single-family residence and related improvements which include a swimming pool, garage, lanai, and a utilities room on 6.485 acres of land situated within the SMA. The subject property is located at 28-3426 Hawaii Belt Road (Highway 19), on the makai side of the highway approximately 0.5 miles south of its intersection with Honomu Road, por. of Ka`akepa- Malamalama Iki, South Hilo, Hawaii, TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 1. Request: The Holcomb Family Trust seeks a SMA Use Permit to build a single-family residence on a 6.485-acre shoreline property located makai of Highway 19 just southeast of Honomu in the Special Management Area (SMA) on the Island of Hawaii. The single-story home would have 3,018 square feet(sf) of interior space, with 3 bedrooms and 3.5 baths, and various other rooms. Together with the garage, a lanai, a swimming pool, a utilities room, and other features, the Total Development Area for the residence is 4,877 sf. The home will be off grid and powered by a rooftop photovoltaic system with a backup generator, with potable water from an on-site water well. Wastewater would be treated by an individual wastewater system (IWS) located adjacent to the residence. The residence is designed as a single structure supporting efficient use of energy and materials and facilitating natural ventilation and lighting. The project includes landscaping removing highly invasive albizia, ironwood and fiddlewood trees and planting near the home with native, Polynesian, and noninvasive ornamental trees, groundcover, and ferns, along with some fruit trees, herbs and vegetables. (Planning Department Exhibit 1 — SMA Use Permit Application dated October 20, 2021) -1- 2. Project Objectives: The purpose of the project is to construct a single-family residence on the subject parcel for personal use. 3. Cost/Time of Project: The current estimated cost of the improvements is $500,000. The project would initiate after completion of the final design and the granting of all necessary permits. 4. Landowner: Holcomb Family Trust. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 5. Special Management Area (SMA): No previous development that required SMA permits, or approvals has been conducted on this parcel. 6. Chapter 343, HRS: The proposed improvements are subject to the requirements of Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, regarding Environmental Impact Statements because they are located within the State Land Use Conservation District. A Final Environmental Assessment (FEA) was prepared for the project. A Notice of Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) was published in the November 23, 2021, issue of the ERP bulletin Environmental Notice (Planning Department Exhibit 1 — SMA Use Permit Application dated October 20,2021). STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 7. State Land Use Designation: Conservation and Agricultural. 8. General Plan LUPAG MAP: Open (ope). 9. County Zoning: A-20a(Agricultural, 20-acres). However, County zoning does not apply within the State Land Use (SLU) Conservation District, and any proposed land uses are regulated by DLNR via Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) Ch. 13-5, Conservation District. 10. Hamakua Community Development Plan (RCDP): The Hamakua Community Development Plan was adopted by the Hawaii County Council by Ordinance No. 18-078 on August 22, 2018. 11. Special Management Area (SMA): The project is located within the Special Management Area and therefore, the proposed development is subject to SMA review. -2- DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA 12. Subject Property: The property consists of approximately 6.5 acres located along the South Hilo coastal sea bluffs. The roughly square-shaped subject parcel is comprised of relatively level tableland, with elevations ranging from 45 to 150 feet (14-46 meters) above sea level (asl). A hog wire fence line defines the boundary between the subject parcel and the adjacent parcel to the south. The Honomu Stream flows through the Malamalamaiki Gulch where it empties into the sea along the northern edge of the subject parcel. The former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad, evidenced by a deep cut in the terrain, extends northwest to southeast along a portion of the parcel's western boundary. 13. Surrounding Land Zoning/Uses: The subject parcel is bounded to the east by rocky coastal cliffs and the Pacific Ocean, to the north by the steep sided Malamalamaiki Gulch, to the west by the Mamalahoa Highway right of way, and to the south by an undeveloped parcel. Besides the road, all parcels in the vicinity of the project site are within the County of Hawaii A-20a zoning district. 14. Soil Type: Soils within the study area are classified Hilo hydrous silty clay loam on 10% - 20% slope. These strongly acidic soils dehydrate irreversibly into fine gravel size aggregates and have formed over basalt that originated from Mauna Kea Volcano 64,000 to 300,000 years ago. These soils have historically been used for the cultivation of sugarcane. 15. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System: The project site is listed as both "E" (Very Poor) and"C" (Fair). 16. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) System: The project site is listed as both"unclassified" and "1" (Prime) on the ALISH Map. 17. Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM): The entire property above the pali is classified in Flood Zone X. 18. Flora/Fauna Resources: A biological survey of the subject parcel was conducted in August 2020 in preparation for the proposed project. The survey reviewed U.S. Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey air photos from 1954, 1965 and 1977 which indicate that most of the subject parcel was formerly cultivated in sugarcane; after -3- the closing of sugarcane cultivation in the 1980's the property was reportedly used for cattle pasture and raising pigs. Over most of the property, a variety of grasses dominate the grass layer, including guinea grass, California grass, and Lyon's grass. The tree layer is dominated by fiddlewood, common guava, African tulip, although many other tree species are present, such as albizia, and Chinese banyan. In forested areas there is a variable understory consisting of tree saplings, shrubs, herbs, ferns, and vines, almost all of them non-native. One native shrub is found sparingly but prominently: neneleau (native sumac). The pali edge and the seacliffs exhibit a different vegetation than the rest of the property. They still include fiddlewood, as well as Chinese fan palm, warabi ferns, and various other plants. However,this area is dominated by ironwood,but native species such as hala, naupaka, and nanea are present. Overall, there no uniquely valuable habitats, and there is no existing or proposed federally designated terrestrial critical habitat for plants present on or near the property, and no threatened, endangered, rare, or unusual native plant species were documented. A total of eight (8) bird species were observed during the botanical surveys and the specific bird observation periods, all of them common non-natives of urban, suburban and rural areas in Hawaii. The most common species observed were Japanese white- eyes, common mynas, and striped doves. Few native forest birds would be expected to use the project site due to its low elevation, non-native vegetation, and lack of adequate forest resources. The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat is often found in alien as well as native vegetation in a variety of locations thought the island of Hawaii. These solitary bats are often seen on the Hdmdkua Coast and may be occasionally present in this area. They are vulnerable to disturbance during summer months therefore appropriate conditions to limit tree trimming will be in place. However, no bats were detected during the survey which took place during the day. Only one (1) non-native mammal was observed on the property — what appeared to be semi-feral pigs; it is likely that mongoose, cats, mice, rates, and dogs are also present at times, however, none were observed. 19. Archaeological Resources: As a result of the fieldwork for the current study, a portion of one previously recorded site (Site 50-10-26- 24212) and one newly recorded site (Site -4- 50-10-26-31238) were identified and documented. Site 24212 is a portion of the Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed, a portion of which extends near the western boundary of the parcel. Site 31238 is a section of a cut earthen ditch situated along the southeastern edge of Mdlamalamaiki Gulch near the northern boundary of the subject parcel. This ditch is the former location of a permanent flume built by the Honomu Sugar Company. Site 24212 is considered historically significant under Criterion A for its association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane) in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and under Criterion D for the information it has yielded regarding early twentieth century sugarcane transportation infrastructure. Similarly, Site 31238 is considered significant under Criterion A for its association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane) in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and under Criterion D for the information yielded relative to the history of the development of commercial agriculture in South Hilo District. The survey was reviewed and approved by SHPD, which concurred with the findings of "no historic properties affected" via letter on November 8, 2021, thus concluding the historic review process (Planning Department Exhibit 2 — November 8, 2021, Letter). 20. Cultural/Historic Resources: A cultural impact assessment (CIA) of the subject parcel was conducted for the proposed project in October 2020. Concerning past traditional and customary practices, the consulted parties identified the following: the gathering of near- shore marine resources including `opihi, eels, lobsters, turtle, fishing for near-shore and pelagic species, and gathering of freshwater resources from streams such as `6pae, `o`opu, and prawns. Additionally, several of the consultees identified the tradition of accessing the coast from the cliffs using methods that include ladders, ropes, and knowledge of the natural environment. Regarding the identification of significant historic properties, several of the consulted parties identified the old cane road that looped into the project area. The old cane road easement was also noted in the archaeological inventory survey in addition to a former flume route (Site 31238) and HCR railway bed (Site 24212). Of the identified traditional and customary practices, many of the consulted parties expressed explicit concern over the potential impact the proposed development -5- could have on coastal access and gathering of near-shore and pelagic marine species. As expressed by the consulted parties, accessing the cliffs to gather marine resources from the eastern point of the property has been taking place for at least the past five generations, and that this practice has always been a fundamental part of their lifestyle. 21. Scenic and Open Space Resources: Several locations in Rural South Hilo offer drivers on Highway 19 long, sweeping, horizon views of the sea. Because of the topography of the sea-cliffs, actual shoreline views are rare and found mainly at lookouts in Wainaku and Laupdhoahoe and on some of the bridges. The subject property is at about Mile Marker (MM) 12.7. On the highway approaching the property between MM 12.5 and MM 14 there are no sweeping views, as the combination of topography, distance and vegetation allow drivers only minimal views of the sea. The shoreline itself is not visible between Honoli`i Gulch and Kolekole Gulch, at MM 14.2. On the highway fronting the subject parcel there are no ocean views on the approaches from the south or north. From the highway and the sea, views of the interior—where all construction would occur— are almost completely blocked by trees and/or topography. 22. Public Access: The house site is being set back 130-feet from the top of pali and will not restrict any shoreline uses such as fishing or water sports. Access to the shoreline is difficult and hazardous because of steep cliffs and a set of now dilapidated ladders and ropes, however, the project accommodates users who have traditionally set ropes and ladders to access the area for fishing. While the ladders have deteriorated, and fisherman only rarely rappel down the cliffs, local fishermen wish to preserve this access. To facilitate lateral pedestrian access to and along the top of the pali fronting the property and to the "Ladders" fishing site, the applicant is proposing two (2) pedestrian coastal access corridors (collectively the "coastal access corridor"), as described below: 1) A 6-foot wide mauka—makai corridor along the southeastern boundary of the property, roughly 500 feet in length along the common property boundary with TMK: (3) 2-8-012:029; and 2) A 10-foot-wide lateral corridor along the eastern boundary of the Property out to the point at the "Ladders"fishing site, approximately 323 feet in length. -6- The Applicant intends to keep the coastal access corridor in private ownership and does not intend to dedicate the coastal access corridor to the County. However, the applicant is committed to ensuring that the coastal access corridor will be kept free of structures to allow for access by shoreline fishermen who obtain the applicant's permission to access the coastal access corridors. To facilitate safe access for shoreline fishermen, the applicant has reached a general understanding with the Makahanaloa Fishing Association, an organization representing a large group of fishermen from the Hamakua area. It is anticipated that the Association will assist with the management of the coastal access corridor to allow for managed shoreline fishing access, and to mitigate the potential liability to the property owner. The applicant intends to execute a License for Shoreline Access over the coastal access corridor with the Association to govern the Association members' assumption of risk and indemnification of the applicant and its affiliated parties, while also ensuring that the coastal corridor is used lawfully. The applicant is planning to provide an on-site parking area for 2 to 3 cars for use by the Association and its members, immediately mauka of the proposed driveway to the residence. The pedestrian coastal access corridor will be open to invitees of the applicant, including the members of the Association, every day during daylight hours (from sunrise or 6:00 a.m., whichever is earlier, to one-half hour past sunset, or 6:00 p.m., whichever is later), seven (7) days a week. Access for night fishing past 6:00 p.m. shall be allowed for those individuals who are actively engaged in night fishing activities through a registration system managed by the Association and will not include overnight camping within the property. The applicant also proposes to install shoreline access signs along the length of the roadway easement and the coastal access corridor to inform the public that they are on private property and warn of the steep coastal sea cliffs. Informational and warning signage will be limited to 6 to 8 signs to preserve the natural character of the area. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 23. Access: The property is accessed via (2) private easements located on TMK: (3) 2-8- 012:029, which is owned by Michael Nejfeld. These private easements, approximately -7- 0.030 acres and 0.345 acres respectively, allow access to the paved widened section of Highway 19 right-of-way. The 0.030-acre access easement also contains a second unpaved roadway that extends makai into Parcel 29. TNM: (3) 2-8-012:030, 031, and 032, have legal access through Parcel 29 and through the 0.030-acre easement abutting the widened paved section of Highway 19. 24. Water: No municipal water service is provided to the property. The proposed project includes constructing an on-site water well for potable water uses. 25. Wastewater: No municipal wastewater service is provided to the park. Wastewater will be treated by a DOH approved individual wastewater system (IWS) located adjacent to the residence. 26. Other Essential Utilities and Services: The proposed residence will be powered by a photovoltaic system and backup generator. Fire protection will be provided by sprinklers throughout the residence. Telephone service will be connected via overhead line to an existing pole located just west of the property. AGENCIES' COMMENTS 27. Department of Public Works - Engineering: (Planning Department Exhibit 3 — February 14,2022,Memo). 28. State Department of Health: (Planning Department Exhibit 4 — February 2, 2022, Memo). 29. Department of Environmental Management — Wastewater: (Planning Department Exhibit 5—February 3, 2022, Memo). 30. Department of Land and Natural Resources — Engineering: (Planning Department Exhibit 6-February 25, 2022, Memo) 31. State Department of Transportation: (Planning Department Exhibit 7 — March 10, 2022, Letter). 32. Department of Water Supply (DWS): (Planning Department Exhibit 8 — March 1, 2022, Letter). -8- AGENCIES -NO COMMENT 33. Department of Environmental Management — Solid Waste; County of Hawaii Police Department; State of Hawai`i Office of Planning; Department of Land and Natural Resources- Land; Department of Land and Natural Resources- DAR; USFWS AGENCIES -NO RESPONSE 34. County Fire Department APPLICANT RESPONSE TO AGENCIES' COMMENTS 35. Letter from Carlsmith Ball LLP providing responses to agency comments: (Planning Department Exhibit 9—March 15,2022, Letter) PUBLIC COMMENTS 36. The Department has not received any comments or objections from the general public or adjacent landowners on the subject application. -9- SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: — DATE- 6 r ADDRESS:3857 Birch Street, PMB 33 Newport Beach, CA 92660-2616 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: PHONE:(Bus.) 808-935-6644 (Res.) (Fax) LANDOWNER(S): Holcomb Family Trust LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE: o Zan zl LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS:38-7 arch Stre� a�'ft3 Newport Beach, CA 92660-2616 REQUEST: Special Management Area Major Use Permit for a Single-Family Dwelling and related uses TAX MAP KEY(3) 2-8-012.028 ZONING: A-20a SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREAS1. ,6.485 ac AGENT:Steven S.C. Lim, Esq. & Jason Knable of Carlsmith Ball, LLP ADDRESS: 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 TELEPHONE:(Bus.)808-935-7975 (Res.) 808-935-7975 (Fax)808-935-7975 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Carismith Bali, LLP COPIES: Planning Dspt. Exhibit—1 SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE o cCHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF �(� h4 BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES HAWAII P 195,9 9' COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ROBERT K MASUDA { FRST DEPUTY Lard and Na Io M.KALEO MANUEL CL r�y� 49� �. DEPUTY D CPOR-WATER Y( - @ AQUATIC RESOURCES T 4 BOATINGAND OCEANRECREATION HIQ,��SI BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT STATE OF HAWAII ENGINEERING FORESTRY AND WII,DLH'E StatPofH DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES HISTGRICPRESERVATION KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION LAND POST OFFICE BOX 621 STATE PARKS HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 Ref:OCCL:RB CDUA HA-3878 To: Mary Alice Evans, OPSD Director Environmental Review Program From: Suzanne D. Case, Chairperson ¢`" ' Department of Land and Natural Resources Subject: Final Environmental Assessment(FEA)for Conservation Use District Application (CDUA) HA-3878 for the Holcomb Single Family Residence (SFR) and Related Improvements,Landscaping, and Signs located in Malamalama Iki, S.Hilo,Hawaii Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 2-8-012:028 The Department of Land and Natural Resources has reviewed the FEA for Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) HA-3878 and has determined a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) in the context of §11-200.1-13 Significance Criteria. Please be advised that the determined FONSI does not constitute approval of the proposal. The Draft Environment Assessment (DEA) was published in the July 23, 2021, edition of the Environmental Review Programs's(ERP) The Environmental Notice. Comments on the DEA were sought from relevant agencies as well as the public and were included in the FEA. The FEA has been prepared pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes and Chapter 11-200.1, Hawaii Administrative Rules. Please publish notice of this FEA-FONSI in the November 23,2021, edition of The Environmental Notice. The FEA will be attached and submitted to ERP via ERP's online Submittal Form. If you have any questions please contact Rachel Beasley at rachel.e.beasleyghawaii. oovv or work cell at 808-798-6481. From: webmasterCcbhawaii.aov To: DBEDT OPSD Environmental Review Proaram Subject: New online submission for The Environmental Notice Date: Tuesday, November 16, 2021 10:15:14 AM Action Name Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu Type of Document/Determination Final environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact(FEA-FONSI) HRS§343-5(a)Trigger(s) (2) Propose any use within any land classified as a conservation district Judicial district South Hilo,Hawai'i Tax Map Key(s)(TMK(s)) (3)2-8-012:028 Action type Applicant Other required permits and approvals County of Hawaii: Special Management Area Permit Plan Approval and Grubbing, Grading, and Building Permits State of Hawaii: Conservation District Use Permit Wastewater System Approval Water Well Construction Permit and Pump Installation Permit Chapter 6E SHPD Approval of Archaeological Survey Discretionary consent required Conservation District Use Permit Approving agency Department of Land and Natural Resources Agency contact name Rachel Beasley Agency contact email (for info about the action) rachel.e.beasleyO-hawaii.gov Email address or URL for receiving comments rachel.e.beasleyO-hawaii.gov Agency contact phone (808)798-6481 Agency address 1151 Punchbowl Street#131 Honolulu, HI 96813 United States Map It Applicant Kelly Holcomb Applicant contact name Jason Knable Applicant contact email iknablela�carlsmith.com Applicant contact phone (808)935-7975 Applicant address 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 United States Map It Was this submittal prepared by a consultant? Yes Consultant GEOMETRICIAN ASSOCIATES, LLC Consultant contact name Ron Terry Consultant contact email rterryQ_hawaii.rr.com Consultant contact phone (808)969-7090 Consultant address 10 Hina Street Hilo, HI 96720 United States Map It Action summary Applicant proposes a home on his 6.485-acre property near Honomu.The 1-story home will be set back 130 ft from the seaclitf and will have 3,018 sf of interior space,3 bedrooms and 3.5 baths,and a garage,lanai,pool,and utilities room.The off-grid home will have rooftop solar PV and a water well.The project would remove invasive albizia, ironwood and fiddlewood trees.Native,Polynesian and non-invasive ornamental vegetation and fruit trees and vegetables would be planted.Over a century of sugarcane farming altered the original landscape and no threatened and endangered plants are present.Two sugarcane-era archaeological sites are present but no adverse effects will occur.Grading will be minimal and mitigated by BMPs.Clearing timing restrictions will help prevent impacts to Hawaiian hawks and endangered Hawaiian hoary bats.The cultural practice of descending the tall seacliff via ladders and ropes to fish will be preserved through access easements to a fishing association. Reasons supporting determination Chapter 11-200.1-13, Hawai'i Administrative Rules, outlines those factors agencies must consider when determining whether an Action has significant effects: (a) In considering the significance of potential environmental effects, agencies shall consider and evaluate the sum of effects of the proposed action on the quality of the environment. (b) In determining whether an action may have a significant effect on the environment, the agency shall consider every phase of a proposed action, the expected impacts, and the proposed mitigation measures. In most instances, an action shall be determined to have a significant effect on the environment if it may: 1. Irrevocably commit a natural, cultural, or historic resource. No valuable natural or cultural resource would be committed or lost. Several common native plants are present, especially near the cliffs where there will be no disturbance other than removal of invasive trees. No native ecosystems or valuable flora or fauna would be adversely affected. An archaeological inventory survey determined that two sites that lack physical integrity but are associated with former sugarcane cultivation were found. No adverse effects to historic sites would occur. A path to the top of a shoreline point accessed only by a series of now-defunct ladders but formerly used for shoreline fishing will be maintained. No valuable cultural resources and practices such as shoreline access, fishing, gathering, hunting, or access to ceremonial sites would be adversely affected in any way. 2. Curtail the range of beneficial uses of the environment. No restriction of beneficial uses would occur by residential use on this lot. 3. Conflict with the State's environmental policies or long-term environmental goals established by law. The State's long-term environmental policies are set forth in Chapter 344, HRS. The broad goals of this policy are to conserve natural resources and enhance the quality of life. The project is environmentally benign and minor, and it is thus consistent with all elements of the State's long-term environmental policies. 4. Have a substantial adverse effect on the economic welfare, social welfare, or cultural practices of the community and State. The project would not have any substantial effect on the economic or social welfare of the Big Island community or the State of Hawai'i. 5. Have a substantial adverse effect on public health. The project would not affect public health and safety in any way. Wastewater will be disposed of in conformance with State Department of Health regulations. 6. Involve adverse secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. The small scale of the proposed project would not produce any major secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. 7. Involve a substantial degradation of environmental quality. The project is minor and environmentally benign, and thus it would not contribute to environmental degradation. 8. Be individually limited but cumulatively have substantial adverse effect upon the environment or involves a commitment for larger actions. The adverse effects of building a single-family residence are limited to very minor and temporary disturbance to traffic, air quality, noise, and visual quality during construction. This area is fairly isolated from sensitive receptors. There are no traffic issues associated with the highway access point,which provides for only a handful of lightly visited properties that generate only negligible traffic. There are no substantial government or private projects in construction or planning in the area, and no accumulation of adverse construction effects would be expected. Other than the precautions for preventing adverse effects during construction listed above, no special mitigation measures should be required to counteract the small adverse cumulative effect. 9. Have a substantial adverse effect on a rare, threatened, or endangered species, or its habitat. The site has been surveyed for threatened and endangered plants, and none are present. Other than Hawaiian hoary bats and Hawaiian hawks, island wide-ranging species that will experience no adverse impacts due to mitigation through seasonal timing of vegetation removal and seasonal hawk surveys as needed, no rare, threatened or endangered species of fauna are known to exist on or near the property, and none would be affected by any project activities. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature(CCT)of 2700 Kelvin. This will reduce the risk that transiting threatened or endangered seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. 10. Have a substantial adverse effect on air or water quality or ambient noise levels. No substantial effects to air, water, or ambient noise would occur. Brief, temporary effects would occur during construction and would be mitigated. The context of the property's location, with no residences, parks, or other sensitive uses nearby, will help avoid noise impacts. Erosion and sedimentation impacts will be avoided by implementation of Best Management Practices during grading, which will occur in a very limited area. 11. Have a substantial adverse effect on or be likely to suffer damage by being located in an environmentally sensitive area such as a flood plain, tsunami zone, sea level rise exposure area, beach, erosion-prone area, geologically hazardous land, estuary, fresh water, or coastal waters. The proposed home site is not located in a flood zone nor would it affect one. In general, geologic conditions do not impose undue constraints on the proposed action, as volcanic hazard is low and the home will meet or exceed all seismic hazard standards. The house would be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the edge of the pali, and will not be affected directly by sea level rise or the slow retreat of shoreline cliffs. The project has adapted to climate change by accounting for the potential for larger storms, through minimizing hard surfaces that generate runoff and removing nearby tall invasive trees. The applicant understands that there are hazards associated with homes in this geologic setting and has made the decision that a residence is not imprudent to construct or inhabit. 12. Have a substantial adverse effect on scenic vistas and viewplanes, during day or night, identified in county or state plans or studies. No protected scenic views are located nearby or would be affected in any way. The proposed use is consistent with other single-family residential and farming uses in the area. It will be in area barely not visible from the shoreline and barely visible from the sea, and not at all visible from the nearest State highway or any other public road. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature(CCT)of 2700 Kelvin. This will protect dark skies reduce the risk that the threatened or endangered seabirds that may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. 13. Require substantial energy consumption or emit substantial greenhouse gases. Negligible amounts of energy input and greenhouse gas emission would be required for construction and occupation of the residence. The residence is designed as a single structure supporting efficient use of energy and materials and facilitating natural ventilation and lighting. The home will also have roof-mounted photovoltaic and solar water heating panels, reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy-efficient appliances will be used throughout the house. A design that accommodates natural ventilation and an insulated roof structure will reduce potential solar gain to the home and reduce the need for air conditioning. Attached documents(signed agency letter&EA/EIS) • FONSI-Memo-Holcomb-SFR-in-CD-DLNR.pdf • Final-EA-Holcomb-Single-Family-Residence-in-CD-at-Honomu.pdf Shapefile • The location map for this Final EA is the same as the location map for the associated Draft EA. Action location map Holcomb-Honomu-Property.zip Authorized individual Ron Terry Authorization The above named authorized individual hereby certifies that he/she has the authority to make this submission. Final Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu November 2021 TMK (3rd): 2-8-012:028 Honomu, South Hilo District, County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii APPLICANT: Kelly Holcomb c/o Carlsmith Ball, LLP 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 DETERMINING AGENCY: State of Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 131 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 CONSULTANT: Geometrician Associates LLC 10 Hina Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Final Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu TMK (3rd): 2-8-012:028 Honomu, South Hilo District, County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii APPLICANT: Kelly Holcomb c/o Carlsmith Ball, LLP 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 DETERMINING AGENCY: State of Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 131 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 CONSULTANT: Geometrician Associates LLC 10 Hina Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 CLASS OF ACTION: Use of Land in Conservation District This document is prepared pursuant to: The Hawaii Environmental Policy Act, Chapter 343,Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS),and Title 11, Chapter 200.1,Hawaii Department of Health Administrative Rules(HAR) [This page intentionally left blank] Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................... ii PART 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND E.A. PROCESS ............................................................ 1 1.1 Project Description and Location ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Environmental Assessment Process ................................................................................... 12 1.3 Public Involvement and Agency Coordination ................................................................... 12 PART 2: ALTERNATIVES............................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Proposed Project,Alternative Sites and Alternative Uses .................................................. 13 2.2 No Action ........................................................................................................................... 13 PART 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING,IMPACTS AND MITIGATION................................... 14 3.1 Physical Environment.......................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Climate, Geology, Soils and Geologic Hazards..................................................... 14 3.1.2 Flood Zones and Shoreline Setting........................................................................ 15 3.1.3 Water Quality......................................................................................................... 22 3.1.4 Flora and Fauna .................................................................................................... 24 3.1.5 Air Quality and Noise............................................................................................ 28 3.1.6 Scenic Resources................................................................................................... 28 3.1.7 Hazardous Substances,Toxic Waste and Hazardous Conditions.......................... 30 3.2 Socioeconomic and Cultural................................................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Land Use, Socioeconomic Characteristics and Recreation.................................... 31 3.2.2 Cultural and Historic Resources .......................................................................... 31 3.3 Public Roads, Services and Utilities .................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 Roads and Access ................................................................................................... 45 3.3.2 Public Utilities and Services ................................................................................... 45 3.4 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts.................................................................................... 46 3.5 Required Permits and Approvals......................................................................................... 46 3.6 Consistency with Government Plans and Policies .............................................................. 47 3.6.1 Hawaii County General Plan.................................................................................. 47 3.6.2 Hawaii County Zoning and Special Management Area......................................... 51 3.6.3 Conservation District............................................................................................... 52 PART 4: DETERMINATION,FINDINGS AND REASONS........................................................... 54 4.1 Determination...................................................................................................................... 54 4.2 Findings and Supporting Reasons....................................................................................... 55 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 58 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 Natural Hazards Impacting Property Coastline................................................................... 22 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE1 Project Location Map.......................................................................................................... 2 FIGURE2 Site Photos........................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURE 3 Site Plans: Overall Site Plan;Floor Plan; Sections;Elevations........................................... 7 FIGURE4 Flood Zone Map.................................................................................................................. 16 FIGURE 5 Sea Level Rise Exposure Map............................................................................................. 18 APPENDIX la Comments in Response to Early Consultation APPENDIX lb Comments to Draft EA and Responses APPENDIX 2 Archaeological Inventory Survey and SHPD Approval Letter APPENDIX 3 Cultural Impact Assessment Page i Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment APPENDIX 4 Coastal Erosion Study APPENDIX 5 Biological Survey APPENDIX 6 Visual Impact Assessment APPENDIX 7 Site Plans: Civil Site Plan; Grading Plan;Landscape Plans;Tree Removal Aerial SUMMARY OF PROJECT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Kelly Holcomb(the applicant)seeks a Conservation District Use Permit(CDUP)to build a single-family residence on his 6.485-acre shoreline property located makai of Highway 19 just southeast of Honomu in the Conservation District on the Island of Hawaii. The single-story home would have 3,018 square feet(sf)of interior space,with 3 bedrooms and 3.5 baths, and various other rooms. Together with the garage, a lanai, a swimming pool, a utilities room, and other features,the Total Development Area for the residence is 4,877 sf. The home will be off grid and powered by a rooftop photovoltaic system with a backup generator,with potable water from an on-site water well. Wastewater would be treated by an individual septic system located adjacent to the residence. The residence is designed as a single structure supporting efficient use of energy and materials and facilitating natural ventilation and lighting. The project includes landscaping removing highly invasive albizia,ironwood and fiddlewood trees and planting near the home with native,Polynesian and non- invasive ornamental trees,groundcover and ferns, along with some fruit trees,herbs and vegetables. Over a century of commercial cultivation of sugarcane in all parts of the property substantially altered the original landscape and vegetation. The site was surveyed for threatened and endangered plants, and none are present, although some native plants are present in limited areas that will not be affected by the project. Impacts to the island wide-ranging Hawaiian hawks and endangered Hawaiian hoary bats will be avoided through seasonal timing of vegetation removal and seasonal hawk surveys as needed.An archaeological survey found only the former locations of the railroad and a sugarcane flume,of which no remnants are present.No further archaeological work is expected to be required. In the unlikely event that additional undocumented archaeological resources,including shell,bones,midden deposits,lava tubes,or similar finds, are encountered during construction,work in the immediate area of the discovery will be halted and the State Historic Preservation Division will be contacted to determine the appropriate actions. The proposed home site is almost completely hidden from outside view by topography and groves of tall trees on the subject and adjacent properties, and will be set back more than 130 feet from the top of pah above the coastline.No streams or other water bodies are present on the property. Landclearing and construction activities would occur over less than an acre,with very minor short-term impacts to noise, air quality and scenery. These would be mitigated by Best Management Practices associated with the CDUP and grading permit. The applicant will ensure that all earthwork and grading conforms to applicable laws,regulations and standards, and there will be no adverse impacts to the adjacent shoreline or nearshore waters. No cultural sites or practices would be adversely affected. The rocky shoreline fronting the property is at the foot of steep coastal sea cliffs from 120 to 170 feet tall. A fishing spot called"Ladders"was formerly accessed by fishermen who used wooden ladders for access. The ladders have deteriorated and fisherman only rarely rappel down the cliffs,but local fishermen wish to preserve access. The applicant proposes coastal access corridors and provision of a license to the Makahanaloa Fishing Association to provide access, assist in management, and mitigate the potential liability to the property owner from claims for injury that could occur when attempting to access the shoreline.A parking area will also be provided for daytime fishing and access at night for those actively engaged in night fishing activities through a registration system managed by the Association. Informational and warning signage will also be provided. Page ii Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment PART 1: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND E.A. PROCESS 1.1 Project Description and Location Kelly Holcomb (the applicant) seeks a Conservation District Use Permit(CDUP)to build a single-family residence on his 6.485-acre shoreline property located makai of State Highway 19 just southeast of Honomu in the Conservation District on the Island of Hawaii (Figures 1-2). The property is bounded by the highway on the southwest, a private property on the southeast, and the sea on the northeast and northwest. The moderately sloping property, which is perched on a bluff from 120 to 170 above sea level, was cultivated for more than a century in sugarcane and is now covered almost entirely by invasive trees, shrubs and grasses. The only semi-natural vegetation is on the top and sides of the pali, which contain hala trees and a few other native shoreline species, along with a number of invasives such as ironwood. No streams, sensitive native plants or archaeological sites are present. The plan for the residence (Figure 3)is a single-story structure with a maximum height of 21 feet above existing grade and 3,018 square feet(sf) of interior space. It will contain 3 bedrooms and 3.5 baths, an open living-dining room, a kitchen, laundry, pantry and entry room. In addition there will be a two-car garage; lanai; swimming pool; an area with the backup generator, propane storage and water well; utilities room for solar PV equipment, pool pump and chlorination equipment; and a 500-gallon water tank. The home will be powered by a photovoltaic system and backup generator, with potable water provided by an on-site water well and fire protection provided by sprinklers throughout the home. An overhead telephone line will connect to a utility pole in an unobtrusive location just west of the property. Total Development Area for the residence, per Title 13-5, HAR, Exhibit 4, which counts features such as lanai, swimming pools, and utility sheds, is 4,877 sf Home materials include wood siding and lava rock veneer. The proposed home site is near the center of the property, a minimum of 130 feet mauka of the pali, largely hidden from outside view by topography and tall non-native trees on the subject and adjacent properties. The residence is designed as a single structure supporting efficient use of energy and materials and facilitating natural ventilation and lighting. Energy-efficient appliances will be used and an insulated roof structure and the proper siting of trees and shrubs will reduce potential solar gain. This together with natural ventilation will reduce the need for air conditioning. The home will have roof-mounted photovoltaic panel and a propane gas system supplying two tankless gas-on-demand water heaters, reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. An individual septic system conforming with requirements of the State Department of Health at HAR 11- 62 and located adjacent to the residence will treat wastewater. The septic system would have a tank capacity of 1,000 gallons and a 400-sf absorption field. Three shallow drywells would handle drainage. The project includes landscaping replacing non-native vegetation near the home site with native, Polynesian and non-invasive ornamental trees, groundcover and ferns, along with some fruit trees and a kitchen garden (see Landscape Plans in App. 7). The plan also includes removal of various non-native trees— especially ironwood and fiddlewood—to stabilize the cliff, promote native vegetation and open a view corridor to the north/northeast. In cooperation with the Big Island Invasive Species Council (BIISC) the applicant will gradually remove all albizia trees on the property, to the extent feasible. Page 1 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Figure 1 Project Location Map �•;ril,l; 7.8f10fMl N A rea o f detai I 0 100 200 �Km HAWAII COUNTY ya � C �fl Honomu HAWAII COUNTY .I II Portion oFUSG S 7.5 Quadrangle Papaikou,Hi 2017 200 400 ❑ Project Site 119.Cters - ry 779[11 III .'.V6[7!Ili r Page 2 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Fi ure 2 Site Photos N h' Area of detaiI n inn 2nn f_dKM }t:. A. `• � lj•� ii � IF. �' �~r _'• � i■.lir• ✓IA y '� ��- :�� .r.. � -• •.� :` ~ �+. 1��►.wY M -S _ /+taw� � �� - 4*4 - ❑ Prujcci area m's l� •Ui n m ..n11 2a: Aerial Image from Google Earth©with Approximate Property Boundary and Easement Page 3 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomfi Environmental Assessment 4 Fi ure 2 Site Photos kur � ..f�J'�� .�� Fes, - 'z - •. _ ti4. Obmiddle T 2c.Roadcut that borders d" and blocks views into prope from hi hw i r - i�',�' Pegg:+•: i�...q '. � . Page 4 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Figure 2. Site Photos Photos us IA � L KU •� � K 1 tN�¢= fa� � r � � �•ci,�i f {{ - i Y ?.; E _ i 2d. ♦ Building site. ♦ 2e. View from buildin site north towards sea. g r, c, ' � ,• t ��F'.., r•.•f Y;,, � , .. '1'.il: � .fir �., � f jl 4 .r [ ;� y.. .. ��, .�r i',�j �9,+'+. i• i�Ji.`l�'`j+i:' :...r.:�' CtiA:.• r ry.• i9� .. .r.ir�-'...':. S �, f:, 'i�' .til•t :i:�.'d�r.+.A [.."I':.�; ..'?�'^}r.:T.' .��•��1' Ft. 'V.. n`. Lj �;":" .. �E?!� ;1. �j5,�' "�1Na�:'�,��'r-,: .� •�:;,r,,.li =�:''l;i.',- ui•.�.,1 ,��, �:.,:�r-.,., � - i`ti•.�'�..,�. i RI.' �{•4}-r+�'��,. r4+�{b� .1,� I W,.'1 ��.�i l�� ,{�� 1. � '�' ?� �•, 'J�! E 1'• � it � i � �n 1f ,.�:i. ��.. .�_�r� �h��.y`, �1 ! _�,. ,.4 {��:'��I'' '�'• `i,�i4 .j:��'��,V��1. ,�-1: � ��f► 11 Page 5 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Figure 2. Site Photos .1' .Y' N _ •+' - _ fAlL1riG _ ROCKS f . rd. 2f. View approaching property from south with driveway access and start of easement. ♦ 2g. Rockfall scars and contrast between rockfall prone areas infested with ironwoods and stable areas covered by hala. 2y_. •.s } 3. Page 6 AREA TA&1LATONS MA MUM DEVELOPED AREA(MDA)ALLOWED: 5,000 SF uan PAC OCEPN PROPOSED DEVELOPED AREA C RE IDN INTERIOR AREA: 3,0185E COVERED LANAI AREA: 711 SF GARAGE AREA: 630 SF care x r�o ax ENTRY AND LANDINGS BB SF 6" 1On RESIDENCE TOTAL 4,447 SFAL A�£OC aTFD RR R-. i //iii i _ POOL 364 SF _T /��/� / \ / l WELL PUMP 36 SF A/C COMPRESSORS 6 SF GENERATOR 125E /1\� / �J ///// //4 �•l`f / \ l / I lF':• l II' �' PaC &I PROPANE 125E / 9L/!/ ��j ��f�\% ✓ wT� 11 1`\ b OCEAN E ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES TOTAL 430 SF TOTAL PROPOSED DEVELOPED AREA: / f TOP 41 sq�AC. AV /'��)� H��II � \_A V� � �VA�, A�,o` �s� ��;�aw°�—��a'f�s��A�\\�l3�\ \ �\ \\.�� - Smi0�6}nGirvg sA •\'yam 3. q '\ �4� MNA \� \ •` V �� 1 �6x CgG SgEo 6Gvry N J Iur/rEcµ¢xr�} a�L y++TL \ 1 l s Gq o Y I I)12\J/ o HA2 ow amCFa� I, =Y6 �aoa�, � SITE PLAN SCALE:1:40 sgw.nq ,HE�aKa a 1rP of r-I AN Iis-Gi mrvvgis�s TqE avvaox.ea�rvoagr SITE PLAN(EASEMENT) A \V 1�� E G�rvnEnaTEurvG�EaGq� n �_w� SCALE:1:60 \, gEairy vagxirvG arvo ngry agNrvoaq[a Al .0 I a "+ 8 k a x wn�POry e3�E z9'-z vz" ie'-ie vz" F ib'3" --------------- --- ------------------- LAN _--------------- --- ------------------------- -------------- C) -------------------------------------- m fi } ws�oE�nary O -�MG PINING 0 POWLIER UTILITY M S R O BED 00 soo ru a >J O aN m -> ' BE R OM� nrvo FiaEs ra— � m O 1 O `-- -•� a Hca _ - - - - �—lJ � m � &Y «4 s's' KITCHEN GARAGE m cm nEcwu (7� — v'ie , MASTER BATH 77 � rvo Q 0 LA��o a. CLOSET r--- 0 ' m OM3 - _________ BEDR o - J FLOOR PLAN SCALE:3/16"=1'-O" A2.0 I a "+ 8 03� � k a x e3�� s� �sza #eIe E Y P k WING/DINING m N LANAI -- �9 -------------------- - PWL Gaza BUILDING SECTION � —LE 1-- .—M 3/16"=1-- EY mgr s� Js 5� MASTER BEDROOMO B CLDSETCLOSET WIW/DINING GARAGE ;g o A3 6ou �9 BUILDING SECTION n�gm J SCALE 3/16"=1'-0" A4.0 I "+ 8 03� � nArvo�rv6 a�ry rvE,.°AooF k o�woArv�-R rvwwlllo ooF �A a �AOE�aory°-m°orv.°arvoo," e!�� #E�e MUPo3 mg NORTH ELEVATION SCALE:3/16"=1'-0" ntvAnory ia/a o m EY mgr wrvry w a A a�rvEEa------ °P — ❑ o ------------- WEST ELEVATION SCALE:3/16"=1'-0" E�EVAnoKa A3.1 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Landclearing and construction activities would occur over about half an acre, including the approximately 242 sf of shallow trenching for utility lines and connections, with very minor short-term impacts to noise, air and water quality and scenery. These would be mitigated by Best Management Practices associated with the CDUP and grading permit. For trenching, extracted materials will be used to refill the trenched areas and to blend the areas with the surrounding topography. The rocky shoreline fronting the property is located at the foot of steep coastal sea cliffs from 120 to 170 feet tall. Located makai at the northern point of the peninsula, northeast and outside the makai boundary of the property, is a fishing spot knows as "Ladders." The site was formerly used by area shoreline fishermen who used the wooden ladders or rappelled to descend the cliff to the shoreline below. Due to deterioration of the ladders and resultant cessation of use over time, the wooden ladders are not usable and shoreline access can presently only be accomplished by fishermen with the expertise needed to rappel the steep coastal cliffs to the shoreline. In order to facilitate lateral pedestrian access to and along the top of the pali fronting the property and to the"Ladders" fishing site, the applicant is proposing two (2)pedestrian coastal access corridors (collectively the "coastal access corridor"), as described below, as illustrated in Figure 3: 1. A 6-foot wide mauka makai corridor along the southeastern boundary of the property, roughly 500 feet in length along the common property boundary with TMK: (3) 2-8-012:029; and 2. A 10-foot wide lateral corridor along the eastern boundary of the Property out to the point at the "Ladders" fishing site, approximately 323 feet in length. The Applicant intends to keep the coastal access corridor in private ownership and does not intend to dedicate the coastal access corridor to the County. However, the applicant is committed to ensuring that the coastal access corridor will be kept free of structures to allow for access by shoreline fishermen who obtain the applicant's permission to access the coastal access corridors across the property to the coastal resources located down at the shoreline. In furtherance of the access for shoreline fishermen, the applicant has reached a general understanding with the Makahanaloa Fishing Association, an organization representing a large group of fishermen from the Hamakua area("Association"). It is contemplated that the Association would assist with the management of the coastal access corridor to allow for managed shoreline fishing access to minimize overuse of the finite coastal resources in the area, and to mitigate the potential liability to the property owner from claims for injury that could occur when attempting to access the shoreline from the property. The applicant intends to execute a License for Shoreline Access over the coastal access corridor ("License")with the Association to govern the Association members' assumption of risk and indemnification of the applicant and its affiliated parties, while also ensuring that the coastal corridor is used lawfully. The applicant is planning to provide an on-site parking area for 2 to 3 cars for use by the Association and its members, immediately mauka of the proposed driveway to the residence. This will provide a secure area for the fishermen's vehicles when accessing the shoreline, while also mitigating the traffic and safety concerns resulting from the parking of vehicles along Highway 19, which is currently the practice. Page 11 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment The pedestrian coastal access corridor will be open to invitees of the applicant, including the members of the Association, every day during daylight hours (from sunrise or 6:00 a.m., whichever is earlier, to one-half hour past sunset, or 6:00 p.m., whichever is later), seven (7) days a week. Access for night fishing past 6:00 p.m. shall be allowed for those individuals who are actively engaged in night fishing activities through a registration system managed by the Association, and will not include overnight camping within the property. The applicant also proposes to install shoreline access signs along the length of the roadway easement and the coastal access corridor to inform the public that they are on private property and warn of the steep coastal sea cliffs. Informational and warning signage will be limited to 6 to 8 signs to preserve the natural character of the area. 1.2 Environmental Assessment Process This Environmental Assessment(EA)is being conducted in accordance with Chapter 343 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). This law, along with its implementing regulations, Title 11, Chapter 200.1, of the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), is the basis for the environmental impact assessment process in the State of Hawaii. According to Chapter 343, an EA is prepared to determine impacts associated with an action, to develop mitigation measures for adverse impacts, and to determine whether any of the impacts are significant according to thirteen specific criteria. Part 4 of this document states the finding that no significant impacts are expected to occur, based on the findings for each criterion made by the consultant in consultation with the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources, the determining agency. If, after considering comments to the Draft EA, DLNR concludes that, as anticipated, no significant impacts would be expected to occur, then the agency will issue a Finding of No Significant Impact(FONSI), and the action will be permitted to proceed to other necessary permits. If the agency concludes that significant impacts are expected to occur as a result of the proposed action, then an Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)will be prepared. 1.3 Public Involvement and Agency Coordination The following agencies, organizations and individuals have been consulted during the Environmental Assessment Process: County: Planning Department County Council Civil Defense Agency Fire Department Department of Public Works Police Department State: Department of Health Department of Land and Natural Resource (DLNR), Land Division and OCCL Office of Hawaiian Affairs Page 12 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Private: Sierra Club Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce Three Adjacent Property Owners: Nejfeld, Parisi, Acosta Makahanaloa Fishing Association Copies of communications received during early consultation are contained in Appendix la. Notice of the availability of the Draft EA was published in the July 23, 2021 OEOC Environmental Notice. Appendixlb contains written comments on the Draft EA and the responses to these comments. Various places in the EA have been modified to reflect input received in the comment letters: additional or modified non- procedural text is denoted by double underlines_ as in this paragraph. PART 2: ALTERNATIVES 2.1 Proposed Project,Alternative House Sites and Alternative Uses The proposed project and its location are described in Section 1.1 above and illustrated in Figures 1-3. The location of the home site in the interior of the property was chosen in order to enjoy coastal breezes and views on the property while avoiding shoreline hazards and interfering with shoreline processes and recreation. Other locations on the property could also serve as the site for a residence, but none have the advantages of the proposed site in terms of three factors: breezes, views and shoreline hazard avoidance. Furthermore, the proposed location already has a long-established cane road/driveway reinforced in the plantation days with large gravel, which helps provide stability in the ash-derived soils. There are no known environmental or other reasons for seriously considering other sites on the property. No other alternative uses for the property that are identified in the Conservation District Rules, such as a commercial farm or tourist nature park, are desired by the applicant, and thus none are addressed in this EA. 2.2 No Action Under the No Action Alternative, the residence would not be built. The lot would remain unused, except for perhaps temporary camping and picnicking by the owner and his guests. This EA considers the No Action Alternative as the baseline by which to compare environmental effects from the project. Page 13 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment PART 3: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 3.1 Physical Environment 3.1.1 Climate, Geology, Soils and Geologic Hazards Environmental Setting Temperatures are warm year-round at the property, with slightly cooler winters, and annual rainfall is about 132 inches. Winds are generally trade winds from the east/northeast, often with light downslope land breezes at night(UH Hilo Dept. of Geography 1998; Giambelluca et al. 2013). There is a scientific consensus that the earth is warming due to manmade increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, according to the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UH Manoa Sea Grant 2014). Global mean air temperatures are projected to increase by at least 2.7°F by the end of the century. This will be accompanied by the warming of ocean waters, expected to be highest in tropical and subtropical seas of the Northern Hemisphere. Wet and dry season contrasts will increase, and wet tropical areas in particular are likely to experience more frequent and extreme precipitation. For Hawaii, where warming air temperatures are already quite apparent, not only is the equable climate at risk but also agriculture, ecosystems, the visitor industry and public health. Guidance to federal agencies for addressing climate change issues in environmental reviews was released in August 2016 by the Council on Environmental Quality (US CEQ 2016). The guidance urged that when addressing climate change, agencies should consider: 1)the potential effects of a proposed action on climate change as indicated by assessing greenhouse gas emissions in a qualitative, or if reasonable, quantitative way, and 2) the effects of climate change on a proposed action and its environmental impacts. It recommends that agencies consider the short- and long-term effects and benefits in the alternatives and mitigation analysis in terms of climate change effects and resiliency to the effects of a changing climate. Although this guidance has since been withdrawn for political reasons, the State of Hawaii in Hawaii Revised Statutes §226-109 encourages a similar analysis, and both Act 17 of the 2018 Hawaii Legislature and Title 11, Chapter 200.1 now require analysis of sea-level rise and greenhouse gases in environmental impact statements. In terms of climate, it is possible, and even likely, that warmer temperatures and larger and more frequent tropical storms and hurricanes will affect the Hawaiian Islands in the future. In addition, as discussed in Section 3.1.2, accelerating sea level rise is expected. Geologically, this part of the island is located on the lower flank of Mauna Kea, an inactive volcano. The surface consists of weathered soils derived from regional ash deposits and alkalic basalt lava flows dated at 65,000-200,000 years before the present(Wolfe and Morris 1996). Elevations on the useable part of this moderately sloping shoreline property drop from about 185 to 120 feet above sea level, surrounded on three sides by 50 to 100 foot tall sea cliffs. The area receives an average annual rainfall of about 132 inches (Giambelluca et al 2013). The soil is classified by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) as Hilo hydrous silty clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. This soil is formed from ash fields on lava flows and if irrigated can be considered prime farmland. This type of soil was formerly used mostly for sugarcane cultivation (U.S. Soil Conservation Service 1973) and now supports diversified agriculture, secondary forest, or pasture. Page 14 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment The entire Big Island is subject to geologic hazards, especially lava flows and earthquakes. Volcanic hazard as assessed by the U.S. Geological Survey in this area on the northeast flank of Mauna Kea is 8 on a scale of ascending risk 9 to 1 (Heliker 1990). Mauna Kea has erupted several times in the last 10,000 years, most recently about 4,500 years ago. This volcano is considered inactive but not extinct. Zone 8 includes the lower slopes of Mauna Kea. The project area has not been affected by lava flows for the past 10,000 years. The Island of Hawaii experiences high seismic activity and is at risk from earthquake damage (USGS 2000), especially to structures that are poorly designed or built, as the 6.7-magnitude quake of October 2006 and the 6.9-magnitude quake of May 2018 demonstrated. The area proposed for the home and driveway is moderately sloped and near the center of the property. There are appropriate setbacks to steep slopes and the home is at least 130 feet from the nearest edge of the pali. There does not appear to be a substantial risk at the home site from subsidence, landslides or other forms of mass wasting. Impacts and Mitigation Measures In order to deal with the potential for larger and more frequent tropical storms that could be part of a changing climate, the home has been designed to withstand hurricane force winds. All trees with the potential to fall on the house will be removed. The implications of climate change and resulting sea level rise and coastal erosion are dealt with in the next section. In general, geologic conditions do not impose undue constraints on the proposed action. The applicant understands that there are hazards associated with homes in this geologic setting and has made the decision that a residence is not imprudent to construct or inhabit. 3.1.2 Flood Zones and Shoreline Setting Floodplain Environmental Setting, Impacts and Mitigation Measures Floodplain status for many areas of the island of Hawaii has been determined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which produces the National Flood Insurance Program's Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The flood zones for this region were recently mapped, and digital maps are available from the Department of Land and Natural Resources at http://gis.hawaiinfip.org/fhat/ (Figure 4). The entire property above the pali is classified in Flood Zone X, areas with minimal flood hazards, including tsunami inundation. Page 15 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Fi ure 4. Flood Zone Ma �' +►+ � w _ o w may! •4 }�jl►*�wa r 'a AA• Flood Hazard Assessment Report .A•-0i{. WWW.hawailflfll.Org SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS(SFHAs)SUBIECT TO INUNDATION BY 1• THEa 1%ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD -The 1%annual chance flood(luIT P year, also know as the base Rood,is the Rood that has a chance of being equaled or exceeded in any giren year.Sf HAs include Z Zone A,AE, AH,AO,V,and VE.The Base Flood Elevation(BFE)is the water surface Notes: elevation of the 1%annual chance Rood. Mandalory Rood insurance N Property Information otes. purzhaseappliesinthesezones: COUNTY: HAWAII Zone A_NOBFEdetermined. TMK NO: (3)2,3-012:028 Zone AE:BFE determined. WATERSHED: HONOMU;i _96783 PARCELADDRESS Zone AH:Flood depths of Ito 3 feet{usually areas of ponding]; P: EPE SNOT DETERMINED RIFE determined. EPEEKEO,HI Zone AD:Flood depths of 1 to 3 feet usually sheet How on Flood Hazard Information Ic ing terrain]:—age depths dehermned FIRM INDEX DATE SEPTEMBER 29,2017 2one V:Coastal flood zone with velxity hazard(wave action]; LETTER OF MAP CHANGE(SI: NONE no BFE determined. FEMA FIRM PANEL: 15 5 16 60 7 00E _ Zone VE Coastal Flood zone with y Icidty hazard jwave action]; BFEdetermined- PANEL EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPTEMBER 29,2017 Zone Al Floodway areas in Zone AE.The flondwaY is the channel of stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of encroachment so that the 1%annual chance Hood can be carried l increasing the BFE. NON-SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA-An area in a low-to-moderate risk THIS PROPERTY IS W"IN A TSUNAMI EVACUTION ZONE-NO flood zone-No mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply, FOR MORE INFO,VISIT:http:(fwww.scd.hawaii.gov( butcoveage is ayailable in partiapatingcoznmunities . THIS PROPERTY IS WITHIN A DAM EVACUATION ZONE- NO Zone%SI%shaded]:Areas of0-2%annual chance flood;a r—of FOR MORE INFO,VISIT:http://dlnreng.hawaiLgav/damf 1%annual chance flood with average depths of len than 1 to or with damage areas less than 1 square mile;and areas protected by levees from 1%annual chanceflood- Zone X:Areas determined to be outside the 0.2%annual chance D 2D0 ADD ft floodplain. Dii im r:The liowail DJ pnrtrnent of Land and N tura!A—(!)lvssu s n asponsihiliry a.mg from the use,o rosy,completeness,and tfinefiness of any information conhzined in this report viewers/Users one OTHER FLOOD AREAS respnnsitrle far verifyng the v--z afthe information vnd W—to indemnify the DINR,its rs,vodemploY- eesfrvmonYliohho yhich moYorrse from itsuse Oil doto—mformohon- Zone O:Unstudied eas a where flood hazards are undr- ete mined,bot flooding isrponihle-No mandatory flood insurance !f this mop hus been identified os'PAELIMINAAY',please note that i1 is being provided for informational purposes purchase apply,but coverage is available m participating commu- ondFsnbe_dus'—pl oo,-th1—ffloddipi nrisod urmt'Yoodplvinmvnogerforfloodzonedete.mina- nines. tions to be used far romptiance with local Jivvdplain mvimgement mgvlvtions. Source: Hawaii DLNR: http://gis.hawaiinfip.org/fhat/ Page 16 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion Issues:Background Property near the shoreline is subject to natural coastal processes including erosion and accretion, which can be affected by human actions such as removal of sand or shoreline hardening. Erosion may adversely affect not only a lot owner's improvements but also State land and waters, along with the recreational and ecosystem values they support. Single Family Residential permitting in Conservation Districts in the State of Hawaii is regulated by State of Hawai'i Administrative Rules governing Conservation Districts (Title 13, Subtitle 1 Chapter 5, adopted August 12, 2011). Applications to permit shoreline residential construction in the Conservation District must consider rates of coastal erosion. The State DLNR requires an estimate of annual erosion rate in the form of a Coastal Erosion Study for any property for which construction is proposed. Such a study integrates on-site quantitative measurements by a credentialed specialist, inspection of available aerial and satellite imagery taken over a period of time, and a review of geological literature. A Coastal Erosion Study that also considered other coastal hazards was prepared for the property by T.E. Scheffler, Ph.D., and J.P. Lockwood, Ph.D. The full report is attached as Appendix 4 and summarized briefly below. The reader is referred to the report for additional detailed description, maps and photos. Sea Level Rise Because the proposed use of a single-family residence on this coastal property has an expected useful lifetime of 40 to 70 years, it is important to first examine the potential for future sea level rise. Sea level rise also factors into future rates of coastal retreat and erosion. An overall global (or eustatic, meaning not attributable to local factors) rise in sea level of 3.3 feet by the end of the 21st century was proposed by Fletcher(2010) and others. More recent scientific assessments (e.g., Rahmstorf et al. 2012)posit 4 feet as a reasonable upper bound. Some recent research that concentrates on the potential for Antarctic melting to contribute more to sea level than generally modeled envisions as much as an additional 3 feet of sea level rise (DeConto and Pollard 2016). Not only the magnitude of sea level rise but also the timing is the subject of debate. According to the Hawaii Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Commission (HCCMAC) (2017:v): While the IPCC's "business as usual" scenario, where GHG emissions continue at the current rate of increase, predicts up to 3.2 feet of global sea level rise by year 2100 (IPCC 2014), recent observations and projections suggest that this magnitude of sea level rise could occur as early as year 2060 under more recently published highest-end scenarios... The HCCMAC report goes on to state that the Island of Hawaii is in many senses the least vulnerable of the main Hawaiian Islands to the impacts of sea level rise, but also that certain areas—particularly Kona, Puak6, Kapoho and Hilo Bay ".....face serious threats. It is estimated that at least 130 existing structures would experience chronic flooding if there were 3.2 feet of sea level rise." Page 17 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Figure 5. Sea Level Rise Exposure Area + I zoom to BAS€MAPS • EXPOSURE G Sea Level Rise Exposure Area 6 (SLR-XA)(a,6,and c combined area) �a ❑0.5 Ft ❑1.1 Ft ❑2.0 Ft yd/yd 0 3.2 Ft rf moOX Ca.Passive Flooding0l ,Q all major islands a ' Q Cb.Annual High Wave Flooding 8 Kauai,Maui,and Oahu only �dn Home Site OcCoastal Erosion 0 K.aua'i,Piaui,and Oahu only d/d hoar VULNERABILITY �y 0 Potential Economic Loss d O Flooded Highways 0 OTHER OVERLAYS ■ l9 expand • collapse• clear• hide 50 m raa '100 fl y �^d1 00S v� d Source: Adapted from https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/shoreline/slr-hawaii/ Relative sea-level rise is a result of the combined eustatic water rise and land subsidence. In some locations, the effects of eustatic sea level rise can be magnified substantially. The 1975 Kalapana earthquake on Kilauea's rift caused land in Kapoho to drop 0.8 feet(based on Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS) data in Hwang et al. (2007:6). This episodic, seismic-induced subsistence is difficult to estimate over human-scale time periods. On the basis of InSAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry)remote sensing data, Hwang et al. (ibid.) state that the coastline in the vicinity of Kapoho may be subsiding at a continuous rate of between 0.31-0.67 in/yr. Rates of subsidence at the Holcomb property are certainly much lower as a result of its location on Mauna Kea. The rate of subsidence for Hamakua has been estimated at about 0.1 inches/year(Moore 1970). A highly conservative estimate of overall sea level change by the year 2100, accounting for a eustatic rise of 5 feet and local tectonic sinking of about 3 feet, is 8 feet. The greatest rate of SLR will take place during the second half of this century according to recent modeling (e.g., Cazenave and Le Cozannet 2014). The elevation of the home at approximately 149 feet above mean sea level ensures that even when sea level rises five or more feet above its current level, the home will continue to remain well out of the effective flood zone (see sea level rise exposure area in Figure 5). Even extremely large rises in sea level of the type that would essentially require the relocation of much of downtown Hilo and Honolulu would not inundate affect the home anywhere on this property. Page 18 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Coastal Erosion:Physical Setting The Holcomb property is on a small, unnamed promontory immediately south of the mouth of the Honomu Stream, midway between Lehuawehi Point(to the northwest) and Kohola Point(southeast), which define Honomu Bay (see Figures 1-2). The coastline for a dozen miles in both directions consists of rocky headlands with small embayments at stream mouths. Heavy stream discharge along the windward slope of Mauna Kea provides the shoreline with ample volcanic detrital material, which forms small pebble and cobble beaches where wave energy and coastal slope permit. These same sediment laden streams also prevent the formation of extensive nearshore coral reefs. The coast of this part of the island of Hawaii faces the open ocean with no barrier of offshore reefs or bars. The submarine slope is approximately 1,300 feet/mile for a distance of roughly 6 miles. Along the Hamakua coast, large waves are predominantly related to trade winds, though the shoreline is also somewhat exposed to North Pacific swells. The largest waves come from the north-north-east, north or north-north-west direction. The property's north side faces essentially directly north, where North Pacific swells can reach significant heights of 20 feet or more and are a major contributor to coastal erosion and storm damage. The southern portion faces SSE and is well shadowed from the direct onslaught of the waves. The mean range of tidal change (MN)is 1.67 feet. with a Great Diurnal Range (GT) of 2.4 feet Tidal heights are given as positive and negative values relative to the Mean Lowest Low Water(3.92 ft.) and Mean Highest High Water(6.32 ft.). The tidal variation throughout the year is important, as a simple "snapshot" of the coastline at a given tide can be misleading on the whole. The effects of tides are dependent on beach slope. For example, 2.4 feet of tide will move the tideline 24 feet horizontally on a 10% slope. This can have dramatic effects, changing the location and breadth of active weathering. Understanding the sequence of geological events on site provides a fundamental framework on which inferences concerning erosion rates are based. The surficial geology consists of 2-3 inches of disturbed, mostly brown colored soil that was repeatedly churned by historic sugar operations. This loose material overlies deeply weathered, but stable, yellow-tan ash deposits derived from multiple volcanic eruptions from Mauna Kea volcano. Weathering that has taken place over many thousands of years in the moist, warm, tropical climate of this area has converted these ash deposits almost entirely to secondary minerals including the alumina mineral gibbsite, with lesser amounts of amorphous allophane and very minor quartz (derived from distant sources). These ash deposits overlie deeply weathered Mauna Kea lava flows of the Hamakua Volcanic Series between 65-200,000 years in age (Stearns and Macdonald 1946). There are several poorly-defined subunits within the Hamakua Volcanic Series lava flows, and the contacts between them are commonly marked by ash and soil deposits (Wolfe et al 1997). These lavas are deeply weathered high on coastal cliffs, which are almost entirely altered to clays directly below the ash layer. The lavas transition gradationally with depth to relatively fresh, dense pahoehoe flows at the base of sea cliffs. The property is surrounded by steep cliffs in excess of 45 degrees on all sides, ranging in height from 120 to 170 feet tall. The pahoehoe lavas exposed at the shoreline consist of multiple lobes of relatively resistant layered basalt. The massive"basal" lava flow on which the property's upper flows rest is the linchpin controlling erosion of those overlying rocks. There appears to be some considerable passage of time between emplacement of that basal unit and the overlying, more erosion-susceptible flows - complete with a rarely seen erosional unconformity. Page 19 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment At the base of the cliffs is a zone of rubble from cliff collapse, beyond which are massive blocks armoring the base and/or well-rounded boulders, seaward of which are offshore lava benches. This is the zone of slow, but active erosion of the massive basal flows that support the cliffs. Appendix 4 provides maps and profiles of the various conditions here around the base of the property in map and photo figures. Several key processes are at work contributing to erosion here and on most"hard" coasts. Wave energy impacting the bluff loosens masses of rock by compressing air within fractures (hydraulic ramming), while the drag of moving water, boulders and cobbles abrasively grinds smaller fragments into sand at the shore. Wind and gravity can loosen free pieces of rock and redeposit them as breccia, though none were found on the property. Storm seas coincident with extreme tides can be especially erosive. There is no way to definitely quantify the relative contributions of these processes, though it is reasonable to say that the energy released by wave action is probably the main cause of shoreline retreat at this locality. Retreat of the upper cliff edge—as opposed to the strong base—is almost entirely caused by rock fall. Several rock fall scars investigated during field inspection appear to have been caused by failure of the deeply weathered lava flows of the Hamakua Series, which are characterized by a system of joints (rock fractures)that mostly parallel the cliff face. In most examples studied, the rock falls are derived from the deeply weathered lavas and do not involve the underlying solid lava flows exposed at the shoreline. Once the cliff faces are destabilized by either erosion from below or by the impact of tree roots, the actual rock falls appear to be initiated by two primary factors: times of prolonged heavy rainfall, and regional earthquakes. Rainfall contributes to rock falls in two ways: the increased weight of the water saturated rocks and soil on the cliff face, and, more importantly, the increased intergranular pore pressure exerted by rainwater as it infiltrates cracks within rocks. Flights along the Hamakua coastline following periods of heavy, prolonged rainfall will always reveal fresh scars on the sides of cliffs that have been caused by similar rainfall-induced rock falls and landslides. Ironwood trees (Casuarina equisetifolia)infest the slopes at the tip of the property and along the eastern facing side. The deep roots of ironwoods exploit cracks and joints in bedrock in the cliff face and contribute to mechanical instability by fragmenting and loosening otherwise cohesive rocks. During high winds, the ironwood foliage acts as a sail to capture mechanical energy. This is then exerted in the trunks of the ironwood, which behave as levers to uproot fragmented rock. Native plants such as naupaka (Scaevola taccada) and hala(Pandanus tectorius) have shallow roots and can aid in the stabilization of slopes. Established groves of these native plants can in fact be convincing indicators of relative stability. The presence of mature hala trees indicate that no rock falls have occurred for a very long time. This is the case for the northwest section of the property's shoreline, from the flume-cut to the cobble beach. The contrast between slopes covered in native versus invasive species is particularly vivid in Figure 2g (note the hala on the right and fresh scars below the ironwoods on the left). Coastal Erosion Rate Most shoreline studies in Hawaii and elsewhere focus on erosion of"soft" coasts, for the obvious reasons that erosion rates are faster(sometimes over 3 feet per year) and thus more observable and consequential for human occupation. The shoreline is legally defined in Hawaii as "the upper reaches of the wash of the Page 20 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment waves, other than storm and seismic waves, at high tide during the season of the year in which the highest wash of the waves occurs, usually evidenced by the edge of vegetation growth, or the upper limit of debris left by the wash of the waves, ..." (HAR §13-5-2). The exact position of the shoreline is often difficult to establish on cliffed coasts, where there may be stable vegetation out of the reach of waves at the base of the cliffs in one location, while directly adjacent there may be wave action extending up dozens of feet above sea level, scouring away all vegetation. These conditions can change through time. For the purposes of siting the home, the landward edge of the cliff where the slope begins to dramatically steepen is utilized in order to be highly conservative. To analyze coastal erosion, however, one must look at cliff retreat as a whole, from the base to the top. Per methodology outlined in the administrative rules, the geologist inspected airphotos and digital aerial imagery of the property from 1954, 1965, and 1977 and compared them with large-scale maps from the plantation era and modern imagery and field observations, as discussed in detail in Appendix 4. Photo resolution limited change detection to at least 10 feet. Time of day variations caused shading differences that obscured even large features such as a shifted boulder or collapsed ledge. Tide and wave differences also contributed to a lack of precision. Consideration of these sources spanning a period of 90 years yielded no apparent changes in the configuration of the headland or of any major changes in coastal morphology. Very small changes were apparent on the headland seaward of the flume trench. In 1954 the cliff edges are distinct and crisp, seemingly approaching vertical. However, the series of photos reveal that by 1970s the vegetation is changing and soil loss may be occurring, and the slopes have become more gradual and rounded. However, this surficial erosion does not seem to have had any effect on the water's edge; in fact, this wasted material may have provided some buffer to any erosion at the base of the cliffs. Given the lack of measurable changes on the photos, the minimum Average Annual Erosion Rate (AAER) for the property may be zero. However, photographic resolution precludes the identification of any changes smaller than a single pixel (estimated to resolve to —10 square feet.) Conversely, then a maximum average annual rate of erosion of 0.15 ft. per year is possible. Calculating a future erosion rate for the cliffs here is problematic because the rate will constantly change with conditions. Over geologic time coastlines go through periods of relative stability followed by rapid change. Sea levels rise will have dramatic consequences for future erosion rates. Future combined sea level change and land subsidence is likely to cause an increase in block failures in this area over the long term (100-year scale). These changes will slowly and episodically increase the erosive action of storm waves at higher and higher elevations over the next several decades. Fletcher et al. 2002 Coastal Hazard Assessment of Property Hwang (2005)recommended that all hazards facing coastal areas—not just erosion— should be considered when planning for zoning in Hawaii. In a USGS-sponsored study, Fletcher et al. (2002) portrayed generalized hazards assessments for long sections of Hawai`i's coastlines; the ratings of the specific hazards for the section of the South Hilo coastline including the property are shown in Table 1. These hazards are much more applicable for properties at low elevation near the sea (e.g., Kolekole Beach Park)than for uses on uplands that are set back from the cliff edges, which are essentially immune from Page 21 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment any direct effects to tsunami, high waves and sea level change. But because all of these can contribute to erosion and rock fall, the importance of establishing a conservative setback from the cliff edge is emphasized. Table 1. Natural Hazards Impacting Property's Coastline Hazard Type Relative Threat Fletcher et al. Rating 1-4 Tsunami Medium-high 3 Stream Flooding Low 1 High Waves Medium-high 3 Storms Medium-high 3 Erosion Medium High 3 Sea Level Chane High 4 Volcanic/Seismic High 4 Overall Hazard Assessment Medium 4 on scale of 1-7 After Fletcher et al. 2002,p.150). Overall Assessment of Coastal Hazard:Impacts and Mitigation Measures Although actual erosion of the cliffs has been modest in the past, with an absolute maximum value of 0.15 feet per year, and an actual value that is likely less, several factors dictated a more conservative approach to location of the proposed residence with relationship to the sea cliff. First, global sea levels are rising, and the island is slowly subsiding, and if this proceeds relatively rapidly, erosion may approach higher levels above the massive basal rocks. Furthermore, the frequency and severity of tropical storms is likely to increase due to warming oceans and climate change. These factors may increase the erosion "work" of the ocean and accelerate cliff retreat. For these reasons, applicant Kelly Holcomb has chosen to locate the home a minimum of 130 feet back from edge of the pali at an elevation of about 149 feet above sea level, well outside both the flood zone and areas subject to erosion. This will situate the residence in a zone that should be safe for at least a century and likely many, under any likely future scenario. In order to ensure that the public interest in avoiding shoreline modification is safeguarded, the owner would agree to a CDUP and/or deed condition that would prevent any future request for shoreline hardening to protect the residence, regardless of hardship, and a condition requiring moving or dismantling the home if sea level rise eventually threatens the integrity of the structure. 3.1.3 Water Quality The house would be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the pali edge, and grading activities would occur no closer than 80 feet from the edge of pali, where the septic system is proposed for installation. No streams, springs, or anchialine ponds are found on or near the proposed home site or any affected area. With home construction, the primary activity with potential to affect water quality is grading. Overall, the proposed improvements will require relatively little grading due to the location of the proposed home and Page 22 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment driveway. Landclearing for construction activities would occur for the house pad, the turnaround area, the driveway and gate, and placement of the underground utilities lines connecting to the potable water and septic systems. Installing fences on the property will not require grading. The current grading plan indicates that grading will occur over an area of just less than an acre. Grading has been planned and will be conducted to balance cut and fill material for the graded area in order to avoid the need to import or export of soils from the site. For trenching required for the septic system, extracted materials (spoils)will be used to refill the trenched areas and to blend the areas with the surrounding topography. A County grading permit will be required. After final grading plans are developed, the applicant will determine whether the area of disturbance is sufficiently large to require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit, although currently none is anticipated. Grading for the driveway and home site will include practices to minimize the potential for sedimentation, erosion and pollution of coastal waters. The applicant will ensure all earthwork and grading is conducted in conformance with: (a) "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised. (b) Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the Hawaii County Code. (c) Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (d) Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10, "Erosion and Sedimentation Control," of the Hawaii County Code. (e) Conditions of an NPDES permit, if required, and (f) Any additional best management practices required by the Board of Land and Natural Resources. The applicant will require that the construction contractor implement the following practices: • Minimizing the total amount of land disturbance required, which will be delineated to the contractor prior to the commencement of any onsite work. The makai limits of grading will be marked and fenced at the construction areas to avoid any possible disturbance to the ground or vegetation within makai area during construction activities. • No concrete truck washout or equipment servicing will be allowed on site. • The contractor will take special precautions so as to not allow any sediment to leave the work areas, particularly towards the sea. • Construction activities with the potential to produce stormwater run-off will not be allowed during periods of unusually heavy rains or storm conditions. • As shown in Sheet C2 of Appendix 7, prior to the start of construction, contractors will implement erosion and dust control measures, including silt fences along the lower margin of grading, silt barriers (snakes) around stockpiles, protecting drainage sumps from siltation, etc., to prevent any sediment from leaving the construction areas, especially towards the ocean. • Graded areas will be replanted or otherwise stabilized following grading activity. Page 23 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment The Hamakua Coast between Hilo and Kukuihaele already supports hundreds of homes and there are no reported water quality problems from these uses. Upon its completion, the home would appear similar to the homes on shoreline lots in the area, and it would be not expected to contribute to sedimentation, erosion, and pollution of coastal waters. In a comment in response to the Draft EA(see Appendix lb), the Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management provided a checklist form with a checked standard comment: "There is (are)well(sl located on or adjacent to this project. If wells are not planned to be used and will be affected by any new construction_ they must be properly abandoned and sealed. A permit for well abandonment must be obtained." There are no known wells located within the property, and thus no permit for well abandonment is required. According to the Hawaii Groundwater& Geothermal Resource Center database https://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/projects/hawaii-state-waterwells/), an existing well is located on a separate property belonging to a different landowner: TMK: (312-8-013:010. This well is a minimum of 1,000 feet away and separated from the subject property by an embayment of the sea. The applicant's single-family dwelling should not impact this existing well. 3.1.4 Flora and Fauna The entire property was subject to a biological survey by Dr. Ron Terry in August 2020, the report for which is attached as Appendix 5 and summarized below. Environmental Setting: Vegetation and Flora In the Manual of the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands, Gagne and Cuddihy (1990) classified the natural, pre-human vegetation nearby areas with similar geology, elevation and rainfall as Lowland Wet Forest. Dominant species were likely `6hi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and hala trees (Pandanus tectorius) and uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) and hapu`u ferns (Cibotium spp.), with a large variety of trees, shrubs, ferns, sedges, grasses and herbs. Cliff fringes likely contained naupaka(Scaevola taccada) and nanea (Vigna marina)in addition to hala and `6hi`a. On the property itself, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey airphotos from 1954, 1965 and 1977 indicate that virtually the entire property was formerly cultivated in sugarcane. After the cessation of sugarcane cultivation in the 1980s, the property was reportedly used for cattle pasture and raising pigs. Tree cover has rapidly increased since that time and now makes up over half the vegetation cover, although sections dominated by various grasses still persist, as shown in the photos in Figure 2. Over most of the property, a wide variety of robust grasses dominate the grass layer, including guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), California grass (Urochloa mutica), and Lyon's grass (Themeda villosa), as well as smaller grasses, especially crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.). The tree layer is dominated by fiddlewood (Citharexylum caudatum), common guava (Psidium guajava), African tulip (Spathodea campanulata), and Alexander palms (Archontophoenix alexandrae), although many other tree species are present, notably gunpowder tree (Trema orientalis), macaranga(Macaranga mappa), albizia (Falcataria moluccana) and Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa). In forested areas there is a variable understory consisting of tree saplings, shrubs, herbs, ferns and vines, almost all of them alien. Most represented are Page 24 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment the shrubs Asian melastome (Melastoma candidum), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) and night- blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum); the herbs rattlepod (Crotalaria spp.) and Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the vines pilau maile (Paederia foetida) and white thunbergia(Thunbergia fragrans). One native shrub is found sparingly but prominently: neneleau (Rhus sandwicensis). This attractive native sumac is present in a few areas, especially surrounding the easement. Ferns vary with the micro-environment and are all aliens (Figure 2e). The downy wood fern (Christella dentata) and sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) are present in and around grassy spots, while shadier margins and forests support warabi (Diplazium esculentum) and Blechnum appendiculatum. Trees have several epiphytic ferns including maile-scented fern (Phymatosorus grossus) and golden polypody (Phlebodium aureum). The shady cliff edges and the deep cuts formed by the old flume route and the railroad line support maidenhair fern (Adiantum raddianum) and holly fern (Cyrtomium falcatum). A full plant species list is contained in Table 1 of Appendix 5. Overall, there no uniquely valuable habitats. No existing or proposed federally designated terrestrial critical habitat for plants (or animals)is present on or near the property. The pali edge and the seacliffs exhibit a different vegetation than the rest of the property. They still include fiddlewood—the dominant tree of the rest of the property— as well as Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), warabi ferns, and various other plants, but they are dominated by ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) and the natives hala, naupaka and nanea. The understory includes tree seedlings and herbs but is generally covered by a thick layer of ironwood needles. Ironwoods suppress native vegetation and contribute to slope instability. While natives act to stabilize the slopes, ironwood trunks and branches capture the wind like a sail and their roots act as levers, forcing out boulders. Ironwood needles tend to function as a blanket and suppress the growth of the natives. All plant species found on the property during the survey are listed in Table 1 of Appendix 5. Of the 74 species detected, 6 were indigenous (native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere), while only one— neneleau—was endemic (found only in the Hawaiian Islands). Each of the indigenous plants is very common throughout the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere, and neneleau is reasonably common in the South Hilo District. No threatened or endangered or rare or unusual native plant species were present. Two common Polynesian introductions were also present: ti (Cordyline fruticosa) and `awapuhi (Zingiber zerumbet). Environmental Setting:Fauna A total of eight bird species were observed during the botanical surveys and the specific bird observation periods, all of them common non-natives of urban, suburban and rural areas (see Table 2 of Appendix 5). Most common were Japanese white-eyes (Zosterops japonicus), common mynas (Acridotheres tristis), and striped doves (Geopilia striata). Although not observed on the property, which is restricted to the area at the top and inland of the sea cliffs, various migratory shorebirds and one seabird would likely be present on the cliffs and rocky tidepools just makai of the property. These would include the migratory birds wandering tattler or `ulili (Tringa incana), the ruddy turnstone or `akekeke (Arenaria interpres), and the Pacific golden-plover or kolea (Pluvialis fulva), as well as the seabird black noddy (Anous minutus melanogenys), which may nest Page 25 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment in the cliffs below the property. The proposed actions would not affect these birds. Also not observed on the property, despite numerous visits, was the formerly endangered Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius). This raptor hunts in all parts of the Hamakua Coast, including coastal areas. Some of the tall trees on the property could provide nesting habitat, although the non-native species and their location between the highway and the sea are not ideal or usual nesting sites. The endangered Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandwicensis) has become very common on many Hawaiian islands and can be found at elevations ranging from sea level to sub-alpine areas above 7,000 feet. Historically, flocks moved between high-elevation feeding habitats and lowland nesting areas. Nests consist of a shallow scrape lined with plant material and down. Breeding pairs usually return to the previous year's nest site, typically in dense vegetation. Nene have an extended breeding season, and nesting may occur in all months except May, June, and July. Because of the lack of water bodies, the property appeared to be unlikely habitat for nene and particularly for nesting. Surveys did not observe any signs of nene, although they are perhaps occasionally present. As with all of the island of Hawaii, several threatened or endangered seabirds may overfly the Honomu area between the months of May and November, including the endangered Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), the endangered band-rumped storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro), and the threatened Newell's shearwater(Puffinus auricularis newelli). These seabirds hunt over the ocean during the day and fly to higher elevations at night to nest. The Hawaiian petrel was formerly common on the Island of Hawaii. This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, as well as at the mid-to-high elevations of Hualalai. It has within recent historic times been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa, Kohala and, possibly, Hualalai. The Hawaiian petrel (as well as the band-rumped storm petrel) generally nest on the Big Island well above 5,000 feet in elevation. Some Hawaiian petrel nests have recently been found at lower elevations on Kohala volcano. Both the Newell's shearwater and Hawaiian petrel are known to burrow under ferns on forested mountain slopes. These burrows are used year after year, usually by the same pair of birds. Although capable of climbing shrubs and trees before taking flight, they need an open downhill flight path through which they can become airborne. Although once abundant on all the main Hawaiian islands, most Newell's shearwater colonies today are found in the steep terrain between 500 to 2,300 feet on Kauai. Band-rumped storm petrels have recently been discovered to be nesting on the Mauna Loa side of the saddle between this mountain and Mauna Kea. Although each of these seabirds may fly over on their way to and from mountain nesting areas and the open ocean, no suitable nesting habitat for any of them is present on the property. The primary cause of mortality in these seabird species in Hawaii is thought to be predation by alien mammals at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is another significant cause. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. Disoriented seabirds may collide with manmade structures and, if not killed outright, become easy targets of predatory mammals including cats and mongooses. It is highly likely that Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), the only native Hawaiian land mammals, are sometimes present on the property. They have been found throughout the Hamakua coast Page 26 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment and in most areas on the island of Hawaii. Bats may forage for flying insects on the property on a seasonal basis and may also roost in trees and large shrubs. Bats are often visible while they are feeding on flying insects near dusk and dawn at various locations around the island of Hawaii. The presence of these bats can also be verified by ultrasound detectors or radar. If a bat is detected during a night's study, this merely indicates that they were present in the area. Determination of bat populations or usage patterns requires much more sophisticated, long term studies. Conversely, the absence of bat detections does not indicate an absence of bats, which may have been absent for only a night, a week, or a season, or may have simply gone undetected. No bats were observed in our survey, which took place in full daylight and did not use any detection equipment. For the purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that Hawaiian hoary bats are present at least some of the time, as they have been frequently seen and detected by ultrasound and radar in ironwood, African tulip and groves of other species. Hawaiian hoary bats are vulnerable to disturbance during the summer pupping season and require special mitigation measures. Only one non-native mammal was observed on the property—what appeared to be semi-feral pigs (Sus scrofa). It is likely that small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus), mice (Mus spp.), rats (Rattus spp.), cats (Felis catus) and domestic dogs (Canis f.familiaris) are also sometimes present. None of these alien mammals have conservation value and all are deleterious to native flora and fauna. There are no native terrestrial reptiles or amphibians in Hawaii. No reptiles were seen but there are probably various species of skink(Family: Scincidae) and gecko (Gekkonidae)present. The highly invasive coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui)was heard chirping at several locations. It is possible that bufo toads (Bufo marinus) and perhaps other amphibians are also present. No invertebrate survey was undertaken as part of the survey, but in general, rare native invertebrates tend to be associated with native vegetation and are very unlikely to be present. No rare invertebrates would be expected from this property. Impacts and Mitigation Measures The history of continuous disturbance coupled with a location in the lowlands has resulted in a flora and vegetation on most of the property that has little value in terms of conserving native vegetation or threatened or endangered plant species. In general, no adverse botanical impacts are expected as a result of developing a single-family home and accessory uses, including the proposed driveway re-establishment on the old cane road. The applicant will ensure that the native plants hala, naupaka and neneleau are preserved and has developed a landscape plan featuring native elements, as is encouraged by Conservation District rules. The precautions for preventing effects to water quality during construction listed in Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.6 will reduce adverse impact on aquatic biological resources in coastal waters to negligible levels. The following measures will be implemented to help avoid impacts to endangered or rate native birds and the Hawaiian hoary bat: Page 27 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment • To minimize impacts to the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, trees taller than 15 feet will not be removed or trimmed during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). • To minimize impacts to Hawaiian hawks, earthmoving within 100 meters of tall trees or any tree cutting during the breeding season for Hawaiian hawks (March through the end of September)will be avoided. If this time period cannot be avoided, the applicant will arrange for a hawk nest search to be conducted by a qualified biologist. If hawk nests are present on or near the property, all land clearing activity will cease until the expiration of the breeding season. • To avoid potential seabird downing through interaction with outdoor lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment lighting will be used after dark between the months of April and October. Minimal exterior lighting will be included, and it will be shielded in strict conformance with the Hawaii County Outdoor Lighting Ordinance (Hawai`i County Code Chapter 9, Article 14). Lighting will be constrained to utilize only low light emitting fixtures using blue-deficient filtered LED lights with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin or less, and shielded to protect both transiting seabirds and dark skies. Although it is unlikely that nene will be present on the property, if they are, the applicant will ensure that no nene will be harassed during construction or occupation of the residence. If nene nests are found, DLNR-DOFAW will be contacted. 3.1.5 Air Quality and Noise Environmental Setting Air quality in the area is generally excellent, due to its rural nature and minimal degree of human activity, although vog from Kilauea volcano is occasionally blown into this part of the island when this volcano is erupting, as it currently is. Noise on the site is very low and is derived from natural sources (such as surf, birds and wind) due to the isolated nature of the area, sheltered from the highway by a roadcut. Impacts and Mitigation Measures The project would not affect air quality or noise levels in any substantial ways. Brief and minor adverse effects would occur during construction. However, there are no sensitive noise receptors in the vicinity— with no houses or other structures within 1,000 feet of the proposed home site. Given the small scale and short duration of any noise impacts, coupled with the lack of sensitive receptors, noise mitigation would not be necessary. 3.1.5 Scenic Resources A visual impact assessment was prepared for the project by Geometrician Associates. It is attached as Appendix 6 and summarized below. Environmental Setting Page 28 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Several locations in Rural South Hilo offer drivers on Highway 19 fairly long, sweeping, horizon views of the sea. Because of the ever-present sea-cliffs, actual shoreline views are rare and found mainly at lookouts in Wainaku and Laupahoehoe and on some of the bridges. The Holcomb property is at about Mile Marker(MM) 12.7. On the highway approaching the property between MM 12.5 and MM.14 there are no sweeping views, as the combination of topography, distance and vegetation allow drivers only fleeting views of the sea. The shoreline itself is not visible between Honoli`i Gulch and Kolekole Gulch, at MM 14.2. Although the Holcomb property borders State Highway 19, the useable portion is located behind a tall road-cut through which the highway passes. As shown in the photos in Appendix 6, on the highway fronting the Holcomb property itself there are no ocean views on the approaches from the south or north. From the highway and the sea, views of the interior—where all construction would occur— are almost completely blocked by trees and/or topography. Impacts and Mitigation Measures Several regulations and policies are of prime importance for evaluating scenic impacts. The Hawaii County General Plan states: The natural beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From various locations in the area, there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay provides a picturesque front yard for Hilo. From the bay the land gently slopes upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Throughout the district there are waterfalls, including the famous Akaka Falls and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others (p. 7-5). The General Plan identifies several areas of natural beauty and important viewplanes for various places in Hawaii County. None of these sites are visible from the property or located within a mile of it. The Hamakua Community Development Plan (CDP)implements the General Plan for the region including the districts of Hamakua, North Hilo and the Rural South Hilo portion of the South Hilo District, which is north of the Wailuku River, and protection of scenic views is an integral part of the CDP. Construction of the home requires a Special Management Area Use Permit from the County of Hawaii. Granting of the permit is subject to Rule 9 of Hawaii County Planning Commission Rules, and the guidelines contained in Rule 9 seek to minimize development that would substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight toward the sea from the State Highway nearest the coast or from other scenic areas identified in the General Plan. In order to assess the potential for interference by the home (the only planned structure)with views from State Highway 19 and the nearby shoreline, a series of roughly mauka-makai profiles were developed to show current topography and the proposed structures. These profiles are contained in Appendix 6. The profiles demonstrate the following: Page 29 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment • Views from the shoreline to the home. As illustrated in three profiles to various shoreline points, owing to the steep cliff that fronts the entire coastline, and secondarily because of the fringe of trees, the home will not be visible at all from any shoreline areas within miles of property. Even if invasive trees are cleared from a planned area in the north and northeast of the property, no shoreline views would be possible. • Views from Highway 19 to the home. As illustrated in three profiles to various points on the highway, the home location lies in a topographic"dip" situated below a steep slope, which would conceal it from view from the mauka side, even without vegetation. No visual impact for the viewplanes from the highway to towards the shoreline and over the home is expected. In summary, construction of the residence would not lead to any visual impacts for the general public. Views to and from the shoreline and Highway 19 would not be affected. Together, the profiles illustrate that construction of the residence would not lead to any visual impacts for the general public. Views to and from the shoreline and Highway 19 would not be affected. The project is being designed to conform with the Conservation District rules (Hawai`i Administrative Rules 13-5), which require subtle and sensitive colors and architectural styles, minimal height, and landscaping utilizing primarily native and Polynesian species. Although the home will not be visible to the general public except from the air or out to sea, its sensitive design will not cause any scenic impacts. Removal of ironwoods and other invasive trees to establish a sight line towards the sea on the north/northeast—coupled with planting native hala trees—would be undertaken, but this will not adversely affect any views of the property from the shoreline or highway. To the degree there are any visual effects from this tree removal, the replacement of ironwood with hala will be positive. Minimal exterior lighting will be included. It will be constrained to utilize only low light emitting fixtures using blue-deficient filtered LED lights with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin or less, and shielded to protect dark skies and transiting seabirds. The overall effect would be a landscape in harmony with the rural landscape of Rural South Hilo. 3.1.7 Hazardous Substances, Toxic Waste and Hazardous Conditions Based on onsite inspection and the lack of any known former and current uses on the property, it appears that the site contains no hazardous or toxic substances and exhibits no other hazardous conditions. In addition to the measures related to water quality detailed in Section 3.1.3, in order to ensure to minimize the possibility for spills of hazardous materials, the applicant proposes the following: • Unused materials and excess fill (if any) will be disposed of at an authorized waste disposal site. • During construction, emergency spill treatment, storage, and disposal of all hazardous materials, will be explicitly required to meet all State and County requirements, and the contractor will adhere to "Good Housekeeping" for all appropriate substances, with the following instructions: o Onsite storage of the minimum practical quantity of hazardous materials necessary to complete the job; Page 30 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment o Fuel storage and use will be conducted to prevent leaks, spills or fires; o Products will be kept in their original containers unless unresealable, and original labels and safety data will be retained; o Disposal of surplus will follow manufacturer's recommendation and all regulations; o Manufacturers' instructions for proper use and disposal will be strictly followed; o Regular inspection by contractor to ensure proper use and disposal; o Onsite vehicles and machinery will be monitored for leaks and receive regular maintenance; o Construction materials, petroleum products, wastes, debris, and landscaping substances (herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers)will be prevented from blowing, falling, flowing, washing or leaching into the ocean; and o All spills will be cleaned up and properly disposed of immediately after discovery. 3.2 Socioeconomic and Cultural 3.2.1 Land Use, Socioeconomic Characteristics and Recreation Existing Environment The property is located about one road-mile from the center of the nearest village, Honomu. The 2010 U.S. Census of population counted 509 residents in Honomu, with about 24%White, 5%Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 30% Asian, and almost 40%identifying as two or more races. This region of traditional Hawaiian settlement was transformed by commercial sugarcane cultivation into a collection of plantation camps and individual homes, some within old government grants and homestead lots. Unlike many villages along the Hamakua coast, it has retained a large fraction of its retail, service, religious and government buildings, although their function and level of business is nothing like the glory days of the plantations. The picturesque town attracts many tourists drawn to Akaka Falls State Park. Since the demise of sugarcane, the area at first lost population but then began to gain it, mostly from new residents to Hawaii. Many are attracted by large lots in the uplands which one could use as a farm or ranch, a vacation rental, a peaceful hideaway, or a home from which to commute to Hilo. With the Covid- 19 pandemic, more and more residents are freelancing via the internet or telecommuting to jobs around the globe. Many new residents to the Honomu fit this category. Impacts and Mitigation Measures No adverse socioeconomic impacts are expected to result from the project. The project will have a very small but positive economic impact for the County of Hawaii. The residence and associated improvements will not adversely affect population or demand for services. 3.2.2 Cultural and Historic Resources An archaeological inventory survey and a cultural impact assessment were prepared for the property and are attached as Appendices 2 and 3, respectively. Research for this report included primary fieldwork, consultation of archaeological and ethnographical studies and primary documents including maps and Page 31 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Mahele testimony, and consultation of informants. In the interest of readability, the summary below does not include all scholarly references; readers interested in extended discussion and sources may consult these appendices. Separately, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the Hamakua Coast Councilperson, the Sierra Club, three neighbors and a local resident of Honomu with much knowledge of the history of use of the property were also consulted as part of the EA to determine whether they had any information on natural or cultural resources that might be present or affected, and additional research on cultural resources and impacts was conducted. Historical and Cultural Background The first inhabitants of Hawaii are believed to be East Polynesian settlers who undertook difficult voyages across the open ocean. For many years, researchers have proposed that early settlement voyages between Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) and Hawaii were underway by A. D. 300, although recent work suggests that Polynesians may not have arrived in Hawaii until at least A. D. 1000 (Kirch 2011). The initial inhabitants of Hawaii are believed to have come from the southern Marquesas Islands and settled initially on the windward side, eventually expanding to leeward areas. Early Hawaiian farmers developed new strategies and tools for their new environment(Pogue 1978). Societal order was maintained by their traditional philosophies and by the conical clan principle of genealogical seniority Universal Polynesian customs brought from their homeland included the observance of major gods Kane, Ku, and Lono; the kapu system of law and order; cities of refuge, various beliefs, and the concepts of mana and the `aumakua (Fornander 1919-1919). The Development Period, believed under Kirch's new concept to have occurred from A. D. 1100 to 1350, brought an evolution of traditional tools, including a variation of the adze (ko`i), and some new Hawaiian inventions such as the two-piece fishhook and the octopus-lure breadloaf sinker. That was followed by the Expansion Period (A. D. 1350 to 1650)which saw greater social stratification, intensive land modification, and population growth. This period was also the setting for the second major migration to Hawaii, this time from Tahiti. Also established during this period was the ahupua`a, a land-use concept that incorporated all of the eco-zones from the mountains to the shore and beyond. The usually wedge- shaped ahupua`a provided a diverse subsistence resource base (Hommon 1986) and added another component to what was already becoming a well-stratified society. As population grew during the following centuries so did the reach of inland cultivation in the upland environmental zones and consequent political and social stresses. During the Proto-Historic Period (A. D. 1650-1795), wars reflective of a complex and competitive social environment are evidenced by heiau building. During this period, sometime during the reign of Kalaniopu`u (A. D. 1736-1758), Kamehameha I was born in North Kohala. Ahupua`a were ruled by ah`i `ai ahupua`a or lesser chiefs and managed by a konohiki.Ali`i and maka`ainana, or commoners, were not confined to the boundaries of ahupua`a, as resources were shared when a need was identified.Ahupua`a were further divided into smaller sections such as `ili, mo`o`aina, pauku`aina, kihapai, koele, hakuone and kuakua. The chiefs of these land units have their allegiance to a Page 32 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment territorial chief or mo`i (literally translated as king) (Hommon 1986). The Holcomb property is located within the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki, which is translated in Pukui et al. (1974:143) as "little light." Malamalamaiki is located in the traditional moku (district) of Hilo, which is one of six moku on Hawaii Island. As Malamalamaiki encompasses mauka agricultural and forest resources and makai fisheries, residents were able to procure nearly all that they needed to sustain their families and contribute to the larger community from within the land division. Native Planters in Old Hawaii (Handy et al 1972:538-9) discussed traditional planting areas and methods in the North Hilo area. While Honomu Stream and Malamalamaiki were not mentioned as significant areas of taro to`i, it was noted that unirrigated taro was planted in the lower forest and along streams in the general area. Traditionally, the moku of Hilo was divided into three `okana(land divisions)with place names that have their origins in legendary times. The three divisions are (from north to south): Hilo Palikd, Hilo One, and Hilo Hanakahi. The location of the property is within Hilo Palikd or"Hilo of the upright cliff' (Pukui et al. 1974:46), which extends north from the Wailuku River to Ka`ula Gulch (Maly and Maly 2006). While no mo`olelo (legendary accounts), mele (songs), inoa `diva (place names) and `olelo no`eau (proverbs and poetical expressions) specific to Malamalamaiki Ahupua`a were identified as part of the cultural impact assessment, a number of them that concern Hilo Palikd in general and some for Honomu and neighboring ahupua`a are excerpted and discussed in Appendix 3. A small sample is provided below. In Pele and Hi`iaka, Emerson recounted the following mele that Hi`iaka sang while journeying between Hilo and Puna through the forest territory of the mo`o Pana`ewa, which mentions the area(1993:32-33): Pau ke aho i ke kahawai lau o Hilo One's strength is exhausted, climbing, climbing He lau ka pu`u, he mano ka iho`ina The countless valleys and ridges of Hilo, He mano na kahawai o Kula`i po The streams without number of Ku-la`i-po, He wai Honoli`i, he Pali o Kama-e`e, The mighty water of Hono-li`i, the precipice walls of Kama-e`e He Pali no Koolau ka Hilopali-ku And the pali of Ko`olau: Such a land is Hilo-pali-ku. He Pali Wailuku, he one ke hele ia, The banks of Wailuku are walls; the road to its crossing but sand; He one e ke`ehia la i Wai-olama. Sandy the way at Wai-o-lama. Kepa and Onaona Maly elucidated the close connection between legendary beings and numerous places in Hilo Palikd in their translation of story entitled Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Niki (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki). This legend was originally published in Hilo's Hawaiian Language newspaper Ka Hoku o Haw ai`i: Of Hilo Paliku it is said, one becomes short of breath traveling through Hilo, for there are many (400) hills, many (4,000) areas to descend, and many (40,000) streams, indeed while swimming through the waters of Hilo one becomes out of breath, but one is never out of water at Hilo! (Maly and Maly 2006:13) Page 33 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Maly and Maly (2006:13) explain that The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki: ...is about two supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki ("The quick, or adept, one") and Maka-`iole ("Rat [squinting] eyes"), who traveled around the island of Hawaii along the ancient ala loa and ala hele (trails and paths)that encircled the island. During their journey, the brothers competed in contests alongside the trails they traveled, and in famed kahua (contest arenas) and royal courts, against `olohe (experts skilled in fighting or in other competitions, such as running, fishing, debating, or solving riddles, that were practiced by the ancient Hawaiians). They also challenged priests whose dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawaii. Ka-Miki and Maka- `iole were empowered by their ancestress, Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka (The great entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a body-form of the goddess Haumea (the creative force of nature—also called Papa and Hina—who was a goddess of priests and competitors). Another mo`olelo describes a grueling battle that took place in the lands of Hilo Paliku between Poli`ahu, the goddess of the snow-covered mountain and her fiery rival, Pele. A tale that began with a sporting competition in the hills of Hamakua ended with fire fountains on Mauna Kea, earthquakes, great snowfalls and lava flows, which sculpted the landscape of the region from the ragged mass of Laupahoehoe to the great ledge of the arch of Onomea. Pukui (1983:107)provided a poetic description of Hilo Paliku a part of an `olelo no`eau or poetical saying: Hilo iki,pali `ele`ele. Translation: Little Hilo of the dark cliffs. Interpretation: Hilo-pali-ku, or Hilo-of-the-standing-cliffs, is always green because of the rain and mists. King David Kalakaua(1888:284) described the lands of the northern portion of Hilo as he recounted the tale of`Umi-a-Uloa presented in his book,Legends andMyths ofHawai`i. Writing at a time when the region had recently been transformed by sugarcane cultivation, the King recalled the former landscape: The northeastern coast of the island of Hawaii presents an almost continuous succession of valleys, with intervening uplands rising gently for a few miles, and then more abruptly toward the snows of Mauna Kea and the clouds. The rains are abundant on that side of the island, and the fertile plateau, boldly fronting the sea with a line of cliffs from fifty to a hundred feet in height, is scored at intervals of one or two miles with deep almost impassable gulches, whose waters reach the ocean either through rocky channels worn to the level of the waves, or in cascades leaping from the cliffs and streaking the coast from Hilo to Waipio with lines which seem to be molten silver from the great crucible of Kilauea. In the time of Liloa, and later, this plateau was thickly populated, and requiring no irrigation, was cultivated from the sea upward to the line of frost. A few kalo patches are still seen, and bananas Page 34 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment grow, as of old, in secluded spots and along the banks of the ravines; but the broad acres are green with cane, and the whistle of the sugar-mill is heard above the roar of the surf that beats against the rock-bound front of Hamakua. Traditional life in Hawaii' took a sharp turn on January 18, 1778 with the arrival of British Capt. James Cook in the islands. On a return trip to Hawaii ten months later, Kamehameha visited Cook aboard his ship the Resolution off the east coast of Maui and helped Cook navigate his way to Hawaii Island. Cook exchanged gifts with Kalaniopu`u at Kealakekua Bay the following January and then attempted to leave Hawaii in February. However, his ship then sustained damage to a mast in a severe storm off Kohala and returned to Kealakekua, setting the stage for his death on the shores of the bay. During the Proto-Historic Period there was a continuation of the trend toward intensification of agriculture, ah`i-controlled aquaculture, settling of upland areas and development of traditional oral history. The Ku cult, luakini heiau and the kapu system were at their peaks, but the influence of western civilization was being felt in the introduction of trade for profit and a market-system economy. By 1810, the sandalwood trade established by Europeans and Americans twenty years earlier was flourishing. That contributed to the breakdown of the traditional subsidence system, as farmers and fishermen were required to toil at logging, which resulted in food shortages and a decline in population. The rampant sandalwood trade resulted in the first Hawaiian national debt, as promissory notes and levies granted by American traders were enforced by American warships. The assimilation of western ways continued with the short-lived whaling industry to the production of sugarcane, which was more lucrative but carried a heavy environmental price. Following the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, the customary relaxing of kapu took place. But with the introduction of Christianity shortly thereafter, his successor, Kamehameha II, renounced the traditional religion and ordered that heiau structures either be destroyed or left to deteriorate. The family worship of `aumakua images was allowed to continue. In 1823, British missionary William Ellis and members of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)toured the island of Hawaii scouting communities in which to establish church centers for the growing Calvinist mission. Ellis recorded observations made during this tour in a journal, including Hilo Palikd: The country, by which we sailed, was fertile, beautiful, and apparently populous. The numerous plantations on the eminences and sides of the deep ravines or valleys, by which it was intersected, with the streams meandering through them into the sea, presented altogether a most agreeable prospect. The coast was bold, and the rocks evidently volcanic. We frequently saw water gushing out of hollows in the face of the rocks, or running in cascades from the top to the bottom (Ellis 1826:316). A year after Ellis' visit, in 1824, the ABCFM established a base church in Hilo. From that church(Haili), the missionaries traveled to the more remote areas of the Hilo and Puna Districts. David Lyman, who Page 35 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment came to Hawaii in 1832, and Titus Coan, who arrived in 1835, were two of the most influential Congregational missionaries in Puna and Hilo. In 1840, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, head of the U.S. Exploring Expedition, traveled to North Hilo and described the landscape: The coast to the north of Hilo is slightly peculiar: it is a steep bluff, rising about two hundred feet; this is cut into small breaks here called "gulches," within which the villages are generally situated, and the natives grow banana and taro. In some places they cultivate small patches of sugarcane, which succeed well (Wilkes 1845). Overland travel across the central and northern Hilo District remained difficult throughout the first part of the nineteenth century due to the rugged coastline and many deep gulches. Transportation difficulties probably delayed large-scale commercial exploitation of the kula lands in the region. Initial commercial exploitation of these lands was limited to small scale agriculture in areas with coastal access for shipping and receiving goods. The Reverend Titus Coan (1882:31-32), who settled at the Hilo Mission Station in 1835, wrote that: For many years after our arrival there were no roads, no bridges, and no horses in Hilo, and all my tours were made on foot...The path was a simple trail, winding in a serpentine line, going down and up precipices, some of which could only be descended by grasping the shrubs and grasses, and with no little weariness and difficulty and some danger. By the mid-1800s, the first roads had been established along the coast of South Hilo, likely following the route of the older path described by Coan. These first roads, designed for travel on horses and in carts, were developed by landholders, primarily sugar growers, looking to connect their plantation lands. The Mahele `Aina took place in 1848, placing all land in Hawaii into three categories: Crown Lands, Government Lands and Konohiki Lands. Ownership rights were"subject to the rights of the native tenants," or those individuals who lived on the land and worked it for their subsistence and for their chiefs. The land claims of native tenants became known as kuleana. On February 3, 1848, the ah`i Kekuapanio (also spelled Kuapanio)laid claim to three lands, one of which included Malamalamaiki Ahupua`a. This ahupua`a was subsequently awarded to him as `dpana(parcel) 2 of LCAw. 130. Prior testimony was given on October 27, 1848, by John Young, one of Kamehameha I's foreign military advisors, specified that before the Mahele `Aina, Malamalamaiki was held by John Young, but at the request Poki (Boki, Governor of O`ahu), Malamalamaiki was returned to King Kauikeaouli. At the time of the Mahele, King Kauikeaouli gave Malamalamaiki to Kekuapanio, who was considered a hulumanu, a class of young nobles who were favorites of the chief. According to records obtained at the Edward Olson Trust Archives, after Kekuapanio died, the land was retained by his heir, Huakini of Honolulu, Oahu. Historical records indicate that Huakini was a defendant in a lawsuit against James W. Marsh, Marshall of the Hawaiian Islands, who through a court ruling levied Huakini's personal and real property, including Malamalamaiki, and sold it at a public auction to Charles C. Harris for the Page 36 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment sum of$226 on May 6, 1859 (Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2-24; HSC2-35). It appears that no kuleana claims were made for lands in Malamalamaiki. In conjunction with the Mahele `Rina of 1848, the King authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land, larger than those generally available through the Land Commission. The process for applications was clarified by the"Enabling Act," which was ratified on August 6, 1850. The Act resolved that portions of the Government Lands established during the Mahele should be set aside and sold as grants. The stated goal of this program was to enable native tenants, many of whom were not awarded kuleana parcels during the Mahele, to purchase lands of their own. Despite this goal, many of the Government Lands were eventually sold or leased to foreigners. South of the project area in Malamalamaiki 1st, a 52.6-acre grant parcel (Royal Patent No. 1358)was purchased in 1854 by William Farwell for $51.50. Various accounts of foreign travelers making the difficult journey overland across Hilo Palikd discussed in Appendix 3 provide insight into the slow pace of social and economic change occurring in this almost inaccessible area. Population rapidly dropped in the mid-19th century as a result of both epidemics and migration of rural inhabitants to towns and cities. However, by 1870, sugarcane cultivation had begun to dominate the economy and transform the landscape of many districts of the Hawaiian Islands, including the project area. Following the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Reciprocity, a free-trade agreement between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii that guaranteed a duty-free market for Hawaiian sugar in exchange for special economic privileges for the United States, a number of new sugar plantations incorporated in the Islands. In 1880, M. Kirchoff& Company, along with C. Brewer& Company, Ltd. as agent, established Honomu Sugar Company on 2,400 acres, including the land that is now the property. The expansion of the Honomu Sugar Company into Malamalamaiki began in May of 1886 when Edward Witschy leased four acres to the Honomu Sugar Company. Witschy had purchased Malamalamaiki 2 from Charles C. Harris in May of 1875 after Harris had purchased the ahupua`a in an 1859 public auction. In 1877, Witschy sold Malamalamaiki to William and Caroline Kinney. In 1886, Witschy along with his attorney, D. H. Hitchcock, appeared before the Commissioners of Boundaries to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 2. After Malamalamaiki was deeded to Kinney, the acting manager for the Honomu Sugar Company, he sold a portion of the ahupua`a in 1886 to the Honomu Sugar Company and retained a portion for his heirs. The Honomu Sugar Company mill was located less than a mile northwest up the coast from the property. In 1890 the plantation was producing 2,000 tons of sugar yearly. Initially, no Hilo coast plantation had a railroad, so fluming was extensively utilized. The Honomu Sugar Company shipped its product from Honomu Landing to Honolulu via inter-island vessels that anchored offshore, an expensive, laborious and weather-dependent method of shipping sugar. The rise of the sugar industry was closely intertwined with the development of rail transportation, which was the focus of both governmental and private sector planning following the Treaty of Reciprocity. On the Island of Hawaii, the first major line to be constructed was in the North Kohala District, which operated as the Hawaiian Railroad Company. The North Kohala line was envisioned as only the first step toward a much larger system connecting the cane fields of Kohala, Hamakua, and Hilo with Hilo Harbor, Page 37 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment the only protected deep-water port on the island. Beginning in 1899, railroad lines began transporting sugar to the harbor for marine transport, and Hilo became an important shipping and railroad hub. Lorrin A. Thurston, who according to Thrum had "been connected with the enterprise from its initiation" (Thurston 1913:142), wrote an article upon the completion of the railroad from Hilo to Pa`auilo in May of 1913 entitled"Railroading in Hilo," which was published in Thrum's Hawaiian Annual andAlmanac for 1914. Thurston reported that the Hilo Railroad Company (HRC)began by laying tracks in 1899 from Waiakea south to `Ola`a and onwards to Kapoho. The initial distance of 25 miles was completed by April 1901. Later that same year, the track was extended along the waterfront of Hilo to the Wailuku River, at the foot of Waianuenue Street(ibid.:143). In 1903, HRC constructed a wharf at Waiakea and completed a branch line connecting it to the waterfront line. The commercial sugar industry provided most of the cargo transported by HRC but suffered a sharp decline between the years of 1904 and 1907, which in turn halted development in Hilo (Thurston 1913). In response, HRC worked with `Ola`a Sugar Company to send a representative to Washington D.C. in 1907 to secure funding for the construction of a breakwater that would allow Hilo Bay to accommodate larger ocean-going vessels. Many in Congress opposed the appropriation because of the limited commerce then being transacted through Hilo harbor. The HRC made assurances that if the breakwater were constructed, a railroad would be built into the country north of Hilo and suitable wharf facilities provided near the breakwater. These assurances had a material effect in securing the appropriation. Construction of the breakwater began in 1908 and was finally completed in 1929. The HRC made good on its pledge, building a new wharf, a one-mile rail extension from Waiakea, and a 50-mile rail extension north to Honoka`a Mill. The extension to Honoka`a would finally connect the sugar mills of South Hilo, North Hilo, and Hamakua with Hilo's protected harbor. Between June 1909 and December 24, 1911, HRC built 12.7 miles of rail extending from Hilo to Hakalau Mill (including within the Holcomb property), crossing many deep gulches and valleys along its route. This was followed by the construction of 21 more miles of rail that connected Hakalau with Pa`auilo to the north. The 34-mile segment was known as the "Hamakua Division" and was considered not only useful for the sugar industry but also an extremely scenic and a tourist attraction in itself for the occasional tourist to Hilo. Ultimately, the high cost of the Hamakua Division ruined HRC, and in 1916 it was forced to sell out and reorganize under the name Hawaii Consolidated Railway (HCR). In 1920, HCR attempted to capture a larger piece of the growing tourist business with its adventurous tour dubbed the"Scenic Express." HCR had long offered service to Glenwood for tourists visiting Kilauea, but motorbuses now dominated this route. The Hamakua Coast, by contrast, was not easily accessible by automobile. HCR was therefore able to run passenger coaches profitably along the Hamakua Division with stops at scenic points. By 1919, the Honomu Sugar Company encompassed roughly 2,300 acres of land, 1,300 owned outright by the company and 1,000 of which were leasehold. The company's sugarcane lands extended from 50 to 1,500 feet above sea level, between the neighboring mills of Pepe`ekeo and Hakalau. Water was supplied to the fields from diversions in perennial streams including Pahe`ehe`e, Honomu (the mouth of which bounds the property to the north), and Kolekole, through a 9-mile long network of flumes. Page 38 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment With the complete development of railroad infrastructure in the vicinity, sugar production increased. A 1932 field map of the Honomu Sugar Company shows the property and the surrounding land to be within "Field 3", which included a land area of 44.80 acres, 37.45 acres of which were owned and operated by the plantation. Field 3 extended from the coast of both Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd to the Government Road (Appendix 3, Figure 26). The 1932 field map shows the railroad extending along the mauka edge of the property and a flume meandering along the sea cliffs in the makai portions. Additionally, the 1932 map shows the more level land within the property cultivated in cane, whereas 1.25 acres of the cliff line was cultivated in"Pali Planters cane." This included 0.7 acres of the parcel's rocky coastline (labeled '*84" in Figure 26) and 0.55 acres of the steep, Malamalamaiki Gulch bank(labeled '*82" in Appendix 3, Figure 26) The steep gulch banks and rocky coastal cliff edges in the South Hilo district made it difficult for the plantation companies' machinery to cultivate and harvest cane, therefore, independent contractors were hired to manually clear and cultivate cane in these marginal zones. The"Pali Planters" were one such group contracted by the Honomu Sugar Company to clear and cultivate cane in these areas. The rise of the automobile spelled doom for the railroad. The rail passenger business declined precipitously in the early decades of the twentieth century. In 1920, 607,220 passengers were carried; by 1930, the number had dropped to 77,894 and continued falling as the years progressed, to as low as 16,681 in 1936 (Best 1978:145-146). As a result, the remaining passenger cars were converted for freight and the meager passenger traffic that persisted was hauled on custom-built railbuses. By 1941, Honomu Sugar Company held 3,027 acres of cane land, and production had reached 10,407 tons, but in years following World War 11 the company fell under duress due to wage increases and labor scarcity. A pattern of cane field acquisition emerged in the following years in an effort to boost cultivatable acreage and thereby ensure sustainable profitability for the big players in the industry, and in 1946, C. Brewer& Co. acquired a controlling interest in Honomu Sugar Company and merged it into the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). The year 1946 was truly momentous for the Island of Hawaii. On April 1, a tsunami triggered by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands slammed into Hawai`i's north coast, killing 165 people from Hilo to Waipio Valley. It severely harmed infrastructure around the island and dealt a fatal blow to the already struggling Hawaii Consolidated Railway. Tracks around the Hilo waterfront were entirely washed out and the Hilo Station was wrecked. An entire span of the Wailuku Bridge was torn out and the railroad bridge at the mouth of nearby Kolekole Stream lost its center span. Water reached heights of 37 feet in Kolekole and neighboring Hakalau Gulch. The destruction was so severe that the Hawaii Railroad Company filed for abandonment soon thereafter. Despite its destruction, the bridge-laden Hamakua Division was later appropriated by the Territorial Government, who utilized the abandoned railroad alignment to construct much of the Hawaii Belt Road in the 1950s. Plantation sugar continued to thrive, substituting cane trucks for railroad cars. In 1962, the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company fused with Hakalau Plantation, and in 1973 Hakalau was consolidated into Mauna Kea Sugar Company, a non-profit corporation that now held Hakalau in addition to the Honomu, Pepe`ekeo, Onomea, and Hilo Sugar companies (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). A 1966 USGS map (Appendix 3, Figure 28) shows the route of Hawaii Belt Road outside the western boundary of the property — Page 39 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment illustrating the realignment of the highway to the west, off the railroad right-of-way. The only remaining plantation infrastructure in the property was the looping cane road in the southern portion. Aerial imagery taken in 1965 (Appendix 3, Figure 29) shows the majority of the parcel, with the exception of the eastern point, cultivated in cane, with a looping cane haul road along the southern portion of the property. Another aerial taken in 1977 (Appendix 3, Figure 30) shows ongoing cane cultivation in the property; however, the cane haul road had apparently fallen out of use by this time. Mauna Kea Sugar Company, which eventually became Mauna Kea Agribusiness, became the third-largest in acreage (13,000 acres) on Hawaii Island. It operated until 1994 when it phased out sugar production and shut down forever, marking the end of commercial sugarcane production in the Hilo area (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). Despite changes in the era since the demise of sugarcane plantations, there is a feeling of continuity and heritage in this community. In the words of the Hamakua Community Development Plan (Hawai`i County Planning Department 2018: 20): The region referred to as Hamakua stretches along north of Hilo along the upright cliffs (Hilo Paliku)to the majestic, historic valley of Waipi`o and up the slopes to the sacred summit of Mauna Kea. It is against this sweeping, lush green landscape that the people of the Hamakua region have flourished for generations. The region was historically renowned as a powerful religious, economic, and demographic center of Hawaii Island and from early times, the region was known for its agriculture. One cannot truly understand Hamakua's people without appreciating the legacy that agriculture has stamped on this land and its people. For some, Hamakua is a place where their ancestors flourished for centuries and for others, agricultural employment drew their ancestors to emigrate from foreign lands. Here they raised their children and learned to love the land and sea as their own. Still others have come in search of a simpler way of life, drawn by the beauty of the land and a host of personal stories that testify to the magical attraction that draws people to places where they feel at home. Together, these groups form the modern communities of Hamakua. Regardless of their background, the people of Hamakua share a deep appreciation for the historical heritage of their small towns and highly value preserving an `ohana-centered community that emphasizes quality of life, neighborhood cooperation, and the aloha spirit. The people of Hamakua recognize that their future is tied to the preservation of their way of life and the natural and cultural resources that have sustained them for generations. A constant through all these eras of history is that the well-developed Hawaiian traditions of fishing and collecting food from the ocean continued to be practiced. This orientation to the shoreline and the traditional practices developed in Hawaii are still passed down from generation to generation. Many residents fish for `ulna on isolated points along the cliffs of the Hamakua Coast in areas that often require both skill and courage to access. They use knowledge and techniques of past fishermen to select fishing locations, proper bait, and technique. Traditional Hawaiian fishing practices, shoreline gathering practices, and ocean access are protected by State law. The specific situation related to the Holcomb property is discussed below in the consultation section. Page 40 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Archaeological Investigations and Resources Previous archaeological studies conducted in the general project area, historical documentary research, and settlement patterns for the coastal South Hilo District provided a working model for the types and density of features that the archaeologists could expect on the property. These studies are reviewed in Appendix 2. Historical data indicate that the general area was part of intensively farmed traditional Hawaiian kula lands. For the last 100 years, however, the area has been utilized for sugarcane cultivation and associated transportation. It is likely that these Historic-era modifications have largely destroyed any traditional Hawaiian features that may have been present at the property. The extreme coastal fringe along the eastern boundary of the property, as well as the edges of the Malamalamaiki Gulch/Honomu Stream Gulch beyond the northern boundary, may have been less affected by these disturbances. The northern gulch edge, however, is very steep-sided and descends directly to a rocky streambed and a small rocky beach. The terrain in this area is not well-suited for traditional Hawaiian cultivation or habitation. The small rocky beach located at the base of the gulch (outside of the property), however, would likely have been used for fishing and gathering of marine resources. Based on historic maps, it was expected that remnants of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad bed (Site 24212)would be found along the property's western boundary. These maps also depict a flume crossing the property, leading into the gulch. Remnants of this flume were also expected to be found along the gulch edge and possibly within the central portion of the property. Other remnants of Historic sugarcane infrastructure might also be found, likely concentrated in the central portions or near the former flume route and railroad bed. Traditional Hawaiian agricultural and habitation features are unlikely to have survived disturbance from sugarcane cultivation. If present, they could include stone mounds, terraces, agriculture related features, or walls. These would likely be found in the less-impacted southern and eastern boundaries of the property. Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on August 13th and 24th, 2020, by Jonny Dudoit, B.A., Genevieve Glennon, B.A., Gabriela Edwards, B.A., and Tim Scheffler Ph.D., under the direct supervision of Matthew R. Clark, M.A. (Principal Investigator). Fieldwork consisted of an intensive (100% coverage) pedestrian survey of the entire project area. The survey crew walked systematic northwest-southeast (cross-slope)transects across the entire project area with fieldworkers spaced no more than 10 meters apart. The rocky coastal cliff as well as the steep edge of the Malamalamaiki Gulch were subject to a particularly thorough investigation, as these areas were less likely to have been impacted by activities associated with sugarcane cultivation. While vegetation was thick throughout most of the property, for the most part ground visibility was suitable for identifying any cultural features that may have been present. Upon completion of the pedestrian survey, the survey crew returned to each potential feature to clear vegetation and examine them more thoroughly. Those features determined to be historic properties were then photographed, described, mapped and sketched. No subsurface testing was conducted during the survey fieldwork, as the only identified sites clearly date from the mid-to late nineteenth century. The survey definitively located and documented a portion of one previously recorded site (Site 50-10-26- 24212) and one newly recorded site (Site 50-10-26-31238). Site 24212 consists of the Hilo Railroad- Hawai`i Consolidated Railway bed, a portion of which extends near to the western boundary of the property. Site 31238 is the former route of a Historic-era permanent flume associated with the Honomu Page 41 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Sugar Company, which extends east to west near the northern boundary of the property. The sites are discussed and illustrated in detail in Appendix 2. It should be noted that aside from the routes for these sites, no physical remains such as railroad ties, spikes, or rails, or flume bed sections or supports was discovered. Much of the route of both features has begun to fill in through natural soil movement. Therefore, the sites retain their integrity of location only as the former routes of a railroad bed and flume, and not of design, setting, materials, or workmanship. Despite the sites' general lack of integrity, the archaeologists determined that both were significant under the criteria established and promoted by the DLNR-SHPD and contained in the Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-284-6. They were found significant for Criterion a (associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history); and Criterion d (for having yielded, or be likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history). This is because of their association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and for the information they have yielded with respect to early twentieth century sugarcane infrastructure. The archaeologists recommended treatment for these sites is "no further work," as they were adequately documented in the survey, thus no mitigation would be necessary to address potential impacts to these sites. By DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD)policy, archaeological surveys cannot be submitted to SHPD or reviewed by this agency prior to the processing of a permit that requires consideration of archaeological resources. DLNR-OCCL requires that the EA be submitted as part of the permit application. As such, it was not legally possible for the applicant to submit the survey to SHPD as of the date of preparation of the EA. The survey report was provided to SHPD for their review and comment on site identification, significance and treatment recommendations via the HICRIS system on August 12, 2021, and assigned the SHPD log number 2021PR00826. The survey was reviewed and approved by SHPD_ which concurred with the findings_ on November 8. 2021 (see Appendix 2). As an additional mitigation measure, in the unlikely event that any unanticipated archaeological resources are unearthed within the property during the proposed development activities, work in the immediate vicinity of those resources should be halted and SHPD should be contacted in compliance with Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-280. Cultural Resources and Practices When assessing potential cultural impacts to resources, practices, and beliefs, input gathered from community members with genealogical ties and/or long-standing residency relationships to the project area is vital. It is precisely these individuals who ascribe meaning and value to traditional resources and practices. Community members may also retain traditional knowledge and beliefs unavailable elsewhere in the historical or cultural record of a place. As discussed above, EA consultation efforts involved letters to various agencies and individuals, and the cultural impact assessment identified seven community members who were long-time residents of the area and believed to have knowledge of past land-use, history, or cultural information. Five agreed to be interviewed, and their interview summaries are contained in Appendix 3. No specific resources were identified on the actual property, which was cultivated for almost a century in sugarcane and contains very few native plants or other natural features. Page 42 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment All interviewees focused on the shoreline resources that could be accessed at the foot of the cliffs below the property. Most mentioned in detail the 20th century tradition of descending the cliffs with ladders (no doubt an adaptation of more ancient means of accessing isolated fishing spots)to fish. Not only native Hawaiians but members of the entire multi-ethnic community participated in this type of fishing. Some recollections of several local residents who kindly shared their thoughts, which are fully recounted in Appendix 3, are repeated below: [Lito] Arkangel shared that the area between the old Honomu landing and the former Honomu mill site are known fishing grounds. He related that he used to access the property to fish but no longer does because descending the cliffs via the ladders has become more treacherous. He pointed out that the leaf litter from hala trees that grow along the cliff edge makes the area pakika (slippery, smooth) and that coastal erosion has made descending the cliff even more dangerous. He related that although the ladders are there, people also have to insert their feet into small holes in the cliff face to climb down. He described the coastal area between Malamalamaiki and Honomu as "good fishing grounds" and recalled fishing this area on the full-moons. He explained that due to the topography, coastal access in this part of Hilo is limited and shared that he was aware of three coastal access points, one on the current property, another further south near the old Honomu landing, and another further north near the former Honomu mill site. Mr. Arkangel expressed that today, if he wishes to access the coastline to fish whether by himself or with his children, he will usually go through the former Honomu mill site and walk along the coast. When asked if he was aware of others who have or continue to access the area known as "Ladders," Mr. Arkangel shared that yes, people still descend the cliffs from the property and added that fishermen may not be there every day, but they do frequent the area. [Roger] Uchima shared that along the easternmost point of the property is a fishing spot that is known by the locals as "Ladders." He related that the name is in reference to the ladders that people used to descend the cliff. He added that while he remembers the ladders and still fishes along this coastline, he does not access the coast from this property because of safety concerns. When asked if he knew of others who have or continue to access the coast from this property, he shared that he was not aware of any such persons. He went on to state that the only persons who he could recall that used to access the coast from "Ladders" was the older generation. He added that the coastal access from "Ladders" appears to have lessened with the younger generation. Mr. Uchima explained that when the property was cultivated in cane, coastal access was easier because the vegetation on the path and along the cliff was significantly less. He shared that now the vegetation is dense and makes access difficult. The system of ladders descending more than 100 feet down the edge of the steep cliff is no longer functional, with several missing rotten or burnt ladders. It is no longer possible to descend without ropes. Some ever-enterprising local fishermen have become proficient at rappelling, and some reportedly descend the cliffs in front of the property. Although seldom used—perhaps because of perceptions about access, dense vegetation, or more convenient spots elsewhere, preservation of access to this area is vital for preserving cultural practices and the use of a traditionally important place. Page 43 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Cultural Resources Consultation as part of the cultural impact assessment solicited community suggestions on a workable access plan, considering not only the need for community members to access the site but also the inappropriateness of having the general public, especially tourists, attempting to use the hazardous ladders or rappel down the unstable cliff. When asked if he had any mitigative solutions, longtime resident Sam Halsted said he hopes that the landowner and the local fishermen can work together to develop a mutually beneficial relationship. While he respects private property rights, he hopes a walking path can be established somewhere along the property boundary so that local fishers can continue their practice of accessing the coast and fishing from the point. He is open to meeting and developing a relationship with the landowner and believes that if this can be achieved then this is the true meaning of community. Radford DeMotta, who was raised in nearby Pepe`ekeo, said that in the Honomu area there are just a few coastal access points, including one known as 23 Flats at Kohola Point, on Kamehameha Schools land, another area just north of Honomu Gulch, and one just makai of the Holcomb property ("Ladders"). Mr. DeMotta would like to see coastal access maintained so that local fishers can access their traditional fishing spots. He believes that a managed public access easement should be established. He explained that the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee of the Pepe`ekeo Community Association currently manages coastal access near the Pepe`ekeo Mill. He specified that they have installed a combination lock and that fishermen wishing to access the area must contact the point person, Jaerick Medeiros-Garcia, and provide specific information before receiving the combination code. He maintained that the management system currently used by the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee is a good model and perhaps the committee could aid with management. Mr. DeMotta noted that managing access is important and that uncontrolled access can have unfortunate consequences. Mr. Holcomb has assiduously educated himself concerning the property he has been fortunate enough to buy and the traditions that come with the land, through discussions with neighbors, meeting with local historical experts and reading reports on the natural and cultural resources of the property and region. He has stated his understanding and support for the right to access the fishing area. After hearing of the suggestions provided in consultation, which he had also heard from several of his friends in the community, he formulated a plan that would accommodate these fishing practices. As discussed in detail in Section 1.1., above, he has proposed coastal access corridors and provision of a license to the Makahanaloa Fishing Association to provide access to "Ladders", assist in management, and mitigate the potential liability to the property owner from claims for injury that could occur when attempting to access the shoreline. A parking area will also be provided for daytime fishing and access at night for those actively engaged in night fishing activities through a registration system managed by the Association. Informational and warning signage will also be provided. It is reasonable to conclude, based upon the limited range and concentration on the pali and shoreline of cultural resources and practices, along with the proposed mitigation to all affected resources, that the exercise of native Hawaiian rights related to gathering, access or other customary activities will not be affected, and there will be no adverse effect upon cultural practices or beliefs. The Draft EA was distributed to agencies and groups who might have knowledge in order to confirm this finding. No party reviewing the Draft EA supplied any cultural information. Page 44 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 3.3 Public Roads, Services and Utilities 3.3.1 Roads and Access Existing Environment, Impacts and Mitigation Measures The sole road access to the property is via an existing wide highway access shared by several properties, which limits driveway construction on Highway 19, in conformance with State Department of Transportation (HDOT)policy. The property is accessed via two private easements located on TNM: (3) 2-8-012:029_ which is owned by Michael Neifeld. These private easements_ approximately 0.030 acres and 0.345 acres respectively_ allow access to the paved widened section of Highway 19 right-of-way. The 0.030-acre access easement also contains a second unpaved roadway that extend makai into Parcel 29. TNM: (3) 2-8-012:030 031_ and 032_ have legal access through Parcel 29 and through the 0.030-acre easement abutting the widened paved section of Highway 19. Sight distance northwest and southeast is adequate for safe left or right turns in or out of the driveway. HDOT records show a 2019 traffic volume on Highway 19 of 10,556 vehicles per day at Milepost 8, near Papa'ikou, approximately 4.7 miles to the southeast, which falls off to lesser levels near Honomu(https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/covid-l9-traffic-volume-comparison. Pedestrian use on this section of Highway 19 is extremely uncommon;bicycles—mainly associated with touring—occasionally utilize the shoulder. No bus stops are present in the general area of the driveway. The access connects to a 600-foot long easement across another property into the Holcomb property. The applicant will not request a driveway directly on to Highway 19 from his property, which is not necessary and in any case is impractical because of topography. The Holcomb property does not contain or utilize any agricultural crossing points. The existing unpaved access road extending from the driveway will be cleared of vegetation and any obstacles but otherwise left undisturbed. A roughly 300-foot driveway extension and turnaround area will be constructed on the property. Construction of the home will occasionally involve very minor levels of traffic as vehicles associated with workers, equipment and supplies arrive and depart the site. Once constructed, the home will generate extremely minor traffic that would not affect highway operations. In a letter in response to early consultation of November 17, 2020, HDOT provided information and asked that the EA address certain issues (see Appendix la), which are mostly covered in the discussion above. HDOT noted that it did not anticipate that the number of trips generated by the proposed single-family residential use of the property would adversely impact the traffic conditions on Highway 19. It noted that use of an existing driveway on the highway needs to be approved by HDOT for continued use and shall meet current design standards, and that the applicant should consult directly with the Hawaii District Engineer regarding driveway improvements. The applicant will do so at the appropriate time. 3.3.2 Public Utilities and Services Environmental Setting, Impacts and Mitigation Measures Electrical power to the home would be provided by rooftop solar photovoltaic panels and telecommunications would be connected via an above-ground telephone wire from a utility pole along Highway 19, which will Page 45 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment extend into the property approximately 140 feet to a 12-foot high utility pole. The telephone line will be routed from this utility pole through an underground conduit extending 242 feet to the dwelling. Domestic water would be supplied from an onsite water well (see Figure 3 for location). It would have a 1.5- HP pump capable of delivering up to 50 gallons per minute at maximum use. A 500-gallon storage tank will be located within the garage. The proposed pump rate and storage is expected to be more than adequate to meet the expected demand,based on the applicant's expected use of less than 300 gallons per day, with almost no need for irrigation. Wastewater would be treated with a septic system in conformance with requirements of the State Department of Health(see Figure 3 for location). No parks, schools or other public facilities are present nearby. Full police, fire and emergency medical service are available in Hilo, about 13 miles away. A volunteer fire station is present about 3 miles away in Pepeekeo. Fire protection would be provided by fire-sprinklers throughout the home, connected to the water tank. There will be no adverse impact to any public or private utilities. The addition of one single-family home will have no measurable adverse impact to or additional demand on public facilities such as schools, police or fire services, or recreational areas. Mr. Holcomb acknowledges and understand that this lot, along with many residences along the Hamakua Coast, is not located within a mile of emergency services. 3.4 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts Due to its small scale, the proposed project would not produce any major secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. The adverse effects of building a single-family residence are limited to very minor and temporary disturbance to traffic, air quality, noise, and visual quality during construction. This area is fairly isolated from sensitive receptors. There are no traffic issues associated with the highway access point, which provides for only a handful of lightly visited properties that generate only negligible traffic. There are no known substantial government or private projects in construction or planning in the area, and no accumulation of adverse construction effects would be expected. Other than the precautions for preventing adverse impacts during construction listed above in Sections 3.1.3 and 3.1.7, no special mitigation measures should be required to counteract the small adverse cumulative effect. 3.5 Required Permits and Approvals County of Hawai`i: Special Management Area Permit Plan Approval and Grubbing, Grading, and Building Permits State of Hawai`i: Conservation District Use Permit Wastewater System Approval Water Well Construction Permit and Pump Installation Permit Driveway Access Permit Page 46 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 3.6 Consistency with Government Plans and Policies 3.6.1 Hawaii County General Plan The General Plan for the County of Hawaii is the document expressing the broad goals and policies for the long-range development of the Island of Hawaii. The plan was adopted by ordinance in 1989 and revised in 2005. The General Plan's Land Use Allocation Guide Map designates the property as Open. The General Plan is organized into thirteen elements, with policies, objectives, standards, and principles for each. There are also discussions of the specific applicability of each element to the nine judicial districts comprising the County of Hawaii. Below are pertinent sections followed by a discussion of conformance. ECONOMIC GOALS (a)Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments. (b)Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii. (d)Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural, natural, and social environment. Discussion: The proposed construction and occupation of a single-family home would be in balance with the natural, cultural and social environment of the County, would create temporary construction jobs for local residents, and would indirectly boost the economy through construction industry purchases from local suppliers. A multiplier effect takes place when these employees spend their income for food, housing, and other living expenses in the retail sector of the economy. Such activities are in keeping with the overall economic development of the island. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GOALS (a)Define the most desirable use of land within the County that achieves an ecological balance providing residents and visitors the quality of life and an environment in which the natural resources of the island are viable and sustainable. (b) Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. (c) Control pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY POLICIES (a) Take positive action to further maintain the quality of the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (a)Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels that will protect and preserve the public Page 47 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment health and well being, through the enforcement of appropriate Federal, State and County standards. (b) Incorporate environmental quality controls either as standards in appropriate ordinances or as conditions of approval. (c)Federal and State environmental regulations shall be adhered to. Discussion: The proposed construction and occupation of a single-family home would not have a substantial adverse effect on the environment and would not diminish the valuable natural resources of the region. The home and associated improvements would be compatible with the existing rural single-family homes and farming, grazing and recreational uses in the general project area. Pertinent environmental regulations would be followed, including those for mitigation of water quality impacts. HISTORIC SITES GOALS (a)Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. (b) Appropriate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest should be made available. HISTORIC SITES POLICIES (a) Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised of projects. (b) Amend appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of historic sites, buildings and objects. (c)Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance. (d)Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired, where appropriate. Discussion: An archaeological inventory survey properly documented and gathered the information for the remnants of a railroad bed route and a flume route, which have no physical remains and do not require preservation. The one cultural practice that occurs adjacent to the property, shoreline fishing after descending the steep pali by ladders or ropes, will not be adversely affected by the action. This practice will continue through access managed by community members. FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE GOALS (a)Protect human life. (b)Prevent damage to man-made improvements. (c) Control pollution. (d)Prevent damage from inundation. (e)Reduce surface water and sediment runoff. (f)Maximize soil and water conservation. Page 48 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE POLICIES (a)Enact restrictive land use and building structure regulations in areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action. Only uses that cannot be located elsewhere due to public necessity and character, such as maritime activities and the necessary public facilities and utilities, shall be allowed in these areas. (g) Development-generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works and in compliance with all State and Federal laws. FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE STANDARDS (a) "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised. (b) Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the Hawaii County Code. (c) Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (d) Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10, "Erosion and Sedimentation Control," of the Hawaii County Code. (e) Applicable standards and regulations of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Discussion: The proposed home site is within Zone X, or areas outside of the 500-year floodplain as determined by detailed methods in the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The project will conform to applicable drainage regulations and policies of the County of Hawaii. NATURAL BEAUTY GOALS (a)Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. (b)Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. (c)Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. NATURAL BEAUTY POLICIES (a) Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas. (b)Develop and establish view plane regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values. Discussion: The improvements are minor and consistent with longstanding uses of the land and will not cause scenic impacts or impede access. No areas of natural beauty or important viewplanes identified in the County General Plan are visible from the property or located within a mile of it. An analysis of the potential visual impacts from the planned project found that no existing views of the shoreline or to the ocean would be impacted in any way as a result of the construction of the home, as planned. Page 49 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINES GOALS (a)Protect and conserve the natural resources from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. (b)Provide opportunities for recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources. (c)Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. (d)Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii. (e)Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas. (f)Ensure that alterations to existing land forms, vegetation, and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake. NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINES POLICIES (a)Require users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment. (c)Maintain the shoreline for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. (d)Protect the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made improvements and structures. (h)Encourage public and private agencies to manage the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent. (p)Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping. (r)Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, including free public parking where appropriate. (u)Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage important natural resources. Discussion: The home would be located about 149 feet above sea level, a minimum of 130 feet back from the edge of the pali, in an area that is clearly out of the flood zone, and it would not affect shoreline resources or be damaged by waves or tides. HAMAKUA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN The Hamakua Community Development Plan (CDP)planning area encompasses not only the judicial district of Hamakua, but also that of North Hilo, and a portion of the South Hilo district commonly referred to as Rural South Hilo (Wainaku to Hakalau. It was developed under the framework of the February 2005 County of Hawaii General Plan and was adopted in 2018 per Ordinance 2018-078. (http://records.hawaiicounty.gov/weblink/DocView.aspx?dbid=l&id=99067&page=l&cr=1). Community Development Plans are intended to translate broad General Plan Goals, Policies, and Standards into implementation actions as they apply to specific geographical regions around the County. Page 50 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment CDPs are also intended to serve as a forum for community input into land-use, delivery of government services and any other matters relating to the planning area. The Hamakua CDP does not specify land use per se on the property (which was proposed to be retained in the Open General Plan designation, as it had been prior to the CDP), but has policies relevant to construction of a single-family home in certain aspirational priorities for natural and cultural resources and community infrastructure: • Protects coastal areas, agricultural land, and mauka forests from development • Protects open space, areas with natural beauty, and scenic view planes • Guides the development of programs to strengthen protections for coastal and agricultural lands as well as open space and view planes • Preserves historic resources • Ensures appropriate public access to the shoreline and mauka forests • Guides the development of a regional network of trails • Guides collaborative stewardship and enhancement of coastal and forest ecosystems, cultural resources, agricultural lands, public access, and trails • Concentrates future development in the existing towns, villages, and subdivisions • Supports the preservation of village and town character and guides the enhancement of communities' unique sense of place Discussion: The proposed single-family home would not represent development of coastal areas, as a home is a small-scale, permitted use within the Conservation District and does not affect shoreline resources. The property was used for over a century for sugarcane agriculture, and no native vegetation is present in the area of use. No rare species or forest resources would be affected. A home on this secluded site would have no adverse effect on natural beauty and scenic view planes. No historic properties are affected, and there would be impact to the access to the shoreline or cultural practices. Construction and occupation of the home would promote additional patronage of local businesses in Honomu, helping to preserve the quality of life and economy. The construction of a single-family home here would be consistent with the CDP. 3.6.2 Hawaii County Zoning and Special Management Area The entire property is zoned by the County of Hawaii as within the Agricultural District, minimum lot size of 20 acres (A-20a), although County zoning per se does not apply in the Conservation District. No aspect of the project appears to be inconsistent with County zoning. The entire property is within the Special Management Area (SMA). The project requires a County of Hawaii SMA Use Permit, which will be applied for after the conclusion of the Chapter 343_ HRS row The Planning Department will determine whether the proposed use complies with provisions and guidelines contained in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), entitled Coastal Zone Management. The application will contain detailed information on the project and will summarize the applicant's position on the consistency of the project. The following is a brief summary of the project's Page 51 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment effects on the resources of the SMA that are relevant to an EA. The proposed use would be consistent with Chapter 205A because it would not affect public access to recreational areas, historic resources, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, economic uses, or coastal hazards, and would not result in any substantial adverse impact on the surrounding environment. The house site is set far back from the pali and will not restrict any shoreline uses such as hiking, fishing or water sports. Access to the shoreline is difficult and hazardous because of steep cliffs, but the project accommodates users who have traditionally set ropes and ladders to access the area for fishing. Viewplanes towards the property will not be adversely impacted, as the home site is not visible from the highway, accessible shorelines or other public vantage points. The property contains mostly non- native and several common native plants. Standard clearing, lighting and seasonal survey mitigation will be employed to ensure no adverse impacts to threatened or endangered animals. There will be no adverse effect on the economy. The property is not situated over any natural drainage system or water feature that would flow into the nearby coastal ecosystem. No floodplains are present in the affected area. In terms of beach protection, construction is set back from the shoreline and would not affect any beaches nor adversely affect public use and recreation of the shoreline in this area. With implementation of Best Management Practices associated with grading permits, there should be no impacts on marine resources. No historic sites would be adversely affected. No effects to cultural resources and practices will occur, and the cultural use of the shoreline area for fishing and gathering uses will be accommodated. 3.6.3 Conservation District The State Land Use District for the Holcomb property is Conservation. Its subzone is Resource, for which, according to Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-5-15, a single-family residence is an identified use. The applicant has concurrently prepared a Conservation District Use Application (CDUA), to which this EA is an appendix. The CDUA includes a detailed evaluation of the consistency of the project with the criteria of the Conservation District permit process. Briefly, the following individual consistency criteria should be noted: 1. The proposed land use is consistent with the purpose of the Conservation District; The development of the single-family residence is in conformance with the purpose of the Conservation District. It is an identified use within the Conservation District, requiring a Board Permit for such use. The proposed use will not impact the public's ability to access any coastal resources. An area called "Ladders" at the foot of steep coastal sea cliffs about 120 feet tall was formerly accessed by fishermen who used wooden ladders for access. The ladders have deteriorated but fishermen wish to preserve access. Currently it can only be accessed by rappelling. The applicant proposes coastal access corridors and provision of a license to the Makahanaloa Fishing Association to provide access. Parking and signage will be installed, and the Association will assist in management of the access. Due to the careful and limited nature of the proposed development, there would be no significant impacts to the natural or cultural resources of the area. Page 52 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 2. The proposed land use is consistent with the objectives of the subzone of the land on which the use will occur; The obj ective of the Resource subzone "...is to develop, with proper management, areas to ensure sustained use of the natural resources of those areas." Single-family residences are an identified use in the Resource subzone under HAR 13-5-24, R-8. This identified use, which conforms to the design standards in 13-5-41 as applicable, will ensure the sustained use of the natural resources in the project area by mitigating potential impacts as outlined in this document. 3. The proposed land use complies with provisions and guidelines contained in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), entitled "Coastal Zone Management,"where applicable; The proposed land use complies with provisions and guidelines contained in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), entitled Coastal Zone Management, as discussed in detail above in Section 3.6.2. 4. The proposed land use will not cause substantial adverse impact to existing natural resources within the surrounding area, community or region; Because of the relatively minor nature of the project and the lack of native terrestrial ecosystems and threatened or endangered plant species, no native ecosystems or valuable flora or fauna would be committed or lost. Several common native plants are present, especially near the cliffs where there will be no disturbance other than removal of invasive trees; none would be adversely affected. Impacts to the island wide-ranging endangered Hawaiian hoary bat and formerly endangered Hawaiian hawk will be avoided through seasonal timing of vegetation removal and seasonal hawk surveys as needed. No effect on any coastal ecosystem will occur, because of the wide setback to the shoreline along with planned precautions for preventing soil runoff during construction. The proposed action will also have no impact on the public's current or traditional access to or use of the shoreline area. 5. The proposed land use, including buildings, structures and facilities, shall be compatible with the locality and surrounding areas, appropriate to the physical conditions and capabilities of the specific parcel or parcels; The proposed use is consistent with other single-family residential and farming uses in the area. As presented in detail in Section 1, the proposed 3-bedroom, 3 '/z-bath, one-story residence will include a kitchen, dining and living area, lanai and garage, with a total living space of approximately 3,018 square feet(sf) (Figure 3). With accessory features including a lanai, swimming pool, and various utility features, the Total Development Area (TDA)for the residence, per the Conservation District Rules (Title 13-5, HAR, Exhibit 4), is 4,877 sf The maximum height above existing grade will be 21 feet. The proposed home site is not located in a flood zone nor would it affect one. In general, geologic conditions do not impose undue constraints on the proposed action, as volcanic hazard is low and the home will meet or exceed all seismic hazard standards. The house would be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the edge of the pati, and will not be affected directly by sea level rise or the slow retreat of shoreline cliffs. No protected scenic views are located nearby or would be affected in any way. The proposed use is consistent Page 53 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment with other single-family residential and farming uses in the area. It will be in area not readily visible from the shoreline and barely visible from the sea, and not at all visible from the nearest State highway or any other public road. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin. This will protect dark skies and reduce the risk that the threatened or endangered seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. This identified use, which conforms to the design standards in HAR 13-5-41, will ensure the sustained use of the natural resources in the project area by mitigating impacts. The use will not adversely affect the surrounding or nearby properties nor how these properties are utilized, which are for farms and single-family residences. This land use will be attractive and compatible with the area. 6. The existing physical and environmental aspects of the land, such as natural beauty and open space characteristics, will be preserved or improved upon, whichever is applicable; The proposed use of the property for a single-family residence—particularly given the removal of invasive ironwood, albizia and fiddlewood trees—will help conserve, protect and preserve the natural features of the area. 7. Subdivision of land will not be utilized to increase the intensity of land uses in the Conservation District; The proposed action does not involve or depend upon subdivision and will not lead to any increase in intensity of use beyond the requested single-family residence. 8. The proposed land use will not be materially detrimental to the public health, safety and welfare. The proposed single-family residence will not be detrimental to the public health, safety, and welfare. PART 4: DETERMINATION, FINDINGS AND REASONS 4.1 Determination Based on the findings below, and upon consideration of comments to the Draft EA, the applicant expects that the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, will determine that the proposed action will not significantly alter the environment, as impacts will be minimal, and that this agency will accordingly issue a Finding of No Significant Impact(FONSI). Page 54 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 4.2 Findings and Supporting Reasons Chapter 11-200.1-13, Hawaii Administrative Rules, outlines those factors agencies must consider when determining whether an Action has significant effects: (a)In considering the significance of potential environmental effects, agencies shall consider and evaluate the sum of effects of the proposed action on the quality of the environment. (b) In determining whether an action may have a significant effect on the environment, the agency shall consider every phase of a proposed action, the expected impacts, and the proposed mitigation measures. In most instances, an action shall be determined to have a significant effect on the environment if it may: 1. Irrevocably commit a natural, cultural, or historic resource. No valuable natural or cultural resource would be committed or lost. Several common native plants are present, especially near the cliffs where there will be no disturbance other than removal of invasive trees. No native ecosystems or valuable flora or fauna would be adversely affected. An archaeological inventory survey determined that two sites that lack physical integrity but are associated with former sugarcane cultivation were found. No adverse effects to historic sites would occur. A path to the top of a shoreline point accessed only by a series of now-defunct ladders but formerly used for shoreline fishing will be maintained. No valuable cultural resources and practices such as shoreline access, fishing, gathering, hunting, or access to ceremonial sites would be adversely affected in any way. 2. Curtail the range of beneficial uses of the environment. No restriction of beneficial uses would occur by residential use on this lot. 3. Conflict with the State's environmental policies or long-term environmental goals established by law. The State's long-term environmental policies are set forth in Chapter 344, HRS. The broad goals of this policy are to conserve natural resources and enhance the quality of life. The project is environmentally benign and minor, and it is thus consistent with all elements of the State's long-term environmental policies. 4. Have a substantial adverse effect on the economic welfare, social welfare, or cultural practices of the community and State. The project would not have any substantial effect on the economic or social welfare of the Big Island community or the State of Hawaii. 5. Have a substantial adverse effect on public health. The project would not affect public health and safety in any way. Wastewater will be disposed of in conformance with State Department of Health regulations. 6. Involve adverse secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. The small scale of the proposed project would not produce any major secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. Page 55 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 7. Involve a substantial degradation of environmental quality. The project is minor and environmentally benign, and thus it would not contribute to environmental degradation. 8. Be individually limited but cumulatively have substantial adverse effect upon the environment or involves a commitment for larger actions. The adverse effects of building a single-family residence are limited to very minor and temporary disturbance to traffic, air quality, noise, and visual quality during construction. This area is fairly isolated from sensitive receptors. There are no traffic issues associated with the highway access point, which provides for only a handful of lightly visited properties that generate only negligible traffic. There are no substantial government or private projects in construction or planning in the area, and no accumulation of adverse construction effects would be expected. Other than the precautions for preventing adverse effects during construction listed above, no special mitigation measures should be required to counteract the small adverse cumulative effect. 9. Have a substantial adverse effect on a rare, threatened, or endangered species, or its habitat. The site has been surveyed for threatened and endangered plants, and none are present. Other than Hawaiian hoary bats and Hawaiian hawks, island wide-ranging species that will experience no adverse impacts due to mitigation through seasonal timing of vegetation removal and seasonal hawk surveys as needed, no rare, threatened or endangered species of fauna are known to exist on or near the property, and none would be affected by any project activities. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin. This will reduce the risk that transiting threatened or endangered seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. 10. Have a substantial adverse effect on air or water quality or ambient noise levels. No substantial effects to air, water, or ambient noise would occur. Brief, temporary effects would occur during construction and would be mitigated. The context of the property's location, with no residences, parks, or other sensitive uses nearby, will help avoid noise impacts. Erosion and sedimentation impacts will be avoided by implementation of Best Management Practices during grading, which will occur in a very limited area. 11. Have a substantial adverse effect on or be likely to suffer damage by being located in an environmentally sensitive area such as a flood plain, tsunami zone, sea level rise exposure area, beach, erosion prone area, geologically hazardous land, estuary,fresh water, or coastal waters. The proposed home site is not located in a flood zone nor would it affect one. In general, geologic conditions do not impose undue constraints on the proposed action, as volcanic hazard is low and the home will meet or exceed all seismic hazard standards. The house would be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the edge of the pati, and will not be affected directly by sea level rise or the slow retreat of shoreline cliffs. The project has adapted to climate change by accounting for the potential for larger storms, through minimizing hard surfaces that generate runoff and removing nearby tall invasive trees. The applicant understands that there are hazards associated with homes in this geologic setting and has made the decision that a residence is not imprudent to construct or inhabit. Page 56 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment 12. Have a substantial adverse effect on scenic vistas and viewplanes, during day or night, identified in county or state plans or studies. No protected scenic views are located nearby or would be affected in any way. The proposed use is consistent with other single-family residential and farming uses in the area. It will be in area barely not visible from the shoreline and barely visible from the sea, and not at all visible from the nearest State highway or any other public road. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin. This will protect dark skies reduce the risk that the threatened or endangered seabirds that may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. 13. Require substantial energy consumption or emit substantial greenhouse gases. Negligible amounts of energy input and greenhouse gas emission would be required for construction and occupation of the residence. The residence is designed as a single structure supporting efficient use of energy and materials and facilitating natural ventilation and lighting. The home will also have roof-mounted photovoltaic and solar water heating panels, reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy-efficient appliances will be used throughout the house. A design that accommodates natural ventilation and an insulated roof structure will reduce potential solar gain to the home and reduce the need for air conditioning. Page 57 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment REFERENCES Best, G. 1978. Railroads of Hawai`i. San Marino, CA: Golden West Books. Cazenave, A., Le Cozannet, G. 2014. Sea level rise and its coastal impacts, Open-Access American Geophysical Union Journal of Earth's Future, DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000188. Coan, T. 1882. Life in Hawaii:An Autobiographic Sketch ofMission Life and Labors 1835-1881. Randolph, New York. DeConto, R.M. and D. Pollard. 2016. "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise"Nature 531, 591-597 (31 March 2016). doi:10.1038/naturel7145. Dorrance, W., and F. Morgan. 2000. 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General Plan, County of Hawai`i. Hilo. Hawaii County Planning Department. 2008. Hamakua Community Development Plan. Hilo. Hommon, R. 1986. Social Evolution in Ancient Hawaii. IN Kirch, P. (editor),Island Societies: Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation:55-88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hwang, D. J., 2005. Hawaii Coastal Zone Mitigation Handbook:Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program. DBEDT, State of Hawaii. . 2007. Coastal Subsidence at Kapoho, Puna, Island and State of Hawaii. Private report for Hawaii County Planning Department. Kalakaua, His Majesty. 1888. The Legends and Myths of Hawai`i. The Fables and Folk-Lore of a Strange People. New York: Charles L. Webster& Company Kirch, P.V. 2011. "When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A Review of 150 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a Tentative Answer."Hawaiian Archaeology 12:3-26. Maly, K., and O. Maly. 2006. Hilo Paliku Hilo of the Upright Cliffs:A Study of Cultural-Historical Resources of Lands in the Laupahoehoe Forest Section, Ahupua`a of the Waipunalei Mauluanui Region, North Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i. Kumu Pono Associates Study HiHETF 116-Laupahoehoe. Prep. for United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service—Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hilo. Moore, J. G. 1970. `Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii."Bulletin of Volcanology 34:562-576. Pogue, J. 1858 [1978]. Moolelo Hawaii. Hale Paipalapala Aupuni, Honolulu (Rev. Ed.). Pukui, M.K. 1983. `Olelo No`eau. Bishop Museum Special Publication 71. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Pukui, M.K., S.H. Elbert, and E.T. Mookini. 1976. Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Rahmstorf, S., M. Perrette, and M. Vermeer. 2012. "Testing the robustness of semi-empirical sea level projections." Climate Dynamics 39: 861-875, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1226-7. Page 59 Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Stearns, H. T. and Macdonald, G. A. 1946. Geology and ground-water resources of the Island of Hawaii. Hawaii Division of Hydrography, Bull. 9. Honolulu. Thrum, T. 1913. Thrum's Hawaiian Annual and Almanac for 1914. Honolulu: Thos. G. Thrum. Thurston, L. 1913. Railroading in Hilo. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1914. Ed. T. Thrum. Honolulu: Thos. G. Thrum. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). 2016. Final Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in National Environmental Policy Act Reviews. Guidance dated August 1, 2016, signed by C. Goldfuss, CEQ. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 2011, http://factfinder.census.gov/. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2004. Recovery Plan for the Nene or Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis). Region 1, USFWS. Portland, Oregon. . 2012. Endangered Species in the Pacific: Hawaiian Goose/Branta sandvicensis/Nene. Available at: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/Hlgoose.html. Accessed March 2015. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2000. Seismic Hazard Maps for Hawaii. By F.W. Klein, A.D. Frankel, C.S. Mueller, R.L. Wesson and P.G. Okubo. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1973. Soil Survey of Island of Hawai`i, State of Hawai`i. Washington: U.S. GPO. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Dept. of Geography. 1998. Atlas ofHawai`i. 3rd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Sea Grant College Program. 2014. Climate Change Impacts in Hawaii- A summary of climate change and its impacts to Hawai`i's ecosystems and communities. UNIHI- SEAGRANT-TT-12-04. Wilkes, C. 1856. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838-1842, Under the Command of C. Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. Volume IV. New York: G.P. Putnam and Co. Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island of Hawai`i. USGS Misc. Investigations Series Map i-2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Wolfe, EW Wise, W.S., and Dalrymple, G.B. 1997. The geology andpetrology ofMauna Kea volcano, Hawaii a study of post shield volcanism. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1557. Page 60 Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX la Comments in Response to Early Consultation [This page intentionally left blank] geometrician ASSOC IAT ES , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawai'i 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com October 28, 2020 Dear Neighbor or Agency/Organization Official: Subject: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii, TMK(3"d•) 2-8-012:028 I have been contracted by property owner Kelly Holcomb to prepare an Environmental Assessment(EA) in compliance with Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Mr. Holcomb plans to build a home on his 6.485- acre property located makai of Highway 19 just southeast of Honomu(see map below). The current conceptual plan for the home consists of an approximately 4,500 square foot(sf), 3-bedroom, 3.5-bath, single-story structure. The property was cultivated for a century in sugar cane. No archaeological sites, streams or sensitive native species are present. The proposed home site is in an area almost completely hidden from outside view by topography and groves of tall non-native trees, and will be set back more than 100 feet from the top of pall above the coastline. The plan includes removal of various non- native trees to open a view corridor to the north/northeast and planting of primarily native and Polynesian species, along with some ornamentals and fruit trees. The home will be totally off grid,powered by a photovoltaic system with a backup generator, and potable water provided by an on-site water well, together with an individual wastewater system meeting or exceeding all regulatory requirements. The EA will include detailed descriptions and illustrations of the final design. An EA is necessary because the property is within the State Land Use Conservation District, and the EA will accompany a Conservation District Use Application. The areas of investigation in the EA will include but not be limited to the following: water quality assurance; wastewater treatment; flora,fauna, and ecosystems; roads and access; geology, soils, and hazards; flooding and drainage impacts; social, cultural and community impacts; and historic sites. This letter is to share project information and request your input on site conditions, issues that you wish to be addressed in the EA, and any other concerns you may have. Please contact me at(808) 969-7090 or by email at rterry2hawaii.rr.com if you have any questions or require clarification. Kindly indicate whether you wish to receive notice of the availability of the Draft EA when it is completed. Sincerely, Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates - r• ,,4 •� sf f BSI In — � e DriVewav wF From: Vares, Kyle <Kyle.Vares@hawaiicounty.gov> Sent: Friday, October 30, 2020 11:43 AM To: rterry@hawaii.rr.com Subject: Honomu Holcomb EA Ron, Fire Department access and water supply will be the Fire Departments concern for this project. The access and water supply shall meet the requirements of NFPA 1. Mahalo, Kyle Vares Fire Captain Prevention Bureau From:Springer Kaye<skaye@hawaii.edu> Sent: Friday, October 30, 2020 10:21 AM To: Ron Terry<rterry@hawaii.rr.com> Subject: Early consultation for EA for single family residence in Conservation District Aloha Ron, Val Poindexter forwarded me the notice re the new construction in Honomu. I'm going to go ahead and comment as the past president of Honomu Village Association and BIISC Manager. The HVA would have no issue with the construction of a single family dwelling on the property provided there are no evident plans to convert it to an SNR in a Conservation District and all applicable state and county rules, statutes are followed. If there are traditional trails and coastal access points, the community would have an interest in maintaining their traditional access to the coast and the point. Both BIISC and HVA would note the efforts made to control potentially hazardous albizia along Hwy 19. Every landowner on Hwy 19--with a single glaring exception just North of the Honomu turn-off-- has cooperated with HELCO, HDOT, and BIISC to allow access to remove albizia growing within 100 m (300 ft) of the highway edge. Millions of dollars of tax and rate payer funds have been spent to accomplish this work, and follow up work will need to be done from time to time as funding allows. We'd ask that the landowner acknowledge that any invasive albizia trees fronting the highway are not the best option for privavcy, and that they consider removing albizia throughout the property. This should help maintain the value and useability of the property, prevent unnecessary nutrient loading (Nitrogen) to surface and nearshore waters, and remove future hazards to the property and property owners. Including a commitment to provide reasonable access to BIISC and/or the relevant agency when removal efforts along the highway are underway would be greatly appreciated. Similarly, BIISC would point out that Fiddlewood is becoming a significant land management problem in the area as intensive agriculture has waned. While it does provide an effective privacy screen, fiddlewood spreads rapidly, is difficult to manage, and suppresses all undergrowth, leading to erosion of topsoil. It would be helpful for the landowner to make efforts to control these plants. In considering these issues, as you are probably aware, we do have active, nesting pairs of'io in this area. They are often seen flying above the highway in the vicinity of this property. The Hawaiian Hoary Bat is commonly seen in the evening along streams and road cuts in this area as well. The best management practice is to avoid cutting large trees in the summer months when 'io may be nesting and the bats may be roosting with young. I have attached a printable copy of our East Hawaii Pono Planting Guide you might provide to your client for reference. More non-invasive plant choices can be found at www.PlantPono.orq. Thank you for your consideration of these issues in your planning. With aloha, Springer Kaye �:+ �• '/•Sots`'� .-,. \ Z MI O m zAllo N (D O O O 0- O O 'v Y O N O O •— Ln — O V O p E vi O ra r. O O N _0 V r C i N N N of rn O E ra O Y � i O O O • • tC co O'a t CT� �_ • • O O C +-' � T Q • E (aro Ln vi • • vi O r6CD - O O :� � ri v)s `i d V) &a O Y O N O = Q k. 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Ferreira Mayor Police Chief •••r`° *4* Kenneth Bugado Jr. Deputy Police Chief County of Hawaii POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapiolani Street Hilo,Hawaii 96720-3998 (808)935-3311 • Fax(808)961-8865 November 5, 2020 Mr. Rory Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates, LLC 10 Hina Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: EARLY CONSULTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE IN THE CONSERVATION DISTRICT, SOUTH HILO DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII; TMK: (3RD) 2-8-012:028 Staff, upon reviewing the provided documents, does not anticipate any significant impact to traffic and/or public safety concerns. Thank you for allowing us the opportunity to comment. Should you have any questions, please contact Captain Reed Mahuna, Commander of the South Hilo Patrol Division, at 961-2214 or via email at reed.mahuna@hawaiicounty.gov. Sincerely, ENNE UIOCHO ACTING ASSISTANT CHIEF AREA I OPERATIONS RM:IIi/20HQ0934 "Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer' DAVID Y.IGE << oi`.,:., JADE T BUTAY GOVERNOR 1• �osp % DIRECTOR I t i Deputy Director t ° LYNN AS ARAKI-REGAN DEREK J CHOW ROSS M HIGASHI EDWIN H SNIFFEN STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HWY-2769 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PS 2.4462 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813-5097 November 17, 2020 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates, LLC 10 Hina Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Terry: Subject: Early Consultation for an Environmental Assessment Private Residence Proposed in the State Conservation District South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii Tax Map Key No.: (3) 2-8-012:007 and 028 Thank you for your letter dated October 28, 2020 requesting comments on the early consultation materials. The property owner, Kelly Holcomb, proposes to build a 4,500-square foot single-family residence on their 6,485-acre property, located adjacent to Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 19), a principal arterial roadway. The development would operate independent of public utility services. The site was historically used for sugar cane cultivation. The project is within the State Land Use Conservation District, requiring discretionary approval from the State Department of Land and Natural Resources and preparation of a Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes document. The Hawaii Department of Transportation(HDOT) reviewed the materials provided and has the following comments, relevant to State highways: 1. Based on the materials provided, there does not appear to be a direct access to the State highway from the project site. The aerial photograph does show an unimproved road between the property and the highway through an adjacent parcel. 2. We do not anticipate the number of trips generated by the proposed single-family residential use of the project site would adversely impact the traffic conditions on State Route 19. 3. Agricultural crossing points that may be present are not considered legal access to HDOT highways. Mr. Ron Terry HWY-PS 2.4462 November 17, 2020 Page 2 4. Use of an existing driveway on Mamalahoa Highway needs to be approved by HDOT for continued use and shall meet current design standards. Consult directly with the Hawaii District Engineer regarding driveway improvements. 5. Every driveway represents potential conflict points between motor vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. An increased number of these conflict points and reduced distance between them compromise the safety performance of the roadway. The HDOT generally discourages an increase in the number of access driveways. If a new access to the State highway is proposed, consider other alternatives in the draft Environmental Assessment(EA). 6. We recommend the draft EA traffic impact discussion include, but not be limited to the following: a. Jurisdiction of roadways and driveways in the vicinity. b. Location of existing and proposed site access driveways on the State highway and parcel boundaries of all affected parcels. C. Observations regarding traffic conditions and public safety in the vicinity of the site, include bicycle and pedestrian routes and the location of transit stops. d. Potential project impacts on traffic conditions and public safety, and mitigation, as warranted. If you have any questions,please contact Jeyan Thirugnanam, Systems Planning Engineer, Highways Division, Planning Branch at (808) 587-6336 or by email at jeyan.thirugnanam@hawaii.gov. Please reference file review number PS 2020-168. Sincerely, 4-7-1 ' 4t JADE T. BUTAY Director of Transportation , �.o•r,yq SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE P •'N• CHAIRPERSON y: •. BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES GOVERNOR OF HAWAII { , t� , COMMISSION ON KATER RESOURCE I - MANAGEMENT 5 d Na�a/ fiS .ei p 4L..�.'.... STATE OF HAWAII kale a` DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 December 01, 2020 Geometrician Associates, LLC Attention: Mr. Ron Terry via email: rterry(c-)-hawaii.rr.com P.O. Box 396 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residence in the Conservation District located at South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Land Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) distributed or made available a copy of your request pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR's Divisions for their review and comments. At this time, enclosed are comments from the (a) Engineering Division, (b) Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands, and (c) Land Division-Hawaii District on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at (808) 587- 0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamura(aD-hawaii.gov. Thank you. Sincerely, Russell Tsu,ji Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files tt�b,�,hy SV7ANNF:D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE tiP� 1pSp CIIAIRPfR50\ GOVERNOR OF HAWA I iJ BOARD OF LAND AND PATI R\I.RESOURCES '1 COMMISSION ON NATER RESOURCE tt MANAGEMENT t i ip colSpxd and A%,W p STATE OF HAWAII sane orNa+"O DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 November 12, 2020 FROM: MEMORANDUM �— DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources (kendall.l.tucker[a)hawaii.gov) _Div. of Boating &Ocean Recreation (richard.t.howardO-hawaii.gov) _X_Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(cDhawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry&Wildlife (rubvrosa.t.terrago a.hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks (curt.a.cottrell(cDhawaii.gov) _TCommission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRMahawaii.goy) X Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kuba@hawaii.gov) XLand Division– Hawaii District (gordon.c.heit(aD-hawaii.gov) TO: X Historic Preservation (DLNR.Intake.SHPD a()hawaii.gov) �FR6M- Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Russe-//Tsuji SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residence in the Conservation District LOCATION: South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates, LLC on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 30, 2020. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamura(aDhawaii.gov. Thank you. ( ) We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. (V) Comments are attached. Signed: Print Name: Carty S. Chang, Chief Engineer Division: Engineering Division Date: Nov 19,2020 Attachments cc: Central Files DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING DIVISION LD/Russell Y.Tsuji Ref: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residences in the Conservation District Location: South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii TMK(s): (3)2-8-012:028 Applicant: Geometrician Associates, LLC on behalf of Kelly Holocomb COMMENTS The rules and regulations of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), are in effect when development falls within a Special Flood Hazard Area (high risk areas). State projects are required to comply with 44CFR regulations as stipulated in Section 60.12. Be advised that 44CFR reflects the minimum standards as set forth by the NFIP. Local community flood ordinances may stipulate higher standards that can be more restrictive and would take precedence over the minimum NFIP standards. The owner of the project property and/or their representative is responsible to research the Flood Hazard Zone designation for the project. Flood Hazard Zones are designated on FEMA's Flood Insurance Rate Maps(FIRM), which can be viewed on our Flood Hazard Assessment Tool (FHAT) (http://gis.hawaiinfip.org/FHAT). If there are questions regarding the local flood ordinances, please contact the applicable County NFIP coordinating agency below: o Oahu: City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting (808) 768-8098. o Hawaii Island: County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works (808) 961-8327. o Maui/Molokai/Lanai County of Maui, Department of Planning (808) 270-7253. o Kauai: County of Kauai, Department of Public Works (808) 241-4896. Signed: 4,60 cAWry . CHANG,CHIEF ENGINEER Date: Nov 19,2020 ~`'^``^""° oxvnv.�: ov,xom'^��«now�Lne»omo �.m°�mx°M' omx�"�O�vA+��U�E ' v^`°E°'NT '� � � STATE��F0[A�VAIX 12 P - - - �te.f /. m��xmTrus��m��AND AND NArom /. � mEVw /R�� LAND DIVISION . '' � POST OFFICE BOX m/ HONOLULU HAWAII vwv November 12, 2028 MEMORANDUM ��` zo '0_ o TO: K3LNR Agencies: �~ _ __O� ofAou�oR�o �� /'`r -- . , - < �v ��o � u Recreation _ � EnQineehngOivb;ion 7Oiv. ofForestry& Wildlife > Div. of State Parks�� onnmis�iononVVaherReoourceK8mnagemmnt \ XOffice ofConservation &Coastal Lands \ TLmnd Oiviuion - HavvaiiDiathct ( ) X Historic Pnaaen/oUnn \ FROM: Russell �em'' �� Y. Tsuji, Land SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Rmoidmnoa inthe Conservation District LOCATION: South Hilo District, Island TyW�� /3)�'G'O1�'O28 . . ' � ` ' � APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates, LLC onbehalf uf Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments byNovember]0` 2020. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at . Thank you. ' ( \ VVehave noobjections. / > �� h�anonommen� . (~" ) Comments are attached. Signed: T---~ Print Name: f-Ac_RrL- F_'( Division: 11 Dobe: Attachments suzANNE D.CASE DAM Y.ICE CIV IRPERSON GOVERNNOROF 46•.�«.••M9�'� BOARDOFLWDANDNATURAL RESOURCES HAWAIIt r••••• 959 .7 COMMISSION ON'WATER RESOURCE\IANAOEMENT iNrrJ ° ° ♦i J Lt ROBERT KN NIASUDA _^A t FIRST DEPUTY tt { fid Nd�` •(j'•,� it M.KALEO MANUEL DEPUY DIRECTOR-WATER AQUATIC NDOCESOIIRCR •••-••.••••� BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES +.,.....'`'' COMMISSION ONWATER RESOURCE RIANAGEMF\T CONSERVATION A\Tl COASTAL LANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT INEER ENG STATE OF HAWAII ING FORE ENO ANDWILDLffE rBTP Of DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES HISTORIC PRESERVATION 's " KAI!OOI'WE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION OFFICE OF CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS LOUD STATE PAR}:S POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 REF:OCCL:RB Correspondence: HA 21-62 Ron Terry, Principal NOV 2 5 2020 Geometrician 10 Hina Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 SUBJECT: Early Consultation for the Preparation of a Draft Environmental Assessment(EA) for the Proposed Construction of a Single-Family Residence Located at Kaakepa- Malamalama Iki, South Hilo, Hawaii, TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 Dear Mr. Terry: Thank you for your early consultation correspondence regarding the preparation of the draft EA for a single-family residence. Environmental Impact Statement rules and regulations can be found in the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §11-200.1; Conservation District rules can be found in the HAR §13-5. The subject property is a 6.485-acre coastal lot located in the Resource subzone of the Conservation District. A single-family residence is an identified land use in the Resource subzone that could be applied for pursuant to the HAR §13-5-24 R-7 SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCE (D-1) a single family residence that conforms to design standards as outlined in this chapter. Exhibit 4 of the HAR §13-5 outlines single-family residential standards such as minimum setbacks, shoreline setbacks, maximum developable area, maximum allowable building envelope, and compatibility provisions. This proposed land use requires the filing of a Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) and all required attachments such as an EA and the filing of an HRS, 6E Intake Form for historic preservation compliance. The proposed land use will require a Board permit; therefore, to allow, modify or deny the proposed land use would be at the discretion of the Board of Land and Natural Resources. The draft EA should site and describe all improvements for the proposal. This would include the proposed residence, access, utilities, landscaping and any other proposed work including trenching and grading. Alternatives that may include other possible sites for the residence or other alternatives should be included with the draft. Proposed mitigation and best management practices before, during and after the proposed construction should be described. For all proposed landscaping preference Roy A. Vitousek III Correspondence: HA 20-13 Cades-Schutte shall be given to native, indigenous, and endemic species. The introduction of invasive plant species is prohibited in the Conservation District. Should you have any questions regarding this correspondence, contact Rachel Beasley at work cell (808)798-6481. Sincerely, Samuel J. Lemmo, Administrator Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands C: County of Hawaii -Planning 2 t4 0 V r,q SMANNE D.CASE p: '••W CII%IRPFRSO\ DAVID Y.IGE ti;..a a a,'•�, GOVERNOR OF RANA, 4;' BOARD OF IANDAND NATURAI RF.SOI'RC'ES J COMMISSION ON%%ATER RFSOURCF MANAGEMENT I ip �.oty.d any Hdr'ai yl� �f R STATE OF HAWAII srdre rIu ray DEPAR 1'NIEN r ICI LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OI•FICE BOX 621 110NOi VI U.HAWAII 96309 November 12, 2020 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources (kendall.l.tuckeraahawaii.gov) Div. of Boating& Ocean Recreation (richard.t.howard(i�hawaii.gov) X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(@hawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry&Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terragola'D_hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks (curt.a.cottreli a�hawaii.gov) X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRMahawaii.gov) X Office of Conservation &Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kubaca),hawaii.gov) X Land Division -Hawaii District(aordon.c.heitMawaii.aov) X Historic Preservation (DLNR.Intake.SHPD0hawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Riisseli Tscji SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residence in the Conservation District LOCATION: South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates, LLC on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 30, 2020. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamura(cD_hawaii.gov. Thank you. ( )/We have no objections. ( � We have no comments. ( ) Comments are attached. Signed: Print Name: Division: CL rn Date: Attachments cc: Central Files tL OF My SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.ME q° %959 v, CHAMPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII BOARD OF LAND AND.NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON NATER RESOURCE Q MANAGEMENT STATE OF HAWAII Stare of Hywa` DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLL'LU,HAWAII 96809 December 02, 2020 Geometrician Associates, LLC Attention: Mr. Ron Terry via email: rterry�a hawaii.rr.com P.O. Box 396 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residence in the Conservation District located at South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. In addition to our previous comments dated December 01, 2020, enclosed are comments from the Division of Forestry & Wildlife on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at(808)587-0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamura(a)hawaii.gov. Thank you. Sincerely, Russell Tsu,ji Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE4 Pf�,B39 CHAIRPERSON' GOVERNOR OF HAWAII BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON NATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 0% y STATE OF HAWAII sdremHa+ DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 November 12, 2020 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources (kendall.l.tucker(a)hawaii.gov) _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation (richard.t.howardCa).hawaii.gov) X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(Dhawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry& Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terrago(abhawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks (curt.a.cottrell(a).hawaii.gov) X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM(a�hawaii.gov) XOffice of Conservation & Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kubaccDhawaii.gov) X Land Division— Hawaii District (gordon.c.heitCcDhawaii.gov) X Historic Preservation (DLNR.Intake.SHPD(cDhawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land Administrator Russell Tsuji SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Environmental Assessment for Proposed Single- Family Residence in the Conservation District LOCATION: South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates, LLC on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by November 30, 2020. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamuraCa-)hawaii.gov. Thank you. ( ) We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. (®) Comments are attached. Signed: uk Print Name: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Division: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Date: Dec 2,2020 Attachments cc: Central Files _ SWANNE D.CASE or CIIAIRM KSIIN DAVID I.ICE t . •••••,4k 110,\R1)UF1..\NU.\NUNATIIRAI RF.Sn11RCFS (if)VI NN()R()F IIA\t\II ,t P•'"• A959 �•t9 O:()S ISSIDN ON\t'ATF:R RESDi RCF MANAGFAIFNT z t ROBERT K.MASUDA FIRST III%IfY M.KALEO MANUAL C" UY.YIRY 1)IRFI IOR-WATER AfJ11ATICRFS01•RCES M IATING AND O)CFAN RECRL\UPON �\ l'D\f\IIf YI'1ATFR RFS(N RCE CMANAOFMF NT wnl� STATE OF HAWAII C(M.sISSIDNERVATIONANDCOASTAI LANDS DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES UMSERV:\TION INGINI IRINLMU SFNN)RCFKIEM Ff,;)RI AND\111 UI.IFF DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE nISTORICYRFSFRYA•IDN 1151 PUNCHBOWL STREET,ROOM 325 K,\II(M)I.:AK'EISIANDRh91Rt ECDMMISSI41N I AND HONOLULU HAWAII 96813 STATFYARKS November 30, 2020 MEMORANDUM Log no. 2883 TO: RUSSELL Y. TSUJI, Administrator Land Division FROM: DAVID G. SMITH, Administrator Wk SUBJECT: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Comments on the Early Consultation for the Environmental Assessment for a Proposed Single-Family Residences in the Conservation District in South Ililo District, llawai`i The Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) has received your inquiry regarding review of the early consultation for the Environmental Assessment for a proposed single family residence in the conservation district in South Hilo on the Island of Hawaii, TINIK: (3) 2-8-012:028. The proposed project includes constructing an approximately 4,500 square foot, 3-bedroom, 3.5-bath, single-story structure on previously undeveloped land. The State listed Hawaiian Hawk or 'lo (Bctleo soliluriu.$) is known to occur in the project vicinity. DOFAW recommends surveying the area to ensure no Hawaiian Hawk nests are present if trees are to be cut. 'lo nests might be present during the breeding season from .lurch to September. The State listed Hawaiian Hoary Bat or `Ope`ape`a (Lasitrrus cinereals semotus) has the potential to occur in the vicinity of the project area and may roost in nearby trees. If any site clearing is required this should be timed to avoid disturbance during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). If this cannot be avoided, woody plants greater than 15 feet (4.6 meters) tall should not be disturbed, removed, or trimmed without consulting DOFAVI'. To prevent the spread of Rapid 'Ohi`a Death (ROD), if `6hi`a trees are present and will be removed, trimmed, or potentially injured DOFAW requests that the information and guidance at the following website be reviewed and followed: https: cros.ctahr.hawaii.edu rod. DOFANk' recommends minimizing the movement of plant or soil material between worksites, such as in fill. Soil and plant material may contain invasive fungal pathogens(e.g. Rapid `Ohi'a Death), vertebrate and invertebrate pests (e.g. Little Fire Ants),or invasive plant parts that could harm our native species and ecosystems. We recommend consulting the Big Island Invasive Species Committee at (808) 933-3340 in planning, design, and construction of the project to learn of any high-risk invasive species in the area and ways to mitigate spread. All equipment, materials, and personnel should be cleaned of excess soil and debris to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species. Gear that may contain soil,such as work boots and vehicles,should be thoroughly cleaned with water and sprayed with 7Vo alcohol solution to prevent the spread of Rapid `Ohi`a Death and other harmful fungal pathogens. DOFMN' recommends using native plant species for landscaping that are appropriate for the area (i.e.climate conditions are suitable for the plants to thrive,historically occurred there,etc.). Please do not plant invasive species. DOFANV recommends consulting the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment website to determine the potential invasiveness of plants proposed for use in the project(https:.;sites.aoogle.com/site/weedriskassessment/home). We recommend that you refer to www.niantpono.org for guidance on selection and evaluation for landscaping plants. We note that artificial lighting can adversely impact seabirds that may pass through the area at night by causing disorientation. This disorientation can result in collision with manmade artifacts or grounding of birds. For nighttime lighting that might be required, DOFAW recommends that all lights be fully shielded to minimize impacts. Nighttime work that requires outdoor lighting should be avoided during the seabird fledging season from September 15 through December 15. This is the period when young seabirds take their maiden voyage to the open sea. For illustrations and guidance related to seabird-friendly light styles that also protect the dark, starry skies of Hawaii please visit: https: /dlnr.hawaii.gox vx ildlife/tiles/2016/03/DOC439.pdf. We appreciate your efforts to work with our office for the conservation of our native species. Should the scope of the project change significantly, or should it become apparent that threatened or endangered species may be impacted, please contact our staff as soon as possible. If you have any questions, please contact Koa Matsuoka, Protected Species Habitat Conservation Planning Associate at(808) 587-4149 or koa.matsuoka�uhawaii.v..ov. L .4 Harry Kim •� '. David Yamamoto,P.E. Mayor Director Roy Takemoto ••�•°'•M'� Allan G.Simeon,P.E. Managing Director AT Deputy Director vaguek of pufunil DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS Aupunl Center 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 7•Hilo,Hawaii 967204224 (808)961-8321•Fax(808)961-8630 public_works@hawaiicounty.gov December 4,2020 Geometrician Associates, LLC Attn: Roy Terry 10 Hina Street Hilo,HI 96720 (via. email: rterry(@hawaii.rr.com) SUBJECT: EARLY CONSULTATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE IN THE CONSERVATION DISTRICT SOUTH HILO,ISLAND OF HAWAII,HAWAII TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 We have reviewed the request for early consultation for a draft Environmental Assessment dated October 28,2020,and have the following comments: 1. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward adjacent properties. A drainage plan may be required by the Plan Approval process in accordance with Section 25-2-72(3)of the Hawaii County Code. 2. All earthwork activity, including grading,grubbing and stockpiling, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentary Control,of the Hawaii County Code. 3. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Zone X on the Flood Insurance Rate Map(FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA). Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please contact Bryce Harada of our Engineering Division at(808)961-8042. PA ,:;g•BEN ISHII, Division Chief Engineering Division BH County of Hawaii is an Equal opportunity Provider and Employer. Mitchell D.Roth �'"`•�'0 "•�!r, Zendo Kern Mayor Director Lee E.Lord Jeffrey W.Darrow Managing Director Deputy Director West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawaii Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742 January 19, 2021 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates 10 Hina Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: Early Consultation for Draft Environmental Assessment Project: Proposed Single-Family Residence in State Land Use Conservation District TMK: (3)2-8-012:028; South Hilo, Hawaii Thank you for your letter dated October 28, 2020 requesting comments from this office regarding the preparation of a Draft Environmental Assessment (DEA). The property owner, Kelly Holcomb, is proposing to construct a 4,500 square foot single-family residence. The subject parcel is zoned Agricultural (A-20a) and is located within the State Land Use conservation and agricultural districts. In addition according to the County of Hawaii General Plan 2005 (amended December 2006), the subject parcels are designated as Open by the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide. The Draft Environmental Assessment should describe how the proposed project is consistent with the policies, standards and courses of action set forth in the County of Hawaii General Plan. The subject parcel is located within the Hamakua Community Development Plan District. The Draft Environmental assessment should also outline how the proposed project is consistent with the goals, objectives, and policies of the Hamakua Community Development Plan. The subject parcel is within the Special Management Area (SMA). Due to State Land Use designation of Conservation, we recommend consultation with the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) to obtain the necessary Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP). www.glannin&.hawaiicount}t,$ov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 1)lanninr.*.•7 hawaiicountsoov Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates January 19, 2021 Page 2 Because the subject property is located within the Shoreline Special Management Area(SMA), it will need to be determined if it will require a Minor SMA Permit or a Major SMA Permit. Project valuation up to $500,000 will require a Minor SMA permit, and a project valuation over $500,000 will require a Major SMA Permit. You will also need to acquire a certified shoreline survey for the subject property. If you require further information or details, please contact an SMA Planner at the County of Hawaii Planning Department for further details. The project description indicates that potable water for the subject property will be provided via an on-site water well. If this will be a newly constructed water well, we suggest consultation with the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) to obtain the proper permits. We have no further comments to offer at this time. However, please keep us informed and provide our department with a copy of the Draft Environmental Assessment for our records. If you have any questions or if you need further assistance, please feel free to contact Eric Cook of this office at 961-8169. Sincerely, aUO�'_ ZEND KERN Planning Director EC:kvs coh33 planning public wpwin60 Eric Comments on Permits\Pre EA Consult for Single family residence in SLU Conserv.TMK 2-8-012- 028.doc [This page intentionally left blank] Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX Ib Comments to Draft EA and Responses [This page intentionally left blank] DAVID Y.ICE SUZAVAE D.CASE (:OVkR.\URO! 6 O� it CIUIRPlR5SlN 4 •• 1 RUANU U/'LANUA UNAILRAL RkiUVR(!� IL\1\'111 rr^- •' y .,(/// R\O.gQ R•\� ('U.+IYIIYYIUV UY NAIkR RFSp[RCL II.WA4tItM `yJ I li r(/ ROBERT li.NL�SUDA t , Mil OtP(ql and _.. l i KALEOMANUEL uknm..CLIOR..A," NUA/1�0.1 U O('k.IY RiC0.f TIDY •"'-� CU+INIYYION UN N'A/tRR VP.YO(RCI:CNAYA4t+IlYT ('ONYPRY AT IUti.l'U CUAYTAL I.I\Ili STATE OF HAWAIICUAYtR\AiIOY AtiII RF�OURC FS tYlpR[LNk\f k.\4LVk1)u iL lURkYI Rl' \+lllLli4 STdreoltla�°0 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ANI WLA111YTORR'PRLSkRIA11O% tt i IYU\Il RkikR\k CUI.\IIYYIUY uu OFFICE OF CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS .T Alt PARRY POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 Ref:OCCL:RB CDUA HA-3878 Acceptance Date: 7/15/21 Steven S.C. Lim, Esq. 180 Day Expiration Date: 1/11/22 Carlsmith Ball, LLP 121 Waianuenue Ave. Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Lim, NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE AND PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION Conservation District Use Application(CDUA) HA-3878 (Board Permit) This acknowledges the receipt and acceptance for the processing of your client's CDUA for a Single-Family Residence(SFR)and related improvements located at 28-3426 Hawaii Belt Road, Malamalama Iki, South Hilo, Island of Hawaii,TMK(3)2-8-012:028. The approximately 6.49- acre coastal property is in the Resource Subzone of the State Land Use Conservation District. The property is accessed from A/C paved pull-out located on the makai side of Highway 19 (Hawaii Belt Road) near mile marker 12. Once off Highway 19, access to the property is over a .3-acre road access easement located on adjacent TMK(3)2-8-012:029. The applicant proposes to construct a 4,811 square feet, one-story SFR that will consist of 3- bedrooms and 3.5 baths,a kitchen,pantry,dining room, living room, and laundry room. The SFR interior's living area is proposed at approximately 3,018 square feet. The SFR includes a covered lanai area of approximately 711 square feet;an entry and landing of approximately 88 square feet; a 2-car enclosed garage and utility room of approximately 630 square feet; and a below grade swimming pool at approximately 364 square feet. Associated structures to support the SFR include a 6' x 6' wide shed set upon a 36 square foot concrete utility pad for a private well and pump system; two 12 square foot concrete utility pads, one for a generator and one for a propane tank; and a 6 square foot concrete pad for A/C compressors. The proposed SFR will be off-grid and powered by a photovoltaic (PV) system and backup generator. A roof-top PV system will provide the electrical needs for the SFR. Telephone service will be connected to the SER via an above ground telephone wire from a utility pole along Highway Steven S.C.Lim CDUA HA-3878 Carlsmith Ball,LLC 19. Potable water will be provided by an on-site, private water well and pump system. An individual wastewater treatment system(IWS)comprised of a 120 square foot septic tank with a capacity for up to 1,000 gallons,and 390 square foot septic infiltration bed will provide wastewater disposal.Three shallow dry wells will handle drainage. An approximately 1,575 linear feet, 4-foot tall perimeter hog wire fence is proposed to secure the SFR. Proposed fencing will not have barbed wire. It will include an entry gate over the improved driveway which will be located along a portion of the southeast property boundary. As previously noted,access to this property is via the adjacent property,TMK 2-8-012:029, by means of a road access easement which generally follows the alignment of the old Cane Haul Road. While the applicant currently does not propose improvements to the gravel road on Parcel 29 (except vegetation clearing),they do propose improvements to the roadway segment within their property. Roadway improvements will include grading and installation of a concrete driveway with a 16- foot width. The proposed SFR site will be located near the property's center,at an elevation of approximately 149 feet above mean sea level and will be setback a minimum of 130 feet from the pali edge. The minimum setback exception from the pali is the proposed fence which will be 10 feet offset from the property's boundary along the pati (this will ensure a 10-foot walking area between the fence and the pali for fishing access). Land clearing and construction activities would occur over just under an acre, which includes approximately 484 square feet of shallow trenching for utility lines and connections. The "Ladders" fishing site is located adjacent to the property, which is located on the makai (northeast) corner of the property. The applicant proposes to provide a 3 car(maximum)parking area, mauka of the driveway and entry gate, within the property for use by the Makahanaloa Fishing Association to access this fishing site. Pedestrian access to the "Ladders" fishing site would follow along(mauka-makai)the proposed fencing on the applicant's property and adjacent to Parcel 29 and then would continue along the makai portion towards the northeast. Additionally, the applicant proposes to install a maximum of 8 informational and warning signs to inform the public of the dangers of steep cliffs and that they are on private property. Historically the property was used for commercial sugarcane cultivation which altered the original landscape and vegetation. Proposed landscaping will include 8800 native planting and 120o ornamental planting. Landscaping will replace non-native vegetation near the SFR with native, Polynesian and non-invasive ornamental trees,groundcover and ferns,along with some fruit trees and a kitchen garden. The applicant will ensure that the existing native plants hala, naupaka, and neneleau are preserved. The plan also includes removal of various non-native trees—especially ironwood and fiddlewood—to stabilize the cliff, promote native vegetation, and open a view corridor to the north northeast. The applicant states that no native species will be disturbed. Steven S.C.Lim CDUA HA-3878 Carlsmith Ball,LLC After reviewing the application,the department finds that: 1. The proposed use is an identified land use in the Resource subzone of the Conservation District, pursuant to the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), 13-5. Please be advised, however,that this finding does not constitute approval of the proposal. • HAR, §13-5-24, R-7, SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCE, (D-l) A single family residence that conforms to design standards as outlined in HAR, §13-5. • HAR, §13-5-23, L-2, LANDSCAPING (D-1) Landscaping (including clearing, grubbing, grading, and tree removal), including chemical and mechanical control methods, in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations,in an area of or more than 10,000 square feet. Any replanting shall be appropriate to the site location and shall give preference to plant materials that are endemic or indigenous to Hawaii. The introduction of invasive plant species is prohibited. • HAR, §13-5-22, P-7,SIGNS,(B-1)Signs, including safety signs,danger signs,no trespassing signs, and other informational signs. No signs shall exceed twelve square feet in area and shall be non-illuminated. All signs shall be erected to be self-supporting and be less than or equal to eight feet above finished grade; 2. Pursuant to HAR, §13-5-4(a)a public hearing will not be required; 3. In conformance with Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), 343, as amended, and HAR, 11- 200.1,a finding of no significant impact to the environment(FONSI)is anticipated for the proposed project; and Please be informed that, as the applicant, your responsibility includes complying with the provisions of Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management law (Chapter 205A, HRS) that pertain to the Special Management Area (SMA) requirements administered by the various counties. Negative action by the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) on this application can be expected should you fail to obtain and provide us prior to Board action, one of the following from the County: 1. An official determination that the proposal is exempt from the provisions of the county rules relating to the SMA; 2. An official determination that the proposed development is outside the SMA;or 3. An SMA Use Permit for the proposed development. Further,the OCCL offers the following comments on the Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA) and the CDUA: • The application states that the property will be accessed by a.3-acre road access easement located on adjacent TMK (3) 2-8-012:029, and that this is shared by multiple property 3 Steven S.C.Lim CDUA HA-3878 Carlsmith Ball,LLC owners. Please clarify the ownership and use of the easement. Does this access easement align with the Old Cane Haul Road? Upon completion of the application review process, the subject CDUA will be reviewed by the Board of Land and Natural Resources(Board)for consideration.The Board has the final authority to modify, grant, or deny permits. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Rachel Beasley at rachel.e.beasleyAhawaii.gov or work cell. Sincerely, SUZANNE D.CASE,Chairperson Board of Land and Natural Resources cc: Easement landowner ` AIC Hawaii Board Member HDLO I3AR/CWRM SHPD DOFAW DOCARE OHA/USFWS County of Hawaii, Planning Department County of Hawaii, Fire Department County of Hawaii-Public Works Hilo Library State Library 4 tE oF.hq SULANNED.CASE DAVID Y.IGE p...�9 3 9,`9CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII hr BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES j COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE * MANAGEMENT .P a STATE OF HAWAII srdreofHnve DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96809 August 23, 2021 Geometrician Associates, LLC Attention: Mr. Ron Terry via email: rtegy(aDhawaii.rr.com P.O. Box 396 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: Draft Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Holcomb Single- Family Residence at Honomu located at South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Land Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources(DLNR)distributed or made available a copy of your request pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR's Divisions for their review and comments. At this time, enclosed are comments from the (a) Engineering Division and (b)Land Division-Hawaii District on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at (808) 587-0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamura(aD-hawaii.pov. Thank you. Sincerely, R"" ns� Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files <�.�• .:? SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE CRAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII y:' BOARD OF LAID AND NATURAL RESOURCES ^•, COMMISSION ON NATER RESOURCE •" NANAGEAIENT 'wai •N11. P a •♦ STATE OF HAWAII srareaw�° DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96609 July 27, 2021 FROM: MEMORANDUM DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating&Ocean Recreation -&Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGR(&hawaii.aov) _LDiv. of Forestry&Wildlife (rubvrosa t terraaona hawaii aov) _Div. of State Parks _&Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM(&hawaii.gov) _LOffice of Conservation &Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kuba(mhawaii.aov) T0: -&Land Division—Hawaii District(gordon.c.heit(a)hawaii.gov) FROMi Russell Y. Tsuji, Land AdministratorRzi,�71Pyo SUBJECT: Draft Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Holcomb Single-Family Residence at Honomu LOCATION: South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. The DEA was published on July 23, 2021 by the State Environmental Review Program (formerly the Office of Environmental Quality Control) at the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development in the periodic bulletin, The Environmental Notice, available at the following link: http://oeac2.doh.hawaii.gov/The Environmental Notice/2021-07-23-TEN pdf Please submit any comments by August 20, 2021. If no response is received by this date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions, please contact Darlene Nakamura directly via email at dariene.k.nakamurac@-hawaii.gov.gov. Thank you. ( } We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. (V) We have no additional comments. ( ) Comments reattached. Signed: 0 Print Name: Carty S. Chang, Chief Engineer Division: Engineering Division Date: Aug 10,2021 Attachments cc: Central Files pt•�,•'..�•P•h1w SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE .19?�',."•.� CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII qi BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSIONON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT a STATE OF HAWAII 111lda IIf1 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICF BOX 621 IIONOI,UI,U,HAWAII 96809 July 27, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating &Ocean Recreation _LEngineering Division {DLNR.ENGR(u?hawaii.gov) X Div. of Forestry&Wildlife(r_ubyrosa.t.terrago(a�hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRMahawaii.gov) X Office of Conservation &Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kuba(a)_hawaii.gov) 71-and Division—Hawaii District(gordon.c.heit(a.hawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land AdministratorR"s-&a rscy' SUBJECT: Draft Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Holcomb Single-Family Residence at Honomu LOCATION: South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. The DEA was published on July 23, 2021 by the State Environmental Review Program (formerly the Office of Environmental Quality Control) at the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development in the periodic bulletin, The Environmental Notice, available at the following link: http://oegc2.doh.hawaii.gov/The Environmental Notice/2021-07-23-TEN.pdf Please submit any comments by August 20, 2021. If no response is received by this date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions, please contact Darlene Nakamura directly via email at dariene.k.nakamura anhawaii.gov. Thank you. { ) e have no objections. { e have no comments. { ) We have no additional comments. { ) Comments are attached. Signed: Print Name: Division: 4-6-IL4I 1 V Date: Attachments cc: Central Files i� OP y„ SVLAVNE D.CASE DAVID O IGE ' ,.c p , !'� CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR OF MAWpII '��' BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES FF COMMISSION ON NATER RESOURCE NtA EMENT w R 3y a n J STATE OF HAWAII 'Garp p�Nat+a DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 August 24, 2021 Geometrician Associates, LLC Attention: Mr. Ron Terry via email: rterry&hawaii.rr.com P.O. Box 396 Hilo, Hawaii 96721 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: Draft Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Holcomb Single- Family Residence at Honomu located at South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. In addition to our previous comments dated August 23, 2021, enclosed are comments from the Division of Forestry 81 Wildlife on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Darlene Nakamura at(808)587-0417 or email: darlene.k.nakamura(&-hawaii.-gov. Thank you. Sincerely, RuSZCW 7tuj� Russell Y. Tsuji Land Administrator Enclosures cc: Central Files <<.• ~a SULAVYE D.CASE DAVID IGE O . CHAIRPERSON GOVERNOR Of NAWAI s' _ BOARD OF LAID AVDYATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION OI U ATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT �. TWO. STATE OF HAWAII e rN�lr DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 July 27, 2021 MEMORANDUM TO: DLNR Agencies: _Div. of Aquatic Resources _Div. of Boating&Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division(DLNR.ENGRO-hawaii goy) _X_Div. of Forestry&Wildlife(rubvrosa t terracio0hawaii qov) _Div. of State Parks _LCommission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRMQ_hawaii.gov) X Office of Conservation&Coastal Lands(sharleen k.kuba( hawaii aov) _LLand Division—Hawaii District(gordon.c.heit0hawaii.gov) FROM: Russell Y. Tsuji, Land AdministratorRusse// Tsuji SUBJECT: Draft Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Holcomb Single-Family Residence at Honomu LOCATION: South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: Geometrician Associates on behalf of Kelly Holcomb Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. The DEA was published on July 23, 2021 by the State Environmental Review Program (formerly the Office of Environmental Quality Control) at the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development in the periodic bulletin,The Environmental Notice, available at the following link.- htty.//oeqc2,doh.hawaii.gov/The Environmental Notice/2021-07-23-TENgdf Please submit any comments by August 20, 2021. If no response is received by this date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions, please contact Darlene Nakamura directly via email at darlene.k.nakamurao-hawaii aov. Thank you. ( ) We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. We have no additional comments. Comments are attached. Signed: out Print Name: DAVID G. SMITH,Administrator Division: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Date: Aug 24,2021 Attachments cc: Central Files SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.ICE •{�,wO•-•• •M•.,,4 C1 AMMON BU,ISMS L.tSO.\IRRM RC RIlSULRIr� liU\'kR VOA Or 11,\i1•\II CU\G\IISSIU.�'Ur N',\TFR RF�U1:0.1'f.\I,l,1,\.+4F\T FO ' •4' ROBERT K.NASUDA rIPI T D,PLT' NI.KALEO\IANUEL 4 ,f "�,_ .....w,.r''•f DrPLT DIRF.t'TOR-N',\TF'R \Ul Aitt'RFSUL'Rl'FS � BU\i14.\ADL%'N VA'c RTIU.� •`�'Yr BURT AL UG t'US\'Ff'.UL'Fs 'i STATE OF HAWAII W141S]Wp U\1 ITFR RFSOURCF MANA-11111 AWA1\ (U�St R\1101 ASDWAI AL LANDS DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES o'SGR`\T'u FDR^wc*CFSesG09ri1IG17 DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE FLMFSTR\,\.\'D U ILDLIr F. HISTUR IL PRF5r R\',\ilU,\ 1151 PUNCHBOWL STREET,ROOM 325 \IwL,\` ISLANDRSM-ECO-115510a HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813 ST\ireir:S August 23, 2021 MEMORANDUM Log no. 3274 TO: RUSSELL Y.TSUJI,Administrator Land Division FROM: DAVID G. SMITH,Administrator Division of Forestry and Wildlife SUBJECT: Division of Forestry and Wildlife Comments on the Draft Environmental Assessment (DEA) for the Proposed Holcomb Single-Family Residence at Honomu The Department of Land and Natural Resources,Division of Forestry and Wildlife(DOFAW)has received your inquiry regarding review of the DEA for the proposed Holcomb single-family residences in Honomu on the island of Hawaii, TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028. The proposed project consists of constructing a one-story home on a 6,485-acre property. The State listed Hawaiian Hawk or `lo(Buleo solilarius) is known to occur in the project vicinity. DOFAW recommends surveying the area to ensure no Hawaiian Hawk nests are present if trees are to be cut. 'lo nests might be present during the breeding season from March to September. The State listed Hawaiian Hoary Bat or `Ope'ape`a(Lashffus cineretls semolus)has the potential to occur in the vicinity of the project area and may roost in nearby trees. If any site clearing is required this should be timed to avoid disturbance during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). If this cannot be avoided, woody plants greater than 15 feet(4.6 meters)tall should not be disturbed, removed,or trimmed without consulting DOFAW. To prevent the spread of Rapid 'Ohi'a Death (ROD), if `ohi`a trees are present and will be removed, trimmed, or potentially injured DOFAW requests that the information and guidance at the following website be reviewed and followed: https: cros.ctahr.hawaii.edu rod. DOFAW recommends minimizing the movement of plant or soil material between worksites,such as in fill. Soil and plant material may contain invasive fungal pathogens(e.g.Rapid LOhi La Death), vertebrate and invertebrate pests(e.g. Little Fire Ants),or invasive plant parts that could harm our native species and ecosystems. We recommend consulting the Big Island Invasive Species Committee at(808) 933-3340 in planning, design, and construction of the project to learn of any high-risk invasive species in the area and ways to mitigate spread. All equipment, materials, and personnel should be cleaned of excess soil and debris to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species. Gear that may contain soil,such as work boots and vehicles,should be thoroughly cleaned with water and sprayed with 700o alcohol solution to prevent the spread of Rapid `Ohi`a Death and other harmful fungal pathogens. DOFAW recommends using native plant species for landscaping that are appropriate for the area (i.e.climate conditions are suitable for the plants to thrive,historically occurred there,etc.). Please do not plant invasive species. DOFAW recommends consulting the Hawaii-Pacific Weed Risk Assessment website to determine the potential invasiveness of plants proposed for use in the project(https: sites.eoople.com'site,weedriskassessment.home).We recommend that you refer to www.plantpono.org for guidance on selection and evaluation for landscaping plants. We note that artificial lighting can adversely impact seabirds that may pass through the area at night by causing disorientation. This disorientation can result in collision with manmade artifacts or grounding of birds. For nighttime lighting that might be required, DOFAW recommends that all lights be fully shiclded to minimize impacts. Nighttime work that requires outdoor lighting should be avoided during the seabird fledging season from September 15 through December 15. This is the period when young seabirds take their maiden voyage to the open sea. For illustrations and guidance related to seabird-friendly light styles that also protect the dark, starry skies of Hawaii please visit: https:, dlnr.hawaii.gov wildlife,files 2016'03 DOC439 pdf. We appreciate your efforts to work with our office for the conservation of our native species. Should the scope of the project change significantly,or should it become apparent that threatened or endangered species may be impacted,please contact our staff as soon as possible. If you have any questions,please contact Paul Radley, Protected Specics Habitat Conservation Planning Coordinator at(808)587-0010 or paul.m.radlevOhawaii.gov. Sincerely, 00A DAVID G. SMITH Administrator DAVID Y.IGESUZANNE D.CASE GOVERNOROF {` F'~ CHAIRPERSON q DOARDOPLAM RESOURCES HAWAII a 1 9 Sy ; MWAMSIONON WATER RESOURCE NANAGENCENT ROBERT K.MASUDA o } FIRST DEPUTY � ,� 1 I•w M.KALEO MANUEL t DEPUTY DIRECIOR.WATER 40 AND OANRE � RESOURCES BUREAU OFCONVEYANCFSR S•...:•` COR4.4SSTON ON WAIERRESOURCE MA.W GOaNT CONSERVATION ANDCDASTALLANDS STATE OF HAWAII CONSERVATIOND�+c�a EMRCL%Mff DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES FORFSTRYANDWRDIDE HISTORIC Of FUP DIVISION OF AQUATIC RESOURCES PRESERVATION KANOO(AWE 6UPD)RESERVE CORO.tESR/N LAN1151 PUNCHBOWL STREET,ROOM 330 sP STATE PAW HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813 Date: 08/02/21 DAR#6219 MEMORANDUM TO: Brian J.Neilson DAR Administrator FROM: Troy Sakihara 1,5, ,Aquatic Biologist SUBJECT: Environmental Review of CDUA HA-3878 Holcomb Single Family Residence Request Submitted by: Michael Cain for Samuel Lemmo,Administrator,OCCL Kaakepa,Malamalama Iki,South Hilo,Hawaii,TMK:(3)2-8-012:-28 Location of Project: Brief Description of Project: This is a review of CDUA HA-3878 by applicant Kelly Holcomb. The applicant is proposing to build a single-family residence (SFR) on a 6.49 acre coastal property within the Resource Subzone of the State Land Use Conservation District in Kaakepa, Malamalama Iki, South Hilo, TMK (3)2-8-012:028. The proposed SFR is a 4,811 sq ft home, 149 ft above sea level and with a setback of 130 ft from the edge of the sea cliff.An individual wastewater treatment system and three shallow dry wells are planned. Honomu Stream mouth lies immediately to the northwest of the property. Access to the "Ladders"fishing spot to the east will also be preserved. Best Management Practices are expected and no measurable impacts to aquatic resources are anticipated from this project. Comments: [9 No Comments ❑ Comments Attached Thank you for providing DAR the opportunity to review and comment on the proposed project. Should there be any changes to the project plan,DAR requests the opportunity to review and comment on those changes. Comments Approved: _7k�uz~ Date: Aug 3,2021 Brian J.Neilson DAR Administrator (e OF hq DAVID Y.IGE o 2 a 9% GOVERNOR OF lMWM SUZANNE D.CASE cxMevEasox MICHAEL G.BUCK ELIZABETH A.CHAR,M.D. NEIL J.HANNAHS AURORA KAGAWA-VNUWI,PH.D. wed WAYNE K KATAYAMA PAULJ.MEYER M.KALEO MAUEL STATE OF HAWAII oEwEMAN DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT P.O.BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96609 August 3,2021 REF:RFD.5521.8 TO: Michael Cain,Planner Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands FROM: M.Kaleo Manuel,Deputy Director *qea Commission on Water Resource Management SUBJECT: Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)HA-3878,Single Family Residence,Kelly Holcomb Kaakepa-Malamalama Iki,S.Hilo,Hawaii FILE NO.: RFD.5521.8 TMK NO.: (3)2-8-012:028 Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject document. The Commission on Water Resource Management(CWRM)is the agency responsible for administering the State Water Code(Code). Under the Code,all waters of the State are held in trust for the benefit of the citizens of the State,therefore all water use is subject to legally protected water rights. CWRM strongly promotes the efficient use of Hawaii's water resources through conservation measures and appropriate resource management. For more information,please refer to the State Water Code,Chapter 174C,Hawaii Revised Statutes,and Hawaii Administrative Rules,Chapters 13-167 to 13-171. These documents are available via the Internet at http://dlnr.hawaii.00v/cwrm. Our comments related to water resources are checked off below. El 1. We recommend coordination with the county to incorporate this project into the county's Water Use and Development Plan. Please contact the respective Planning Department and/or Department of Water Supply for further information. F] 2. We recommend coordination with the Engineering Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate this project into the State Water Projects Plan. 3. We recommend coordination with the Hawaii Department of Agriculture(HDOA)to incorporate the reclassification of agricultural zoned land and the redistribution of agricultural resources Into the State's Agricultural Water Use and Development Plan(AWUDP). Please contact the HDOA for more information. 4. We recommend that water efficient fixtures be installed and water efficient practices implemented throughout the development to reduce the increased demand on the area's freshwater resources. Reducing the water usage of a home or building may earn credit towards Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(LEED)certification. More information on LEED certification is available at http://www.usgbe.orgAeed. A listing of fixtures certified by the EAP as having high water efficiency can be found at http://www.epa.gov/watersense. 0 5. We recommend the use of best management practices(BMP)for stormwater management to minimize the impact of the project to the existing area's hydrology while maintaining on-site infiltration and preventing polluted runoff from storm events. Stormwater management BMPs may earn credit toward LEED certification. More information on stormwater BMPs can be found at http://planning.hawaii.gov/czm/i nitiatives/low-impact-developmenV 6. We recommend the use of alternative water sources,wherever practicable. 7. We recommend participating in the Hawaii Green Business Program,that assists and recognizes businesses that strive to operate in an environmentally and socially responsible manner.The program description can be found online at http://energy.hawaii.gov/green-business-program. 8. We recommend adopting landscape Irrigation conservation best management practices endorsed by the Landscape Industry Council of Hawaii.These practices can be found online at Michael Cain Page 2 August 3,2021 httpJ/www.hawaiiscape.com/wp-contenVuploads/2013/04/LICH_Irrigation_Conservation_BM Ps.pdf. v1 9. There may be the potential for ground or surface water degradation/contamination and recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the State Department of Health and the developer's acceptance of any resulting requirements related to water quality. 10 The proposed water supply source for the project is located in a designated water management area,and a Water Use Permit is required prior to use of water. The Water Use Permit may be conditioned on the requirement to use dual line water supply systems for new industrial and commercial developments. 7l 11 A Well Construction Permit(s)is(are)are required before the commencement of any well construction work. n12 A Pump Installation Permit(s)is(are)required before ground water is developed as a source of supply for the project. X❑ 13 There is(are)well(s)located on or adjacent to this project. If wells are not planned to be used and will be affected by any new construction,they must be properly abandoned and sealed. A permit for well abandonment must be obtained. 14 Ground-water withdrawals from this project may affect streamflows,which may require an instream flow standard amendment. F] 15 A Stream Channel Alteration Permit(s)is(are)required before any alteration can be made to the bed and/or banks of a steam channel. 16 A Stream Diversion Works Permit(s)is(are)required before any stream diversion works is constructed or altered. ❑ 17 A Petition to Amend the Interim Instream Flow Standard is required for any new or expanded diversion(s) of surface water. 18 The planned source of water for this project has not been identified in this report. Therefore,we cannot determine what permits or petitions are required from our office,or whether there are potential impacts to water resources. —1 OTHER: GW-The project is located within a SMA and will require SMA approval prior to Well Construction or Pump Installation permit issuance. If you have any questions,please contact Ryan Imata of the Commission staff at 587-0225. geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808)969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometric ianassociates.com November 15,2021 Suzanne D. Case,Chairperson Board of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu, Hawaii 96809 Dear Ms. Case: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028(the "Property") I am in receipt of your letter to Steven Lim of Carlsmith Ball LLP accepting the CDUA, summarizing the Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands' (OCCL)comments upon acceptance of the Draft EA,and also providing a Draft EA comment from OCCL. We have also received copies of all other comment letters from Planner Rachel Beasley. This letter responds to comments from all DLNR agencies. We have also copied your office in the attachment to this letter on our comments to non-DLNR agency letters,which were sent directly to the commenters. In the interest of a complete record on comments to the EA/CDUA, I would first like to acknowledge receipt of memos from various DLNR divisions and programs providing no-comment or no-additional comments: Division of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii Island Land Division,and the Engineering Division. Concerning the recommendations contained in the memo from the Division of Forestry and Wildlife,please note that all relevant avoidance and mitigation measures are already provided within the Draft EA,which contains an extensive discussion of biological resources. Please note also that the EA documents the DOFAW- recommended coordination with the Big Island Invasive Species Council. Concerning the checklist comments from the Commission on Water Resource Management, please note that the Department of Health has reviewed the EA,and it is understood that a Well Construction Permit,a Pump Installation Permit,and compliance with the SMA process will be required for the proposed well construction. There are no known wells located within the Property; therefore,no permit for well abandonment is required. According to the Hawaii Groundwater&Geothermal Resource Center database (https://www.iiigp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/proiects/hawaii-state-waterwellsn,an existing well is located on a separate property belonging to a different landowner:TMK: (3)2-8-013:010. This well is a minimum of 1,000 feet away and separated from the subject property by an embayment of the sea. The applicant's single-family dwelling should not impact this existing well. This information has been added to the EA. The comment from OCCL is repeated below,followed by our response to it. 1. The application states that the property will be accessed by a.3-acre road access easement located on adjacent TMK(3) 2-8-012:029, and that this is shared by multiple property owners. Please clam the ownership and use of the easement. Does this access easement align with the Old Cane Haul Road? TMK: (3)2-8-012:029 or the land upon which the 0.030-acre easement area is located is owned by Michael Nejfeld. (The CDUA contained a typo, as the easement area was identified as being 0.30 acres in size). The applicant has legal access over this 0.030-acre area, as successors and assigns to the attached Grant of Easement for Roadway Purposes dated September 24, 1996,which was recorded as Document No. 96-139859 with the State Bureau of Conveyances. TMKs: (3)2-8-012:030,031,and 032 also enjoy access rights to the 0.030-acre easement area pursuant to Warranty Deed dated December 11,2019,recorded at the State Bureau of Conveyances as Document No. A73060237. These vacant properties are also owned by Michael Nejfeld. The 0.030-acre access easement aligns with the Old Cane Haul Road. Thank you for your review of the Draft EA and for circulating the EA and CDUA for review by DLNR and other agencies. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090; for questions about the project or CDUA,please contact Jason Knable of Carlsmith Ball, LLP at(808)935-7975. Sincerely, 1� Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb July 22, 2021 Subject CDUA HA 3378 (the "CDUA"), Holcomb SFR (the "Applicant"), TMK (3) 2-8-012: 028 (the "Property"). To whom it may concern. I will preface this letter by stating that I fully support the Holcomb plans to develop the Property. I look forward to seeing the property being cleaned up from all of the unsightly and invasive overgrowth and for its resources to be developed and used in a responsible way. Once it is cleaned up and developed it will make an attractive addition to the Hamakua Coastal community. This letter is not to be interpreted that I object. The text following will be self explanatory regarding issues that I have......... First no official boundary interpretation has been issued by the LUC regarding the Property. While the County shows it as a single TMK I suspect that It is most likely that a title search will show that the Property's parcel area contains two 'legal lots of record'. One lot may comprise the former railroad right of way ("RR") and the other lot the balance of the TMK parcel's former field area with an undeveloped area reaching down to the northern gulch. If more than a single legal lot of record exists it is likely that the two legal lots of record will need to be combined into a single lot before any structures be built on the Property in order that structure set back distances to lot boundaries be considered and/or properly observed. Former RR lots are narrow and are treated by the County as not to be developed for structures. When further evidence is provided to the LUC it should be found to be very clear that the Property was never zoned into the Conservation District but rather that it lies in the State Agricultural District and the County's Agricultural District's functional Plan and in the County's "Open" General Plan. Will the Applicant supply a licensed surveyor's map of the Property and a metes and bounds description and submit that to the LUC applying for a formal boundary interpretation with particular reference to the text found on page 36 of the included file and with an explanation in the Request that the LUC's 1974 Official Quadrangle Map H-65 does not reflect correctly the location of the SLUD boundary? It is clear that the LUC never intended that the Maps in the Report, that they submitted in 1969 to the LUC, to be the final authority but were rather the Maps were recommended boundaries for consideration by the LUC. What was actually adopted by the LUC at its meeting in the County of Hawaii, regarding the SLUD Boundary along the Hamakua Coast was meant to ammend the Report's recommendation, ref., page 36 of the attached Report. The recommended Maps were never changed and the LUC formalized their referenced use around 1974. The historic field area photographs and historical agricultural descriptions that already exist in the EA and CDUA and particularly a complete surveyor's map identifying a line on it that delineates the 'top of the oceanside pa/i'should provide sufficient evidence that the Property was never zoned into the Conservation District and presently lies in the Agricultural District. Second the existing hard evidence exists that the Property is mostly (if not entirely) located in the State Agricultural District and not in the State Conservation District in which case the requirement for DLNR conditional approval of the Property's development is incorrectly requested, by the Applicant of the DLNR, in the form of the CDUA. The hard evidence is contained in an "official LUC record"and (ref., HAR 15-15-22 (e)) of the LUC. The 'official LUC record'in this regard is in the form of a book titled "STATE OF HAWAII LAND USE DISTRICTS AND REGULATIONS REVIEW" (the "Report"), which was published on August 15, 1969, and it is authored by Eckbo, Dean, Austin & Williams (a copy of relevant pages of the Report are attached with this letter). The Report study was commissioned at the request of the LUC in order to assist it during the LUC's first boundary review in 1969 for the entire area of the State of Hawaii. The Report documented its recommendations to the LUC and also it recorded what the Commission finally "approved" by the LUC at its meeting in the County of Hawaii on July of 1969. The Report contained USGS maps showing where the authors of the Report first recommended the SLUD boundaries be generally located (undefined lines on a map). Page 86 of the Report describes the methodology that the Report's authors used when they drew the proposed SLUD lines on USGS Quadrangle Maps. The text record of the Report described what was actually approved by the Commission, (ref., preface page of the Report). Resultingly the Official Map did not always reflect what was actually "approved"by the Commission. On pages 228-230 of the CDUA an email exhibit was provided regarding a boundary interpretation by the LUC for the Property. Therein the LUC requires that a legal survey of the Property be conducted and submitted to the LUC in order that the correct location of the State Land Use District ("SLUD") boundary separating the Conservation District from the Agricultural District be determined. While the LUC's email suggests that the SLUD boundary would be the western boundary of the former RR, which crossed the Property and the LUC cites a SLUD boundary line on its Official 1974 Quadrangle Map H- 65 that appears to lay mauka of the r.r. right of way which lies along the western boundary of the Property. The Map is not the final authority and it is in conflict with where the LUC approved the SLUD boundary line to be, ie the coastal "ridge top" (page 36 of the Report). Particularly the criteria for developing the proposed SLUD lines described on page 86 of the Report was a broad explanation of how the Report's authors developed hundreds of maps for all of Hawaii. It is very obvious that no site inspection occurred for many properties along the Hamakua Coast because the line on the recommended map generally followed contour lines that existed on the USGS Map and not the cliff top of the Coastal Pali and existing agricultural use of land right up to the cliff top at that time would have been very obvious to the inspector. This was discovered by the LUC during Petition DR 99-21 also for a similar coastal property a few miles to the north of the Property. In that case the LUC referenced the Report's written text of what was "approved" by the LUC at a public meeting, held in the County of Hawaii on July 18th of 1969, ref., page 36 of the Report....... "The steep pali coast of east Kohala is presently within the Conservation District. This district should be extended to include the sandy beach at Waipio Valley and then to include the pall land of the Hamakua Coast, usin_p the ridge top as a boundary line"............... "Commission action: Partially Approved. * Areas in ac ricu/tural use were excluded." (emphasis added) The * refers to the footnote box at the bottom of the page which reads... "Approved recommendation adopted at the action meeting held in Hawaii County July 18, 1969." (emphasis added) The Report evidences that the 'top of the coastal cliff'is what was "approved" by the LUC in 1969 to be the SLUD boundary. The area makai was to be Conservation and the area mauka was to be Agriculture. Unfortunately no properties were inspected on a site specific basis or agriculturally used lands would have been obvious. This was further confirmed during the Director, Lura Thielen, of the State Office of Planning's verbal testimony to the LUC during Petition A05 757. 1 have a copy of that testimony but it comprises substantially over 100 pages so it is not included herein however the text goes as follows............ Particularly no site inspection occurred, ref. McCully(s) 2005 Petition A05 757 hearing transcript, testimony of Laura Thielen, the director of the State Office of Planning, beginning on its page 120, lines 6-10......... "But until that happens the reality is we're dealing with many areas of classification where there was not an independent analysis saying that this land belongs in this classification because of the attributes of this physical property." It results that the Report (the "Official Record" of the LUC) comprises seemingly conflicting evidence regarding the correct location of the SLUD boundary line. On the one hand there exists the Official 1974 Quadrangle Map H-65 and on the other hand there is the Official Record of what was "Approved"by the Commission in Hawaii County July 18, 1969. The earlier referenced DR 99-21 makes it clear that the map is subordinate to what was recorded in the Report as "Approved" by the Commission. Between the described meeting date in 1969 and 1975, when the official map was adopted by the LUC, the area of the Property was not given further SLUD boundary review or amendment by the LUC. Effectively the Map is not the final authority because it effectively exhibits a scrivener's error. The LUC should interpret the Official Map against the Official Record of the SLUD boundary amendment in 1969 which comprised the general coastal area of the Property. The location of the SLUD line on the Official Map was intended by the Report to be interpreted against what was recorded to have been actually "Approved' by the LUC at a LUC meeting conducted in Hawaii County in July of 1969 (page 36 of the Report which is quoted above). This is not the first time that the Official Boundary Maps of the LUC in the area of the Hamakua Coast has come into question. In 1969 the LUC determined in its DR 99-21 that the coastal 'ridge top" to be the correct location of the SLUD line even though the LUC's Official Map showed it to be several hundred feet inland along the 200 ft. contour line on the map and bisecting an agricultural use field. See also DR 96-19 wherein the Official Map in that Petition was also found by Commission to be in error. The precedence is that the Official Maps are not always right and corrections are made by the LUC when they are shown to be wrong. Particularly the Applicant should provide a surveyors map of the Property and a copy of page 36 of the Report to the LUC and request a formal boundary interpretation in order that it be determined whether the Property lays in the Conservation District or the Agricultural District. There also exists two present Petitions for a Declaratory Order Boundary interpretation by the LUC in similar regard, ref., DR 21-72 (my Petition) and another Petition for a Declaratory Order, ref., DR 21-73. Both have yet to be determined by the Commission. Clearly the LUC's Official Quadrangle Maps are not the final authority where the correct SLUD Boundary lies if Commission records can be shown to support otherwise. Before proceeding further administration of the CDUA and the EA I believe that it is necessary that..... 1. a title search be conducted in order to determine whether the Property's parcel area is comprised of more than one legal lot of record. 2. if more than one legal lot of record exists regard for set back requirements be observed and/or the lots be combined into a single legal lot of record. 3. a legal survey of the Property be conducted that shows the 'top of the coastal cliff'be defined in metes and bounds and submitted to the LUC with a request for a formal boundary interpretation with particular reference to the Report's evidence that the LUC "approved"that 'the top of the coastal clUr was "approved" by the LUC to be the SLUD boundary line and that 'land in agricultural use'(ref., page 36 of the Report) was to remain in the SLUD Agricultural District. The CDUA and its exhibits have maps and photographs which provide clear hard evidence that the Property was in agricultural use during a period preceding 1969 and subsequently also. Will the Applicant seek that the LUC bring certainty to the correct SLUDistricting of the Property? Third If, on the other hand, the Property is determined to properly lie in the State Conservation District....... HAR 13-5-13 Resource subzone states.......... (a) The objective of this subzone is to develop, with proper management, areas to ensure sustained use of the natural resources of those areas. The Property is composed of "prime"agricultural soils according to the State's ALISH and LSB classification. It is clear in the pictures in the professional reports exhibited to the Petition that the Property's soil area was once cultivated right up to the top of the coastal pali and utilized for the production of agricultural crops. HAR 13-5-7's Nonconforming use Rule provides that the resumption of agricultural use of the Property is an "Allowed" use without any formal CDUP being required. It has been my experience that the OCCL often makes the burden of the resumption of agricultural use, whether"Allowed" or"Allowable" in its Rules so burdensome in form, delay, cost and tedium of application that land owners do not develop and preserve a property's agricultural potential in a substantial way, even for personal agricultural production such as fruit trees etc. The Prime agricultural characteristic of the Property is probably its most outstanding physical characteristic and thus it should be required that the DLNR promote its preservation and development, ref., Hawai'i State's Constitution's section 11.3 Agricultural lands.............. "The State shall conserve and protect agricultural lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-sufficiency and assure the availability of Agriculturally suitable lands." and ref., Article Xl, Section 1, Constitution of the State of Hawaii........ "For the benefit of present and future generations, the State and its political subdivisions shall conserve and protect Hawaii's natural beauty and all natural resources, including land, water, air, minerals, and energy sources, and shall promote the development and utilization of these resources in a manner consistent with their conservation and in furtherance of the self-sufficiency of the State." In 1991 the State's Auditor General issued a Report to the Governor and the State's Legislature as a Review of the DLNR's Nonconforming Use Rule regarding the resumption of nonconforming use on lands that had been overlaid by the Conservation District. The Auditor General recommended that the existing Rules, HAR 13-2 be amended in this regard. Several years later under Mr. Lemmo's administration of the OCCL Mr. Lemmo proposed changes to the DLNR's Rules in order to strengthen the DLNR's Nonconforming use Rule....... ref., minutes of BLNR meeting wherein Sam Lemmo gave testimony to the BLNR, beginning at the bottom of page 20 and continuing in the first paragraph of page 21...... "Mr. Lemmo conveyed under non-conforming uses we took this section from the back of our rule and moved it to the front of our rule which is an important provision. As you know the Statute 183C talks about the relevance of non-conforming uses and how they shall be allowed to continue. This is in the Statute and staff felt it needed to be up front in the rule." and again in another case.........ref., minutes of BLNR meeting, Feb. 9th, 2007, it's item K-1, which was for "nonconforming" residential and agricultural use of another property wherein the DLNR's OCCL's Administrator, Mr. Lemmo related to the BLNR........ "that it was approved that a parcel used for residential and agriculture purposes has the right to continue those uses as presumably statute." Resultingly HAR 13-5 reflects the changes to the Rules that were adopted by the BLNR early in Mr. Lemmo's tenure as the Administrator of the OCCL. . HAR 15-5-7's Nonconforming Use Rule "Allows"that 'any former use of land (ie. in the case of the Property, agricultural use) before it was overlaid by the Conservation District, is allowed to be resumed, no matter the length of interruption of the of the use'. That was clearly what the Auditor General's Report verified was the intended Rule when the State overlaid the Conservation District on privately owned land. This is quite different that the LUC's HAR 15-15 Nonconforming Use Rule, which does not apply to the Conservation District, which provides that if a nonconforming use is discontinued for a period of on year it may not be resumed. Clearly the DLNR's Statute and Rules require that Conservation land was to be treated differently. Coming back now to HAR 13-5-13 Resource subzone (a) The objective of this subzone is to develop, with proper management, areas to ensure sustained use of the natural resources of those areas. I do not see in the CDUA or EA any intention of the land owner to clear the weedy overgrowth on the former field area of the Property in order that the Property's most outstanding physical resource, its Prime Agricultural soils, be developed for agricultural use even if such use is for personal agriculture ie. fruit trees and the like. Will the Applicant consider amending the CDUA in order to provide for the resumption of any agricultural use of the Property, whether for personal or potential commercial, and whether as resumed nonconforming agricultural use or fully CDUPermitted use? Sincerely, Ken Church, Hakalau, Hi. Exhibit 1 STATE OF HAWAII LAND USE DISTRICTS AND REGULATIONS REVIEW STAVE OF HAWAII LAND USE DISTRICTS o AND REGULATIONS A REVIEW z 7) rm c -I r ICE r � l r - pp � 4 alp{�► fes.",��., .�'[� � �� , „t' �� •� :•�. �; �. _� �;�r 10127'16849 STATE OF HAWAII LAND USE DISTRICTS AND REGULATIONS REVIEW Prepared for the STATE OF HAWAII LAND USE COMMISSION By ECKBO, DEAN, AUSTIN & WILLIAMS The preparation of this report was financed in part through an urban planning grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, under the provision of Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended. August 15, 1969 Honolulu, Hawaii STATE OF HAWAII John A. Burns,Governor LAND USE COMMISSIONERS C. E.S. Burns,Jr.,Chairman City and County of Honolulu Wilbert H.S.Choi,Vice Chairman City and County of Honolulu Shelley M. Mark (ex-officio) Chairman,Department of Planning and Economic Development Sunao Kido(ex-officio) Chairman,Department of Land and Natural Resources 3 Alexander J. Napier r City and County of Honolulu Leslie E. L.Wung Hawaii County Goro Inaba Hawaii County Tani! Yamamura Maui County Shiro Nishimura Kauai County Ramon Duran,A.I.P.,A.S.L.A. Executive Officer George Pal Deputy Attorney General Counsel in memory of Kelgo Murakaml Hilo Public UbrarY former Commissioner from 300 Walanuenue Ave. Maui County Hilo. HI 96710-2447 Tecond Peal'"g ECKBQ DEAN AUSTIN & WILLIAMS August 15,1969 Mr.C.E,S.Burns,Ir.,Chairman Land Use Commission State of Hawaii State Capitol Building Honolulu,Hawaii Dear Mr.Burns.- We urns:We take great pleasure in transmitting this report to the land Use Commission in the conclusion of our review of the Hawaii Land Use District Boundaries and Regulations. May we take the occasion to thank each member for the friendly and cooperative spirit which made possible the successful completion of this year of work. A great amount of the satisfaction we feel at this time is due to the fact that many good things have been accomplished during the review program. As a result of our mutual efforts, beneficial alterations have been made by the Commission In the Rules of Practice and Procedure, District Regulations and District Boundaries. We hope that additional benefits will accrue from this study when, in the future,other recommendations contained herein receive consideration. We wish to thank each Commissioner for our good fortune in being able to experience the most pleasurable working env,ronment we have ever realized. Respectfully submitted, ECKHO,DEAN,AUSTIN&WILLIAMS 440"-- Edward A.Williams Dun H.Austin Hila Public Library 300 Waianuenue Ave. 11 4, hit tor.p')0-240 Landse ape At hito Lure,grban Doskgn, Environmental Planning San Francisco, los Angeles and Honolulu 401 K mak- it 1. Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Tvle-phonv (BIDW 53b-1074 FPRtfAtRt Piiki uintfuSinn, ic•sulluig irons 11ispeiuun of 11011i 1 iilAff tcl hu, Ile,in, Lush" & 4%rllramis ane) the Il,ese fuhler t. FI¢ward R.Altni.ro rum'+ cun,ultnnl+ hose ina.fe a scud} of Chapive 15 i, zero+ of Ili• n}Jf(n ctaitnhu- t Chri lopher De„�nhardt Ha+San s plcineertng tand Ust lase, under oiyns hi till-. III& a0d Is clary Stier tal ai (.rant R lnnt, a one Year Cunloct ss"h Zile Slalt Land our opinrriin It Is a theore0cal study of the ASSIVAN1'S Use Comnussitm. 8lcau3e till IS the I+r,t potenirals ,sealed by la 411011 AS A11 aid to Vivid 1. Woolsey cumprehenkive re%le%v of a unique Ids,' and planning implementation. It Is a review of Linda R.Bernstein because of ssidespread inlere I in if .+e the Hawaii tax .ystem and en analysis of Elizabeth M.Moore lease included in our report Items of ab- the Ilawan real property tax a} it relates to This protect staff was Involved in mars solute functional necessity as %sell as iter” planging goals. A reading of this chapter astir,is of this review in luding: Ilse id,-,o of rather peripheral importance it, probably esse•nhal to a full understand- lification of issues; review of applicablf one will tind herein matters of hislury ing of the summary contained in Chapter 2 information, studies and reports; Iht economics, and use planning, taxation, law and the re(ofnmenddlions contained in gathering and analysis of information ani and personal opinion. fhe� are included to Chapter 3 that is, for everyone but an ex- opinions from questionnaires and inter, piosrde a feeling for the tidal(,(incept of pert on tdxa0on. views;the Analysis of administrative actiunl the law. Taken collectisely, we hope this One of our "working papers" has be- of the land Use Commission, the develop, information will provide both the citizen come Chapter 16.because we think people mens of Concepts and goals; the analysis of of Hawaii and the interested outsider the will enjoy reading the analysis of the at- the Land Use District Regulations; the re- knowledge he seeks about the law and its titude survey, view of the land use boundaries;and pro- implications,from the processes of drawitig Chapter 17 is another "working paper", pusals for new policies and legislative district boundaries and regulations to the and in this case a rather dry one. However, changes. decisions made in the market place and the we feel it is a necessary addition as a states- In addition to these tasks, specific re- lax office. tical summary of administrative actions re- sponsibilities of the project staff included: The report is organized in the following lated to the Land Use Law. These provide Howard B. Allman—Project Adminisira- Wa,, the basis for some important recommenda- lion and Urban Districts Chapter 1 provides a history of state tions and part of our opinion that the law C. Christopher Degenhardt—Agriculture planning, the elements of the Land Use is accomplishing its purpose. and Rural Districts Law,an outline of how the study was made Chapter 18 contains a legal review and Grant R. )ones—Conservation Districts and some of our observations in retrospect. analysis. Our consultants also deserve special rec• Chapter 2 summarizes our conclusions. The Appendix contains the usual items of ognition for their accomplishments in the We have tried in this abridgement to set the Law, the amendments, newly adopted study. They are: the stage for our recommendations for ad- District Regulations, newly adopted Rules Baxter, McDonald and Company, Berke- minislralive and legislative action which of Practice and Procedure and biblio- ley, Califomia, which provided manage- follow in Chaplet 3. We hope the reasons graphy. But perhaps the most interesting ment advice and analysis of administra- for these recommendations are not ob- item of the Appendix will be the statistical tive actions of the Land Use Commis• scure after such a short introduction to the summary of the attitude questionnaire. It sion, County Planning Commissions and subject. seems to be universally interesting to know Department of Land and Natual Re- Chapters 4 through 7 are a summary of where various sectors of the population sources. the recommended changes to the district stand on issues. Dr. Leslie E- Carbert lax Economis+. boundaries in the four counties,Since these Palo Alto, California,who provided eta were acted upon during the preparation of ACKNOWLEDGMENTS nomic and taxation and dedication law this_report, we are able to provide the We wish to acknowledge with gratitude analysis and recommendations. Commission's decisions_ mdlh respect tQ the assistance of hundreds of people in and Padgett,Greeley,Marumoto and Akinak) them. In this way, the text becomes not out of government who have taken from Attorneys at Law, Honolulu, who pro' just a report to the Commission but a rec- their valuable time to assist in this study vided legal reviews and consultation, ord of its actions as well.These four chap when requested. In particular we wish to The Environmental Analysis Group, San lers are a functionaf necessity, but may be thank the Land Use Commission, Depart- Francisco, California, which provided as• unentertaining reading to those not inti- ment of Land and Natural Resources De- sistance in formulating and analyzi"8 mately familiar with the Hawaiian land- partment of Taxation, and their staff mem- personal interview questions and the scape. bers, the County Planning Directors, and mailed questionnaire. Chapters a through 11 deal with the Ag- the County Planning Commissions for their Williams and Mocine, City and Regio")I riculture, Conservation, Urban and Rural cooperation and interest. Wilgout their Planners,San Francisco,California,which Districts in detail. They contain some of help and advice this program would have provided analysis of State and Countr the "heartwood" of this report because been next to impossible. planning and zoning. they deal with the main issues and con- This project was conducted in the Ho- flicts involved in the four districts, the de- nolulu Office of Eckbo, Dean, Austin & termination and administration of them. Williams. Among those who participated Chapters 12, 13 and 14 contain back- were: ground infornwlion on land policy, -co- Edward A. Williams Principal in Charge nomO 5 and land use planning. However, Don Is.Austin lthey also 4wrildin analyse enliquu, and Cattail Eckbo aK{ )AT1e1N� FCIR IANI) USE Rc3UNt)ARY C{IAIVCrf4— 11reWA{{ t QU „ r,.rt,• Ir. sroa1,,.n all rn ur tv,lhul (he iron UNtrrrt Tire 0"Inct should be exten .>,gnr,uhu,r 010,1,1 A num1wr of ed a,make It contiguous,particularly in th an•.r. rm ununandett fur (talwer f,un) lite 5truth Point atea where there are numero� \I;nu,llurr• 0w,i,t in Ur the Corse,YJUon W`1�ftf a V!CCt is latld IoBIC artifact, cornbineS 1)t+11141 me th�[uv.crl under the Cansem.1 exciting coastline. d •�}�' -`r` Iron 1T>Itict heading, of South P" u"t to Kailua must of Non , line ,s in the Conservation Dithe shore y 11, t nNSfIt1rCTIQI7t [11tiTR1[ ty Ilistriel should be expandedsUicl, The to include )c" \. Gt•nrnlf rocky and scenic shore between Kauit ^r N.lu•ri1 rs the nwct recently formed of all Ilay and the South Kona Fore ". the island, and the -•\Idenre of VOICamt. and at Kealakekua to include Forest , 7.0 l.ittivitfoot els vauontes the on athe to peaks oftNim lite na mast no Ih of hy behind Kualanul Point and the scenic t . Kea and Mauna loa, the land N generally Commission Action: App,' dry rec parlcutlarlyrinntht- dry thelava illand, District atlal Adjacent al the existing Cone rvation amilo is the second ace barren and unproductive.Seemingly the collection of petroglyphs in the Statla e.The highest and befit use would be as wilder. district should be expanded to ensure the nes* areal. Thee area~ have been recog- preservation of these artifacts. 1 ACftICULTUI:t pl l hl(T+ nized and are for the most part within the Commission Action-' Approved.* existing Conservation District. Certain The shoreline from Kawaihae around Flalsari more than am usher i%land ,•\ areas should be added to the Conservation North Point to hibin a 1arlel% and range ur climate and district owing to their scenic qualities,wil- Pololo Valley is marked ge,dul;; this tarleh In turn is reflected in derness or wildlife resources, steep topo- numerous historic artifacts such as King a %%Ide range or agricultural activit1e The rah and general conservation values. Kamehameha 1's birthplace,and a variety of Itamakua Coast.001.1ctenzed by high rain- g P Y g different conditions such as rocks, steep fall, is a major sugar cane producing area S. Fiver Valleys pall and occasional beaches. The lands of the Island ssith grazing at the higher•ele- The numerou, valleys running to the east should be recognized by inclusion in tie satlon,. kohala or the North Point area is of the Kohala Mountains are already within Conservation District. another reglon -where sugar Is grown. The the Consettialion District. The extremely Commission Action: Approved.' soils are deep and more characteristic of scenic Pololo Valley and the adjacent 111. RURAL DISTRICTS those of the older islands. On the leeward Kupahau Ridge are presently pockets of side or lite Kohala Mountains grazing is the agricultural districting which should be in- No expansion of the Rural Districts i, dominant use. eluded in the Conservation District. The recommended for the island. The plateau bet\\een Mauna Kea avid Hamakua Coast has an annual rainfall of IV. URBAN DISTRICTS Mauna Loa, and the Waimea area exhibits between 100 inches and 200 inches per varying conditions. The area includes the year. The result of such a high rainfall is a A. General Parker Ranch and is mainly dry and flat, landscape frequently disected by steep- The population for the Island of Hawau and primarily used for grazing. The lands \railed scenic valleys. The major valleys, at the time the district boundaries were vie,,t of Waimea and generally from Kea- Kaawalii, Laupahoehoe, Maula, Waikau- drawn in 1963 was estimated to be approx• muku to Kona are much drier, often com- mato, Nanue, Hakalau, Kolekole, Kawainue, innately 60,700 people.' Current popula• prised of barren lava, but the area does Honolii, and Wailuku, are of such signifi- tion to )uly 1,1968 has been estimated b, +upporl some marginal grazing. The Kona tante to the landscape that they should be the Department of Planning and Economic area itself is dry\\ith stony soils on steeply placed within the Conservation District. Development' to be 65,100 people fr sloping land. Agricultural uses are restrict- an increase of 5.000 people or 8 percent ed to grazing and orchard production. C ?l'P Shoreline for the five year interval.This estimated'ur The Kau District is characterized by bar- The steee pali coast of east Kohala is crease is about 9 percent over an interpola- ren la\a with occasional pockets of soil. presently within the Conservation District. tion of estimated population for 1%8 s The mixingof grazing, orchard and sugar This district should be extended to include derived from the State of Hawaii Geneal productiog reflects these different soil the sandy beach at Waipio Valley and then Plan Revision Program.' The estimate+? conditions. Finallyin the Hilo area and to include the pall lands of the Hamakua county total was apportioned by judiaa Puna Coast area, characterized by high Coast, using the ridge top as a boundary district based on percentages of populatior rainfall, the lands are mostly rocky lava line- distribution provided by the County of Ha flows. Sugar is grown in pockets, macada- Commission Action: Partially Approved. waii Department of Economic Develop mia nuts and papayas near the coast and Areas in agricultural use were excluded. ment. In estimating the anticipated gml some areas are used for grazing. From Hilo to Kapoho the shore is rocky The existing Agriculture District is exten- with only occasional beaches such as at .Approved recommendations adopted at the& sive in the areas described and includes Haena. It is the unique product of recent tion meeting held in Hawaii County fug these agricultural uses. No instances were lava flows running directly into the sea. 1969. discovered where the existence of agricul• The Conservation District should Include 'Harland Bartholomew b Associates,L Odt' tural uses or agricultural potential war- the shoreline and it is recommended that it Districts for the State of Hawaii,1961. ranted the addition of areas to the Agricul- be extended from the high water mark to a ture DbIrict.This is not to say that agricul- line which is approximately 300'mauka of meta P _rovisional nt Of lF tnm gel�olc he popufjw° lural use,,are not expanding on Hawaii, for that line. Hawaii by County,luly 1,1969. they are. Particularly the growing of maca- Commission Action: Approved.' damia nuts and the growing of-sugar in the From Kapoho to South Point,most of the 'Department 91 Planning d Economic pr, aA Mountain View-Keaau area. Prt-ent pro- shoreline is presently within the Conserva- ment, Ceneral Plan Rmislon Program•1 ' 36 difti%,ult IQ rgtrlactr 011e it has been will he disurrssed, wa% clearly designed to (or zoning applies ill Conserv tion DiSIri Is; i tried up, provide for the adminlslration of this with the jurisdir'tion of thy c:quntigs in rnnst�n:rtron Planned n%anagement "use". flood plain zoning beingsupremein Ur- c•f a natural re.qurce, to present ex- ban, Rural and Agriculture Mistricls. The ploitatian itestruction or neglect.' IV. CRITLRIA USED rQR KECQMMfND Flood Control Plan specified 7,3 exiSlinK ING REVISION$ TO THE CONSERVATION and planned programs throughout the 7o Pr<".n e En%liharires k e e p i n g DISTRICT BOUNDARIES State. Every program recommends that a sonlethmil that a valuable exaed) as it in our analysis of areas to be. considered flood plain and/or bunami zone be estab- ra%vrthqul change,and, in tome cases, for inclusion into the Conservation Du- lished even%%rthaut using it at all. It suggests trick we closely followed 11%e provisions of Although the Land Use Commisgion and . greater urgency anis, in contrast to the lav% Maps were drawn for each island staff consider the information and recom- „concene may suggest that the item showing area• of more than 20 percent mendations of this plan, there is little con-r in queNion is literally impossible to slope, potential tsunami inundation zones, lained in it that provides an easy avenue to replace once it rs gone. existing and proposed parks,sandy and sea- direct zoning action. for instance, flood sonably sandy beaches and generalized plains are not delineated and Jtsunami The Conservation District I, intended to bcenrc areas and sites. In addition to these tones are very generalized. In the absence and presently functions as a management cntena, information was received from ap- of more precise information, and with the tool for both the consenation and preb propriate Slate agencies relative to areas of presence of a tsunami alarm system, the er%ation of certain valuable resoumes Only special historic importance, wildlife habi. tendency is to minimize the dire warnings in isolated instances is WWI preser%ation tats and endemic plant zones. The shore- contained in both history and the plan.The the need and intent. i.e.. Diamond Head, line boundaries to be described later were Issues are so important and complicated Haleakala crater and City of Refuge. made a part of the recommendations. The that the counties, land Use Commission, Consenation District boundaries adopted Department of Planning and Economic De- THE MULTIPLE USE CONCEPT in 1964, as modified through subsequent velopment and the Department of Land and years,were compared with the above infor- Natural Resources should get together to The Land Use La%% recognizes and en- oration and where confffc(s occurred,addi. decide who should do the necessary work dorses the"multiple use concept."The De tional studies including field investigations and who should administer the subsequent partment of Land and Natural Resources were made. districts and work, also recognizes this concept. It is perhaps The final boundaries are the Land Use Where small properties abut the coast- best expressed b) the following definition Commission's judgement as a result of con- line or lie completely or almost completely and discussion from "A Multiple Use siderable input of information from studies, within danger areas,the placing of them in Program for the State Forest lands of Ha- site inspections, information received at Conservation or Agriculture Districts when waii", Department of Land and Natural the public hearings, talks with landowners there are very realizable potentials for ur- Resources Dnision of Forestry. January, and the Commissioners' own personal ban uses may appear to some as a "taking 1962. kno%vledge and experience. without just compensation."However,since -Multiple Ube means the management Two studies provided the principal infor- one of the clear-cut functions of zoning is of forest and related land in a manner mation for designating shoreline resources. to protect people against their own care- that will consene the basic soil An unpublished draft tilled, "Hawaii Sea- lessness, ignorance or greed, failure to resource. %%bile at the same time pro- shore and Recreation Areas Survey", 1962 honor the recommendations of the Flood clueing high-le%el sustained yields of by the National Park Service provided a Control Plan is difficult to defend. %%ater, umber. forage, recreation and checklist with descriptive data rsn theForest and Water Reserve Zones pro- %vildlite. harmoniously blended for the beaches and park areas of local, State and vided the initial base for the Conservation use and benefit of the greatest number national significance. The general develop- Districts and are still an important consid- of people ment plan, "Hawaii's Shoreline", 1964, by eration in their composition. In some cases . . kinds of recreation particularly the Department of Planning-and Economic the Conservation Districts expanded upon consistent with multiple use manage- Development is a major exposition of the these boundaries; in other cases, princi- ment hunting and fishing, motor issues, problems and aspirations for the Pally where grazing was carried on, por- dr,ves through the forests, %isiting his- State's shoreline. It provided valuable statis- tions of the zones were placed In the Agri- torical sites and vista points or look- tical information as well as desirable devel- culture Districts. Slate Division of Forestry outs, photography, picnicking, camp- opment and conservation direction. personnel and private landowners knowl- ing, hiking. horseback riding, moun. For scenic areas and sites, the work con- edgeable in the land use practices of the tarn climbing,swimming in fresh water currently under way by Robert Wenkam area were the primary sources of Informa- streams and ponds,and study of natur- was the principal source, and for general tion in these areas. al areas The State forest lands are di- recreation resource data, the "Comprehen- %erse enough to provide all these rec. sive Outdoor Recreation Plan", in process, V, SHORELINE CONSERVATION reational services and many more." by Donald Wolbrink&Associates, Inc.,and Arthur D. Little, Inc.,was made available in There can be little doubt that Hawaii's Flom the above discussion it should be reasonably leathat the Conservation Die preliminary form. most precious resource, nextto life sus- cr trrcts are intendedr that to be "used" for the The primary source of information for taining elements and Its people, is its sea- most part Regulation No.4 of the Depart identifying and examining potential flood shore, Almost everything and everyone mens of land and Natural Resources,which and tsunami areas was,"The General flood relates to the ocean front. Control Plan for Hawaii", 1963, by the Di- The interviews Indicated nearly all were vision of Water and Land Development. concerned about the shoreline as a first pri- Maya1.ria This Division'of the Department-of Land ority resource. Of the respondents to the Di a,MModern Guile to 5yrcnnyrri and Natural Resources 6the official flood questionnaire, 89 percent agreed with the ta" r1' control agency of the State. its jurisdiction statement, "Both the conservation and use r N� of the waterfront should be planned to- only serve as a part device,but as situation mcite complex gether." an important p of long-range com. speculate about ho71-d It o�One of the accomplishments of the cur prehensive physical planning (nr the e' ranrent study was the recommendation q rid State. 'Pawaii`s Shoreline;prepared by pin�tgjand pehmrdQtwoesnra 'subsequent inclusion of a new and uni ue• the De artment of Planning and Eco- tric ely Hawaiian definition o f the shoreline in nomic Development in 1ryft4, is the and t„qniy plant he v Sd,y.the Land Use District Regulations. Another first step in functional planning far tativ of the O d r r atewas the clear-cut act on of the land Use this area: providedepntof Tixai omen Commission in reaffirming that all fish- more frustSubject matter for ork of this ponds are to be In the Conservation Dis- Vl. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN AGRICUL absence of a read sol ions because oI to' trict. TORE AND CONSERVATION DISTRU T Y solution Recognition that the shoreline is a zone DESIGNATIONS recommrather ending al ne has the designation basis the OF THE OF REGULATION NO 4 In applying the criteria of the land Ute DEPARTMENT OF TION O g Law and District Regulations, many areas NATURAL RESOURCfs LANL} Conservation District be inland from the Ain of land fit well in both or neither of the "line of wave action' at varying distances Conservation or A riculture Districts. This A History relating to topography and other use fac- was difficult in the original bounds r Regulation tors. A number of criteria have been Bevel• B boundary e• B tion No.4 is the instrument under oped as the result of a search for physical view and presented difficulties in this re- which land uses are regulated in the Con• boundaries that more easily and better view. It has been a source of puzzlement servation Districts. The Rggulalion was designate shoreline conditions from adja- and ridicule when lava flows with little or authorized by Art 234 (Setlion 19-10 cent agricultural uses and districts. Similar no grazing potential have been placed in R•L•H.) in 1957 and adopted by the Board problems do not exist in relation to Urban Agriculture Districts,and it provides part of of Land and Natural Resources seven Years or Rural Districts along the sea because the the public confusion. It is recognized that later- the sections of the Act pertaining Land Use Commission has designated the law dor, not specifically provide for thereto are as follows- s shorelines In these situations as part of the these marginal lands which have been 1. "The(department)as soon as lea i ble l idareas and a d l teans, residual Urban or Rural Districts and these areas called wasafter(leis t, 1457),shall undertake to number oother names for lack of better are therefore under County control• bf review the boundaries of all forest Four mIa or conditions have been recog- definition. It the subzones of the Conser• and water reserv4 zones wtlhrn each nation District were designed to allow for nized and recommendations based upon these kinds f areas, the problem could be county weft the view of making net- these o these conditions have been made for the essary corrections and establishing new Conservation District boundaries. resolved administratively The haw would subxones within such zones,and fix• not have to be changeding permissible uses therein The Ida• I Where a plantation road farm road, When such situations arose in dgtermin• partmentl shall, after such revie+s access way or public road exists at ing boundaries under the present review, prepare a proposed set of regula• the edge of the agn ultural use with they were resolved by establishing prior- tions, complete with ner:e�vu y(naps. in reasonable proximity to the shore sties. Where-agricultural practices were in• establishing tone and s u b x o n e line, It was u. -d as the boundary be tencwe and not destructive to natural re- boundaries, and deugnating permi- tween the Alin-ulture and CgnQrva sources, they recesieed priority for Agricul• ted usaa therein" tion Dlsiti5ts, IUfQt DI5l/icls. where agricultural U51_'5 Wer}' 2 "scope of zoning regulJtiorss. The Where J vegetation line ,uch as a 1 ma%nal, such as in the to+e of a formvted {department) shall, after ncitice and windbreak or row of trees more area partially gra;ed.'Jnd where the con- Js provided heienr, adopt clea`ily marks the edge of the agncul servation values hearing were highly significant, such regulation,.;gosern+ng the use of feral practic9, this wa used then thresh re�c�ived priority for ConservJ• land within the biaundari of the tot . In cast where the horellne is lion Distrtcts Where this system worked, est and Water r ervr zones as iiill bounded by steep t tiffs at a pili, the it was fine. but who- then: was vague est by detrimental to the cuase++a• top o'f the ndgej�yvas used dgfin#tionrand where aiceJs suitable for ur titin pfsneerssary (stint growth and 4. Where no readily identifiable phyte• ban develapmeni wtrre elasifted CQnsNrva the tanstrrJlion and rlevcl ^t t]i at boundary Such aft any of the lfon or lava flower were classified. Agricul• water recourses J and der fur prrl Of ibove could_be d termin d a Ifne lure it berme obvious that a gap eWsted wil4nd future r<6neei The tdlot Pf+tr"t' 300 feet inland Qf the line'of wave W�ten the ualue-s or lack of Value,, v%eris p means of such re ,,Iv t]ns miir es' acts n was used equal or there were other (,I( m%ent g � � ,i P tibtirfi subrarrrs within an) faint ones It has b Mme in reasin I cl r urfn di fitultan&%orrielime:in[amivtentchoice, future needs The tdrixxrtnirr+i; b► c ' g Y g had tQ bc' A]acle E the cptrse of this study that an a t-on pian maaris of such rPttuldtrot+s Inas MUtk' should t reared (br ` to addition to the above towlitt Arisingtofftl Auld p p die CQnsetwrtl4nfish esibxranP, srubin any and d c14 mint of the H w ii hiir ti from liiosc criteria, uric a# the pi r iris try rhe �� px J ft _ elk Land r wits perinil ed thei-A witit This is ��i btti�i igcmn prt•xni .vas a comlic[ons• h 'an dgree+franl with th cgt -tusluris , of jhe;t�Gema l Pian R rn$ "tyro a 'rha+crt OI contrirlling agen• ni_ �evis,o6 Pro am rtes weft -tee C1rf►artment cit t�nii and may 'noddle but re natplanited� Parts, Irate 46, wilvig it rs slated (arrittn tlov%ot rden n apt I N.xtufdt Reicwrre�s in camplety Wotfo iif ut o4ow.ve'o Of uec#rarrft. sfotirth 0 "ibis iv an app gyOfiale, twid fur the land 4tes its C�istrs a,lion t)rsiriCl5. and prelrarati6n, di art 'tridepandent fµnt Cho land 17,K C.' rryrnns+Tlri■slitafsr+g C;rRpt71 rtrnintd+ctal tinitya. gnuIng icerd' urinal pLan las delirned to the 5wnniP w h t _ tivAid n►hunting 1mrsvol] it? reisifr+7 vulume, Part t of the* +#cacun+enrsi 004. nkat r tllft*xen AM n!t rill r IkWYW Nal uw syifi a pl&h%ark help to(04'4 iMnllict tbiri+ i•adament tsemg rcvw6t]:rrxer/t,i K1iyi AA*Jic+ii of V&J;j,auvn No a aa't O" OW ri+it+re pruper Prof valislying use tit" It>,ui 4hT the saror Las fxooeauah —Ot nsnrtth betc]fo ttie C1nMtnatier]r ts)atr , 1Wttur, ie—Ke Fero plan wows not tilt -air by +shat Tho wera• 10 OIUJ* efts bK)M„}4A#& Nate a•aratxb01iftd 1W the lard geometrician ASSOC IAT ES , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometricianassociates.com November 15,2021 Ken Church Dockline3@yahoo.ca Dear Mr. Church: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated July 22,2021. In answer to your specific comments: 1. Look forward to seeing the property being cleaned up from all of the unsightly and invasive overgrowth and for its responsible development of its resources. Thank you for your review of the project,and on behalf of Mr. Holcomb,for your statement of support. 2.Issue of correct land use district. [PARAPHRASING VARIOUS STATEMENTS IN YOUR LETTER] Applicant should conduct a legal survey of the Property that shows the 'top of the coastal cliff defined in metes and bounds and submit it to the LUC with a request for a formal boundary interpretation with particular reference to the Report's evidence that the L UC "approved" 'the top of the coastal cliff as the SL UD boundary line, and that 'land in agricultural use'was to remain in the SL UD Agricultural District. The CDUA and its exhibits have maps and photographs which provide clear hard evidence that the Property was in agricultural use during a period preceding 1969 and subsequently also. On pages 228-230 of the CDUA an email exhibit was provided regarding a boundary interpretation by the LUC for the Property. Therein the LUC requires that a legal survey of the Property be conducted and submitted to the L UC in order that the correct location of the State Land Use District ("SLUD') boundary separating the Conservation District frown the Agricultural District be determined" Will the applicant provide this? Much of your letter focuses on the question of whether the property is actually in the Conservation District. The landowner has relied on the maps provided by the Land Use Commission on their website (https:/lluc.hawai i.gov/maps/land-use-district-boundary-maps/state-of-hawaii-land-use-district-boundaries- map/),which clearly show the property within the Conservation District,and has communicated with them concerning the property.The DLNR Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands has informed the landowner in writing that the property is in the Conservation District. The County Real Property Tax Division classifies the property as Conservation.The attorneys for the landowner have reviewed State of Hawaii Land Use Districts and Regulations Review and your reasoning concerning the actual location of the district boundary. While they acknowledge the research and the plausibility of your claim, it would be a heavy burden to require this landowner to demonstrate conclusively that the LUC has erred in its map interpretation. In any case, there is no need to engage in a lengthy legal battle to dispute the current LUC maps,because the proposed use as a single- family residence is an identified use in the Conservation District. Mr. Holcomb is not a farmer and at this point chooses not to farm, although he will be growing vegetables and fruit trees,which benefit from the good soil.If at one point he decides to farm,he always has the option of applying for a permit under the Conservation District rules,or alternatively,engaging at that time in the process you suggest. 3.Former railroad right of way may be a separate lot of record that creates setback issues. Project should undertake a title search to determine if the parcel is comprised of more than one lot of record. If more than one legal lot of record exists, setback requirements should be observed and/or the lots be combined into a single legal lot of record The attorneys for the landowner researched this issue and because of the absence of any formal survey map and documentation,the project's surveyor was unable to determine the exact metes and bounds location of the railroad.Nevertheless, there is no requirement in the County's Subdivision Code that compels a landowner to formally recognize a potential legal lot of record. Even if Mr. Holcomb chose to submit a request to the Planning Department,and the Planning Department ultimately agreed to recognize the former railroad as a legal lot of record,there would be not setback concerns on this large property. Review of the home versus former railroad route locations using aerials,maps and other available documentation indicates that the dwelling and any associated improvements are clearly well outside of any potential applicable structural setbacks. 4. "1 do not see in the CD UA or EA any intention of the land owner to clear the weedy overgrowth on the former field area of the Property in order that the Property's most outstanding physical resource, its Prime Agricultural soils, be developed for agricultural use even if such use is for personal agriculture ie.fruit trees and the like." The Draft EA plainly states in many locations the intention to remove weedy trees,which are the major issue on the property. For example,on page ii,the document states: "The project includes landscaping removing highly invasive albizia,ironwood and fiddlewood trees and planting near the home with native, Polynesian and non- invasive ornamental trees,groundcover and ferns,along with some fruit trees,herbs and vegetables."Please refer also to the figures in Appendix 7. Thank you very much for your review of the Draft EA. if you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, Ron Terry,Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL,Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb DAVID Y.IGE o:h JADE T.BUTAY a GOVERNOR ,� ,pap�� DIRECTOR Deputy Director ra LYNN AS.ARAKI-REGAN DEREK J.CHOW X ROSS M.HIGASHI v �.sn EDWIN H.SNIFFEN STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HWY-2872 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HWY-PS 2.6128 HONOLULU,HAWAII 96813-5097 August 6,2021 VIAE :rachel.e.beasley@hawaii.gov TO: RACHEL BEASLEY,PLANNER OFFICE OF CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES FROM: EDWIN H. SNIFFEN 4el-71' DEPUTY DIRECTOR,HIGHWAYS DIVISION SUBJECT: REQUEST FROM COMMENTS ON DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT(DEA)FOR CONSERVATION DISTRICT USE APPLICATION HA-3877 HOLCOMB SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCE TAX MAP KEY NO.: (3)2-8-012-028 Thank you for letter dated July 23,2021 and the associated DEA. The applicant proposes to build a 3,018 square foot new single family residence on a 6.485 acre property located off Highway 19 approximately 13 miles from Hilo,Hawaii. The property has access via a 600 foot easement through an adjacent parcel to an existing drive and will add another 300 feet to this existing driveway. The applicant will not request the addition of any new access to Highway 19. The Ilawaii Department of Transportation(HDOT),Highways Planning Branch previously reviewed this project in an early consultation on November 17,2020. Our previous comments are summarized below. 1. Based on the materials provided,there does not appear to be a direct access to the State highway from the project site. The aerial photograph does show an unimproved road between the property and the highway through an adjacent parcel. 2. We do not anticipate the number of trips generated by the proposed single-family residential use of the project site would adversely impact the traffic conditions on State Route 19. Ms. Rachel Beasley HWY-PS 2.6128 August 6,2021 Page 2 3. Agricultural crossing points that may be present are not considered legal access to HDOT Highways. 4. Use of an existing driveway on Mamalahoa Highway needs to be approved by the HDOT for continued use and shall meet current design standards. Consult directly with the Hawaii District Engineer regarding driveway improvements. 5. Every driveway represents potential conflict points between motor vehicles,pedestrians, and bicyclists. An increased number of these conflict points and reduced distance between them compromise the safety performance of the roadway. The HDOT generally discourages an increase in the number of access driveways. If a new access to the State highway is proposed,consider other alternatives in the DEA. We recommend the DEA traffic impact discussion include,but not be limited to the following: 1. Jurisdiction of roadways and driveways in the vicinity. 2. Location of existing and proposed site access driveways on the State highway and parcel boundaries of all affected parcels. 3. Observations regarding traffic conditions and public safety in the vicinity of the site,include bicycle and pedestrian routes and the location of transit stops. 4. Potential project impacts on traffic conditions and public safety, and mitigation,as warranted. After review of the DEA,we have the following comments on this project as follows: 1. The DEA confums that the owner will not request a new access onto Highway 19,but instead use the easement through the adjacent property onto an unpaved existing access driveway. 2. We still do not anticipate the number of trips generated by the proposed single-family residential use of the project site would adversely impact the traffic conditions on State Route 19. 3. The DEA confirms that there are no agricultural crossing points. Ms. Rachel Beasley HWY-PS 2.6128 August 6,2021 Page 3 4. Use of an existing unpaved driveway on Mamalahoa Highway needs to be approved by the HDOT for change in use and shall meet current design standards. Consult directly with the HDOT,Highways Hawaii District Engineer regarding driveway improvements. This was not addressed in the DEA. 5. No new access to the State highway is being proposed. The DEA traffic impact discussion addressed the following comments as noted: 1. Jurisdiction of roadways and driveway in the vicinity was not clear. 2. Location of existing and proposed site access driveways on the State highway and parcel boundaries was provided and is accepted. 3. Observations regarding traffic conditions and public safety in the vicinity of the site,include bicycle and pedestrian routes and the location of transit stops were provided and are accepted. 4. An analysis of potential project impacts on traffic conditions and public safety,and mitigation,as warranted was provided and is accepted. If you have any questions,please contact Jeyan Thirugnanam,Systems Planning Engineer, Highways Division, Planning Branch at(808)587-6336 or by email at jeyan.thirugnanam@hawaii.gov. Please reference file review number PS 2020-168. geometrician A S S O C I A T E S , L L C integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geo m etric ianasso ciates.com November 15,2021 Edwin H. Sniffen, Deputy Director Department of Transportation, Highways Division 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu HI 96813-5097 Dear Mr. Sniffen: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of IIawai`i,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated August 6,2021,concerning the Draft EA. We appreciate your systematic comparison of the comments from your early consultation letter and their disposition in the analysis in the Draft EA. We concur with your assessments.This response will focus on those enumerated items that pose additional questions or concerns. In answer to your specific comments: 1 (Item 4 at top of page 3). Use of an existing unpaved driveway on Mamalahoa Highway needs to be approved by the HDOT for change in use and shall meet current design standards. Consult directly with the HDOT, Highways Hawaii District Engineer regarding driveway improvements. This was not addressed in the DEA. The Draft EA discussed this in the last paragraph of Section 3.3.1,on page 46,and also in the list of permits and approvals in Section 3.5 on page 47.The applicant acknowledges this comment and the landowner's attorneys has commenced consultation with the HDOT regarding the existing permitted access to Mamalahoa Highway, and will implement any required driveway improvements. 2(Item 1 on Page 3).Jurisdiction of roadways and driveway in the vicinity was not clear. The property is accessed via two private easements located on TMK: (3)2-8-012:029,which is owned by Michael Nejfeld. These private easements,approximately 0.030 acres and 0.345 acres respectively, allow access to the paved widened section of the Mamalahoa Highway right-of-way. The 0.030-acre access easement also contains a second unpaved roadway that extends makai into Parcel 29.TMK: (3)2-8-012:030,031,and 032,have legal access through Parcel 29 and through the 0.030-acre easement abutting the widened paved section of the Mamalahoa Highway. This information has been added to the EA. Thank you very much for your review of the Draft EA. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, PM�6� Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL,Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb S gNT OF rye' FISH&11ML,FIR United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 300 Ala Moana Boulevard,Room 3-122 Honolulu,Hawaii 96850 In Reply Refer To: July 30,2021 01EPIF00-2021-TA-0409 Samuel J. Lemmo Department of Land and Natural Resources Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands Post Office Box 621 llonolulu, Ilawai`i 96809 Subject: Request for Technical Assistance on the Conservation District Use Application (HA-3878)for Kelly Holcomb Single Family Residence in South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii Dear Samuel J. Lemmo: Thank you for your recent correspondence requesting technical assistance on species biology, habitat,or life requisite requirements.The Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office(PIFWO)of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(Service)appreciates your efforts to avoid or minimize effects to protected species associated with your proposed actions. We provide the following information for your consideration under the authorities of the Endangered Species Act(ESA)of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.),as amended. Due to significant workload constraints,PIFWO is currently unable to specifically address your information request.The table below lists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. Based on your project location and description,we have noted the species most likely to occur within the vicinity of the project area, in the `Occurs In or Near Project Area' column. Please note this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. We have added to the PIFWO website, located at https://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/promo.cfm?id=177175840 recommended conservation measures intended to avoid or minimize adverse effects to these federally protected species and best management practices to minimize and avoid sedimentation and erosion impacts to water quality.If your project occurs on the island of Hawai`i,we have also enclosed our biosecurity protocol for activities in or near natural areas. If you are representing a federal action agency,please request an official species list following the instructions at our PIFWO website INTERIOR REGION 9 INTERIOR REGION 12 COLUMBIA-PACIFIC NORTHWEST PACIFIC ISLANDS IDAHO, MONTANA`,OREGON'. WASHINGTON AMERICAN SAMOA,GUAM. HAWAI'l. NORTHERN i°nrrin� MARIANA ISLANDS Samuel J. Lemmo 2 httl2s://www.fws.gov/12acificislands/articles.cfm?id=149489558. You can find out if your project occurs in or near designated critical habitat here: httl2s://ecos.fws.gov/ipac/. Under section 7 of the ESA, it is the Federal agency's(or their non-Federal designee) responsibility to make the determination of whether or not the proposed project"may affect" federally listed species or designated critical habitat.A"may affect, not likely to adversely affect"determination is appropriate when effects to federally listed species are expected to be discountable(i.e., unlikely to occur), insignificant(minimal in size),or completely beneficial. This conclusion requires written concurrence from the Service. If a"may affect, likely to adversely affect"determination is made,then the Federal agency must initiate formal consultation with the Service. Projects that are determined to have"no effect"on federally listed species and/or critical habitat do not require additional coordination or consultation. Implementing the avoidance,minimization,or conservation measures for the species that may occur in your project area will normally enable you to make a"may affect, not likely to adversely affect'determination for your project.If it is determined that the proposed project may affect federally listed species,we recommend you contact our office early in the planning process so that we may assist you with the ESA compliance. If the proposed project is funded, authorized,or permitted by a Federal agency,then that agency should consult with us pursuant to section 7(a)(2)of the ESA. If no Federal agency is involved with the proposed project,the applicant should apply for an incidental take permit under section 10(a)(1)(13)of the ESA.A section 10 permit application must include a habitat conservation plan that identifies the effects of the action on listed species and their habitats and defines measures to minimize and mitigate those adverse effects. We appreciate your efforts to conserve endangered species. We regret that we cannot provide you with more specific protected species information for your project site. If you have questions that are not answered by the information on our website,you can contact PIFWO at(808)792- 9400 and ask to speak to the lead biologist for the island where your project is located. Sincerely, CHELSIE Digitally signed by CHELSIE JAVAR- JAVAR- sALAs Date:2021.07.30 SALAS 16:11:59-10'00' Island Team Manager Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office Enclosures (2) Samuel J. Lemmo 3 The table below lists the protected species most likely to be encountered by projects implemented within the Hawaiian Islands. For your guidance,we have marked species that may occur in the vicinity of your project,this list is not comprehensive and should only be used for general guidance. Enclosure 1. Federal Status of Animal Spec es Scientific Name Common Name/ Federal May Occur Hawaiian Name Status In Project Area 4;_ Lasiurus cinereus semotus Hawaiian hoary E bat/`o e`a e`a Chelonia mydas green sea turtlelhonu T -Central North Pacific distinct population segment DPS Eretmochelys imbricata hawksbill sea turtle/ E honu `ea or`ea B ds" Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian duck/koloa E Branta sandvicensis Hawaiian goose/nene T Fulica alai Hawaiian coot/`alae E ke`oke`o Gallinula galeata Hawaiian gallinulePalae E ❑ sandvicensis `ula Himantopus mexicanus Hawaiian stilt/ae`o E knudseni Oceanodroma castro band-rumped storm-petrel E Hawaii DPS/`akd'aka Pterodromasandwichensis Hawaiian petrel/`ua`u E Pufnus auricularis newelli Newell's shearwater/`a`o T Ardenna pacificus wedge-tailed MBTA ❑ shearwater/`ua`u kani Buteo solitarius Hawaiian hawk/`io MBTA Gygis alba white tern/manu-o-ku MBTA ❑ Insects Manduca blackburni Blackburn's sphinx moth E ❑ Megalagrion pacificum Pacific Hawaiian damselfly E ❑ Megalagrion xanthomelas orangeblack Hawaiian E ❑ damselfly Megalagrion nigrohamatum blackline Hawaiian E ❑ nigrolineatum damselfly Samuel J. Lemmo 4 Enclosure 2. Federal Status of Plant Species Scientific Name Common Name Federal Locations Mav or Status Occur In Hawaiian Name Pro'ect Area Abutilon menziesii ko`oloa`ula E O,L, M,H ❑ Achyranthes splendens `ewa hinahina E O ❑ var.rotundata Bonamia menziesii no common name E K,O, L, M,H ❑ Canavalia pubescens `awikiwiki E Ni,K,L,M ❑ Colubrina oppositifolia kauila E O,M,H ❑ Cyperus trachysanthos pu`uka`a E K,O ❑ Cyrtandra nanawaleenis ha`iwale E H ❑ Gouania hillebrandii no common name E Mo,M ❑ Hibiscus brackenridgei ma`o hau hele E O, Mo, L,M, H ❑ Ischaemum byrone Hilo ischaemum E K, O,Mo, M,H ❑ Isodendrion pyrifolium wahine noho kula E O, H ❑ Marsilea villosa `ihi`ihi E Ni,O,Mo ❑ Mezoneuron kavaiense uhiuhi E O,H ❑ Nothocestrum breviflorum `aiea E H ❑ Panicum fauriei var. Carter's E Molokini Islet(0), ❑ carteri i panicgrass Mo Panicum niihauense lau`ehu E K ❑ Peucedanum sandwicense makou E K, O,Mo,M ❑ Pleomele (Chrysodracon) halapepe E H ❑ hawafiensis Portulaca sclerocarpa `ihi E L,H ❑ Portulaca villosa `ihi E Le,Ka,Ni, O,Mo, ❑ M,L,H,Nihoa Pritchardia anis loulu E H ❑ maideniana Pseudognaphalium ena`ena E Mo,M ❑ sandwicensium var. molokaiense Scaevola coriacea dwarf naupaka E Mo,M ❑ Schenkia(Centaurium) `awiwi E K, O, Mo, L,M ❑ sebaeoides Sesbania tomentosa `ohai E Ni, Ka,K,O,Mo,M, ❑ L, H,Necker,Nihoa Tetramolopium rockii no common name T Mo ❑ Vigna o-wahuensis no common name E Mo,M,L,H, Ka ❑ Location key:0=0`ahu,K=Kauai,M=Maui,H=island of Hawaii,L=Lanai,Mo=Molokai,Ka=Kaho`olawe,Ni=Niihau,Le=Lehua geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808)969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometricianassociates.com November 15,2021 Chelsie Javar-Salas Island Team Manager Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 300 Ala Moana Boulevard,Room 3-122 Honolulu,Hawai'i 96850 Dear Ms. Javar-Salas: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for the letter of July 30,2021,that you provided to Sam Lemmo of DLNR concerning the potential listed species present on the subject property. It appears from your letter that due to workload constraints,your agency was unable to review the Draft EA. Please note that it contained a detailed biological survey that identified all plant species that were present in the area of effect and all animal species that would be likely to utilize or overfly it.The EA also recorded a need for commitment to various avoidance and mitigation measures where listed species had even a small potential to be impacted.These include timing of vegetation removal restrictions related to Hawaiian hoary bats and Hawaiian hawks(which remains listed by the State of Hawaii) and lighting restrictions for seabirds. It is expected that the Board of Land and Natural Resources will adopt these measures as conditions of the Conservation District Use Permit. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, 1� Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL, Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb From:Cab General<Cab.General@doh.hawaii.gov> Sent:Tuesday,August 24,202112:16 PM To:arleneterry@hotmail.com; rterry@hawaii.rr.com Subject: Holcomb Single-Family Residence at Honomu--Draft EA(AFNSI) Aloha Thank you for the opportunity to provide comments on the subject project. I apologize for sending this past the deadline. Please see our standard comments at: httr)s://hea lth.hawai i.eov/cab/files/2019/08/Standard-Comments-Clean-Air-Branch-2019.pdf Please let me know if you have any Questions Lisa M.M. Wallace EH5 OA Officer Clean Air Branch Environmental Health Office Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Standard Comments for Land Use Reviews Clean Air Branch Hawaii State Department of Health If your proposed project: Requires an Air Pollution Control Permit You must obtain an air pollution control permit from the Clean Air Branch and comply with all applicable conditions and requirements. If you do not know if you need an air pollution control permit, please contact the Permitting Section of the Clean Air Branch. Includes construction or demolition activities that involve asbestos You must contact the Asbestos Abatement Office in the Indoor and Radiological Health Branch. Has the potential to generate fugitive dust You must control the generation of all airborne, visible fugitive dust. Note that construction activities that occur near to existing residences, business, public areas and major thoroughfares exacerbate potential dust concerns. It is recommended that a dust control management plan be developed which identifies and mitigates all activities that may generate airborne, visible fugitive dust. The plan, which does not require Department of Health approval, should help you recognize and minimize potential airborne, visible fugitive dust problems. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, §11- 60.1-33 on Fugitive Dust. In addition, for cases involving mixed land use,we strongly recommend that buffer zones be established, wherever possible, in order to alleviate potential nuisance complaints. You should provide reasonable measures to control airborne, visible fugitive dust from the road areas and during the various phases of construction. These measures include, but are not limited to, the following: a) Planning the different phases of construction,focusing on minimizing the amount of airborne, visible fugitive dust-generating materials and activities, centralizing on-site vehicular traffic routes, and locating potential dust-generating equipment in areas of the least impact; b) Providing an adequate water source at the site prior to start-up of construction activities; C) Landscaping and providing rapid covering of bare areas, including slopes, starting from the initial grading phase; d) Minimizing airborne, visible fugitive dust from shoulders and access roads; e) Providing reasonable dust control measures during weekends, after hours, and prior to daily start-up of construction activities; and f) Controlling airborne, visible fugitive dust from debris being hauled away from the project site. If you have questions about fugitive dust, please contact the Enforcement Section of the Clean Air Branch Clean Air Branch Indoor Radiological Health Branch (808) 586-4200 (808) 586-4700 cab doh.hawaii. ov April 1,2019 geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometricianassociates.com November 15,2021 Lisa M.M. Wallace, EHS QA Officer Hawaii Department of Health,Clean Air Branch Cab.General@doh.hawaii.gov Dear Ms. Wallace: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated August 24, 2021. In answer to your specific comments: 1.Reference to DOH-CAB standard comments at: haps.//health.hcavaii.govlcablfilesl2019/O4lStandard-Comments-C1eanAir-Branch-2019.pdf We reviewed the standard comments as part of EA preparation. No air pollution control permit will be needed, and no asbestos is involved. As discussed in the EA and depicted in Sheet C2 of Appendix 7,prior to the start of construction,contractors will implement erosion and dust control measures, including silt fences along the lower margin of grading,silt barriers(snakes)around stockpiles,protecting drainage sumps from siltation,etc.,to prevent any sediment from leaving the construction areas, especially towards the ocean. Thank you very much for your review of the Draft EA. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL,Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb or Mitchell D.Roth •' • Steven Ikaika Rodenhurst,P.E. Mayor Director .,�.r Lee E.Lord Stephen M.Pause,P.E. Managing Dircctardaun fu lad" tINAl;ai it Deputy Director DEPARTMENT OF],,PUBLIC WORKS Aupuni Center 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 7•Hilo,Hawai'i 967204224 (808)%1-8321•Fax(808)961.8630 public—wofks@hawaiic4Dunty.gov July 22,2021 Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands Michael Cain for Samuel J.Lemno,Administrator P.O.Box 621 Honolulu,HI 96809 (via email to rachel.e.beasleyOhawaii.gov) SUBJECT: REQUEST FOR COMMENTS Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)HA-3878 Single Family Residence Kaakepa--Malamalama Iki,S.Hilo,Hawaii TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 We have reviewed the request for the Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)HA-3878,dated July 15,2021,and have the following comments: I. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward adjacent properties. A drainage study shall be prepared by a licensed civil engineer and the recommended drainage system shall be constructed meeting the approval of the Department of Public Works. 2. All earthwork and grading activity shall conform to Chapter 10,Erosion and Sedimentary Control,of the Hawaii County Code. 3. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Flood Zone on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)by the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA). Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. Should there be any questions concerning this matter,please contact Bryce Harada of our Engineering Division at(808)961-8042. _f)4� 1�p¢ ALAN K.THOMPSON,Division Chief Engineering Division BH County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808)969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometricia nassoc iates.com November 15,2021 Alan K.Thompson,Division Chief Hawaii County Dept. Public Works,Engineering Division 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 7 Hilo HI 96720 Dear Mr. Thompson: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated July 22,2021. In answer to your specific comments: 1. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward adjacent properties.A drainage study shall be prepared by a licensed civil engineer and the recommended drainage system shall be constructed meeting the approval of the Department of Public Works. As noted in the EA in several sections,the applicant understands the requirement to conform to applicable drainage regulations and policies of the County of Hawaii. The applicant's attorney consulted with the DPW engineer who prepared the July 22, 2021 DPW comment letter. We understand that DPW will prepare revised comments informing that a formal drainage study shall only be provided if a County Plan Approval is required to construct the proposed dwelling. 2.All earthwork and grading activity shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation Control, of the Hawaii County Code. As noted in Section 3.1.2,the project will conform with Chapter 10.The applicant has prepared grading plans that will be submitted as part of an application for a grading permit at the appropriate time. 3.Subject property is within Flood Zone X, outside the 500 year floodplain. We acknowledge this confirmation of data contained in the Draft EA. Thank you very much for your review of the Draft EA. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, Ron Terry,Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL,Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb �tr Of j" Mitchell D.Roth '. Paul K. Ferreira Ata)•oi• Police Chief Kenneth Bugado Jr. Depah•Police Chief County of Hawai l POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapi'olani Street • Hilo,Hawari 96720.3998 (808)935-3311 . Fax(808)961-2389 July 27, 2021 Mr. Ron Terry Geometrician Associates 10 Hina Street Hilo, HI 96813 Dear Mr. Terry: SUBJECT: HOLCOMB SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENCE IN THE CONSERVATION DISTRICT IN HONOMU, HI; TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 Staff, upon reviewing the provided documents, does not anticipate any significant impact to traffic and/or public safety concerns. Thank you for allowing us the opportunity to comment. If you have any questions, please contact Captain Sandor Finkey of the Hilo Patrol Division, at 961-2214 or via email at sandor.finkey@hawaiicounty.gov. Sincerely, 'CURIQDR ASSISTA OLICE CHIEF AREA I OPERATIONS SF:Ili/HQ0934 "Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Emploler" geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geom etricianassoc iates.com November 15, 2021 James B. O'Connor,Assistant Police Chief Hawaii County Police Department 349 Kapiolani Street Hilo HI 96720 Dear Assistant Chief O'Connor: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honoma,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated July 27,2021, in which you stated that you did not anticipate any significant impact to traffic and/or public safety concerns. We very much appreciate your review of the Draft EA. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, 4�M& Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL, Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb Of Mitchell D.Roth gyp;:,qv "•''►,,� Zendo Kern Mayor Director Lee E.Lord _ Jeffrey W.Darrow Deputy Director Managing Director , West Hawaii Office t Fast Hawai`i Office Kailua4 Ane Kawai'i 967lole Hwy County of HawaAl "1°' 2 b A l ial}�h,Street,Suite 3 Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Phone(808)323.4770 Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT -_ - c Fax(808)961-8742 ;CC'S 11 ,(: 14.e 7AII August 23, 2021 Suzanne D. Case, Chairperson Board of Land and Natural Resources Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands P.O. Box 621 Honolulu, HI 96809 Dear Ms. Case: Subject: Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) HA-3878(Board Permit) Applicant: Carlsmith Ball c/o Kelly Holcomb Project: Single-Family Residence 28-3426 Hawaii Belt Road,Malamalama Iki TMK: (3)2-8-012:028,County& State of Hawaili We have reviewed the request for a Single-Family Residence on a 6.485-acre parcel in the State Land Use Conservation District'. The subject parcel is located in the State Land Use Conservation District and is designated `Open' by the Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide(LUPAG)Map. Because the project area is located entirely within the Conservation District,there is no county zoning,per se. Therefore, the State of Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has jurisdiction on any use or activity within the Conservation District on this parcel. Finally,as noted, the project is also within the Special Management Area (SMA) and not otherwise exempt from development review (shoreline parcel). A Special Management Area permit/approval is required from the County of Hawaii. The Hamakua Community Development Plan(CDP)also guides the development of programs to strengthen protections for coastal and agricultural lands as well as open space and view planes2; these areas are vulnerable to inappropriate development3. The Hamakua CDP Revised Land Use 'H.A.R.13-5-24 :Hamakua CDP:1.1.3 What does the Hamakua CDP do? 'Hamakua CDP:1.5.2.2 Settlement Patterns www.planning.hawaiicoun!y.gov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer planning0hawaiicountygov Suzanne D. Case Board of Land and Natural Resources August 23,2021 Page 2 Guide Map for Honomu designates the entirety of the parcel as"Open Area."We have no further comments to offer. Sincerely, Zendo Kern Planning Director KS:klt 11COHOIIplanninglpublicl,wpwin60`.00CL_CDUA\LCarlsmithBall CDUA HA-3373 Board Pcrmit.docx Cc: Steven S.C. Lim,Esq Carlsmith Ball, LLP 121 Waianuenue Ave. Hilo, HI 96720 geometrician ASSOC I A T E S , LLC integrating geographic science and planning phone: (808) 969-7090 10 Hina Street Hilo Hawaii 96720 rterry@hawaii.rr.com geometricianassociates.com November 15,2021 Zendo Kern, Director Hawaii County Planning Dept. 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo HI 96720 Dear Mr. Kern: Subject: Comments on Draft Environmental Assessment(DEA)/Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)for Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu,Island of Hawaii,TMK 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your comment letter dated August 23,2021. In answer to your specific comments: 1. No county zoning due to location in Conservation District. This is acknowledged,and the proposed action is being applied for through a Conservation District Use Application in conformance with rules for this district. 2.A Special Management Area pertnit/approval is required from the County of Hawaii. As noted in Section 3.6.2,an SMA permit is currently being sought under pending SMM-2021-000004. 3. The Hdmdkua Conununity Development Plan (CDP)also guides the development ofprogranis to strengthen protections for coastal and agricultural lands as well as open space and view planes;these areas are vulnerable to inappropriate development. The Plan is discussed in Section 3.6.1 of the EA,which also demonstrates in various sections that the proposed action does not inappropriately impact agricultural lands or viewplanes. Thank you very much for your review of the Draft EA. If you have any questions about the EA,please contact me at(808)969-7090 or by email at rterry@hawaii.rr.com. Sincerely, PM& Ron Terry, Principal Geometrician Associates Cc: OCCL,Jason Knable, Kelly Holcomb [This page intentionally left blank] Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 2 Archaeological Inventory Survey [This page intentionally left blank] Archaeological Inventory Survey of the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd Ahupua'a South Hilo District Island of Hawaii DRAFT VERSION Prepared By: Genevieve Glennon,B.A., and Lokelani Brandt,M.A. Prepared For: Holcomb Family Trust 20411 S.W. Cypress Street Newport Beach, CA 92660 r r September 2020 ASM WM OMMMAM Archaeology-History-Anthropology-Architectural History Hilo Office:(808)969-6066 Fax:(806)443-0065 607-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-8087 ASM Project Number 35400.00 820 Mililani Street,Suite 700,Honolulu,H1 96813 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd Ahupua`a South Hilo District Island of Hawaii ASMIM Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of the Holcomb Family Trust (landowner), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of Tax Map Key (TMK): (3) 2-8-012:028, located in Mlamalamaiki V and 21 Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (Figures 1,2, and 3). The current AIS is being conducted in support of an Environmental Assessment (EA) triggered by a Conservation Use Application (CDUA) for the development of a single-family dwelling (Figure 4), and in anticipation of a County of Hawaii grubbing permit application for the project area. The current study was undertaken in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-284 and was conducted in compliance with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-276. Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the initial historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the County of Hawaii Planning Department. Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on August 13ffi and 18ffi, 2020, by Genevieve Glennon, B.A., Johnny Dudoit,B.A., Gabriela Edwards,B.A., and Tim Scheffler,Ph.D.,under the supervision of Matthew R. Clark, M.A. (Principal Investigator). A total of 28 labor hours were expended to complete the inventory survey fieldwork. Fieldwork consisted of an intensive (100%coverage)pedestrian transect survey of the entire project area with crew members spaced at 10-meter intervals in moderately thick vegetation.The easement that provides access to the project area from the neighboring parcel to the south,Mlamalamaiki Gulch,and the rocky coastal cliffs were also thoroughly investigated.Because the project area was known to have been intensively plowed for sugarcane cultivation from the 1870s to the 1990s, no prospective subsurface testing was conducted. None of the identified features required subsurface testing to resolve questions of age or function. No cultural material was collected during the inventory survey. As a result of the fieldwork for the current study,a portion of one previously recorded site(Site 50-10-26-24212) and one newly recorded site (Site 50-10-26-31238) were identified and documented. Site 24212 is a portion of the Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed,a portion of which extends near the western boundary of the parcel. Site 31238 is a section of a cut earthen ditch situated along the southeastern edge of Mlamalamaiki Gulch near the northern boundary of the project area. This ditch is the former location of a permanent flume built by the Honomu Sugar Company. Site 24212 is considered historically significant under Criterion a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture(sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and under Criterion d for the information it has yielded regarding early twentieth century sugarcane transportation infrastructure.Similarly, Site 31238 is considered significant under Criterion a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture(sugarcane)in Hawai`i during the early twentieth century and under Criterion d for the information yielded relative to the history of the development of commercial agriculture in South Hilo District. No additional historic preservation work is recommended for either Site 24212 or Site 31238 within the project area.Thus,our recommended determination of effect for the project is"no historic properties affected." AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii i Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION....................................................................................... 6 2. BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................13 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT.............................................................................. 13 Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd ahupua`a and the Greater South Hilo District................. 13 Early Historical Accounts 1820-1848: A Land in Transition ...................................... 16 The Legacy of the Whele Aina of 1848..................................................................... 18 Honomu Sugar Company and Railroad Development(ca. 1880-1946) ...................... 22 Boundary Commission Testimony (1886 and 1874) ................................................... 22 Hawaii Consolidated Railroad Company 1901-1946 ................................................. 27 The Tsunami of April 1, 1946 ...................................................................................... 29 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES .................................................................. 32 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS.............................................................................35 4. FIELDWORK..............................................................................................................36 FIELDMETHODS ............................................................................................................. 36 FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................... 36 Site 50-10-26-24212..................................................................................................... 38 Site 50-10-26-31238..................................................................................................... 40 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................42 SITE 50-10-26-24212 ......................................................................................................... 42 SITE 50-10-26-31238 ......................................................................................................... 42 6. STATEMENT OF EFFECT.......................................................................................43 REFERENCES CITED...................................................................................................44 FIGURES Page 1. Project area location..................................................................................................................................2 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing the current project area.............................................................4 4. Proposed development plans.....................................................................................................................5 5. Aerial image of project area,view to the west..........................................................................................7 6. Gated entrance and dirt road which leads to the subject parcel,view to the north. ..................................7 7. Honomu Stream and Malamalamaiki Gulch along the northern boundary of the project area.................8 8. Open grassy area within the central portion of the subject parcel,view to the southeast.........................8 9. Aerial photograph of the project area, showing open grassy areas with dense vegetative growth alongthe parcel boundaries. ....................................................................................................................9 10. Dense vegetation along the western edge of the subject parcel,view to the northwest..........................9 11.Hala groove intermixed with ironwood trees along the eastern coastal boundary of the parcel, viewto the northeast.............................................................................................................................. 10 12. Alexander Palm groove within the former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad along the western edge of the parcel,view to the south........................................................................................ 10 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii iii 1.Introduction FIGURES Page 13. Wooden ladder descending the coastal cliff to the rocky shoreline below. .......................................... 11 14. Aerial of coastline (outside of the project area boundaries) showing a wooden ladder descending down the cliff face the rocky shoreline below,view to the northwest................................ l l 15. Soils in the vicinity of the current project area(outlined in red). ......................................................... 12 16. Geologic units in the vicinity of the current project area(outlined in red)........................................... 12 17. A 1901 Hawaii Territory Survey map showing the location of the study area within Malamalamaiki and Ld'imi ahupua`a and South Hilo District. ............................................................ 14 18. A portion ofHawai` Registered Map No. 1092 showing the location of the project area and grantparcels in the vicinity....................................................................................................................21 19. A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 by C. J. Lyons showing land grants in nearby Honomu as well as structures in the project area vicinity. ....................................................................21 20. A 1929 aerial photograph of the Honomu Sugar Company Mill and surrounding area. ......................24 21. A portion of a 1915 U.S.G.S. Honomu Quadrangle showing the current subject parcel......................25 22. HTS/HSS Plat Map No. 0799 dated 1922 showing the extent of the Honomu Sugar Co. lands..........25 23. A portion of a 1932 Honomu Sugar Company Title Map with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. .........................................................................................................26 24. A portion of a 1932 Honomu Sugar Company Field Map with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. .........................................................................................................27 25. Hawaii Consolidated Railway Map of rail system as of November 1923 (Annual Report 1926)........28 26. A 1954 U.S.G.S. aerial image with the approximate location of the current study area outined in red..........................................................................................................................................................30 27. A 1977 U.S.G.S. aerial image with the approximate location of the current study area outlined inred......................................................................................................................................................31 28. A portion of a 1966 U.S.G.S. Papaikou Quadrangle with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. .........................................................................................................31 29. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the current study area. ............................................34 31. Site 24212 Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed cut,view to the southeast...........................................38 32. Site 24212, railway bed,view to the northwest. ...................................................................................39 33. Site 24212, eroded western slope of railway bed,view to the west......................................................39 34. Site 31238 ditch,V-shaped cut located at the ditch's eastern end,view to the northwest....................40 35. Site 31238, eroded and overgrown section along the gulch bank,view to the west.............................41 TABLES Page 1. Place names in Malamalamaiki............................................................................................................... 15 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area..............................33 3. Archaeological sites recorded during the current study..........................................................................36 4. Site significance and treatment recommendation. ..................................................................................42 iv AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of the Holcomb Family Trust, ASM Affiliates (ASM) has prepared this Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS) for the development of a proposed single-family residence on a roughly 6.5-acre parcel and access easement within Malamalamaiki I't and 2nd Ahupua`a, South Hilo District,Island of Hawaii(see Figures 1,2,and 3). A Conservation District Use Application(CDUA)is being prepared for the proposed development in accordance in Hawaii Revised Statues (HRS) Chapter 343, and this AIS document is intended to inform that application process and has been undertaken in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR) 13§13-284,and complies with the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR 13§13- 276. Compliance with the above standards is sufficient for meeting the historic preservation review process requirements of both the Department of Land and Natural Resources—State Historic Preservation Division(DLNR— SHPD)and the County of Hawaii Planning Department. This report contains background information describing the location and environment of the project area; a culture-historical context for the project area; a summary of the previous archaeological work conducted in the vicinity of the subject parcel; an explanation of the study methods; detailed descriptions of all of the archaeological sites and features encountered;interpretation and evaluation of those resources; treatment recommendations for all of the documented sites; and an HRS Chapter 6E statement of effect with regard to the proposed development of the parcel. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction 279000 280D00 nnn1 N Area of detail s C� sI j 0 100 200 MMMMK=Km ! c c A HAWAII COUNTY 1 i Sl Jo- ti� Z a�J z Oz Honomu HAWAII COUNTY hap F li Portion ofUSGS 7.5 Quadrangle Papaikou,HT 2017 0 200 400 Alters t Project area N N 279000 290000 Figure 1.Project area location. 2 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction u NCO w 1 �? a � 5 e �ad ye• i� < a �,�N�" � ;17) ZI a an 0 N [ Y .. g� I Y •,!N F�v � Y r `��f'�f'�° s �p e, EL cz HL o[ N r , 1 hm - T 6 � Y I _O Jy�°c:`� epi] q � f m AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 3 1.Introduction N Area of detail 0 100 200 �Km Project area •r•e:E ri.Digit I(�I •-y e• i- , E �r Figure 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing the current project area. 4 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction ZZ s, 3tT / h r r� { 1, r.4., �. M m µ u..p,.�� i° ;Via,... ` ` ' �•: s KELLY F Ma,Hew M.��wxts.Aga Figure 4.Proposed development plans. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 5 1.Introduction PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The current project area consists of approximately 6.5 acres of Conservation District land, located along the South Hilo coastal seabluffs,approximately 0.9 kilometers makai of the town of Honomu,and just makai of the Mamalahoa Highway,within Malamalamaiki P'and 21 Ahupua`a,Island of Hawaii(Figure 5).Access to the property is through a gated, overgrown easement located along the makai edge of the Highway. The gated easement begins at the southwestern corner of the neighboring parcel to the south (TMK: (3) 2-8-012:029), and extends northwest for approximately 200 meters before entering into the subject parcel(Figure 6).The roughly square-shaped subject parcel is comprised of relatively level tableland,with elevations ranging from 45 to 150 feet(14-46 meters)above sea level, and is bounded to the east by the rocky coastal cliffs and the Pacific Ocean, to the north by the steep sided Malamalamaiki Gulch, to the west by the Mamalahoa Highway right of way, and to the south by an undeveloped parcel. A hog wire fence line defines the boundary of the two parcels along this southern edge. The Honomu Stream flows through the Malamalamaiki Gulch where it empties into the sea along the northern edge of the subject parcel (Figure 7). The former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad(Site 50-10-26-24212),evidenced by a deep cut in the terrain, extends northwest to southeast along a portion of the parcel's western boundary. As a result of nearly a century of sugarcane cultivation,the terrain within the majority of the project area consists of level soil covered primarily in invasive plants species.The ground surface in the level central portion of the property is covered by a thick,tall growth of Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) (Figure 8). The outer edges of the parcel along the project area boundaries are more thickly vegetated,and covered in a dense growth of mostly invasive trees,shrubs and vines(Figure 9 and 10).Dominant species observed in these areas include gunpowder trees (Trema orientalis), guava (Psidium sp.), night blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), lantana sp.,Bing-a-Bing(Macaranga mappa), African Tulip (Spahodea campanulate), ginger sp. and various other grasses and vines. Along the coastal edges of the property are groves of hala (Pandanus tectorius) intermixed with ironwood trees(Casuarinaceae equisetifolia)and ti plants(rr,Cordyline fruticose)(Figure 11).A grove of Alexander palm trees(Ptychosterma elegans)extends along the western edge of the parcel within the former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad(Site 50-10-28-24212)(Figure 12). Located just outside of the eastern property boundary and along the coastline,is a wooden ladder that descends down from the cliff to the rocky shoreline below(Figure 13 and 14). Although this ladder is outside the project area boundaries,it is worth noting that in more recent times,it appears the coastal cliffs that bound the subject parcel have been utilized to access the marine resources along this portion of the coast.In addition,located near to the edge of the Malamalamaiki Gulch and the parcel's northern boundary,is a modern rubbish pile which appears to be the remnants of a small camp site. Soils within the study area(Figure 15) are classified Hilo hydrous silty clay loam on 10-20 percent slope (Soil Survey Staff 2017).These strongly acidic soils dehydrate irreversibly into fine gravel size aggregates,and have formed over basalt that originated from Mauna Kea Volcano 64,000 to 300,000 years ago (Figure 16) (Sherrod et al. 2007). These soils have historically been used for the cultivation of sugarcane. The study area receives a mean annual rainfall of approximately 3,500 millimeters,with the majority of the rain occurring during the spring months,with the most rainfall typically occurring in March,and the least occurring in June(Giambelluca et al.2013).The climate is generally cool,with a mean annual temperature ranging from 72 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year. 6 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction _l. q! Figure 5.Aerial image of project area,view to the west. 4 7 � 1 Figure 6. Gated entrance and dirt road which leads to the subject parcel,view to the north. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 7 1.Introduction Figure 7.Honomu Stream and Malamalamaiki Gulch along the northern boundary of the project area. e Figure 8. Open grassy area within the central portion of the subject parcel,view to the southeast. 8 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction Vg_✓ y psi! Figure 9. Aerial photograph of the project area, showing open grassy areas with dense vegetative growth along the parcel boundaries. � Ar _E A ry ic+�r Figure 10.Dense vegetation along the western edge of the subject parcel,view to the northwest. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 9 i fir• " �,. �` � , �� a � I i q �•:. , � �`� �_+ P : �p d� ��.. �' ��, „rte�}_�. � ,: {y p/ y 9 G z t Introduction A a - . - - . . .: .. . . >�.. ©ƒ , Qac 13.Wooden ladder descending the 2316 diff to the rocky+«el2below. \\ Qac 14.Aerial of 2311 c(oa6Jco the project areaboundaries)showin awooden&JAI descending down±cclf G±the rocky shoreline below,ac»to the northwest. AIS wthe t# 6.5-Acre Holcomb£_i Trust Parcel,Ma m mmiki m and 2nd,South m!% w g g 1.Introduction 11 1 903 903 fl J, 909 11 901 Q Project area 903 Hilo hydrous silty clay loam,10 to 20 percent slopes 901 Hilo hydrous silty clay loam,0 to 10 percent slopes 909 Hilo-Rock outcrop complex,35 to 100 percent slopes Soli Survey staff,Nature)Resources conservation Service.United Smtes Department of Agnew re.Soil Survey 0 100 200 Geog mphic(SSV RGO)Database.Avallab[e online at bttpsllsdmdataaccess sc.egov usda gm Accessed 10!12020 0 Mcrvre Figure 15. Soils in the vicinity of the current project area(outlined in red). Qhm m hfn Qum Qh hm� Qhw 0 Project area M Qhm 64,000-300,000 yr Hamakua Volcanics Shenod,D.R..Snton,J.M.Wadi S.E.,and Brunt.K.M.,2007,Gcomglc Map of the State of Hawaf l:U.S.Ge-glcal 0 100 200 400 Survey Open-File Rep,n2007-1099,83 p.,6 plates,steles 1:100.000 and 1.250.000,wide GIS datebase.A--ad 101112020 OMcteea Figure 16. Geologic units in the vicinity of the current project area(outlined in red). 12 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current study area,and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance of any such resources, a general culture-historical context for the South Hilo region that includes specific information regarding the known history of Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd Ahupua`a and the study area is presented. This is followed by a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the study area. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The study area is situated in the Ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki I't and 2nd on the windward coast of Hawaii Island, within the present-day district of South Hilo, and the traditional moku (district) of Hilo, one of six moku of Hawaii Island (Figure 17). The chronological summary presented below begins with a discussion of the general settlement patterns for South Hilo.The discussion of Prehistory is followed by a summary of Historical events in the district that begins with the arrival of foreigners in the islands and then continues with the history of land use in South Hilo after contact. The summary includes a discussion of the changing lifeways and population decline of the early Historic Period, a review of land tenure in the study ahupua`a during the Mdhele Aina of 1848, and documentation of the transition to the commercial sugar industry from the last quarter of the nineteenth century into the twentieth century. A synthesis of the Precontact settlement patterns and the Historically documented land use, combined with a review of the findings of previously conducted archeological studies, provides a means for predicting the types of archaeological features that may be encountered within the study area, and forms a basis for assessing the function, age,and significance of any encountered archaeological sites. Malamalamaiki lst and 2nd ahupua`a and the Greater South Hilo District The current project area is in the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki I't and 2nd, and is bounded by Laimi Ahupua`a to the south,and the Honomu Stream to the north. "Malamalamaiki"is translated in Pukui et al. (1974:143)as"little light." This narrow ahupua`a is located in the traditional district of Hilo, which is one of six districts on Hawaii Island (Figure 17). Traditionally, the district of Hilo was divided into three `okana (sub-districts). Malamalamaiki 2nd is located in the `okana of Hilo Paliku, which extends north of the Wailuku River to Ka`ula Gulch, oftentimes characterized by its upright and densely vegetated cliffs and broad kula(plains)lands. The abundance of streams,valleys, and gulches in this region made for a difficult and treacherous pass. In"Ka Huakaihele ike i na Makaainana o Hilo" (A Sightseeing Tour to Visit the Common Folk of Hilo),an account by G.K. Mahoe (1876), of his travels throughout Hilo that was serialized in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Lahui Hawaii.The account has been translated from Hawaiian to English.He describes Hilo Paliku as such: ...I am protected from the long path ahead,I did not think twice of the dark cliffs of Hilo Palikd,the inclines, the descents, the ravines, the streams, the mountaintops, and the cleared fields, I moved alone,without thinking much of the strain and discomfort of traveling,although,when I recalled the length between Hilo One and Laupahoehoe,those thirthy miles came and went. The reader should not be mistaken,the lands that are passed along the way are not clear and smooth,rather,there are many hills,gulches,and twisting roads. (Mahoe G.K. 1876:1) King David Kalakaua also provided a concise description of this region's rough geography,but also includes a description regarding the density of the population there in his book The Legends and Myths of Hawaii (Kalakaua 1888): The northeastern coast of the island of Hawaii presents an almost continuous succession of valleys, with intervening uplands rising gently for a few miles,and then more abruptly toward the snows of Mauna Kea and the clouds.The rains are abundant on that side of the island,and the fertile plateau, boldly fronting the sea with a line of cliffs from fifty to a hundred feet in height,is scored at intervals of one or two miles with deep almost impassable gulches, whose waters reach the ocean either through rocky channels worn to the level of the waves, or in cascades leaping from the cliffs and streaking the coast from Hilo to Waipio with lines that seem to be molten silver from the great crucible of Kilauea. In the time of Liloa, and later,this plateau was thickly populated, and requiring no irrigation, was cultivated from the sea upward to the line of frost. A few kalo patches are still seen, and bananas grow,as of old,in secluded spots and along the banks of the ravines;but the broad acres are green AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 13 2.Background with cane,and the whistle of the sugar-mill is heard above the roar of the surf that beats against the rock-bound front of Hamakua. (Kalakaua 1888:284) ca'r> HAWAII TERRITORY SURVEY LxJlnAe xNxrJ6 Ar.ALxfxLehFe!M trl.yr da[n W.D ALFIX.Mlff.R Mjm..i Un n(IN.vm tinrGxr� WA i.0.11.E.WA I.l. � lwyuune v,.,n[s Ax ixrr M Nf!nnru.una 9Uli 1'I:Y nR .v,rx.,rer.o!x Ry.-,vr�n u.lvAmnn tuxvuua.., _ _ HAW-All CrN rxla.n xNaM nxArawx,a'ta Ad�IF-Nvvr I..YlI/!A?a? T IIAWNIIAN ISLANDS F. Pn„r,• .,�.la, by ! �� - rv.u_.iU.v,rd�r,e•..tJ,ra..s.l s.Amaaen..r.lr.k dvat. • .f _C �+.Lr r awr�.s.,znai 1l+Ft'S'+"WAY hx e.,.5.Ly l'.:.l,Yx,++r•.J -byj x ax.•.I.H./yJ.,J.Cr,.AJJ.Urm.P..A./lnld x. VFFLYmun..l�Ml�tesknr(+{�N.Alhirw+r.L+u.u..a,.dA.11.fneiewl'r- .. Nap by JnAn.If.Ow+n rp yy w ` e µ Study areajm r _ MdlamalamaM Ahupua`a - i South Hilo District 4J ee 1 r 1 • �9"� y y l'^i`].� f e'er`;'.&, + - r " . &¢ �a 3 Figure 17.A 1901 Hawaii Territory Survey map showing the location of the study area within Malamalamaiki and La`imi ahupua`a and South Hilo District. The low-lying coastal areas of South Hilo thrived with traditional Hawaiian habitation and cultivation.Within the larger gulches and broad plateaus (kula) regions, were lush, fertile lands well suited for agriculture. The staple traditional crop, kalo (taro), was cultivated in irrigated terraces along the stream edges while `uala (sweet potato), mai`a(banana)and ko(sugarcane)were grown in the wet kula lands of the lower forest zone(Handy et al. 1991).The region had an abundance of kukui(candlenut), `ulu(breadfruit),and niu(coconut)groves and was also rich in marine resources. Although settlements were prominent in these areas, with the increase of population and agricultural 14 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background production settlements spread into the upland kula regions.Handy and Handy (1972),in drawing from a description given by early missionary William Ellis,provide yet another description of the fertile landscapes of South Hilo: The light and fertile soil is formed by decomposing lava, with a considerable portion of vegetable mould. The whole is covered with luxuriant vegetation, and the greater part of it formed into plantations, where plantains,bananas, sugar-cane, taro,potatoes and melons, come to the greatest perfection. Groves of cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees are seen in every direction,loaded with fruit, or clothed with luxuriant foliage. (Ellis in Handy and Handy 1972:539) Place Names for MMlamalamaiki The names (Inoa) of places (wahi), rains (ua), and winds (makani) within a particular ahupua`a or broader region evidences the long-term relationship of various communities to their immediate environment.Reacquainting ourselves with these place, rain and wind names allow us to appreciate the environment as it was once observed by ancestral Hawaiian populations. In Malamalamaiki, a few place names are listed by Soehren (2005) as markers for the boundaries of these ahupua`a(Table 1). Table 1. Place names in Malamalamaiki Place Names Notes Kaloa`awapuhi Translated as"the many wild gingers."A place that served as a boundary marker between Malamalamaiki and La`irm in the upper regions of the ahupua`a. Kapo`alua Translated as"the second night."A marshy are good for growing taro that was located at the boundary of Honomn,La`imi,and Malamalamaiki. Marra`onui Translated as"important matter."A rock that marked the boundary between Malamalamaiki and Honomn located on the northern bank of Honomn stream. Mo`omo`ohualoa Translated as"long-haired mo`o."A stream marking the boundary of Malamalamaiki and Honomu. Waihaka Translated as"watery perch."A stream that served as a boundary marker between Honomu and Malamalamaiki. Mele (songs) are valuable sources of information for the place names of particular areas that were published frequently in Hawaiian language newspapers and in other primary sources. A honorific song in honor of a person (mele inoa) was published in the Oahu-based Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Kuokoa on February 17, 1872. The mele inoa was penned on February 5 and was written for a woman named Kaiewe,the eldest child of B. Kuhea, by multiple relatives and family friends living in Kuhua (the ahupua`a immediately north of Honomu). A verse written by a woman named Lila honors Kaiewe and lists adjacent ahupua`a such as La`imi and Ka`akepa in the mele inoa. Although the original text does not include diacritics, kahako (macrons to elongate vowels) and `okina (glottal stops)are included to conform to modern Hawaiian orthography and to aid in translating the text. Wind,rain, and place names are bolded for emphasis: A uka au o `Akaka I am in the uplands of`Akaka Ha`a na ka lehua i ka wai The lehua blossoms droop from the abundance of water `O ka ne`e a ka ua lokuloku The lokuloku rains inch along Wala`au i ka lau la`au There is chattering in the forest Hone ana ka leo o ka manu The sweet sound of birds Ka`i`i `ana i ka ndhele Shrilling in the forest `O ka hele ala ka ma`eu Traveling afar are these sounds Ka`ulna `ole iho ka mana`o My thoughts are not remiss Pilipili `dina `ole mai They do not come near the land Iluna au o Hale Rose I am above Hale Rose Ho`olohe i ke kani o ka pio Listening to the sound of chirps Akahi no a olu pono mai Never before have I been pleasantly comforted Ka manao lauili i ka hoa By these circuitous thoughts of a companion Me oe ke aloha pau ole With you is my endless love O Kaiewe no he inoa Indeed,Kaiewe is your name AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 15 2.Background A luna au o La`imi I am in the uplands of Ld'imi `O ka waiho a`e a Ka`akepa Left in Ka`akepa Ike i ka lau o ke ko I see the leaves of the sugarcane `O ka welo a ka Hae Hawai`i The waving fluttering of the Hawaiian flag Ua pulu i ka ua hihi Moistened by scattered showers Ia hona i ka malualua Fortunate to feel the malualua wind I ka pd kolonahe ma kai Gently blowing by the ocean A kai au o ke Awaiki I head seaward to Awaiki Hdliu au ndnd id uka I tum my attentions towards the uplands `O ka holu a ka lau Inia, The Pride-of-India(Chinaberry)leaves sway I`ini aku ana ka mana`o My thoughts desire E `ike i ka hoa i ka `ili To see my close friend He `oe ke aloha pau `ole With you is my endless love `O Kaiewe no he inoa Indeed,Kaiewe is your name(Lila 1872:3) Early Historical Accounts 1820-1848: A Land in Transition In October of 1819, seventeen Protestant missionaries set sail from Boston to Hawaii. They arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820 to a society with a religious void to fill. Many of the ah`i,who were already exposed to western material culture,welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western style and adopted their dress and religion. Soon they were rewarding their teachers with land and positions in the Hawaiian government.During this period,the sandalwood trade wrought havoc on the lives of the commoners, as they weakened from the heavy production, exposure, and famine just to fill the coffers of the ah`i, who were no longer under any traditional constraints (Kuykendall and Day 1976; Oliver 1961). The lack of control of the sandalwood trade was to soon lead to the first Hawaiian national debt as promissory notes and levies were initiated by American traders and enforced by American warships(Oliver 1961).The Hawaiian culture was well on its way towards Western assimilation as industry in Hawaii went from the sandalwood trade, to a short-lived whaling industry, to the more lucrative, but environmentally destructive sugar industry. Some of the earliest written descriptions of the South Hilo district come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island. Early Historic visitors to the region noted the beauty,fertility, and ruggedness of this part of the island. In 1823, the Reverend William Ellis one of the first Christian missionaries to arrive in Hawaii, passed along the South Hilo coast during his tour of Hawaii Island. Having been warned against walking due to the ruggedness of the terrain,he sailed from Hilo to Laupahoehoe in a canoe. Ellis (Ellis 2004:344)described the South Hilo coastline as follows: The country, by which we sailed, was fertile, beautiful, and apparently populous. The numerous plantations on the eminences and sides of the deep ravines or valleys,by which it was intersected, by streams meandering through them into the sea,presented altogether a most agreeable prospect. After departing Hilo Bay, Ellis and his party did not land again until Laupahoehoe, where he and his traveling companions continued on foot,passing along the coastal cliffs of the Hilo and Hamakua districts.It was on this leg of his journey that Ellis described the cultivated kula lands of the region that extended between the various valleys and gulches: The houses stood mostly singly, and were scattered over the face of the country. A rich field of potatoes or taro, five or six acres in extent, or large plantations of sugar-cane and bananas, occasionally bordered our path. But though the soil was excellent, it was only partially cultivated. (Ellis 2004:249-250). Planting techniques within the kula lands of the Hamakua region are further described by Handy and Handy (1972).Although the current project area is located to the south of Hamakua,the kula lands of the Hamakua and Hilo districts are very similar, and Handy and Handy's description of dryland cultivation within the region provides some insight to how the land was used prior to the advent of the sugarcane industry,which drastically changed the landscape. Handy and Handy (1972:537)state: Mulched taro was planted on the open kula lands up to the border of the old forest zone and is said to have flourished under a mulch of grass, ti leaves, and other rubbish heaped around it in the red soil. Small patches so growing today seem to flourish. We are told that taro was planted in kukui 16 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background forests which used to cover the slopes of much of the land...Another method consisting of digging sizable holes in the ground,filling them with kukui leaves,and allowing these to decay completely, after which taros that had been started from cuttings planted in plain soil were introduced and grew to great size. Overland travel across the central and northern Hilo District remained difficult throughout the first part of the nineteenth century due to its rugged coastline and many deep gulches. Transportation difficulties may have even temporarily delayed large-scale commercial exploitation of the kula lands in the vicinity of the study area(Desilets and Rechtman 2004).Initial commercial exploitation of these lands was limited to small scale agriculture in areas with coastal access for shipping and receiving goods.The Reverend Titus Coan(Coan 1882:31-32),who settled at the Hilo Mission Station in 1835,wrote that: For many years after our arrival there were no roads, no bridges,and no horses in Hilo, and all my tours were made on foot...The path was a simple trail,winding in a serpentine line,going down and up precipices, some of which could only be descended by grasping the shrubs and grasses,and with no little weariness and difficulty and some danger. By the mid-1800s,the first roads had been established along the coast of South Hilo,perhaps following the route of the older path described by Coan (PHRI 1991). These first roads, designed for travel on horses and in carts,were likely developed by land holders,primarily sugar growers,looking to connect their plantation lands.Chester S.Lyman, travelling from Kawaihae to Hilo with the Reverend Titus Coan on June 191, 1846, stayed in the vicinity one of the early sugar plantations located to the south of the study area. In his journal he described travel along a cart road and discussed the holdings of Mr. Castle.the progenitor of the first sugar plantation in the area. Lyman(1925:81)writes: After resting we started on at 41/2& soon arrived at Mr Castle's,3/4 of a mile beyond. When half way there we fell in with two carts each drawn by 4 yokes of oxen,one set of them just broken in; the two teams were connected by a long rope&went on by fits&starts,now stopping&now going on the run. The carts were large &heavy with thick solid wheels made of planks pinned together. They were well filled with a crowd of noisy girls&boys&by invitation of the Driver,an American, I took a ride in one of these Hawaiian Coaches as far as Mr Castle's house, glad thus to relieve a little my feet which were becoming sore from walking in water and climbing precipices. Stopped a few minutes at Mr C[astle]'s; were entertained with a refreshing bowl of milk, &then going on a mile&a half or 2 miles put up for the night at a native house,nearby.The place is called Puumoi. Mr. Castle is an American, has been in the country many yrs, has an extensive plantation & a native wife & family. Near his house we passed large fields of sugar cane on his lands, but cultivated by Chinamen who have pretty much monopolized the sugar business in this region. Mr C[astle] has also considerable herds of cattle. The arduous journey along the South Hilo coastline is again referenced in an article written by Henry L. Sheldon which was published on December 9, 1882 in the English-language newspaper Saturday Press and can be found in the 441 installment of Reminiscences of Honolulu Thirty-five Years, a serial account that was published by Henry L. Sheldon between 1881 to 1883. This historical account references Malamalamaiki as well as the renowned Dr. John Pelham who resided within the study ahupua`a at the time. In the article, Sheldon notes the death of Dr. John Pelham on March 16' 1857, an Englishman who served as a medical adviser to the ah`i Kalaimoku, Kuakini, and Ka`ahumanu.Following this note about Pelham's demise, Sheldon reminisces about a visit with Pelham years prior: [Pelham] had resided in the Islands since the year 1826, and was the medical adviser of the high chiefs Kalaimoku,Kuakini and Kaahumanu.He was well educated and well read in his profession, but quite eccentric in his manner. Some six years previous to his death he was living at a place called Malamalamaiki,about fifteen miles north of Hilo,where I had occasion to call upon him while on a tour around the Island of Hawaii.Arriving at his very neat and comfortably arranged and furnished thatched cottage about 8 o'clock in the evening,in the midst of one of those soaking rains for which Hilo was then proverbial(The climate is said to have changed since), I received from the Doctor a bluffbut hearty welcome,and the intimation that supper would be ready as soon as I had exchanged my drenched garments for dry ones. I was desperately hungry after my long ride from the bay, and visions of roast pig and taro, or mullet baked in ti-leaves,flitted through my mind. At length I was ceremoniously ushered into the dining-room,and,with the remark from my host that I must excuse him for that he had already supped, was hospitably urged to"eat hearty"--of a raw squid and poi! That was the entire bill of fare. I was, however, equal to the occasion, and managed to bolt--it was impossible to thoroughly masticate--enough of octopus and paste to stay my stomach. I had been AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 17 2.Background previously informed of Pelham's eccentricities, and noted the twinkle of his eye while I wrestled with"the supper." At the conclusion of the necessarily brief repast the Doctor invited me to join him in"a glass of something hot." Directly a native woman brought in a japanned tray, on which were two steaming tumblers crowned with closed lemon.After such a barbarous supper this seemed the opposite extreme of civilized luxury. I sipped contentedly at the soothing mixture;but was only restrained from remarking upon its peculiar aroma by my regard for the proprieties. The evening was spent in pleasant converse, in the course of which the Doctor related marry interesting recollections of the native chiefs with whom he had been familiar, especially of Governor Adams, as Kuakini was called. I was comfortably lodged (even luxuriously, for those days), and in the morning sat down to a nice breakfast of pork chops, lawalu'd fish, baked potatoes, biscuit and coffee. Noticing the satisfaction with which I regarded the board, my host dryly remarked that he had been pleased to see that I knew how to"rough it"in Hawaii,by the way in which I had attacked raw squid the previous evening,whereupon I was emboldened to inquire as to the particular brand of spirits that had entered into the composition of the hot punch with which I had washed the supper down. For reply he produced from the cupboard two small empty bottles, marked in plain letters, "Lavender Water,"with the simple remark,"There." Lest my readers should suppose that our punch on the occasion mentioned was made of the article generally known as lavender water,I will here explain:Previous to the ratification of the treaty with France in 1858 the duty on imported spirits in this kingdom was$5 per gallon.One of the results of the high duty was the important of large quantities of alcohol,disguised under the names of cologne, lavender,bitters, etc.,which paid a duty of only 5 per cent, ad valorem, and which was freely sold all over the islands and used as a beverage instead of the high-priced brandy. Brandied peaches, cherries and other fruits came under the same category, and were at one time largely imported and consumed here. (Sheldon 1882:1). In 1872, Isabella Bird traveled by horseback along the North and South Hilo and Hamakua Coast from Onomea to Waipi`o Valley and described the general terrain and the difficult passage through the various gulches she crossed. Although Honomn is not specifically mentioned in her account,she would have inevitably passed through the Honomn area on her journey towards Waipi`o. Of the region she writes: All the gulches for the first twenty-four miles contain water. The great Hakalau gulch we crossed early yesterday,has a river with a smooth bed as wide as the Thames at Eton. Some have only quiet streams, which pass gently through ferny grottoes. Others have fierce strong torrents dashing between abrupt walls of rock,among immense boulders into deep abysses,and cast themselves over precipice into the ocean. Probably, many of these are the courses of fire torrents, whose jagged masses of a-a have since been worn smooth,and channeled into holes by the action of water.A few are crossed on narrow bridges,but the majority are forded, if that quiet conventional term can be applied to the violent flounderings by which the horses bring one through. (Bird 1974:88). Bird's detailed and colorful accounts provide a vivid glimpse into the early nineteenth century environs and native lifeways of the South Hilo District. The lowland portion of South Hilo was clearly a region thriving with traditional Hawaiian habitation and cultivation. Like most other parts of Hawaii, introduced diseases and global economic forces would have a devastating impact on traditional life-ways in the early to mid-1800s. Due to its rugged coastline and many deep gulches, however, transportation difficulties were severe in South Hilo, North Hilo, and Hamakua. This served to delay large-scale commercial exploitation of the kula lands.In the second half of the nineteenth century these problems were overcome and sugar cane plantations replaced subsistence agriculture and grazing as the dominant land use. The Legacy of the MAbele `Aina of 1848 By the mid-nineteenth century, the ever-growing population of Westerners in the Hawaiian Islands forced socioeconomic and demographic changes that promoted the establishment of a Euro-American style of land ownership. By 1840 the first Hawaiian constitution had been drafted and the Hawaiian Kingdom shifted from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional government. Convinced that the feudal system of land tenure previously practiced was not compatible with a constitutional government, the King (Kamehameha III) and his high-ranking chiefs decided to separate and define the ownership of all lands in the Kingdom(King n.d.). This change was further promoted by missionaries and Western businessmen in the islands who were generally hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands that could be taken from them at any time. After much consideration, it was decided that three 18 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background classes of people each had one-third vested rights to the lands of Hawaii:the King,the chiefs and konohiki,and their tenants(the maka`ainana or common people). In 1845 the legislature created the`Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles"(more commonly known as the Land Commission.All land claims,whether by chiefs for entire ahupua`a or by tenants for their house lots and gardens, had to be filed with the Land Commission within two years of the February 14, 1846,but the deadline was extended several times for chiefs and konohiki(Soehren 2005). The King and some 245 chiefs (Kuykendall 1938) spent nearly two years trying unsuccessfully to divide all the lands of Hawaii amongst themselves before the whole matter was referred to the Privy Council on December 18, 1847 (King n.d.). Once the King and his chiefs accepted the principles of the Privy Council,the Mahele Aina(Land Division)was completed in just forty days(on March 7, 1848), and the names of all of the ahupua`a and `ili kupono (nearly independent `ili land division within an ahupua`a,that paid tribute to the ruling chief and not to the chief of the ahupua`a)of the Hawaiian Islands and the chiefs who claimed them,were recorded in the Mahele Book(Soehren 2005). As this process unfolded King Kamehameha 111, who received roughly one-third of the lands of Hawaii, realized the importance of setting aside public lands that could be sold to raise money for the government and also purchased by his subjects to live on. Accordingly, the day after the division with the last chief was recorded in the Buke Mahele (Mahele Book),King Kamehameha III commuted about two-thirds of the lands awarded to him to the government(King n.d.). Unlike the King, the chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive their awards(LCAw.).The chiefs who participated in the Mahele were also required to provide to the government commutations of a portion of their lands in order to receive a Royal Patent giving them title to their remaining lands. The lands surrendered to the government by the King and chiefs became known as "Government Land,"while the lands retained by Kamehameha III became known as"Crown Land," and the lands received by the chiefs became known as "Konohiki Land" (Chinn 1958:vii; 1961:13). All lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed.This process expedited the work of the Land Commission. During the Mahele,native tenants of the lands that were divided up among the Crown,Konohiki,and Government could claim, and acquire title to, kuleana parcels that they actively lived on or farmed. The Board of Commissioners oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). Claims for kuleana had to be submitted during a two-year period that expired on February 14, 1848 to be considered.All of the land claimants were required to provide proof of land use and occupation, which took the form of volumes of native registry and testimony. The claims and awards were numbered, and the LCAw. numbers, in conjunction with the volumes of documentation, remain in use today to identify the original owners and their use of the kuleana lands. The work of hearing,adjudicating,and surveying the claims required more than the two-year term,and the deadline was extended several times for the Land Commission to finish its work (Maly 2002). In the meantime, as the new owners of the lands on which the kuleana were located began selling parcels to foreigners,questions arose concerning the rights of the native tenants and their ability to access and collect the resources necessary for sustaining life. The"Enabling"or "Kuleana Act,"passed by the King and Privy Council on December 21, 1849, clarified the native tenants' rights to the land and resources, and the process by which they could apply for fee-simple interest in their kuleana. The work of the Land Commission was completed on March 31, 1855.A total of 13,514 kuleana were claimed by native tenants throughout the islands,of which 9,337 were awarded(Maly 2002). According to the kuleana land claim documents, on February 3, 1848, the ah`i Kekuapanio (also spelled Kuapanio)laid claim to three lands one of which included Mlamalamaiki Ahupua`a.This ahupua`a was subsequently awarded to him as `apana(parcel)2 of LCAw. 130. Testimony given prior on October 27, 1848 by John Young,one of Kamehameha I's foreign military advisors, specified that prior to the Mahele Aina, he had held Mlamalamaiki but at the request Poki(Boki,Governor of O`ahu),Mlamlamaiki was returned to King Kauikeaouli. At the time of the Mahele,King Kauikeaouli give Mlamlamaiki to Kekuapanio,who was considered a hulumanu, a class of young nobles who were favorites of the chief. According to records obtained at the Olson Trust Archives,after Kekuapanio died,the land was retained by his heir,Huakini and later put up for public sale. Kuleana Awards As the King and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mahele, questions arose regarding the protection of rights for the native tenants. To resolve this matter,on August 6, 1850,the Kuleana Act(also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied,actively cultivated,or had improved(Garavoy 2005).The Kuleana Act also clarified access to kuleana parcels, which were typically landlocked, and addressed gathering rights within an ahupua`a.Lands awarded through the Kuleana Act were and still are,referred to as kuleana awards or kuleana lands. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 19 2.Background The Land Commission oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAws.) (Chinn 1958).Native tenants wishing to make a claim to their lands were required to register in writing those lands with the Land Commission,who assigned a number to each claim,and that number(the Native Register)was used to track the claimant through the entire land claims process. The native tenants registering their kuleana were then required to have at least two individuals (typically neighbors)provide testimony to confirm their claim to the land. Those testimonies given in Hawaiian became known as the Native Testimony, and those given in English became known as Foreign Testimony.Upon provision of the required information,the Land Commission rendered a decision, and if successful,the tenant was issued the LCAw.Finally,to relinquish any government interest in the property,the holder of a LCAw.obtained a Royal Patent Grant from the Minister of the Interior upon payment of the commutation fee.No kuleana claims were made for lands in Malamalamaiki. Go vernm en t L an d Grants In conjunction with the Mahele,the King also authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land,larger than those generally available through the Land Commission.The process for applications was clarified by the"Enabling Act,"which was ratified on August 6, 1850.The Act resolved that portions of the Government Lands established during the Mahele of 1848 should be set aside and sold as grants ranging in size from one to fifty acres at a cost of fifty cents per acre. The stated goal of this program was to enable native tenants, many of whom were not awarded kuleana parcels during the Mahele,to purchase lands of their own. Despite the stated goal of the land grant program,this provided the mechanism that allowed many foreigners to acquire large tracts of the Government Lands. Unlike in the kuleana claims,where claimants stated their use of the land,the grant records are silent regarding the grantees' intended use. The Royal Patent deeds and survey notes do contain some limited information about geographical features,vegetation,and survey markers,but they generally do not say anything about improvements to the land or land use. South of the project area in Malamalamaiki 1, a single grant parcel (Royal Patent No. 1358) was purchased in 1854 by William Farwell for$51.50. While the location of this 52.6-acre grant is shown in Hawaii Registered Map No. 1092 by W. A. Wall (Figure 18), Farwell's grant boundaries appear to be incorrectly depicted as it is shown extending well into Malamalamaiki 2. Another Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 (Figure 18) dated 1879 does not show the location of Farwell's grant but it does shows other grants in nearby Honomu as well as what appears to be structures(depicted as square-like symbols)mauka and to the south of the the project area.The 1879 map(see Figure 18) also shows the route of the Government Road mauka of the project area. The surveyor notes for Farwell's grant described hala trees along the coast,as well as natural features such as the cliff and ravines as well as a road. 20 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background i0o 400 . /898 --� 1 N pproximate study area location 6d \ �� . i.: r ov,t `ts 670 / b f?r'n�'�,� „arm !• - ;/'ff z►�� a� '�� I . Figure 18.A portion of Hawai`Registered Map No. 1092 showing the location of the project area and grant parcels in the vicinity. N. - 401 k�58 / �� tFhCe •.� _ `// / � Gr.as'3 g�g`' ao� _ Koh la all LV -� 01, K8 ❑Approximate project area location Figure 19.A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 by C. I Lyons showing land grants in nearby Honomu as well as structures in the project area vicinity. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 21 2.Background Honomn Sugar Company and Railroad Development (ca. 1880-1946) Following the Mahele and the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Reciprocity, a free-trade agreement between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii which guaranteed a duty-free market for Hawaiian sugar in exchange for special economic privileges for the United States,commercial sugarcane cultivation and sugar production became the central economic focus for the Hilo area.By 1874,Hilo already ranked as the second largest population center in the islands and within a few years the fertile uplands,plentiful water supply,and port combined to make Hilo a major center for sugarcane production and export. The plantation lands commonly extended some two to three miles inland from the coast(Best 1978:123). Elevations typically ranged from 250 feet above sea level along the shoreline bluffs to 2,000 feet above sea level at their western (mauka) limits. Ocean frontage could range from two to six miles. Railroads operating on steam and animal power were built on some plantations by 1887, however some plantations utilized flumes or cable railways to transport cane from the fields to the coastal mills. With the annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898 and the granting of Territory status in 1900, Hilo was designated the center of county government in 1905 and remained the second most populated city in the newly formed Territory of Hawaii. Sugar cultivation continued to be the island's most lucrative industry until the ca. 1970s The sugar industry brought widespread changes to the Hilo area and the drastically altered the traditional landscape of the district. As part of the late nineteenth century development of the sugar plantations and related infrastructure, some of Hilo's largest fishponds(Hanalei,Kalepolepo,Mohouli,Waiahole,and Hoakumau)were filled in,and many old residences,burial sites,trails,heiau,formerly located in the cane fields were destroyed as a result. In prospecting Hilo for land suitable for development, a report was made by the Royal Commissioners on Development of Resources. Formed by King David Kalakaua in 1877, commissioners conducted examinations of lands along the Hamakua/Hilo coastline and consulted with residents in an effort to learn about needs and natural resources. In 1877,Honomn was investigated for its potential as a landing and sugar mill location: At Honomn,in ordinary weather,a good landing can be made in a surf boat,and would only need a buoy;parties are projecting a small plantation on this land with a mill in the gulch. There are some 1500 acres of Government land in the vicinity, and 1250 sold to private parties, some of which is cane land. The establishment of a good mill at Honomn would greatly add to the value of these lands. (Maly and Maly 2006:48) Three years later in 1880,M.Kirchoff&Company,along with C.Brewer& Company,Ltd.as agent,established Honomn Sugar Company on 2,400 acres of land within the South Hilo District, which would eventually include the current study area(Dorrance and Morgan 2000). Boundary Commission Testimony (1886and1874) As the Honomn Sugar Company continues to expand its operations,they began the process of acquiring adjacent tracts of land which eventually included the current project area. In 1862, the Commission of Boundaries (Boundary Commission) was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua`a that had been awarded solely by name as a part of the Mahele Aina. Subsequently, in 1874, the Boundary Commission was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents who typically learned of the boundaries from an elder relative or neighbor. The boundary information was usually given in Hawaiian and simultaneously transcribed by the courts into English. The information described by the informants tell of natural and built features as well as traditional place names and its uses specific to Malamalamaiki. Testimony concerning the boundaries of Malamalamaiki was collected on two separate occasions. The first hearing for the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 1 occurred in June of 1874 and the second for Malamalamalaiki 2 was in August 1886.On June 301, 1874 the Commissioners met at the Hilo Court House on the application of L.McCully, the attoryney for Noa Kaikinui, to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 1. Prior to the hearing of testimony, P. Ama,a land surveyor provided the following statement concerning his survey of Malamalamaiki 1: Notes of survey filed by P. Ama;on May 1st 1874 presented by applicant. Ama took oath May 1st as to said Notes of survey.He said,I am a land surveyor and surveyed this land as Kauena pointed out boundaries to me, and copied Notes of survey from Patents of adjoining lands from the Kaupakuea hawai I surveyed up the road to Ohiakiikii and not on the boundary,but surveyed across to boundary at flume The first native primary informant was Kauena who was a multi-generational resident of Malamalamaiki. According to notes from the testimony,Kauena was about 70 years old at the time of the hearing,thus placing his date 22 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background of birth sometime around 1804. Kauena`s testimony as well as those provided by two other native informants, Kaiakoili and Nawai are provided below: Kaunena k. Sworn I was born at Malamalamaiki during the reign of Kamehameha I and have always lived there, and my forefathers before me.I was large enough to go about at the time of the battle of Kuamoo.Know the boundary of the land as it is a small one, and a trail is the boundary between the two Malamalamaiki. Know Ama and pointed out the boundaries between the two lands to him. He surveyed the one adjoining Honomu gulch,and he surveyed it as I pointed it our.He commenced at the mauka corner at Ohiakiikii a resting place on the road in the woods he then surveyed down the road to hawai of Kaupakuea,not on the boundary.Thence towards Hamakua to where I pointed out the boundary between the two lands. Thence to Naomi`s land on Malamalamaiki 1. (He surveyed as I told him without disputing the boundaries)From the mauka corner of Naomi`s land to the shore the adjoining land has been sold. We went to shore and surveyed across from corner of land sold to Honomu gulch. The Honomu gulch is on the Hamakua side of this land and is the boundary from shore to opposite Ohiakiikii where Malamalamaiki is cut off by Honomu:Bounded makai by the sea. Kaiakoili k. Sowm I went and carried the chain with Nawai when Ama surveyed the land Kauena was the kamaaina. Commenced at Ohiakiikii and surveyed across the land to Honomu gulch. Marked a tree at Ohiakiikii, and from thence surveyed down the road to flume. We then went down to where we came to the gulch and surveyed from there across to Homonu gulch.Then we to Palau`s houses and surveyed to shore,and then across to the Honomu gulch. We went where Kauena pointed out. Nawai k. Sworn I went with Kauena and Kaiakoili when Ama surveyed the land. My knowledge is the same as the last witness has testified to. (Boundary Commission 1874a:283-284) Following the testimony, the Commission heard the following statement from McCully, "...stated he finds that this land was sold to His Ex. C.C.Harris,paid cost,and declined to go any further in matter" (Boundary Commission 1874a:284) On August 61, 1886, the Commissioners of Boundaries convened again at the courthouse in Hilo on the application of D.H.Hitchcock,the attorney for Edward Witschy,to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 2. Sworn testimony for Malamalamaiki 2 was provided by Kauhane, Bila Kamakana, and D. H Hitchcock. Although no information concerning land use is noted in the testimony,information about traditional place names are mentioned. Their testimony is transcribed in its entirety below: Kauhane sworn Malamalamaiki first adjoins the land from the sea to"Kaloaawapuhi";then Lanai joins,a road being the boundary;to "Kapoalua",where Honomu and Laimi meet, and Malamalamaiki 2nd ends. From Kapoalua down, the boundary of Malamalamiki 2nd and Honomu is an awawa [gulch] to the big gulch,which branches,the south branch being the boundary down to the sea;between Honomu and Malamalamaiki 2nd the north branch is large where it enters the woods,but it soon ends. "Kaihi"is really the principal branch of the Honomu gulch, which runs a long way up into the woods—the stream of water in the gulch is the boundary between Honomu and Malamalamaiki 2nd to the sea; bounded makai by the sea. Bila Kamakana sworn Kauhane has told the boundaries correctly. D.H.Hitchcock sworn I surveyed the land of Malamalamaiki 2nd along the adjoining Royal Patents,as far as they go,and on along the boundaries as they were pointed out by Bila Kamakana;the land is very narrow above to the place called"Poalua." The survey of Malamalamaiki 2nd runs along the main branch of the Honomu gulch,which branches in the woods. (Boundary Commission 1874b:41-42) A review of records obtained at the Olson Trust Archives indicate that C.C.Harris had purchased Malamalamaiki 2,and that the land was later deeded to Edward Witschy.The land was then deeded to William Kinney,who according AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 23 2.Background to the 1890 Directory and Handbook of the Kingdom of Hawaii(Lane 1890),was the manager for the Honomn Sugar Company. The Honomn Sugar Company mill itself was located on the coast, to the north of the current subject parcel and the upper region of Honomn was interspersed with small-farm homesteaders(Figure 20).By 1890 the plantation was producing 2,000 tons of sugar yearly. Initially, no Hilo coast plantation had a railroad, so fluming was extensively utilized by the Honomn Sugar Company who shipped its product from Honomn Landing to Honolulu via inter-island vessels that anchored offshore.A 1915 U.S.G.S.Honomn quadrangle of the subject parcel(Figure 21)depicts a portion of a flume traversing through the makai section of the subject parcel and descending into the Mlamalamaiki Gulch before continuing north along the coastline.Numerous flume routes can also be seen crossing the South Hilo landscape in Figure 21. By 1919, the Honomu Sugar Company encompassed roughly 2,300 acres of land: 1,271 of which were owned outright by the company, and 1,000 of which were leasehold. The company's cultivated sugarcane lands extended from 50 to 1,500 feet above sea level,and were situated between the neighboring mills of Pepe`ekeo and Hakalau. A 1920 Hilo Forest reserve Plat Map No. 0799 (Figure 22) depicts the approximate extent of the Honomu sugar lands in relationship with the neighboring plantations. Water was diverted from several perennial streams including Pahaehae, Kolekole and Honomu (which bounds the subject parcel to the north) through a 9-mile long network of flumes to the fields which grew several varieties of cane including". . .Yellow Caledonia with a little Rose Bamboo and a small amount of different varieties sent from the Planters' Experiment Station" and crop yields were further supplemented by nearby homestead growers who dedicated approximately 400 additional acres of land to cane cultivation for the company (Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition 1909). Figure 23, a 1932 Honomu Sugar Company Title Map, also shows the extent of the plantation's landholdings,which included fee simple(outlined in red)as well as leasehold lands(outlined in green).Uncontrolled lands(outlined yellow)are also indicated on the map.As depicted in Figure 23,the majority of the current project area was owned and operated as fee simple land by the Honomu Sugar Company, however a small portion of the project areas northwestern corner falls within uncontrolled lands. This section is likely associated with the Hawaii Consolidated Railway company, and incorporates the Honomu/Malamalamaiki Gulch banks. Pool*" ' 1 •1: i Soo.) • • Figure 20.A 1929 aerial photograph of the Honomu Sugar Company Mill and surrounding area. 24 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background i+ U a W e i p i n I� `tip �� •� �N ;N 14 -�-Mx 1 �. • As Fi .\. ti 1 0 05 Kilometers L]Approximate project area location • Figure 21.A portion of a 1915 U.S.G.S. Honomn Quadrangle showing the current subject parcel. .OA Y- tiE a 9 �g: e M ,` vl t9 bi' r 3� � 'f-• �l2� , s ra � •siol�s �� ep 3 W, � Z k�! �o '�, "t o •ice \.. ,' Ji" o '� C• i 3asi.Ep 1 'ti ::� P�Pr E fn y • rax, ___ t°%�y H AWA I SlJ:i _i!7 pF5ei3e k.efTv� �J6pApproximate project area location 71 HIL-C) r "�- ',,;lr ' •�,. �-.iv- � ops i�Ie�'r�s ! Op SCALE PF MiLE3 4a 4 Peprekm w.-g: � ems- P�t.!�KCCY $IJGP Re. Figure 22.HTS/HSS Plat Map No. 0799 dated 1922 showing the extent of the Honomn Sugar Co. lands AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 25 2.Background + ' i6dfO' HIS 1Ca. r M.�v.meGe:/I3•s�bpr.r. ! R. P.GR /✓r�J Con/ra//ed. ""'\ f` _HJ:C awrM //R P2 Ac i 3O•WAc. Nati- B.P.B/SNO E.rr. - j } A �� lAvmft �,,,, /3.5T . ,9wne Cbnliv//edJ. /6'Acres Vona o Ca L N.0 y y� + rPLf./"fAe. l.. 0 f .." Not Lbnhalkd _ OF 6R.tnr/357 l � f 200 ¢u F l.i�fiC�ilyey d ^ r Ef /•13AF. _ ly3z H1.{ONOMU SUGYR CO9 FEE SIMPLE. A�LREA 2�3$p•6O/Gca 1/ •OrvOMu SUGAR COa LrA . Ups [ FIRCA 3 '�rl T REA ONTRG�{Cp 3 9O6�i� `rVl1VVF.Vi1l///J11``1I�'F1 _ Ln rvoT CraN ----. AR•cn ,iv•as HeRla Tcrn�, .ip Figure 23.A portion of a 1932 Honomn Sugar Company Title Map with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. An accompanying 1932 Field Map of the Honomn Sugar Company(Figure 24)indicates that the current subject parcel and the lands immediately surrounding it were incorporated as part of"Field 3" of the plantation. Field 3 extended mauka from the coastline to the old Mamalahoa Highway, totaled 44.8 acres, of which 37.45 acres were owned and operated by the plantation. As depicted in Figure 24, the level tableland within the project area was cultivated in"plantation cane"by the Honomn Sugar Company,whereas 1.25 acres of the project area was cultivated in"Pali Planters cane" (shaded orange). This included 0.70 acres of the parcel's rocky coastline (labeled#84), and 0.55 acres of the steep,Malamalamaiki Gulch bank(labeled#82).The steep gulch banks and rocky coastal cliff edges in the South Hilo district made it difficult for the plantation companies' machinery to operate,therefore,independent contractors were hired to manually clear and cultivate cane in these marginal zones. The"Pali Planters" (gulch-side planters)were once such group contracted by the Honomn Sugar Company to clear and cultivate cane in these areas. By 1935,Pali Planters as well as other independent contracts,became"adherent planters"to the sugar cane companies under the Agricultural Adjustment Act(Lands 1948).Also depicted in Figure 23 is the Hawaii Consolidated Railway route,as well as a permanent flume(labeled"flume")extending through the makai portion of the subject parcel before crossing the Malamalamaiki Gulch. 26 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background ca0YVn11AEAT 9e�r �twv. – L•6 MILCs. !Jv ( fI r �,. ,• �1- a P>•r+.M.7mion E3w¢a�- .14-5 M¢Fe. P R cnr Fwpes. 23-Mi.eA. .•�• - '` •'wH,y v W�. Fu1Me WA MTcnee. E•b Miren, .».'s.. �., F ,�` WATLR 8-M4na.— •—�•---4'5 AA%—. yti y ter,.. 1.4 Mons. F•-e MMn --._ �–._ 6b Miva '� i `� sa•8 A. 1.X Tem rnan.M- Z-1 s Ihxin Cnr.•w. Rw u.•.w. L•1 M.ea r e ee:.lf® is ;•: 4o F hod® JKL 8 xa•15Ae, �� a46oAn. - � R.In:6 f,rr,r .. w.1 r ,Sa is a r. m n., ✓ c,' eze (NCELD es;A.. r/I4 ' .m..- �f i- j eNru. M1'iu is"!Ac. sio h. e :\ (apse, ,m.k. �f .� e _JAl s ,< sT se-.A.. or�izr . 'J1T II WZ 31¢nl, l4.l0Au ,pe r. hFi .7' 6a�na..Riea ac R..r.noe QR., - I ARBA z.7z1...Acnes. so�naAa,e,e.P.i FU-T-1. L _ Anew 54:.47 Ac SOUTH o R�[�U. IFd 6ovnvw¢kes ar Oursve Rs�e1s C n[,[ An.A lose¢ Access. Tor 6 CA.,.AneA J s Figure 24.A portion of a 1932 Honomu Sugar Company Field Map with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. By 1941,Honomu Sugar Company held 3,027 acres of cane land,and production had reached 10,407 tons(Hitch 1992),but in years following World War II left an indelible mark on the company as it fell under duress due to wage increases and labor scarcity. A pattern of cane field acquisition emerged in the following years in an effort to boost cultivatable acreage and thereby ensure sustainable profitability for the big players in the industry, and in 1946, C. Brewer & Co. acquired controlling interest in Honomu Sugar Company and merged it into the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). Nearly two decades later in 1962, Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company fused with Hakalau Plantation,and in 1973 Hakalau consolidated into Mauna Kea Sugar Company,a non-profit corporation that now held Hakalau in addition to the Honomu, Pepe`ekeo, Onomea, and Hilo Sugar companies (ibid.). Mauna Kea Sugar Company, which eventually became Mauna Kea Agribusiness, became the third largest in acreage (13,000 acres)on Hawaii Island. It continued to operate until 1994 when it phased out sugar production and closed its doors forever, marking the end of commercial sugarcane production in the Hilo area(ibid.). The rise and fall of the sugar industry were closely intertwined with the development of rail transportation in the district. Hawaii Consolidated Railroad Company 1901-1946 Railroad construction was one of the most important elements of governmental and private sector planning following the Treaty of Reciprocity, as crops and product were still being transported by beast and cart(Dorrance and Morgan 2000). On the Island of Hawaii,the first major line to be constructed was in North Kohala District, which operated as the Hawaiian Railroad Company. The North Kohala line, however,was envisioned as only the first step toward a much larger system connecting the cane fields of Kohala,Hamakua, and Hilo with Hilo Harbor, the only protected deep-water port on the island. Beginning in 1899, railroad lines began transporting sugar to the harbor for marine transport,thus Hilo became an important shipping and railroad hub. Lorrin A. Thurston, who according to Thrum had "been connected with the enterprise from its initiation" (Thurston 1913),wrote an article upon the completion of the railroad from Hilo to Pa`auilo,Hamakua in May of 1913 entitled"Railroading in Hilo" which was published in Thrum's Hawaiian Annual and Almanac for 1914. Thurston reported that the Hilo Railroad Company(HRC)initiated the railroad endeavor in 1899 from Waiakea south to `Ola`a and onwards to Kapoho. The initial distance of twenty-five miles of track was completed by April 1901. Later that same year,the track was extended along the waterfront of Hilo to the Wailuku River,at the foot of Waianuenue Street" AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 27 2.Background (ibid.:143). In 1903,HRC constructed a wharf at Waiakea and completed a branch line connecting it to the waterfront line. The commercial sugar industty provided most of the cargo transported by HRC, but suffered a sharp decline between the years of 1904-1907, which caused a halt of development in Hilo (Thurston 1913). In response, HRC worked with `Ola`a Sugar Company to send a representative to Washington D.C. in 1907 to secure funding for the construction of a breakwater that would allow Hilo Bay to accommodate larger ocean-going vessels. Construction on the breakwater began in 1908 and was still ongoing at the time of Thurston's writing(ca. 1914);the breakwater was finally completed in 1929. In exchange for construction of a breakwater in Hilo Bay,the Hilo Railroad was required to build a new wharf, a one-mile rail extension from Waiakea, and a 50-mile rail extension north to Honoka`a Mill (the Hamakua Division). The funding of the breakwater by HRC resulted in the extension of the railroad through the populated section north of Hilo all the way to Hakalau and Hamakua(Figure 25): When the breakwater project was pending before Congress, opposition was made to the appropriation on account of the limited commerce then being transacted through Hilo harbor. Assurances were thereupon made by the Hilo Railroad Company, that if the breakwater were constructed, a railroad would be built into the country north of Hilo and suitable wharf facilities provided under the lee of the breakwater. Such assurances had a material effect in securing the appropriation. (ibid.:145) Kok �:l V..aW� 1 11 +Y•V �' 1 1' ] yX i AY ' Appmxima[c lacadon fir. �.•' of prajcc[arca may 0�PAri1 of THE ISLANP of NAW ' os SHOWING THE LNES OF THE ��' t HAWAII CM50LIVATEP f�ILWAY• NovaMasR�y. w.1� Figure 25.Hawaii Consolidated Railway Map of rail system as of November 1923 (Annual Report 1926). The extension to Honoka`a would finally connect the sugar mills of South Hilo,North Hilo, and Hamakua with Hilo's protected harbor. Between June 1909 and December 24, 1911, HRC built 12.7 miles of rail extending from Hilo to Hakalau Mill,crossing many deep gulches and valleys, including the current study area,along its route. This was followed by the construction of an additional 21 miles of rail that connected Hakalau with Pa`auilo to the north, which covered a total distance from Hilo of roughly 34 miles and was known as the"Hamakua Division'(ibid.:146).The railroad can be seen crossing through western portion of the subject parcel as early as 1915 (see Figure 21). Thurston defined the objective of the Hamakua Division thusly: The principal object of the extension is to give adequate transportation facilities between Hilo and the fertile and well-settled territory extending for 50 miles north of the town of Hilo,and averaging three to four miles in width. This district produces nearly one-fourth of the entire output of sugar of the Territory and is,including the town,the home of over 30,000 people.The only means of access to this section has heretofore been by wagon road,almost impassable in rainy weather,and by derrick and cable landings over bluffs rising from 50 to 300 feet sheer from blue ocean.There are no harbors.(ibid.:147) 28 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background Thurston described the scenery afforded to passengers who traveled on the Hamakua Division as follows: Incidentally, the road has opened up one of the most remarkable, unique and spectacular scenic routes to be found in any part of the world.It may appear impossible for a railroad to run through a thickly-settled, highly-cultivated country and yet be noted for spectacular scenery. The paradox is explained by the fact that the district lies along the base and on the steep slope of Mauna Kea, the highest mountain in the Pacific. . . The combination of steep grade and heavy rainfall has resulted in excessive erosion,the mountain side being seamed at frequent intervals with deep gulches, in which the streams form innumerable cataracts and waterfalls. . . Some conception of the rugged character of the country can be gained from the fact that in less than 34 miles,there are 211 water openings under the railroad track,ranging from a concrete culvert to steel bridges up to 1006 feet in length and 230 feet high. . . (ibid.147-149) The environs of the current study area were described by John W. Bains in an article entitled "Around About Hilo"that was published in a January 1913 edition of the Mid-Pacific Magazine: Mile upon mile of sugarcane fields stretch away on both sides of the line, insistent evidence of the magnitude of Hawaii's most valued product. The quaint and unique method of conveying the cane from the uttermost borders of the fields to the very jaws of the mill rollers by the means of water flumes is to be seen at various points along the line. (Bain 1913:356-357) Ultimately, the cost of the Hamakua Division ruined HRC and as a result, they were forced to sell out and reorganize under the name Hawaii Consolidated Railway(HCR)in 1916. In 1920,HCR attempted to capture a larger piece of the growing tourist business with its adventurous scenic route tour dubbed the"Scenic Express." HCR had long offered service to Glenwood for tourists visiting Kilauea, but motorbuses now dominated this route. The Hamakua Coast, by contrast, was not easily accessible by automobile. HCR was therefore able to run passenger coaches profitably along the Hamakua Division with stops at scenic points.Passenger business declined precipitously in the early decades of the twentieth century,and the rise of the automobile was a harbinger for the railroad. In 1920, 607,220 passengers were carried. In 1930,the number dropped to just 77,894 and continued as the years progressed, with passenger counts dropping as low as 16,681 in 1936 (Best 1978:145-146). As a result,the remaining passenger cars were converted for other uses, and the little passenger traffic which persisted was hauled on custom-built railbuses. In the years following railway passenger-ship progressively dropped,but with the onset of World War II usage spiked significantly due to war-time gas rationing and the dramatic influx of servicemen. By 1943 passenger totals had rebounded profoundly to 103,635 but inevitably,the popularity of automobiles began to take a toll on the railroad's industrial customers. As roadways were improved and gasoline prices dropped, simple economics favored trucking over trains.Ironically,just as rail transportation was in the throes of decline,HCR was by 1945 almost out of debt for the first time since its inception. The great tsunami of 1946,however,would soon seal its fate. The Tsunami of April 1, 1946 On April 1, 1946, a tsunami triggered by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands slammed into the north facing shores of Hawaii Island, dealing a fatal blow to the already struggling HCR. Tracks around the waterfront were entirely washed out and the Hilo Station was wrecked.An entire span of the Wailuku Bridge was torn out and washed out river and"twelve miles north of Hilo,the railroad bridge at the mouth of the Kolekole Stream lost its center span" from a massive inundation of water that reached heights of 37 feet in Kolekole and neighboring Hakalau Gulch(Klein et al. 1985;NIKE and Fung 2013:E8). With the Hamakua Division officially defunct, Hawaii Consolidated Railway offered its right-of-way,bridges, and tunnels to the territorial division of highways and Hawaii County supervisors. In a bold act of short-sightedness, both agencies refused.Un-phased,Hawaii Consolidated liquidated its assets on December 26,1946.The entire railroad was sold to Gilmore Steel& Supply Co. of San Francisco for a mere $81,000. Most of the bridges were dismantled and the rails were pulled up along the length of the Hamakua Division. Together with the remaining rolling stock, they were shipped to California as scrap metal. In the midst of the disassembly, the Division of Highways belatedly decided that Route 19 needed to be relocated and improved.It purchased the remaining bridges,plus some that were awaiting shipment in Hilo,for$302,723.53. Steel from the dismantled railroad bridges was used to widen the standing bridges for their new roles as highways. In Hilo, the damaged docks and track were repaired and rail service was continued to Olaa Sugar under lease from Gilmore Steel& Supply Co. Product was transported by train from Olaa AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 29 2.Background Sugar until December of 1948,at which time the line was permanently closed. All remaining assets were sold to The Independent Ironworks of Oakland for scrap. Following the April 1, 1946 tsunami, the sugar industry persisted in the South Hilo District until 1994. The railroad bridges from Hilo to Hakalau that were destroyed by the 1946 tsunami,were rebuilt and reopened for vehicular travel along the Hawaii Belt Road in 1950(which replaced the old Mamalahoa Highway),and remains in use to this day. A 1954 U.S.G.S. aerial image of the project area(Figure 26)which depicts the majority of the parcel cultivated in sugar cane,shows both the newly created Hawaii Belt Road(the Mamalahoa Highway)as well as the former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad (Site 24212) along the western boundary of the subject parcel. A portion of a former flume route (seen as a large cut in the terrain)is also shown crossing through the makai portion of the parcel, before descending down into the gulch. This cut is no longer visible in a 1977 U.S.G.S. aerial image of the property (Figure 27),however the parcel is still shown to be cultivated in sugar cane at this time. Also depicted in Figure 25 is a loop road,a portion of which extends into the project area. The dismantling of the railroad in 1946-1947 led to the development of additional plantation roads.The loop road that can be seen in the 1977 aerial image of the parcel is a portion of one such road. This road,which is also visible on a 1966 U.S.G.S.Papaikou quadrangle(Figure 28),was likely originally constructed as a cane haul road to provide vehicular access the Honomu plantations surrounding cane fields. The current easement that provides access to the project area as well as the neighboring parcel to the south follows this roads trajectory. 4 Flume .f F Railroad ❑ Project area Figure 26.A 1954 U.S.G.S. aerial image with the approximate location of the current study area outined in red. 30 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background .01 # i'y�• \ ,'fit•`,. �•R r f.Fr 0 100. 200 '- M M.t— ProleCt�fe❑- Figure 27.A 1977 U.S.G.S. aerial image with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. s� J -Lehuawehi Point N a 41 +a 2z• ,,, r • '; 'y. OMIJ .'•••` . ,fit r�� '�. •\ " Kohola Point yam` /% j �" .P i � ,'' \ rr �•i r�r � o II "i et area Figure 28.A portion of a 1966 U.S.G.S.Papaikou Quadrangle with the approximate location of the current study area outlined in red. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 31 2.Background PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES A search of archaeological reports on file at the DLNR-SHPD revealed that there have been no previous archaeological studies conducted specifically within the subject parcel. However, several previous studies have been conducted in the vicinity of the study area at similar elevations in the neighboring ahupua`a within the South Hilo district. These studies have included the lands of Hakalau Nui, Hakalau Iki, Wailea, Kaiwiki 3, and Kuhua. The most relevant of these studies are discussed below and presented in Table 2 and Figure 29. Among the earliest archaeological work to be done in East Hawaii was that of the early twentieth century heiau researchers Thrum and Stokes(Stokes and Dye 1991;Thrum 1908).No heiau were identified in the current study area or within the larger region spanning between Honomu and Hakalau. During the early 1930s, A.E. Hudson (Hudson 1932),working under the aegis of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,also conducted archaeological investigations in East Hawaii.He found little in the region surrounding the current area of study,although he did note the presence of a roughly .25-mile square area of kalo terraces north of the study area in the upper part of Hakalau Gulch(Hudson in Maly 1994). Walker and Rosendahl (Walker and Rosendahl 1994a, 1994b) conducted an AIS of approximately 595 acres of land within TMKs: (3) 2-9-002 and 004 located north of the current study area within Hakalau Nui Ahupua`a(see Figure 29). The study area was situated between the Hawaii Belt Road and the 1,500-foot elevation mark on the northern side of Hakalau Gulch. An initial, low-level aerial (helicopter) survey was conducted over some of the uncultivated portions of the study area. Other uncultivated areas were investigated using"variable-coverage (partial to 100%)variable-intensity ground survey"(Walker and Rosendahl 1994b:2).As a result of the survey,it was evident that the study area had been extensively modified during Historic times for commercial sugar cultivation. As a result of this,no archaeological sites were identified. In 1998, an archaeological survey was undertaken in support of an Environmental Assessment (EA) for the seismic retrofitting of Kolekole Bridge by Cultural Surveys Hawaii,Inc. (Hammatt and Colin 1998)(see Figure 29). The survey area included "the slopes of Kolekole Gulch under and surrounding the Kolekole Bridge and approximately 100.0 feet of the slopes mauka and makai of the bridge" as well as"any access route to the gulch or other areas which would be used during construction of the bridge improvements" (Hammatt and Colin 1998:i and 1). As a result of that study, square footings from the pre-1946 Kolekole Bridge were noted outside the study area and a cylindrical cement footing was observed in the middle of Kolekole Stream.No other cultural remains were observed. In 2001, (PHRI) (Rosendahl 2001a, 200 lb) conducted a study of two former Historic cemeteries located within TMKs: (3) 2-9-002:001 (por.) and :083 (por.) (identified as Lots 5 and 10 of the Hakalau Estates Subdivision, respectively),both of which are located to the northwest of the current study area along the coastal bluffs(see Figure 29). With respect to Lot 5, Rosendahl (2001a) sought to determine the status of the cemetery and identify potential impacts that would be caused by the sale of the property. As a result of the study,the cemetery was identified as an informal, plantation-era cemetery associated with the Hakalau Jodo Mission (locally referred to as the "Japanese Cemetery"). The cemetery was primarily utilized during the first third of the twentieth century and may have held approximately 200 individuals. All of the graves were disinterred with a backhoe in the early 1970s by Homelani Memorial Park staff and were reinterred in that cemetery.Most of the individual internments consisted of deteriorated wooden coffins and skeletal remains. The grave monuments were generally reburied in the excavated pits after the remains were removed. The study for Lot 10 was conducted in two stages; preliminary research and subsequent field inspection. The purpose of the study conducted by Rosendahl (2001b) was to confirm the boundaries of what is referred to as the "Catholic Cemetery." The initial research conducted for the study included oral history consultation with local informants familiar with the area. As a result of the study, Rosendahl (2001b) concluded that the cemetery was an informal plantation-era cemetery with an overall total area estimated between 1 to 2 acres and held possibly 200 to as much as 250 internments of individuals of several ethnicities (Filipino,Portuguese,Puerto Rican), all of whom were likely mainly plantation employees and/or family members of the Catholic faith. They found that the cemetery was primarily utilized during the first half of the twentieth century,and,while a few of the graves were disinterred in the late 1970s by individual families; most of the graves remain in their original place. Some of the graves within the cemetery probably date to the end of the nineteenth century or early twentieth century. Rechtman Consulting,LLC(Desilets et al. 2004)conducted an AIS and limited cultural assessment of three land parcels comprising 4.5 acres (TMK: (3)2-9-003, 013, 029, and 060)to the north of the current study area in Wailea Ahupua`a(see Figure 29). A systematic survey of the study area(TMKs: (3) 2-9-003:013, 029, 060) produced no evidence of traditional Hawaiian remains or evidence that the area was currently being accessed for the exercise of traditional and/or customary practices. A single Historic era site (Site 24212)with two associated features (Features 32 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background 1 and 2)was recorded as a result of the study. This site consisted of two features situated in the northwestern portion of the study area that were interpreted as being associated with the Hamakua Division of Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway. Feature 1 consisted of a possible 10 to 15-meter long and 4-meter wide section of the former Hawaii Consolidated Railway railroad grade section of railroad grade. Feature 2 consisted of a railroad trestle abutment that formerly crossed Kaahakini Gulch. Site 24212 was actively utilized by the railroad between 1911 to 1946, and primarily served to facilitate the transport of raw sugar from the many mills along the Hilo and Hamakua Coasts to the harbor at Hilo Bay. In later years,they also served the secondary function of facilitating tourism. PHRI (Rosendahl 2009) conducted an AIS and Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) for an 8.7-acre property in Hakalau(TMKs: (3)2-9-002:079 and 08 1)situated along the coastal bluffs to the north of the current study area(see Figure 29). The purpose of the study was to determine the general nature, extent, and potential significance of any archaeological-historical remains present,the historic preservation implications of any such remains for the feasibility of proposed residential development, and the general scope of work and level of effort for any subsequent archaeological-historic preservation work that might be needed. As a result of the fieldwork,two archaeological sites were identified: Site 26591,which consists of two warehouses(Features A and B)and associated foundation remnants (Features C thru I);and Site 26592,the site of the former Japanese/Korean cemetery(previously documented by PHRI (2001)but never assigned an SIHP number). Site 26591 was assessed as significant under Criteria a,c,and d,and Site 26592 was assessed for significance under Criteria d and e. With respect to Site 26591 Features A and B,Rosendahl (2009) recommended preservation with interpretive development and suggested renovation, and data recovery was the recommended treatment for Site 26592. In 2011,Scientific Consultant Services,Inc. (Escott 2011)conducted an archaeological assessment(AA)of a 3.5- acre parcel in the ahupua`a of Kaiwiki 3,north of the current study area along the northern bank of Kolekole Stream (see Figure 29).No archaeological resources were identified as a result of the study. Hann and Henry(2014)conducted an AIS of a 2.332-acre parcel(TMK: (3)2-9-002:083)within the ahupua`a of Hakalau Nui to the north of the current study area(see Figure 29). A portion of this parcel was also investigated by Rosendahl (2001). As a result of the study, Harm and Henry (2014) identified the remnants of a plantation hospital (Site 30085), a concrete culvert that extended over a ditch (Site 30086) and the former location of the Japanese cemetery (Site 30087)previously documented during the Rosendahl(2001) study that existed within the project area prior to reinternment. Preservation was the recommended treatment for the cemetery location(Site 30087) and no further work was recommended for Sites 30085 and 30086. In 2019, ASM Affiliates conducted an Archaeological Assessement of a 5.497-acre parcel (TMK: (3) 2-8- 015:015)for improvements to the County of Hawai`i's Kolekole Gulch Park in Kuhua Ahupua`a,north of the current project area(Glennon et al.2019).No archaeological resources were identified within Kolekole Park as a result of the study. Glennon et al (2019) determined that although the park was established in 1938, and has been an important recreation area for this portion of the South Hilo coastline,the existing structures bear no known direct association to ongoing cultural practices, traditional beliefs, events, or oral history of native Hawaiians or other ethnic groups. As such, the existing pavilions were not considered significant under any of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places (HRHP) significance criteria,and therefore no SIHP Site numbers were assigned to them. subsurface archaeological resources are unlikely to be encountered in the areas proposed for park rehabilitation Table 2. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. Year Author(s) Type of Study Ahupua`a 1994a Walker and Rosendahl AIS Hakalau Nui 1994b Walker and Rosendahl AIS Hakalau Nui 1998 Hammatt and Colin Archaeological Survey Kahua 2001 Rosendahl AIS 2004 Desilets AIS Wailea 2009 Rosendahl AIS and CIA Hakalau 2011 Escott AA Kaiwiki 3 2014 Hann and Henry AIS Hakalau Nui 2019 Glennon et. al. AA Kahua AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 33 2.Background N 1 Area of detail U 100 21)0 mmmmr=Km i r Project area Reference Desilets at al.2004 EM Escott 2011 Glennon et al.2019 1 lammatt&Collin 1998 Uammatt&Uyeoka 2007 liaun&Henry 2014 _ Rosendah12OO1 Rosendah12OO2 Rosendah12OO9 Walker&Rosendahl 1994 a:b 0 400 Soo Meters - - r E E r i• E it U-y® r (rF0 I I '%qIpMj7I"rlMIM Mi Figure 29.Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the current study area. 34 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawa`i 3. Study Area Expectations 3. STUDY AREA EXPECTATIONS Based on a review of the previous archaeological research, historical documentary research, and settlement patterns for the coastal South Hilo District, a set of archaeological expectations for the current project area are presented. Historical data indicate that the general area was part of the heavily exploited traditional Hawaiian kula lands.For the last 100 years,however,the area has been utilized for sugarcane cultivation and associated transportation.It is likely that these Historic era modifications have largely destroyed any traditional Hawaiian features that may have been present in the project area. The extreme coastal fringe along the eastern boundary of the parcel, as well as the edges of the Malamalamiki Gulch/Honomu Stream Gulch along the northern boundary of the property may have been less affected by these disturbances.The northern gulch edge,however,is very steep-sided and descends directly to a rocky streambed and a small rocky beach. The terrain in this area is not a well-suited place for traditional Hawaiian cultivation or habitation. The small rocky beach located at the base of the gulch(outside of the project area),however, would have been an opportunistic area for fishing and gathering of marine resources. Based on historic maps depicting the current study parcel,it is expected that remnants of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad bed (Site 24212)will be found along the project area's western boundary. These maps also depict a flume crossing the parcel,leading into the gulch.Remnants of this flume are also expected to be found along the gulch edge and possibly within the central portion of the project area. Other remnants of Historic sugarcane infrastructure may also be found within the property. These remains may be concentrated in the central portions of the project area, or near the former flume route and railroad bed.Traditional Hawaiian agricultural and habitation features are unlikely to have survived historic disturbance from sugarcane cultivation.If present,they may include stone-constructed mounds, terraces, agriculture related features, or walls. These would likely be found in the vicinity of the lesser-impacted southern and eastern boundaries of the project area. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 35 4.Fieldwork 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on August 13th and 24u', 2020, by Jonny Dudoit, B.A., Genevieve Glennon,B.A., Gabriela Edwards,B.A., and Tim Scheffler Ph.D.,under the direct supervision of Matthew R. Clark, M.A. (Principal Investigator). A total of 28 labor hours were expended to complete the inventory survey fieldwork. FIELD METHODS Fieldwork consisted of an intensive (100%coverage) pedestrian survey of the entire project area. The survey crew walked systematic northwest-southeast(cross-slope)transects across the entire project area with fieldworkers spaced no more than 10 meters apart. The rocky coastal cliff as well as the steep edge of the Mlamalamaiki Gulch were subject to a particularly thorough investigation, as these areas were less likely to have been impacted by activities associated with sugarcane cultivation. While the vegetation cover was thick throughout most of the project area, for the most part ground visibility was suitable for identifying any cultural features that may have been present. Upon completion of the pedestrian survey,the survey crew returned to each potential feature to clear vegetation and examine them more thoroughly.Those features determined to be historic properties were then photographed(both with and without a meter stick for scale), and described using standardized feature record forms. Each feature was assigned a temporary site number sequentially as it was recorded(T-1,T-2,T-3,etc.),and a more precise location for each of the recorded features was collected using a handheld tablet computer running ESRI's Collector application connected to an EOS Arrow 100 GNSS receiver with sub-meter accuracy (set to the UTM NAD 83 datum, Zone 5 North). Site boundaries were defined based upon the spatial arrangement the recorded features and the inferred associations between them. No subsurface testing was conducted during the inventory survey fieldwork as the only identified sites clearly date from the middle to late nineteenth century. FINDINGS As a result of the fieldwork for the current study,a portion of one previously recorded site(Site 50-10-26-24212)and one newly recorded site(Site 50-10-26-31238)were identified and documented. (Table 3). Site 24212 consists of the Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed, a portion of which extends near to the western boundary of the parcel. Site 31238 is the former route of a Historic permanent flume associated with the Honomu Sugar Company, which extends east to west near the northern boundary of the project area. The locations of these sites relative to the parcel boundary are presented in Figure 30. The sites are described in further detail below. Table 3.Archaeological sites recorded during the current study. SIHPSiteNumber Type Function Age 50-10-26-24212 Railroad bed Transportation 1901-1946 50-10-26-31238 Flume Agricultural 1890's 36 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork Honomn Stteain Pacific Ocean l (o) (-4.0) , �. 0) s, (-/6.0) f 1 Site 31238 (-6.0) �y Site 24212 ro Relatively level table land o VA. Malamalamaiki 2 A Malamalamaiki 1 O wed 0 25 50 Scale in meters (depths in meters) __--r Steep slope Project area boundaries Site 24212 Hawaii Consolidated Railway Bed 7_-1_L_T Site 31238 Ditch Figure 30. Site location map. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sc and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 37 4.Fieldwork Site 50-10-26-24212 Site 24212 consists of an approximately 82-meter-long section of the Hamakua Division of the Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed,which extends northwest to southeast through the current project area, near to the parcels western boundary, and roughly paralleling the Mamalahoa Highway. (see Figure 30). The railway was previously recorded to the north of the study area by (Desilets et al. 2004). The portion of Site 24212 within the project area is defined by a relatively deep, mechanically made cut excavated below the natural ground surface (Figure 31). The steep cut slopes, consisting of soil and rock, vary in depth from 3-8 meters, increasing in depth as the railbed approaches the Highway at its northwestern end. The average width of the cut(the bed of the railroad) measures 5 meters(Figure 32). The surface of the railbed is fairly level and consists of soil and some loose cobbles.No rails,ties or other railroad infrastructure were observed within the cut railroad corridor. The Hawaii Consolidated Railway's Hakalau Extension that linked Hilo with the Hakalau Mill began construction in 1908 and was finished in 1911.Historic maps as well as aerial images of the parcel depicts the railroad right-of-way crossing the western portion of the project area(see Figures 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, and 28). Given the historical information known about the Hamakua Division,the portion of the Site 24212 that crosses the project area was likely built sometime during the early nineteenth century, and the materials that were once used as part of the railroads infrastructure (e.g. railroad ties and rails)were disassembled and sold following the 1946 tsunami, and the creation of the Mamalahoa Highway in 1950. The southern end of railroad bed within the project area is filled in by soil and rock. This likely occurred during the construction of a cane haul road (the current easement for the subject parcel) sometime during the early 1960s. Overall, the railroad bed is heavily eroded and in poor condition, and the portion of the railroad bed that crosses the current study area essentially retains its integrity of location but little else. Soil from the cut slopes has deposited onto its surface altering its shape (Figure 33), and heavy vegetative growth including a grove of Alexander palms within the cut, has also impacted the site. This site is assessed as significant under Criteria a and d(see discussion below). vf' f �r �y 1 � 4 I s� 1 r - _ 111M I I Figure 31. Site 24212 Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed cut,view to the southeast. 38 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii _ _� ... �x .�° RR G ff `A `� a � � _� �`� ..sem- =' �F, �� - �S„� J�,ill 1 4.Fieldwork Site 50-10-26-31238 Site 31238 consists of a section of a cut earthen ditch situated along the southeastern edge of Malamalamaiki Gulch near the northern boundary of the project area(see Figure 30). This site is the former location of a permanent flume built by the Honomn Sugar Company. A roughly 41-meter long portion of the ditch is located within the project area. This section of Site 31238 consists of a V-shaped cut that extends west from the edge of a former sugarcane field down the steeply sloped edge of Malamalamaiki Gulch. The cut ranges from 3 meters wide at the base to 6 meters wide at the top, and is between 4 and 6 meters deep. The walls of the cut are formed of soil and bedrock. The ditch maintains a moderate grade along the steep contours of Malamalamaiki Gulch as it slopes downward to the west before exiting the northern boundary of the project area and continuing downslope into the gulch (Figure 34). The western end of Site 31238,beyond the boundary of the project area,has eroded from the edge of the cliff face and is no longer present(Figure 35). No evidence of the former flume route, which was likely formed of metal, concrete, and wood sections laid on the ground surface,was observed to the east of the Site 31238 cut within the project area.The cut was required to maintain the grade and flow of water through the flume as it carried sugarcane from the fields,within and to the east of the project area,west across Malamalamaiki Gulch to Honomn Mill. Based on historical information, Site 31238 was likely constructed sometime during the late 1890s,before the advent of the railroad,as part of an extensive network of flumes the Honomn Sugar Company employed for diverting water and transporting cane. The alignment of the Site 31238 flume appears on maps as early as early as 1915. It is shown on the 1915 U.S.G.S. Honomn quadrangle extending northwest across the makai portion of the project area before turning west(at the location of the cut),crossing Malamalamaiki Gulch,and continuing to the Honomn Sugar Mill (Figure 21). Later Honomn Sugar Company title and field maps prepared in 1932 (Figures 23 and 24)indicate that the flume originated at Kapehu Gulch (southeast of the project area) and passed through various cane fields, including Field#3 within the current project area,for a distance of roughly two miles before reaching Honomn Mill. The alignment of Site 31238 is clearly visible on a U.S.G.S. aerial photograph taken in 1954 (Figure 26),but can no longer be seen in a 1977 aerial image(see Figure 27),indicating that is was removed sometime after 1954. Currently, the ditch cut is overgrown with hala,ironwood,and gunpowder trees,and is in poor condition. With the exception of modern debris consisting of a refrigerator and an aluminum beer can,no cultural material potentially associated with the site was observed. This section of Site 31238 is highly eroded,and the infrastructural elements that were formally associated with the flume are no longer present. Therefore,the site retains its integrity of location as the former route of a flume,but little else. This site is assessed as significant under Criteria a and d(see discussion below). r / .rl 1 Figure 34. Site 31238 ditch,V-shaped cut located at the ditch's eastern end,view to the northwest. 40 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii .�._, -1 � "� ;1: � ,, �� - i � 3�- � ,fit, • rA jA. I � ? _ i AIS of HolcombSouth Hilo, 5. Significance Evaluations and Treatment Recommendations 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS The recorded archaeological site is assessed for its significance based on criteria established and promoted by the DLNR-SHPD and contained in the Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-284-6. For a resource to be considered significant it must possess integrity of location,design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; b Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; c Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master;or possess high artistic value; d Have yielded,or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history; e Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. The significance and recommended treatment for the two recorded sites is presented in Table 4 and discussed below. Table 4. Site significance and treatment recommendation. Site# Site Type Temporal Affiliation Significance Recommended Treatment 50-10-26-24212 Hilo Railroad- 1908-1946 a,d No further work Hawai`i Consolidated Railway bed 50-10-26-31238 Flume 1890-mid 1900s a,d No further work SITE 50-10-26-24212 Site 24212, the railroad bed, is considered historically significant under Criteria a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane) during the early twentieth century, which dominated Hawai`i's economy until the late twentieth century. The railbed cut is highly eroded, and no other infrastructural elements associated with the railroad were observed. Additionally,the site is also considered significant under Criterion d,as it has also yielded locational information concerning the evolution of the infrastructural components of the plantation, especially as it relates to changes in transportation networks and technology. The current study has adequately documented the portion of Site 24212 within the project area, and no further historic preservation work is recommended. SITE 50-10-26-31238 Site 31238,the former route of a permanent flume,is considered significant under Criterion a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane) in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and under Criterion d for information it yielded relative to the history of the development of commercial agriculture in South Hilo District, and with the evolution and implementation of infrastructural components associated with the Honomu plantation.The majority of the flume route that formally traversed the current study area has been destroyed,and only a small section of the former flume route is located within the project area. This section is highly eroded, and the structural elements that were formally associated with the flume are no longer present.No further historic preservation work is recommended. 42 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 6. Statement of Effect 6. STATEMENT OF EFFECT Given the above recommendations of no further historic preservation work for the two Historic Period sites documented within the current study area, the recommended determination of effect for the current project is "no historic properties affected." AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1 sl and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 43 References Cited REFERENCES CITED Bains,J. 1913 Around About Hilo. In The Mid-Pacific Magazine,pp. 356-357.vol. V. Alexander Hume Ford. Best, G. 1978 Railroads of Hawaii: Narrow and Standard Gauge Common Carriers. Golden West Books, San Marino, CA. Bird,1. 1974 Six Months in the Sandwich Islands. Charles E. Tuttle Co.,Inc.,Rutland,Vermont. Boundary Commission 1874a Reel#1,Boundary Commission Book Vol.B.Microfilm.Mo`okini Library,University of Hawai'i at Hilo.Hawaiian Reference Collection. 1874b Reels#1 and 2,Boundary Commission Book Vol.D No.5.Microfilm.Mo`okini Library,University of Hawai'i at Hilo.Hawaiian Reference Collection. Chinen,J. J. 1958 The GreatMahele:Hawaii ' s Land Division of 1848.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. 1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published. Coan,T. 1882 Life in Hawaii:An Autobiographic Sketch ofMission Life and Labors 1835-1881. Randolph,New York. Desilets,M.,A.Kasberg,and R.B.Rechtman 2004 Archaeological and Limited Cultural Assessment of TMKs: 3-2-9-03: 13, 29, and 60, Wailea Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting, LLC Report RC-0247. Prepared for McCully Works,Inc.,Hilo,Hawaii. Dorrance,W.,and F.Morgan 2000 Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. Ellis,W. 2004 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of a Tour of Hawaii, or Owhyee; with remarks on the History, Traditions,Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands.Advertiser Publishing Co.,Ltd.,Honolulu. Escott, G. 2011 An ArchaeologicalAssessmentof3.5AcresAlong the Kolekole Stream in Kaiwiki 3Ahupua'a,South Hilo District, Hawaii [TMK: (3) 2-9-03:003]. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc. Prepared for Douglas B. Goehring&Dawn Goehring. Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition 1909 Honomu Sugar Company.Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition [Honolulu].25 March: 30. Garavoy,J. 2005 "Ua koe ke kuleana o na kanaka" (Reserving the rights of Native Tenants): Integrating Kuleana Rights And Land Trust Priorities in Hawaii.Harvard Environmental Law 29:523-571. Giambelluca,T.W.,Q. Chen,A. G.Frazier,J.P.Price,Y.-L. Chen,et al. 2013 Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94(3):313-316. Glennon, G.,L.M.U.Kepa `a,and M.R. Clark 2019 An Archaeological Assessment for the County of Hawaii's Kolekole Gulch Park Accessibility Improvements Project, TMK: (3) 2-8-015:015, Kuhua Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai'i. ASM Affiliates Project Number 31480.Prepared for Geometrician Associates,LLC,Hilo, HI. 44 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii References Cited Hammatt,H.H.,and B. Colin 1998 Archaeological Assessment for Seismic Retrofitting for the Kolekole Stream Bridge Wailea, South Hilo District, Hawaii Island. Prepared for Cultural Surveys Hawaii Prepared For Engineering Concepts,Inc. Handy,E. S. C.,and E. G.Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Handy,E. S. C.,E. G.Handy,and M.K.Pukui 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Haun,A.E.,and D.Henry 2014 Archaeological Inventory Survey TMX: (3) 2-9-02:083 Hakalau Nui Ahupuaa, South Hilo District, Island ofHawaii. Harm&Associates 1035-041514. Prepared for Chad and Jennifer Walker,Pearl City,HI. Hitch,T. 1992 Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, & Future of Hawaii ' s Economy. First Hawaiian Bank, Honolulu. Hudson,A. 1932 The Archaeology of East Hawaii. Bernice P Bishop Museum. Kalakaua,L.D. 1888 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. The Fables and Folk-Lore of a Strange People. Charles L. Webster&Company,New York. King,R. n.d. Hawaiian Land Titles. n.d. Electronic document, https://ags.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads, accessed May 15,2020. Klein,G.,M.Koob,and D.Lee 1985 Load Capacity and Service Life Study of Hamakua Coast Steel Trestle Bridges. HI-HWY-82-1. Prepared for State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Highways Division-Design Branch, Honolulu. Kuykendall,R. 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854. Foundation and Transformation, vol. 1. 3 vols. University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu. Kuykendall,R.,and A. G.Day 1976 Hawaii:A History; From Polynesian Kingdom to American Statehood. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey. Lands,U. S. C. o.P. 1948 Statehood for Hawaii Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Territories and Insular Affairs of the Committee on Public Lands U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. Lane,J. C. (editor) 1890 Directory and Hand-Book of the Kindgom of Hawaii. The Pacific Press Publishing Company, Oakland, CA. Lila,M. 1872 He moa no Miss Kaiewe, ka Hiapo a B. Kuhea. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 17 February: 3. Electronic document,https://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 45 References Cited Lyman, C. 1925 Around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands and California, 1845-1850. Yale University Press,New Haven. Maly,K. 1994 Appendix A: Historical Documentary Research. In Archaeological Inventory Survey, Chin Chuck Road Project Area, Land of Hakalau Nui, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:2-9-02:23 and 2-9-04:56). edited by A. Walker and P. H. Rosendahl. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 1563- 111194.Prepared for Mr.Eben Dale, C.Brewer Homes,Inc. c/o PBR Hawaii,Hilo,Hawaii. 2002 The Mahele Aina (The Land Division) an Overview of Documentation Found in the Claims and Awards of the Mahele. Prepared for Kumu Porto Associates,LLC. Maly,K.,and O.Maly 2006 Hilo Paliku-Hilo of the Upright Cliffs:A study of Cultural-Historical Resources of Lands in the Laupahoehoe Forest Section,Ahupua'a of the Waipunalei-Mauluanui Region, North Hilo District, Island ofHawaii (TMK Overview Sheet 3-7-01). Kumu Porto Associates KPA Study HiHETFII6- Laupahoehoe (120506a). Prepared for United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service - Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry,Hilo. NIKE and Fung(M.K.E.Associates LLC and Fung Associates,Inc.) 2013 Hawaii State Historic Bridge Inventory And Evaluation. Prepared for State of Hawaii,Department of Transportation,Highway Division,Honolulu. Oliver,D. 1961 The Pacific Islands.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. PHRI(Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D. Inc.) 1991 Historical Research:Old GovernmentRoad,Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden ProjectArea,Land of Onomea, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:2-7-10:1,22). 1032-061791. Prepared for Ms. Sandra Schutte,Roehrig,Roehrig,Wilson,Hara, Schutte&DeSilva. Pukui,M.K., S.H.Elbert,and E.Mo`okini 1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Rosendahl,P.H. 2001a Archaeological-Historical Assessment, Lot 5-Hakalau Estates Subdivision, Land of Hakalau Nui, North Hilo District, Island ofHawaii (TMK:2-9-02: Por 1). Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph.D., Inc. 2174- 090101.Prepared for John Cross,Mauna Kea Agribuisnes Co.,Inc.,Papaikou,HI. 200 lb Archaeological-HistoricalAssessment,Lot 10 -Hakalau Estates Subdivision,Land ofHakalau Nui, North Hilo District,Island ofHawaii(TMK:3-2-9-02:Por.1). Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc. 2174- 092301.Prepared for Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company,Inc. 2009 Archaeological Inventory Survey and Cultural Impact Assessment, Hakalau Coastal Parcel. Land of Hakalau, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-2-9-79,81). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 2684-070908.Prepared for Jeffery Melrose,Island Planning. Sheldon,H.L. 1882 Reminisces of Honolulu. Saturday Day Press [Honolulu]. 9 December: 1,accessed 08/28/2020. Sherrod,D.,J. Sinton, S. Watkins,and K.Brunt 2007 Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2007-1089. Electronic document, hlW://pubs.us_s.gov/of/2007/1089, accessed Apr 27,2018. Soehren,L. 2005 A Catalog of Hawaii Place Names Compiled from the Records of the Boundary Commission and the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Title of the Kingdom of Hawaii.Part 1:Puna and Hilo. 2005.Electronic document,http://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?,accessed September 14,2016. 46 AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii References Cited Soil Survey Staff 2017 Web Soil Survey. United State Deparment ofAgriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service. Stokes,J.,and T. S.Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island ofHawai`i:A Historic Survey ofNative Hawaiian Temple Sites.Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Thrum,T. 1908 Heiaus and Heiau Sites Throughout the Hawaiian Islands. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1909,pp. 38-42. edited by T.Thrum. Thos. G. Thrum,Honolulu. Thurston,L. 1913 Railroading in Hilo. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1914. edited by T. Thrum. Thos. G. Thrum,Honolulu. Walker,A.,and P.H.Rosendahl 1994a Archaeological Inventory Survey, Chin Chuck Road ProjectArea,Land of Hakalau Nui,South Hilo District,Island of Hawaii (TMK:2-9-02:23 and 2-9-04:56). Paul H. Rosendahl,Ph. D., Inc. 2174- 092301.Prepared for Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company,Inc. 1994b Interim Report:Archaeological Inventory Survey, Chin Chuck Road ProjectArea,Land ofHakalau Nui, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i (TMK:2-9-02:23 and 2-9-04-:56). Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D.,Inc. 1563-102894.Prepared for Mr.Eben Dale, C.Brewer Homes,Inc. c/o PBR Hawaii. AIS of the the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd South Hilo,Hawaii 47 [This page intentionally left blank] Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 3 Cultural Impact Assessment [This page intentionally left blank] A Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Single-Family Development of the Holcomb Family Trust Parcel TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 Malamalamaiki Pt and 2nd Ahupua`a South Hilo District Island of Hawai i Prepared By: Halena Kapuni-Reynolds, M.A., and Lokelani Brandt, M.A. Prepared For: Carlsmith Ball, LLP 121 W aianuenue Ave. Hilo, HI 96720 October 2020 ASM 1= EMMMMU Archaeology•History•Anthropology•Architectural History Hilo Office:(808)969-6066 Fax:(808)443-0065 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-6087 ASM Project Number 35400.00 820 Mililani Street,Suite 700,Honolulu,H1 96813 A Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Single-Family Development of the Holcomb Family Trust Parcel TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 Malamalamaiki 1St and 2nd Ahupua`a South Hilo District Island of Hawaii ASM20 i i Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 5 2. BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................12 RESEARCH METHODS................................................................................................... 12 CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT............................................................................. 12 Generalized Model of Hawaiian Origins and Settlement............................................. 12 Overview of Traditional Hawaiian Land Management Strategies............................... 13 Intensification and Development of Hawaiian Land Stewardship Practices ............... 14 MALAMALAMAIKI AHUPUA`A AND THE GREATER SOUTH HILO DISTRICT.......................................................................................................................... 15 Rain, Wind, and Place Names for Mdlamalamaiki and the Greater Hilo Paliku......... 17 Traditional Accounts of Mdlamalamaiki Ahupua`a and the Greater Hilo Paliku........ 20 Historical Accounts of Hilo Paliku .............................................................................. 27 The Mdhele Aina of 1848............................................................................................ 29 KuleanaAwards........................................................................................................... 30 GovernmentLand Grants............................................................................................. 31 Commercial Sugar, Boundary Commission Testimony, and Railroad (ca. 1880- 1994)............................................................................................................................. 35 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ........................................................................... 45 3. CONSULTATION.......................................................................................................46 INTERVIEW METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 46 ROGERUCHIMA............................................................................................................. 46 CARMELITO ARKANGEL.............................................................................................. 47 SAMHALSTED................................................................................................................ 47 RADFORD DEMOTTA.................................................................................................... 49 GAIL PILIALOHA KAILIMA`I KA`APUNI................................................................... 49 4. IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL CULTURAL IMPACTS ....................................................................................................................52 SUMMARY OF CULTURE-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................... 53 IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY PRACTICES AND PROPOSED MITIGATIVE MEASURES......................................................................... 54 REFERENCES CITED...................................................................................................55 APPENDIX A. KA WAI OLA PUBLIC NOTICE ......................................................63 FIGURES Page 1. Study area location....................................................................................................................................2 2. Tax Map Key(3)2-8012 showing the location of the current project area parcel(028)..........................3 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area location.................................................................4 4. Proposed development plans.....................................................................................................................5 5. Aerial of the project area...........................................................................................................................6 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii i Table of Contents FIGURES Page 6. Gated entryway into the project area adjacent to Mamalahoa Highway,view to the north. ....................7 7. Honomu Stream and Malamalamaiki Gulch,view to the south. ..............................................................7 8. Alexander Palm grove within the former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad along the western edge of the parcel,view to the south..........................................................................................8 9. Open grassy are in the central part of the project area surrounded by mixed vegetation,view to thesoutheast.............................................................................................................................................8 10. Mixed vegetation along the western edge of the project area,view to the northwest.............................9 11. Coastal vegetation consisting of hala, ironwood, and ka, view to the northwest....................................9 12. Aerial of the shoreline with ladder on the cliff face,view to the view to the west............................... 10 13. Wooden ladders located just outside of the project areas eastern boundary descending the coastal cliff to the rocky shoreline below.............................................................................................. 10 14. Soils within the project area.................................................................................................................. 11 15. Geology within the project area............................................................................................................ 11 16. Aerial showing the landscape of Hilo Paliku with upright cliffs and expansive kula lands,view tothe southeast. ..................................................................................................................................... 16 17. A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1092 by W.A.Wall showing Royal Patent Grant No. 1358 to W. Farwell and the approximate project area location.............................................................31 18. A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 from 1879 by C. J. Lyons showing land grants in nearby Honomu as well as structures mauka of the project area...........................................................32 19. Scanned copy of Royal Patent Grant No. 1358 to Farwell,page 1 of 2 (OHA 2018). .........................33 20. Scanned copy of Royal Patent Grant No. 1358 to Farwell,page 2 of 2 (OHA 2018). .........................34 21. A 1929 aerial photograph of the Honomu Sugar Mill;project area now shown. .................................36 22. Hawaii Consolidated Railway Map of November 1923 (Annual Report 1926)...................................38 23. A portion of the 1902 "Map of the Lands of the Honomu Sug. Co., (Edmund Olson Trust Archives)................................................................................................................................................39 24. 1915 USGS Honomu Quadrangle map showing railroad and flume in the project area. .....................42 25. HTS/HSS Plat Map No. 0799 dated 1922 showing the extent of the Honomu Sugar Co. lands..........42 26. 1932 Field Map of the Honomu Sugar Company by A. J.Williamson. (Edmund Olson Trust Archives)................................................................................................................................................43 27. 1932 Title Map of the Honomu Sugar Company by A. J.Williamson. (Edmund Olson Trust Archives)................................................................................................................................................43 28. 1966 USGS Papa`ikou Quadrangle map showing railroad and cane road in the project area..............44 29. 1965 aerial showing parcel cultivated in cane and a cane haul road.....................................................44 30. 1977 aerial showing the project area parcel cultivated in cane.............................................................45 Tables Page 1.Inoa Aina in Malamalamaiki................................................................................................................. 18 2. `Olelo No`eau associated with the famed rains of Hilo.......................................................................... 18 3. Rain Names Associated with Hilo Paliku............................................................................................... 19 4. Wind Names Associated with Hilo Paliku.............................................................................................. 19 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of the Holcomb Family Trust(landowner), ASM Affiliates (ASM) has prepared this Cultural Impact Assessment(CIA)for the proposed development of a single-family dwelling located on a roughly 6.5-acre parcel and access easement located in Malamalamaiki Pt and 2nd Ahupua`a, South Hilo District,Island of Hawaii(Figures 1, 2 and 3).This CIA will serve as a supplemental document for an Environmental Assessment triggered by a Conservation District Use Application (CDUA). The landowner is proposing to construct a one-story single family-residence, a paved drive way,and landscaping(Figure 4). This CIA is intended to inform an Environmental Assessment (EA)being prepared to support a Conservation District Use Application(CDUA). This CIA is conducted in compliance with HRS Chapter 343,pursuant to Act 50 and in accordance with the Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts,adopted by the Environmental Council, State of Hawaii,on November 19, 1997(OEQC 1997).As stated in Act 50,which was proposed and passed as Hawaii State House of Representatives Bill No. 2895 and signed into law by the Governor on April 26, 2000, specifically acknowledges the State's responsibility to protect native Hawaiian cultural practices. Act 50 further states that"environmental assessments . . . should identify and address effects on Hawaii's culture, and traditional and customary rights" and that "native Hawaiian culture plays a vital role in preserving and advancing the unique quality of life and the `aloha spirit' in Hawaii. Articles IX and XII of the state constitution, other state laws, and the courts of the State impose on governmental agencies a duty to promote and protect cultural beliefs,practices,and resources of native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups." The report is divided into four main sections, beginning with an introduction and a general description of the proposed project area.To provide a physical and cultural context,section two of this report includes a detailed cultural and historical background for the general study area,which includes background information for both Mlamalamaiki Pt and 2nd and the greater district of South Hilo. This section also includes a presentation of prior studies conducted within the vicinity of the proposed development activity. The results of the consultation process are presented in section three of this report and section four concludes with a discussion of potential cultural impacts as well as appropriate actions and strategies that may help to mitigate any such impacts. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction 279000 280000 _ nnN N _ n Area of detail ,V 0 100 200 MMMMK=Krn c C HAWAII COUNTY - N Si ,P P 20 2 it 4 'S c D� z O� Honomu y, HAWAII COUNTY Kap tiil.err Portion of USGS 7.5 Quadrangle Papaikou,HT 2017 0 200 400 Project area � AflBters t — N N 279000 260000 Figure 1. Study area location. 2 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction orN co 6 T az iu W ✓ 113H ��"'"-" r ^� � '� 'AMM tl krl bW Ql0 �..r°"•T �' m—I t (t k.� LR N �t Y 4 Iwa Cz Cz IL til i r 4 g o Is Z 0 w r fV � J v 1 � 2 cd• i k kN nj �A`7d N w CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 3 1.Introduction N r-� 1 Area of detail------------ � 0 100 200 �xm 50 100 Meters E•' .4 ❑ Project area r•e:E ri. igit •E- rt t e r • - , E b ® r I Ilh i- r nity Figure 3. Google EarthTM satellite image showing project area location. 4 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction i4 N Fi ol �. \fir 5 — ? n <". nom, SITE PLAN c SITE PLAN(EASEMENT) A1.0 Figure 4.Proposed development plans. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area(TMK: (3)2-8-012:028)is located along coastal sea bluffs(Figure 5),approximately 0.9 kilometers south of Honomu town, makai of Mamalahoa Highway within Malamalamaiki 2"d Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (see Figures 1, 2, and 3). The project area is roughly 6.5 acres of gently sloping tableland, with elevations ranging from 45 to 150 feet(14-46 meters)above sea level. The project area is accessed through a gated, overgrown easement along the makai edge of Mamalahoa Highway (Figure 6). The gated easement begins at the southwest corner of the neighboring parcel (TMK: (3) 2-8-012:029) and extends northwest for approximately 200 meters before entering into the project area. The north boundary of the parcel is bounded by the steep-sided Malamalamaiki Gulch. To the east, it is bounded by rocky coastline cliffs and the Pacific Ocean, to the west by the Mamalahoa Highway,and to the south by an undeveloped parcel(TMK: (3)2-8-012:029)(see Figure 5). A hog wire fence line defines the boundary of the two parcels along this southern edge. The Honomu Stream flows through Malamalamaiki Gulch where it empties into the Pacific Ocean just north of the project area's northern boundary (Figure 7).The former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad(State Inventory of Historic Places(SIHP) Site 50- 10-26-24212), evidenced by a deep cut in the terrain, extends northwest to southeast along a portion of the parcel's western boundary(Figure 8). As a result of nearly a century of sugarcane cultivation,the terrain within the majority of the project area consists of level soil areas covered primarily in invasive plant species. The level, central portion of the property consists of open areas of soil covered by a thick,tall growth of Guinea grass(Megathyrsus maximus)and molasses grass(Melinis minutiflora) (Figure 9). The vegetation along the parcel's outer edges consists of a dense growth of mostly invasive trees, shrubs,and vines.Dominant species observed within the parcel consist of gun powder trees(Trema orientalis), guava(Psidium sp.), night-blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), lantana sp., Bing-a-Bing(Macaranga mappa), African Tulip(Spahodea campanulate),ginger sp.and various other grasses and vines.Along the coastal edges of the property are grooves of hala(Pandanus tectorius)intermixed with ironwood trees(Casuarinaceae equisetifolia)and ti plants (Cordyline fruticose) (Figures 10, and 11). A groove of Alexander palms (Ptychosterma elegans) extends along the western edge of the parcel within the former route of The Hawaii Consolidated Railroad(see Figure 7). CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 5 1.Introduction Located just outside of the eastern property boundary along the coastline is a wooden ladder that descends from the cliff to the rocky shoreline below(Figures 12 and 13). Although this ladder is located outside of the project area boundaries, it is worth noting that, in more recent times, the coastal cliffs that bound the subject parcel have been utilized to access the marine resources along this portion of the coast. Additionally, located near the edge of the Malamalamaiki Gulch and the parcel's northern boundary is a modern rubbish pile,which appears to have been part of a small campsite. Soils within the project area(Figure 14) are classified as Hilo hydrous silty clay loam on a 10-20 percent slope (Soil Survey Staff 2017). These strongly acidic soils dehydrate irreversibly into fine gravel size aggregates and have formed overlying basalt that originated from Mauna Kea Volcano 64,000 to 300,000 years ago (Figure 15) (Sherrod et al.2007).These soils historically were used for the cultivation of sugarcane.The study area receives a mean annual rainfall of approximately 3,500 millimeters,with the majority of the rain occurring during the spring months,with the most typically occurring in March,and the least occurring in June(Giambelluca et al. 2013). The climate is generally cool,with a mean annual temperature ranging from 72 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year. Figure 5. Aerial of the project area. 6 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction a - .fV ,f. Figure 6. Gated entryway into the project area adjacent to Mamalahoa Highway,view to the north. i Figure 7.Honomu Stream and Malamalamaiki Gulch,view to the south. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 7 1.Introduction k A Figure 8. Alexander Palm grove within the former route of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad along the western edge of the parcel,view to the south. 31 v Figure 9. Open grassy are in the central part of the project area surrounded by mixed vegetation,view to the southeast. 8 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction ,, � r 47 tiRk � I �y �:3a t 53 y p V", i Figure 10.Mixed vegetation along the western edge of the project area,view to the northwest. 7±' ^a, a- I1 Figure 11. Coastal vegetation consisting of hala,ironwood,and ki, view to the northwest. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 9 1.Introduction Ab Figure 12.Aerial of the shoreline with ladder on the cliff face,view to the view to the west. Figure 13.Wooden ladders located just outside of the project areas eastern boundary descending the coastal cliff to the rocky shoreline below. 10 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 1.Introduction II y. II 903 901 Q Project area 903 Hilo hydrous silty clay loam,10 to 20 percent slopes 901 Hilo hydrous silty clay loam,0 to 10 percent slopes 909 Hilo-Rock outcrop complex,35 to 100 percent slopes Soil Survey Staff.Natural Resources Canseruation Service.United states Department of Agricullure.Soil Survey 0 Iqt 2UP Geographic(S SURGO)Database_Available online al httpsYlsdmdataaccess ec ei usda guv Accessed 10112020 M Figure 14. Soils within the project area. Project area Qhm 64,000-300,000 yr Hamakua Volcanics Sh...d,D.R.,Sinton,J.M.,Vu tkil S.E.,and Brunt,K.M.,2007,Geologic Map of the State of Hawaii.U.5.Geological 0 too 200 400 Survey Open-File Report2M7-1989,83 p.,0 plates,scales 1'100,000 end 1250,000,wdh GI5 datahase.Accessed 1 01112 02 0 Mefets Figure 15. Geology within the project area. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 11 2.Background 2. BACKGROUND As specified in the OEQC Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts (1997:1), "...the geographical extent of the inquiry should, in most instances,be greater than the area over which the proposed action will take place. This is to ensure that cultural practices which may not occur within the boundaries of the project area,but which may nonetheless be affected, are included in the assessment." For this cultural impact assessment, the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki (inclusive of both Malamalamaiki I't and 2"d)is considered the study area,while the entirety of TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 is referred to as the project area.To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of cultural resources that might be encountered within the current project area and to establish a context within which to assess the significance of such resources,the background section begins with a general culture-historical context. This is followed by culture- historical background information concerning the history of Malamalamaiki.A background of Hilo Palikn,the broader regional designation in which Malamalamaiki is situated,also falls within the parameters of the OEQC guidelines and ensures that a broader set of cultural practices and histories are considered. Following this background section is a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies that have been conducted in the vicinity of the project area. RESEARCH METHODS The culture-historical context and summary of previously conducted archaeological and cultural research presented below are based on research conducted by ASM Affiliates at various physical and digital repositories.Primary English language and Hawaiian language resources were found at various state agencies, including the State Historic Preservation Division, Hawaii State Archives, the Department of Accounting and General Services Land Survey Division as well as the Edmund Olson Trust Archives in Papa`ikou, Hilo. Digital collections provided through the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Papakilo and Kipuka databases,Waihona`Aina,the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library Ulukau,the Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com provide further historical context and information. Lastly, secondary resources stored at ASM Affiliates' Hilo office offer general information regarding the history of land use,politics, and culture change in Hawaii, enhances the broad sampling of primary source materials that are cited throughout this cultural impact assessment. CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT The following subsections are intended to provide a general overview of Hawaiian origins,settlement,expansion,and describes some of the broad sociopolitical and cultural transformations that developed over time. The discussion continues with a summary of traditional ideologies associated with the land and the evolution of uniquely Hawaiian land stewardship practices. It is within this context that the history specific to the lands of Malamalamaiki developed. Generalized Model of Hawaiian Origins and Settlement While the question of when Hawaii was first settled by Polynesians remains contested, scholars working in the fields of archaeology,folklore,Hawaiian studies,and linguistics have offered several theories.With advances in palynology and radiocarbon dating techniques,Kirch(2011),Athens et al. (2014),and Wilmshurst et al. (2011)have argued that Polynesians arrived in the Hawaiian Islands sometime between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1200. This initial migration on intricately crafted wa`a kaulua(double-hulled canoes)to Hawaii from Kahiki,the ancestral homelands of Hawaiian deities and peoples from southern Pacific islands, occurred at least from initial settlement to the 13' century. According to Fornander(1969),Hawaiians brought from their homeland certain Polynesian customs and beliefs:the major gods Kane,Ku,Lono,and Kanaloa(who have cognates in other Pacific cultures);the kapu system of political and religious governance; and the concepts of pu`uhonua (places of refuge), `aumakua (ancestral deity), and mana (divine power). Archaeologist Kenneth Emory who worked in the early to mid-20'century reported that the sources of early Hawaiian populations originated from the southern Marquesas Islands (Emory in Tatar 1982). However, Emory's theory is not universally accepted,as Hawaiian scholars in the past and present have argued for a pluralistic outlook on ancestral Hawaiian origins from Kahiki(Case 2015;Fornander 1916-1917;Kamakau 1866;Kikiloi 2010; Nakaa 1893;Poepoe 1906). While stories of episodic migrations were widely published in the Hawaiian language by knowledgeable and skilled ku`auhau (individuals trained in the discipline of remembering genealogies and associated ancestral stories), the cultural belief that living organisms were hdnau `ia(born)out of a time of eternal darkness(po)and chaos(kahuli) were brought and adapted by ancestral Hawaiian populations to reflect their deep connection to their environment.As an example,the Kumulipo,Hawai`i's most famed ko`ihonua (a cosmogonic genealogical chant), establishes a birth- rank genealogical order for all living beings(Beckwith 1951;Liliuokalani 1978). One such genealogical relationship that remains widely accepted in Hawaii is the belief that kalo(taro)plants(in addition to all other plants,land animals, 12 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background and sea creatures), are elder siblings to humans (Beckwith 1951). This concept of hierarchical creation enforces the belief that all life forms are intimately connected,evidencing the cultural transformations that occurred in the islands through intensive interaction with their local environment to form a uniquely Hawaiian culture. In Hawai`i's ancient past,inhabitants were primarily engaged in subsistence-level agriculture and fishing(Handy et al. 1991). Following the initial settlement period, communities clustered in the ko`olau (windward) shores of the Hawaiian Islands where fresh water was abundant. Sheltered bays allowed for nearshore fisheries (enriched by numerous estuaries) and deep-sea fisheries to be easily accessed (McEldowney 1979). Widespread environmental modification on land also occurred as early Hawaiian kanaka mahi`ai(farmers)developed new subsistence strategies, adapting their familiar patterns and traditional tools to work efficiently in their new home (Kirch 1985;Pogue 1978). Areas with the richest natural resources became heavily populated overtime,resulting in the population's expansion to the kona(leeward)side of the islands and to more remote areas(Cordy 2000). As populations expanded, major socioeconomic changes occurred, such as the development of complex social stratification systems and intensive land modification.During this expansion period,additional migrations to Hawaii occurred from the islands of Tahiti.Rosendahl(1972)proposed that settlement at this time was seasonally recurrent, in which coastal sites were occupied in the summer to exploit marine resources and upland agricultural sites were maintained during the winter months.An increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as noted by Hommon (1976), who argued that kinship links between coastal settlements disintegrated as those links within the mauka-makai (upland-coastal) settlements expanded to accommodate the exchange of agricultural products for marine resources.This shift is believed to have resulted in the establishment of the ahupua`a system sometime during the 151 century (Kirch 1985). The implications of this model include a shift in residential patterns from seasonal,temporary habitation,to the permanent dispersed habitation of both coastal and upland areas. Overview of Traditional Hawaiian Land Management Strategies Adding to an already complex society was the development of traditional land stewardship systems, including the ahupua`a. The ahupua`a was the principal land division that functioned for both taxation purposes and furnished its residents with nearly all subsistence and household necessities. Ahupua`a are land divisions that typically include multiple ecozones from ma uka (upland mountainous regions) to ma kai (shore and near shore regions), assuring a diverse subsistence resource base(Hommon 1986).Although the ahupua`a land division typically incorporated all of the eco-zones, their size and shape varied greatly (Cannelora 1974). Noted Hawaiian historian and scholar Samuel Kamakau summarized the ecozones that could be found in a given ahupua`a: Here are some names for[the zones of]the mountains—the mauna or kuahiwi.A mountain is called a kuahiwi,but mauna is the overall term for the whole mountain,and there are many names applied to one, according to its delineations (`ano). The part directly in back and in front of the summit proper is called the kuamauna, mountaintop;below the kuamauna is the kuahea, and makai of the kuahea is the kuahiwi proper. This is where small trees begin to grow;it is the wao nahele. Makai of this region the trees are tall,and this is the wao lipo.Makai of the wao lipo is the wao `eiwa,and makai of that the wao ma`ukele.Makai of the wao ma`ukele is the wao akua, and makai of there is the wao kanaka, the area that people cultivate. Makai of the wao kanaka is the `ama`u,fern belt, and makai of the `ama`u the `apa`a,grasslands. A solitary group of trees is a moku la`au (a"stand" of trees) or an ulu la`au, grove. Thickets that extend to the kuahiwi are ulunahele,wild growth. An area where koa trees suitable for canoes(koa wa`a)grow is a wao koa and mauka of there is a wao la`au,timber land.These are dry forest growths from the `apa`a up to the kuahiwi. The places that are "spongy" (naele) are found in the wao ma`ukele,the wet forest. Makai of the `apa`a are the pahe`e [pili grass] and `ilima growths and makai of them the kula,open country,and the `apoho hollows near to the habitations of men. Then comes the kahakai,coast,the kahaone, sandy beach, and the kalawa, the curve of the seashore—right down to the `ae kai, the water's edge. That is the way ka po`e kahiko [the ancient people] named the land from mountain peak to sea. (Kamakau 1976:8-9) The maka`dinana (commoners, literally the "people that attend the land") who lived on the land had rights to gather resources for subsistence and tribute within their ahupua`a(Jokiel et al.2011).As part of these rights,residents were required to supply resources and labor to ah`i (chiefs) of local, regional, and island chiefdoms. The ahupua`a became the equivalent of a local community with its own social, economic, and political significance and served as CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 13 2.Background the taxable land division during the annual Makahiki procession (Kelly 1956). During the time of Makahiki, the paramount ah`i sent select members of his/her retinue to collect ho`okupu(tribute and offerings)in the form of goods from each ahupua`a. The maka`ainana brought their share of ho`okupu to an ahu (altar) that was marked with the image of a pua`a (pig), serving as a physical visual marker of ahupua`a boundaries. In most instances, these boundaries followed mountain ridges,hill,rivers,or ravines(Alexander 1890).However,Chinen(1958:1)reports that "oftentimes only a line of growth of a certain type of tree or grass marked a boundary; and sometimes only a stone determined the corner of a division." These ephemeral markers, as well as their more permanent counterparts, were oftentimes named as evidenced in the thousands of boundary markers names that are listed in Soehren(2005). Ahupua`a were ruled by ah`i `ai ahupua`a or chiefs who controlled the ahupua`a resources. Generally speaking, ah`i `ai ahupua`a had complete autonomy over the ahupua`a they oversaw (Malo 1951).Ahupua`a residents were notbound to the land nor were they considered property of the ah`i.If the living conditions under a particular ahupua`a chief were deemed unsuitable, the residents could move freely in pursuit of more favorable conditions (Lam 1985). This structure safeguarded the well-being of the people and the overall productivity of the land,lest the chief loses the principal support and loyalty of his or her supporters.In turn,ahupua`a lands were managed by an appointed konohiki, oftentimes a chief of lower rank,who oversaw and coordinated stewardship of an area's natural resources(Lam 1985). In some places,the po`o lawai`a (head fisherman)held the same responsibilities as the konohiki (Jokiel et al. 2011). When necessary,the konohiki took the liberty of implementing kapu(restrictions and prohibitions)to protect the mana of an area's resources from environmental and spiritual depletion. Many ahupua`a were divided into smaller land units termed `ili and`ili kupono (often shortened to `ili ku). Ili were created for the convenience of the ahupua`a chief and served as the basic land unit which hoa`aina(caretakers of particular lands)often retained for multiple generations(Jokiel et al.2011;MacKenzie 2015).As `ili were typically passed down in families, so too were the kuleana (responsibilities,privileges)that were associated with it. The right to use and cultivate `ili was maintained within the `ohana,regardless of the succession of ah`i `ai ahupua`a(Handy et al. 1991). Malo (195 1)recorded several types of `ili,including the `ili pa`a (a single intact parcel) and `ili lele (a discontinuous parcel dispersed across an area). Whether dispersed or wholly intact, `ili required a cross-section of available resources, and for the hoa`aina, this generally included access to agriculturally fertile lands and coastal fisheries. Ili kupono differed from other `ili lands because they did not fall under the jurisdiction of the ahupua`a chief. Rather, they were specific areas containing resources that were highly valued by the ruling paramount chiefs, such as fishponds(Handy et al. 1991). Ali`i `ai ahupua`a,in turn,answered to an ah`i `ai moku(chief who claimed the abundance of the entire moku or district) (Malo 1951). Hawaii Island is comprised of six moku (districts) that include Kona, Ka`n, Puna, Hilo, Hamakua, and Kohala. Although a moku comprises multiple ahupua`a, moku were considered geographical subdivisions with no explicit reference to rights in the land (Cannelora 1974). While the ahupua`a was the most common and fundamental land division unit within the traditional Hawaiian land management structure, variances occurred,such as the existence of the kalana.By definition,a kalana is a division of land that is smaller than a moku. Kalana was sometimes used interchangeably with the term `okana(Lucas 1995;Pukui and Elbert 1986),but Kamakau (Kamakau 1976)equates a kalana to a moku and states that `okana is merely a subdistrict.Despite these contending and sometimes conflicting definitions,what is clear is that kalana consisted of several ahupua`a and `ili `aina. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and the product of advanced natural resource management systems. As populations resided in an area over centuries,direct-teaching and extensive observations of an area's natural cycles and resources were retained, well-understood, and passed down orally over the generations. This knowledge informed management decisions that aimed to sustainably adapt subsistence practices to meet the needs of growing populations.The ahupua`a system and the highly complex land management system that developed in the islands are but one example of the unique Hawaiian culture that developed in these islands. Intensification and Development of Hawaiian Land Stewardship Practices Hawaiian philosophies of life in relation to the environment helped to maintainboth natural,spiritual,and social order. In describing the intimate relationship that exists between Hawaiians and `aina(land),Kepa Maly writes: In the Hawaiian context, these values—the "sense of place"—have developed over hundreds of generations of evolving"cultural attachment" to the natural,physical, and spiritual environments. In any culturally sensitive discussion on land use in Hawaii, one must understand that Hawaiian culture evolved in close partnership with its' natural environment. Thus,Hawaiian culture does not have a clear dividing line of where culture and and nature begins. 14 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background In a traditional Hawaiian context,nature and culture are one in the same,there is no divisionbetween the two. The wealth and limitations of the land and ocean resources gave birth to, and shaped the Hawaiian world view.The `aina(land),wai(water),kai(ocean),and lewa(sky)were the foundation of life and the source of the spiritual relationship between people and their environs. (Maly 200 1) The `olelo no`eau(proverbial saying)"hanau ka `aina, hanau ke ah`i, hanau ke kanaka"(born was the land,born were the chiefs,born were the commoners),conveys the belief that all things of the land,including kanaka(humans), are connected through kinship links that extend beyond the immediate family (Pukui 1983:57). Aina or land, was perhaps most revered, as noted in the `olelo no`eau "he ah`i ka `aina; he kauwa ke kanaka," which Pukui (Pukui 1983:62) translated as "[t]he land is a chief; man is its servant." The lifeways of early Hawaiians, which were dependent entirely from the finite natural resources of these islands, necessitated the development of sustainable resource management practices. Over time,what developed was an ecologically responsive management system that integrated the care of watersheds,natural freshwater systems,and nearshore fisheries(Jokiel et al. 2011). Disciplined and astute observation of the natural world became one of the most fundamental stewardship tools used by Hawaiians of the ancient past.The vast knowledge acquired through direct observation enabled them to detect and record the subtlest of changes, distinctions, and correlations in the natural world. Examples of their keen observations are evident in the development of Hawaiian nomenclature to describe various rains,clouds,winds,stones, environments, flora, and fauna. Many of these names are geographically unique or island-specific, and have been recorded in oh(chants),mele(songs),pule(prayers),inoa `aina(place names),and `olelo no`eau(proverbial sayings). Other Hawaiian arts and practices such as hula (tractional dance), lapa`au (traditional healing), lawai`a (fishing), mahi`ai(fanning)further aided in the practice of knowing the rhythms and cycles of the natural world. Comprehensive systems of observing and stewarding the land were coupled by the strict adherence to practices that maintained and enhanced the kapu and mana of all things in the Hawaiian world. In Hawaiian belief, all things natural,places, and even people, especially those of high rank,possessed mana or"divine power" (Pukui and Elbert 1986:235;Pukui et al. 1972).Mana was believed to be derived from the plethora of Hawaiian gods(kini akua)who were embodied in elemental forces, land, natural resources, and certain material objects and persons (Crabbe et al. 2017).Buck(1993)expanded on this concept noting that mana was associated with"the well-being of a community, in human knowledge and skills (canoe building, harvesting) and in nature (crop fertility, weather etc.)" (c.f. Else 2004:244). To ensure the mana of certain resources,places,and people,kapu of various kinds were implemented and strictly enforced to limit over-exploitation and defilement.Elbert and Pukui(1986:132)defined kapu as"taboo,prohibitions; special privilege or exemption."Kepelino noted that kapu associated with akua(deities)applied to all social classes, while kapu associated with ah`i were applied to the people(in Beckwith 1932). As kapu dictated social relationships, they also provided"environmental rules and controls that were essential for a subsistence economy" (Else 2004:246). The companion to kapu was noa, translated as"freed of taboo,released from restrictions,profane,freedom" (Pukui and Elbert 1986:268). Some kapu, particularly those associated with maintaining social hierarchy and gender differentiation were unremitting, while those kapu placed on natural resources were applied and enforced according to seasonal changes. The application of kapu to natural resources ensured that such resources remained available for future use. When the ah`i or the lesser chiefs (including konohiki and po`o lawai`a) determined that a particular resource was to be made available to the people,a decree was proclaimed indicating that kapu had been lifted,thereby making it noa.Although transitioning a resource from a state of kapu to noa allowed for its use,people were expected to practice sustainable harvesting methods and pay tribute to the paramount chief and the akua associated with that resource. Kapu were strictly enforced and violators faced serious consequences including death (Jokiel et al. 2011). Violators who escaped execution sought refuge at a pu`uhonua, a designated place of refuge or an individual who could pardon the accused (Kamakau 1992). After completing the proper rituals, the violator was absolved of his or her crime and allowed to reintegrate back into society. In summary,the layering and interweaving of beliefs,land stewardship practices, and the socio-political system forms the basis of the relationship shared between the Hawaiian people and the land.It is through the analysis of these dynamic elements that we develop an understanding of the complexity of place. MALAMALAMAIKI AHUPUA`A AND THE GREATER SOUTH HILO DISTRICT The current project area is in the ahupua`a of Mlamalamaiki. "Mlamalamaiki" is translated in Pukui et al. (1974:143) as "little light." Mlamalamaiki is located in the traditional moku (district) of Hilo, which is one of six moku on Hawaii Island. The Hawaiian proverb"Hilo, mai Mawae a ka pah o Maulua" (Pukui 1983:108)details the extent of the district spanning from Mawae, a fissure separating Hilo from the Puna District to Maulua, a land area CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 15 2.Background which serves as a boundary marker between Hilo and the Hamakua District. Handy and Handy provides a general description of the district: Hilo as a major division of Hawaii included the southeastern part of the windward coast most of which was in Hamakua, to the north of Hilo Bay. This, the northern portion, had many scattered settlements above streams running between high,forested kula lands,now planted with sugar cane. From Hilo Bay southeastward to Puna the shore and inland are rather barren and there were few settlements. The population of Hilo was anciently as now concentrated mostly around and out from Hilo Bay,which is still the island's principal port.The Hilo Bay region is one of lush tropical verdure and beauty,owing to the prevalence of nightly showers and moist warmth which prevail under the northeasterly trade winds into which it faces.Owing to the latter it is also subject to violent oceanic storms and has many times in its history suffered semidevastation from tidal waves unleashed by earthquake action in the Aleutian area of the Pacific. (Handy et al. 1991:538) The low-lying coastal areas of South Hilo thrived with traditional Hawaiian habitation and cultivation.Within the larger gulches and kula (broad plateaus) regions, were lush, fertile lands well suited for agriculture. The staple traditional crop, kalo (taro), was cultivated in irrigated terraces along the stream edges while `uala (sweet potato), mai`a(banana)and ko(sugarcane)were grown in the wet kula lands of the lower forest zone(Handy et al. 1991).The region had an abundance of kukui(candlenut), `ulu(breadfruit),and niu(coconut)groves and was also rich in marine resources. Although settlements were prominent in these areas with the increase of population and agricultural production settlements spread into the upland kula regions.Handy and Handy (1972),in drawing from a description given by early missionary William Ellis,provide yet another description of the fertile landscapes of South Hilo: The light and fertile soil is formed by decomposing lava, with a considerable portion of vegetable mould. The whole is covered with luxuriant vegetation, and the greater part of it formed into plantations, where plantains,bananas, sugar-cane, taro,potatoes and melons, come to the greatest perfection. Groves of cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees are seen in every direction,loaded with fruit, or clothed with luxuriant foliage. (Ellis in Handy and Handy 1972:539) Traditionally,the moku of Hilo was divided into three `okana(sub-districts).Beginning in the north is Hilo Paliku, an area that extends north of the Wailuku River to Ka`ula Gulch, oftentimes characterized by its upright and densely vegetated cliffs and broad kula(plains)lands(Figure 16).The second `okana is Hilo One,or"sandy Hilo,"famed for its black sand beach that extends along Hilo Bay between the Wailoa and Wailuku Rivers. The final `okana is Hilo Hanakahi,which extends south of Wailoa River to include Keaukaha(Edith Kanaka`ole Foundation 2012). E Figure 16.Aerial showing the landscape of Hilo Palikd with upright cliffs and expansive kula lands,view to the southeast. 16 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background Malamalamaiki is located in the `okana of Hilo Palikd. The abundance of streams, valleys, and gulches in this region made for a difficult and treacherous pass.In"Ka Huakaihele ike i na Makaainana o Hilo" (A Sightseeing Tour to Visit the Common Folk of Hilo),an account by G.K.Mahoe(1876)of his travels throughout Hilo that was serialized in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Lahui Hawaii,he describes Hilo Palikd as such: ...ua pale ae au i ka loa o ke alahele, ua manao ole ae hoi i na pali hauliuli o Hilo paliku, na pima, na ihona, na alu, na kahawai, na kualono, a me na pupu, ua hele hookahi is no e a'u, me ka manao ole i ka luhi a me ka inea o ka hele ana, oiai, ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka loa mai Hilo one a hiki i Laupahoehoe, me he mea la, ua aneane no i ke kanakolu mile.A mai kuhihewa hoi ka poe heluhelu, he papu a he laumania hoi ke ano o ka waiho ana o ka aina, aole, aka, he puu kinikini, he alu, he kapekepeke ke alanui. ...I am protected from the long path ahead,I did not think twice of the dark cliffs of Hilo Palikd,the inclines, the descents, the ravines, the streams, the mountaintops, and the cleared fields, I moved alone,without thinking much of the strain and discomfort of traveling,although,when I recalled the length between Hilo One and Laupahoehoe, those thirty miles came and went. The reader should not be mistaken,the lands that are passed along the way are not clear and smooth,rather,there are many hills,gulches,and twisting roads. (Mahoe 1876:1) King David Kalakaua also provided a concise description of this region's rough geography,but also includes a description regarding the density of the population there in his book The Legends and Myths of Hawaii (Kalakaua 1888): The northeastern coast of the island of Hawaii presents an almost continuous succession of valleys, with intervening uplands rising gently for a few miles,and then more abruptly toward the snows of Mauna Kea and the clouds.The rains are abundant on that side of the island,and the fertile plateau, boldly fronting the sea with a line of cliffs from fifty to a hundred feet in height,is scored at intervals of one or two miles with deep almost impassable gulches, whose waters reach the ocean either through rocky channels worn to the level of the waves, or in cascades leaping from the cliffs and streaking the coast from Hilo to Waipio with lines that seem to be molten silver from the great crucible of Kilauea. In the time of Liloa, and later,this plateau was thickly populated, and requiring no irrigation, was cultivated from the sea upward to the line of frost. A few kalo patches are still seen, and bananas grow, as of old,in secluded spots and along the banks of the ravines;but the broad acres are green with cane,and the whistle of the sugar-mill is heard above the roar of the surf that beats against the rock-bound front of Hamakua. (Kalakaua 1888:284) Rain,Wind, and Place Names for Malamalamaiki and the Greater Hilo Palika The inoa (names) of wahi (places), no (rains), and makani (winds) within a particular ahupua`a or broader region evidences the long-term relationship of various communities to their immediate environment. Geographer Katrina- Ann R.Kapa`anaokalaokeola Nakoa Oliveira offers a concise description regarding the natural environment as it was understood by Native Hawaiians of the past: Ancestral Kanaka recognized the connection between the heavens, lands, and oceans and how all three were interconnected and interdependent upon one another. In spite of the interwoven nature of the sky, land, and sea, however, Kanaka of ancestral times did not have a term that directly translates to what we have come to know today as"environment."Rather,the Hawaiian Dictionary offers two phrases that approximate the notion of environment: (1)"`ano o ka nohona"and(2)"na mea e ho`opuni ana." `Ano o ka nohona refers to the nature of one's relationship to one's surroundings or places. Na mea e ho`opuni ana relates to everything that surrounds or encircles a person. (Oliveira 2014:64) Reacquainting ourselves with these inoa `aina (place names), inoa ua (rain names), and inoa makani (wind names) allow us to appreciate the environment as it was once observed by ancestral Hawaiian populations. In Malamalamaiki and La`imi, a few inoa `aina are listed by Soehren (2005) as markers for the boundaries of these ahupua`a. The inoa `aina for Malamalamaiki are listed in Table 1 below: CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 17 2.Background Table 1.Inoa `Aina in Malamalamaiki Inoa `Aina Notes Kaloa`awapuhi Translated as"the many wild gingers."A place that served as a boundary marker between Malamalamaiki and La`imi in the upper regions of the ahupua`a. Kapo`alua Translated as"the second night."A marshy are good for growing taro that was located at the boundary of Honomu,LA'imi,and Malamalamaiki. Mana`onui Translated as"important matter."A rock that marked the boundary between Malamalamaiki and Honomu located on the northern bank of Honomu stream. Mo`omo`ohualoa Translated as"long-haired mo`o."A stream marking the boundary of Malamalamaiki and Honomu. Waihaka Translated as"watery perch."A stream that served as a boundary marker between Honomu and Malamalamaiki. In terms of Inoa ua,Hilo Paliku and the larger moku of Hilo is renowned in oral expressions such as mele(song), oh(chants),and `olelo no`eau(proverbs and poetical expressions)for its abundance of rain and fresh water.Numerous `olelo no`eau found in Pukui(1983)describe the characteristics of Hilo's many rains(Table 2). Table 2. `Olelo No`eau associated with the famed rains of Hilo `Olelo No`eau Literal/Figurative Translation Ele`ele Hilo,panopano i ka ua. Dark is Hilo,clouded with the rain(Pukui 1983:40) Halulu me he kapua`i kanaka la The rain of Hilo makes a rumbling sound like the treadling of feet. ka ua o Hilo. (ibid.:53) Hana Hilo i ka po`i a ka ua. Hilo works on the lid of the rain.Refers to the constant showers typical of Hilo district on Hawaii. (ibid.:54) Hilo `diva ua lokuloku. Hilo of the pouring rain. (ibid.:107) Hilo i ka ua kinakinai, ka ua Hilo of the constant rain,where it never clears up. (ibid.) mao `ole. Au umauma o Hilo i ka wai. Hilo has breasted the water. To weather the storm. The district of Hilo had marry gulches and streams and was difficult to cross. (ibid. 28) Pau ke aho i ke kahawai lau o One's strength is exhausted in crossing the many streams of Hilo. Said Hilo. of or by one who is weary with effort.First uttered by Hi`iaka in a chant when she found herself weary after abattle with the lizard god Pana`ewa. (ibid.:287) Akana and Gonzalez (2015) in Hdnau Ka Ua, a collection of Hawaiian rain names, describe the cultural significance of rain: Our kdpuna [ancestors] had an intimate relationship with the elements. They were keen observers of their environment, with all of its life-giving and life-taking forces. They had a nuanced understanding of the rains of their home. They knew that one place could have several different rains,and that each rain was distinguishable from another. They knew when a particular rain would fall,its color,duration,intensity,the path it would take,the sound it made on the trees,the scent it carried,and the effect it had on people. (Akana and Gonzalez 2015:xv) Listed in Table 3 are a few of the rain names associated with Hilo Palikd and the northern portion of Hilo that can be found in Akana and Gonzalez(2015): 18 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background Table 3. Rain Names Associated with Hilo Paliku Rain Name Literal/Figurative Translation `Awa`awa Translates as"bitter."Refers to a cold and dark rain or mist. He`enehu Translates as"sliding anchovy."Refers to a misty rain in the early morning off the coastline at a time when nehu fish are in abundance. Ho`olua Translates as"to do twice."Refers to heavy rains that fall during strong northerly winds (which are also known as ho`olua). Kinai Translates as"to quench or extinguish."Refers to a constant rain that continues for long hours. Kualua Translates as"repeating twice."Refers to rain over the sea that is accompanied by wind. Lanipili Translates as"clinging sky."Refers to cloudbursts or heavy rain that lasts for days. Lanipolua Translates as"very dark sky."Refers to misty rain that falls when forests are obscured by low-lying clouds. Laulunano Translates as"bracts of the hinano flower."Refers to a rain associated with the area of Honomu. Lokuloku Translates as"pouring rain."A generic term referring to heavy showers accompanied by wind. (Lila 1872:3) Naulu Translated as"vexed."Refers to sudden heavy showers. Ulumano Translated as"growing exponentially."A rain that travels inland from the sea that is an indicator of the abundance of`ohua(juvenile fish). Of the rains that are listed,the Naulu is explicitly associated with Hilo Paliku, as expressed in a mele ku`auhau, or genealogical chant,written for Queen Emma Kaleleonalani: Hdne`e mai Liloa me he Uluaunui la Liloa sags like an Uluaunui la Me he kudua Ndulu nui i pano Hilo Pali Ku Like a heavy Naulu shower that obscured Hilo Pali Ku. (Nogelmeier in Akana and Gonzalez 2015:187) Whereas Hdnau Ka Ua provides us with a comprehensive listing of inoa ua across the Hawaiian Islands,there is no comparable publication for inoa makani to date.Listed in Table 4 are wind names that can be found in an array of Hawaiian and English language primary sources: Table 4.Wind Names Associated with Hilo Paliku Wind Name Notes `A`alahonua Translates as"fragrant earth."A wind that carries the fragrance of soil and foliage after the rain. (Alvarado 2005) Kepia Translates as"dandruff."A wind associated with Hilo Paliku. (Nawaa 1904) Kolonahe Translates as"crawling slowly."A generic term for a gentle breeze(Lila 1872). Uluaunui Translates as"to grow increasingly."a strong northerly wind that makes landing by boat difficult. Uluau Translates as"to grow increasingly."Associated with Hilo Paliku in the mo`olelo of Kuapaka`a. (Kuapuu 1861:24) Ho`olua Translates as"to do twice."Refers to strong northerly winds that may include rain. (Malo 1903:35) Han Translates as"ice."A wind that blows downward from the mountains(Malo 1903:35) Maluaki`iwai "Translate as"water-collecting seabreeze."A sea breeze accompanied by showers. (Alvarado 2005:5). CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 19 2.Background Allele(songs)are valuable sources of information for the moa `aina, moa ua, and moa makani of particular areas that were published frequently in Hawaiian language newspapers and in other primary sources.A mele moa(honorific song in honor of a person)was published in the Oahu-based Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Kuokoa on February 17, 1872. The mele moa was penned on February 5 and was written for a woman named Kaiewe,the eldest child of B. Kuhea, by multiple relatives and family friends living in Kuhua (the ahupua`a immediately north of Honomu). A verse written by a woman named Lila honors Kaiewe and lists adjacent ahupua`a such as La`imi and Ka`akepa in the mele moa. Although the original text does not include diacritics,kahako(macrons to elongate vowels) and `okina(glottal stops)are included to conform to modern Hawaiian orthography and to aid in translating the text. Wind,rain,and place names are bolded for emphasis: A uka au o `Akaka I am in the uplands of`Akaka Ha`a na ka lehua i ka wai The lehua blossoms droop from the abundance of water `O ka ne`e a ka ua lokuloku The lokuloku rains inch along Wala`au i ka lau la`au There is chattering in the forest Hone ana ka leo o ka manu The sweet sound of birds Ka`i`i `ana i ka nahele Shrilling in the forest `O ka hele ala ka ma`eu Traveling afar are these sounds Ka`ulna `ole iho ka mana`o My thoughts are not remiss Pilipili `aina `ole mai They do not come near the land Iluna au o Hale Rose I am above Hale Rose Ho`olohe i ke kani o ka pio Listening to the sound of chirps Akahi no a olu pono mai Never before have I been pleasantly comforted Ka manao lauili i ka hoa By these circuitous thoughts of a companion Me oe ke aloha pau ole With you is my endless love O Kaiewe no he moa Indeed,Kaiewe is your name A luna au o La`imi I am in the uplands of U'imi `O ka waiho a`e a Ka`akepa Left in Ka`akepa Ike i ka lau o ke ko I see the leaves of the sugarcane `O ka welo a ka Hae Hawai`i The waving fluttering of the Hawaiian flag Ua pulu i ka ua hihi Moistened by scattered showers Ia hona i ka malualua Fortunate to feel the malualua wind I ka pa kolonahe ma kai Gently blowing by the ocean A kai au o ke Awaiki I head seaward to Awaiki Hdliu au ndnd id uka I turn my attentions towards the uplands `O ka holu a ka lau Inia, The Pride-of-India(Chinaberry)leaves sway I`ini aku ana ka mana`o My thoughts desire E `ike i ka hoa i ka `ili To see my close friend Me `oe ke aloha pau `ole With you is my endless love `O Kaiewe no he moa Indeed,Kaiewe is your name(Lila 1872:3) Traditional Accounts of Malamalamaiki Ahupua`a and the Greater Hilo Palikn Mo`olelo (accounts) and mele (songs) offer rich resources for understanding the cultural landscape, land use, and practices of an area. In addition to moa `aina (place names), moa ua (rain names), and moa makani (wind names), they are another source of history that informs our understanding of how peoples of the past expressed their relationships to their lands and environment. An exhaustive search through published resources and historical Hawaiian language newspapers resulted in no mo`olelo or mele that directly named the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki. However, there is an array of mo`olelo that speak of events that take place in the `okana of Hilo Palikn and in the general Honomu area. The Story of Kuahailo and Hinaaukekele He Moolelo Kaao no Kuahailo a me Hinaaukekele, Kana Kaikamahine Hanauna (An account for Kuahailo and Hiaaukekele, his female relative)is a story that recounts the establishment of the highest-ranking genealogical lines of Hawaii. Published as a weekly serial in the Hilo-based Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawai`i from July 18, 1918, to March 13, 1919, the mo`olelo follows Kuahailo and Hinaaukekele along their journey from their ancestral home of Kuaihelani to the various islands of Hawaii. 20 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background The segment of the mo`olelo in Hilo Paliku takes place midway through the narrative and were published in installments between January 30, 1919, and February 27, 1919. At this point in the mo`olelo, Hinaaukekele and her husband, Kahikikuaokalani, resided in the valley of Waipi`o. Their journey to Hilo Palikd began with a dialogue between Hinaaukekele and Kahikikuaokalani,where she expressed her desire to visit her grandmother,Hailikulamanu, and other relatives who lived in the `okana of Hilo Hanakahi. Kahikikuaokalani agreed with Hinaaukekele to visit their relatives. They made their way to Hilo Hanakahi atop a traveling `ohi`a tree filled with lehua blossoms. According to the mo`olelo, the tree grew out of Hinaaukekele's `iewe (placenta, afterbirth) that her mother, Hinauluohia,planted near their home in Paliuli. As the couple traveled to Hilo Hanakahi,Kahikikuaokalani heard the yelling and cheering of many people coming from the valley of Laupahoehoe. He asked Hinaaukekele to instruct her traveling `ohi`a tree to stop where all the commotion was coming from. In his curiosity, Kahikikuaokalani searched out the source of the cheering. He discovered that the noise was of bystanders who were cheering on two exceptionally skilled surfers, one from Hilo One and one from Hilo Palikd,who were competing against each other. The waves at Laupahoehoe were well known across Hawaii Island and were the same waves that were favored by the famed ah`i, `Umi,generations later. When Hinaaukekele and Kahikikuaokalani arrived,the people of Laupahoehoe shifted their attention away from the surfers and rushed towards the beautiful travelers atop the moving `ohi`a tree. What made these travelers even more extraordinary was the fact that they were accompanied by numerous forest-dwelling birds and four low-lying rainbows. When Hinaaukekele inquired about the commotion, some spectators responded that they were celebrating the fact that their surfer,a Hilo Paliku man by the name of Kekuaiwa,beat Kenao,the surfer from Hilo One,and won forty kapa cloths and a long canoe in the process. When Hinaaukekele asked how Kekuaiwa won, the people responded that it was because he was more skilled at surfing in the rough waters of Laupahoehoe as opposed to the calmer waters of Hilo One.Furthermore,Hinaaukekele inquired about the ruling chief of the area,in which the people of Laupahoehoe responded that there was no ruling chief who lived in the valley but that they were subjects of Kanakea,a chiefess who resided in Hilo.Kanakea knew of Hinaaukekele,as she was the one who was sent to retrieve Kahikikuaokalani from Oahu. Hinaaukekele then proceeded to tell the people of Laupahoehoe to have the two surfers compete once more. The spectators enthusiastically followed these instructions and told the local konohiki (head man of an ahupua`a) what they heard from these distinguished travelers. In turn,the konohiki told the surfers to take to the waves again,and the surfers agreed without complaint. When Kekuaiwa and Kenao reached the wave break,both were intent on outdoing their competitor to become the champion of the waves.Kekuaiwa did not think twice about Kenao,for he surfed in the waters of Laupahoehoe since he was a child.As a wave neared,Kenao paddled to a spot where the waves were easier to ride.Kekuaiwa knew what Kenao was doing and prepared himself for the competition ahead. Onshore,the majority of spectators believed that Kekuaiwa would win once more since he won the first time. Enthused by the energy of the crowd and surfers,Kahikikuaokalani proposed to Hinaaukekele that they pick who they believed would win the surf competition. When Kahikikuaokalani told Hinaaukekele that she could pick first, she laughed,teasing him by saying that he only wanted her to choose Kekuaiwa,the obvious choice since he won the first competition, because he could rebuke her for choosing the former winner. Kahikikuaokalani laughed at Hinaaukekele's remarks and told his beloved that he was letting her choose first as a gesture of honor and respect and that either of the surfers could win. When the couple looked down at the surfers who were poised to catch the next wave, Hinaaukele used her thoughts to secretly call her magical grandmother to let the surfer from Hilo One win the competition. When an excellent surfing wave neared,the two surfers caught it. They both rode splendidly. As they neared the shore, it was clear that the surfer from Hilo Palikd,Kekuaiwa,would win the competition.But as they neared the shore,Kekuaiwa saw a human hand emerge from the sea and snatched his board down into the depths. Kenao was thus the winner of the second round. The spectators ashore were shocked to the point of speechlessness due to the outcome of the surfing competition. They could not explain how Kekuaiwa lost to Kenao. So too was Kahikikuaokalani puzzled by this turn of events,as he had no way of knowing that it was Hailikulamanu,Hinaaukekele's grandmother,who intervened.When the surfers came back to land,Hinaaukekele instructed someone to tell the surfers to come to her and Kahikikuaokalani. Kenao happily obliged to this request,but Kekuaiwa was furious about his loss and did not want to see these visitors out of embarrassment. Kahikikuaokalani was still pondering the outcome of the competition.He realized in time that Hinaaukekele must have had something to do with Kenao's win, so he asked Hinaaukekele if he could leave and find Kekuaiwa, which CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 21 2.Background she allowed him to do so. When he found Kekuaiwa, Kahikikuaokalani explained that it was because of Hinaaukekele's magical abilities that resulted in his loss during the surfing competition.Kekuaiwa then described how a human hand grabbed his board and pulled him down. In response,Kahikikuaokalani explained to Kekuaiwa that he had nothing to be ashamed of because it was his decision to bet against Hinaaukekele that resulted in his(Kekuaiwa's) loss. Kahikikuaokalani continued by describing how Hinaaukekele used her thoughts to call out to her grandmother to assist Kenao in winning the competition. When Kahikikuaokalani returned to Hinaaukekele, she laughed because she knew that her secret was exposed. She turned to Kenao and asked him if he wanted to accompany them to Hilo One, in which he humbly declined due to their superior rank.From there Hinaaukekele and Kahikikuaokalani continued on their journey through Hilo Palikn until they reached Hilo One. Ke Ka`ao Ho'oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-miki- The Heart Stirring Story of'Ka-Miki Although no mo`olelo were found that explicitly name Mlamalaiki or LA'imi,the adjacent ahupua`a of Kuhua and Honomn are named frequently.One such account of these lands concerns an `olohe(skilled fighter/competitor)named Kuhua-i-Hlala in Ke Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-miki(The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki),another serialized mo`olelo published in Ka Hoku o Hawaii between 1914 and 1917.Ka-Miki was likely authored during the late 1800s through the early 1900s by noted Hawaiian scholars John Wise and J.W.H.I. Kihe. Although the account is not one that is considered to be from time immemorial,Maly(1997),who translated the mo`olelo from Hawaiian into English, states that following regarding the value of the information contained therein: ...the authors used a mixture of local legends,tales, and family traditions in association with place names to tie together fragments of site specific stories that had been handed down over the generations.Thus,while in many cases,the personification of individuals and their associated place names may not be"ancient,"the site documentation within the"story of Ka-miki"is of both cultural and historical value. (Maly 1997:5) The mo`olelo of Ka-Miki tells of two supernatural brothers,Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole, who were skilled `olohe. They traveled around Hawaii Island by way of the ancient trails and paths(ala loa and ala hele)and sought to compete with other `olohe. Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole were born to Pohaku-o-Kane(male)and Kapa`ihilani(female),who were the ah`i of the lands of Kohana-iki and Kaloko in North Kona. Upon the mysterious and premature birth of Ka-miki, he was placed in the cave of Ponahanaha and given up for dead.He was eventually saved and raised by his ancestress, Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka, a manifestation of the goddess Haumea, at Kalama`ula, an area located on Huallai. Ka-miki was later joined by his elder brother Maka`iole where their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui trained her grandsons into `olohe, or experts skilled in fighting, wrestling, debating, riddle solving, and running, and how to use their supernatural power. The portion of the mo`olelo set in the Kuhua-Kolekole area was published in Ka Hoku o Hawaii between May 24, 1916,to July 27, 1916. Through this account,we learn that Kuhua was so named in honor of an `olohe chiefess, Kuhua-i-Hlala, daughter of Honomn and sister of`Ope`a-i-Honohina. Similarly,Kolekole was also named after the chief Kolekole and was an area famed as a lua(Hawaiian martial arts)contest grounds. The mo`olelo begins along the ala loa in the kula regions,overlooking the infamous cliffs of Hilo Palikd. While there, Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole along with their companions,the chiefs named Hilo Hanakahi and Keahialaka,were attacked by Kapahe`ehe`e and Honomn.Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole successfully warded off their attackers and restrained them, leaving them stranded along the trailside. A short distance away, they met Kuhua-i-Halala, guardian of Kapahe`ehe`e and daughter of Honomn. Kuhua-i-Halala was an `olohe skilled in the art of ha`iha`i(bone-breaking)and lua(hand-to-hand combat).Like Honomn and Kapahe`ehe`e, she oftentimes challenged travelers along the ala loa when they neared her residence. If the travelers were successful in protecting themselves, she would lure them into her home, purportedly overlooking the cliff ledge of Knpoupo`o,and strangled her victims to death using her `aha puluniu(sennit crab snare). When Kuhua-i-Halala encountered Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole, she posed to him a riddle: "Can one move swiftly through Hilo?" To which they replied, "Yes indeed one may travel swiftly through Hilo,for there is no water in the streams!"Ka-Miki's rebuttal was an insult,implying that there were no `olohe on the trail that could stop them from continuing on their journey(Maly 1994:6).Kuhua-i-Halala,intrigued by their response,replied thusly: How is it that Hilo is without water(`olohe)? There are many (400) hills, many (4,000) descents, and many(40,000)rivers in Hilo,one becomes breathless(is overcome)swimming in the waters of Hilo,but one is never out of water in Hilo...Hilo is the land of rain, rain that goes on and on, rain that darkens the sun. Indeed the sun is darkened by the rains,and it is the Maluaki`iwal that pushed 22 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background down the river debris (travelers) from the uplands. So is the stormy nature of Hilo known, and blocked are the trails that one would travel. (Maly 1994:6) Ka-Miki replied to Kuhua-i-Halala in a poetic-riddle form: Hilo has no water. The water has returned and sits in the springs, along the dripping cliff faces, to the quiet pools. The rivers have receded,the rain trough of Hilo is placed in the heavens...we have come to see Hilo bound in the meshes of heavenly rains, Hilo in the long twined lines of the Malualua,which fetches the multitudinous waters(`olohe),those of skill, [wind]upon the mountain tops [adorned] with budding`ohi`a,and the mamane that droops in the cold, on the mountains that move overhead like birds soaring in the heights of the heavens.Hilo is consumed by the great wind of the gourd;now it is like a small gourd to be set aside,the children call out;for it is ended,Hilo is [no longer] black, darkened by the rains, [emptied] are the rain troughs in the heavens... (Maly 1994:7) In this passage, Ka-Miki cleverly referenced the many waters, streams, rains, and storms of Hilo that described the `olohe who tormented the people within the region. The winds Ka-Miki spoke of,referred to how he and his men cleared the heavens,thereby giving way for the people of Hilo to celebrate and feel safe in their homeland once again. Ka-Miki with an ingenious retort told Kuhua-i-Halala: It is I, the descendent of Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka, who have cleansed and dried the rivers. Hereafter the debris(`olohe)that has blocked the pathways will never again rise.Nana-i-ke-kihi-o- Kamalama, the descendent of Lani-nui-ku`i-a-mamao-loa has ended the practices of Upeloa, Kaumana,Kalanakama`a-o-uli,Pnkihae,Mokuhonua, Waiaea,Kaiwiki,Honoli`i,Kiko`oakapuna, Pau and Keka`a[Pauka`a],Pueopakd,Papa`i-nui-a-kou [Papa`ikou],Waiahole Ka`ie`ie-lulu-ka-i`a [Ka`ie`ie],Kalaoa,Hanawi,Kula`imano,Kukuilauania,Kapahe`ehe`e, and Honomn—for all have been bound by Ka-Miki. Thus Ka-Miki has waded through half of the streams of Hilo, and here is Ka-Miki seeking out and judging the skilled `olohe who remain, seeking the koa trees that darken [i.e.disreputable warriors]all the forests. (Seeking)the great koa and little koa,those who are called the Koa pd`ele-ku o Hilo Koa trees that darken Hilo [high canopy trees that shade all that is below; descriptive of powerful warriors]. (Maly 1994:7) After hearing these taunts, Kuhua-i-Halala realized that Ka-Miki and his group deliberately sought after her. Incensed by their confidence, Kuhua-i-Halala lunged forward and attacked them. However, she failed and was ensnared in the net of Lani-nui-ku`i-a-mamao-loa. She then surrendered and agreed to no longer ambush any more travelers.Upon her release,she took the two travelers to meet HiVia,a master carver,and skilled orator,from Kolekole who questioned their visit to their village. Kuhua-i-Halala told Hn`ia and the people of Kolekole about Ka-Miki and his victory over her and that no one was capable of beating him,not even Hakalau-nui,a priest of the area. Ka-Miki quickly noticed the many magnificent carved images in the village of Kolekole. In his admiration for the carvings, Ka-Miki complimented Hn`ia for his work, to which Ka-Miki was met with much arrogance. Hn`ia challenged Ka-Miki by stating that Kulanikapele and Kolekole finest champions could defeat him. Ka-Miki quickly learned that Kolekole was the grounds where many contests were held and therefore,requested to meet with the area champions on the contest field. In preparation for the contest,Ka-Miki uttered a chant,calling to his ancestors.From the mountains,a mysterious voice replied to him. Hn`ia heard this voice and became terrified and hurried to the home of Kulanikapele, a chief, `olohe, and advisor to Kolekole. He told Kulanikepele of Ka-Miki and the unusual occurrences he witnessed. In response, Kulanikapele sent the messenger `Ohi`aokalani to confirm the what Honomn, Kuhua-i-Halala, and Kapahe`ehe`e had experienced at the hands of Ka-Miki and Maka-`Iole,which to his dismay,was true.Kulanikapele sent`Ohi`aokalani out again,but this time,to retrieve his grandson, Akaka,another skilled competitor in the contest games. After much discussion, Kulanikapele and Akaka agreed that they were outmatched by Ka-Miki and instead arranged for him a feast and `awa ceremony. Meanwhile, at the kahua (contest field)in Kolekole, the people of the area gathered and Akaka escorted Ka-Miki to the field to spectate and observe the contest. Kuhua-i-Halala was the first contestant arranged to compete against Waile`ale`a,afamous `olohe from Maui.But since Kuhua-i-Halala had surrendered to Ka-Miki, she claimed that he must fight him instead.Ka-Miki,never one to back down from a challenge, met Waile`ale`a on the kahua and with great skill and speed,flung Waile`ale`a off the platform.Following his victory,Ka-Miki called out for his next opponent but to his surprise,Waile`ale`a requested a rematch. Ka-Miki teased Waile`ale`a of his prior defeat and the great humiliation he would be subjected to if he challenged him a second time. This enraged Waile`ale`a and without hesitation,he stomped onto the kahua to try his CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 23 2.Background hand again at defeating Ka-Miki. To his displeasure, he was thrown from the kahua in the same manner as before to which he accepted his defeat and realized he was no match for Ka-Miki. Following Ka-Miki's victory over Waile`ale`a, another contender named Hakalau-nui entered the kahua to compete. Ka-Miki exchanged banter with him,boasting of their abilities and skills to each other. When the contest began, Hakalau-nui attempted to seize Ka-Miki,but instead, found himself trapped by Ka-Miki's malo (loincloth). Unable to free himself, Hakalau-nui was defeated by Ka-Miki, who then proceeded to call for a new opponent. Kama`e`e-a-kau answered and stepped on to the kahua ready to challenge Ka-Miki, and like those before him, he would not be victorious. In an attempt to avenge these defeats, eleven `olohe rallied together to defeat Ka-Miki. However,they were unsuccessful and were left bound by Ka-Miki until the next day.Hn`ia,humbled by the outcome, asked for forgiveness from Ka-Miki and was then made the konohiki of Kolekole.He cared for the to`i(taro)terraces, uala(sweet potato)gardens and sugar cane,banana and `awa plantings that grew along the cliffs of`Akaka. Kolekole,having been impressed by Ka-Miki and defeating all the `olohe of Hilo Palikd,prepared a grand feast and `awa ceremony for Ka-Miki and his friends. Following the ceremony,they continued their journey to meet with Maulua-a-pi`o,a friend of Hilo Hanakahi who shared with Maulua-a-pi`o all the feats that Ka-Miki had accomplished and asked for his friend to not challenge Ka-Miki(Maly 1994). Ka hele malihini ana i Hilo Paliku a me `Akaka-Sightseeing tours of Hilo Paliku and `Akaka In the past(and still today),the legendary waterfall of`Akaka was an attraction that malihini(visitors)always visited as they traversed through the plains and valleys of Hilo Palikd. `Akaka is located in Kuhua, an ahupua`a north of Honomu and Malamalamaiki. Such a famed site would have been known by native residents of Malamalamaiki and is part of the cultural heritage of this area within Hilo Palikd. Below are two native accounts of visits to `Akaka that speak of the splendors of their hike to the waterfalls. The names of places and famed trees that once grew there are mentioned.Descriptions of the natural environment surrounding`Akaka reveal an abundant landscape of native birds and trees. The earlier of the two accounts was written by Z. Poli, a Hawaiian reverend who wrote of his travels across Hawaii Island to visit congregation members in a serialized story titled"Ka Hele Malihini ana is Hawaii a me na Mea Hoi i ike ia"(Traveling to Hawaii and the many new things that were seen).Poli's account was published in 1867 in the newspaper Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. In the October 5'edition of"Ka Hele Malihini ana,"Poli described his travels from Hilo to Waimea. On August 26, 1867, he acquired two horses, one for him and one for his child, from J. L. Kuahau and began his journey through Hilo Palikd.Kuahau and another man named Keo accompanied Poli to Hakalau where he met Reverend T.Pohano. At the beginning of his account,he described the numerous cliffs of the region: ...aia a ike mai i na iho ana kawahawaha, a me na piina piiku, e hualalahu ana i o a is nei, a i iho la au is`u iho,pau io kuhihewa i na pali o Hilo, aohe io no o ka pali a pali, makena, weliweli ka nui o ua mea he pali o nei aina, he i hoi ka`u o Kauai ka aina pali, eia ka aole, o Hilopaliku nei ka ka of o ka pali. (Poli 1867:4) ...as I saw the many uneven descending paths,as well as the many steep ascending paths,going up and down here and there,and once I descended,I was never mistaken again about the cliffs of Hilo, there are no cliffs like these cliffs,(there are)many,most of the cliffs of these lands are treacherous, I thought completely that Kauai was the land of cliffs,but no, Hilopaliku indeed has incredible cliffs. Along their path,Kuahau and Keo generously shared many stories about the famed places of Hilo Palikd,in which Poli was most appreciative.He listed some of the mo`olelo and wahi pana(storied placed)that he heard from them: A ua oluolu lia lana i ka hoikeike a me ke kuhikuhi pono ana mai is`u i na wahi Pana o ua Hilopaliku nei, a ike iho la au is mau kanaka kaulana ma ke Kaao o Keanianiulaokalani, i ka hoe waa, o Kumunuiaiake, a me Moanonuikalehua, e ku ana i kahawai, he mau pohaku ala no elua e waiho nemonemo ana ma ka lihi makai pono o ke alanui iwaennakonu o ke kahawai, a o ke alanui no is e au aku ai ma kela kapa.A pela mai no he wahi ana i kapaia o Kanikuekue, no ke kani kuekue ana o ka la Kuku Paupau a kekahi wahi luahine o na kau i hala, ke kumu i kapaia'i "Kanikuekue"a ua ikepono au i keia wahi pana inoino o ua Hilopaliku nei. (Poli 1867:4) They both generously showed me where that many storied places of Hilo Palikd were,and I saw the famed characters of the account of Keanianiulaokalani, of the canoe, Kumunuiaiake, and Moanonuikalehua, standing in the stream, which are two smooth rocks in the middle of the stream along the seaward side of the road, a road that requires you to swim to the other side. It is also there that a cave named Kanikuekue is located, 24 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background due to the sound of tapping tapa beaters of an old woman in days gone by, and the reason why that place bears the name"Kanikuekue,"and I indeed saw that tempestuous place of Hilo Paliku. In the late afternoon, Poli, his child, Kuahau, and Keo, arrived in Kuhua Ahupua`a and began their ascent to `Akaka. He described their path as one that went through uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis)bushes and verdant forests. Once they arrived at the waterfall,the upper forests were quickly covered in mist and they were caught in heavy rains and winds.As they endured the rains,Poli was reminded of something that he heard while he was in Hilo.The excerpt remains in quotes as Poli is quoting another person: "He pilikia pinepine ka na malihini hele makaikai i ka Wailele o Akaka, i ka make i ka opili a ka ua, ke ako ake uhai paha i na Lehua a Pane i ka nuku o ka Wailele, a uhau iho iluna o ka pohaku a Pele, o ka manawa is poele mai la ka lani i ka ua, a uhi paapu mai la ka ohm, a me ka noe i ke kuahiwi, a ike ole is`ku kahi a me kahi, e La malie wale no ka la, e hele ana a ka lae ka lani, ike wahi ao ole ia'ku, a kolohe no e kolohe ka malihini i ua mau lehua nei, o ka manawa iho la no is e hana `i ka ua i kana hana, a make i ka opili, wahi mai a kuu loke[sic.]i kai o Hilo-one, a ua papaia mai au me is malihini hele makaikai i ka wailele o Akaka, aohe make kolohe, aohe make ako i na Lehua a Pane, mai uhau oe i ka lehua a Pane iluna o ka pohaku a Pele, o pulu io auanei oukou i ka ua, a pela iho la kuu noke is ana mai i ka papa i ka o Hilo, a o ka hele maluhia wale no ka pono a hiki i ka ikemaka ana is Akaka."(Poli 1867:4) Visitors who hike to `Akaka Falls frequently experience problems, dying from the numbing cold rains. When they pluck and break the Lehua of Pane at the edge of the waterfall, and stack them atop the stone of Pele,that is the when the skies darken with rain,the fog envelops everything,and the mists shroud the mountaintops,to the point where you can't see the person next to you.It could be a pleasant day,the weather perfect on your travels,but if you are unaware, and do mischievous things with those lehua like most mischievous travelers do, that is when the rain will do what it does, and [you] die from the cold, according to my lover in Hilo-one, and I was forbidden from visiting`Akaka Falls, [I] would not die a dishonest death, [I]would not die from picking the lehua of Pane,do not leave the Lehua of Pane atop the stone of Pele,lest you be drenched in the rain,and that is why I am persistently told by those of Hilo to not go, and that you should only travel safely to see `Akaka." When Poli heard this account,he was skeptical and was determined to pick the lehua of Pane and to place it upon the rock of Pele to demonstrate that these beliefs were not real(lapuwale).After they reached the falls,Poli described the sense of awe that they felt because of its height and the beauty that surrounded it. Poli described the flow of the waters off the edge of the cliffside and down into the pools below where they made their way to Kolekole Stream.He then detailed his actions at the edge of the waterfall,which included an account behind the name of`Akaka: A penei ka`u hana:--O na Lehua a Pane, he mau lehua kapu ia, aia lakou e kakau nui ana i ka nuku pono o Akaka. (A o Akaka hoi, he wahi kanaka ui no is ma kona moolelo, a mamuli o ke kena ana a kona Kupunawahine e hiahia ahi, a o kona hana no ia, a is is e noke ana i ka hia ahi, holo aku la ka hohono a i ka ihu o kana mau ipo e pii mai ana e moe me ua o Akaka, mai kai mai, a ike kekahi makamaka ona i ka honi ana mai o kana mau ipo, o kona hele no is a hai aku la is Akaka me ka i aku is ia, --Y,pii mai nei au mau ipo a honi mai nei i ka hohono o ke ahi, a hoowahawaha is oe."- -a is is i lohe ai i keia, o kona lele no is iloko o ka wai, a make loa, a kapaia iho la ua wahi nei, o Akaka, mamuli o Akaka.) A lawe mai la au hookahi kumulehua, a hahau iho la elua hahau ana i ka pohaku pono o ka ihu o ua o Akaka, a mahope iho, eha a'u hahau ana iluna o ka pohaku a Pele,me ke kanalua ole, a makau ole mai, no ke kolohe ana i keia mau mea i papa is mai ai no keia wahi, a hookahi mea i koe mahope iho, o ke kali ana'ku i ka hana mai a ka ua nui i kana hana, o ka hoopulu mai is makou, no kuu kolohe ana i na mea kapu i papaia, a ke hai aku nei au, me ke akaka loa, aohe makou i pulu iki i ka ua a hiki i kauhale. O ka pulu wale no i loaa i ka pii ana mai; oia wale iho la no, a nolaila hoi, ke hoike aku nei ai i na malihini hele makaikai a pau is Akaka, mai hilinai i na mea i hookapu ia... (Poli 1867:4) And this is what I did:Regarding the lehua of Pane,they are sacred lehua,growing near the edge of `Akaka. (As for`Akaka, [the name] derives from a story about a beautiful man,who was instructed by his grandmother to start a fire, which he indeed tried to do, and as he was making his fire, his lovers would smell the scent[of the smoke] and travel from the coast to where he was to have sex CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 25 2.Background with `Akaka. One of `Akaka's acquaintances saw his lovers smelling [the smoke]. He (the acquaintance) went to `Akaka and told him"eh,your lovers are coming up here when they smell the smoke from the fire, and some folks are fed up with you." Once he heard this, `Akaka jumped off the waterfall and died,and that is why that place is called `Akaka,because of the man`Akaka.) Then,I brought one a lehua(Metrosideros polymorpha)branch,and struck it twice against the rock at the tip of`Akaka,and afterwards,I struck the rock of Pele four times,without hesitation,and with no fear because of my skepticism behind this forbidden act at this place,and another thing,I waited for the pouring rain to do its work,to make us soaked for doing what I was not supposed to, and I am telling you in all honesty,we did not get soaked all the way home. We only got wet when we hiked to `Akaka.That is the only time,and thus,I am showing all visitors to `Akaka that they should not believe in this superstition. Following his visit to `Akaka, Poli continued on his journey to Waimea. His account is of interest because he shares the names of storied places across Hilo Palikd even though he is skeptical of Hawaiian beliefs. Although Poli is dismissive of these beliefs,we are fortunate that he wrote about them during his journey for readers in the past and the present. Poli's account is enriched by another trip made by J.M.Keliiwaiwaiole of the Honomu Sugar Company in 1885.In an article he authored titled"Ike I na Pali Hookui o Akaka Fall" (Seeing the Twin Cliffs of`Akaka Falls), published in Ko Hawaii Pae Aina on September 5, Keliiwaiwaiole describes his pleasant trip to Akaka, noting the things in the natural environment that caught his attention. He described the thick vegetation(hihipe`a) of the forest and the sounds of forest birds like `apapane and `i`iwi,and noted how these sights brought joy to their trip. At around 10 in the morning Keliiwaiwaiole reached the falls. He peered over the edge of`Akaka and saw the numerous ferns and gingers growing in the misty environment. Like Poli, Keliiwaiwaiole spoke of the famed Lehua of Pane in his account.However,Keliiwaiwaiole named more famed trees and rocks that can be found atop `Akaka falls: A ma ka hoike mai a ke kamaaina i na mea kaulana o ua wahi nei, oia iho keia.He mau kumu lehua nenee i ka pahoehoe ma ka akau a ma ka hema o na wai lele nei, o ko laua mau inoa, o na lehua a Pane a me na lehua a Ehu, a o keia ka na wehi o na keiki nei.A he pohaku nui hoi ma uka aku, o pohaku o Kaloa ia, oia ka makuakane, a he wai poepoe hoi mauka aku, o Kulanikapele is oia ka makuahine, a he kumu ohia nui e pili ana i ka Pali ma ka aoao akau, o Ohiaokalani is oia ke kupunakane, a he heiau no hoi is wahi no na `hi o ka wa kahiko, he ohuku Pali hoi e haawe mai ana ma ka aoao komohana, o Laeolono is oia ke kupunawahine o ua keiki nei, a he mau wahi wai hihi e lele mai ana ma ka aoao a me ka hema, o ko lakou mau inoa oia o Ukuula,Hualei a meAhaa, he mau wahine lawelawe ka is no ua keiki nei. He nui aku na moolelo hoonanea no keia wahi. (Keliiwaiwaiole 1885:4) These are the famed things that I was shown by a native of these lands. There are two lehua trees that move from right to left on the pahoehoe above these waterfalls. Their names are the lehua of Pane and the lehua of Ehu, and they are adornments to the child (`Akaka)found here. There is a large boulder found more upland named Kaloha,who is the father, and there is a round pool there too, whose name is Kulanikapele and who is the mother, and there is a `ohi`a tree growing along the cliff's northern face named Ohiaokalani,which is the grandfather,and there is a heiau there that was used by chiefs of the past.On the western bluff of the cliff is a protuberance that juts out named Laeolono,which is the grandmother of that child.Lastly,there are smaller falls to the southern side whose names are Ukuula, Hualei, and Ahaa, who were female retainers of this child. There are numerous time-passing stories of this place. When it was time for lunch,Keliiwaiwaiole and his entourage picnicked at`Akaka. They laid out their spread of food,which consisted of things like ho`io, `opae, `o`opu, and poi, and decorated their eating area with ferns, `ie`ie, ginger,and maile that they gathered in the forest.Because of their visit,Kawaiwaiole was moved to recall lines from a prayer lovingly composed in honor of`Akaka: A ka lura nae wau i Akaka I am indeed at`Akaka Luhe ana ka lehua noho i ka wai The lehua droop into the waters Nawai e ole ka mahui koni Who would deny themselves the pleasure of I ka nam o na lehua Apane The beauty of the lehua of Pane Pane mai ko leo me ka nanahe Your voice responds with sweetness Loku e ka halia i ka puuwai. Drenched by memories of the heart (Keliiwaiwaiole 1885:4) 26 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background The accounts written by Poli and Keliiwaiwaiole are two of many accounts published by Hawaiians who made their way to the famed waters of`Akaka. Their writings evidence a history of travel and sightseeing throughout Hilo Paliku. Pau Kuhihewa Ia Hili Palika-Completely Mistakened by Hilo Palika One of the sayings for the Hilo Palikd region of Hilo is "pan kuhihewa is Hilo Palikd," which translates to "Hilo Palikd is completely mistaken."In historical sources,authors used this saying as an expression of disdain for someone who lies or does keep promises.In August of 1900,an author under the penname"Hawaii Oiaio"published an article that explains the origins and usage of"pan kuhihewa is Hilo Palikd. In his article titled"Pau Ole Kuhihewa Ia Hilo Palikd,"Hawaii Oiaio addresses it to members of the Aloha`Aina political party,including Joseph Nawahi,William White, John Richardson, Thomas Clark, Reverend John Kalana Hihio, J. Nazareka, David Kalauokalani, James Kaulia, Robert Wilcox, and William Auld,which he chastises for their pro-Kingdom politics.. Although the excerpt that is included below focuses on the story of the Hilo Palikd saying, the overall message of the article encourages readers to pursue leadership positions within the newly formed government of the Territory of Hawaii: O ka huaolelo a hopunaolelo maluna ae e kau ae la, "Pau kuhihewa is Hilo Paliku,"he huaolelo kaulana loa keia mai ka wa kahiko loa mai o ko kakou aina, mawaena o na ho loh[sic]elua, e No i mau halekipa, a i mau aikane "Punakeonaona, ina no Maui, Oahu, Kauai ke kanaka i hoaikane me ko Hilo, a ina paha ma Maui kahi i launa ai, alaila, ua mopopo[sic]no i ke kanaka o Hilo ka makemake o ka hoaloha o Maui he waa alaila,pane aku la ke kanaka o Hilo, he wahi waa no ko`u makemake no ia, e lawe koke mai hoi ha oe, ae, ua pono. Oi kali aku ke kanaka o Maui a, a hala ae ana he anahulu, a hala aku ana ua anahulu, Pau ka palena o ka pono, o kau nae kai puhi aku la is iala, a hoka iho la ke kanaka o Maui.Pane iho la ke kanaka o Maui, he lohe akahi no a ike maka, nolaila, ua ailolo na kanaka o Maui, Oahu,Molokai, Lanai, Kuai i ko Hilo Poe i ka hoopumpuni,pili nae keia i ka Poe kalaiwaa. The saying and sentence located above, "Hilo Palikn is mistakened completely," it is a legendary saying from the ancient times of our land,that arouse between two friends,who became best friends, and later became companions. "Punakeonaona, indeed if the person from Maui, Oahu, and Kauai befriended Hilo's [person], and if on Maui is where they enjoy each others company,and then,the person in Hilo would know that their Maui friend is in need of a canoe, and then, the Hilo people responds,I definitely have a canoe that was painted black,I will leave and then return,and then,the person from Maui responded,that is what I desire,please bring it quickly,indeed,it is needed. Whilst the person from Maui waited, a month passed, and another month passed, he reached his limit and became furious and disappointed.The person from Maui told the person from Hilo,I heard you but I have yet to see it with my own eye,therefore,the people of Maui,Oahu, and Lanai were scorned.Hilo's people,in particular the canoe carvers,trade in lies. (Oiaio 1900:6) Although the saying is one that does not see people from Hilo Palikd as favorable or honest,it is one that speaks of the region's long history of interisland exchange and communication. Historical Accounts of Hilo Paliku Some of the earliest written descriptions of the South Hilo district come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island. Early Historic visitors to the region noted the beauty,fertility, and ruggedness of this part of the island. In 1823, the Reverend William Ellis one of the first Christian missionaries to arrive in Hawaii passed along the South Hilo coast during his tour of Hawaii Island. Having been warned against walking due to the ruggedness of the terrain, he sailed from Hilo to Laupahoehoe in a canoe. Ellis(2004:344) described the South Hilo coastline as follows: The country, by which we sailed, was fertile, beautiful, and apparently populous. The numerous plantations on the eminences and sides of the deep ravines or valleys,by which it was intersected, by streams meandering through them into the sea,presented altogether a most agreeable prospect. After departing Hilo Bay, Ellis and his party did not land again until Laupahoehoe, where he and his traveling companions continued on foot,passing along the coastal cliffs of the Hilo and Hamakua districts. It was on this leg of his journey that Ellis described the cultivated kula lands of the region that extended between the various valleys and gulches: CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 27 2.Background The houses stood mostly singly, and were scattered over the face of the country. A rich field of potatoes or taro, five or six acres in extent, or large plantations of sugar-cane and bananas, occasionally bordered our path. But though the soil was excellent, it was only partially cultivated. (Ellis 1963:249-250) Overland travel across the central and northern Hilo District remained difficult throughout the first part of the nineteenth century due to its rugged coastline and many deep gulches. Transportation difficulties may have even temporarily delayed large-scale commercial exploitation of the kula lands in the vicinity of the study area(Desilets et al. 2004). Initial commercial exploitation of these lands was limited to small scale agriculture in areas with coastal access for shipping and receiving goods. The Reverend Titus Coan (1882:31-32), who settled at the Hilo Mission Station in 1835,wrote that: For many years after our arrival there were no roads, no bridges,and no horses in Hilo, and all my tours were made on foot...The path was a simple trail,winding in a serpentine line,going down and up precipices, some of which could only be descended by grasping the shrubs and grasses,and with no little weariness and difficulty and some danger. By the mid-1800s,the first roads had been established along the coast of South Hilo,perhaps following the route of the older path described by Coan(PHRI 1991). These first roads, designed for travel on horses and in carts,were likely developed by landholders,primarily sugar growers,looking to connect their plantation lands.Chester S.Lyman, traveling from Kawaihae to Hilo with the Reverend Titus Coan on June 19', 1846, stayed in the vicinity of one of the early sugar plantations located to the south of the study area. In his journal,he described travel along a cart road and discussed the holdings of Mr. Castle.the progenitor of the first sugar plantation in the area.Lyman(1925:81)writes: After resting we started on at 41/2&soon arrived at Mr Castle's,3/4 of a mile beyond. When half way there we fell in with two carts each drawn by 4 yokes of oxen, one set of them just broken in; the two teams were connected by a long rope&went on by fits&starts,now stopping&now going on the run. The carts were large& heavy with thick solid wheels made of planks pinned together. They were well filled with a crowd of noisy girls&boys&by invitation of the Driver,an American, I took a ride in one of these Hawaiian Coaches as far as Mr Castle's house, glad thus to relieve a little my feet which were becoming sore from walking in water and climbing precipices. Stopped a few minutes at Mr C[astle]'s; were entertained with a refreshing bowl of milk, &then going on a mile&a half or 2 miles put up for the night at a native house,nearby.The place is called Puumoi. Mr. Castle is an American, has been in the country many yrs, has an extensive plantation & a native wife &family. Near his house we passed large fields of sugar cane on his lands, but cultivated by Chinamen who have pretty much monopolized the sugar business in this region. Mr C[astle] has also considerable herds of cattle. A historical reference to a renowned person who lived in Malamalamaiki can be found in the 44'installment of Reminiscences of Honolulu Thirty-five Years, a serial account that was published by Henry L. Sheldon between 1881 to 1883 in the English-language newspaper Saturday Press. Published on December 9, 1882, Sheldon notes the death of Dr. John Pelham on March 16' 1857, an Englishman who served as a medical adviser to the ah`i Klaimoku, Kuakini,and Ka`ahumanu.Following this note about Pelham's demise, Sheldon reminisces about a visit with Pelham years prior: [Pelham] had resided in the Islands since the year 1826, and was the medical adviser of the high chiefs Kalalmoku,Kuakini and Kaahumanu.He was well educated and well read in his profession, but quite eccentric in his manner. Some six years previous to his death he was living at a place called Malamalamaiki,about fifteen miles north of Hilo,where I had occasion to call upon him while on a tour around the Island of Hawaii.Arriving at his very neat and comfortably arranged and furnished thatched cottage about 8 o'clock in the evening,in the midst of one of those soaking rains for which Hilo was then proverbial (The climate is said to have changed since),I received from the Doctor a bluffbut hearty welcome,and the intimation that supper would be ready as soon as I had exchanged my drenched garments for dry ones. I was desperately hungry after my long ride from the bay,and visions of roast pig and taro,or mullet baked in ti-leaves,flitted through my mind. At length I was ceremoniously ushered into the dining-room,and,with the remark from my host that I must excuse him for that he had already supped,was hospitably urged to "eat hearty"--of a raw squid and poi! That was the entire bill of fare. I was, however,equal to the occasion, and managed to bolt--it was impossible to thoroughly masticate--enough of octopus and paste to stay my stomach. I had been previously informed of Pelham's eccentricities, and noted the twinkle of his eye while I wrestled 28 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background with"the supper." At the conclusion of the necessarily brief repast the Doctor invited me to join him in"a glass of something hot." Directly a native woman brought in a japanned tray, on which were two steaming tumblers crowned with closed lemon.After such a barbarous supper this seemed the opposite extreme of civilized luxury. I sipped contentedly at the soothing mixture;but was only restrained from remarking upon its peculiar aroma by my regard for the proprieties. The evening was spent in pleasant converse, in the course of which the Doctor related many interesting recollections of the native chiefs with whom he had been familiar, especially of Governor Adams, as Kuakini was called. I was comfortably lodged (even luxuriously, for those days), and in the morning sat down to a nice breakfast of pork chops, lawalu'd fish, baked potatoes, biscuit and coffee. Noticing the satisfaction with which I regarded the board, my host dryly remarked that he had been pleased to see that I knew how to"rough it"in Hawaii,by the way in which I had attacked raw squid the previous evening,whereupon I was emboldened to inquire as to the particular brand of spirits that had entered into the composition of the hot punch with which I had washed the supper down. For reply he produced from the cupboard two small empty bottles, marked in plain letters, "Lavender Water,"with the simple remark,"There." Lest my readers should suppose that our punch on the occasion mentioned was made of the article generally known as lavender water,I will here explain:Previous to the ratification of the treaty with France in 1858 the duty on imported spirits in this kingdom was$5 per gallon.One of the results of the high duty was the important of large quantities of alcohol,disguised under the names of cologne, lavender,bitters, etc.,which paid a duty of only 5 per cent,ad valorem, and which was freely sold all over the islands and used as a beverage instead of the high-priced brandy. Brandied peaches, cherries and other fruits came under the same category,and were at one time largely imported and consumed here. (Sheldon 1882:1) In 1872, Isabella Bird traveled by horseback along the Hamakua Coast from Onomea to Waipi`o Valley and described the general terrain and the difficult passage through the various gulches she crossed. Although Honomu is not specifically mentioned in her account,she would have inevitably passed through the Honomu area on her journey towards Waipi`o. Of the region she writes: All the gulches for the first twenty-four miles contain water. The great Hakalau gulch we crossed early yesterday,has a river with a smooth bed as wide as the Thames at Eton. Some have only quiet streams, which pass gently through ferny grottoes. Others have fierce strong torrents dashing between abrupt walls of rock,among immense boulders into deep abysses,and cast themselves over precipice into the ocean. Probably, many of these are the courses of fire torrents, whose jagged masses of a-a have since been worn smooth,and channeled into holes by the action of water. A few are crossed on narrow bridges, but the majority are forded, if that quiet conventional tern can be applied to the violent flounderings by which the horses bring one through. (Bird 1974:88). The Mahele `Aina of 1848 By the mid-19'-century, the Hawaiian Kingdom was an established center of commerce and trade in the Pacific, recognized internationally by the United States and other nations in the Pacific and Europe (Sai 2011). As Hawaiian political elite sought ways to modernize the burgeoning Kingdom, and as more Westerners settled in the Hawaiian Islands, major socioeconomic and political changes took place, including the formal adoption of a Hawaiian constitution by 1840,the change in governance from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy,and the shift towards a Euro-American model of private land ownership. This change in land governance was partially informed by ex-missionaries and Euro-American businessmen in the islands who were generally hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands that could be revoked from them at any time.M57(Ruler)Kauikeaouli(Kamehameha III),through intense deliberations with his high-ranking chiefs and political advisors, separated and defined the ownership of all lands in the Kingdom (King n.d.). They decided that three classes of people each had one-third vested rights to the lands of Hawaii:the M57,the ah`i and konohiki,and the native tenants(hoa`diva).In 1846,King Kauikeaouli formed the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles(more commonly known as the Land Commission)to adopt guiding principles and procedures for dividing the lands, grant land titles, and act as a court of record to investigate and ultimately award or reject all claims brought before them(Bailey in Commissioner of Public Lands 1929). All land claims, whether by chiefs for an entire ahupua`a or `ili kupono (nearly independent `ili land division within an ahupua`a,that paid tribute to the riling chief and not to the chief of the ahupua`a),or by hoa`diva for their house lots and gardens,had to be filed with the Land Commission within two years of the effective date of the Act(February 14, CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 29 2.Background 1846)to be considered. This deadline was extended several times for chiefs and konohiki,but not for native tenants (Soehren 2005). The King and some 245 chiefs spent nearly two years trying unsuccessfully to divide all the lands of Hawaii amongst themselves before the whole matter was referred to the Privy Council on December 18, 1847 (King n.d.; Kuykendall 1938). Once Kauikeaouli and his chiefs accepted the principles of the Privy Council, the Mahele Aina (Land Division)was completed in just forty days(on March 7, 1848).The names of all of the ahupua`a and `ili kupono of the Hawaiian Islands, as well as the names of the chiefs who claimed them, were recorded in the Buke Mahele (Mahele Book) (Buke Mahele 1848; Soehren 2005). As this process unfolded, King Kauikeaouli, who received roughly one-third of the lands of Hawaii, realized the importance of setting aside public lands that could be sold to raise money for the government and also purchased for fee simple title by his subjects. Accordingly,the day after the division when the name of the last chief was recorded in the Buke Mahele, the King commuted about two-thirds of the lands awarded to him to the government(King n.d.).Unlike Kauikeaouli,the chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive their Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). The chiefs who participated in the Mahele were also required to provide to the government commutations of a portion of their lands in order to receive a Royal Patent giving them title to their remaining lands. The lands surrendered to the government by the King and chiefs became known as "Government Land." The lands personally retained by the King became known as "Crown Land." Lastly, the lands received by the chiefs became known as "Konohiki Land" (Chinn 1958:vii; 1961:13). To expedite the work of the Land Commission, all lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the lands could be formally surveyed. Disposition of'Malamalamaiki On February 3, 1848, the ah`i Kekuapanio (also spelled Kuapanio)laid claim to three lands, one of which included Malamalamaiki Ahupua`a.This ahupua`a was subsequently awarded to him as `apana(parcel)2 of LCAw. 130.Prior testimony was given on October 27, 1848,by John Young,one of Kamehameha I's foreign military advisors,specified that before the Mahele Aina, Malamalamaiki was held by John Young, but at the request Poki(Boki, Governor of O`ahu), Malamalamaiki was returned to King Kauikeaouli. At the time of the Mahele, King Kauikeaouli gave Malamalamaiki to Kekuapanio,who was considered a hulumanu, a class of young nobles who were favorites of the chief.According to records obtained at the Edward Olson Trust Archives,after Kekuapanio died,the land was retained by his heir,Huakini of Honolulu,Oahu.Historical records indicate that Huakini was a defendant in a lawsuit against James W. Marsh, Marshall of the Hawaiian Islands, who through a court ruling levied Huakini`s personal and real property, including Malamalamaiki, and sold it at a public auction to Charles C. Harris for the sum of$226 on May 6, 1859 (Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2-24;HSC2-35). Kuleana Awards As the King and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mahele, questions arose regarding the protection of rights for the native tenants.To resolve this matter,on August 6, 1850,the Kuleana Act(also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied,actively cultivated,or had improved(Garavoy 2005).The Kuleana Act also clarified access to kuleana parcels, which were typically landlocked, and addressed gathering rights within an ahupua`a.Lands awarded through the Kuleana Act were and still are,referred to as kuleana awards or kuleana lands. The Land Commission oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAws.) (Chinn 1958). Native tenants wishing to make a claim to their lands were required to register in writing those lands with the Land Commission,who assigned a number to each claim,and that number(the Native Register)was used to track the claimant through the entire land claims process. The native tenants registering their kuleana were then required to have at least two individuals (typically neighbors)provide testimony to confirm their claim to the land. Those testimonies given in Hawaiian became known as the Native Testimony, and those given in English became known as Foreign Testimony.Upon provision of the required information,the Land Commission rendered a decision, and if successful, the tenant was issued the LCAw. Finally, to relinquished any government interest in the property, the holder of a LCAw. obtained a Royal Patent Grant from the Minister of the Interior upon payment of the commutation fee. With respect to the study area, it appears that no kuleana claims were made for lands in Malamalamaiki. 30 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background Government Land Grants In conjunction with the Mahele,the King also authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land,larger than those generally available through the Land Commission.The process for applications was clarified by the"Enabling Act,"which was ratified on August 6, 1850.The Act resolved that portions of the Government Lands established during the Mahele of 1848 should be set aside and sold as grants ranging in size from one to fifty acres at a cost of fifty cents per acre. The stated goal of this program was to enable native tenants, many of whom were not awarded kuleana parcels during the Mahele,to purchase lands of their own. Despite the stated goal of the land grant program,this provided the mechanism that allowed many foreigners to acquire large tracts of the Government Lands. Unlike in the kuleana claims,where claimants stated their use of the land,the grant records are silent regarding the grantees' intended use. The Royal Patent deeds and survey notes do contain some limited information about geographical features,vegetation,and survey markers,but they generally do not say anything about improvements to the land or land use. South of the project area in Malamalamaiki I't, a single grant parcel(Royal Patent No. 1358)was purchased in 1854 by William Farwell for$51.50. While the location of this 52.6-acre grant is shown in Hawaii Registered Map No. 1092 by W. A. Wall (Figure 17), Farwell's grant boundaries appear to be incorrectly depicted as it is shown extending well into Malamalamaiki 2. Another Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 (Figure 18) dated 1879 does not show the location of Farwell's grant but it does shows other grants in nearby Honomu as well as what appears to be built structures (depicted as square-like symbols) mauka the project area. The 1879 map (see Figurel8) also shows the route of the Government Road mauka of the project area. The surveyor notes for Farwell's grant(Figures 19 and 20)described hala trees along the coast,as well as natural features such as the cliff and ravines as well as a road. Vk— \� e` ` � ' •��;.:K� 0 1.00 400 _ g 1 •� pproKimatc study arca location lov- srr,J`J,s7e ��p'�7�i r:.•.�gg� .FaJrnzE� \J �: Z kgq IF ., ;s;a'\ Grant-a:�s • I f V. AM w2pW-1— C+T�893� ° �• � �� ,� tom' tel. ✓ � � � 7 .sf36. L Figure 17. A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1092 by W.A. Wall showing Royal Patent Grant No. 1358 to W.Farwell and the approximate project area location. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 31 2.Background 4 f 1: ;IN .� EP 1 tp - o r" .4 �1� �� fes/. •\\� � - r_'.r= . ># Figure 18. A portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 570 from 1879 by C. I Lyons showing land grants in nearby Honomu as well as structures mauka of the project area. 32 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background 299 ` f N(l, KAMGIIAMEHA Illi, fly rite;rare of 1;ud. Kills of the li—a"On falaad.,i,y tkia ilia Royal Pa- seul,rnai;es 4n.w tmato all teen,drat Ito Laa fu�f�g,� araf sue saa iti vilica,t y 6rao�ed and given, aLapluto in M'ee Siwple uufu // .(( a rLllG If Itis faitdlul and lura!ly disporad rULj«t f t tLc u wdrratiatt of [P G paid Ia t1e tluyal F.xLLetjue( y�Usl piece of L1nJ aiwatrd at �L ! f.• L O to tln,is Lmd ul alt-r`sLFC-� ,and described as follows (�7I1NIfr.,4Lu -41x'!r"/'atllt'lflC JlLrtn�rr(.�'. rtr (Tr. . I�/r!r Jrca'r �T r � • F Rf/LrM.fir �[reLr� �i/ //�LrsuG� �te�rr�•ltfri 6nKrd �k��atirrr /� +Rfcier�tJ,�►ru� /r� •,vhs-cl ��, flur�rr. �rcr. �r�i/rrtL„[ wI r` �w(1 !t l�,rn,tt, - /�: �.ri �/y.y,ra � ct-�ILY.I.L•'��Yta4.', 1�r7J'tti��Lia4 LfLe�Lf�i$t��t•��• Ot /7LLfaI�i[f/ 4d se,d_ 'a`•uJ - 41.1fI?ON- /-'iz '4e' fMe,� HU �re�fJ� --'OuLIf0t yr N �At �V��awaaWl /�/aL�-.t!rt�a•i'm71�_ �a 'Ban..' I(/i7.6�I7�LI Jfc*.Sfi�-j L!(lir�if !l—CrNchirri..r «f Urc1/.F.c�ylr��Qu r�� /•�/� j/'}} {rte/!/A. i! yf �1�. �/f ,(, ��y.�L .y l��te�ld�,�{��11aev:/ JI)��/�eRLtir/rJJr�� t1 u7r�J� .hfw� I./kt/rit+l�twwe.w , L `e-1r�Lir�r Ilif�•�7�. reoe II ,f��1_///� � [ �•w-i7•�//,�/ J1tf- /lis-,laf�liit.�• ll, ' 6 ,�Irfr ._acalLl�rie� � Y7Hv / [ f ` 'YM AK,,-,.,.41 a� �+ GitL• ��CLi.ri��L��,IfLrrirrJ ✓Rl��LJtLu4e•rlraia,tr+;rarer; L7�/,�Ir. �f/ AMA rree��Sm.4.r ,�JL�iLLa/ :l��it-f��rw{ dl �s+ Ifl7[rt� �G�reeG• ? . hw.rri Imo• fv, ' Figure 19. Scanned copy of Royal Patent Grant No. 1358 to Farwell,page 1 of 2(OHA 2018). CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 33 2.Background �/r/z90 cr A-1W aPq 6�)J,D S• �'as Irk ,�� • �� elfar:cJ �e�w/, �uu�v I ,,toly7frde arl q,c3'. I /.. �p��., r� �f/3I•�2� .+�L.r�/..��.s�p�, 191�r,1i; ttnta e SCJ' lr a `��i� e�7 • �,f! 1�.fi ,leri.�erJ{ ✓�6�'c�. 2 X14 ' I2 = ,tJi� 1rs->� �r,�ce ..� st.e.Le du CIr� L�ra L(te:/a�ttcsr��.i�dt� � ••f�t!s4�J�it �} e/i4.l�Ktar�6� r Ov i Y t-tel: 411 Amy eww,a or Iea: 2.Background Commercial Sugar,Boundary Commission Testimony, and Railroad (ca. 1880-1994) Following the Mahele and the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Reciprocity, a free-trade agreement between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii which guaranteed a duty-free market for Hawaiian sugar in exchange for special economic privileges for the United States,commercial sugarcane cultivation and sugar production became the central economic focus for the Hilo area.By 1874,Hilo already ranked as the second-largest population center in the islands and within a few years the fertile uplands,plentiful water supply,and port combined to make Hilo a major center for sugarcane production and export. The plantation lands commonly extended some two to three miles inland from the coast(Best 1978). Elevations typically ranged from 250 feet above sea level along the shoreline bluffs to 2,000 feet above sea level at their western(mauka)limits.Ocean frontage could range from two to six miles.Railroads operating on steam and animal power were built on some plantations by 1887, however, some plantations utilized flumes or cable railways to transport cane from the fields to the coastal mills. With the purported annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898 and subsequent granting of Territory status in 1900,Hilo was designated the center of county government in 1905 and remained the second most populated city in Hawaii (Dorrance and Morgan 2000; Sai 2011). Sugar cultivation continued to be the island's most lucrative industry until the ca. the 1970s (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). The sugar industry brought widespread changes to the Hilo area and drastically altered the traditional natural and cultural landscape of the district. As part of the late 19ffi- century development of the sugar plantations and related infrastructure, some of Hilo's largest fishponds (Hanalei, Kalepolepo, Mohouli, Waiahole, and Ho`akimau)were filled in, and many old residences,burial sites, trails, heiau, formerly located in the cane fields were destroyed as a result. In prospecting Hilo for land suitable for development, a report was made by the Royal Commissioners on Development of Resources. Formed by King David Kalakaua in 1877, commissioners conducted examinations of lands along the Hamakua/Hilo coastline and consulted with residents in an effort to learn about needs and natural resources. In 1877,Honomn was investigated for its potential as a landing and sugar mill location: At Honomu,in ordinary weather,a good landing can be made in a surf boat,and would only need a buoy;parties are projecting a small plantation on this land with a mill in the gulch. There are some 1500 acres of Government land in the vicinity, and 1250 sold to private parties, some of which is cane land. The establishment of a good mill at Honomu would greatly add to the value of these lands. (Maly and Maly 2006:48) Three years later in 1880,M.Kirchoff&Company,along with C.Brewer&Company,Ltd.as agent,established Honomn Sugar Company on 2,400 acres of land within the South Hilo District(Dorrance and Morgan 2000). The Honomn Sugar Company mill was located on the coast, north of the project area, and the upper region of Honomn was interspersed with small-farm homesteaders (Figure 21). The expansion of the Honomn Sugar Company into Malamalamaiki began in May of 1886 when Edward Witschy lease four acres of land to the Honomn Sugar Company (Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2-18-19). Witschy had purchased Malamalamaiki 2 from Charles C. Harris in May of 1875 after Harris had purchased the ahupua`a in an 1859 public auction(Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2- 37, 35). In 1877, Witschy sold Malamalamaiki to William and Caroline Kinney but in 1886, Witcshy along with his attorney, D. H. Hitchcock appeared before the Commissioners of Boundaries to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 2(Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2-46). Boundary Commission Testimony(1886 and 1874) As the Honomn Sugar Company continues to expand its operations,they began the process of acquiring adjacent tracts of land which eventually included the current project area. In 1862, the Commission of Boundaries (Boundary Commission) was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua`a that had been awarded solely by name as a part of the Mahele Aina. Subsequently, in 1874, the Boundary Commission was authorized to certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents who typically learned of the boundaries from an elder relative or neighbor. The boundary information was usually given in Hawaiian and simultaneously transcribed by the courts into English. The information described by the informants tell of natural and built features as well as traditional place names and its uses specific to Malamalamaiki. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 35 2.Background i .. r • 4' 0+ • a • Figure 21.A 1929 aerial photograph of the Honomu Sugar Mill;project area now shown. Testimony concerning the boundaries of Malamalamaiki was collected on two separate occasions. The first hearing for the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 1't occurred in June of 1874 and the second for Mlamalamalaiki 2 was in August 1886.On June 30', 1874 the Commissioners met at the Hilo Court House on the application of L.McCully, the attorney for Noa Kaikinui, to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki I't. Prior to the hearing of testimony, P. Ama,a land surveyor provided the following statement concerning his survey of Malamalamaiki 1't: Notes of survey filed by P. Ama; on May 1st 1874 presented by applicant. Ama took oath May 1st as to said Notes of survey.He said, I am a land surveyor and surveyed this land as Kauena pointed out boundaries to me, and copied Notes of survey from Patents of adjoining lands from the Kaupakuea hawai[sic] I surveyed up the road to Ohiakiikii and not on the boundary,but surveyed across to boundary at flume The first native primary informant was Kauena who was a multi-generational resident of Malamalamaiki. According to notes from the testimony,Kauena was about 70 years old at the time of the hearing,thus placing his date of birth sometime around 1804. Kauena`s testimony as well as those provided by two other native informants, Kaiakoili and Nawai are provided below: Kaunena k. Sworn I was born at Malamalamaiki during the reign of Kamehameha I and have always lived there, and my forefathers before me.I was large enough to go about at the time of the battle of Kuamoo.Know the boundary of the land as it is a small one, and a trail is the boundary between the two Malamalamaiki. Know Ama and pointed out the boundaries between the two lands to him. He surveyed the one adjoining Honomu gulch,and he surveyed it as I pointed it our.He commenced at the mauka corner at Ohiakiikii a resting place on the road in the woods he then surveyed down the road to hawal of Kaupakuea,not on the boundary.Thence towards Hamakua to where I pointed out the boundary between the two lands. Thence to Naomi`s land on Malamalamaiki 1. (He surveyed as I told him without disputing the boundaries)From the mauka corner of Naomi`s land to the shore the adjoining land has been sold. We went to shore and surveyed across from corner of land sold to Honomu gulch. The Honomu gulch is on the Hamakua side of this land and is the boundary from shore to opposite Ohiakiikii where Malamalamaiki is cut off by Honomu:Bounded makal by the sea. Kalakoili k. Sowm 36 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background I went and carried the chain with Nawai when Ama surveyed the land Kauena was the kamaaina. Commenced at Ohiakiikii and surveyed across the land to Honomu gulch. Marked a tree at Ohiakiikii, and from thence surveyed down the road to flume. We then went down to where we came to the gulch and surveyed from there across to Homonu gulch.Then we to Palau`s houses and surveyed to shore,and then across to the Honomu gulch. We went where Kauena pointed out. Nawai k. Sworn I went with Kauena and Kaiakoili when Ama surveyed the land. My knowledge is the same as the last witness has testified to. (Boundary Commission 1874a:283-284) Following the testimony, the Commission heard the following statement from McCully, "...stated he finds that this land was sold to His Ex. C.C.Harris,paid cost,and declined to go any further in matter"(Boundary Commission 1874a:284) On August 6', 1886, the Commissioners of Boundaries conveined again at the courthouse in Hilo on the application of D.H.Hitchcock,the attorney for Edward Witschy,to settle the boundaries of Malamalamaiki 2. Sworn testimony for Malamalamaiki 2 was provided by Kauhane, Bila Kamakana, and D. H Hitchcock. Although no information concerning land use is noted in the testimony,information about traditional place names are mentioned. Their testimony is transcribed in its entirety below: Kauhane sworn Malamalamaiki first adjoins the land from the sea to"Kaloaawapuhi";then Laimi joins,a road being the boundary;to "Kapoalua",where Honomu and Laimi meet, and Malamalamaiki 2nd ends. From Kapoalua down, the boundary of Malamalamiki 2nd and Honomu is an awawa [gulch] to the big gulch,which branches,the south branch being the boundary down to the sea;between Honomu and Malamalamaiki 2nd the north branch is large where it enters the woods,but it soon ends. "Kaihi"is really the principal branch of the Honomu gulch, which runs a long way up into the woods—the stream of water in the gulch is the boundary between Honomu and Malamalamaiki 2nd to the sea; bounded makai by the sea. Bila Kamakana sworn Kauhane has told the boundaries correctly. D.H.Hitchcock sworn I surveyed the land of Malamalamaiki 2nd along the adjoining Royal Patents, as far as they go,and on along the boundaries as they were pointed out by Bila Kamakana;the land is very narrow above to the place called"Poalua." The survey of Malamalamaiki 2nd runs along the main branch of the Honomu gulch,which branches in the woods. (Boundary Commission 1874b:41-42) After Malamalamaiki was deeded to Kinney,the acting manager for the Honomn Sugar Company (Lane 1890), he sold a portion of the ahupua`a in 1886 to the Honomn Sugar Company and retained a portion for his heirs(Edward Olson Trust Archives HSC2-83). Development of Railroad Infrastructure(ca. 1901-1946) In 1890 the plantation was producing 2,000 tons of sugar yearly. Initially, no Hilo coast plantation had a railroad, so fluming was extensively utilized by the Honomn Sugar Company who shipped its product from Honomn Landing to Honolulu via inter-island vessels that anchored offshore.By the turn of the century,plans to install a railroad between Hilo and Honoka`a were being actualized. Railroad construction was one of the most important elements of governmental and private sector planning following the Treaty of Reciprocity, as crops and product were still being transported by beast and cart (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). On the Island of Hawaii, the first major line to be constructed was in North Kohala District,which operated as the Hawaiian Railroad Company.The North Kohala line, however, was envisioned as only the first step toward a much larger system connecting the cane fields of Kohala, Hamakua, and Hilo with Hilo Harbor, the only protected deep-water port on the island. Beginning in 1899, railroad lines began transporting sugar to the harbor for marine transport,thus Hilo became an important shipping and railroad hub. Lorrin A. Thurston, who according to Thrum had "been connected with the enterprise from its initiation" (Thurston 1913:142),wrote an article upon the completion of the railroad from Hilo to Pa`auilo,Hamakua in May of 1913 entitled "Railroading in Hilo" which was published in Thrum's Hawaiian Annual and Almanac for 1914. Thurston reported that the Hilo Railroad Company(HRC)initiated the railroad endeavor in 1899 from Waiakea south CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 37 2.Background to `Ola`a and onwards to Kapoho. The initial distance of twenty-five miles of track was completed by April 1901. Later that same year, the track was extended along the waterfront of Hilo to the Wailuku River, at the foot of Waianuenue Streef'(ibid.:143).In 1903,HRC constructed a wharf at Waiakea and completed abranch line connecting it to the waterfront line. The commercial sugar industry provided most of the cargo transported by HRC, but suffered a sharp decline between the years of 1904-1907, which caused a halt of development in Hilo (Thurston 1913). In response, HRC worked with `Ola`a Sugar Company to send a representative to Washington D.C. in 1907 to secure funding for the construction of a breakwater that would allow Hilo Bay to accommodate larger ocean-going vessels. Construction on the breakwater began in 1908 and was still ongoing at the time of Thurston's writing(ca. 1914);the breakwater was finally completed in 1929.In exchange for the construction of a breakwater in Hilo Bay,the Hilo Railroad was required to build a new wharf, a one-mile rail extension from Waiakea, and a 50-mile rail extension north to Honoka`a Mill (the Hamakua Division). The funding of the breakwater by HRC resulted in the extension of the railroad through the populated section north of Hilo all the way to Hakalau and eventually to Hamakua(Figure 22).The proposed railroad alignment is shown as early as 1902,as a map titled"Map of the lands of the Honomu Sug. Co." shows the Honomu mill to the north of the project area and the proposed railroad route meandering along the coast and crossing through the project area(Figure 23).In describing plans for the proposed extension of the HCR in the area north of Hilo town, Thurston wrote: When the breakwater project was pending before Congress, opposition was made to the appropriation on account of the limited commerce then being transacted through Hilo harbor. Assurances were thereupon made by the Hilo Railroad Company, that if the breakwater were constructed, a railroad would be built into the country north of Hilo and suitable wharf facilities provided under the lee of the breakwater. Such assurances had a material effect in securing the appropriation. (Thurston 1913:145) K O AA% '7.'\" 1 _ f C r/110 � a t}-�� `�'` �`pv '�-•ham. l•� f'.�7r. .` � 1 - 7�Maq►11 7�ati ..-MAUNA imA -16 too f il.aw ;�v'aaAF L � • 'M 'yij� •may ' q.,,, �.. u a+.r + yr ,,�; ! r r ` Fmo Mau fr�r.•r f�r.�t olkAu 04s- f, He yr ti�:�' H _ 11 I }K. '\�"ka:a..s/� .k.«j..a ayw ry No.rr�w•. ~"fir 1004r* 4«.J_".. 14" Uf fy, 41- r...'fi.. e.y.. 46 - '_4 Approximate location of project area MAP T, L s,._•, dE ppR1 OF THE I5LANP " NAWAll �+{� SHOWING THE{ONES Of THE is 4T HAWAII COnOLRDATLD �AILWAY• Q" ' , HOveM4LR,P)* HAWA�lANA �Ba.nco. Figure 22.Hawaii Consolidated Railway Map of November 1923 (Annual Report 1926). 38 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background ❑Approximate location of.project area Figure 23.A portion of the 1902"Map of the Lands of the Honomu Sug. Co., (Edmund Olson Trust Archives). The extension to Honoka`a would finally connect the sugar mills of South Hilo,North Hilo, and Hamakua with Hilo's protected harbor. Between June 1909 and December 24, 1911, HRC built 12.7 miles of rail extending from Hilo to Hakalau Mill, crossing many deep gulches and valleys, including the current study area,along its route. This was followed by the construction of an additional 21 miles of rail that connected Hakalau with Pa`auilo to the north, which covered a total distance from Hilo of roughly 34 miles and was known as the "Hamakua Division" (Thurston 1913:146).Thurston defined the objective of the Hamakua Division thusly: The principal object of the extension is to give adequate transportation facilities between Hilo and the fertile and well-settled territory extending for 50 miles north of the town of Hilo,and averaging three to four miles in width. This district produces nearly one-fourth of the entire output of sugar of the Territory and is,including the town,the home of over 30,000 people. The only means of access to this section has heretofore been by wagon road, almost impassable in rainy weather, and by derrick and cable landings over bluffs rising from 50 to 300 feet sheer from blue ocean. There are no harbors. (Thurston 1913:147) Thurston described the scenery afforded to passengers who traveled on the Hamakua Division as follows: Incidentally, the road has opened up one of the most remarkable, unique and spectacular scenic routes to be found in any part of the world. It may appear impossible for a railroad to run through a thickly-settled, highly-cultivated country and yet be noted for spectacular scenery. The paradox is explained by the fact that the district lies along the base and on the steep slope of Mauna Kea, the highest mountain in the Pacific. . . The combination of steep grade and heavy rainfall has resulted in excessive erosion,the mountain side being seamed at frequent intervals with deep gulches, in which the streams form innumerable cataracts and waterfalls. . . Some conception of the rugged character of the country can be gained from the fact that in less than 34 miles,there are 211 water openings under the railroad track,ranging from a concrete culvert to steel bridges up to 1006 feet in length and 230 feet high. . . (Thurston 1913:147-149) CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 39 2.Background The railroad can be seen crossing through the western portion of the subject parcel in a 1915 U.S.G.S. Honomu quadrangle (Figure 24). Also depicted in 1915 U.S.G.S. map is a flume traversing through the eastern portion of the subject parcel and descending into Malamalamaiki Gulch before continuing north along the coastline. The environs of the study area were described by John W.Bains in an article entitled"Around About Hilo"that was published in a January 1913 edition of the Mid-Pacific Magazine: Mile upon mile of sugarcane fields stretch away on both sides of the line,insistent evidence of the magnitude of Hawaii's most valued product. The quaint and unique method of conveying the cane from the uttermost borders of the fields to the very jaws of the mill rollers by the means of water flumes is to be seen at various points along the line. (Bain 1913:356-357) Ultimately,the cost of the Hamakua Division ruined HRC and the company was forced to sell and in 1916 they reorganize under the name Hawaii Consolidated Railway (HCR). By 1919, Honomu Sugar Company held roughly 2,300 acres of land; 1,271 of which were owned outright by the company, and 1,000 of which were leasehold. The company's cultivated sugarcane lands extended from 50 to 1,500 feet above sea level and were situated between the neighboring mills of Pepe`ekeo and Hakalau, including the majority of the current project area. A 1922 Hawaii Registered Map No. 0799 (Figure 25)depicts the approximate extent of the Honomu sugar lands with respect to the neighboring plantations and shows the railroad track passing along the western boundary of the project area. With the complete development of railroad infrastructure in the project area vicinity sugar production increased. A 1932 field map of the Honomu Sugar Company shows the current project area and the surrounding land to be within "Field 3",which included a land area of 44.80 acres,37.45 acres of which were owned and operated by the plantation. Field 3 extended from the coast of both Malamalamaiki I't and 2nd to the Government Road (Figure 26). The 1932 field map shows the railroad extending along the mauka edge of the project area and a flume meandering along the sea cliffs in the makai portion of the project area.Additionally,the 1932 map(see Figure 26)shows the level tableland in the project area cultivated in cane whereas 1.25 acres of the cliff line(shaded orange)was cultivated in"Pali Planters cane."This included 0.7 acres of the parcel's rocky coastline(labeled"#84"in Figure 26)and 0.55 acres of the steep, Malamalamaiki Gulch bank(labeled"#82"in Figure 26) The steep gulch banks and rocky coastal cliff edges in the South Hilo district made it difficult for the plantation companies' machinery to cultivate and harvest cane,therefore, independent contractors were hired to manually clear and cultivate cane in these marginal zones. The"Pali Planters" (cliff planters)were one such group contracted by the Honomu Sugar Company to clear and cultivate cane in these areas. By 1935, Pali Planters as well as other independent contracts became "adherent planters" to the sugar cane companies under the Agricultural Adjustment Act(Lands 1948). While a similar scene is depicted in the 1932 Honomu Sugar Company title map(Figure 27),this map shows the extent of the Honomu Sugar Company infrastructure. Water was diverted from several perennial streams including Pahe`ehe`e,Kolekole,and Honomu(which bounds the subject parcel to the north)through a 9-mile long network of flumes to the fields which grew several varieties of cane including". . .Yellow Caledonia with a little Rose Bamboo and a small amount of different varieties sent from the Planters' Experiment Station" and crop yields were further supplemented by nearby homestead growers who dedicated approximately 400 additional acres of land to cane cultivation for the company(Evening Bulletin Industrial Edition 1909). In 1920,HCR attempted to capture a larger piece of the growing tourist business with its adventurous scenic route tour dubbed the "Scenic Express." HCR had long offered service to Glenwood for tourists visiting Kilauea, but motorbuses now dominated this route. The Hamakua Coast, by contrast, was not easily accessible by automobile. HCR was therefore able to run passenger coaches profitably along the Hamakua Division with stops at scenic points. Passenger business declined in the early decades of the twentieth century, and the rise of the automobile was a harbinger for the railroad. In 1920,607,220 passengers were carried. In 1930,the number dropped to just 77,894 and continued as the years progressed,with passenger counts dropping as low as 16,681 in 1936(Best 1978:145-146).As a result, the remaining passenger cars were converted for other uses, and the little passenger traffic which persisted was hauled on custom-built railbuses. In the years following railway passenger-ship progressively dropped,but with the onset of World War 11,usage spiked significantly due to war-time gas rationing and the dramatic influx of servicemen. By 1943 passenger totals had rebounded profoundly to 103,635 but inevitably,the popularity of automobiles began to take a toll on the railroad's industrial customers. As roadways were improved and gasoline prices dropped, simple economics favored trucking over trains.Ironically,just as rail transportation was in the throes of decline,HCR was by 1945 almost out of debt for the first time since its inception. The great tsunami of 1946,however,would soon seal its fate. On April 1, 1946, a tsunami triggered by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands slammed into the north-facing shores of Hawaii Island, dealing a fatal blow to the already struggling HCR. Tracks around the waterfront were 40 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background entirely washed out and the Hilo Station was wrecked.An entire span of the Wailuku Bridge was torn out and washed out and"twelve miles north of Hilo,the railroad bridge at the mouth of the Kolekole Stream lost its center span"from a massive inundation of water that reached heights of 37 feet in Kolekole and neighboring Hakalau Gulch(Klein et al. 1985;NIKE Associates LLC and Fung Associates, Inc. 2013:E8). The destruction from the tsunami was so severe that the HCR filed for abandonment soon thereafter, receiving permission to do so in December of 1946. Despite its destruction,the bridge-laden Hamakua Division was later appropriated by the Territorial Government, who utilized the abandoned railroad alignment to construct the Hawaii Belt Road in the 1950s: . . . the railroad asked shippers to determine whether they would use the line if it were rebuilt or were intending to ship their raw sugar by truck. Only Theo H. Davies Ltd. voted to retain the railroad; the rest voted to use the existing highways, despite their poor condition. Hawaii Consolidated Railroad then offered its entire right-of-way,including all bridges and tunnels,to the Territorial Highway Department and to the Hawaii County supervisors.Both agencies declined the railroad's offer. The entire railroad was sold as scrap to Gilmore Steel& Company of San Francisco for$81,000. About the time the scrappers had finished pulling up the rails and begun dismantling the steel bridges, the Territorial Highway Department changed its mind. They decided to improve the Hawaii Belt Road, along the Hamakua Coast by relocating it to the railroad right-of-way and to utilize the railroad trestles as highway bridge supports. They bought the bridges still in place, as well as the parts of bridges already trucked to Hilo,for$303,723.53—nearly four times the amount Gilmore Steel& Supply Company had paid to Hawaii Consolidated for the entire railroad. These railroad bridge elements were used for the Hawaii Belt Road. . . (NIKE Associates LLC and Fung Associates,Inc. 2013:E8) By 1941,Honomu Sugar Company held 3,027 acres of cane land,and production had reached 10,407 tons(Hitch 1992),but in years following World War 11 left an indelible mark on the company as it fell under duress due to wage increases and labor scarcity. A pattern of cane field acquisition emerged in the following years in an effort to boost cultivatable acreage and thereby ensure sustainable profitability for the big players in the industry, and in 1946, C. Brewer& Co. acquired a controlling interest in Honomu Sugar Company and merged it into the Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). Nearly two decades later in 1962, Pepe`ekeo Sugar Company fused with Hakalau Plantation,and in 1973 Hakalau consolidated into Mauna Kea Sugar Company,a non-profit corporation that now held Hakalau in addition to the Honomu,Pepe`ekeo, `Onomea,and Hilo Sugar companies(Dorrance and Morgan 2000).A 1966 USGS map(Figure 28)shows the route of Hawaii Belt Road along the western boundary of the project area and the only remaining plantation infrastructure in the project area is the looping cane road along the southern portion of the project area. Aerial imagery taken in 1965 (Figure 29) shows the majority of the parcel, with the exception of the eastern point, cultivated in cane and a looping cane haul road along the southern portion of the property. Another aerial taken in 1977 (Figure 30) shows ongoing cane cultivation in the project area, however, the looping cane haul road appears to have fallen out of use by this time.Mauna Kea Sugar Company,which eventually became Mauna Kea Agribusiness,became the third-largest in acreage(13,000 acres)on Hawaii Island. It continued to operate until 1994 when it phased out sugar production and closed its doors forever,marking the end of commercial sugarcane production in the Hilo area(Dorrance and Morgan 2000). CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 41 2.Background OW sea O 0.5 Kilometers ❑.Approximate project area location Figure 24. 1915 USGS Honomn Quadrangle map showing railroad and flume in the project area. `1 �1� 11 In __Id, 9f j C. •` Cl /�/�/p',•.p� 0 ��}--5-,t1� ' _ y,�HSb !_ 6�1 it ,Fh� 14 IF Z }1• ,� �_ ; L3 y,YyA.Id amt n to- _,, 9S h ^ g\'•\ '" '+'- \ � �� . 4 ^{ z��°'..°,�r�R�?.0 _cam •\b,y ,�c � Z� _ � _ e ^�� t �4 47 J � t�� )d' e•�M Approximate projcct area locatiotr WQ I f „•' � hm � i- en rp r' n --a - Vol r t'* mor SCALE CSF Mii_tom ffl Pe a�.Fra lv &d' v P;M[€KLO SUGPp- ICn. Figure 25.HTS/HSS Plat Map No. 0799 dated 1922 showing the extent of the Honomn Sugar Co.lands. 42 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background THSBF$BADE. Ls..e YYPEa $•M. ..--_.. 1r 5 -� , •�• 10, .01 4 a+� S f 4 GwouvnusT BELT E'6 MA.t5 /Se '• .� jy' �• • YP' P MTtT�oM 7A Ev 14PAaa. 14.9 A i -�. -�� !• M � y PER .nen Fwixm. Li-MlAea i �1 � ~a �wJ• /]I tl FLwAE WAreR dicxEa e 6 Mllm { J •e P ue Plre Ln WATER garFLY Mona.– ..--�415?A—. Curr 5ewew MAYRa.–.–•–.–,–.–.�– 1'4 Mltie=. f.eeTR"MA"'. 6�2 Mlua. "M.` .�.� Ia.ISA. T- A%— –� - 4 8 M.ea. Y'l MRea, tOio Ac. ��1S LS lJ YV Ww.Nv�ria�w.Tav WA.ww. _ RtiO Tp�` Ra�FL=fog aaA. I FILL" � 44" _44 LOAc. T% aofrri4 Laf/s -�rn0 q..Y AiµM q 1�p �f} 'i Plaw4n 3].a3 Ac 'i'.f" '� L2 SIFF I 1sp/.c FUlnio L� � ��, bis. ! •ao L3.OS .AcI /b6r� f¢9,R. - fi f' ••s, ]]-RA A. / C tan goo svuete� � t9ae. BauA+n.niea os FLAn7-1 CA-. _i -'l Alter, z,2zl.zs AeRe9. M BoannrRies or Pwu RanTea's aRe, –�A . sa5 a7 A– . ®{f nI{LIj Baenvwn�cs R.arrvve RagA.�C ne,E.---= � AReA laa�Re AcRrs. U W kll ILII'Ur LW! F'll +LI' IWI TT A as Figure 26. 1932 Field Map of the Honomu Sugar Company by A. I Williamson. (Edmund Olson Trust Archives) -��'I '� i nJ " •Ares: �� lr iY¢1 Con/ra/kd - ,1.1'.'C owns! L C .,AN7 /1P•P2 A No��, Iro1 B P.Burro Ear - 3o;eaa. l3.57' Hon � '•�a�Conlra//ed � J AWBmu f Ca ,j � 2/f•/1Ac 1 M,A 11 r 1 •.", r'4-_p".'`� _ Ph 38f7.1E.� %res•�sa�d' __ HO-- 45—A CO.-i FCLAMPLE. -y AREA. 8.,350.60 ACRLn. HoA oO 5-- 003 LEAJCNOLC, [ - 7 AREA S�^a n____ C I(T1 I('1A r— TOTi•L AREA ONTpOA W6 Ac Rai. OI! II LAND ryOT �yNTPOLLCC L '--' —� AREA .l5.i•+a ACRAL V !\1VJI l' �a,ar.nAo T T••AL re AGRF+ Figure 27. 1932 Title Map of the Honomu Sugar Company by A. I Williamson. (Edmund Olson Trust Archives). CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 43 2.Background A ��,j •Lehuawehi Point .1 22 ' a, -�00 a, « �••• l� 8 Kohola Point r 4• ;ti �, n 45 60 i Gf�1 R �NZ .13 Pr,*et area Figure 28. 1966 USGS Papa`ikou Quadrangle map showing railroad and cane road in the project area. s J , OF Figure 29. 1965 aerial showing parcel cultivated in cane and a cane haul road. 44 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 2.Background Pe " ' 1° ire ~k ❑ Project area Figure 30. 1977 aerial showing the project area parcel cultivated in cane. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS STUDIES The earliest archaeological work done in East Hawaii was that of the early twentieth-century heiau researchers Thomas G.Thrum and John F. G. Stokes(Stokes and Dye 1991;Thrum 1908).They did not identify any heiau in the current study area or within the larger region spanning between Honomn and Hakalau.During the early 1930s,Alfred E.Hudson(Hudson 1932),working under the aegis of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,conducted archaeological investigations in East Hawaii.He found little in the region surrounding the current area of study,although he did note the presence of a roughly .25-mile square area of kalo terraces north of the project area in the upper part of Hakalau Gulch(Hudson in Maly 1994). Prior to 2020,there have been no previous archaeological studies conducted specifically within the subject parcel or within the greater Malamalamaiki 2nd Ahupua`a. However, several previous studies have been conducted in the neighboring ahupua`a located to the north including Hakalau(Walker 1994;Rosendahl 2001;Uyeoka 2007;Rosendahl 2009; Henry 2014), Wailea(Desilets et al. 2004; Hammatt and Colin 1998), Kaiwiki 3 (Escott 2011), and Kuhua- Honomn(Bautista et al. 2018b; Glennon et al. 2019). The archaeological finds from these studies have been limited to Historic era sites most of which were associated with commercial sugar plantation (i.e. concrete foundations, wooden structures, ditches),plantation cemeteries,bridges,and railroad infrastructure. None of these archaeological studies have reported on any Precontact era sites.The cultural impact assessments conducted in the study area vicinity are limited and have focused solely on the lands of Kuhua-Honomn located north of the project area(Bautista et al. 2018a; Santos et al. 2019). The cultural practices identified in these studies included subsistence gathering in the streams and on the coastline.The parties consulted as part of these studies also expressed concern over the disturbance of historical plantation features as land use activities change in the area. In 2020, ASM Affiliates conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the project area(Glennon and Brandt 2020).One previously recorded site(State Inventory of Historic Places Site 50-10-26-24212)and one newly identified site (SIHP Site 50-10-26-31238) were documented. Site 24212 is a portion of the Hawaii Consolidated Railroad railway bed that extends near the westernboundary of the parcel. Site 31238 is a section of cut earthen ditch location along the southeasternedge of Malamalamaiki Gulch near the northern boundary of the project area. Site 31238 is the former location of a permanent flume built by the Honomn Sugar Company. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 45 3.Consultation Site 24212 is considered signigicant under Criterion a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture(sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentienth century and under Criterion d for the information it has yielded regarding early twentieth century sugarcane transportation infrastructure.Likewise, Site 31238 is considered significant under Criterion a for its association with the development of commercial agriculture(sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and under Criterion d for information it yielded relative to the history of the development of commercial agriculture in South Hilo District. No additional historic preservation work was recommended for either Site 24212 or Site 31238. Thus, their recommended determination of effect for the project was"no historic properties affected." (Glennon and Brandt 2020). 3. CONSULTATION Gathering input from community members with genealogical ties and long-standing residency or relationships to the study area is vital to the process of assessing potential cultural impacts to resources, practices, and beliefs. It is precisely these individuals that ascribe meaning and value to traditional resources and practices. Community members often possess traditional knowledge and in-depth understanding that are unavailable elsewhere in the historical or cultural record of a place. As stated in the OEQC(1997) Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts, the goal of the oral interview process is to identify potential cultural resources, practices, and beliefs associated with the affected project area. It is the present authors' further contention that the oral interviews should also be used to augment the process of assessing the significance of any identified traditional cultural properties. Thus, it is the researcher's responsibility to use the gathered information to identify and describe potential cultural impacts and propose appropriate mitigation as necessary. This section of the report begins with a description of level of effort undertaken to identify persons believed to have knowledge of the study area,followed by the interview methodology.This section of the report concludes with a presentation of the interview summaries that have been reviewed and approved by the consulted parties. In an effort to identify individuals knowledgeable about traditional cultural practices and/or uses associated with the current study area,a public notice was submitted to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs(OHA)on August 10,2020 for publication in their monthly newspaper,Ka Wai Ola(Brandt 2020).The public notice was published in the September edition of Ka Wai Ola and a copy of the public notice is included as Appendix A in this report. As of the date of the current report,no responses have been received from the public notice. Additionally, ASM staff attempted to contact seven individuals via email and/or phone. These individuals were identified as persons who were long-time residents of the area and believed to have knowledge of past land-use, history,or cultural information. Of the seven people contacted,five agreed to participate in this study. The names of the individuals who agreed to be interviewed are Roger Uchima, Carmelito "Lito" Arkangel, Sam Halsted, Radford DeMotta,and Gail Pilialoha Kailima`i Ka`apum. INTERVIEW METHODOLOGY While interviews for CIAs are typically held in persons and sometimes accompanied by a site visit, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and state social distancing recommendations,all interviews were conducted via phone.Prior to the interview,ASM staff provided information about the nature and location of the proposed project and informed the potential interviewees about the current study. The potential interviewees were informed that the interviews were completely voluntary and that they would be given an opportunity to review their interview summary prior to inclusion in this report. With their consent, ASM staff then asked questions about their background, their knowledge of past land use, and history of the project area, as well as their knowledge of any past or ongoing cultural practices. The informants were also invited to share their thoughts on the proposed development and offer mitigative solutions. Below are the interview summaries that have been reviewed and approved by the consulted parties. ROGER UCHIMA On September 8, 2020, Mr. Roger Uchima contacted ASM staff, Ms. Lokelam Brandt via phone, in response to an August 28, 2020 phone call made by Ms. Brandt regarding the proposed project and the nature of the current study. As a long-time resident of the Honomu area,Mr.Uchima shared that growing up the property was cultivated in cane. He described a loop cane haul road that extended into the property which was built for the cane trucks.He explained that the loop road made it easier for the cane trucks to pick up the cane that was harvested from that area. He shared that once the cane was picked up,it was trucked to the nearby mill. Mr. Uchima shared that along the easternmost point of the property is a fishing spot that is known by the locals as"Ladders."He related that the name is in reference to the ladders that people used to descend the cliff. He added 46 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 3.Consultation that while he remembers the ladders and still fishes along this coastline,he does not access the coast from this property because of safety concerns. When asked if he knew of others who have or continue to access the coast from this property,he shared that he was not aware of any such persons.He went on to state that the only persons who he could recall that used to access the coast from"Ladders" was the older generation. He added that the coastal access from "Ladders" appears to have lessened with the younger generation. Mr. Uchima explained that when the property was cultivated in cane,coastal access was easier because the vegetation on the property and along the cliff was significantly less.He shared that now,the vegetation is dense and makes access difficult. In describing a past visit to the property,Mr.Uchima shared that he has observed trash piles and noted that people have been illegally dumping rubbish on the property.He opined he was aware of people temporarily camping/squatting on the property. Mr. Uchima stated that with the increase in vegetation, he no longer sees people camping/squatting on the property. When asked if he was aware of any other cultural practices, history, and past land use, Mr. Uchima stated that aside from prior sugarcane operations and fishing at"Ladders,"he was not aware of any other information specific to that property. CARMELITO ARKANGEL ASM staff, Ms. Lokelani Brandt contacted Mr. Carmelito "Lito" Arkangel, a long-time Hilo Palikd resident, song writer, musician,and educator regarding the proposed project and current study. When asked if he was familiar with the proposed project area,Mr.Arkangel shared that the area between the old Honomn landing and the former Honomn mill site are known fishing grounds.He related that he used to access the property to fish but no longer does because descending the cliffs via the ladders has become more tretcherous. He pointed out that the leaf litter from hala trees that grow along the cliff edge makes the area pakika(slippery, smooth)and that coastal erosion has made descending the cliff even more dangerous.He related that although the ladders are there,people also have to insert their feet into small holes in the cliff face to climb down. He descibed the coastal area between Malamalamaiki and Honomn as "good fishing grounds" and recalled fishing this area on the full-moons. He explained that due to the topography, coastal access in this part of Hilo is limited and shared that he was aware of three coastal access points, one on the current property, another further south near the old Honomu landing, and another further north near the former Honomn mill site. Mr. Arkangel expressed that today,if he wishes to access the coastline to fish whether by himself or with his children,he will usually go through the former Honomu mill site and walk along the coast. When asked if he was aware of others who have or continue to access the area known as"Ladders," Mr. Arkangel shared that yes, people still descend the cliffs from the subject property and added that fishermen may not be there everyday,but they do frequent the area. Mr. Arkangel recalled the many changes to the Hilo Paliku coastline, most notably,the development of private homes and estates along the cliffs. He expressed that before these sorts of development, community members could access the coast without any issue and that over the years it is becoming more challenging for fishers to get to the coast.He commented that fishing in this part of Hilo is already challeging because of the unique topography and many of the old access points have been utilized over the generations. Mr. Arkangel hope the property owner will work collectively with the local fishermen and the County of Hawaii to ensure coastal access is preserved and that the generations to come can continue the practice of fishing along this coastline. SAM HALSTED On September 8, 2020, ASM staff, Ms. Lokelani Brandt conducted a phone interview with Mr. Sam Halsted, an educator, father, hunter, fisherman, and life-long Hilo resident. Born and raised in Waiakea Uka, Hilo, Mr. Halsted relocated to Honomu some twenty-years ago and currently lives there with his wife and family. Mr.Halsted humbly explained that he does not consider himself an expert in the history and practices of this area and pointed out that there are others in the Honomu community that has lived there for many generations and know more about the place. He hopes that what he shared in this interview is not taken as an expert or authoritative opinion rather a sharing of his personal understanding and experiences. Concerning his background,Mr. Halsted shared that his father relocated to Hawaii Island in the 1970s and that he had first learned about the various fishing spots between Hilo Bay and Kukmhaele from his uncle, George Martin. He related that his uncle had worked as a mechanic for the Hamakua Sugar Company and was an avid fisherman.He went on to explain that as he got older and met other fishermen from the area,they would take him to fishing spots previously unknown to him,thus growing his knowledge of the coastal access spots,fishing techniques,and culturally appropriate behavior and practices.For example,he stated that because coastal access is limited along the part of Hilo CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 47 3.Consultation and the Hamakua coast, if they saw a truck parked at one of the access points, they would continue driving to find another unoccupied spot. He opined that it was considered disrespectful to show up and fish right neat to another fisher that was already there. With respect to the current project area vicinity,Mr. Halsted was familiar with the area and stated that the point is a well-known and long-standing fishing spot. He went on to add that in the past,before the installation of the gate, people would drive on the property and descend the cliffs using the ladder and ropes. He laughingly explained that when he was younger,he used to descend the cliffs using ropes and ladders but no longer does this because of safety concerns.He confirmed that people still use this property for coastal access but they now park along the main highway and walking in. He was, however, not sure if people still use the ladders since they are quite old. He related that although he has never gone down the ladders in the project area, he frequently dives in the ocean fronting the point and has observed men picking `opihi from the rocky shoreline. Mr. Halsted noted that he visits the coastline in the project area for specific types of fish but emphasized that everyone uses resources differently.He clarified that he was aware of only four coastal access routes between the area of Malamalamaiki and Honomn,which include(from south to north), 23 Flats, the project area, another near the Church, and at the Honomn Mill. He added that each of these spots is quite a distance from one another that if coastal access in the project area is closed,then fishers wishing to get to the point in the project area would have to hike and swim along a very hazardous coastline. He explained that access to the point in the project area has dwindled over the years but recalled it being a spot that was frequented during his uncle's time (i.e. sugar plantation era). When asked why he believed the use of the project area has decreased over the years, he pointed out that during the plantation era,people from the community were not restricted from accessing the coast. He added that after the plantations closed and the land was sold, landowners installed gates or implemented other measures that prevented people from using the area. Mr. Halsted expressed that he understands why such measures are taken and noted that in the project area,he has observed people illegally camping and littering.He also recalled hearing about a fire sometime in 2019 that occurred on the property, which he believes was started by people illegally camping there. Mr.Halsted spoke at length about the unique geography of this part of Hilo and the coastal access techniques that developed as a result of the steep landscape. He emphasized that because of the geography, access down the cliff is only achievable at certain locations and that knowledge of these locations and the type of marine resources that can be found at each of these spots is passed down orally between family and friends.He theorized that the fishing spots utilized today, including the one in the project area,were likely used for many generations. He imagined that during the Precontact period,north Hilo was a well-populated area because the land there is suited for agriculture.While the terrain does not allow for more classic Hawaiian fishing practices, such as fishponds,Mr. Halsted contends that the only way to obtain a diversity of marine resources in this part of Hilo,which was integral to the traditional lifestyle, was to descend the cliffs.He emphasized that points and peninsulas have always been the preferred location for fishing because they often extend into deeper parts of the ocean where certain pelagic species frequent such as the prized ulua. In reflecting on the changes in this part of Hilo,Mr.Halsted pointed out that over the years,the fishing practices of this region have continuously been threatened by restricted coastal access. He is disheartened by the fact that over the years,the fishing practices specific to this region have declined. He shared that during the plantation era people often remained in their respective communities for several generations but after the plantations' closed,families and more specifically the younger generation relocated to more affordable parts of the island, such as the Puna District. He believes that the relocation of long-time families contributed to the decline in the traditional fishing practices specific to this region. Mr. Halsted stated that the kids that live here today "are only getting half the picture of what the generations before got." He went on to add that the fishing practices of this region are one cultural element that makes this place unique. He highlighted the fact that people from the area do rely on the natural resources to supplement their households,whether it be for subsistence or monetary purposes. He openly shared that although he is a teacher, he and his family supplement their diet multiple times a week with fish and wild boar that they caught from the area. For these reasons, he believes that maintaining coastal access is critical to the survival of the region's fishing traditions. When asked if he had any mitigative solutions,Mr.Halsted hopes that the landowner and the local fishermen can work together to develop a mutually beneficial relationship. While he respects private property rights, he hopes a walking path can be established somewhere along the property boundary so that local fishers can continue their practice of accessing the coast and fishing from the point. He is open to meeting and developing a relationship with the landowner and believes that if this can be achieved then this is the true meaning of community. 48 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 3.Consultation RADFORD DEMOTTA At the recommendation of Mr. Sam Halstead, a phone interview was conducted by ASM staff,Ms. Lokelam Brandt on September 14,2020,with Mr.Radford DeMotta.Raised in Pepe`ekeo,Mr.DeMotta currently resides in Honomn town and is a long-time fisherman. Mr. DeMotta shared that the point in the project area has always been a heavily used fishing spot and recalled people using the area since at least the plantation times. In addition to fishing, he commented that people also access the coast to gather `opihi and sometimes utilize the nearby stream to collect prawns. He added that fishermen from Hamakua are the ones that frequent this area. When asked about the ladders in the project area,he stated that the ladders are used by the fishermen to descend the cliff. He pointed out that the ladders were frequently used,however,after the gates were installed fewer people accessed the project area.When asked how people today access the fishing spot,he explained that they park along the road and walk-in. Mr.DeMotta spoke about the old cane road that extends into the project area and noted that the road was used to connect to the Pepe`ekeo Mill and provided access to the various fishing spots. He pointed out that after the sugar mills closed,the old cane road was no longer maintained and that abridge along the ocean road had washed out,which cut off access to additional fishing spots. Additionally, he reflected that over the years, after the sugar plantations closed and as homes were built along the coast,access to the old fishing spots were blocked.He shared that this was the case in the area near Pepe`ekeo Mill and that only more recently has fishing access been reestablished. He explained that the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee of the Pepe`ekeo Community Association currently manages coastal access near the Pepe`ekeo Mill. He specified that they have installed a combination lock and that fishermen wishing to access the area must contact the point person, Jacrick Medeiros-Garcia, and provide specific information before receiving the combination code. Mr. DeMotta noted that managing access is important and that uncontrolled access can have unfortunate consequences.He expressed that in the project area vicinity,there are just a few coastal access points including a place known as 23 Flats,another area justbefore the gulch,and one in the project area. When asked if he had any thoughts about how to mitigate shoreline access,Mr.DeMotta believes that a managed public access easement should be established. He maintained that the management system currently used by the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee is a good model and perhaps the committee could aid with management.Mr. DeMotta would also like to see coastal access maintained so that local fishers can access their traditional fishing spots. GAIL PILIALOHA KAILIMA`I KA`APUNI On September 16 and 17,2020,ASM staff,Ms.Lokelam Brandt conducted a phone interview with Ms. Gail Pilialoha Kailima`i Ka`apum, a multi-generational resident of Malamalamaiki. Ms. Ka`apum's grandfather's sister, Emalia Pilialoha, was married to William Kinney who had purchased the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki 2"d in 1877. Ms. Ka`apum's family has maintained their 12-acre family property located on the south side of Honomn Gulch in Malamalamaiki since her granduncle Kinney had acquired the land. Although Ms. Ka`apum currently lives in Hilo, she has spent her entire life growing up Malamalamaiki,where she attended Honomu Elementary School and where her family hunted,fished,and maintained livestock. She is the third of five children. She explained that many people refer to the area as Honomu,however, she recalled her mother telling her that their property was in Malamalamaiki. In articulating her connection to this area, Ms. Ka`apum stated that"this place is my breath and this land gives me life." When asked if she knew any history about her granduncle Kinney, Ms. Ka`apuni explained that he was from Nova Scotia and that he was brought to Hawaii by King Kalakaua to assist with the king's agricultural endeavors. Ms. Ka`apuni recalled a story of how her granduncle was sent by the king to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and saw that the island was filled with bird guano.Her granduncle then recommended to the king that he utilize the guano as fertilizer to advance agricultural productivity. She stated that her granduncle Kinney eventually worked for C. Brewer and Company.Ms.Ka`apum related that Kinney came to Hawaii with his wife and children from Nova Scotia but his wife eventually returned home with their children. He, however, remained in Hawaii and after his wife had died, he remarried Mr. Ka`apum's grandaunt, Emalia Pilialoha. She shared that Emalia and William had seven children. Although most of Malamalamiki was later sold to the Honomu Plantation Company, with respect to the family property, she related that the land belonged to William's children and his sons later passed the property to her grandfather, William Hoapili Kailima`i. She shared that William's sons sold the land to their uncle for"love and a dollar" and explained that this practice continued in the next generation. In further detailing this family tradition, she added that when she recently transferred the property to her eldest son, she "sold it for love and thirty-five dollars" and laughingly explained that the fees to transfer property is much higher today. In reflecting on how her father had acquired the property in Honomu,Ms. Ka`apum related that they had the option to choose between property in Hilo CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 49 3.Consultation or Honomn and that her father insisted they take the Malamalamaiki property because he would be able to fish and farm. Additionally, she believed that her father knew that the area is a special place to raise a family. As the family settled into their home in Malamalamaiki, the land became a vital source of sustenance, and Ms. Ka`apuni shared an array of childhood stories. She commented that at one time,the family house had dirt floors and that when visitors came,they would harvest Guinea grass and use that as floor covering. With respect to the family's use of natural resources, she recalled how her grandparents used to collect `opae (shrimp)and `o`opu (stream goby) from Honomn Stream. She added that her mother told her that the gulch was called Honomn and that the stream was named Malamalamaiki. Ms. Ka`apuni described how her grandfather, William H. Kailima`i, had built a small collection/house box for the `opae and that when the weather prevented them from gathering from the stream, he would harvest `opae from the box. She explained that this way,they always had `opae to eat. She reflected on going to lu`au (traditional feast) as a child and looking forward to eating `opae. She explained that there were always two pans of `opae at the luau, one prepared raw-style and one cooked and that"eating it was such a treat." Concerning the family practice of collecting `o`opu, Ms. Ka`apuni described how her grandfather would collect grass with the roots intact and construct a dam near a waterfall. She clarified that within the grassroots were worm which was a food source for the `o`opu. She pointed out that the family relied on the river and ocean for various marine resources and noted that while growing up,that is when prawns started populating the rivers. She explained as the prawn population increased, they began eating the food of the `opae,which cause the `opae population to decrease. Furthermore, Ms. Ka`apuni lamented that people today use methods like poison or electrocution to gather prawns which further impacts the streams. In recalling the family fishing practices,Ms.Ka`apuni remembered the eel fishing method called puhi `inikiniki. Ms. Ka`apuni explained that different communities have their own way of collecting certain resources,but in their family traditions, they would place a piece of bait on a"granny pin,"place their hand in a long sock, then hold the baited granny pin in their socked hand. They would then stick their hand with the baited pin into the hole and when the eel swam out into their hand,they would grasp the head and quickly peel the sock from their hand and cover the eel. Once the eel was in the sock, they would strike the tail to kill it. The eel was then prepared and placed into ti leaves and they would ldwalu,a traditional cooking method where the food is wrapped in ri and placed on hot coals. She added that when it was time to eat it,they would grasp the head of the eel and pull the head and central bone out in one sweeping motion. She recalled her brothers and father doing this type of fishing and food preparation but noted that puhi(eel)was not something she did not eat.Ms. Ka`apuni added that growing up,these sorts of traditions were not openly shared and that one of the unfortunate results is that these family traditions are forgotten. Ms. Ka`apuni also shared stories of how her father and brothers would catch honu (turtles)between the area of Pepe`ekeo and Hakalau. She described how her father would drop her brothers off in the waters off Pepe`ekeo and they would swim and fish along the coast where they would eventually meet up with their father. She shared that this is how her father trained his sons to become skilled divers and fishermen. Concerning the preparation of honu, she stated that they would clean the turtle in the river, where the bridge had collapsed, and that her father and brothers never collected more than two turtles on anyone fishing trip. She remembered how her family would share their catch with `ohana and neighbors and eating turtle stew,turtle steak,and other turtle dishes as a child.One fishing place that was frequented by her family was Pohakumana,which is a point on the shore between Kahua and Honomn. She went to share that today people call that place"23 Flats"but growing up they called it Pohakumana. She shared stories of how her father would launch their small boat off the cliff by tethering a cable to a tree and boulder. Other resources that were collected by her family included lobsters and Ms.Ka`apuni shared that they ate lobsters quite often and that this is something she no longer enjoys eating. Ms.Ka`apuni recalled that during the sugar plantation,the family relied on a freshwater spring that was from the Honomn Plantation. She added that towards the end of the plantation, the family was informed that they need to connect to the county water supply. She told of how the family had to maintain their water pipes and recalled the pipes running along the gulch, then across the bridge then up the gulch and to the house just below the cemetery. She described how they often dealt with broken water pipes because when the cane trucks came through it often cause the pipes to come loose. If there was no running water at the house, she shared how she and her siblings would go down to the stream just below the Honomn bridge to bathe. She reminisced about how she would float in the stream and the unique sound that she heard while underwater as cars drove overhead on the bridge. She shared stories of walking down Honomn gulch to the coast to a place they called "Takatoi." She described a small pool at the mouth of the stream where they often swam and played. When asked if this Takatoi was near the project area, she clarified that it is on the north side of the project area. She recalled how her son,who lives in Hilo,would take children to experience Malamalamaiki and life in the gulch. 50 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 3.Consultation She recollected stories of walking the streams and stopping at the various waterfalls where they swam and played. In recalling one particular trip to `Akaka Falls,Ms.Ka`apuni said that one night she and her father hiked up the narrow path along the river and as they walked, she and her father heard pebbles falling into the water in the gulch. She explained that when they got to the top and after hearing those pebbles, her father immediately told her that they had to turn back and return home.Although her father was adamant about returning home,it was not clear to her why they had to go back. After returning home, she asked her father why they needed to leave and the father told her that the pebbles falling was a sign that they were not alone on their hike and it was not the right time for them to be there. After sharing that account, Ms. Ka`apuni said that recalling that story gave her"chicken skin." In relating another family story associated with `Akaka Falls,Ms. Ka`apuni spoke about how during her grandparents' generation,they went above falls into the koa forest. She detailed how they hewed a koa tree down and kdlai wa`a(carved a canoe)at Kolekole and that after the canoe was prepared the family gathered food and a live pig and paddled to Pohoiki in the Puna District to deliver it to the Issac Hale `Ohara. She spoke about how her family was close to the Hale `Ohara and that relationships were maintained between the people of Malamalamaiki and Pohoiki. In describing other ancient customary practices of this area and those of Hamakua, Ms. Ka`apuni described how families in `Onomea cared for the sharks that lived in the bay and made sure they were cleaned and fed. In return,the sharks would offer protection to the families. When asked about her thoughts on the proposed project, Ms. Ka`apuni described how the land tax has continuously increased due to the type of houses that have been constructed and this has adversely impacted the local and old-time families. She explained that it is important that fishing access is maintained in the project area because people still fish there and stated that"if we don't allow the next generation to do and experience those things and pass it down, it will be lost." Furthermore, she shared that the lifestyle of this area is very much a reflection of past traditions,where some people grow food and others hunt,and that sharing is a lifeway. She spoke passionately about how important this place is to her and her family. She stated that the"love of the `dina and area is in our blood"and that"Malamalamaiki to us is really who we are." CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 51 4.Identification and Mitigation of Potential Cultural Impacts 4. IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL CULTURAL IMPACTS The OEQC guidelines identify several possible types of cultural practices and beliefs that are subject to assessment. These include "...subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access-related, recreational, and religious and spiritual customs" (OEQC 1997:1). The guidelines also identify the types of cultural resources, associated with cultural practices and beliefs that are subject to assessment.These include other types of historic properties,both man made and natural, submerged cultural resources,and traditional cultural properties. The origin of the concept and the expanded definition of traditional cultural property is found in National Register Bulletin 38 published by the U.S. Department of Interior-National Park Service(Parker and King 1998). An abbreviated definition is provided below: "Traditional cultural property"means any historic property associated with the traditional practices and beliefs of an ethnic community or members of that community for more than fifty years. These traditions shall be founded in an ethnic community's history and contribute to maintaining the ethnic community's cultural identity. Traditional associations are those demonstrating a continuity of practice or belief until present or those documented in historical source materials,or both. "Traditional" as it is used, implies a time depth of at least 50 years, and a generalized mode of transmission of information from one generation to the next,either orally or by act."Cultural"refers to the beliefs,practices,lifeways, and social institutions of a given community. The use of the term"Property" defines this category of resource as an identifiable place. Traditional cultural properties are not intangible,they must have some kind of boundary; and are subject to the same kind of evaluation as any other historic resource,with one very important exception.By definition, the significance of traditional cultural properties should be determined by the community that values them. It is however with the definition of"Property" wherein there lies an inherent contradiction, and corresponding difficulty in the process of identification and evaluation of potential Hawaiian traditional cultural properties,because it is precisely the concept of boundaries that runs counter to the traditional Hawaiian belief system.The sacredness of a particular landscape feature is often cosmologically tied to the rest of the landscape as well as to other features on it.To limit a property to a specifically defined area may actually partition it from what makes it significant in the first place. However offensive the concept of boundaries may be, it is nonetheless the regulatory benchmark for defining and assessing traditional cultural properties. As the OEQC guidelines do not contain criteria for assessing the significance for traditional cultural properties, this study will adopt the state criteria for evaluating the significance of historic properties,of which traditional cultural properties are a subset. To be significant the potential historic property or traditional cultural property must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; b Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; c Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction;represent the work of a master;or possess high artistic value; d Have yielded,or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history; e Have an important value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out,at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs,events or oral accounts—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. While it is the practice of the DLNR-SHPD to consider most historic properties significant under Criterion d at a minimum, it is clear that traditional cultural properties by definition would also be significant under Criterion e. A further analytical framework for addressing the preservation and protection of customary and traditional native practices specific to Hawaiian communities resulted from the Ka Pa`akai O Ka Aina v Land Use Commission court case.The court decision established a three-part process relative to evaluating such potential impacts:first,to identify whether any valued cultural,historical or natural resources are present;and identify the extent to which any traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised;second,to identify the extent to which those resources and rights 52 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 4.Identification and Mitigation of Potential Cultural Impacts will be affected or impaired;and third,specify any mitigative actions to be taken to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist. SUMMARY OF CULTURE-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A review of the culture-historical background material reveals, at a minimum, the Precontact history of Malamalamaiki Ahupua`a is closely related to that of the greater Hilo Paliku region. The upright cliffs,kula regions, and numerous valleys and streams served as an ideal landscape for cultivating traditional crops such as kalo (taro), `uala (sweet potato), mai`a(banana), and ko(sugarcane). Marine and freshwater resources were accessible from the sheltered bays and copious streams. The abundance of resources in this region was both valued and honored as evidenced by the numerous names for specific places, winds, and rains. Although historical sources about Malamalamaiki are limited,there are numerous other sources that speak of Hilo Paliku and the adjacent ahupua`a of Kuhua, where Kolekole Stream and `Akaka Falls are located. Both `Akaka and the broader Hilo Palikd area are commemorated in several traditional mo`olelo and historical accounts.More specifically,numerous mo`olelo,such as the story of Kuahailo and Hina`aukekele and Ka-Miki, tell of legendary individuals traversing from place to place, meeting with kama`dina (long-time residence), and partaking in local events. Similar travel accounts of the Historic period can be found, including the narratives told by Z. Poli and Keliiwaiwaiole regarding their journey to `Akaka Falls. In these traditional and historical narratives,the treacherous passes and turbulent waterways of Hilo Paliku are consistently noted. During the early part of the 191-century, as Hawaiian political elites sought ways to modernize the Hawaiian Kingdom and as the population of Western settlers increased, major socioeconomic and political changes began to take place. By 1840,the Hawaiian Kingdom,through the formal adoption of a constitution,became a constitutional monarchy which was soon followed by a reformation of the traditional land tenure system.By 1848,King Kauikeaouli and his chiefs came together for the final land division and the ahupua`a of Malamalamaiki 2nd was awarded to the ah`i Kekuapanio,a hulumanu(favorite young noble)of the King. After Kekuapanio died,the land passed to his heir, Huakini. Huakani was, however, involved in a lawsuit against James W. Marsh, Marshall of the Hawaiian Islands, and through a court ruling, Marsh levied Huakini's personal and real property including his land at Malamalamaiki 2nd Marsh then sold Malamalamaiki 2nd at a public auction to Charles C.Harris for$226 on May 6, 1859.By May of 1875,Harris sold Malamalamaiki 2nd to Edward Witschy and two years later,Witschy had sold most of the ahupua`a to Nova Scotian natives,William and Caroline Kinney. In 1886,Kinney had retained a portion of Malamalamaiki for his heirs and sold the remaining land to the Honomn Sugar Company, thus expanding commercial sugar cultivation into Malamalamaiki 2nd Throughout the latter half of the 19'century as large tracts of kula land were cleared to make way for commercial sugar operations,the natural landscape of Malamalamaiki was radically transformed,and most of the remnants of the Precontact and Early Historic cultural landscape was destroyed. In Malamalamaiki 2nd and the greater Hilo Palikd region, sugar cultivation was restricted to the tablelands, thus the gulches and cliffs were spared from the intensive commercial clearing methods. As a result,these marginal areas have maintained some evidence of the pre-plantation natural and cultural landscape that included plants such as hala.Within the project area,the Honomn Sugar Company cultivated its cane and processing occurred at the nearby Honomn Mill. As the sugar industry's economic growth hinged upon increased production, thousands of contract laborers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands to work the fields and mills. To house the workforce,plantation owners built homes and small but thriving communities and invested in infrastructure such as flumes to transport cane to the mill. As evidenced in historic maps and the 2020 archaeological inventory survey of the project area,a portion of a former flume route (SIHP Site 50-10-26-31238)was identified in the northeastern section of the property.To further economic prosperity,during the early part of the 20'x'century,HCR constructed a railroad, a portion of which extended through the project area and documented as SIHP Site 50-10-26- 24212. The unfortunate and destructive April 1, 1946 tsunami, wiped out many of the bridges and left HCR in economic hardship.Unable to recover,by the 1950s,the railroad tracks were removed and construction on the wider and straighter Mamalahoa Highway was completed providing a quicker route for the cane trucks and motorists. The new highway effectively replaced the old Mamalahoa Road but in that process rerouted motorists to bypass the once thriving plantation communities. Despite having fulfilled their contracts, many of the laborers opted to remain in Hawaii,which consequently added to the cultural tapestry of the islands and gave rise to Hawai`i`s mixed-ethnicity plantation culture. By 1994, commercial sugar operations in this area came to an end,but the hybrid mixed-culture communities that combined elements of Hawaiian and plantation traditions and heritage have persisted. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 53 4.Identification and Mitigation of Potential Cultural Impacts IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY PRACTICES AND PROPOSED MITIGATIVE MEASURES Historical documentation describing traditional and customary practices are limited, however, the information gathered through the consultation process was crucial in identifying past and ongoing traditional and customary practices specific to the project area. Additionally, the results of the consultation process in addition to the archaeological inventory survey of the project area conducted by ASM Affiliates(Glennon and Brandt 2020,in prep) aided with the identification of Historic era sites. Concerning past traditional and customary practices,the consulted parties identified the following:the gathering of near-shore marine resources including `opihi, eels, lobsters,turtle, fishing for near-shore and pelagic species, and gathering of freshwater resources from streams such as `opae, `o`opu, and prawns. Additionally, several of the consultees identified the tradition of accessing the coast from the cliffs using methods that include ladders,ropes,and knowledge of the natural environment. Regarding the identification of significant historic properties, several of the consulted parties identified the old cane road that looped into the project area. The old cane road easement was also noted in the archaeological inventory survey in addition to a former flume route (Site 31238) and HCR railway bed (Site 24212). Of the identified traditional and customary practices, many of the consulted parties expressed explicit concern over the potential impact the proposed development could have on coastal access and gathering of near-shore and pelagic marine species.As expressed by the consulted parties,accessing the cliffs to gather marine resources from the eastern point in the project area has been taking place for at least the past five generations, and that this practice has always been a fundamental part of their lifestyle.Mr.DeMotta,Mr.Halsted,and Mr.Arkangel shared that because of the topography,coastal access in the Hilo Palikd area is limited to a few places and that over the years,the number of access points along the coast has decreased. The decrease in coastal access has been attributed to increased coastal residential development that has disregarded customary access rights. In more recent years, efforts to reestablish customary access rights have been achieved through joint partnerships with landowners and community organizations such as the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee,a subcommittee of the Pepe`ekeo Community Association. To mitigate any potential adverse impact to this above identified traditional and customary practices, it is recommended that a public access easement be created that extends from the old cane haul road(currently designated by the County of Hawaii as an easement)to the eastern point in the project area. A public access easement will help ensure that the above-identified practices are maintained for current and future generations. As stated by several of the consulted parties, managed access was preferred. Thus to help with the management of shoreline access, it is recommended that consultation be initiated with Jaerick Medeiros-Garcia of the Pepe`ekeo Shoreline Fishing Committee and any of the parties consulted as part of this study. If the above-identified mitigative measures are considered and implemented then the proposed project may have minimal to no impact on the identified traditional and customary practices. Conversely, if efforts to reasonably protect these traditional customary practices are not considered or implemented,then the proposed project has the potential to disrupt these traditions and practices,thus resulting in an adverse cultural impact. With respect to the above-identified historic properties, SIHP Site 50-10-26-24212, the HCR railroad bed, was determined significant under Criteria a and d; for its assiciation with the development of commercial agricuture (sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and for the information it has yielded with respect to early twentieth century sugarcane transportation infrstructure. SIHP Site 50-10-26-31238, the former flume route, was determined significant under Criteria a and d; for its association with the development of commercial agriculture (sugarcane)in Hawaii during the early twentieth century and for the information yielded relative to the history of the development of commercial agriculture in South Hilo District. The recommended treatment for these sites was "no further work,"as they were adequately documented in the AIS (Glennon and Brandt 2020),thus no mitigation would be necessary to address potential impacts to these sites. In summary,the recommendations provided above are intended to protect the traditional and customary practices that have been occurring on the subject property from being adversely impacted by the proposed residential development. Likewise,these recommendations are to convey to the planner,landowner,and associated government agencies, the concerns and thoughts shared by the parties interviewed as part of this study. If concerted efforts are made to consider and implement the recommended mitigative measures, then the proposed project will likely not result in a significant adverse impact to the above-identified traditional and customary practices. 54 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii References Cited REFERENCES CITED Akana, C.L.,and K. Gonzalez 2015 Hdnau Ka Ua:Hawaiian Rain Names.Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu. Alexander,W.D. 1890 A Brief History of Land Titles in the Hawaiian Kingdom. 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Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1951 The Kumulipo A Hawaiian Creation Chant.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Best, G. 1978 Railroads of Hawaii: Narrow and Standard Gauge Common Carriers. Golden West Books, San Marino, CA. Bird,1. 1974 Six Months in the Sandwich Islands. Charles E. Tuttle Co.,Inc.,Rutland,Vermont. Boundary Commission 1874a Reel#1,Boundary Commission Book Vol. B. Microfilm.Mo`okini Library,University of Hawai'i at Hilo.Hawaiian Reference Collection. 1874b Reels#1 and 2,Boundary Commission Book Vol.D No.5.Microfilm.Mo`okini Library,University of Hawai'i at Hilo.Hawaiian Reference Collection. Brandt,L. 2020 Public Notice. Ka Wai Ola [Honolulu]. September 1, 2020: 24. Electronic document, https://docs.google.com/viewemg/viewer?url=https://kawaiola.news/wp- content/uploads/2020/08/KaWaiOla-Sept-2020.pdf. Buck,E. 1993 Paradise remade: The politics of culture and history in Hawaii. Temple University Press, Philadelphia. Buke Mahele 1848 Buke Kakau Paa no ka mahele aina i Hooholoia iwaena o Kamehameha III a me Na Lii a me Na Konohiki ana,Hale Alii,Honolulu. Cannelora,L. 1974 The origin of Hawaii land titles and of the rights of native tenants. Security Title Corp. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 55 References Cited Case,E.M.K. 2015 I Kahiki Ke Ola: In Kahiki There is Life Ancestral Memories and Migrations in the New Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis,Victoria University of Wellingtom,Wellington. Chinn,J. J. 1958 The GreatMahele:Hawaii's Land Division of 1848.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. 1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published. Coan,T. 1882 Life in Hawaii:An Autobiographic Sketch ofMission Life and Labors 1835-1881. Randolph,New York. Commissioner of Public Lands(Office of the Commissioner of Public Lands of the Territory of Hawaii) 1929 Indices of Awards Made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Star Bulletin Press,Honolulu. Cordy,R. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief, The Ancient History of Hawai`i Island.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. Crabbe,K. o.,K.Fox,and H.K. Coleman 2017 Mana Ldhui Kdnaka Mai nd kupuna kahiko mai a hiki i keia wd. Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Honolulu. Desilets,M.,A.Kasberg,and R.B.Rechtman 2004 Archaeological and Limited Cultural Assessment of TMKs: 3-2-9-03: 13, 29, and 60, Wailea Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i. Rechtman Consulting, LLC Report RC-0247. Prepared for McCully Works,Inc.,Hilo,Hawaii. Dorrance,W.,and F.Morgan 2000 Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu. Edith Kanaka`ole Foundation 2012 Ethnohistorical Study of Honohononui, Hilo, Hawaii Island. Honohononui Kalaninuiiamamao. 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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hudson,A. 1932 The Archaeology of East Hawaii. Bernice P Bishop Museum. Jokiel,P.,K.Rodgers,W. Walsh,D.Polhemus,and T. Wilhelm 2011 Marine Resource Management in the Hawaiian Archipelago: The Traditional Hawaiian System in Relation to the Western Approach.Journal ofMarine Biology 2011:1-16. Kalakaua,L.D. 1888 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. The Fables and Folk-Lore of a Strange People. Charles L. Webster&Company,New York. Kamakau, S.M. 1866 Ka moolelo o Kamehameha L Mokuna IIL Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 22 December: 1. Electronic document,haps://www.pUakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Kamakau, S.M. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na Hana a ka Po`e Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. 1992 Ruling Chiefs ofHawaii.Revised ed.Kamehameha Schools Press,Honolulu. Keliiwaiwaiole,J.M. 1885 Ike I na Pali Hookui a Akaka Fall. Ko Hawaii Pae Aina [Honolulu]. 5 September: 4. Electronic document,haps://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Kelly,M. 1956 Changes in Land Tenure in Hawaii, 1778-1850.Manuscript.Hawaiian-Pacific Collection,Master's thesis.University of Hawaii at Manoa. 1956. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 57 References Cited Kikiloi, S.K. 2010 Rebirth of an Archipelago: Sustaining a Hawaiian Cultural Identity for People and Homeland. Hulili:Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being 6:73-115. King,R. n.d. Hawaiian Land Titles. n.d. Electronic document, hus://ags.hawaii. og v/wp-contegt/uploads, accessed May 15,2020. Kirch,P. V. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. 2011 When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A Review of 150 Years of Scholarly Inquiry and a Tentative Answer.Hawaiian Archaeology 12:3-26. Kuapuu, S.K. 1861 He wahi Moolelo--Helu 1. Ka Hae Hawaii [Honolulu]. 17 April: 12. Electronic document, haps://www.pUakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Kuykendall,R. 1938 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854. Foundation and Transformation, vol. 1. 3 vols. University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu. Lam,M. 1985 The Imposition of Anglo-American Land Tenure Law On Hawaiians.Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 23:104-128. Lands,U. S. C. o.P. 1948 Statehood for Hawaii Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Territories and Insular Affairs of the Committee on Public Lands U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington. Lane,J. C. (editor) 1890 Directory and Hand-Book of the Kindgom of Hawaii. The Pacific Press Publishing Company, Oakland, CA. Lila,M. 1872 He inoa no Miss Kaiewe, ka Hiapo a B. Kuhea. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 17 February: 3. Electronic document,https://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Liliuokalani 1978 An Account of the Creation of the World According to Hawaiian Tradition, Translated from Original Manuscript Preserved Exclusively in Her Majesty's Family.Pueo Press,Kentfield. Lucas,P. 1995 A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. University of Hawaii Committee for the Preservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture, Honolulu. Lyman, C. 1925 Around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands and California, 1845-1850. Yale University Press,New Haven. MacKenzie,M.K. 2015 Native Hawaiian Law,A Treatise.Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu. Mahoe, G.K. 1876 Ka Huakaihele ike i na Makaainana o Hilo. Ka Lahui Hawaii [Honolulu]. 1876: 1. Electronic document,https://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed August 28,2020. 58 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii References Cited Malo,D. 1903 Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii). Translated by D. N. B. Emerson. Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd.,Honolulu. 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. Second ed. Translated by N. B. Emerson. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 2.B.P.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Maly,K. 1994 Appendix A: Historical Documentary Research. In Archaeological Inventory Survey, Chin Chuck Road Project Area, Land of Hakalau Nui, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:2-9-02:23 and 2-9-04:56). edited by A. Walker and P. H. Rosendahl. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. 1563- 111194.Prepared for Mr.Eben Dale, C.Brewer Homes,Inc. c/o PBR Hawaii,Hilo,Hawaii. 1997 'Mauna Kea-Kuahiwi Ku Ha`o I Ka Millie":A Report on Archival and Historical Documentary Research,Ahupua`a of Humu`ula and Ka`ohe, Districts of Hilo and Hdmdkua,Island of Hawai`i. Kumu Porto Associates, LLC Report HiMK-02d (082796c). Prepared for Native Lands Institute: Research and Policy Analysis,Hilo,HI. 2001 Mdlama Pono I Ka Aina An Overview of the Hawaiian Cultural Landscape. Kumu Porto Associates. Maly,K.,and O.Maly 2006 Hilo Paliku-Hilo of the Upright Cliffs:A study of Cultural-Historical Resources of Lands in the Laupdhoehoe Forest Section,Ahupua'a of the Waipunalei-Mauluanui Region, North Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMX Overview Sheet 3-7-01). Kumu Porto Associates KPA Study HiHETF116- Laupahoehoe (120506a). Prepared for United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service - Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry,Hilo. McEldowney,H. 1979 Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design:Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawai`i. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for the U.S. Army Engineer Division,Pacific Ocean. Nakaa, G. W. 1893 He moolelo Hawaii: Mokuna IL Ke kumu mua o ko Hawaii nei kanaka. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 4 February: 4. Electronic document, https://www.papakilodatabase.com, accessed 08/28/2020. Nawaa, S.K. 1904 Ma Ka Aoao Ikaika E Ku Ai Kakou. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 28 October: 4, accessed 08/28/2020. OEQC(Office of Environmental Quality Control) 1997 Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts, as Adopted by the State of Hawaii Environmental Council in 1997 and amended in 2000. Electronic document, hU:Hoegc2.doh.hawaii.gov/OEQC Guidance/1997-Cultural-Impacts-Guidance.pdf. OHA(Office of Hawaiian Affairs) 2018 Kipuka Database.Electronic document,http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka. Oiaio,H. 1900 Pau Ole Kuhihewa Ia Hilo Paliku. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa [Honolulu]. 3 August: 2, accessed 08/28/2020. Oliveira,K.-A. 2014 Ancestral Places: Understanding Kanaka Geographies. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. Parker,P.,and T.King 1998 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.Revised ed. National Register Bulletin 38.U.S.Department of the Interior,National Park Service, Cultural Resources. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 59 References Cited PHRI(Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D. Inc.) 1991 Historical Research:Old GovernmentRoad,Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden ProjectArea,Land of Onomea, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMX:2-7-10:1,22). 1032-061791. Prepared for Ms. Sandra Schutte,Roehrig,Roehrig,Wilson,Hara, Schutte&DeSilva. Poepoe,J.M. 1906 Moolelo Hawaii Kahiko. Ka Na`i Aupuni [Honolulu]. 21 June: 1. Electronic document, hUs://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Pogue,J.F. 1978 Moolelo ofAncient Hawaii. Translated by C. W.Kenn.Topgallant Press,Honolulu. Poli,Z. 1867 Ka Hele Malihini ana is Hawaii a me na Mea Hoi i ike ia.Ka Nupepa Kuokoa[Honolulu].5 October: 6.Electronic document,hlWs://www.papakilodatabase.com,accessed 08/28/2020. Pukui,M.K. (editor) 1983 `Olelo No`eau:Hawaiian proverbs&poetical sayings.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K.,and S.H.Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary:Hawaiian-English,English-Hawaiian.Revised and english ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K., S.H.Elbert,and E.Mo`okini 1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Pukui,M.K.,E. W.Haertig,and C. A.Lee 1972 Nana I Ke Kumu (Look to the Source),vol. 1.Hui Hanai,Honolulu. Rosendahl,P.H. 1972 Aboriginal Agriculture and Domestic Residence Patterns in Upland Lapakahi, Island of Hawaii. Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Hawaii at Manoa,Department of Anthropology,Honolulu. Sai,D.K. 2011 Ua Mau Ke Ea Sovereignty Endures: An Overview of the Political and Legal History of the Hawaiian Islands.Pn`a Foundation,Honolulu. Santos,A.,L.M.U.Kepa`a,and L.Brandt 2019 A Cultural Impact Assessment for the County of Hawai`i's Kolekole Gulch Park Accessibility Improvements Project, TMX: (3) 2-8-015:015, Kuhua Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i. ASM Affiliates Project Number 31480.Prepared for Geometrician Associates,LLC,Hilo, HI. Sheldon,H.L. 1882 Reminisces of Honolulu.Saturday Day Press [Honolulu]. 9 December: 1,accessed 08/28/2020. Soehren,L. 2005 A Catalog of Hawaii Place Names Compiled from the Records of the Boundary Commission and the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Title of the Kingdom of Hawaii.Part 1:Puna and Hilo. 2005.Electronic document,hU://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?,accessed September 14,2016. Stokes,J.,and T. S.Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island ofHawai`i:A Historic Survey ofNative Hawaiian Temple Sites.Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Tatar,E. 1982 Nineteenth Century Hawaiian Chant. Pacific Anthropological Records.Prepared for Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum. 60 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii References Cited Thrum,T. 1908 Tales from the Temples,Part III. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1909,pp. 44-54. edited by T. Thrum. Thos. G. Thrum,Honolulu. Thurston,L. 1913 Railroading in Hilo. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1914. edited by T. Thrum. Thos. G. Thrum,Honolulu. Wilmshurst,J.,T.Hunt, C.Lipo,and A. Anderson 2011 High-Precision Radiocarbon Dating Shows Recent and Rapid Colonization of East Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:1815-1820. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 61 References Cited 62 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single-Family Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii Appendix A APPENDIX A. KA WAI OLA PUBLIC NOTICE CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 63 Appendix A CtILTL�R-4.L IMPACT ASSESSMENT- NULANIAJLAMAEKI AR'LTPVA ir . SOUTH BnO TM7TA LCT, LSLAND OF JIIAWAI'I ASM Afliliatcs is preparing a Culwral Impact Assessment(CIA) fsx a single-Family residence}zing pmpimd For a roughly batt-acre parcel(TMK-(3)2-5-012_023)sit- uatcd in Malamalarnaiki Ahupua'a (located south of Honamil Ahupua'a), Scwth Hilo District. Island of Hawaii. Please contact ASM Afliiiales if yaxu would lila tai p ar icipatc or tonidbutc to this study by sharing your amna`o alxeul any cultural orhisuxical resnurccs cr VdKT informaLkin you hclieve may he rdevant.This includesbut 130L liauiLed tri,krtowJcdgc orf past land use, history, traditional cul- tural uses of tlx:pnymscd project area; or those who are involved in any cmgoing cultural practices that may be occurring, on or in the general vicinity of the suhjcct property-If ycw have and cm share any such infbrmation please o nn- tact Lokclani Brandt (IbrandL@ asnu fliliates.torn), phone (803) 969-6(WA. trailing address ASM Affiliates 5f17-A E. Lanikaula Street,Hilci, HI 96720-Mahalo. CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamailci 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii 65 Appendix A Page intentionally blank 66 CIA for the Holcomb Family Trust Single Family-Dwelling,Malamalamaiki 1 st and 2nd,South Hilo,Hawaii Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 4 Coastal Erosion Study [This page intentionally left blank] FINAL COASTAL EROSION AND SHORELINE HAZARDS STUDY FOR THE HOLCOMB PROPERTY. Malamalama Iki Ahupua'a, Hamakua District, Island of Hawaii. TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028. Prepared by: Timothy E. Scheffler, Ph.D. and John P. Lockwood, Ph.D., CPG#9806 Prepared for: Kelly Holcomb c/o Jason Knable Carlsmith Ball, LLC 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, HI 96792 Tel: 808.935.6644 November 10, 2020 This page left blank Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Executive Summary A geological survey of the Holcomb property was conducted in order to characterize geological structures and calculate a site-specific Average Annual Erosion Rate (AAER)for the shoreline. This report also identifies erosion prone areas and evaluates the risks posed by other potential hazards that could impact the property. This survey has been prepared in support of a Conservation District Use Permit Application (CDUA) and Environmental Assessment(EA) being prepared for the owner. John P. Lockwood, Ph.D., Certified Professional Geologist (#9806), served as Principal Investigator. The geological history of the subject property is explained. Historical photos of the coastline from 1954, 1965, 1977 and 2019 were evaluated for any measureable changes. We conclude that the AAER cannot be measured with a high level of quantitative precision, but that the overall value is less than 0.2 feet/year for the subject property. However, emphasis is placed on the episodic nature of cliff failures and the exacerbating influence of sea level rise on erosion processes. i Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Property Location and Physical Setting...................................................................................... 3 GeologicalBackground .................................................................................................................. 5 Marine Conditions and Wave Climate............................................................................................ 7 FieldObservations.......................................................................................................................... 9 CoastalAccess .......................................................................................................................... 10 Lithology....................................................................................................................................11 Structure.................................................................................................................................... 13 ErosionProcesses.......................................................................................................................... 15 SoilLoss and Slope Erosion..................................................................................................... 17 Rock fall and Cliff Failure........................................................................................................ 17 Ironwood................................................................................................................................... 19 Granulometry............................................................................................................................ 20 Quantification of Erosion Rate ..................................................................................................... 21 Historic Aerial Photos and Maps Analyses............................................................................... 21 DiscussionofAAER..................................................................................................................... 24 Effects of Island Subsidence and Sea Level Rise (SLR) on the Migration of the Shoreline.... 24 General Coastal Zone Hazards...................................................................................................... 26 ConstructionConsiderations..................................................................................................... 27 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 29 ReferencesCited........................................................................................................................... 31 ii Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. List of Figures Figure 1 Tax Map Key and Subject Property.................................................................................. 1 Figure 2 Subject Property, Portion of USGS 1:50,000 scale. ......................................................... 3 Figure 3 Subject Property, Google image (7.12.2019). .................................................................. 4 Figure 4 Portion of Geologic Map (Trusdell et al. 2006). .............................................................. 6 Figure 5 Frequency and magnitude of waves affecting Hawaii (www.soest.hawaii.edu). ............. 7 Figure 6 Tidal data for Hilo Bay (in ft.).......................................................................................... 8 Figure 7 Subject Property, USGS 1:24,000 scale (1984)................................................................ 9 Figure 8 Subject Property Features, Profile Locations and Sample Localities............................. 10 Figure 9 Subject Property Slopes at A-D...................................................................................... 13 Figure 10 Geologic sections at A—D. .......................................................................................... 14 Figure 11 1954 Aerial Photo (oblique, view to the southwest)..................................................... 22 Figure 12 Portion of Honomu Sugar Company Field Map (1932)............................................... 23 Figure 13 Portion of Onomea Quadrangle, USGS (1930)............................................................ 23 Figure 14 Projected Sea-level Rise for Hilo, HI(www.corpsclimate.us/ccaceslcurves.cfm)....... 25 Figure 15 Relative Risk of failure along the subject property sea cliffs....................................... 29 List of Photographs Photo 1 Overview of shoreline, north facing side........................................................................... 4 Photo 2 Overview of shoreline, east facing side............................................................................. 4 Photo 3 Abandoned Ladder on Point. ............................................................................................11 Photo 4 Photo of red clay layer separating the"upper" and "lower" Hamakua seris flow........... 12 Photo5 Sea Caves......................................................................................................................... 15 Photo 6 Bedrock riverbed and well-rounded boulders at the entrance of Honomu Stream. ........ 16 Photo 7 Sub-angular Rocks Armoring Shore at"C"..................................................................... 16 Photo8 Major rock fall scar.......................................................................................................... 18 Photo 9 Transitional slope and Ironwood litter............................................................................. 19 List of Tables Table 1 Ages of the geological units discussed in the text(Trusdell et al. 2006). .......................... 6 Table 2 List of historical aerial photograph references................................................................. 21 Table 3 Summary of Potential Sea Level Rise.............................................................................. 25 Table 4 Summary of Coastal Hazards at the Holcomb Property................................................... 26 iii Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Introduction Hawaii Administrative Rules concerning Conservation Districts (Title 13, Subtitle 1, Chapter 5, adopted August 12, 2011) state that applicants for Single Family Residential construction in coastal Conservation Districts must consider rates of coastal erosion affecting their properties in order to determine minimum shoreline setbacks for permitting. DLNR established a requirement that the Average Annual Coastal Erosion Rate must be determined, based on formal "Coastal Erosion Studies" which are to be carried out following the guidelines in the Hawaii Coastal Hazard Mitigation Guidebook(Hwang 2005). This report satisfies these requirements. Z L s° qJs. 7[- (0.0/9 ac) 300 feet 28 U% __ _- `1 �•\ d t'dur/.[O.X45 Ac,7� l\ a � Ck nG� 1 58 0 11 1 }q A 11 Figure 1 Tax Map Key and Subject Property. Changes in the coastline over time are the product of the complex and long-term interplay between powerful geological forces, particularly so in Hawaii. The combined effects of volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change, island subsidence, and even bio-genic (ie. reef-building)production over millennia will influence the nature and durability of the coast and the position of the shoreline as we now see it. These processes of both construction and destruction must be accounted for in any evaluation of coastal dynamics (Ramalho, et al., 2013). Volcanic action, mostly new lava flows, build out the island, and then coastlines retreat as mass wasting, marine and fluvial erosion reshape the landscape. The Hawaiian Islands also are subsiding at variable rates across the archipelago; this can accelerate the processes influencing shoreline mobility or future migration. 1 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. The dynamics between volcano, ocean and air are difficult to quantify in some aspects, especially on the younger of the Hawaiian Islands which, in their youth, may not yet have reached a long-term, stable equilibrium. Thorne Abbott(2013)reviews several problematic aspects in determining the AAER for planning purposes in Hawaii. The difficulties he discusses in measuring erosion rates on lengths of coastline on Maui, apply directly to the Big Island. The problems enumerated include issues with irregular shaped properties and erosion in multiple directions and the problematic nature of erosion-resistant hard coasts as opposed to soft linear beaches. "Soft" shorelines are in a constant state of change affected by seasonal movements of sand (Abbott 2013:17). Hard coasts are more difficult to monitor, usually changing over only much longer periods of time. Any estimates are best approached with longer term (decadal) studies of a scope that extends beyond the geography of a single parcel. Ideally, regional monitoring studies would include highly accurate means of terrain mapping such as is available today with LiDAR technology (Rosser 2005). Despite these drawbacks, it is possible to derive an empirically based, and quantitative estimate of erosion rates on site. This report also seeks to delineate any erosion-prone or otherwise hazardous areas along this section of coastline. Per State definitions, the "shoreline" denotes the highest wash of waves and is usually defined by the line of permanent vegetation. However, for properties bounded by sea cliffs (as here), the"certified shoreline" as defined for construction setback purposes is the upper edge of the bounding sea cliff. The "coastline" is a more general term used in this report for the most seaward edge of land at high tide. We continue below with a description of the property and the ocean conditions for this section of the Hamakua coast. 2 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Property Location and Physical Setting Honomu, literally translated, "silent bay" (Pukui and Elbert 1986)is located on the northeast facing, windward side of the island in the southern portion of the Hamakua District. The Holcomb property consists of a small promontory immediately south of the mouth of the Honomu Stream. It lies about midway between Lehuawehi Point(to the northwest) and Kohola Point(southeast)which define Honomu Bay (see Figures 2 and 7). The entire coastline, for several miles southeast and northwest, consists of rocky headlands with small embayments at stream mouths. Heavy stream discharge along this windward slope provides ample volcanic detrital material to coast and small temporary pebble and cobble beaches form where wave energy and coastal slope permit. These same sediment laden streams, however, also prevent the formation of nearshore coral reefs. nohlna i e el L aksta"' I Subject Property s � h ilea r 1 l{ u L lr�f c J �2peeko Pepeekeo Mill 675 K k rea Carnp 9 *awa i h u I ly'%SH�•9 s,1•�r .Y. '" YPJi1rd • � � s Figure 2 Subject Property,Portion of USGS 1:50,000 scale. 3 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. 5 Figure 3 Subject Property,Google image(7.12.2019). ti Photo 1 Overview of shoreline,north facing side. Photo 2 Overview of shoreline,east facing side. 4 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Geological Background Understanding the sequence of geological events on site provides a fundamental framework on which inferences concerning erosion rates are based. The surficial geology consists of 2-3' of disturbed, mostly brown colored soil that was repeatedly churned by historic sugar operations. This loose material overlies deeply weathered, but stable, yellow-tan ash deposits. The thickness of these so called, "Homelani" ashes (see below), were not directly measureable because of extensive re-working and vegetation cover. Buchanan-Banks (1983) indicates that where undisturbed, these ash deposits should be about 10 feet thick in this area. They consist of deeply weathered orange to ochre yellow volcanic ash is entirely of air fall origin, and was derived from multiple volcanic eruptions from Mauna Kea volcano. These ashes, which originally consisted of volcanic glass fragments, were carried to the Hilo-Hamakua area from high lava fountains associated with the formation of various prehistoric volcanic cones on Mauna Kea (see Figure 4, "hmc"). These ashes have been dated in part as having mainly been deposited between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago (Buchanan-Banks, 1983). Similar yellow-orange ash deposits form fertile soils once critical to Hawaii's sugar industry all over Hawaii Island, and have together been described as the"Pahala Ash" (Stearns and Macdonald, 1946), although the ashes along the Hamakua Coast are of very different origin and age than the deposits underlying the cane lands in Ka'u. Buchanan-Banks (1993)later named these Hamakua ash deposits the "Homelani Ash", as they are the preferred sites for graveyards all over East Hawaii. Weathering that has taken place over many thousands of years in the moist, warm, tropical climate of this area has converted these ash deposits almost entirely to secondary minerals. Wieczorek and others (1982) studied the mineralogy of the Homelani Ash in the Hilo area, and found the deposits to consist almost entirely of the alumina mineral gibbsite, with lesser amounts of amorphous allophane and very minor quartz (derived from distant sources). Regional relations (Wentworth, 1938) suggest that these ash deposits were originally 12-15'thick in this area, and well indurated, but mechanical cultivation associated with cane harvesting and planting during the last several decades of cane production loosened the upper surface of the ash section and resulted in extensive erosion and soil loss. The thickness of the ash remaining on the land is variable, and was measured at 6-10' where exposed along cliff faces. (Note: the Homelani Ash is not shown on Figure 4). These ash deposits overly deeply weathered Mauna Kea lava flows of the Hamakua Volcanic Series (Stearns and Macdonald 1946). There are several poorly-defined subunits within the Hamakua Volcanic Series lava flows, and the contacts between them are commonly marked by ash and soil deposits (Wolfe and others, 1997). The Hamakua lava flows vary between 65- 200,000 years in age (ibid.). These lavas are deeply weathered high on coastal cliffs, but are relatively un-weathered and resistant to wave erosion at cliff bases. This ash is everywhere underlain by rocks consisting of deeply weathered Mauna Kea lava flows (see Figure 4). These lava flows have few residual volcanic minerals, are almost entirely altered to clays directly below the ash layer. Where undisturbed, they are well-indurated, and can form vertical faces along road cuts, for example. They are also orange to ochre yellow in color, and may easily be mistaken for ash deposits if residual volcanic features are not recognized. These highly altered lavas have been derived from basaltic pahoehoe flows of the Hamakua Volcanic Series, which were erupted more than 60,000 years ago from now buried Mauna Kea eruptive 5 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. vents (Wolfe and others, 1997). These rocks were collected and described at the flume trench (Locality 4, Figure 8). Although these lavas are highly weathered in their upper parts, they transition gradationally to relatively fresh, dense pahoehoe flows at the base of sea cliffs. The pahoehoe lavas exposed at the shoreline consist of multiple lobes of relatively resistant layered basalt. Legend twn / hmc t{� IrA .ui a � len 'El F � lig ... :t+e 99 ;r o_ ig .n Figure 4 Portion of Geologic Map(Trusdell et al.2006). Unit Description Epoch Age B.P. hm Hamakua Volcanics, lava flows Pleistocene 200,000- 65,000 hmc Hamakua Volcanics Vent Deposits Pleistocene 200,000- 65,000 1 Laupahoehoe Volcanics, lava flows Pleistocene 65,000- 14,000 ly Laupahoehoe Volcanics, lava flows,younger member Pleistocene/Holocene 14,000-4,000 Table 1 Ages of the geological units discussed in the text(Trusdell et al.2006). 6 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Marine Conditions and Wave Climate The extremely long fetch of wind crossing the Pacific Ocean creates big, long period swells, generating waves that can rise to significant heights before slamming into the island's flanks. Large waves reaching the coastline at this propoerty are predominantly related to trade wind conditions, though the coastline is also exposed directly to the largest North Pacific swells (Figure 5). �i��P�l¢SG gWELI t H� 51 ry i 51201 qs 9 Wave Height p4 .4 m k. 51003 it � ��A1002 T vvwe Buoyr 1470 123' A _ WAVES 147' 0 100 rrN sQ��FiEFtFI SVfL� a 100 km Figure 5 Frequency and magnitude of waves affecting Hawaii(www.soest.hawaii.edu). The Hawaii Island coastline faces roughly 45° east of north. However, the Holcomb property's north side faces essentially directly north. On the other hand the southern portion is well shadowed from the direct onslaught of the waves as it faces somewhat south of east. This is significant relative to typical incoming waves. Note on Figure 5 that the largest waves of all come from the north-north-east, north or north-north-west direction. These North Pacific swells can reach significant heights of 20+ft. and are a major contributor to coastal erosion and storm damage. Future changes in storminess and frequency of significantly higher wave heights due to climate change are impossible to quantify. A precise forecast of these positively contributing variables isn't possible, but their potential effects on erosion are considered in our conclusions below. Rising sea surface temperatures in Hawaiian waters could, for example, influence hurricane storm tracks impacting the islands (Businger, 1998). Any changes in the recurrence interval or intensity of wave energy focused on the coastline are critical factors in the evaluation of erosion along any coast. Merrifield and Maltrud (2011) noted that trade winds have intensified across the Pacific gradually since the early 1990s, e.g., which could also alter the wave climate. Additionally, trends in sea level rise are more pronounced in western Pacific waters, relative to other regions in the World Ocean, with some rates as much as three times 7 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. the global average–this will exacerbate the waves effects. The probability and magnitude of sea level rise associated with climate change at the property is discussed in a separate section. Nevertheless, for tropical waters, the incidence of"one-in-ten year" extreme waves impacting shorelines may double or triple as a consequence of the wind intensification described above (Wang et al. 2014). Substantial wave height increases—by as much as 40%-- have also been observed along some Pacific shores, though to what extent this relates to climate change or pulsating phenomena such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is unclear(e.g.—Ruggiero and others, 2010). In fact, hypothetically, the incidence of hurricanes in the eastern Pacific may actually decrease with warming climate, but the strongest storms will likely become even more intense (e.g.--Grinsted, 2012; Holland and Bruyere, 2013). Tidal conditions for this part of the island are summarized in Figure 7. These are based upon data collected in nearby Hilo Bay, the closest continuously monitored tidal station to the property. The magnitudes of these relative elevations are an important reference for assessing the importance of any measured changes or, in particular their impacts outside the normal range. Datums for 1617760,Hila, Hila Bay,Kuhia Say, HI All figures in feet relative to station datum 6.5 ftIHHW.632 6 DHQ-0.43 MHNF s_a 5.5- MSL- .5 MSC 5.07 DTL 5.12 IMFrL:5_06 GT_2.4. - � - Mb:1.67 _-MLW:4-22 -- - MLLW:3-92 17LQ:0-3 . 7 3.5 S Figure 6 Tidal data for Hilo Bay(in ft.). The mean range of tidal change (MN)is 1.67 ft. with a Great Diurnal Range (GT) of 2.4 ft. Tidal heights are given as positive and negative values relative to the Mean Lowest Low Water(3.92 ft.) and Mean Highest High Water(6.32 ft.). Understanding the tidal variation throughout the year is important as any instantaneous "snapshot" of the coastline at a given tide can be misleading on the whole. The effects of tides are dependent on beach slope. For example, 2.4 ft. of tide will move the tideline 24 ft. horizontally on a 10% slope. This can have dramatic effects, changing the location and breadth of active weathering. 8 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Field Observations Although the shoreline is legally defined in Hawaii as "the upper reaches of the wash of the waves, other than storm and seismic waves, at high tide during the season of the year in which the highest wash of the waves occurs, usually evidenced by the edge of vegetation growth, or the upper limit of debris left by the wash of the waves, ..." (HAR §13-5-2). ), for properties bounded by sea cliffs —the tops of cliffs are considered the "shoreline" for setback purposes. Given the complexity of volcanic coastlines and their formation processes, in order to assess the historical and prehistorical movement of the shoreline and identify areas prone to erosion, an attempt was made to inspect the entire length from sea level. This was accomplished through a variety of means including pedestrian, boat and rope assisted access. The evolution of the geomorphology was re-constructed in a simple way. Chronologically constrained "facies" (bodies of rock with specified characteristics)were identified and related in the field. This is a recommended means of assessing complex geomorphic situations in Hawaii and the goal towards which our field methods were oriented. For example, Felton (2002)uses this method to distinguish different forms of emplaced debris, describe the potential mobility of any beach deposits and their nature, and account for isostatic changes in his research on the coastal flanks of Lanai. Efforts were made to evaluate the appearance and composition of rock clast sizes, their roundness/sphericity and condition of eroded materials. In addition, the matrix and macro- mineralogical composition of the lava flows present was assessed (see lithology, below). Sedimentary structures and other indications of erosion were mapped and evaluated within the project area(see Structure, below). Particular attention was paid to the nature of the material and slope at several key areas on the property, these profiles and their implications are presented below. Figure 8 is a key to the locations of rocks and situations described further below. Subject Property 5 IL r •R 1� T� t X01 i AlA Figure 7 Subject Property,USGS 1:24,000 scale(1984). 9 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. I it • w^ 6, lOC3iltY q, r �rcality 2 � � r .. 150' f y 00, t _ 100 4W Iota i �ae��Q Figure 8 Subject Property Features,Profile Locations and Sample Localities. Coastal Access There are two ways in which the point may be accessed. These are by the walking around the coast, and by a ladder on the point itself. The cobble beach at the mouth of the Honomu stream can be accessed by a narrow jungle track from Mamalahoa Highway. The track is slightly overgrown, but, apparently used somewhat regularly. Saw grass and bananas at the beginning of the track yield to arrowroot and vines lower down. The track is steep, although not exceeding 450. There are short sections which are 800 to vertical. These steep sections, however, are modified with rough steps, or the descent is assisted by a fixed cable. The path is muddy and in wet conditions extremely slippery. The point is not accessible from the beach. The waters' edge along the base of the cliff can be traversed only about half-way. The first section is over rough cobble and boulder beach, this gives way to a scoured and narrower shelf of stable bedrock. In 100 meters this bedrock forms a small headland beyond which is only sheer cliff meeting the sea and surf. A ladder was installed down the nose of the point at some point in the past—probably by fisherman. This ladder is currently accessed by passing through dense saw grass to the edge of the cliff, which is forested with various light underbrush, ironwoods, and weeds. To get to the base, one has to descend around 175 feet. The descent begins with a gentle 450 section for 10 feet, before reaching an aluminum ladder, about 8 feet long. Then there is a steep section with 10 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. shallow footholds. This continues for approximately 10 feet. At that point a fiberglass boat ladder is lashed to the slope and the ladder descends another 8 feet or so, however, the top three rungs are broken. At the base of the fiberglass ladder there is a sizable ledge with a large ironwood tree growing (see Photo 3). Further descent is near vertical and was not attempted. There is a long ladder of milled wood, and round head nails, secured with rusted iron spikes. There is evidence of a fire at the top of this ladder. The wooden ladder continues down about 50 feet, where there is another small ledge and a slightly shorter ladder constructed in a similar fashion which ends at the base of the cliff,just above the high surf line. 4 y 4 Photo 3 Abandoned Ladder on Point. Lithology All of these Hamakua Series volcanic rocks are well-indurated. This is apparently due to the extensive mineralization that has accompanied weathering. The rocks are capable of supporting relatively stable near-vertical faces along the old railroad excavations and Highway 11 road cuts at the southwestern margin of the Property. The massive "basal" lava flow on which the Holcomb property's upper flows rest is the lynch-pin controlling erosion of those overlying rocks. There appears to be some considerable passage of time between emplacement of that basal unit and the overlying, more erosion-susceptible flows - complete with a rarely seen "erosional unconformity". A red soil and ash layer was noted near the base of coastal sections along the entire perimeter of the Property shoreline (Photo 4). This red-weathered layer, which may define the boundary between "Upper" and "Lower" parts of the Hamakua Series indicates an erosional unconformity and thus the passage of some considerable time interval (note in Photo 4 the glassy rind on the lower surface of the upper member, as well as the inclusions of clay in that upper rock member's 11 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. matrix) . The ash layer is clay-rich, and is believed to play an important role in the erosion of the shoreline, as it separates more resistant, massive rocks below and the intensely weathered rocks above. It may be responsible for relatively recent rock fall collapse events (see discussion below of rock fall collapse mechanisms). Reference has been made by both Jim Moore and Pete Lipman to the first HSDP borehole data and they have formed conclusions regarding a subsidence rate for Hamakua. The rate is about 2.5 mm/year so, at 60 k years, you would expect about 150 m of subsidence. Lava flows can be distinguished by their macro-mineralogy. Representative rock samples were collected from the localities indicated on Figure 8, and examined with low magnification hand- lens. The rocks are deeply weathered, however, and there are few indications of their original flow nature. Vesicle morphology suggests most of them were originally pahoehoe flows. Because of extensive alteration, little indication of original mineral compositions remain, although sparse remnant phenocrysts (crystals) of dark honey-brown orthopyroxene observed in some samples indicate original compositions included hawaiite and ankaramite. Potassium —Argon (K-Ar) dating indicates these volcanic rocks include lava flows as young as 81,000 years old at the top of the sequence and basal flows as old as 237,000 years (Wolfe and others, 1997). .J ,y t. I Photo 4 Photo of red clay layer separating the"upper"and"lower"Hamakua seris flow. 12 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Structure These textural comparisons are a key to interpretation of the profile data and facies model presented below. The varied minerology, texture and type of rock from each geologic unit respond differently to erosive forces. These different capacities to withstand degradation create instructive morphologies. To assess the extent and impact of these forces on the rock landscape, several scaled stratigraphic profiles were drawn along transects indicated in Figure 8 (profiles A- D). Figure 9, giving an overall gross sense for the topography was drawn from USGS (1994) topographic data and modified with field data. Figure 10 was compiled based solely on measurements and estimates of slope and elevation and other observation taken in the field. The locations of these four profiles are shown on the reference Figure 8, above. HCILCOMB COASTAL EROSION SURVEY Topographic Profiles A-0 Nertical scale is exaggerated 2.5 times) 200 A 16a D - lap 120 C TOO 0 a a 80 2 0 60 B ao W 20 50 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 DISTANCE FROM SHORELINE Figure 9 Subject Property Slopes at A-D. 13 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Profile"A" Profile `B" I denseweedyve% Irvnwpuris „-euro 'i' IVY. ICID ft. Hamakua Lava flows q'otinger{ Hamakua Lava Flows{youngar) discontinuity{fed day) discontinuity Wed clay) Hamakua Lava Flows WWO sea caves,irndemutu ng —' basal toe _—_———— Sed level r� r4hore benrh Ymdlrounded 1 Ma nakua Lava Flows(older) cobblelboulder beach Profile"C" Profile T" 200 ft. ` 200 ft. I ,SIJ Ali C 1, _Hornclga Ash py(•y�J �'7 J♦ 1 } �,•' 100 f!. 100 f[, Hamakua lava Flows{youngerl Hamaklla Lana Flaws(ydunged massive blocks Bedrock bench ammring Kase {Honomu Stream) discnndnuliy[red clays sea level ———_—— sun ryt��c } sea level ——— — ds s 0 o Hamakua lava flows{olden } 1-amakua Lava Flaws loldei I well rounded well rounded boulders mbbIPs and houldem Figure 10 Geologic sections at A—D. 14 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Erosion Processes Coastlines can be classified, generally, into"soft" and"hard," depending upon whether they consist of sands and related fine, easily transportable sediments or of solid less easily weathered substrate. Almost all shoreline change studies focus on soft coasts, including quite recently within the Hawaiian Islands (e.g., Anderson et al., 2015). Available data for hard coastlines are otherwise scarce. Several key processes are at work contributing to erosion of the subject property and all typical hard coasts. Wave energy impacting the bluff loosens masses of rock by compressing air within fractures ("hydraulic ramming"), while the drag of moving water, boulders and cobbles, and abrasively grind smaller fragments into sand at the shore. Wind and gravity can loosen free pieces rock and redeposit them as breccia, though none were found on the property. Storm seas coincident with extreme tides can be especially erosive. There is no way to definitely quantify the relative contributions of these processes, though it is reasonable to say that the energy released by wave action is probably the main cause of shoreline retreat at this locality. The following photos illustrate several of these processes in operation at the subject property. Photo 5 Sea Caves 15 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. v ia.• IL Wz -' '�J 'y►-•jam WX"'` Photo 6 Bedrock riverbed and well-rounded boulders at the entrance of Honoma Stream. W. c Y __sp _ Photo 7 Sub-angular Rocks Armoring Shore at"C". For example, Photo 5 shows the punctuated slopes on the east side of the property. While these cliffs are lower in height, the upper vegetated portions give way abruptly to nearly vertical cliffs plunging to the sea. 1954 aerial photography shows vegetation rock fall scars (Fig. 11). 16 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Undercutting of the cliff is apparant and a small sea cave is visible at the base on the left side, just beyond the property boundary. Photo 6 is taken at the mouth of Honomu Stream (Locality 2). Several items are of note in this image. First, note the bedrock over which the stream flows. This is solid bedrock, the same as is inferred to buttress the point. Here it is overlain by a cobble and boulder beach, which it continually supplies with more stones. Note, that the background of the photo a visible shoreline is present in a vegetation line and buildup of colluvial sediments against the base of the cliff. Wave energy impacts this bluff only rarely and retreat is unlikely in the near future. Photo 7 is taken at Locality 3/Profile "C". The view back towards the beach affords a good look at the armoring at this minor promontory. Note, on the immediate left in the foreground, the dense"bluerock" outcrop, smoothed with ages of wave action, but practically immovable. In the center, fronting this massif we see angular and sub-rounded boulders of this very material, faulted off on large blocks, but still providing a great mass of buffer to the oncoming hydraulic assault. Soil Loss and Slope Erosion Little is known about pre-contact Hawaiian agricultural practices in this area, but clearing of native forests must have resulted in increased erosion. The low intensity of vegetable crop production by Hawaiians probably caused only minor additional erosion, but all this changed abruptly with the beginning of industrial-scale sugar production along the Hamakua Coast in the late 19th century. Traditional cane harvesting by hand methods with no need for reseeding caused relatively modest erosion, but the introduction of machine harvesting after WWII directly led to major soil erosion, as the delicate Homelani Ash was deeply cultivated and churned during harvesting and planting. The offshore waters of the entire Hamakua Coast were stained brown for miles offshore during times of heavy rainfall, and vast amounts of valuable topsoil were permanently lost through erosion. The closure of sugar operations along the Hamakua Coast in 1993 began a period of healing to the soils beneath old cane lands, but considerable care is required to protect remaining soil, as the upper 1-2 feet of the Homelani Ash soil is highly susceptible to erosion during periods of heavy rainfall. The remaining Homelani Ash beneath the disturbed zone is very well indurated and resistant to erosion Rock fall and Cliff Failure Where covered by extensive vegetation little erosion is caused directly by rainfall, and retreat of the cliff edge is almost entirely caused by rock falls initiated from below. Several rock fall scars were investigated during our field inspection, and it appears these were mostly caused by failure of the deeply weathered lava flows of the Hamakua Series (see Photo 8). These deeply weathered rocks are characterized by a system of joints (rock fractures)that mostly parallel the cliff face. 17 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. 1 ,r R 5 Photo 8 Major rock fall scar. In most examples studied, the rock falls are derived from the deeply weathered lavas and do not involve the underlying solid lava flows exposed at the shoreline. Once the cliff faces are destabilized by either erosion from below or by the impact of tree roots (next section), the actual rock falls appear to be initiated by two primary factors: times of prolonged heavy rainfall, and regional earthquakes. Rainfall contributes to rock falls in two ways the increased weight of the water saturated rocks and soil on the cliff face, and, more importantly, the increased intergranular pore pressure exerted by rainwater as it infiltrates cracks within rocks. Flights along the Hamakua coastline following periods of heavy, prolonged rainfall will always reveal fresh scars on the sides of cliffs that have been caused by rainfall-induced rock falls and landslides. The processes involved are the same as those that cause rock falls and landslides along Hamakua roadways during periods of heavy rainfall. 18 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Ironwood Ironwood trees (Cassuarina equisetifolia)infest the slopes at the tip of the property and along the eastern facing side. The deep roots of ironwoods exploit cracks in the cliff face, and contribute to mechanical instability. Native plants such as naupaka (Scaevola taccada) and hala (Pandanus tectorius) have shallow roots and can aid in the stabilization of slopes. Hala, are commonly found in moist coastal location and on valley slopes (Wagner 1990). i, - i {r. •Y. 1 Photo 9 Transitional slope and Ironwood litter. Established groves of these native plants can be convincing indicators of relative stability, in fact. The presence of mature hala trees indicate that no rock falls have occurred for a very long time. This is the case for the northwest section of the property's coast, from the flume-cut to the cobble beach. The contrast between property slopes covered in native versus invasive species is particularly vivid in Photo 8 (notice the hala on the right and fresh scars below the ironwoods on the left). The ironwood trees, also known as Australian Pine, are the most serious cause of accelerated erosion, as their root systems are very aggressive at exploiting cracks and joints in bedrock and forcing these joints open wider—which fragments and loosens otherwise cohesive rocks. In contrast to shallow-rooted native Hawaiian plants that once grew along and stabilized these cliffs, the ironwood trees have extensive roots that penetrate deeply into the cliff faces and directly set the stage for rock fall triggering by heavy rains or earthquakes Dense concentrations of ironwood trees can crowd out native species, or poison them by chemical contamination (note how few other species there are in Photo 9). Regarding the ecological impact of ironwood along coastlines, Swearingen (1997) states that: 19 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. C. equisetifolia is fast-growing(1.5 to 3 meters per year),produces dense shade and a thick blanket of leaves and hard,pointed fruits that completely cover the ground beneath it.Dense thickets displace native dune and beach vegetation,including mangroves and many other resident,beach-adapted species. Once established,it radically alters the light,temperature,and soil chemistry regimes of beach habitats as it outcompetes and displaces native plant species and destroys habitat for native insects and other wildlife. Chemicals in its leaves may inhibit the growth of other plants underneath it. Granulometry One of the easiest ways to recognize the relative age of rock falls that have fallen from the cliff face fronting the Property is to note the shapes of boulders present along the shoreline. Since there is little lateral movement of rocks along shore, the areas beneath recent rock falls are marked by angular boulders that have not had time to be rounded by wave action, whereas in areas where there is no evidence of recent rock fall activity, shore boulders are well-rounded (as noted in the above Photos). These features together serve to qualify the extent, type and likelihood of both stochastic and gradual geologic processes. Next we turn to the attempt to quantify these processes and the speed at which they are at work. 20 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Quantification of Erosion Rate Historic Aerial Photos and Maps Analyses Aerial imagery was examined for evidence of major changes in coastal profile or shoreline movement during historic times. The oldest image found included one captured by the Navy in 1954. Hi-resolution (600dpi) stereoscopic pairs of images from 1954, 1965 and 1977 were examined systematically under a Farichild binocular magnifying stereoscope (model F-71). DATE FLOWN SOURCE PROJECT FLIGHT PHOTO NO. MAGIS NAME LINE NO. 1954-14 USN- HAI 8 003 016-1437 October USGS 1954-14 USN- HAI 8 004 016--1438 October USGS 1954-14 USN- HAI 8 Unnumbered- 016-1095 October USGS oblique 1954-14 USN- HAI 8 Unnumbered- 016-1096 October USGS oblique 1965-16 USDA EKL 6CC 121 062-5510 January 1965-16 USDA EKL 6CC 122 062-5511 Januga 1977-03 USGS GS-VEEC 4 134 007-408 January – — 1977-03 USGS GS-VEEC 4 135 007-409 Januga Table 2 List of historical aerial photograph references. The scale of the photos and the precision measurements presented some confounding factors. When enlarged to an appropriate scale for our analysis, the photos were "grainy" with pixels equivalent to 10 ft. or more. In addition to the resolution of the photos, the time of day they were taken causes shading differences can easily obscure important smaller-scale details such as the shifting of a boulder here or modest collapse of a ledge there. Note in Figure 11, a reproduction of a portion of the original photo how poorly the north slope of the property is illuminated. Unknown differences in tidal level and surf conditions at the times individual photography was obtained, also contribute to the lack of precision. The average diurnal range of tides is 1.67 ft.; on a beach with a slope of 30% (1:3)this translates to a change of approximately 5 ft. of horizontal distance, adding another confounding variable to our photogrammetric methods. 21 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. J L7 _ 7 � � � r eti - } r r ti 54 Figure 111954 Aerial Photo (oblique,view to the southwest). Two additional historic maps added to our analysis. A field map of sugar cane operations from 1932 was valuable in confirming the presence of a major flume across the property, still visible in the 1950's, but gradually eroding and less obvious on modern photos. The Onomea Quadrangle, a USGS publication from the 1930's was also valuable for comparative purposes. In fact, one might be tempted to say that the 1930 map more accurately portrays the coastline than the 1994 USGS version. i•es w. ao.sx.. 717" nwFt 1.D a nf rmn AP .- ...• F 7 rz fl Pr- �Scue: 1 melt=9ea �. .7..nxy 6,/.J lesiv�.•w.w.!A'J•4I'•' -1 _�_ ,.. . �I 1'JdE. 22 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Figure 12 Portion of Honomn Sugar Company Field Map (1932). 4 r Figure 13 Portion of Onomea Quadrangle,USGS(1930). Consideration of these maps spanning a period of 90 years yielded no apparent changes in configuration of the headland or of any major changes in coastal morphology. It does seem that the biggest changes occur on the headland seaward of the flume trench. In 1954 the cliff edges are distinct and crisp, seemingly approaching vertical. However, today and throughout the series of photos, it becomes apparent by 1970's that the vegetation is changing and soil loss may be occurring, the slopes become more gradual and rounded. However, this surficial erosion does not seem to have had any effect on the shoreline; in fact, this wasted material may have provided some buffer to any erosion at the base of the cliffs. Given the lack of measureable changes on the photos the minimum Average Annual Erosion Rate for the subject property may be zero. However, photographic resolution precludes the identification of any changes smaller than a single pixel (estimated to resolve to —10 ft. sq.) Conversely, then a maximum AAER of 0.15 ft. per year is possible. 23 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Discussion of AAER Calculating the erosion rate for the property is problematic because the actual rate is constantly changing with conditions. Over geologic time coastlines will go through periods of relative stability followed by rapid change. Sea levels rise will have dramatic consequences for future erosion rates. Effects of Island Subsidence and Sea Level Rise (SLR) on the Migration of the Shoreline Predicting Sea Level Rise (SLR)is a notoriously difficult task. Hwang et al. (2007)use a figure of 0.16 inches per year in their assessments of present-day SLR for Oahu, but an overall global rise in sea level of 40 inches by the end of the 21st century has been proposed by Fletcher(20 10) and others, that translates in to almost one-half inch per year(0.44 in/yr over 90 years). SLR for any particular area depends heavily on local factors (water temperatures, ocean currents, salinity, etc. Anderson and others (2015)predict a doubling of current SLR rates for Hawaii within 30 years because of climatic factors (polar ice melting, increase in ocean temperatures). Sea level rises' effect on the erosion of sandy beaches, found on older islands with more gradually sloping coastlines, has been predicted to be two orders of magnitude greater than the amount of the rise. This general prediction for soft coasts is borne out by mathematical models of the interaction between sea level and sedimentary equilibria(Braun 1962). In a confirmation of these theoretical effects based on the evaluation of continental scale historical data sets, Zhang et al. (2004) conclude that there is a"multiplicative association" between climate change, resultant sea level rises, and coastal erosion. Their modeling leads them to conclude that the effect of coastal erosion, already severe in the 20th C., will be much worse in the 21st. While their discussion focuses on sandy beaches, the theory holds for hard coasts as well —though the magnitude and response times would differ, in particular given the vertical and durable coasts of the younger Big Island. A"worst-case" eustatic sea-level rise estimate of 78 inches by the end of this century (.96 in/yr) is given by Pfeffer(2008). Solomon (2007) estimates the rise at 40 inches, a more conservative estimate and in-line with Fletcher's (2010) estimate above. The greatest rate of SLR will take place during the second half of this century according to recent modelling (e.g.--Cazenave and Le Cozannet, 2014). Total sea level, of course, is a result of the combined changes in elevation of both water and land. Therefore, we must distinguish between eustatic and isostatic change. Eustatic changes are due to a greater or lesser volume of water in the oceans globally which is affected by global warming. Isostatic changes are locally affected by crustal movements and land subsidence or accretion. The Big Island of Hawaii is sinking into the Earth's mantle because of the gravitational isostaic load of its growing volcanoes. A subsidence rate of(0.08 - 0.12 inches per year) related to isostatic sinking has been determined by submersible studies of drowned reefs off west Hawaii (Moore and Fornari 1984). The potential changes in eustatic SLR must be added to predicted isostatic changes in crustal 24 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. subsidence rates for easternmost Puna. These changes are summarized in Table 2, below. MINIMUM MAXIMUM Lnr in r Land subsidence-positive isostatic 0.08 0.12 change(Moore and Fornari 1984). Global Sea-level rise-positive eustatic 0.44 0.96 change (Fletcher 2010, Solomon 2007 and Pfeffer 2008). Sea-level rise (sum) 1.08 Table 3 Summary of Potential Sea Level Rise. Future combined sea level change and land subsidence is likely to cause an increase in block failures in this area over the long term (100 years-scale). These changes will slowly and episodically increase the erosive action of storm waves at higher and higher elevations over the next several decades. Anderson and others (2015) studied this phenomenon in the context of low-lying"soft" coasts (beaches)throughout the Hawaiian Islands and concluded that average rates of shoreline recession would double by the year 2050, and increase to 2.5 times present and historically measured values by 2100, with shoreline retreats of as great as 190 ft. possible at some beaches. The relevancy of this study to "hard" substrates across the Big Island is unclear. This is something to consider in planning. Army Corps models of SLR for the islands come to similar conclusions with at least a foot and possibly as many as 5.5 feet of SLR by the end of the 21s'Century (see Figure 14). Relative SeaLeval Change Projections-Gauge:1617760,Hilo:Hilo Bay:Kuhlo Bay,HI(0510112014) 6 �USAGE Low USAGE IRI USAGE High 5 J � 4 J a° 3 c_ U q 2 1 0 Zoon 2020 2040 2060 2060 2100 2010 2030 2050 2070 1,090 Year Figure 14 Projected Sea-level Rise for Hilo,HI(www.corpsclimate.us/ccaceslcurves.cfm). 25 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. General Coastal Zone Hazards In a national assessment of coastal vulnerability conducted by Woods Hole for the United States Geological Survey, six variables were examined in the construction of an alternate, "Coastal Physical Vulnerability Index" or, CVI(Thieler Hammer-Klose 2000). These include mean tidal range, coastal slope, rate of relative sea-level rise, shoreline accretion and erosion rates, mean wave height and geomorphology. The geomorphology, calculated erosion rate, mean tidal range and coastal slope variables can be considered in this case as moderate, while two of the factors listed might cause some concern, sea-level rise and significant wave events. More to the point is the importance of a holistic treatment of coastal vulnerability. Hwang (2005)recommends that all hazards facing coastal areas should be considered when planning for land-use zoning in Hawaii, and not just erosion. Fletcher et al. (2002:150) calculated island-wide hazards assessments for Hawaii's coastlines. These hazards are rated on an ascending scale from 1 (low)to 4 (high). The specific hazard risk levels for this area of Hamakua are shown in the following Table (3): Hazard Type Risk Level Tsunami(1-4) 3 Stream Flooding(1-4) 1 High Waves(1-4)JE9_ 3 Storms(1-4) 3 osion 2 Sea Level Change(1-4) 4 Volcanic/Seismic(1-4) M 4 Overall Hazard Assessment(1-7) 4 Table 4 Summary of Coastal Hazards at the Holcomb Property. Sea-Level rise ranks as one of two highest risk categories. Fletcher et al. (2002:21) estimate a decadal seal level rise for Hilo of 1.55 +/- .09 inches (almost 4 centimeters per 10 years). Sea Level Rise has been discussed above at length. Correspondingly, the risk level at the property for future higher water is 4. The risk of any lava flows impacting the property is near none. Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano (Lockwood and Hazlett, 2010). The area lies in the USGS's Zone 8 (out of 9 zones of decreasing risk). This means that not only have there been no historic (since 1800) no lava flows, but none in the past 750 years and furthermore, in the last 10,000 years only a few percent of the area has been covered. Nevertheless, the volcanic nature of the island presents another hazard, that of earthquakes. The entire island of Hawaii is an active seismic area (Wyss and Koyanagi, 1992), and the southern Hamakua area in particular is subject to future events. Seismic events are common in Hawaii and can affect large areas. In 1973, Honomu was the epicenter of a large destructive earthquake occurring on April 26 and measuring 6.2 on the 26 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Richter scale. Seven major rockslides blocked Hwy 19 for seven hours (no one counted how many sea-cliff failures occurred) and 355 homes in addition to 75 businesses were severely damaged (usgs.gov, Unger and Ward 1973). The entire island is subject to the effects of large earthquakes. Because of the potential for major earthquakes on the flanks of Mauna Kea, residential construction on the Property should be built to the highest standards as to earthquake resistance as specified by Hawaii County Building Codes. Hawaii Island is also susceptible to the effects of seismic and volcanic activity generated around the Pacific Rim. There is a real possibility of tsunami (seismically generated "tidal"-waves) threatening this coastline. However the threat is mitigated by the high cliffs. The effects of a tsunami are highly variable, dependent on both local and extra-regional factors, the beach on the north end could be severely affected. Tsunami have impacted this coast in 1946, 1957 and again in 1960. These three events, two generated by Aleutian earthquakes and the third by activity in Chile, generated maximum wave run-up heights of between 25 feet in '46 and 12.25 feet '57 (Fletcher, et al. 2002:131). High Waves and storms are also relatively hazardous. The property is exposed directly to the predominant trade winds. These winds approach from between 40° and 90° east of north, at 10 — 20 miles per hour, 70% of the time. This consistent wind produces consistent seas. These conditions combine with large winter storms from the north that regularly create waves between 20 and 30 feet in height. Stream flooding ranks low. Stream flooding is actually rather common along this coastline with significant events occurring with decadal frequency. However the effects of these events are mitigated by the steep coastline; runoff is focused into deep ravines and channeled to the sea. There is some risk of sheet flow occurring between these channels under heavy rain conditions (Fletcher et al., 2002:132). Attention should be paid to vegetation maintenance and any alterations in surface hydrology. Construction Considerations The engineering properties of ash deposits in the Hilo area were investigated by field and laboratory testing of samples of volcanic ash in two shallow core holes above Hilo, about 6 miles south-southwest of the Project site (Wieczorek and others, 1982). As is evident from their sample descriptions and geologic logs, these sites adequately describe the ash units that underlie the Subject Properties. Through in-situ vane shear, and laboratory vane shear, direct shear, and triaxial tests, Wieczorek and others determined that the"Homelani Ash" ash has relatively high strength in undisturbed state, with internal friction angles ranging from 400 - 430. They observed that highway cuts as steep as 760 are stable, but that the"sensitivity" of the ash is relatively high. That means the Homelani Ash is relatively strong (and resistant to erosion)where undisturbed, but loses strength when reworked. They caution that, "The high friction angle of the ash permits very steep slopes under static conditions, which because of high sensitivity are particularly susceptible to seismically induced land sliding". Water contents determined for the ash samples studied were variable between different layers, ranging from 100 to nearly 400%, which causes reworked and disturbed deposits of the ash to be subject to plastic flow. Erosion of the fragile ash soils underlying the Property is only a problem when the soils are 27 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. disturbed and exposed to rainfall runoff. These soils are for the most part presently covered by dense non-native grasses, which do a good job of soil stabilization. During new construction activities or future agricultural cultivation, however, care must be taken to not create any channel ways at angles to natural slopes that would develop into sites of rapid erosion during heavy rainfall. Planned construction includes the roof of a single residence and a driveway with a turnaround area. The footprint of the development is relatively small. Considering the size of the lot, excess runoff from these roadways and rooftops should not produce significant problems. Some consideration should be given to channeling any concentrated rain runoff thoughtfully. Broad, low vegetated swales might serve to redirect flow and more importantly, diffuse and reduce its velocity. This is critical to avoiding any runoff to cliff faces, particularly if any intensive agricultural activities are planned. Where feasible, the creation of impermeable surfaces with excessive pavement or concrete should be minimized. Much of the interior"flat land" of the Property slopes gently seaward. For slab construction, it will be important that any cuts made into upslope faces be protected with concrete "stem walls" or retaining walls that deflect any future flood waters that could flow from upslope during times of heavy rain. Lastly, the ironwoods present a long term threat to the stability of the coastal edge. Landscaping plans might consider the incremental removal and replacement of the ironwoods with more appropriate species such as naupaka, hala, milo (Thespesia populnea) and hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus), for example. 28 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Condusior As a hard rock coast, it is difficult to assess "erosion rates" in the same terms used for the many beaches and soft sand shorelines of the older islands of Hawaii. Hard coastlines are at one extreme of a"sensitivity scale" in this regard -they are slow responding systems (Hansom 2001). Coastlines such as these are susceptible to High Magnitude—Low Frequency (HMLF) events. For coasts on this end of the sensitivity scale "low frequency" needs to be better defined. Given the probability of significant seal level rise, the frequency can be expected to increase. The edges of sea cliffs fronting much of the Hamakua coastline are unstable in many places, have been impacted by numerous rock falls and small landslides over the past several decades. Cliff stability and erosion history of the Hamakua Coast should be considered by planners as major factors that will impact the longevity and safety of proposed coastal structures. Although the shorelines of Hamakua are undergoing little change, the edges of the cliffs above have been and are continuing to be modified by erosion— erosion that has been accelerated by poor land- use practices over the past century. Agricultural practices, modified drainage patterns, and the introduction of alien invasive trees along the coastline have all contributed to accelerated erosion of cliff faces along much of the Hamakua coast, but the impact of these factors can be greatly reduced by wise land-use practices. r� A. 1' t �y'•" r � ,- r _ 'J H = High Risk = Moderate Risk L = Low Risk Figure 15 Relative Risk of failure along the subject property sea cliffs. No measurable erosion of the shoreline fronting the Subject Properties has occurred in the 60 years of available aerial photography. This reflects the stability of the lava flows forming the shoreline and the steepness of the coastal cliffs. The edge of the cliff face has, however, been subject to greatly accelerated retreat 29 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. It has proven difficult to calculate a rigorous erosion rate for the property and such rates would vary along its 1,300' shoreline. Photos over the past 70 years and maps from the last 90 indicate the shoreline has been stable ("highest wash of the waves..."). However, this is not the case for the cliffs above, whose edges suffer episodic slope failure. These failures generally, rarely alter the "toe" of the cliff. However, an estimate of the Average Annual Erosion Rate was calculated based on historical and geological sources and treated in as quantitative a manner as the data permitted. Given the dramatic increases in sea level and related impacts of climate change on the forces in question, it would be prudent to treat any rate conservatively. We therefore, recommend weighting this estimate by a factor of at least 20% and conclude that a maximum final AAER for the property of 0.2 feet per year is appropriate. This represents an average annual rate based on estimated changes measured over large spans of time. The actual erosion rate for any given year may vary greatly based on extreme weather or geologic events that could impact the coastline at any given time. The present shoreline is not entirely stable (see Figure 15 above). We suggest that 100'be considered a minimum setback—in view of the fact that large rock falls have apparently occurred to the northeastern and eastern cliff faces bounding the Property. 30 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. References Cited Abbott, Thorne. "Shifting shorelines and political winds—The complexities of implementing the simple idea of shoreline setbacks for oceanfront developments in Maui, Hawaii." Ocean & coastal management 73 (2013): 13-21. Anderson, T.R., C.H. Fletcher, M.M Barbee, L.N. Frazer, and B.M. Romine. 2015, Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawai'i Natural Hazards v. 78 (1):75 Bruun, Per. 1962, "Sea Level Rise as a Cause of Shore Erosion." 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Businger, S., 1998, poster, Hurricanes in Hawaii; Hurricane and Extreme Weather Phenomena Symposium; Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, hht://www.soest.hawaii/edu/MET/Faculty/businger/poster/hurricane Cazenave, A., Le Cozannet, G., 2014, Sea level rise and its coastal impacts, Open-Access American Geophysical Union Journal of Earth's Future, DOI: 10.1002/2013EF000188 Clague, D. A., Hagrstrum, J.T., Champion, D. E., and Beesoin, M. H. 1999, Kilauea summit overflows—their ages and distribution in the Puna District, Hawaii: Bull. Of Volcanology, v.61, n. 2, pp 363-381. DLNR, 2000, Hawaii Coastal Erosion Management Plan (COEMAP): Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources—Land Division, Coastal Lands Program, Special Publ., 90 pp. Felton, E. Anne. "Sedimentology of rocky shorelines: 1. A review of the problem, with analytical methods, and insights gained from the Hulopoe Gravel and the modern rocky shoreline of Lanai, Hawaii." Sedimentary Geology 152.3-4 (2002): 221-245. Fletcher, C. H. , Grossman, E. E, Richmond, B. M. and Gibbs,A. E., 2002, Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations Series Map I-2761, scale 1:50,000. Fletcher, C. H., Boyd, R., Neal, W. J., and Tice, V, 2010, Living on the Shores of Hawaii — Natural Hazards, the Environment, and our Communities: University of Hawaii Press, 371 pp. Grinsted, A., Moore, J.C., Jevrejeva, S., 2012, Projected Atlantic hurricane storm threat from rising temperatures, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 5369-5373 Hall,Adrian M., James D. Hansom, and Jack Jarvis. "Patterns and rates of erosion produced by high energy wave processes on hard rock headlands: The Grind of the Navir, Shetland, Scotland." Marine Geology 248.1-2 (2008): 28-46. 31 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Hansom, J. D. "Coastal sensitivity to environmental change: a view from the beach." Catena 42.2-4 (2001): 291-305. Hard coast response to environmental change - not nil... Holcomb, R.T., 1987, Eruptive history and long-term behavior of Kilauea Volcano, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., Volcanism in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, USGPO, Washington D.C., volume 1, pp. 261-350 Holland, G., and Bruyere, C.L., 2013, Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change, Journal of Climate Dynamics (on line): DOI: 10.1007/x00382-013-1713-0 Hwang, D. J., 2005, Hawaii Coastal Zone Mitigation Handbook: Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, DBED, State of Hawaii, 216 pp. Hwang, D.J., and Brooks, B., 2007, Coastal subsidence in Kapoho, Puna, Island and State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, 44 p. Jurado-Chichay, Zinzuni, Scott K. Rowland, and George PL Walker. "The formation of circular littoral cones from tube-fed pahoehoe: Mauna Loa, Hawai'i." Bulletin of Volcanology 57.7 (1996): 471-482. Lim, Michael, et al. "Erosional processes in the hard rock coastal cliffs at Staithes, North Yorkshire." Geomorphology 114.1-2 (2010): 12-21. Lipman, P.W., Lockwood, J.P., Okamura, R.T., Swanson,D.A., and Yamashita, K.M., 1985, Ground deformation associated with the 1975 Magnitude 7.2 earthquake and resulting changes in activity of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1276, 45 p. Lockwood, J.P. and Hazlett, R.W, 2010, VOLCANOES-Global Perspectives: Wiley-Blackweel Publishers, Oxford, 541 pp. Medley, E. W., 2006, Geological engineering reconnaissance of damage resulting from the October 15, 2006 earthquakes, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA: Geo-Engineering Earthquake Reconnaissance Association Spec. Publ., University of California at Berkeley, 39 pp. Merrifield, M.A., and Maltrud, M., 2011, Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification, Geophysical Research Letters (on-line), DOI: 1029/2011GLO49576 Moore, J. G. and Fornari, D. J., 1984, Drowned reefs as indicators of the rate of subsidence of the Island of Hawaii: Journal of Geology, v. 92, p. 752-759. Moore, J. G., 1970, Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, V 34, pp. 562-576. Moore, James G., and Wayne U. Ault. 1965 "Historic Littoral Cones in Hawaii."Pacific Science Vol. XIX Moore, R. B. and Trusdell, F. A., 1991, Geologic Map of the Lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U. S. Geological Survey Misc. Investigations Series, Map I-2225, Scale:1:24,000. Nielson, N. N., Furumoto, A. S., Lum, Walter, and Morrill, B. J., 1977, The Honomu, Hawaii, earthquake—Report of Inspection: National Academy of Science informal publication, 79 pp. Owen, S., Burgmann, R., 2006, An increment of volcano collapse: Kinematics of the 1975 Kalapana, Hawaii earthquake, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 150, pp. 163-185 32 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Pfeffer, W. T., Harper, J.T., O'Neel, S., 2008, Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21rst-century sea level rise, Science, 321 (5894), pp. 1340-1343 Pukui, M. K., & Elbert, S. H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English- Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press. Ramalho, Ricardo S., et al. "Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production." Earth- Science Reviews 127 (2013): 140-170. Rosser, N. J., et al. "Terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring the process of hard rock coastal cliff erosion." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 38.4 (2005): 363- 375. Ruggiero, P., Komar, P.D., Allan, J.C., 2010, Increasing wave heights and extreme wave projections; the wave climate of the Pacific Northwest, Journal of Coastal Engineering, vol. 57, pp. 539-552 Solomon, S. S., 2007, The Physical Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 1009 p. Stearns, H. T. and Macdonald, G. A., 1946, Geology and ground-water resources of the Island of Hawaii: Hawaii Division of Hydrography, Bull. 9, Honolulu, Hawaii, 363 pp. Swanson, D. A., Rose, T. R., Fiske, R. S., and McGeehin, J. P., 2012, Keanakako`i Tephra produced by 300 years of explosive eruptions following collapse of Kilauea's caldera in about 1500 CE: Journal Of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 215-216, No. 2, pp. 8-25. Swearingen, J. M., 1997,Australian Pine: National Park Service Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, Special Publication, 2 pp. Thieler, E. R. and E. S. Hammer-Klose, 2000, National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise: Preliminary Results for the US Pacific Coast. Woods Hole, MA: United States Geological Survey (USGS), Open File Report 00-178 Trusdell, Frank, Edward W. Wolfe, and Jean Morris (2006) https:Hpubs.usgs.gov/ds/2005/144/ Digital Database of the Geologic Map of the Island of Hawai`I; U.S. Geological Survey, Data Series 144, version 1.0. Unger, J. D. and Ward, P. L. 1973, A large, deep Hawaiian earthquake—The Honomu, Hawaii event of April 26, 1973: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v.69, pp.1771-1781. Vitousek, S., Fletcher, C.H., 2008, Maximum annually recurring wave heights in Hawaii, Pacific Science, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 541-553. Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols., Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. p. 1479-1481. Wang, X.L., Feng, Y., and Swail, V.R., 2014, Changes in global ocean wave heights as projected usingf CMIP5 simulations, Geophysical Research Letters (on line), DOI:1002/2013GLO58650. 33 Coastal Erosion Survey of the Holcomb Property,Malamalama Iki Ahupua a,Hamakua District,Hawai'i. Wentworth, C. K., 1938,Ash formations of the Island of Hawaii: Third Special Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, 183 PP. 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Climatic change 64.1-2 (2004): 41. 34 [This page intentionally left blank] Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 5 Biological Survey [This page intentionally left blank] Biological Survey, TMK(3) 2-8-012:028 South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i By Ron Terry, Ph.D. Geometrician Associates, LLC August 2020 Introduction This biological survey concerns portions of a shoreline property formerly cultivated in sugar cane and now in a semi-forested condition. The 6.485-acre property identified by TMK 2-8-012:028 is located near the town of Honomu on the Island of Hawaii, as shown on Figure la (the "property"). Included for purposes of analysis is an access easement that extends about 600 feet through TMK 2-8-012:029 from the highway to the edge of the subject property. Kelly Holcomb, the owner of the property, plans to build a single-family home and conduct related accessory uses on the property, including utilities, a driveway and turnaround, and cutting overgrown vegetation and conducting minor surface restoration for an easement along an old cane road access from Highway 19 to the property boundary The property is illustrated in Figure 1. Although the property was formerly in sugar cane, it is within the State Land Use Conservation District. In order to conduct these development activities on the property responsibly, it is important to locate any sensitive species or vegetation types, identify the potential for biological impacts, and develop mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impacts to minimal levels. The property was surveyed by Ron Terry on portions of two days in August 2020. The objectives of the botanical survey component of the survey were to: 1) describe the vegetation; 2)list all species encountered; and 3)identify the locations of any individual plants of rare, threatened or endangered species. Plant species were identified in the field and, as necessary, collected and keyed out in the laboratory. Special attention was given to the possible presence of any federally listed (USFWS 2020)threatened or endangered plant species, although the habitat did not indicate a high potential for their presence. The faunal portion of the survey consisted of visual/auditory faunal surveys both during and apart from the botanical survey covering birds and introduced mammals, reptiles, or amphibians. Also considered during the survey was the general value of the habitat for native birds and the Hawaiian hoary bat. Not included in the survey were invertebrates or aquatic species, although it should be noted that no lakes, ponds or intermittent or permanent streams were observed or are known to be present(Honomu Stream passes just west of the property). As with all coastal locations, protection of marine water quality through strict adherence to sediment and erosion Best Management Practices is necessary and expected to be required. Vegetation Type and Influences Geologically, this part of the island is located on the lower flank of Mauna Kea volcano. The surface consists of weathered soils derived from regional ash deposits and alkalic basalt lava flows dated at 65,000-200,000 years before the present(Wolfe and Morris 1996). Elevations on the useable part of this moderately sloping shoreline property drop from about 165 to 80 feet above sea level, seaward of which there are 50-to 80-foot tall sea cliffs. The property receives an average annual rainfall of about 132 inches (Giambelluca et al 2013). The project site soil is classified by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) as Hilo hydrous silty clay loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. This soil is formed from ash fields on lava flows and if irrigated can be considered prime farmland. This type of soil was formerly used mostly for sugarcane cultivation (U.S. Soil Conservation Service 1973) and now supports diversified agriculture, secondary forest, or pasture. In the Manual of the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands, Gagne and Cuddihy (1990) classified the natural, pre-human vegetation in areas with similar geology, elevation and rainfall as Lowland Wet Forest. Dominant species were likely `6hi`a trees (Metrosideros polymorpha), hala (Pandanus tectorius), uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) and hapu`u ferns (Cibotium spp.), and a large variety of trees, shrubs, ferns, sedges, grasses and herbs. Shoreline cliff fringes likely contained hala, naupaka (Scaevola taccada), `6hi`a, and nanea(Vigna marina). This original community in the general area was long ago eradicated or heavily degraded by sugar cane cultivation, cattle grazing, and clearing for small farms and residences. The vegetation outside towns in the area is now either managed (i.e., farms, pasture or landscaped grounds) or adventive "communities" of various alien weeds. Small remnants of native forest remain only in the far mauka areas, on sea cliffs, and on the sides of some gulches. U.S. Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey airphotos from 1954, 1965 and 1977 indicate that virtually the entire property was formerly cultivated in sugar cane. After the cessation of sugar cane cultivation in the 1980s, the property was reportedly used for pasture and pigs. Tree cover has rapidly increased on the property since that time and now makes up over half the vegetation cover, although sections dominated by various grasses still persist(Figure 3). Results: Vegetation and Flora As shown in Figure la, a Google Earth©image of the property from 2019; in Figure lb, an oblique digital drone aerial image; and in the ground photos in Figure 2, the property is semi-forested. Over most of the property away from the seacliffs, a wide variety of robust grasses dominate the grass layer, including guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), California grass (Urochloa mutica) and Lyon's grass and (Themeda villosa), as well as smaller grasses, especially crabgrasses (Digitaria spp.) (Figure 2a). The tree layer is dominated by fiddlewood (Citharexylum caudatum), common guava (Psidium guajava), African tulip (Spathodea campanulata), and Alexander palms (Archontophoenix alexandrae), although many other tree species are present, notably gunpowder tree (Trema orientalis), macaranga(Macaranga mappa), albizia(Falcataria moluccana) and Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa) (Figures 2b-c). In forested areas there is a variable understory consisting of tree saplings, shrubs, herbs, ferns and vines, almost all of them alien. Most represented are the shrubs Asian melastome (Melastoma candidum), Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 2 strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) and night-blooming jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum); the herbs rattlepod (Crotalaria spp.) and Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta); and the vines pilau maile (Paederia foetida) and white thunbergia (Thunbergia fragrans). One native shrub is found sparingly but prominently: neneleau (Rhus sandwicensis). This attractive native sumac is present in a few areas, especially surrounding the easement (Figure 2d). Ferns vary with the micro-environment and are all aliens (Figure 2e). The downy wood fern (Christella dentata) and sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) are present in and around pastures, while shadier margins and forests support warabi (Diplazium esculentum) and Blechnum appendiculatum. Trees have several epiphytic ferns including maile-scented fern (Phymatosorus grossus) and golden polypody (Phlebodium aureum). The shady cliff edges and several of the deep cuts formed by natural slumping or the railroad cut support maidenhair fern (Adiantum raddianum) and holly fern (Cyrtomium falcatum). The cliffs exhibit a different vegetation than the rest of the property (Figure 2f). It still includes fiddlewood—the dominant tree of the rest of the property —as well as Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), warabi ferns, and various other plants, but is dominated by ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) and the natives hala, naupaka and nanea (Vigna marina). The understory includes tree seedlings and herbs but is generally covered by a thick layer of ironwood needles. Ironwoods suppress native vegetation and contribute to slope instability. While natives act to stabilize the slopes, ironwood trunks and branches capture the wind like a sail and their roots act as levers, forcing out boulders. Ironwood needles tend to function as a blanket and suppress the growth of the natives. All plant species found on the property during the survey are listed in Table 1. Of the 74 species detected, 6 were indigenous (native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere), while only one—neneleau—was endemic (found only in the Hawaiian Islands). Each of the indigenous plants is very common throughout the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere, and no rare or unusual native plant species were present. Two common Polynesian introductions were also present: ti (Cordyline fruticosa) and `awapuhi (Zingiber zerumbet). It should be noted that we were not able to identify several species because they were sterile,juvenile and/or in poor condition. It is highly unlikely that any of these unidentified species would be rare. Results: Threatened and Endangered Plant Species and Critical Habitat No threatened or endangered plant species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2020) appear to be present on the property, nor are there uniquely valuable habitats. No existing or proposed federally designated terrestrial critical habitat for plants (or animals) is present on or near the property. Botanical Impacts and Recommended Mitigation Measures The history of continuous disturbance coupled with a location in the lowlands has resulted in a flora and vegetation on most of the property that has little value in terms of conserving native vegetation or threatened or endangered plant species. In general, no adverse botanical impacts are expected as a result of developing a single-family home and accessory uses, including the proposed driveway re-establishment on the old cane Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 3 road. It is recommended that native plants such as hala, naupaka and neneleau be preserved where practical and be included in a landscape plan focused on native elements, as is encouraged by Conservation District rules. Results:Birds A total of eight bird species were observed during the botanical surveys and the specific bird observation periods, all of them common non-natives of urban, suburban and rural areas (see Table 2). Although not seen in the survey, only the Hawaiian hawk(Buteo solitarius) among all native forest birds is likely to have much of a presence on this low-elevation property. The Hawaiian hawk generally prefers `6hi`a forest habitat but is known from both native and non-native forests. It occurs throughout the island of Hawaii from sea level to 8,530 feet in elevation. Hawks often forage in forests near agricultural tracts and nest in tall trees of a variety of species. Most nesting occurs in native `6hi`a trees, although hawks may also nest in non-native trees, including eucalyptus, ironwood, mango, coconut palm and macadamia. Nest construction is protracted, beginning up to two months before the first egg is laid and continuing into the nestling period. Egg-laying generally occurs from March to June, with fledging from July to September. Both sexes contribute to nest- building. Clutch size is nearly always one, although clutches of two and three have been reported. Both sexes incubate, although females perform most of the brooding of nestlings; males provide most of the food to chicks and female. Both adults feed fledglings, which are dependent on adults for up nine months. Given the vegetation context, there is a small but not negligible possibility that hawks could nest on or near the property. If nests were near enough, any grading, tree removal or other construction activities might disturb nesting, although the context adjacent to several farms and a highway utilized by large trucks somewhat reduced the likelihood of both nests and disturbance potential. A number of native forest birds occur in the uplands of Hilo-Hamakua-Kohala above 3,000 feet in elevation. These include honeycreepers such as the `apapane (Himatione sanguinea) and `amakihi (Chlorodrepanis vixens), the monarch flycatcher `elepaio (Chasiempis sandwicensis), and the thrush `6ma`o (Myadestes obscurus). All of these species generally require `6hi`a forest. Bird survey work on the eastern end of the Island of Hawaii documented in Spiegel et al. (2006)indicate that in many lowland forests, `amakihi are the most common and widespread native birds and are significantly associated with `6hi`a. These lowland `6hi`a forests can also support endangered Hawaiian hawks, which forage in forests nearby agricultural tracts and nest in tall trees. At low elevations there has been widespread recovery of both these species and a changing composition of the forest bird community; nevertheless, lowlands dominated by non-native vegetation and bird species continue to have very few forest birds. Rarer native forest bird species are only found in the montane forests along the Hamakua Coast outside the mosquito belt(generally above 4,000 feet in elevation), where native plant resources are still present and Culex mosquitos are absent or scarce. These birds include the threatened `i`iwi (Drepanis coccinea), as well as the endangered `akiap6la`au (Hemignathus munroi), Hawaii creeper (Loxops mana) and Hawaii `akepa (Loxops Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 4 coccineus). Although it is possible that `amakihi, which have been seen in lowland ironwood groves in Puna, might occasionally be present, all of the other Hawaiian forest birds would be extremely unlikely to occur on this property. The endangered Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandwicensis) has become very common on many Hawaiian islands and can be found at elevations ranging from sea level to sub-alpine areas above 7,000 feet. Historically, flocks moved between high-elevation feeding habitats and lowland nesting areas. Nests consist of a shallow scrape lined with plant material and down. Breeding pairs usually return to the previous year's nest site, typically in dense vegetation. Nene have an extended breeding season, and nesting may occur in all months except May, June, and July, meaning that even if nene were present they would not be nesting. Because of the lack of water bodies, the property appeared to be unlikely habitat for nene and particularly for nesting. We did not observe any signs of nene, although they are perhaps occasionally present. It is also likely that a number of migratory shorebirds and one seabird are present on the cliffs and rocky tidepools just makai of the property. These would include the migratory birds wandering tattler or `ulili (Tringa incana), the ruddy turnstone or `akekeke (Arenaria interpres), and the Pacific golden-plover or kolea (Pluvialis fulva), as well as the seabird black noddy (Anous minutus melanogenys), which may nest in the cliffs below the property. The proposed actions would not affect these birds. As with all of the island of Hawaii, several listed seabirds may overfly the Honomu area between the months of May and November, including the endangered Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), the endangered band-rumped storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro), and the threatened Newell's shearwater(Puffinus auricularis newelli). These seabirds hunt over the ocean during the day and fly to higher elevations at night to nest. The Hawaiian petrel was formerly common on the Island of Hawaii. This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, as well as at the mid-to-high elevations of Hualalai. It has within recent historic times been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa, Kohala and, possibly, Hualalai. The Hawaiian petrel (as well as the band-rumped storm petrel) generally nest on the Big Island well above 5,000 feet in elevation. Some Hawaiian petrel nests have recently been found at lower elevations on Kohala volcano. Both the Newell's shearwater and Hawaiian petrel are known to burrow under ferns on forested mountain slopes. These burrows are used year after year, usually by the same pair of birds. Although capable of climbing shrubs and trees before taking flight, they need an open downhill flight path through which they can become airborne. Although once abundant on all the main Hawaiian islands, most Newell's shearwater colonies today are found in the steep terrain between 500 to 2,300 feet on Kauai. Band- rumped storm petrels have recently been discovered to be nesting on the Mauna Loa side of the saddle between this mountain and Mauna Kea. Although each of these seabirds may fly over on their way to and from mountain nesting areas and the open ocean, no suitable nesting habitat for any of them is present on the property. The primary cause of mortality in these seabird species in Hawaii is thought to be predation by alien mammals at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is another significant cause. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 5 way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. Disoriented seabirds may collide with manmade structures and, if not killed outright, become easy targets of predatory mammals including cats and mongooses. Results: Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians It is highly likely that Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), the only native Hawaiian land mammals, are sometimes present on the property. They have been found throughout the Hamakua coast and in most areas on the island of Hawaii. Bats may forage for flying insects on the property on a seasonal basis and may also roost in trees and large shrubs. Bats are often visible while they are feeding on flying insects near dusk and dawn at various locations around the island of Hawaii. The presence of these bats can also be verified by ultrasound detectors or radar. If a bat is detected during a night's study, this merely indicates that they were present in the area. Determination of bat populations or usage patterns requires much more sophisticated, long term studies. Conversely, the absence of bat detections does not indicate an absence of bats, which may have been absent for only a night, a week, or a season, or may have simply gone undetected. No bats were observed in our survey, which took place in full daylight and did not use any detection equipment. For the purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that Hawaiian hoary bats are present at least some of the time, as they have been frequently seen and detected by ultrasound and radar in ironwood, African tulip and groves of other species. Hawaiian hoary bats are vulnerable to disturbance during the summer pupping season and require special mitigation measures. Only one non-native mammal was observed on the property, what appeared to be semi- feral pigs (Sus scrofa). It is likely that small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus), mice (Mus spp.), rats (Rattus spp.), cats (Felis catus) and domestic dogs (Canis f.familiaris) are also sometimes present. None of these alien mammals have conservation value and all are deleterious to native flora and fauna. There are no native terrestrial reptiles or amphibians in Hawaii. No reptiles were seen but there are probably various species of skink(Family: Scincidae) and gecko (Gekkonidae)present. The highly invasive coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui)was heard chirping at several locations. It is possible that bufo toads (Bufo marinus) and perhaps other amphibians are also present. No invertebrate survey was undertaken as part of the survey, but in general, rare native invertebrates tend to be associated with native vegetation and are very unlikely to be present. No rare invertebrates would be expected from this property. Faunal Impacts and Mitigation Measures The following recommendations will help avoid impacts to endangered native birds and the Hawaiian hoary bat: • To minimize impacts to the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, trees taller than 15 feet should not be removed or trimmed during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 6 • To minimize impacts to Hawaiian hawks, avoid earthmoving within 100 meters of tall trees or any tree cutting during the breeding season for Hawaiian hawks (March through the end of September). If this time period cannot be avoided, arrange for a hawk nest search to be conducted by a qualified biologist. If hawk nests are present on or near the project site, all land clearing activity should cease until the expiration of the breeding season. • If development activities incorporate outdoor lighting, they may attract endangered seabirds, which may become disoriented by the lighting, resulting in birds being downed. To avoid potential seabird downing through interaction with outdoor lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment lighting should be used after dark between the months of April and October. All permanent lighting should be shielded in strict conformance with the Hawaii County Outdoor Lighting Ordinance (Hawai`i County Code Chapter 9, Article 14), which requires shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting. Report Limitations No biological survey of a large area can claim to have detected every species present. Some plant species are cryptic in juvenile or even mature stages of their life cycle. Dry conditions can render almost undetectable plants that extended rainfall may later invigorate and make obvious. Thick brush can obscure even large, healthy specimens. Birds utilize different patches of habitat during different times of the day and seasons, and only long-term study can determine the exact species composition. The findings of this survey must therefore be interpreted with proper caution; in particular, there is no warranty as to the absence of any particular species. Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 7 Literature Cited or Consulted Banko, W. E. 1980. "Population Histories— Species Accounts Seabirds: Newell's Shearwater(A`o)." Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5A. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003. Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters (Puffinus auricularis newelli) on Kauai, Hawaii. The Auk 120: 669- 679. Gagne, W., and L. Cuddihy. 1990. "Vegetation," pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte. 2013: Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, doi: 10.1175BAMS-D-11-00228.1. Spiegel, C.S., and P.J. Hart, B.L. Woodworth, E.J. Tweed and J.J. Lebrun. 2006. "Distribution and abundance of forest birds in low-altitude habitat on Hawaii Island: evidence for range expansion of native species."Bird Conservation International 16:175-185. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2020. USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS). Washington: GPO. http://ecos.fws.gov/tess—Public/ University of Hawaii at Hilo, Dept. of Geography. 1998. Atlas ofHawai`i. 3rd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. USGS Misc Investigations Series Map i-2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 8 Figure Ia. Property Ma r„ VP Buildin '. - -- R�k'.ayL•_SJR. �� " 4 ,4 Aerial Image Base Map©Google Earth Figure lb. Drone Oblique Aerial Image Y. Biological Survey, TMK 2-8-012:028, Island ofHawai`i, Page 9 Fi ure 2. Pro ert Ve etation Photos 70 lip 11 1c gp ` �!. SAH l• ��'N ` {. ' � 5 w6�� ` I� ti GPI �Aaism Vk d 2a. Grass dominates the center of the property ♦ 2b. Forest of alien s ecies, dominated b fiddlewood i .w r AM, e YI r Biological Survey, TMK2-8-012:028,Island ofHawai`i, Page 10 All :: v p p� .41' ` lY • � �.- � 1._. t � <' ��F�yx rte{} ' ' .V •e J 3 r` 1 r i L +ya l�fr Table 1. Plants Observed on Property Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status* Form Adiantum raddianum Pteridaceae Maidenhair Fern Fern A Al inia zerumbet Zin iberaceae Shell Ginger Herb A Archontophoenix Arecaceae Alexander Palm Tree A alexandrae Begonia s . Be oniaceae Begonia Herb A Blechnum appendiculatum Blechnaceae Blechnum Fern A Casuarina e uiseti olia Casuarinanceae Ironwood Tree A Centella asiatica A iaceae Asiatic Penn wort Herb A Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae Night Blooming Shrub A Jasmine Chamaecrista nictitans Fabaceae Partridge Pea Herb A Chloris barbata Poaceae Swollen Fin er rass Grass A Christella dentatus Thelypteridaceae Downy Wood Fern Fern A Citharex lum caudatum Verbenaceae Fiddlewood Tree A Clidemia hirta Melastomataceae Clidemia Herb A Commelina di usa Commelinaceae Honohono Herb A Con za bonariensis Asteraceae Con za Herb A Cord line ruticosa A avaceae Ti Shrub Pi Crotalaria incana Fabaceae Smooth Rattlepod Herb A Crotalana trichotoma Fabaceae Curara Pea Herb A Cyperus hal an Cyperaceae Sharp Ede Sedge Herb A Cyperus me enianus Cyperaceae Me en's Flatsed e Sedge A Cyperus polystachyos Cyperaceae Man s ike Flatsed e Herb 1 C rtomium alcatum Dryopteridaceae Holly Fern Fern A Desmodium intortum Fabaceae Desmodium Vine A Desmodium tri orum Fabaceae Desmodium Herb A Dicrano teris linearis Gleichemaceae `Uluhe Fern 1 Di itaria ciliaris Poaceae Henry's Crab Grass Herb A Di lazium esculentum Ath riaceae Paca Fern A Dissotis rotundi olia Melastomataceae Dissotis Herb A Emilia fosbergii Asteraceae Flora's Paintbrush Herb A Era rostis pectinacea Poaceae Carolina Lovegrass Herb A Erechtites hieraci olia Asteraceae Erechtites Herb A Falcataria moluccana Fabaceae Albizia Tree A Ficus microcar a Moraceae Chinese Banyan Tree A Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Fimbrist lis Herb 1 Hyptis pectinata Lamiaceae Comb Hyptis Shrub A Ipomoea triloba Convolvulaceae Little Bell Vine A K llin a brevi olia Cyperaceae K llin a Herb A Lantana camara Verbenaceae Lantana Shrub A Livistona chinensis Arecaceae Chinese Fan Palm Tree A Macaran a mappa Eu horbiaceae Bingabing Shrub A Me ath rus maximus Poaceae Guinea Grass Herb A Melastoma s . Melastomataceae Melastoma Shrub A Melinus minuti ora Poaceae Molasses Grass Herb A Miconia calvescens Melastomataceae Miconia Shrub A Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Sleeping Grass Herb A Biological Survey, TMK2-8-012:028,Island ofHawai`i, Page 13 Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Bitter Melon Vine A Ne hrole is multiflora Ne hrole idaceae Sword Fern Fern A Paederia oetida Rubiaceae Maile Pilau Vine A Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae Hala Tree I Pas alum con u atum Poaceae Hilo Grass Herb A Phlebodium aureum Polypodiaceae Golden Polypody Fern A Ph llanthus debilis Eu horbiaceae Niruri Herb A Ph matosorus grossus Polypodiaceae Maile Scented Fern Fern A Pluchea carolinensis Asteraceae Sourbush Shrub A Polygala paniculata Polygalaceae Milkwort Herb A Psidium cattleianum M rtaceae Strawberry Guava Tree A Psidium guajava M rtaceae Guava Tree A Rhus sandwicensis Anacardiaceae Neneleau Tree E Ricinus communis Eu horbiaceae Castor Bean Shrub A Rubus rosi olius Rosaceae Thimbleberry Herb A Sacciole is indica Poaceae Glenwood Grass Herb A Scaevola taccada Goodeniaceae Nau aka Kahakai Shrub I S athodea cam anulata Bi noniaceae African Tulip Tree A S orobolus indicus Poaceae S orobolus Herb A Stack tar hetaamaicensis Verbenaceae Jamaican Vervain Shrub A Syzygium cumini M rtaceae Java Plum Tree A Themeda villosa Poaceae Lyon's Grass Herb A Thunber is ra cans Acanthaceae White Thunber is Vine A Tibouchina herbacea Melastomataceae Cane Tibouchina Herb A Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Gunpowder Tree Tree A Urochloa mutica Poaceae California Grass Herb A Vi na marina Fabaceae Nanea, Beach Pea Vine I Wedelia trilobata Asteraceae Wedelia Herb A Zingiber zerumbet I Zin iberaceae I `Awa uhi I Herb I R1 A=Alien PI=Polynesian Introduction E=Endemic I=Indigenous END=Federal and State Listed Endangered Table 2. List of Bird Species Observed on Property Scientific Name Common Name Status Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Alien Resident Geo elia striata Zebra Dove Alien Resident Paroaria capitata Yellow-Billed Cardinal Alien Resident Passer domesticus House Sparrow Alien Resident Serinus mozambicus Yellow-Fronted Canary Alien Resident Sicalis aveola Saffron Finch Alien Resident Stre to elia chinensis Spotted Dove Alien Resident Zostero s 'a onicus I Japanese White-Eye Alien Resident Biological Survey, TMK2-8-012:028,Island ofHawai`i, Page 14 Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 6 Visual Impact Assessment [This page intentionally left blank] Visual Impact Assessment Holcomb Residence in Special Management Area TMK(3) 2-8-012:028, South Hilo District, Island of Hawai`i By Ron Terry, Ph.D. Geometrician Associates, LLC October 2020 Introduction This assessment concerns a development of a single-family residence on a shoreline property. The 6.485-acre property identified by TMK 2-8-012:028 is located near the town of Honomu, directly adjacent to State Highway 19, on the Island of Hawaii, as shown on Figure 1. Almost the entire property was formerly cultivated in sugar cane but is now covered in tall non-native trees except for the center, which supports a few clumps of trees scattered in meadows of tall, robust grasses (Figure 2). Native hala trees, all of which are being preserved, fringe the top of the shoreline cliff where not crowded out by invasive ironwood trees. Construction of the home requires a Special Management Area Use Permit from the County of Hawaii. Granting of the permit is subject to Rule 9 of Hawaii County Planning Commission Rules, which govern County-regulated development in the Special Management Area or SMA of the Coastal Zone in the County of Hawaii. Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes, expresses the intent of the State's Coastal Zone Management program to protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of scenic and open space resources. To implement this intent, the guidelines contained in Rule 9 seek to minimize development that would substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight toward the sea from the State Highway nearest the coast or from other scenic areas identified in the General Plan. The discussion below identifies and evaluates scenic resources in the context of these regulations and guidelines. Several locations in Rural South Hilo and North Hilo offer drivers on Highway 19 fairly long, sweeping, horizon views of the sea. Because of the ever-present sea-cliffs, actual shoreline views are rare and found mainly at lookouts in Wainaku and Laupahoehoe and on some of the bridges. The Holcomb property is at about Mile Marker(MM) 12.7. On the highway approaching the property between MM 12.5 and MM.14 there are no sweeping views, as the combination of topography, distance and vegetation allow drivers only fleeting views of the sea. The shoreline itself is not visible between Honoli`i Gulch and Kolekole Gulch, at MM 14.2. Although the Holcomb property borders State Highway 19, the useable portion of the property is set behind a tall road-cut through which the highway passes (Figures 2a and b). On the highway fronting the Holcomb property itself there are no ocean views on the approaches from the south or north. The view of the property approaching on the highway from the north includes the trees situated at the top of cliff on the wide highway right-of-way in this area and a narrow view of similar trees on the far western cliff of the Holcomb property (Figure 2c). The view of the property approaching on the highway from the south is almost completely blocked by trees and topography (Figure 2d). The site chosen for the home is within a grassy part of the property in the interior(Figure 2e) and is not visible from any point on the highway. Tall trees present on all margins of the property block views of the interior from all directions, obscuring even views of the horizon (Figures 2a and 2f). The Hawaii County General Plan states: The natural beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From various locations in the area, there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay provides a picturesque front yard for Hilo. From the bay the land gently slopes upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Throughout the district there are waterfalls, including the famous Akaka Falls and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others (p. 7-5). The General Plan identifies areas of natural beauty and important viewplanes for various places in Hawaii County (Table 1). None of these sites are visible from the project site or located within a mile of it. Table 1 County General Plan Sites of Natural Beauty in Rural South Hilo Site Tax Map Key Plats Ahupua`a or Region Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae Onomea Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26; 2-7-10:1 Kahalii-Onomea Onomea Arch(fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15, 2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02, 3-1-01 Hakalaunui-Kamae The Hamakua Community Development Plan (CDP)implements the General Plan for the region including the districts of Hamakua, North Hilo and the Rural South Hilo portion of the South Hilo District, which is north of the Wailuku River. Protection of scenic views is an integral part of the CDP, which includes the following objectives and policies: Community Objective Objective 1: Protect, restore, and enhance watershed ecosystems, sweeping views, and open spaces from mauka forests to makai shorelines, while assuring responsible public access for recreational, spiritual, cultural, and sustenance practices. Objective 2: Protect and restore viable agricultural lands and resources. Protect and enhance viewscapes and open spaces that exemplify Hamakua's rural character. Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 2 4. 5. 2 Existing Policy Land Use Policy Intent: Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty. (GP 7.3 (i)) Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. (GP 7.2 a)) Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. (GP 7.2 (c)) Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas.GP 8.2 (e)) Provide and protect open space for the social, environmental, and economic well- being of the County of Hawaii and its residents. (GP 14.8.2 a)) In order to assess the potential for interference by the home (the only planned structure) with views from State Highway 19 and the nearby shoreline, a series of roughly mauka- makai profiles were developed. These are based on Google Earth © imagery and digital elevation models (DEMs). These DEMs are derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) collected in 2009 from the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The inherent accuracy ranges from 5 to 10 meters but is improved by applying interpolation algorithms to mix and mesh SRTM data with other DEM data such as U.S. Geological Survey models. The resulting DEM has a smoothed surface and provides a reasonably accurate first-order approximation of topography. The profiles also include the existing topography, the proposed 18-foot from finished grade home, and a small but representative and conservatively depicted sample of the trees. Figures 3a-f illustrate various angles for potential viewers and include sight lines between critical points, including the highway, the top of the roof, and points along the shoreline. The profiles demonstrate the following: • Views from the shoreline to the home. As illustrated in three profiles to various shoreline points, owing to the steep cliff that fronts the entire coastline, and secondarily because of the fringe of trees, the home will not be visible at all from any shoreline areas within miles of property. Even if invasive trees are cleared from a planned area in the north and northeast of the property, no shoreline views would be possible. • Views from Highway 19 to the home. As illustrated in three profiles to various points on the highway, the home location lies in a topographic"dip" situated below a steep slope, which would conceal it from view from the mauka side, even without vegetation. No visual impact for the viewplanes from the highway to towards the shoreline and over the home is expected. In summary, construction of the residence would not lead to any visual impacts for the general public. Views to and from the shoreline and Highway 19 would not be affected. The project is being designed to conform with the Conservation District rules (Hawai`i Administrative Rules 13-5), which require subtle and sensitive colors and architectural styles, minimal height, and landscaping utilizing almost exclusively native and Polynesian species. Although the home will not be visible to the general public except from the air or out to sea, its sensitive design will not cause any scenic impacts. Invasive Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 3 ironwood#e removal m establish aQ2h line towards the se onthe north/northeast— co Rh northa!— c Upe with planting n 6yeh G trees —would beundertaken, butt is will not adversely affect any views othe property from the shoreline ohighway. Tothe degree there are any visual ef asfromt 6#e removal, the replacement of ironwood with haG will be positive. F! ur 1 ProDertv Ma % Pr • � a.�: . . - �: ,w�t : 7 . • � - - } �*�. m . Aerial Image Base Map%Google Earth Visual ImpatAssessment, HGcmbRGZJe c in Ho om@ Page 4 Figure1 1 ' Photos �.� �-::. �• X17' �T" lop 2a. Oblique aerial. Note highway on left and right, with roadcut in between. Home site is grassy area in middleof point. A T 2b. Road cut that border n southwest side. Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 5 ' •1.� � w� •.J%Lfl. .. Figure 2. Photos trN .- •4- 2c. View approaching property from north ♦ 2d. View approaching property from south k -7%400,.Wftw 4. FALLING ROM �v. Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 6 Fi ure 2. Photos r,r P � �0 ,.4`r - a NI e1 f . ,� 3pi tl4 rnp}fir ;� _ ra ��•r 1'•� 2e. ♦ Building site ♦ 2f View from buildin site north towards sea •r E ' �� 9` �,Y' lir+ r r:� •r��y , �f,,I��"��.�µ�� MMM �� ',:� "';�• t_s � + ' O's Al ' { •rS 17" Sr Y 'a h IIr �f)) _ li ?' ty.,✓1�"trY i lhi 1 �` 4d ',i pry ++. - �r FZ Ir t :•Y•:,o '�6H,'.'1f��IiGJ,1:� �1��,.x�WYFr...7,.r:Yk��r�;a�a,t-il�r, t �`�►�`�1:ix�lj,!:a+a�i,�L ,4, e Y. ► 1�� Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 7 Figure 3 Visual Impact Profiles Honomu Bay Kohola Point :,.R. 2020 roagle ,s Key to Profiles Visual Impact Assessment, Holcomb Residence in Honomu Page 8 Figure 3 Visual Impact Profiles Home Line of Sight Shoreline ® - -. EM - Black Profile Home Line of Sight Highway Blue Profile Home Line of Sight Shoreline Green Profile Figure 3 Visual Impact Profiles Highway Home Line of Sight Magenta Profile Highway Home Line of Si ht Red Profile Home Line of Sight Shoreline White Profile Environmental Assessment Holcomb Single-Family Residence in the Conservation District in Honomu APPENDIX 7 Site Plans: Civil Site Plan; Grading Plan; Landscape Plans; Tree Removal Aerial [This page intentionally left blank] v�oa[r.ry eaurvo.av �_ u x. d a �,/ IT11 IT' IF N 0 �\N ,vP e.Fa—, .. E �e 2.. v x Q 6 u. o,.o• - \ � oyez.. o=E >BOVEGN -` rr rcxa �"' LINE roID, ooso a� � \ aeAsloNe �m- n t - xeax,xe ,..e r�. '� _. - - - - D• leary Are — EIODRIVEV—CENTERLINE HAWAII BELT ROAD — �exx .._...... „x e.0 .,, a�s ��s ,.® e� ee—�s�.® �6 �Ao �. .® ,z wee e�s _� �>_�.,e e � ... „e ., eex �.._ ciwL -111 SITE PLAN ------------- r , r of x.x�ve 0000 VJoDRIVEWPYPROFILE C-1 143°52'00. - 28.0 "PR \ o areEa \ \ � _ - N d// .. e u nvv ncry nes ..o ssou ee_son / x � �— O R1.1Ne I N �� GRADING PLAN �- - ------------------------- 25'BUILDING SETBACK 132'17'00" - 499.75 22201700" c� C-2 10.00 4 PLANT LIST TREES PALMS SHRUBS GROUND COVERS LAN SCAPEPACHCIi ECT,LLC wne n,[nsoi�c'wo wxwfrre wun,LoceT[as oiuc Ghee T,,z m. � mw......iaie'..mam US .,CeL.am. wxxmtiFn{sm wu.Lomn[nsoiIRar wxxmxe wun,Ll- I-TO �i'uPiir�xtsv�Poo asrw3 TV wne Tersa�n�vasma3 ��p,&wiz HT mm� PROJECT: �� IERHI rsLNwun �T ,w, HOLCOMB )) RESIDENCE T �'PHELw»w afEBs°�,kn_° Twx. NATIVE P u,NTIN�=eei 1,H-1 ORNNAAMEENTNT AL PLANTING 12% _ ncoftta sr ALSFJ C xwm. ALC.IXCLUOES LAWN h oi�cwo renuxrssxowry 8.1 LoceT[nsoi- AT i�5MiTIT'.TIE VEA °7 /. \ (s Se on _ Ca,Exs°IRNT° L,1811 1"HITIMIl-, �erowml VE-VI wLl.x 0. roww.a 12x•I°1 {wa, 4, xTExs°—° 0 °xwrT !�'al 48 B111 -IND CIVE--D E ® LANDSCAPE t4 i PLANTING PLAN ® 150- (ENLARGEMENT) A;,8CF aEET rvuweER. �\LANDSCAPE PLANTING PLAN (ENLARGEMENT) 2 o-,_o NOTE n PPACIFIC All �aNwcaren cxneci,LLC ant ali witl,3gal. 11 B PNaupaka,24"ht.,18 sp.@30"oc maeAE aia 11--reRa�A PE,aeonses re�rnrnEAaaeoA. ocE.aN A ARAA—ITIA NPINNINa PROJECT / /�� (�„ — — — HOLCOMB RESIDENCE ii � _ EE PACIFIC - / OCEAN �urc.s-e-oiz-aye i a� o o� EL 29 o m, \ \ &� Ropy Pa��n[G end e358 ap wvo d [Will—C.Fe II SHEET TITLE �� •�-�� LANDSCAPE PLAN o OVERALL) s EHEE,NI-ER 1 LAND CAPE PLAN (OVERALL) m LE.,"__,_o a . u A �O �liff5' Ira"bod Rernov� Iro 8 Macdr k, ✓ and E I: pads- =- mow` 1 Hala Crum` Prese k - 'r .; r l � Y EXISTING NON-NATE TEES TO BE REMOVED. (WS IRONWOOD,x8 MA GARANGA,BANVAPACIFIC AND FIDDSEwooD) ocEnly 180 � rI \ & 6- REMOVEINVA SIVESPEOIES GUAVA,FIDDLEWOOD 35 FROM PROPERN LINE EL 29 / B 1111 V ` EXISTING NON-NATVE TEES TO BE REMOVED FROM HOME AREA. \ /� (TULIP TREES,BANYAN,AND FIDDLEWOOD) (� TB R11j1—CGFar 11 LORIANN GORDON \ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT,LLC LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE&PLANNING HOLCOMB RESIDENCE-TREE DISPOSITION PLAN N ) �� 1 ScnM.1=100-0P.O.Box 2028 Hanka'a Hawaii 98]2] (809)934-7383 Website: www.I9laHawaii.cam Special Management Area Major Use Permit Application Summary of Applicant's responses to Special Management Area Use Permit Procedures Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 The Applicant has submitted its FEA on the proposed single-family dwelling use in the Special Management Area (SMA)pursuant to Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure 9- 10 (b)(11), in lieu of filing a traditional SMA Major Use Permit Application. The following is intended to provide specific references to sections of the FEA to allow for proper compliance review against the requirements of Rule 9. - PART I - Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure 9-11 (b) (Application Requirements for an SMA Major Use Permit). The applicant shall submit the following to the Director: (1) The completed application including the following: (A) A tax key description of the property; Response: See Part 1, Section 1.1 (Page 1), Figures I (Page 2) & 2 (Page 3) of the FEA for reference. (B) A plot plan of the property, drawn to scale, with all existing and proposed structures shown thereon and any other information necessary to make a proper determination of the impacts relative to the specific request; Response: See Part 1, Section 1.1 (Page 7) -Site Plan of the FEA for reference. (C) A written description of the proposed project and statement of the obj ectives; Response: See Part 1, Section 1.1 discussion (Pages I and 11) of the FEA for reference. (D) An EA or EIS if required under Chapter 343, HRS, or when required by the Director; Response: An FEA was required due to the location of the proposed use in the State's Conservation District. 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 (E) A written description of the anticipated impacts of the proposed development on the Special Management Area, including but not limited to: (i) Description of environmental setting; (ii) The probable impact of the proposed action on the environment; (iii) Any probable adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided; (iv) Alternatives to the proposed action; (vi) Mitigating measures proposed to minimize impact; and (vii) Any irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources. Response: See Part 3 of the FEA for reference, specifically: Section 3.LI Climate, Geology, Soils and Geological Hazards (Pages 14 and 15); Section 3.1.2 Flood Zones and Shoreline Setting(Pages 15 to 22); Section 3.1.3 Water Quality (Pages 22 to 24); Section 3.1.4 Flora and Fauna (Pages 24 to 28); Section 3.1.5 Air Quality and Noise (Page 28); Section 3.1.6 Scenic Resources (Pages 28 to 30); Section 3.1.7 Hazardous Substances, Toxic Waste and Hazardous Conditions (Pages 30 to 31). (F) A written description of the anticipated impacts of the proposed development on valued cultural,historical or natural resources on or in the vicinity of the property, to include: (i) The identity and scope of valued cultural,historical or natural resources in the petition area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the petition area; (ii) The extent to which those resources, including traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights,will be affected or impaired by the proposed action; and 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 (iii) The feasible action, if any, to be taken by the Authority to reasonably protect any valued cultural, historical or natural resources, including any existing traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights. Response: See Part 3 of the FEA for reference, specifically: Section 3.2.2 Cultural and Historical Resources (Pages 31 to 44), Appendix 2-Archaeological Inventory Survey, and Appendix 3 - Cultural Impact Assessment. (G) A written statement discussing the proposed development in relationship to the objectives and policies as provided by Chapter 205A, HRS; Response: See Part 3 of the FEA for reference, specifically, Section 3.6.2 (Pages 51 to 52). (H) A statement of the valuation of the proposed use, activity or operation; Response: Over $500,000. (I) A current certified shoreline survey when the parcel abuts the shoreline, except that the Director may waive the submission of the survey when the proposed development is clearly and unmistakably located on a shoreline parcel at a considerable distance from the shoreline; Response: The Property is comprised ofsea cliffs located on the 3 sides of the Property and the rocky shoreline fronting the Property is at the foot ofsteep coastal sea cliffs from 120 to 170 feet tall. For the purposes of meeting the submittal requirements for the CDUA to determine the minimum shoreline setback for a single-family home in the Conservation District, the Applicant commissioned the preparation of a Coastal Erosion Study (See Appendix 4 - Coastal Erosion Study). The Coastal Erosion Study also concluded that a 100 foot minimum setback was appropriate considering that large rockfalls have apparently occurred to the northeastern and eastern faces bounding the Property. The Applicant is proposing to exceed the minimum shoreline setback required by Exhibit 4 ofHAR Chapter 13-5, and the Coastal Erosion Study recommendation, by locating the proposed dwelling no closer than 130 feet to the top ofpali. By setting the dwelling back a minimum of 130 feet from the top ofpali, this will limit the potential that that the proposed dwelling would be subject to coastal erosion during the life of the dwelling. Seeing that the dwelling and the accessory uses will be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the top ofpali, and Property is at the foot ofsteep coastal sea cliffs from 120 to 170 feet tall, we respectffilly request that the Planning Department waive the need for a shoreline certification. 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 Q) Identification and detailed information of existing public access to and along the shoreline and whether the access is being used; and Response: See Page 44 discussion of the FEA regarding Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Cultural Resources, specifically relating to the discussion regarding the Applicant's proposed managed fishing access for area fishermen. (K) Any other plans or information required by the Director. Response: The Applicant has not received any requests for other plans or information by the Director. (2) In the case of an applicant whose proposed development has been assessed, any information as to the areas of critical concern delineated by the Director. Response: Not Applicable. (3) In the case where a multi-unit residential structure, containing more than ten units is proposed,the Director may require the applicant to submit a scale model or three-dimensional rendering of the proposed development and related improvements. Response: Not Applicable. (4) Archaeological Resources (one of the following): (A) An archaeological inventory report containing significance assessments, effect determinations, and proposed mitigation commitments. The report should be completed pursuant to Department of Land and Natural Resources State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR SHPD)rules. (B) A "no effect" letter from the DLNR SHPD. (C) A copy of letter written by the applicant to the DLNR SHPD requesting a "no effect" letter, including supporting documentation, to which DLNR SHPD has not responded after 30 days. Response: See Appendix 2-Archaeological Inventory Survey of the FEA. The AIS was approved by the State Historic Preservation Division on November 8, 2021. - PartII - Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure, Section 9-10(h) (1 to 10) "Criteria of Substantial Adverse Effect" In considering the significance of potential environmental effects, the Director shall consider the sum of those effects that adversely affect the quality of the environment and shall evaluate the 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 overall and cumulative effects of the action. A "substantial adverse effect" is determined by the specific circumstances of the proposed use, activity or operation. In determining whether a proposal may have a substantial adverse effect on the environment, the Director shall consider every phase of a proposed action and expected consequences, either primary or secondary, or the cumulative as well as the short or long-term effect of the proposal. The Director should bear in mind that in most instances,the following factors of a proposal, although not limited to same, may constitute a substantial adverse effect on the environment when the proposed use, activity or operation: 1. Involves an irrevocable commitment to loss or destruction of any natural or cultural resource, including but not limited to, historic sites and view planes outlined in the General Plan or other adopted plans; Response: No valuable natural or cultural resource would be committed or lost. Several common native plants are present, especially near the cliffs where there will be no ddisturbance other than removal of invasive trees. No native ecosystems or valuable flora or fauna would be adversely affected. An archaeological inventory survey determined that two sites that lackphysical integrity but are associated with former sugarcane cultivation were found. No adverse effects to historic sites would occur. A path to the top of a shoreline point accessed only by a series of now-defunct ladders but formerly used for shoreline fishing will be maintained. No valuable cultural resources and practices such as shoreline access, fishing, gathering, hunting, or access to ceremonial sites would be adversely affected in any way. 2. Curtails the range of beneficial uses of the environment; Response: No restriction of beneficial uses would occur by residential use on this lot. 3. Conflicts with the long-term environmental policies or goals of the General Plan or the State Plan; Response: The State's long-term environmental policies are set forth in Chapter 344, HRS. The broad goals of this policy are to conserve natural resources and enhance the quality of life. The project is environmentally benign and minor, and it is thus consistent with all elements of the State's long-term environmental policies. 4. Substantially affects the economic or social welfare and activities of the community, County or State; Response: The project would not have any substantial effect on the economic or social welfare of the Big Island community or the State of Hawai`i. 5. Involves substantial secondary impacts, such as population changes and effects on public facilities; Response: The small scale of the proposed project would not produce any major secondary impacts, such as population changes or effects on public facilities. 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 6. In itself has no substantial adverse effect but cumulatively has considerable adverse effect upon the environment or involves a commitment for larger actions; Response: The adverse effects of building a single-family residence are limited to very minor and temporary disturbance to traffic, air quality, noise, and visual quality during construction. This area is fairly isolated from sensitive receptors. There are no traffic issues associated with the highway access point, which provides for only a handful of lightly visited properties that generate only negligible traffic. There are no substantial government or private projects in construction or planning in the area, and no accumulation of adverse construction effects would be expected. Other than the precautions for preventing adverse effects during construction listed above, no special mitigation measures should be required to counteract the small adverse cumulative effect. 7. Substantially affects a rare, threatened, or endangered species of animal or plant, or its habitat; Response: The site has been surveyed for threatened and endangered plants, and none are present. Other than Hawaiian hoary bats and Hawaiian hawks, island wide-ranging species that will experience no adverse impacts due to mitigation through seasonal timing of vegetation removal and seasonal hawk surveys as needed, no rare, threatened or endangered species offauna are known to exist on or near the property, and none would be affected by any project activities. Only very minor exterior lighting is planned, and it will be shielded and will consist of blue-deficient lighting such as faltered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin. This will reduce the risk that transiting threatened or endangered seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by the lighting. 8. Detrimentally affects air or water quality or ambient noise levels; Response: No substantial effects to air, water, or ambient noise would occur. Brief, temporary effects would occur during construction and would be mitigated. The context of the property's location, with no residences,parks, or other sensitive uses nearby, will help avoid noise impacts. Erosion and sedimentation impacts will be avoided by implementation of Best Management Practices during grading, which will occur in a very limited area. 9. Affects an environmentally sensitive area, such as flood plain,tsunami zone, erosion -prone area, geologically hazardous land, estuary, fresh water or coastal water; or Response: The proposed home site is not located in a flood zone nor would it affect one. In general, geologic conditions do not impose undue constraints on the proposed action, as volcanic hazard is low and the home will meet or exceed all seismic hazard standards. The house would be set back a minimum of 130 feet from the edge of the pali, and will not be affected directly by sea level rise or the slow retreat of shoreline cliffs. The project has adapted to climate change by accounting for the potential for larger storms, through minimizing hard surfaces that generate runoff and removing nearby tall invasive trees. The applicant understands that there are hazards associated with homes in this geologic setting and has made the decision that a residence is not imprudent to construct or inhabit. 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 10. Is contrary to the objectives and policies of the Coastal Zone Management Program and the Special Management Area. Response: The proposed land use complies with provisions and guidelines contained in Chapter 205A, HRS, Coastal Zone Management and SMA. Theproposed use would be consistent with Chapter 205A because it would not affect public access to recreational areas, historic resources, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, economic uses, or coastal hazards, and would not result in any substantial adverse impact on the surrounding environment. The house site is set far back from the pali and will not restrict any shoreline uses such as hiking,fishing or water sports. Access to the shoreline is difficult and hazardous because ofsteep cliffs, but the project accommodates users who have traditionally set ropes and ladders to access the area for fishing. View planes towards the property will not be adversely impacted, as the home site is not visible from the highway, accessible shorelines or other public vantage points. The property contains mostly non-native and several common native plants. Standard clearing, lighting and seasonal survey mitigation will be employed to ensure no adverse impacts to threatened or endangered animals. There will be no adverse effect on the economy. The property is not situated over any natural drainage system or water feature that would flow into the nearby coastal ecosystem. No floodplain are present in the affected area. In terms of beach protection, construction is set back from the shoreline and would not affect any beaches nor adversely affect public use and recreation of the shoreline in this area. With implementation of Best Management Practices associated with grading permits, there should be no impacts on marine resources. No historic sites would be adversely affected. No effects to cultural resources and practices will occur, and the cultural use of the shoreline area for fishing and gathering uses will be accommodated. 4860-8764-3142.1.07073 8-00001 SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE 0 CHAIRPERSON OF .(E..«....h'q BOARD OF LAND ANDNATURALRESOURCES HA WAII .A' %959 9r COMMISSION ON WATERRESOUREEMANAGEMENT ROBERT K MASUDA j i FIPSTDEPUTY and NI.KALEO MANUEL DEPUTYDMECTOR-WATER AQ f • /J GAND OCEAN ��y, y� ��`,�"33�. BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEIIENT STATEOF HAWAII ENGINEERING FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE S�tcorr+a+td�+ DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES KAHOOLAWE ISLANDREERVEC MMISSION LAND STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION STATE PARKS KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING 601 KAMOKILA BLVD.,STE 555 KAPOLEI,HI 96707 November 8,2021 IN REPLY REFER TO: Samuel Lemmo,Administrator Project No.2021PR00826 State of Hawaii,Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands Doc No.211 INM02 Department of Land and Natural Resources Archaeology 1151 Punchbowl St.,Room 131 Honolulu,HI 96813 samJ.lemmona hawaii.gov Dear Samuel Lemmo: SUBJECT: HRS Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review Conservation District Use Application for Holcomb Family Trust Archaeological Inventory Survey Malamalamaild Ahupua`a, South Hilo District,Island of Hawaii TMK: (3)2-8-012:028 This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's(SHPD's) review of the State of Hawaii,Department of Land and Natural Resources, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) and the supporting document titled An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the 6.5-Acre Holcomb Family Trust Parcel, TMX: (3) 2-8-012:028, Mdlamalamaiki 1st and 2nd Ahupua`a, South Hilo District, Island ofHawai`i(Glennon and Brandt,November 2021). The original submittal was received by SHPD on July 17, 2021, and included the CDUA, a Google Earth overview of the project area, the archaeological inventory survey (AIS), a SHPD 6E Submittal Form,and the construction plan(Submission No.2021PR00826.001). SHPD requested revisions to the AIS on November 2,2021,and the revisions were addressed on November 5,2021 (Submission No. 2021PR00826.004). ASM Affiliates completed the AIS for the 6.5-parcel at the request of the Holcomb Family Trust(landowner). The landowner proposes the development of a single-family residence(approximately 3,018 square feet). The Glennon and Brandt(November 202 1) AIS fieldwork was conducted on August 13 and 24,2021 and included a 100% surface survey with transects spaced 10 meters apart. Ground visibility was adequate. No subsurface testing occurred. Sites were documented with GPS, site forms, site mapping, and photography. The AIS documented two sites(Sites 50-10-26-24212 and 50-10-26-31238). Site 24212 is a portion of the Hilo Railroad-Hawaii Consolidated Railway bed that was previously identified north of the project area by Desilets et al. (2004). None of the associated railroad infrustracture remains in the project area and only the mechanical cuts and location were documented. Construction of the railway was completed in 1911. Site 31238 is the former flume location as evidenced by the cut earthen ditch although no associated infrustracture was identified. The flume was built by the Honomu Sugar Company sometime around the late 1890s. The two identified sites (Sites 50-10-26-24212 and 50-10-26-31238) within the project area both only retain sufficient integrity of location and are assessed as significant in accordance with HAR §13-284-6 under Criterion d for the information they have yielded regarding the evolution of infrastucture components of the plantation during the twentieth century and under Criterion a for their association with the development of commercial sugarcane agriculture in Hawaii during the twentieth century. The report recommends no further work for both sites, as both are assessed as having been adequately documented. Planning Dept. Exhibit: 2 Samuel Lemmo November 8,2021 Page 2 SHPD agrees with the site integrity, significance assessments and that Sites 50-10-26-24212 and 50-10-26-31238 have been adequately documented and thus agrees with the recommendation for no further work for the two identified sites within the project area. Therefore, SHPD's effect determination is "No historic properties affected for the current project. This AIS report (Giemion and Brandt, November 2021) satisfies the requirements of HAR §13-276-5. It is accepted. Please send two hard copies of the document, clearly marked FINAL, along with a text-searchable PDF copy of the document and a copy of this acceptance letter to the Kapolei SHPD office, attention SHPD Library. Additionally, please upload a text-searchable PDF version of the final AIS to HICRIS Project No. 2021PR00826 using the Project Supplement option and send a PDF copy to lehua.k.soaresna hawaii.gov. SHPD herby notifies the County that the AIS has been accepted and the permit issuance process may proceed. Please contact Nicole A. Mello, Historic Preservation Archaeologist IV, at Nicole.Mello�hawaii.gov for any matters regarding archaeological resources or this letter. Aloha, 44M Alan S.Downer,PhD Administrator,State Historic Preservation Division Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer cc: Rachel Beasley,DLNR,Office of Conservation and Coastal lands,rachel.e.beaslevLahawaii.gov Matt Clark,ASM Affiliates, mclark{a-)asmaffiliates.coin Jason Knable,Agent,iknableOicarlsmith.com Kelly Holcomb,Landowner,sureboard(ri'<gmail.com DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: February 14, 2022 NoxkV*W TO: Zendo Kern, Planning Director FROM: "'' Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: SMA USE PERMIT ASSESSMENT APPLICATION (PL-SMA-2021-000007) Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust Request: To Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 We have reviewed the subject request and provide the following comments for your consideration: 1. The subject parcel is in an area designated as Zone X on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. Questions may be referred to Bryce Harada at 961-8042. Planning Dept_ Exhibit _-. 3 County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer DAVID Y.IGE o F„ ELIZABETH A.CHAR,M.D. GOVERNOR OF HAWAII p �g es 9 y DIRECTOR OF HEALTH "t01° STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO,HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: February 2, 2022 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-21-000007) Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust Request: To Construct a New Signe-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements TMK: 2-8-012:028 The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air Pollution Rules, Chapter 60.1, Title 11, State of Hawaii for fugitive dust control. If there is need to discuss these requirements, please contact our Clean Air Branch staff at Ph. 933-0401. Public Water Systems: The Department of Health's Safe Drinking Water Branch authority on drinking water quality is based on the definition of a "public water system." Federal and state regulations define a public water system as a system that serves 25 or more individuals at least 60 days per year or has at least 15 service connections. All public water system owners and operators are required to comply with Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-20 (HAR 11- 20), and titled "Rules Relating to Public Water Systems". All public water systems are regulated by the Department of Health and shall be in compliance with the Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 20. Recommend the subdivision lots be connected to an existing public water system. Concerns on water quality for lead, copper, algae and microbiological and chemical contaminations in private water systems have identified the need for self monitoring. The Department of Health does not support the use of these private rain catchment systems for drinking purposes since the quality may not meet potable water standards. All new public water systems are required to demonstrate and meet minimum capacity requirements prior to their establishment, per HAR 11-20-29.5, titled "Capacity Demonstration and Evaluation." This requirement involves demonstration that the system will have satisfactory technical, managerial and financial capacity to enable the system to comply with safe drinking water standards and requirements. Planning D e p i. Exhibit _-- 4 Zendo Kern February 3, 2022 Page 2 of 5 Projects that propose development of new sources of potable water serving or proposed to serve a public water system must comply with the terms of HAR 11-20-29. This section requires that all new public water system sources be approved by the Director of Health (Director)prior to its use. Such approval is based primarily upon the submission of a satisfactory engineering report which addresses the requirements specified in HAR 11-20-29. The engineering report must identify all potential sources of contamination and evaluate alternative control measures which could be implemented to reduce or eliminate the potential for contamination, including treatment of the water source. In addition, water quality analyses for all regulated contaminants,performed by a laboratory certified by the State Laboratories Division of the State of Hawaii, must be submitted as part of the report to demonstrate compliance with all drinking water standards. Additional parameters may be required by the Director for this submittal or additional tests required upon his or her review of the information submitted. All sources of public water system sources must undergo a source water assessment which will delineate a source water protection area. This process is preliminary to the creation of a source water protection plan for that source and activities which will take place to protect the source of drinking water. Projects proposing to develop new public water systems or proposing substantial modifications to existing public water systems must receive construction plans approval by the Director prior to construction of the proposed system or modification in accordance with HAR 11-20-30, titled "New and Modified Public Water Systems". These projects include treatment, storage and distribution systems of public water systems. The approval authority for projects owned and operated by a County Board or Department of Water or Water Supply has been delegated to them. All public water systems must be operated by certified distribution system and water treatment plant operators as defined by HAR 11-25 titled, "Rules Pertaining to Certification of Public Water System Operators". All projects which propose the use of dual water systems or the use of a non-potable water system in proximity to an existing potable water system to meet irrigation or other needs must be carefully design and operate these systems to prevent the cross-connection of these systems and prevent the possibility of backflow of water from the non-potable system to the potable system. The two (2) systems must be clearly labeled and physically separated by air gaps or reduced pressure principle backflow prevention devices to avoid contaminating the potable water supply. In addition backflow devices must be tested periodically to assure their proper operation. Further, all non-potable spigots and irrigated areas should be clearly labeled with warning signs to prevent the inadvertent consumption on non-potable water. Compliance with HAR Chapter 11-21, titled Cross-Connection and Backflow Control is also required. All projects which propose the establishment of apotentially contaminating activity (as identified in the Hawai'i Source Water Assessment Plan)within the source water protection area of an existing source of water for a public water supply should address this potential and Zendo Kern February 3, 2022 Page 3 of 5 activities that will be implemented to prevent or reduce the potential for contamination of the drinking water source. For further information concerning the application of capacity, new source approval, operator certification, source water assessment, backflow/cross-connection prevention or other public water system programs, please contact the SDWB at 586-4258. The Clean Water Branch has reviewed the limited information contained in the subject document and offers the following comments: Permit Issuance * Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the State's: 1) Antidegradation policy, which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected; 2) Designated uses, as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters; and 3) Water quality criteria [Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapter 11-54], * A Section 401 Water quality Certification (WQC) is required if your project/activity: - Requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or Statutory exemption; and - May result in a discharge into State waters. The term "discharge" is defined in Clean Water Act, Subsections 502(16), 502(12), and 502(6). Examples of"discharge" include, but are not limited to, allowing the following pollutants to enter State waters from the surface or in-water: solid waste, rock/sand/dirt, heat, sewage, construction debris, any underwater work, chemicals, fugitive dust/spray/paint, agricultural wastes, biological materials, industrial wastes, concrete/sealant/epoxy, and washing/cleaning effluent. Determine if your project/activity requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or statutory exemption by contacting the appropriate federal agencies (e.g. Department of the Army (DA), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), Pacific Ocean Division Honolulu District Office (POH) Tel: 808-835-4303; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tel: 415-947-8021; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Tel: 866-208-3372; U.S. Coast Guard Office of Bridge Programs Tel: 202-372-1511). To request a Section 401 WQC, you must complete and submit the Section 401 WQC application. This application is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: https:Heha-cloud.doh.hawaii.gov/epermit/. Please see HAR, chapter 11-54 for the State' Water Quality Standards and for more information on the Section 401 WQC. HAR, Chapter 11-54 is available on Zendo Kern February 3, 2022 Page 4 of 5 the CWB website at: http://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/. • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permit coverage is required for: -Storm water associated with construction activities for land disturbances of one (1) acre or more. Land disturbance includes, but is not limited to, clearing, grading, grubbing, excavation, demolition, uprooting of vegetation, equipment staging, and storage areas. -Storm water associated with industrial activities for facilities with Standard Industrial Classification Codes regulated in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i)through (ix) and (xi). -Storm water and certain non-storm water from a small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System. -Discharges of water pollutants into State surface waters. Examples of these discharges include, but are not limited to, cooling water, hydrotesting waters, dewatering effluent, and process wastewater. -Discharges from the application of pesticides (including pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and various other substances to control pest) to State waters. An application for an NPDES individual permit must be submitted at least 180 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request and NPDES individual permit, you must complete and submit the NPDES individual permit application. This application is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: https:Heha-cloud.doh.hawaii.gov/epermit/. A Notice of Intent(NOI) for coverage under a specific NPDES general permit must be submitted at least 30 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request NPDES general permit coverage, you must complete and submit the NOL The NOI is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: https:Heha-cloud.doh.hawaii.gov/epermit/. Please see HAR, Chapter 11-55 for more information on the NPDES individual permit and NPDES general permits. The specific NPDES general permits located in HAR, Chapter 11-55, Appendices B through M. HAR, Chapter 11-55 and HAR, Chapter 11-55, Appendices B through M are available on the CWB website at: http://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/. • According to State law, all discharges related to the project construction or operation activities, whether or not NPDES permit coverage and/or Section 401 WQC are required, must comply with the State's Water Quality Standards. Zendo Kern February 3, 2022 Page 5 of 5 Monitoring • Effluent discharge and/or receiving water monitoring may be required as conditions of Section 401 Water Quality Certifications and NPDES General and Individual permits. Enforcement • Noncompliance with water quality requirements contained in HAR, Chapter 11-54 and/or permitting requirements specified in HAR, Chapter 11-55 may be subject to penalties of$25,000 per day per violation. • Violations of Hawaii Revised Statutes 342D and 342E may elicit administrative, civil and criminal penalties for such violations. Polluted Runoff Control • Manage projects identified in watershed-based plans that reduce polluted runoff and educate the public about nonpoint source pollution. Projects are selected through an annual request for proposals. Funding is provided by the EPA through the Clean Water Act. For more information on projects and funding opportunities, please visit: www.hawaii.gov/doh/pollutedrLinoffcontrol. We recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. The same website also features a Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist (Checklist) created by Built Environment Working Group (BEWG) of the Hawaii State Department of Health. The BEWG recommends that state and county planning departments, developers, planners, engineers and other interested parties apply the healthy built environment principles in the Checklist whenever they plan or review new developments or redevelopments projects. We also ask you to share this list with others to increase community awareness on healthy community design. Mitchell D. Both I f Ramzi I.Mansour Mayor Director Lee E. Lord Brenda D. lokepa-Moses Managing Director Deputy Director County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL. MANAGEMENT 345 Kekuanao"a Street,Suite 41• Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Ph: (808)961-8083 « Fax:(808)961-8086 Email: cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov MEMORANDUM TO: Zendo Kern, Director Planning Department FROM: Ramzi J. Mansour, Direct r `.AY) Department of Environment al Management DATE: February 3, 2022 SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-21-000007) Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family'Trust Request: To Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements Tax Map Key: 2-8-012:028 The Solid Waste Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations (contact the Solid Waste Division for details): (X) No comments. ( ) Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organization may not use transfer stations for disposal. ( ) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. ( ) Ample and equal room should be provided for rubbish and recycling. ( ) Green waste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility, or other suitable diversion programs. ( ) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. ( ) Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. ( ) Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. Other: County of Hawai'i is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Planning Dep;. Exhibit--5 Ramz4 I. 'Mansour, Director February 3, 2022 Page 2 The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and offers the following comments and/or recommendations (contact the Wastewater Division for details): ( ) No comments. ( ) Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. ( ) Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21- 26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete Sewer Extension Application. ( ) Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 2385 of the Hawaii County Code. ( ) Check or line out as applicable: [ ], If required by the Director of the Department of Environmental Management ("Director of DENT"), [ ] applicant shall conduct a sewer study in accordance with the applicable wastewater system design standards prior to approval to connect to the County sewer system. Applicant shall provide such sewer line or other facility improvements as the Director ofDEN4 may reasonably require,which the sewer study may indicate are advisable for mitigation of impacts of the proposed project. Contact Wastewater Division Chief for details. { ) Proposed activity may be subject to existing or future federal, state, or county regulation under Title 40 CFR 403.5, prohibiting discharge of certain pollutants into publicly owned treatment works. Contact the Hawaii Department of Health for information regarding pretreatment standards. (X) Applicant shall follow Department of Health regulations due to no County sewer system in area. ( ) Cather: RMpls 2 DAVID Y.IGE _ - ctl{IRPFR50\ GOVERNOR OF HAWAII IW{RI)OF 1{\Il ON R.{\\TCR{t SOURCRCF5 CO{'hi1�St0\O\ TFR RF.SOCRCF \t{NAGF{tVNT �INYS dnd STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTNtENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICF BOX 621 HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 Feb 2,2022 MEMORANDUM FROM: T& DLNR Agencies: X Div. of Aquatic Resources (kendall.l.tuckerC@hawaii.Qov) _Div. of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Engineering Division (DLNR.ENGRaa hawaii.gov) X Div, of Forestry& Wildlife (rubyrosa.t.terragona hawaii.gov) _Div. of State Parks X Commission on Water Resource Management(DLNR.CWRM(cDhawaii.gov) X Office of Conservation & Coastal Lands (sharleen.k.kuba(a-hawaii..gov) X Land Division— Hawaii District (Qordon.c.heitaa.hawaii.Qov) TO: FRGM_ Russell Y.Tsuji, Land Administrator SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-21-000007)— Request to Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements LOCATION: Honomu, South Hilo, Island of Hawaii; TMK: (3) 2-8-012:028 APPLICANT: County of Hawaii on behalf of Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust Transmitted for your review and comment is information on the above-referenced subject matter. Please submit comments by February 25, 2022. If no response is received by the above date, we will assume your agency has no comments. Should you have any questions about this request, please contact Darlene Nakamura at darlene.k.nakamura(cDhawaii.Qov. Thank you. BRIEF COMMENTS: ( } We have no objections. ( ) We have no comments. ( ) We have no additional comments. (V) Comments are included/attached. Signed: Print Name: Carty S. Chang, Chief Engineer Division: Engineering Division Date: Feb 25,2022 Attachments cc: Central Files planning Dep;, Exhibit _ 6 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING DIVISION LD/Russell Y.Tsuji Ref: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SNIA-21-000007)— Request to Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements Location: Honomu, South Hilo, Island of Hawaii TMK(s): (3) 2-8-012:028 Applicant: County of Hawaii on behalf of Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust COMMENTS The rules and regulations of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations(44CFR), are in effect when development falls within a Special Flood Hazard Area (high-risk areas). Be advised that 44CFR, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 60 reflects the minimum standards as set forth by the NFIP. Local community flood ordinances may stipulate higher standards that can be more restrictive and would take precedence over the minimum NFIP standards. The owner of the project property_ and/or their representative is responsible to research the Flood Hazard Zone designation for the project. Flood zones subject to NFIP requirements are identified on FENIA*s Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). The official F1RMs can be accessed through FEN/IA's Map Service Center(msc.fema.gov). Our Flood Hazard Assessment Tool (FHAT)(http-//g1s.hawaiinfip.org/F HAT) could also be used to research flood hazard information. If there are questions regarding the local flood ordinances, please contact the applicable County NFIP coordinating agency below: n Oahu: City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting (808) 768-8098. o Hawaii Island. County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works (808) 961-8327. o Nlaui/Molokai/Lanai County of Maui, Department of Planning (808)270-7139. o Kauai: County of Kauai, Department of Public Works(808)241-4849. � Signed: rz CARTY S. CHANG, CHIEF ENGINEER Date: Feb 25,2022 DAVID Y.IGE ww z .. JADE T.BUTAY GOVERNOR DIRECTOR o a I � Deputy Directors ` ROSS M.HIGASHI EDUARDO P.MANGLALLAN PATRICK H.MCCAIN EDWIN H.SNIFFEN STATE OF HAWAII IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DIR 0262 869 PUNCHBawL STREET HWY-PS 2.7160 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 March 10, 2022 VIA EMAIL: planning@hawaiicounty.gov Mr. Zendo Kern Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Attention: Mr. Alex Roy Dear Mr. Kern: Subject: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-21-000007) Holcomb Single Family Residence State Mamalahoa Highway - Hilo, Hawaii Tax Map Key No. (3) 2-8-012:028 Thank you for your letter dated January 31, 2022, and the opportunity to review the Special Management Area Permit Application. This application is related to our past review (HWY-PS 2.6128 letter attached) of the Draft Environmental Assessment required by Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes due to a State Conservation District status. The proposed work will consist of new construction of a 4,500-square-foot, single-family dwelling and various improvements. The 6,485-acre site is adjacent to the State Mamalahoa Highway (Route 19). The proposed site access will be via an unpaved road used for an agricultural easement through an adjoining property to the south. The Hawaii Department of Transportation has the following comments: 1. Based on the application, we find that the proposed residential use does not appear to significantly impact the nearby state highways. However, the applicant shall coordinate with the Highways Division, Hawaii District Engineer on requirements or permits, including the following: RRtrn n ing Dept. Exhibit_ Mr. Zendo Kern HWY-PS 2.7160 March 10, 2022 Page 2 a. An analysis relating to traffic safety for entering/exiting the property shall be submitted for their review and acceptance. b. The proposed use of the unpaved road/easement as primary site access shall require an Access Permit Application and driveway standards for the review and approval by Hawaii District Engineer and Right-of-Way Branch. C. The proposed construction work shall not adversely affect the adjacent State Mamalahoa Highway. It should comply with Best Management Practices to prevent any dirt or water runoff onto the highway. d. An approved Application to Perform Work Upon State Highways Permit will be required by a State Licensed Contractor. If you have any questions,please contact Jeyan Thirugnanam, Systems Planning Engineer, Highways Division, Planning Branch at(808) 587-6336 or by email at Jeyan.Thirugnanam@hawaii.gov. Please reference file review number PS 2022-029. Sincerely, �l JADE T. BUTAY Director of Transportation Attachment NO TF iv i F�Y '.8 DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY - COUNTY OF HAWAII 345 KEKOANAO`A STREET, SUITE 20 • HILO, HAWAII 96720 TELEPHONE (808)961-8050 • FAX(808)961-8657 March 1, 2022) COH PLANNING DEPT TO: Mr. tendo Kern, Director MAR 2 2022 PM2:10 Planning Department RECD HAND DELIVERED FROM: Keith K. Okamoto, Manager-Chief Engineer SUBJECT: Special Management Arca Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-21-000007) Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust Request: To Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements Tax Map Key 2-8-012:028 We have reviewed the subject application and have the following comments. Please be informed that the subject property is not within the Department's existing service limits. The nearest point of connection is from an existing 4-inch waterline within Honomu Road, approximately 0.7 miles from the subject property. However, the applicant has indicated that their source of water will be from a well on the property. The Department has no objection to the applicant's use of the well for the proposed single-family dwelling but recommends that the Department of Health be consulted regarding proper treatment and disinfection of the water. Should there be any questions,please contact Mr. Ryan Quitoriano of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at (808) 961-8070, extension 256. Sincerely yours, Keith K. Okamoto, P.E. Manager-Chief Engineer RQ:dfg copy — Mr. Kelly 1-lolcomb Carlsmith Ball LLP . . . '(Nater, Our914ost Precious Resource . . . Xa WaiA Kane . . . Planning Dep;. The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer. Exhibit ___ 8 CARLSMITH BALL LLP A LIMITED LIABILITY LAW PARTNERSHIP 121 WAIANUENUE AVENUE P.O.Box 686 HILO,HAWAII 96721-0686 TELEPHONE 808.935.6644 FAX 808.935.7975 WWW.CARLSMUH.COM SLIM CARLSMiPH COM OUR REFERENCE NO.: 070738-1 March 15, 2022 Zendo Kern Director Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Re: Special Management Area Use Permit(PL-SMA 21-000007) Applicant: Kelly Holcomb, Trustee of the Holcomb Family Trust Request: To Construct a New Single-Family Dwelling and Related Improvements Tax Map Key No.: 2-8-012:028 Dear Mr. Kern: 1. County of Hawaii Department of Finance-Real Property Tax office comment letter dated February 2, 2022: Real Property Tax office -Appraisal Section comment: "There are no comments at this time." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. Real Property Tax office -Collection Section comment: "Rea fl]Property TaxesQ on the parcel are paid tip to and including December 31, 2021." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant will continue to make timely payments for any real property taxed owed to the County of Hawaii. 2. State Department of Health Environmental Health comment letter dated February 2, 2022: Clean Air Branch comment: "The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air Pollution Rules, Chapter 60.1, Title]], State of Hawaii for f ugitive dust control." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant will comply with DOH Air Pollution Rules, Chapter 60.1, Title 11. The Applicant will implement dust control measures prior to the start of construction. HONOLULU HILO KONA MAUI 4880-0228-8148.2 Planning Dept, Exhibit Zendo Kern March 15, 2022 Page 2 Applicable Safe Drinking Water Branch comment: "Recommend the subdivision lots be connected to an existing public water system." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The nearest point of connection to the existing County water system is over 0.7 miles from the Property. Due to the rural location of the Property and lack of easements over private property to facilitate access to the County water system, the Applicant has planned for the development of a private well to service the potable water needs for the dwelling and related uses. The Applicant and its contractor will comply with all DOH and CWRM requirements to develop a private well on the property to support the dwelling and related uses. Clean Water Branch comment: "Permit Issuance * Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the State's: 1) Antidegradation policy, which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected; 2) Designated uses, as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters; and 3) Water quality criteria[Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapter 11-54], * A Section 401 Water quality Certification (WQC) is required ifyour project/activity: - Requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or Statutory exemption; and - May result in a discharge into State waters. The term "discharge"is defined in Clean Water Act, Subsections 502(16), 502(12), and 502(6). Examples of"discharge" include, but are not limited to, allowing the following pollutants to enter State waters from the surface or in-water:solid waste, rock/sand/dirt, heat, sewage, construction debris, any underwater work, chemicals,fugitive dust/spray/paint, agricultural wastes, biological materials, industrial wastes, concrete/sealant/epoxy, and washing/cleaning effluent. Determine if your project/activity requires a federal permit, license, certificate, approval, registration, or statutory exemption by contacting the appropriate federal agencies (e.g. Department of the Army (DA), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), Pacific Ocean Division Honolulu District Office (POH) Tel: 808-835-4303; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tela 415-947-8021; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Tel: 866-208-3372; U.S. Coast Guard Office of Bridge Programs Tel: 202-372-1511). 4880-0228-8148.2 Zendo Kern March 15, 2022 Page 3 To request a Section 401 WQC,you must complete and submit the Section 401 WQC application. This application is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: https://eha-clotid.doh.hawaii.govlepermitl.. Please see HAR, chapter 11-54 for the State' Water Quality Standards and for more information on the Section 401 WQC. HAR, Chapter 11-54 is available on the CWB website at: http://health.hawaii.govlcwbl • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permit coverage is required for:• -Storm water associated with construction activities for land disturbances of one(1) acre or more. Land disturbance includes, but is not limited to, clearing, grading, grubbing, excavation, demolition, uprooting of vegetation, equipment staging, and storage areas. -Storm water associated with industrial activities for facilities with Standard Industrial Classification Codes regulated in 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14)(i) through (ix) and(xi). -Storm water and certain non-storm water from a small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System. -Discharges of water pollutants into State surface waters. Examples of these discharges include, but are not limited to, cooling water, hydrotesting waters, dewatering effluent, and process wastewater. -Discharges from the application of pesticides (including pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and various other substances to control pest) to State waters. An application for an NPDES individual permit must be submitted at least 180 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request and NPDES individual permit,you must complete and submit the NPDES individual permit application. This application is available on the e- Permitting Portal website located at: haps ://eha-cloud doh. hawaii gov/epermit/. A Notice of Intent (NOI)for coverage under a specific NPDES general permit must be submitted at least 30 calendar days before the commencement of the discharge or start of construction activities. To request NPDES general permit coverage,you must complete and submit the NOI. The NOI is available on the e-Permitting Portal website located at: haps ://eha-cloud. doh. hawaii gov/epermit/. Please see HAR, Chapter 11-55 for more information on the NPDES individual permit and NPDES general permits. The specific NPDES general permits located in HAR, Chapter I1-55, Appendices B through M. HAR, Chapter I1-55 and HAR, 4880-0228-8148.2 Zendo Kern March 15,2022 Page 4 Chapter 11-55, Appendices B through Mare available on the CWB website at: http://health.hawaii.govlcwbl. • According to State law, all discharges related to the project construction or operation activities, whether or not NPDES permit coverage and/or Section 401 WQC are required, must comply with the State's Water Quality Standards. Monitoring • Effluent discharge and/or receiving water monitoring may be required as conditions of Section 401 Water Quality Certifications and NPDES General and Individual permits. Enforcement • Noncompliance with water quality requirements contained in HAR, Chapter 11- 54 and/or permitting requirements specified in HAR, Chapter 11-55 may be subject to penalties of$25,000 per day per violation. • Violations of Hawaii Revised Statutes 342D and 342E may elicit administrative, civil and criminal penalties for such violations. Polluted Runoff Control • Manage projects identified in watershed-based plans that reduce polluted runoff and educate the public about nonpoint source pollution. Projects are selected through an annual request for proposals. Funding is provided by the EPA through the Clean Water Act. For more information on projects and funding opportunities,please visit: www.hawaii.gov/doh/pollutednmoffcontrol. We recommend that you review all of the Standard Comments on our website: haps:llhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. The same website also features a Healthy Community Design Smart Growth Checklist (Checklist) created by Built Environment Working Group (BEWG) of the Hawaii State Department of Health. The BEWG recommends that state and county planning departments, developers,planners, engineers and other interested parties apply the healthy built environment principles in the Checklist whenever they plan or review new developments or redevelopments projects. We also ask you to share this list with others to increase community awareness on healthy community design." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. As discussed in the Final EA prepared for the proposed single-family dwelling and related uses, after final grading plans are developed, the applicant will determine whether the area of disturbance is sufficiently large to require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit, although none is currently anticipated. Grading for the driveway and home site will include best management practices to minimize the potential for sedimentation, erosion and pollution of coastal waters. 4880-0228-8148.2 Zendo Kern March 15, 2022 Page 5 The applicant will ensure all earthwork and grading is conducted in conformance with: (a) "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised. (b)Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the Hawaii County Code. (c)Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA). (d) Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10,"Erosion and Sedimentation Control,"of the Hawaii County Code. (e) Conditions of an NPDES permit, if required, and (f) Any additional best management practices required by the Board of Land and Natural Resources. The applicant will require that the construction contractor implement the following practices: • Minimizing the total amount of land disturbance required,which will be delineated to the contractor prior to the commencement of any onsite work. The makai limits of grading will be marked and fenced at the construction areas to avoid any possible disturbance to the ground or vegetation within makai area during construction activities. •No concrete truck washout or equipment servicing will be allowed on site. • The contractor will take special precautions so as to not allow any sediment to leave the work areas,particularly towards the sea. • Construction activities with the potential to produce stormwater run-off will not be allowed during periods of unusually heavy rains or storm conditions. • As shown in Sheet C2 of Appendix 7, prior to the start of construction, contractors will implement erosion and dust control measures, including silt fences along the lower margin of grading, silt barriers (snakes)around stockpiles,protecting drainage sumps from siltation, etc.,to prevent any sediment from leaving the construction areas, especially towards the ocean. • Graded areas will be replanted or otherwise stabilized following grading activity. Holcomb Single-Family Residence in Honomu Environmental Assessment Page 24 The Hamakua Coast between Hilo and Kukuihaele already supports hundreds of homes and there are no reported water quality problems from these uses. Upon its completion, the home would appear similar to the homes on shoreline lots in the area, and it would be not expected to contribute to sedimentation, erosion, and pollution of coastal waters. The Applicant will comply with all applicable DOH regulations to address concerns raised by the DOH Clean Water Branch 4880-0228-8 149.2 Zendo Kern March 15, 2022 Page 6 3. County of Hawaii Department of Environmental Management comment letter dated February 3,2022: Solid Waste Division comment: "No comments." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant will dispose of all solid waste generated at the Property at either the Honomu or Hilo Transfer Stations. Wastewater Division comment: "Applicant shall follow Department of Health regulations due to no County sewer system in area." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant is proposing to install an individual septic system complying with requirements of the State Department of Health at HAR § 11-62 to treat wastewater generated from the dwelling. 4. County of Hawaii Police Department comment letter dated February 7,2022: Hawaii Police Department comment: "The Hawaii Police Department has no comments or objections concerning this request". Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant's proposed residential use of the Property will have no adverse impacts or create additional demand on Hawaii Police Department services. 5. County of Hawaii Department of Public Works comment letter dated February 14, 2022: En ing eering Division comment: "The subject parcel is in an area designated as Zone X on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500 year floodplain." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. 6. State of Hawaii Office of Planning& Sustainable Development comment letter dated February 17, 2022: Office of Planning& Sustainable Development comment: "The OPSD has reviewed the subject SMA Use Permit application, and has no comments to offer." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. 7. County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply comment letter dated March 1, 2022: Department of Water Supply comment: "The Department has no objection to the applicant's use of the well for the proposed single-family dwelling but recommends 4880-0228-8148 2 Zendo Kern March 15, 2022 Page 7 that the Department of Health be consulted regarding proper treatment and disinfection of the water." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. The Applicant will consult with the Department of Health and comply with any and all permit requirements to install a potable on-site water well to support the proposed single-family dwelling and related uses. 8. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office comments dated March 1, 2022: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service comment: "The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service)provided technical assistance on this project in a letter to the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands dated July 20, 2021 (reference number OIEPIF00-2021-TA0409). Project proponents incorporated our letter and applicable avoidance and minimization measures into the Final Environmental Assessment completed in November, 2021. The Service has no fitrther comment on the project at this time." Applicant's Response: Acknowledged. Thank you for the opportunity to provide our responses to the agency comment letters received to date regarding our client's Special Management Area Use Permit Application. Should you require any additional information or if you have any questions regarding our responses,please do not hesitate to contact my paralegal Jason Knable at 808-935-6644 at any time. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, en S.C. Lim SSL/jkkl 4880-0228-8148.2