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Island Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Climate Adaptation Actions to
<br /> Integrated Climate Action Plan for the of Hawall'i Build Local Resilience to Climate Change
<br /> CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK
<br /> The climate action framework was developed to illustrate the cascading nature of climate change.
<br /> Cascading effects result from interdependencies between natural and socioeconomic systems.' The
<br /> term "cascading effects" has been increasingly used to describe the network of impacts across various
<br /> systems that are of greater magnitude than any individual element of network.15 The cascading effects
<br /> of climate change represent extremely complex interactions between global climate change and local
<br /> physical, ecological, social, and economic systems.
<br /> The framework captures how what we do as communities causes climate change, which in turn impacts
<br /> our same communities. Increased use of fossil fuels is causing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to
<br /> rise. Greenhouse gases are causing global air and sea surface temperature to rise and oceans to
<br /> become more acidic. These changes in temperature and ocean pH are the key indicators of climate
<br /> change. They directly trigger climate hazards including sea level rise, drought, extreme rainfall events,
<br /> and tropical cyclones. The impacts of those climate hazards can be heightened by compounding
<br /> hazards such as landslides, wildfire, and flooding. Together, the ',mpacts of these climate and
<br /> compounding hazards cascade across multiple social, cultural, economic, ecological, and governance
<br /> systems.'0 A climate action framework was developed to describe these cascading effects of climate
<br /> change and to identify intervention points where both climate mitpgation and adaptation actions can be
<br /> implemented by the County (Figure 4).
<br /> Understanding the cascading impacts of climate change on human-environmental systems is a growing
<br /> area of research.17 Better accounting of these interactions is needed to identify potential feedback
<br /> loops. The cascading effects of climate change on infrastructure and social-ecological systems related
<br /> to extreme rainfall events,18 sea level rise,19 wildfires and other disasters'20 wastewater systems,21
<br /> electrical system5,22 and fisheries and agriculture" are some emerging topics of new research.
<br /> 14 Lawrence,J.. Blackett. P.,&Cradock-Henry. N.A. (2020),Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk
<br /> Management, 29, 100234 doi https:/fdoi.orgl10.10161j.crm.2020.100234
<br /> '5 Schauwecker, S.. Gascdn, E., Park,S., Ruiz-Villanueva,V., Schwarb, M..Sempere-Torres, D., Rohrer, M. (2019).Anticipating
<br /> cascading effects of extreme precipitation with pathway schemes-Three case studies from Europe. Environment International, 127,
<br /> 291-304.doi:https_f/doi.org110.1016f1.envint.2019.02.072
<br /> '5 Lawrence,J... Blackett. P.,&Cradock-Henry. N.A. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk
<br /> Management, 29, 100234 doi https://doi.orgl10.1016fj.crm.2020.100234
<br /> 17 Cradock-Henry, N.A., Connolly,J., Blackett, P.,&Lawrence, J. (2020). Elaborating a systems methodology for cascading climate
<br /> change impacts and implications. Methods X. 7.doi:10.10161j.mex.2020.100893
<br /> 's Schauwecker, et.al.(2019).https://doi.org/l0.1016/j.envint.2019.02.072
<br /> 19 Yin, J.. Yu, ❑.. Lin, N., &Wlby, R. L. (2017).Evaluating the cascading impacts of sea level rise and coastal floodirg on emergency
<br /> response spatial accessibility in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Journal of Hydrology,555, 648-658.
<br /> doj:https://doi.org/10-1 016/jj1hydrol2017.10067
<br /> 2°©uvat, V. K. E.,Volto. N., Stahl. L., Moatty,A.. Oefossez, S., Desarthe, J., Pillet, V. (2021). Understanding interlinkages between
<br /> long-term trajectory of exposure and vulnerability, path dependency and cascading mpacts of disasters in Saint-Martin (Caribbean).
<br /> Global Environmental Change, 67, 102236 doi https://doi.org110.1016fj.gloenvcha.2021.102236
<br /> 2' Hughes,J., Cowper-Heays, K. Dlesson. E., Bell. R.. &Stroombergen, A. (2021). Impacts and implications of climate change on
<br /> wastewater systems:A New Zealand perspective. Climate Risk Management, 31, 100262.
<br /> doj:https://doi.org/10-1 016/j-crm-2020.1 00262
<br /> 21 McMahan, B.. & Gerlak,A. K. (2020). Climate risk assessment and cascading impacts: Risks and opportunities for an electrical
<br /> utility in the U.S.Southwest. Climate Risk Management,29, 100240. doi:https//doi.org110.10161j.crm.2020.100240
<br /> 2s Thiauit. L.. Mora. C.. Cinner,J. E.,Cheung, W.W. L.. Graham.. N. A.J.,Januchowski-Hartley, F.A., Claudet. J. Escaping the
<br /> perfect storm of simultaneous climate change impacts on agriculture and marine fisheries. Science Advances,5(11),eaaw9976.
<br /> do i:10.1 126fscia dv.aaw9976
<br /> Climate Action Framework 4
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