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HomeMy WebLinkAbout.PD Background Report Black Sand Beach LLC (PL-SMA-2023-046) BPunaluuBSB SMA 02 2024 COUNTY OF HAWAI`I PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT BLACK SAND BEACH LLC SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (PL-SMA-2023-000046) BLACK SAND BEACH LLC has submitted an application for a Special Management Area Permit to allow for the development of a residential and commercial community consisting of approximately 225 residential and short stay units, village and wellness center, retail uses, rehabilitation and use of golf courses,and dedication of aportion of coastline as a conservation area on an approximately 147-acre portion of a larger 434-acre project site within the Special Management Area. The subject properties are located within the extent of the former Sea Mountain at Punalu'u resort area, east (makai) of Hawaii Belt Road in the vicinity of Ninole Loop Road, Ninole, Wailau, Punalu'u, Ka`u, Hawaii, TMKs: (3) 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041, and 053. APPLICANT'S REQUEST 1. Applicant's Request:While the approximately 434-acre project site straddles both sides of Mamalahoa Highway, only the portion located makai of the highway, consisting of approximately 325 acres, is situated within the Special Management Area, with the project sites total 147 acres. The project site was once known and operated as Sea Mountain at Punalu'u and is host to a now-closed 18-hole golf course and its clubhouse facilities,atennis center, the former Punalu'u Restaurant and its related support facilities and infrastructure. Within the project site, but not part of this application, is the existing 76-unit Colony I condominium complex and a number of Kuleana parcels that are situated makai of the Ninole Loop Road adjacent to the Punalu'u Black Sand Beach and County Beach Park Complex which is maintained by the County. The project, named Punalu'u Village, is proposed as a residential and commercial development consisting of approximately 225 residential and short-stay units, a village and wellness center, rehabilitation of the existing -I- golf course, tennis facilities, infrastructure, and the dedication of approximately 30-acres along the project sites coastline as a conservation/preservation area. The project is designed to include projects as seven(7)different sites throughout the project area. The Planning Department notes that there are 20 separate parcels that encompass the project area,however,not all the proposed project parcels are located within the Special Management Area(SMA).Those lands located mauka of the highway are outside the SMA are therefore not part of the application or request for SMA approval; certain portions of the Golf Course section of the project (Site 6) are outside the SMA (Planning Department Exhibit 1 —SMA Site Map). Site 1—Old Punalu'u Village Restoration:Restoration of the former Punalu`u Restaurant complex covering about 3.5 acres to accommodate a more passive, but education and recreational types of uses sch as gardening, a Welcome Center, the Kau Center of History and Culture,lawn areas for private and community open-air events,weddings,and open-air dining.Additional work in this area includes clean-up and maintenance of a 62-stall parking lot, which includes bus parking and a visitor drop off area. Site 2 — Open Market, Restaurant, and Information Center: Open market on approximately 0.5 acres,which is currently under development. A fish market and seafood restaurant,along with other retail establishments within a 2.5 story complex with about 8,000 square feet in gross floor area on approximately 0.5 acres of land. The restaurant will be placed on the second floor due to local base flood elevations which are about 22-feet. On-site parking will be provided for approximately 28 vehicles. Site 3—Colony 2 condominiums: The applicant is proposing to construct 63 condominium units consisting of 1 and 2-bedroom units on about 4.9 acres of land; the buildings will be designed as duplex and 4-plex configurations. The gross floor area of the units will range from approximately 760 square feet(sf)to 1,500 sf and will not be higher than 2.5 stories due to the topography and proximity of the Colony 1 condominium complex. This site will also include a 95-stall parking area. Site 4—Village&Wellness Center: This project site consists of approximately 37.35 acres of land and will include a Village Center that holds a bakery/restaurant,marine eco-center,a Kau coffee showroom, all within a complex of 1-story buildings totaling approximately -2- 30,000 sf of indoor floor area,with an additional 11,000 sf of covered outdoor space. A 2.5 story Wellness Center facility that totals approximately 15,000 sf will also be constructed and include a spa and fitness area, as well as 130 rental units for overnight stays. The Wellness Center facility will also include 80 cottages containing 1,2, or 3 bedrooms raging in size from 650 to 1,400 sf,and 50 bungalows containing 3,4,or 5 bedrooms ranging from 2,500 to 3,500 sf,the center will also include a 250-stall parking area for guests. Additional development at this site includes a Sports Center with 4 tennis courts(restored),4 pickleball courts,2 sand volleyball courts,pro-shop facilities,gym,and swimming pool.The applicant is also proposing to construct an approximately 1,000 sf amphitheater for outdoor performances and movies. Site 5 —Aspen Center: The applicant is proposing to restore the former 4,650 sf Aspen Institute building to its previous use as a conference and educational center.Additional work at this site includes the development of 30 retreat units,approximately 1,500 sf in size,to be constructed as individual cabins for attendees of the renovated Aspen Center. The total area of this site development is approximately 2.73 acres. Site 6—Golf Course: The applicant is proposing to restore the existing 18-hole golf course, which includes a minor realignment of the course fairways to accommodate the new development. Additionally, the applicant is proposing to restore the existing 2,200 sf golf clubhouse complex and driving range, the 6,400 sf pro-shop, office, and cart barn facility. This site will include the restored 50-stall parking area. Site 7— Punalu'u Coastline Management Area: Approximately 30-acres of the coastal portion of the overall project area will be dedicated towards conservation and coastal management activities and will be set aside in a public trust to provide coastal recreational opportunities, protection of cultural and historic resources/practices, and protection/management of sensitive natural resources. 2. Reasons for the Request: The applicant has worked tirelessly with the community to design a project that revitalizes Punalu'u in a measured way that includes community-based priorities and design considerations. 3. Timeframe and Cost: The proposed project is expected to be developed in phases,with the initial focus on cleanup and repair/restoration of dilapidated and hazardous facilities such as -3- the former Punalu'u Restaurant complex and managing activities at the Black Sand Beach are, including the Open Market and restaurant complex. Depending on securing the requested SMA Use Permit and the conditions of approval imposed,the applicant anticipates the following development schedule: 1. Architectural & Engineering design — approximately two (2) years from SMA approval. 2. Applying and securing necessary construction related permits—approximately three (3)years from completion of the design phase. 3. Complete construction approximately five (5) years from the issuance of Building Permits. Total anticipated cost of the project could range between$200- $350 Million in 2023 USD. 4. Special Management Area: As stated previously the total project area is approximately 434-acres,however, only those lands located makai of the Mamalahoa Highway are within the SMA, which is about 325-acres. All properties within the SMA are subject to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Ch. 205A objectives and policies. Public access exists with access points to the shoreline via pathways,the beach park,and Black Sand Beach area. Staff notes that no work is being proposed within the shoreline setback area, with the majority of development being located well mauka of the beach and shoreline area. As such the requirement to conduct a shoreline certification was waived by the Planning Director as no shoreline work is proposed that would cross or even be close to the shoreline setback area boundary. 5. Supportive Information: The applicant has submitted the attached in support of the request (Planning Department Exhibit 2—Special Management Area Use Permit Application dated December 18,2023,and Planning Department Exhibit 3—Site Plan Packet Dated December 14,2023) 6. Landowners: Black Sand Beach, LLC. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Planning Department notes that there is a 50+year history ofpermits, SMA approvals, and Change of Use ordinances for this area. Included in this background list are only the regulatory determinations/permits that relate to the proposed project area discussed in this -4- application.It does not represent a full list ofall developments, entitlements, and projects in the Punalu'u/Ninole Road area, nor does it include developmentprojects outside the Special Management Area (SMA) located mauka of the highway. 7. December 4, 1969: Land Use Commission petition A69-224 was approved for-C. Brewer Properties,Ltd.to change the State Land Use district classification of the project area from the Agricultural and Conservation districts into the State Land Use Urban district in preparation for the planned development of Punalu'u. 8. January 2, 1972: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 443 amended portions of the project area from Agricultural and open to single-family residential,multiple-family residential,village commercial, and resort hotel. 9. December 1, 1972: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 540 changed the district classification from open to resort-hotel for a portion of the project area. 10. Spring/Summer 1973: Punalu'u Village Restaurant is completed; Phase I of Colony I condominiums begins. 11. November 28,1973: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 613 changed the district classification from multiple-family residential to open, and from open to multiple family residential for portion of the project area. 12. May 2, 1975: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 108 changed the district classification of a portion of the project area from Open to single-family residential. 13. November 29, 1975: Tsunami causes substantial damage to region, including the Punalu'u Village restaurant complex. 14. January 26, 1976: Subdivision No. 3730 was approved for the creation of the road lot (Ninole Loop Road), the Aspen institute parcel and the Colony condominium site. The shoreline was surveyed at this time. 15. April 23, 1976: SMA Use Permit No. 7 (SMA 76-07) approved by the Planning Commission to allow for the development and construction of the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies and related development of a portion of the project area. 16. June 16, 1976: SMA Use Permit No. 11 (SMA (76-11) approved by the Planning Commission to allow for the establishment of the Sea Mountain Tennis Center Complex within the project area. -5- 17. May 8, 1988: Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) published for the proposed Punalu'u Resort, Aspen Center, and related development within the project area. 18. August 17,1988: Change of Zone Ordinance No. 88-121 which further changed the district classification of the project area to support the development of the Punalu'u Resort, and surrounding development. Included provisions for the development of the sewer treatment plant, improvements and access for park and shoreline resources, and parking for visitors. 19. May 8, 1991: SMA Minor Use Permit No. 91-11 (SMM 91-11) was approved by the Planning Directro to allow for the leveling of existing vegetation and land for the future development of the gold course and related use at the Punalu'u Resort complex. 20. March 11, 1992: SMA Use Permit No. 329 (SMA 91-20) was approved by the Planning Commission to allow for renovations to the existing 18-hole golf course,the construction of a 100-room hotel,golf/tennis/spa facilities,commercial center,resort maintenance center,3 residential developments with 120 units, infrastructure, and related improvements. 21. July 2,1999: SMA Use Permit No. 329(SMA 91-20)was withdrawn by the applicant(SM Investment Partners) due to economic factors and the inability to obtain additional permits related to the development. 22. October 8, 2006: Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) and Archeological Inventory Survey(AIS)were completed in preparation for a new proposed development for the Punalu'u region, including single-family residences, hotel, golf course, cultural center, light commercial development,and related improvements.The development was not pursued and the DEIS was never finalized. 23. January 28, 2015: SMA Minor Use permit (SMM-15-000324) was approved by the Planning Director for the construction of a CRM retaining wall within the Colony I condominium site. 24. March 9, 2022: SMA Minor Use permit (PL-SMM-2022-000015) was approved by the Planning Director to allow the applicant (Black Sand Beach LLC) to repair and maintain existing uses and structures, and to reconstruct certain structures that are damaged. Additional work included maintenance and management of existing improvements and infrastructure (i.e., roadways, fire hydrants, sewer lines). 25. October 4, 2023: SMA Minor Use permit(PL-SMM-2023-000050) was approved by the -6- Planning Director for the establishment of an open market complex, and the re- reestablishment of firebreak roads within the project area. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 26. County Zoning: 395019011: Open (0), and Multi-Family Residential (RM-3) 395019015: Open (0), Multi-Family Residential (RM-2.5), and Village-Commercial (CV-10) 395019024: Agriculture—20 acres (A-20a) 395019026: Village-Commercial (CV-10) 395019030: Open (0) 395019031: Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2) 395019033: Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2) 395019035: Road 396001001: Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396001002: Open (0) 396001003: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396001006: Open (0) 396001011: Open (0) 396001012: Open (0) 396001013: Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002008: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002037: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002038: Open (0), Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2.5), Village-Commercial (CV- 10) 396002041: Road 396002053: Road 27. Hawai`i County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map: 395019011: Open (ope), Low Density Urban (ldu), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Resort (res) 395019015: Open (ope), Low Density Urban (ldu), Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019024: Open (ope), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Extensive Agriculture (ea) 395019026: Open (ope) 395019030: Open (ope) 395019031: Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019033: Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019035: Road 396001001: Open (ope), Resort (res) 396001002: Open (ope), Resort (res) 396001003: Open (ope), Resort (res) 396001006: Open (ope) 396001011: Open (ope) 396001012: Open (ope) 396001013: Resort (res) -7- 396002008: Open (ope) 396002037: Open (ope) 396002038: Open (ope), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Resort (res) 396002041: Road 396002053: Road 28. State Land Use Zoning District: The subject parcels are primarily within the State Land Use (SLU) Urban District, except for those areas within 150 feet of the shoreline that are within the SLU Conservation District. 29. Kau Community Development Plan (KCDP): The Ka'u CDP, was adopted by Ordinance 17-66 on October 17,2017,by the Hawai`i County Council.The significant of the Project area was highlighted in the KCDP which states that a large number of CDP objectives and strategies intersect at Punalu'u, which has a rich ecological, historical, and cultural legacy and outlines a community-driven, collaborative process for planning the future ofPunalu'u. 30. Special Management Area(SMA): A majority of the project area is located entirely within the Special Management Area(SMA);however,TMK: 9-5-019:024,which is located mauka of Mdmalahoa Highway (State Rte. 11) is not within the SMA. The following parcels are also considered "shoreline parcels" as defined by Section 205A-41(as amended), Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS): TMKs: 9-5-019:011, 9-6-001:006, 9-6-001:003, and 9-6-001:002. Staff notes that portions of the shoreline frontage area are under the management of the County of Hawaii as the Black Sands Beach Park complex. A review of this use indicates that facility maintenance activities for the County Park are continuous and ongoing by County staff in all areas of the Beach Park complex. 31. HRS Chapter 343:Based on a review of the project components within the SMA area,there are no triggers that would require an Environmental Assessment (EA) or Environmental Impact Statement(EIS). The applicant submitted a review of the specific actions that trigger the EA/EIS and the Planning Department has concurred with the review (Planning Department Exhibit 4—Email dated December 29,2023). Staff notes that a Final EIS was completed in 1988 to develop the Punalu'u Resort, and a Draft EIS was completed in 2006 for a project that was not completed; the applicant has conducted numerous additional studies and reviews for this current application. -8- DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA 32. Subject Properties and Project Area: The project area currently proposed by the applicant includes the development/redevelopment of five specific sites totaling approximately 147- acres within the larger 434-acre Punalu'u/Ninole region. As previously mentioned, the project site was once known and operated as Sea Mountain at Punalu'u and is host to an existing 18-hole golf course, clubhouse,tennis center,the former Punalu'u Restaurant and related support facilities, and infrastructure. The project area extends from Mamalahoa Highway down to the shoreline and the existing County manger Beach Park complex. 33. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses: The property that is owned by the applicant(434- acres)encompasses the majority of the land uses in this area. The large parcels located south of the project area are zoned Conservation and have little to know development, while the parcel to the north is zoned both Conservation and Agriculture (A-20a). Mauka of the highway,which is outside the SMA,is portions of the Punalu'u Golf Course and the Kalana I subdivision. Along the shoreline are a number of privately owned parcels located as a cluster between the former Punalu'u restaurant and the Punalu'u Beach Park;the area is split between the Conservation District (coastal portions) and the Urban District and has residential structures. The Beach Park provides camping opportunities as well as recreational access to the shoreline and along the shoreline in this area, while the black sand beach is a heavily visited tourist destination. 34. Flood Zone/Drainage: The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) shows the majority of the project site and proposed development as largely in Flood Zone "X", with coastal portions within the VE (Special Flood Hazard Area—wave action),and AE flood zones which are defined as areas inundated by flood having a I%probability of being equaled or exceed in any given year(base flood). The major drainage feature is a long intermittent stream,Ninole Gulch,that runs through the southern part of the property and is bordered by trees and vegetation.Additionally,apond is located between black sand beach and the delipidated restaurant and is overgrown with invasive vegetation and in-filled with sediment. Lastly, there is a small failed constructed channel to drain the pond or provide connection to the ocean and to low-lying areas to the north of the restaurant area. Due to its dilapidated state, it is unclear of its use or function. -9- 35. Cultural Resources: A Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) was completed in 2006 to complement the 2006 Draft EIS for the SeaMountain at Punalu'u project. The report identified important cultural places and uses present within the project site such as stone cultural remains,petroglyphs and trail segments,a fishpond,marine resources,and the black sand beach itself. An update to the 2006 CIA was conducted in April 2023 which consisted of an archival review of the 2006 CIA, a review of the 2023 archaeology report, and an ethnographic survey which included oral history interviews). According to the 2023 CIA, preservation and Burial Treatment Plans are recommended to properly care for identified archeological features for preservation. 36. Archaeological Resources: A draft 2005 Archeological Inventory Survey (AIS) of the entire project site was conducted as part of the 2006 Draft EIS. The AIS found a total of 34 historic properties comprising of over 125 archeological features. Of these 34-sites, 14 were considered pre-contact sites including 5 burials, 2 habitation sites, 2 petroglyph sites, 1 heiau, 1 agricultural site, and 2 additional unknown sites. In preparation for this current project the applicant conducted an update to the 2005 draft AIS with an "Addendum Archeological Inventory Survey" for the Punalu'u black sand beach property which was conducted in March 2023. It was found that the proposed development and redevelopment activities will occur within previously disturbed portions of the project site and will avoid direct impacts to any of the previously identified historic properties. Staff notes that in July 2023, the Planning Department submitted the addendum to the AIS to the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) for a Ch. 6E-42 historic preservation review, and confirmation of reservation and buffer plans. The submittal was done prior to the submittal of the SMA application under the director of SHPD. To date SHPD has not responded to our initial request, and no correspondence from SHPD regarding the status of the review has been submitted to the Planning Department. The Planning Department will require the applicant to confer with SHPD to assure the updated CIA and AIS are reviewed and approved prior to any proposed development related to this SMA application. 37. Floral/Faunal Resources: The applicant commissioned a Botanical Survey and Vertebrate Fauna Assessment Update dated April 2022 which was intended to be updated and supplement the floral and faunal surveys that were conducted of the project site and -10- surrounding area between 2005-2006 in preparation for the un-built SeaMountain resort.The 2022 assessment concluded, similar to past findings, that nearly the entire property has experienced various types of ground disturbance and/or land use activities that have significantly modified the vegetation. The exceptions being the coastal margins in which major development has not impacted the area. The assessment determined vegetation types present within the project site include the golf course, Guinea grass, hoa haole forest, pasture, mixed non-native forest,gulch,resort remains, a'a margins, and coastal areas. The vegetative cover throughout the project site as a while can be said to be comprised of mostly alien and invasive species,particularly Christmas berry,koa haole,guinea grass,ironwood, and others. Only one plant species found with the project site,the loulu is listed as threatened are endangered and was found at multiple locations. The current assessment did not include coastal floral and faunal surveys as it is the intention of the applicant to avoid coastal development or to change of use along the coastal portions of the project area.Fauna species found within the project site by the current survey, as well as the one from 2005, found 18 bird species, with all by four(4) being common non-natives. Flocks of indigenous pacific kolea were observed, as well as the shorebird `ulili which was observed resting near tide- pools.It is noted that the Hawaiian goose(Nene)was not observed in the 2005 survey,but it was observed in the 2022 surveys,where they had taken up residence around the golf course ponds. It should be noted that the floral and faunal surveys concluded that most of the property has been heavily disturbed in the past, and besides preserving the loulu, other botanic-specific mitigation measures were recommended for this site. 38. Public Access: There are numerous public access points to the shoreline in this area. Black Sand beach has is easily accessible either by parking in a large,paved parking lot mauka of the old restaurant, or adjacent to the pond where there is limited parking. Second to that is the County Beach Park which has a parking area and full access along the shoreline to the black sand beach, or to the south. Camping is permitted via permit in this area. The proj ect does not aim to alter or change the current level of shoreline access in this area,by limiting the development to areas away from the shoreline and including project components designating a portion of the project area as a conservation or preservation area. Access to project sites will be limited to the current level as private property. -11- 39. Civil Defense Sirens: There is an existing Civil Defense Siren located at TMK: (3) 9-6- 002:038, which is mauka of Ninole Road adjacent to the black sand beach area. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 40. Access: Access to the project area is via two(2)separate intersections of Ninole Loop Road and Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 11), with access to interior sites, the Colony condominiums, and other uses in the area directly from Ninole Loop Road (NLR). Ninole Loop Road is a two-lane roadway that provides primary access to all project areas located makai of the highway. According to the County Department of Public Works,the northern portion of Ninole Loop Road and the small segment of Government Beach Road that connect the highway to the beach area are County streets. The southern section of Ninole Loop Road that runs from the highway to the beach park is privately owned and maintained by the applicant.Mamalahoa Highway is a two-lane State Highway under the authority of the State Dept. of Transportation. The southern road intersection of NLR and the state highway is improved with turn lanes on the highway in both the northern and southern directions,and on NLR to the highway. The northern intersection of NLR and the highway has no such improvements. The DOT provided comments on the proposed project asking that an updated Traffic Assessment (TA) be completed to identify any direct or regional impacts to Mamalahoa Highway;the updated TA requirement will be added as a condition of approval. 41. Water: According to the applicant,there is a privately owned and maintained water system that currently provides potable water service to the entire project site. The water system consists of two (2) wells located makai of the highway along with a booster pump station that feeds an existing 1.0-million-gallon concrete reservoir located mauka of the highway. Currently one well is not operational, and it is the intent of the applicant to investigate re- establishing the well for potable uses. The one (1) operational well has a pump capacity of 1.08 million gallons per day (mgd) and serves 12 individual homes in the Kalana Estates subdivision (mauka of the highway) and the 76 condominiums located at the Colony I complex. The water system also serves the golf course via an 8-inch line that provides water to the four golf course irrigation ponds,the wastewater treatment plant,the County of Hawaii beach parcel, three (3) houses near the beach park, and a ranching operation. There are 18 existing fire hydrants, 7 of which are not operational and require repairs, and an irrigation -12- system primarily situated throughout the fairways and greens of the golf course area. The extent of the irrigation system is not known due to the long history of development (and missing as-built plans); however,the system does support the fire flow requirement of 2,000 gpm. 42. Wastewater: The project area is currently serviced by a privately-owned and maintained wastewater collection and treatment system.The system is comprised of sewers,force mains, and two-pump stations designed to transport wastewater to a centralized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located near the western boundary of the area adjacent to the Colony I development. Existing sewers are composed of 8-, 10-, and 12-inch lines along Ninole Loop Road; they convey wastewater to a pump station located near the golf clubhouse, which is then conveyed through a 6-inch main to the WWTP. The WWTP was constructed in 1972 with a design capacity of 100,000 gallons per day. The applicant states that historical flow records indicate a wastewater flow rate of approximately 10,000 gallons per day. The effluent is tested monthly in accordance with State Department of Health standards to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements. From the WWTP, treated wastewater flows to a sedimentation tank and effluent from that tank is pumped to one of two (2) onsite filtration basins for subsurface disposal; the infiltration basins are alternated monthly. 43. Solid Waste: There are no municipal waste collection services in the County. Solid waste generated by the development will be hauled by a private contractor on a regular basis and disposed of at a permitted solid waste management facility. According to the Dept. of Environmental Management—Solid Waste Division,the applicantwill be required to submit a Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with DEM guidelines. 44. All Other Essential Utilities and Services:Electricity and telephone services are available to the site. Fire, police, and emergency management services are available in this part of Kau. AGENCIES' COMMENTS 45. Department of Public Works —Engineering Division (DPW): (Planning Department Exhibit 5—January 29,2024, memo) -13- 46. Department of Environmental Management(DEM): (Planning Department Exhibit 6— January 12, 2024, memo) 47. State Department of Health(DOH): (Planning Department Exhibit 7—January 5,2024, memo) 48. State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development(OPSD): (Planning Department Exhibit 8—January 30,2024, letter) 49. State Department of Transportation (DOT): (Planning Department Exhibit 9 — February 20, 2024, letter). AGENCIES -NO COMMENTS OR CONCERNS 50. Police Department. AGENCIES -NO RESPONSE 51. Department of Public Works-Traffic Division & Building Division; Department of Water Supply; Civil Defense; Fire Department; DLNR; US Fish and Wildlife Service. PUBLIC COMMENTS 52. Email dated February 7, 2024, from Drew & Kady Foster to Planning Department (Planning Department Exhibit 10). 53. Email dated February 18, 2024, from Kristi Kranz to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 11). 54. Email dated February 18,2024,from Teresa San Miguel to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 12). 55. Email dated February 19, 2024, from James Sogi to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 13). 56. Email dated February 19, 2024, from Kiara Lorenzo to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 14). 57. Email dated February 19, 2024, from Mark Knoppel to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 15). 58. Email dated February 20, 2024, from Nathan & Amy Yocum to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 16). 59. Email dated February 20, 2024, from Angelique Kalani Axelrode to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 17). -14- 60. Letter dated February 20, 2024, from Glen M. Winterbottom to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 18). 61. Email dated February 21, 2024, from Beatrice Easley to Planning Dept. (Planning Department Exhibit 19). 62. Email dated February 21,2024,from Chelsae Lynn Kobzi to Planning Dept.(Planning Department Exhibit 20). APPLICANTS RESPONSE TO COMMENTS 63. Letter dated February 14, 2024, from Daryn Arai — Consultant to Planning Department (Planning Department Exhibit 21). 64. Letter dated February 26, 2024, from Daryn Arai — Consultant to Planning Department (Planning Department Exhibit 22). -15- NorsMA PUNALU ' U VILLAGE SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION Affecting Tax Map Keys: 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035 9-6-001: 001 thru 003, 006, 011 thru 013 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041, 053 NINOLE, WAILAU, PUNALU`U Ka`u, Hawaii Island APPLICANT Black Sand Beach, LLC PREPARED BY Daryn Arai, LLC December 2023 Planning SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAPI PLANNING COMMISSION (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT(S): Black Sand Beach LLC APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE:(see attached authorization letters) DATE: December 18, 2023 ADDRESS: c/o Norman Quon, Project Manager 95-4968 Mamalahoa Highway Naalehu, Hawaii 96772 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST (if not owner): PHONE: (Bus.) (Res.) (808) 779-9270 (Email) norman@kaumui.com REQUEST: Proposed development of residential and commercial community at former Sea Mountain at Punalu`u, to consist of approximately 225 residential and short stay units, Village and Wellness Center, retail uses and rehabilitation of golf course and dedication of portion of coastline as a conservation area. (3) 9-5-019: 011,015,024,026,030,031,033,035 /(3) 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013 TAXMAPKEY:(3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038,041,053 ZONING: A-20a,Open,CV-10,RM-2,RM-2.5,V-1.5 SIZE OF PROPERTY/ AREA OF REQUESTED USE: 434± acres / 147± acres LANDOWNER(S): Black Sand Beach LLC FEE SIMPLE LANDOWNER(S) WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION (may be provided by letter with the below statement included): DATE: (see attached authorization letters) DATE: AGENT: Daryn Arai AGENT ADDRESS: PO Box 4501 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 PHONE: (Bus.) 895-3218 (Res.) (Email) Daryn.Arai@outlook.com Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Applicant COPIES: Agent TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: The undersigned below is the owner of those properties identified as TMKs: 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001: 001 thru 003, 006, 011 thru 013; and 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041, 053 situated in Ninole, Wailau, Punalu`u; Ka`u, Hawaii Island. As the owner of the subject properties, we hereby authorize the filing of a Special Management Area Use Permit application to allow for the proposed development of residential and commercial community consisting of approximately 225 residential and short-stay units, a village and wellness center, retail facilities, rehabilitation of the existing golf course and the dedication of a conservation area along the project site's coastline. By this letter, we also authorize both Norman Quon, Project Manager and Daryn Arai, Land Use Planning Consultant, to assist us with the filing and processing of this application before the County of Hawaii. December 15, 2023 Eva Liu, CEO and President, Black Sand Beach LLC Date SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION for PUNALU`U VILLAGE Applicant: BLACK SAND BEACH, LLC Affecting Tax Map Keys: 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035 9-6-001: 001 thru 003, 006, 011 thru 013 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041, 053 Ninole, Wailau, Punalu`u; Ka`u, Hawaii Island I. INTRODUCTION The Applicant, Black Sand Beach, LLC, holds title to the approximately 4 acres of land that was once identified as Sea Mountain at Punalu`u in the district of Ka`u, Hawaii Island. Black Sand Beach, LLC, represented by its President and Chief Executive Officer, Ms. Eva Liu, purchased these lands, hereinafter referred to as "project site", in mid-2000 and has spent many months living part-time on the project site at the Colony I condominium complex, acquainting herself with members of various local community organizations, businesses and individuals in order to understand the importance of these lands and the hopes and needs of various communities within the Ka`u District, and the concerns of people who have kuleana within the immediate area. Throughout her many interactions, the following messages have been made abundantly clear to Ms. Liu: • Take sincere steps towards correcting the neglect that has occurred on these lands over many decades before efforts are made to find other development and economic opportunities within this former resort community; • Provide open and transparent lines of communication with the community regarding the intended of use and potential development of these lands. • Promote a community-driven, collaborative approach towards defining the type of uses and forms of development within Punalu`u that would best compliment the valued resources that make Punalu`u so special while providing for cultural, historical, recreational and economic opportunities. PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application With these guiding principles in mind, the Applicant has worked diligently towards establishing relationships with kupuna, residents and various community organizations to seek their collective guidance on how these lands can be properly nurtured as a historical, cultural, environmental and economic resource and find opportunities to sustain it going forward. Ms. Liu has encountered a number of local champions who are willing to guide her and her company towards revitalizing Punalu`u. But that guidance is conditional upon the Applicant providing and maintaining constant communication with the broader community and especially with those who have kuleana within the project area. Another important commitment that the Applicant has made with many in the community is to revitalize Punalu`u in a measured way, demonstrating what community-based priorities can be accomplished before initiating broader discussions about what can become of the entire 434-acre project site. The method behind this approach is about: • first understanding the importance of these lands and the surrounding communities, and the people who live within; • working to fix what has been neglected or improperly managed over many years; and • building a future for these lands in a collaborative manner so that it benefits the entire community with an emphasis on preserving what makes Punalu`u so special. II. PURPOSE OF REQUEST AND PROJECT OVERVIEW While the approximately 434-acre project site straddles both sides of the Mamalahoa Highway, that portion located makai of the highway, consisting of approximately 325 acres, is situated within the County's Special Management Area (SMA). See Figure 1— Location Map. As previously mentioned, the project site was once known and operated as SeaMountain at Punalu`u and is host to a now-shuttered 18-hole golf course, its clubhouse facilities, a tennis center, the former Punalu`u Restaurant and its related support facilities and infrastructural systems. Within the project site, but not a part of this application, is the existing 76-unit Colony I condominium complex and a number of kuleana that are situated makai of Ninole Loop Road adjacent to the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach and the Beach Park complex, which is located within the project site but maintained and operated by the County. The approximately 434-acre project site extends from above the Mamalahoa Highway down to the shoreline, and across the ahupua`a of Ninole, Wailau and Punalu`u. While the extent of existing development as reflected in the 1988 FEIS (Figure 2 — 1988 FEIS Existing Development) is basically what still exists on the ground, the condition of much of these 2 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application existing facilities, as summarized below, have rendered them unsafe and unusable and requires much investment in manpower, money and community resources in order to rehabilitate the project site into what is typically expected of an ocean-front community. The Applicant has undertaken clean-up, repair and maintenance efforts over the past couple of years to various existing dilapidated facilities throughout the project site. Through this application, the Applicant wishes to undertake the next steps toward revitalizing this largely abandoned former resort complex into a vibrant residential and commercial community that will provide much needed opportunities to uplift the historical, cultural, environmental. recreational and economic fabric that has defined this area of Ka`u for generations. Punalu`u Village is proposed as a residential and commercial community consisting of approximately 225 residential and short-stay units, a village and wellness center that will support the needs of the on-site and broader community by serving as a gathering place for residents and visitors alike, rehabilitation of the existing golf course and dedication of approximately 29.52 acres along the project site's coastline as a conservation area. The intent of the conservation area is to set aside these coastal lands in public trust for coastal recreational and subsistence opportunities, protection of historic resources and cultural practices, protection of sensitive natural resources and coastal processes. These proposed project elements are described in greater detail within Section III — Project Description. Of special note is that the proposed Punalu`u Village is designed within the existing zoning pattern approved by the County Council in 1988 as part of the then-proposed 1,035-hotel unit Punalu`u Resort project that also envisioned 1,870 multiple family residential units, 78 single family residential lots, and 23 acres of commercial activities. Therefore, the much scaled-down Punalu`u Village project will not require a separate change of zone action. Also of special note is that the proposed Punalu`u Village will involve the development of five (5) specific locations totaling approximately 150 acres within the larger 434-acre project site. These 5 distinct development sites are shown on Figure 3 — Development Sites, and further described in Section III — Project Description. The state of existing infrastructural facilities that current serves the 76-unit Colony I condominiums as well as the Black Sand Beach Park facilities demands immediate attention due to age and wear. The original SeaMountain at Punalu`u project that began in the late 1960's has stagnated for almost 50 years and significant resources are needed to rehabilitate the existing infrastructural network that provides access, water, sewer, electricity, telecommunications and fire protection. The proposed Punalu`u Village will provide an opportunity to provide self-sustaining infrastructural resources that will support the continued maintenance of these vital infrastructural systems. 3 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application PROJECT SITE Figure 1— Location Map While the overall project site abuts the shoreline, the Applicant is requesting that the need for a certified shoreline survey to support this application be waived since no new improvements or uses are contemplated anywhere near the shoreline or within those areas identified as Conservation by the State Land Use Commission. As reference, the makai extent of any facility repair or land maintenance activities will not extend makai of that portion of Ninole Loop Road right-of-way as it approaches the shoreline area or Ninole Cove Place right-of-way and the former golf course parking lot located in the vicinity of Ninole Cove, as shown on Figure 2 — 1988 HIS Existing Development. Special note should be taken that while the Applicant is proposing the restoration of the former Punalu`u Restaurant site for educational and recreational types of uses, it will only be pursued if the reuse of the former restaurant buildings and surrounding grounds can be reasonably rehabilitated in light of the regulatory environment that encumbers this particular area, such as the jurisdictional issues related to the shoreline and the anchialine pond, shoreline setback requirements, coastal flood requirements, and other regulatory hurdles. At the very least, the Applicant is committed to the clean-up and maintenance of the existing 62-stall parking lot, which includes bus parking and visitor drop-off area. The Applicant will explore the permitting pathways in the hopes of providing for the clean-up and establishment of passive activities at this former restaurant site, but understands that regulations may not permit certain concept elements to be realized. 4 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application I a WFTITUY[ j � COLbRG N / MT• A , J r %3� �' r � Twu.ucFFAxn f 1f �,t NINW7GIIOPFL � r '� r � T ~ e.�.. a o. �/��. e• ' n COYE p I T.ITM WYW x 1.v LEGEND I•4ECT Bou—Ry 1 oTw ER ow•'RERS EXISTING DEVELOPMENT Punaldu Resort a ` •• KA'LJ,ISLAND OF HAWAII �.FIGURE IV3 Figure 2 — 1988 FEIS Existing Development 5 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application \ o \ CL V g- Z V 0 \ U W g w va r' \ ff V > •1 - Sr e aa_3 � �e dY =LtlCG$' �y8> 3y NIM 0 0 00 O 0 0 00 \ Figure 3 — Development Sites 6 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Punalu`u Village is proposed as a residential and commercial community consisting of: A. Site 1 —Old Punalu`u Village restoration (see Figure 4-Old Punalu`u Village) 1. Restoration of former Punalu`u Restaurant complex covering about 3.5 acres to accommodate more passive, but educational and recreational types of uses, such as: a. Garden cultivating various types of native plants b. Welcome Center - possible restoration of portions of former restaurant buildings to allow for a space where information about the project and the protocols of being proper stewards of these lands can be shared with visitors. c. Ka`u Center of History and Culture - possible restoration of portions of former restaurant buildings to create a space where the history and culture of Punalu`u can be shared with both visitors and residents through exhibits, information pamphlets, presentations and simple "talk-story". d. Lawn areas for private and community open-air events, sharing of wedding vows, open-air dining e. Clean-up and maintain 62-stall parking lot, which includes bus parking and visitor drop-off area. B. Site 2 —Open Market, Restaurant, and Information Center (see Figure 5-Open Market & Restaurant area) a. Open market on approximately 0.5 acre, currently under development. b. Fish market and seafood restaurant, along with other retail within a 2-1/2 story complex about 8,000 square feet in gross floor area on approximately 0.5 acre of land. Restaurant on second level due to base flood elevation of about 22 feet. On-site parking for about 28 vehicles. C. Site 3 - Colony 2 condominiums (see Figure 6-Colony 2) a. 63 condominium units consisting of 1 and 2-bedroom units on about 4.9 acres of land. Buildings in duplex and 4-plex configurations. b. Gross floor area of units ranging from approximately 760 to 1,500 square feet. c. 2-1/2 story maximum height due to topography and proximity of Colony I. d. 95-stall vehicle parking area. 7 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application D. Site 4 -Village & Wellness Center (see Figure 7-Village Center) a. Project site consists of a total area of about 37.35 acres. b. Village Center— bakery/restaurant, marine eco-center, Ka`u coffee showroom within a complex of one-story structures with a combined gross indoor floor area of about 30,000 square feet with an additional 11,000 square feet of covered outdoor space. c. Wellness Center—about 15,000 square-foot, 2-1/2 story spa and fitness facility, including 130 rental units for overnight stay. i. 80 cottages containing 1, 2 or 3 bedrooms ranging in size from approximately 650 to 1,400 square feet. ii. 50 bungalows containing 3, 4 or 5 bedrooms ranging in size from approximately 2,500 to 3,500 square feet. iii. Total of 250 parking stalls for all units. d. Sports Center— restore existing 4 tennis courts, 4 pickleball courts, 2 sand volleyball courts, pro-shop facilities, gym and swimming pool. e. Amphitheater for outdoor performances and movies, about 1,000 square feet. E. Site 5 -Aspen Center (see Figure 8-Aspen Center) a. restoration of the former 4,650 square-foot Aspen Institute building to its previous use as a conference and educational center, the be referred to as Aspen Center. b. 30 retreat units constructed as individual cabins for the renovation Aspen Center attendees. Each unit will be approximately 1,500 square feet in size. c. all 2-1/2-story structures covering a total area of about 2.73 acres. F. Site 6— Rehabilitation of 18-hole Golf Course and related facilities a. Restoration and minor realignment of existing course. b. Restoration of existing 2,200 square-foot golf clubhouse complex and driving range. Restoration of 6,400 square-foot pro shop, office and cart barn facility. c. Restoration of existing 50-stall parking area. G. Site 7 — Punalu`u Coastline Management Area —approximately 29.52 acres to be dedicated towards conservation and coastal management activities, and set aside in public trust for coastal recreational opportunities, protection of historic resources and cultural practices, protection of sensitive natural resources and coastal processes. This proposed management area will be established upon the coastal lands situated to the west of the County-operated Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park complex. The Applicant has not yet determine the best method towards committing these lands towards preservation, but at the very least, it could be accomplished as a conservation easement, with proper resource management that also takes into account coastal recreational and cultural practices. 8 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application H. Total Development Costs and Timeframes—The proposed project is expected to be developed in phases, with the initial focus on cleanup and repair of dilapidated facilities such as the former Punalu`u Restaurant complex and managing activities at the Black Sand Beach area, including the Open Market and restaurant complex. Development activities will then proceed towards the construction of the Colony 2 condominium complex, then the Village & Wellness Center, rehabilitation of the Aspen Center complex, and finally the restoration of the golf course and clubhouse facilities. Note that distinct phasing of this proposed project is not practical as site assessment, infrastructure service, design and engineering and permitting will all have an effect on timing and the Applicant therefore requests flexibility on the timing of commencing development of the individual project components. Depending on securing the requested SMA Use Permit and the conditions of approval imposed, the Applicant anticipates the following development schedule: o Architectural & Engineering design (A&E) —approximately two (2) years from SMA approval; o Applying and securing necessary construction-related permits (BP) — approximately three (3) years from completion of A&E. o Complete construction approximately five (5) years after BP. Total anticipated cost of the project could range between $200 to $350 million in 2023 dollars. 9 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application o- Z nAll s 0 LU c— Q N fWf^ \ J 0 \ O \ n \ V � \ N � d. �U N 0 w � � ❑ H m 6 O Z ° ° Q Z w d oe a0[ w a Q Z K m 1fl ° U Y O m w m ~ a w E5 Z f U a Z w ? Z O a N o Z m W Z O °' oc w c \ 00 Q z a s oe o z g a f p o z O LL u d z \ O Z w U Q c^ Z Q g a C w w J 0 a O Y ❑ �s o= �� o w a z o N �' ° a " a o U 3 m z U Z Q az � c� x z °z w z Z m 7 Z Z w oe z z Z V Z z Z Z 7 \ z Ln yy� F N �_ z o g �_ a E G w Q w FU >C w? w �i Z �j d ❑ w m w R. 6 E w d w w a K 0000 0 0 0 0000000000 (5(5 0 � Figure 4-Old Punalu`u Village 10 Page 41, - s„ / 40 Arl Ali � 4w O Awl AC LA � r i ri W ,..0 n m a „ A, - //„ed W Ycc le e le / 20 2 ,f a 0.. W VI y a 1 "fimbs9, V�.w q„ PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application \ o- s Z �- 6 �J w o L \ \ • d \ 4 c '' \ �w 0 \ C Z'Q - --mac; `" " r \ • \ LDLU \\0. ---Al - . . - 4 1 w \ r �9 i. Figure 6-Colony 2 12 Page "A Fj UL Z C // f .•�. ... n � ` - ago /�. � ram. •...�"*'.`'r'�T<� ` � w `�� ``\ � s -- — — — -- — — —— --< y r �h Y VY 4 a ".' 4�4 -mm, PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application o- w o W a 14 "� —a—� W LO \ � C t• . :u r h Figure 8-Aspen Center 14 age PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application IV. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE The project site, formerly known as Sea Mountain and Punalu`u, is a collection of 20 individual parcels comprising approximately 434-acres of land that straddles the Mamalahoa Highway (State Highway 11) and is located approximately five (5) miles to the southwest from the town of Pahala and approximately seven (7) miles to the northeast from the town of Na`alehu, as depicted above in Figure 1— Location Map. The elevation of the project site varies from an elevation of about 360 feet at the mauka- most property boundaries to sea level. The Mamalahoa Highway (State Highway 19) bisects the project area at about the 140-foot elevation. Improvements existing within the project site has not significantly changed from that represented in an exhibit within a 1988 Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Punalu`u Resort as shown above in Figure 2 — 1988 FEIS Existing Development. Please note that no "as-built" plans are available to the Applicant when the lands transferred ownership in mid-2000, so much of the repair and maintenance are conducted on a discovery-basis, especially as it pertains to underground utilities, such as water and sewer lines, electrical and communication conduits or during attempts to repair non- structural elements to existing buildings. A. Existing Improvements 1. 18-hole golf course and clubhouse complex • Golf course is not open for formal play, officially closing upon the commencement of the 2018 Kilauea eruption that created hazardous air quality conditions and through intervening years to the present due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The course continues to be minimally maintained and accommodates informal play by residents at the Colony I condominiums. • The golf clubhouse has been closed for many years and is structurally compromised and unsafe. 2. Tennis complex • Existing 4-court complex has not been maintained and considered unsafe for play. Fencing around courts have rusted and is structurally unstable. • Pro-shop complex has deteriorated and considered unsafe and unsanitary and no longer in use. 15 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application 3. Punalu`u Restaurant complex • Restaurant complex was significantly damaged by the 1975 Kalapana earthquake and resulting tsunami. Restaurant was subsequently restored and operated until sometime in the early 1980s, when it once again closed due to the downturn in visitors to the restaurant. 4. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies • Complex no longer used for its intended purpose. Used on an irregular basis for informal gatherings. 5. Colony I condominium complex • Not a part of project site covered by this application as this 76-unit complex has been privately owned since completion of its construction in 1976. However, it is completely supported by the Applicant's existing infrastructural facilities that also supports the remainder of project site. • Condominium complex continues to be well-maintained and significantly occupied. 6. Maintenance Center • Provides office, storage and service functions for the various maintenance activities that occur within the 434-acre project site. Building requires repair of interior walls, plumbing and electrical systems. B. Supporting Infrastructure Roadways • Ninole Loop Road: A privately-owned and maintained two-lane roadway, provides the primary access into that portion of the project site located makai of the highway. Also provides primary utility corridor for water, wastewater, electrical and communication systems. Water • Water system: Privately-owned and maintained, currently provides potable water service to the entire project site. System consists of two (2) wells located immediately makai of the highway along with a booster pump station that feeds an existing 1.0 million gallon (mg) concrete reservoir located above the highway. One of these wells has not been operational for decades, and Applicant is undertaking efforts to investigate the problem with the hopes of returning this well into service. The operational well has a pump capacity of 1.08 million gallons per day (mgd) and when the pump for the second well is replaced, it will have similar capacity. • The system serves 12 individual homes in the Kalana 1 Estates mauka of Mamalahoa Highway and 76 condominiums in Colony 1. The water system also serves the golf 16 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application course via an 8-inch line that provides water to the four golf course irrigation ponds, the wastewater treatment plant (for the restrooms, water fountains, emergency eyewash, etc.), the County of Hawaii's Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park, three houses near the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park, and an adjacent ranching operation located near the 1.0 MG reservoir (water meter for the ranch is located adjacent to the 14th hole). There is a 2-inch connection to the existing water main that provides water to the restroom by Hole No. 5. Fire suppression systems • There are 18 existing fire hydrants, 7 of which are not operational and requiring repairs. Irrigation system is primarily situated throughout the fairways and greens located within the existing 18-hole golf course. The extent of the irrigation system is not known due to the absence of as-built plans. The fire flow requirement is 2,000 gallons per minute (gpm) for a duration of 2 hours, and the existing system is able to support this requirement. Wastewater • Privately-owned and maintained, the existing wastewater collection system is comprised of sewers, force mains, and two pump stations designed to transport wastewater flows to a centralized wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) located near the western boundary of the project area above Colony I. • Existing sewers are comprised mainly of 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch lines along Alahiki Road and Ninole Loop Road. This trunk sewer conveys wastewater from the existing Kalana 1 subdivision on the mauka side of the Mamalahoa Highway and the existing Colony 1 condominiums to a pump station located near the entrance to the golf clubhouse. Collected wastewater is then pumped through a 6-inch force main to the WWTP. • The existing WWTP was constructed in 1972 with a design capacity of 100,000 gallons per day (gpd). Historical flow records indicate that the daily processed flow is approximately 10,000 gpd. Effluent is tested monthly in accordance with State Department of Health (DOH) standards and has consistently complied with its effluent limits. From the WWTP, treated wastewater flows to a sedimentation tank for solids settling. Effluent from the sedimentation tank is then pumped to one of two onsite infiltration basins for subsurface disposal. The infiltration basins are alternated monthly. 17 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application C. Existing Operational and Maintenance Activities As mentioned earlier, the Applicant has undertaken the repair and maintenance of various dilapidated facilities and infrastructural systems throughout the project site. SMA Minor Use Permit (PL-SMM-2022-000015) was issued by the Planning Department on March 9, 2022 to allow the Applicant to proceed with these maintenance and repair activities, as described in further detail below. (see Exhibit A— PL-SMM-2022-000015) 1. On-going repair and maintenance activities Steps are being taken by the landowner, and in some instances with the assistance of community manpower, to repair and maintain long-neglected infrastructure, facilities and landscapes that include the following activities: a. Infrastructure Repair and Maintenance i. repair and on-going maintenance of existing sewer lines. No expansion of the existing sewer system or the wastewater treatment plant is proposed. ii. repairs to, and on-going maintenance of 16 existing fire hydrants located throughout project site. iii. repairs to, and on-going maintenance of existing private potable water lines that service all of Punalu`u and private lands within and mauka of State Highway 11. Repairs needed to an existing private water well, one of two servicing the project site. Maintenance and needed repairs to pump station or storage systems are proposed. iv. repairs to, and on-going maintenance of existing private roadway system, including clearing of encroaching vegetation, shoulder and pavement repair, streetlight repair, etc. V. repairs to, and on-going maintenance of existing irrigation system located throughout project site, including the existing irrigation pond. No expansion or reconfiguration of this system is proposed. b. Area in vicinity of former Punalu'u Restaurant complex i. restaurant complex destroyed by the 1975 tsunami that impacted Halape and Punalu`u. ii. primarily hand-clearing of undergrowth of invasive plant species beneath existing tree canopy. Use of machines limited to grind down of undergrowth into chips when necessary for larger undergrowth. No grubbing of area or any land alteration activities to occur within 20 feet of Kawaihuokauila Pond. iii. removing broken building materials associated with the continuing deterioration of the restaurant complex as well as litter left behind from people who have visited the site. iv. demolition of building components that are deemed structurally unsafe. 18 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application V. Kawaihuokauila Pond and its immediate area extending 20 feet from its perimeter will not be touched except for removal of litter or building remnants as needed. Lands makai of Kawaihuokauila Pond will also not be touched. c. Former tennis court complex located across from Colony I condominiums i. repair of existing tennis pro shop and tennis courts to its former operational condition. No expansion of facilities. Replacement of dilapidated roofing, siding, flooring, walls and interior and exterior lighting and plumbing fixtures as needed. ii. cleaning and resurfacing of existing tennis courts. iii. replacement of tennis court fencing. iv. approved by SMA Use Permit No. 11 in 1976. Repairs will be limited to the original scope as approved under this SMA permit. d. Continued maintenance of golf course and clubhouse parking lot i. on-going maintenance of existing golf course through mowing of fairways and maintenance of associated landscaping that line the fairways and greens. ii. continued maintenance of existing golf course clubhouse parking lot by removing overgrowth of adjoining vegetation and, as needed, repair to existing parking lot pavement. e. Repair to existing Maintenance Facility i. repair to weather- and rat-damaged building components, no change in function or existing dimensions. Basically like-for-like replacement, as needed, of exterior walls and roof as well as interior walls and fixtures along with as-needed replacement of electrical and plumbing systems. f. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies i. approved by SMA Use Permit No. 7 in 1976 with building completed in 1977. ii. as-needed repairs to existing building due to neglect. No alteration to existing structure is anticipated. Use of this facility has not been determined at this time. Repairs are simply to preserve the structural integrity of the overall structure until use of this facility is determined. iii. Removal of overgrown vegetation from within property. g. General landscape maintenance i. mowing and machine or hand-grubbing of existing golf course fairways, greens and its immediate perimeter which formally closed as recently as early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and largely ceased operations due to hazardous air quality conditions associated with the 2018 Kilauea eruption. Occasional golfers from the Colony I condominiums still used the 19 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application golf course as a casual form of personal exercise, so ownership has been providing limited maintenance of the golf course for limited casual play. ii. machine mowing and grubbing of excessively overgrown vegetation, primarily undergrowth, throughout those portions of project site currently accommodating existing facilities or utilities that has become unsightly or hazardous, such as maintaining existing landscaped areas, trimming of trees overhanging existing parking areas, etc. Large trees will not be removed, although it may be selectively trimmed. iii. Areas within the State Land Use Conservation District is not a part of this application and the Applicant will not be conducting any activities, repair or maintenance, to any existing facilities or to the existing landscape situated within the Conservation District. iv. Establish fire break and compost site for project area maintenance of vegetation, approved though issuance of PL-SMM-2023-000050 (see Exhibit B— PL-SMM-2023-000050). h. Open Market area i. Clearing of approximately 0.5-acre of land has commenced to prepare the land for the proposed open market complex. Heavy invasive vegetative undergrowth has been removed, with all larger canopy trees preserved. ii. Renovation of an existing 103-year old single family dwelling that was the home of long-time Punalu`u resident and Kupuna, Jeanette "Tutu" Howard, who recently passed away. Both activities were approved through the issuance of PL-SMM-2023-000050. Summary All of the operational and maintenance activities described above should have been on-going practices over decades in order to properly maintain the existing facilities systems and landscape within Punalu`u. Years of neglect has placed the current landowner in an extreme position of"catch-up". The Applicant is aware of areas of special concern, such as the shoreline areas and archaeological features. The focus of these repair and maintenance activities are in areas previously altered and developed as part of the Sea Mountain at Punalu`u operations, and which will specifically avoid that portion of the Project Site situated within the State Land Use Conservation District. The Applicant is also aware of the location of archaeological features and sensitive areas as noted in the surveys conducted as part of the 1988 EIS for the Punalu`u Resort and updated surveys made a part of this application, and have been in discussions with kupuna who have kuleana for these lands to ensure that these known archaeological features will continue to be maintained and preserved and not impacted by any of the proposed repair and maintenance activities. 20 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application IV. HISTORY OF MODERN PUNALU`U The following provides a brief chronological discussion regarding modern land use history of the project site from 1968 to the present: 1968-1972: C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. undertakes the development of the Sea Mountain 18-hole golf course community, which included the Colony I condominium project, Kalana I single-family residential subdivision, the Aspen Institute Center for Humanistic Studies, the Black Sands Restaurant and the Ka`u Center for History and Culture. 1973 to 1975: The Punalu`u Village Restaurant began lunch service in the late spring or early summer of 1973, becoming the first of the Sea Mountain Resort accommodations to open. Shortly thereafter, construction also began on the Colony I condominiums. Phase I construction of the Colony I condominiums and the then-named Ninole Sea Village Golf Course were completed in 1974. At this point, bulldozers had removed nearly eighty percent of the archaeological sites documented by Barrera and Hommon (1972) from the Ninole-Wailau landscape (Tuchin et al. 2006). In early November of 1975, work had begun on the Aspen Institute Seminar Center. November 29, 1975: A locally generated tsunami, caused by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake, swept the coast of Ka`u and caused substantial damage to the coastal portion of the project site and to several structures located adjacent to Punalu`u Bay. The Punalu'u Village Restaurant complex was completely gutted and seven homes behind the beach were completely washed off their foundations. Two of the three County pavilions at the Punalu`u Beach Park were completely destroyed, and a lei stand was washed away. The basement of the golf club house was also filled with water and the golf carts were flooded. Following the tsunami and the completion of the Aspen Institute in 1975, development within the Punalu`u resort area stalled out. 1986 to 1988: It wasn't until 1986, following the devastating effects of the tsunami, that C. Brewer began to seek entitlements for additional development within the Punalu`u Resort property using a revised version of the original plans. As part of this revised development concept, C. Brewer sought to build a "Village Hotel" on the bluff overlooking the ocean and coastal plain, an additional 740 to 1,035 hotel/condominium units on approximately 48 acres, two new golf holes located on the coastal plain, and a new vehicular access road and parking area on the east side of Ninole Cove to provide vehicular access to the shoreline on the west side of the resort property. As a first step in the project, C. Brewer sought permitting to begin construction on a 500 to 600 room hotel, additional tennis courts, resort support facilities and amenities, restoration of Ninole Cove, expansion and enhancement of the existing beach park, and development of the "Punalu`u Village", a mixed use, low rise, commercial and multi-family facility with 330 to 500 residential units and 65,000 square feet of commercial space. A Final Environmental Impact Statement (PBR, April 1988) was prepared in support of C. Brewer efforts to rezone the project site to 211 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application accommodate this revised master plan concept. In 1988, C. Brewer attained the desired rezoning and final approval for the EIS, which noted that "most of the project area [at least 90%] has already been mechanically cleared, or altered by floods and tsunamis" (in Tulchin et al. 2006:44). 1989: Citing the need for more money to pay for resort expansions, C. Brewer sold the project site in the summer of 1989 to Punalu`u Development Inc. (PDI), a subsidiary of the Japanese firm Sekitei Kaihatsu Co. (name later changed to Sazale Corp.). Punalu`u Development Inc. pledged to continue with the resort expansion plans proposed by C. Brewer, but on a much smaller scale. The initial phase of development was to include a small hotel, an improved golf course with an enlarged clubhouse, and a shopping complex. This initial phase would be followed by a second phase to be developed in 10 years' time and a third phase to be completed in 15 to 20 years' time. 1990 to 2006: In 1990, Sazale's management company, Haseko (Hawaii) Inc., sought a special management area permit to renew resort development at Punalu`u. Due to a change in the Ninole Cove shoreline, the issuance of the permit stalled. Ninole Cove, historically a fishpond and in more recent times a swimming spot until the tsunami of 1975, was filled in with gravel during a series of storms between 1978 and 1982. The filling in of the cove began with the tsunami, but after the series of storms, the cove and shoreline completely changed and became unusable as a pond for recreation. The Sazale Corp. also entered into negotiations for purchasing a three-quarter mile long remnant of the Old Government Beach Road/trail along the shore of Punalu`u. C. Brewer had originally purchased the Old Government Beach Road/trail from the State in 1986, and had included it in the sale to the Sazale Corp., but this sale/purchase was overturned because it was determined that the County of Hawaii owned the road, not the State, and therefore the State could not legally sell it. The section of the road in question, which extends between Ninole Cove and the Punalu'u black sand beach, was used by fishermen to access the cove, beach, and other fishing spots. On February 26, 1992, the Sazale Corp. received a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit (SMA 329), but they never broke ground on any of their proposed development actions, citing the need to raise funds to pay the company's debts. An appeal was filed in the Third Circuit Court by Punalu`u Preservation Inc., a Hawaii nonprofit corporation; Margaret McGuire; and Palikapu Dedman against Phillip Michael Luce, in his capacity as the Chairman of the Planning Commission of the County of Hawaii; and Punalu`u Development Inc.. While the case was being processed through the courts, the collapse of the bubble economy of Japan began. As a result of the collapsing economy in its home base and the resulting financial difficulties in its core business, the Sazale Group needed to divest itself of some of its overseas assets and placed the property for sale in 1994. 221 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application SM Investments, a limited partnership formed by Robert Iwamoto of Robert's Hawaii travel company and Clyde Kaneshiro of Honolulu Disposal Service, purchased the property in 1994. After purchasing the property, SM Investments did not proceed with the development envisioned in the SMA approval. In the meantime, SM Investments did not actively seek to resolve the contested case that was before the Third Circuit. Two years after the purchase, in 1996, the SMA permit obtained by Sazale Corp. was voided and sent back to the County Planning Commission for a contested case hearing, and SM Investment committed to doing a new shoreline survey. Between the years 1996 and 2005, under the ownership of SM Investment, the resort grounds and golf course were maintained, but no new development was undertaken. However, renewed interest in developing the property, spearheaded by the developer group Sea Mountain Five LLC., who was in negotiations with SM Investment to purchase the property, initiated another attempt at obtaining an SMA permit for proposed development activities, and resulted in the preparation of a new EIS (Group 70 International 2006). At that time, Sea Mountain Five, LLC was proposing to develop up to 1,523 residential units, up to 300 hotel units on one or two hotel sites, a championship 18-hole golf course, cultural/marine center, upgraded wastewater treatment facility, water reservoir, and other supporting infrastructure. The time required to receive the SMA permit took longer than expected and when the deadline for Sea Mountain Five, LLC to purchase the property from SM Investment expired in 2008, the sale fell through and none of the proposed development occurred. 2006 to 2020: In 2006, at the request of Group 70 International, Inc., Cultural Surveys Hawaii Inc. (CSH) conducted an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) of approximately 430- acres at the Punalu`u Resort (Tulchin et al. 2006) that included lands mauka and makai of the highway. The AIS was conducted in support of the Draft EIS being prepared for the proposed expansion of the resort facilities, and the application for a new SMA permit on behalf of Sea Mountain Five, LLC. The 2006 Draft EIS accompanies this application for reference. The AIS survey included the current project area as well as the Barrera and Hommon (1972), and Crozier and Barrera (1974) project areas and encompassed roughly the same area as the Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986) reconnaissance survey. CSH concurred with PHRI, that 90% of the resort area had been mechanically cleared or altered by floods and tsunami (Tulchin et al. 2006). By the time of the Tulchin et al. (2006) survey, more 100 cultural sites had been destroyed in the coastal portion of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a, and none of the mitigation recommendations presented in any of the earlier archaeological studies had been followed through on. 231 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application 2020 to Present: Project site purchased by Black Sands LLC in 2020. To date, the Applicant has undertaken efforts to repair the existing infrastructural systems (roads, water, fire suppression, sewer and electrical systems), remove hazardous conditions at the former Punalu`u Restaurant site and former golf clubhouse and tennis pro shop facilities. The Applicant has continued to maintain the existing golf course and begin construction of the open market site near the former Punalu`u restaurant complex as well as pursuing the installation of fire break(s) to protect existing assets from the frequent brush fires that occur within the area. V. LAND USE AND REGULATORY HISTORY Much of what currently exists within the project site and formerly known as Sea Mountain at Punalu`u was developed by C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. between the late 1960s to late 1970s, and included the 18-hole golf course and clubhouse facilities, the Colony I condominium, Kalana 1 residential subdivision, the Aspen Institute Center for Humanistic Studies, the Black Sands Restaurant and the Ka`u Center for History and Culture. A. State Land Use The State Land Use Commission, at its meeting held on November 20, 1969, redesignated lands within the project site from Agricultural (light green) and Conservation (light blue) Districts to the Urban (pink) District via Docket A69-224, with the exception of those areas within 150 feet from the shoreline that remained in Conservation and certain kuleana as shown in Figure 9—State Land Use District Boundaries. All proposed improvements will occur on Urban-designated lands. No improvements are proposed within the entire shoreline frontage of the project site that is situated within the State Land Use Conservation District. Since portions of the shoreline frontage of the project site is also used by the County as part of the Black Sand Beach Park complex, facility and ground maintenance by County work crews continue on a daily basis. 24 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application AGRICULTURAL URBAN CONSERVATION URBAN AGRICULTURAL v � CONSERVATION ri Figure 9—State Land Use Boundaries B. General Plan The Project Site is designated as a Minor Resort Area by the General Plan, a designation that designates this area as accommodating no more than 500 visitor units and providing both active and passive recreational opportunities commensurate with the scale of development. As shown in Figure 10—General Plan LUPAG Map above, the Project Site host a series of designations ranging from Low Density Urban (Idu), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Resort (res) and Open (0). The proposed activities and improvements presented within this application is not entirely consistent with the land use pattern expressed by the General Plan, but is aligned with its designation as a minor resort area and the current zoning pattern as discussed further below. 25 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application MEDIUM DENSITY URBAN mdu J yaw DENSITY du i con Figure 10—General Plan LUPAG Map C. Ka`u Community Development Plan (KCDP) The KCDP explains that "Complete, sustainable, vibrant communities do three fundamental things. First, they protect the public trust—the natural and cultural resources that are fundamental to community character and a strong community and local economy. Second, they provide public facilities and services to residents and businesses. And third, they grow local businesses that provide goods, services, and jobs. The Ka`u Community Development Plan serves as a road map to achieve those three ends." The significance of the Project Site was highlighted when the KCDP stated that "A large number of CDP objectives and strategies intersect at Punalu'u, which has a rich ecological, historical, and cultural legacy and is dear to the hearts of most residents. The CDP outlines a community-driven, collaborative process for planning the future of Punalu'u." 26 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application Accomplishing the many community objectives detailed within the KCDP are directed through policy intent and controls, which are then turned into specific actions, that are designed to protect coastal and scenic areas, sensitive ecosystems, cultural resources, and public access, among others. These policy intent and controls, as highlighted below, provides the framework around the Applicant's support of a community-based planning and methodical approach towards rehabilitating the project site. Policy Intent • Policy 23 - Protect the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made improvements and structures. • Policy 24 - Maintain the shoreline for recreational, cultural, education, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. • Policy 25 - Protect and conserve forest and coastal areas with native wildlife, natural ecosystems, and wilderness. • Policy 53 - Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of open space, areas endowed with natural and scenic beauty, and public views to and along the shoreline. • Policy 54 - Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed, considering structural setbacks from major thoroughfares and highways to protect view plans. • Policy 55 - Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty • Policy 62 - Protect, preserve, and effectively manage forests, watersheds, shoreline areas, natural areas, and rare or endangered species and their habitats • Policy 69 - Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. • Policy 70 - Protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights 27 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application • Policy 79 - Ensure appropriate public access to the shoreline, public trails, hunting areas, scenic places and vistas, and significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest. Additionally, ensure access for cultural practitioners • Policy 88 - Establish the Punalu`u-Ninole Springs region as a recreation area Policy Controls • Policy 1 - Rehabilitate and develop within existing zoned urban areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered development • Policy 5 - Rehabilitate and optimize the utilization of designated resort areas that are presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities and before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas. • Policy 6 -The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development should complement the character of the area; protect the environment and natural beauty; respect existing lifestyles, cultural practices, and cultural resources; provide shoreline public access; and provide affordable housing to meet demand created by the development • Policy 12 - Outstanding natural or cultural features, such as scenic spots, water courses, fine groves of trees, heiaus, and historical sites and structures, shall be preserved during subdivision Community Actions • Community Action 29 - Develop and implement plans for Punalu`u. D. Zoning The project site has experienced a number of zoning district amendments over many decades, primarily through the efforts of C. Brewer Properties, Ltd., that culminated with the adoption of the 1988 zoning district amendment via Ordinance No. 88-121. A 1998 Final Environmental Impact Statement prepared in support of a General Plan amendment of lands within the mauka section of the project site envisioned a resort community consisting of up to 1,035 hotel and condominium units, 1,870 multiple family residential units, 78 single family residential lots, and 23 acres of commercial activities. The existing zoning within the project site is detailed in Figure 11—Zone District Boundaries. 281 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application All project elements within the proposed Punalu'u Village development concept will be situated within the existing Resort (V-1.5), Village Commercial (CV-10), and Multiple- Family Residential (RM-2/11M-1.5) zoning districts. The rehabilitation of the existing golf course and related facilities will occur within the Open (0) zoning district. RS-15 \ l CV-10 RM i I CVld Figure 11 —Zone District Boundaries The next figure (Figure 12 —Zoning Overlay), depicts the various zone district boundaries overlaid onto an aerial image of the overall project site, with the proposed Village and Wellness Center project boundaries depicted. 29 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application \ a m o- \ a � N G v Z O— w W O w Z � o O LU J a N \ J LU O \ Z Z Ell \ x3 C d3� H E E,P6 in 88 a�or��voY�s�a Figure 12—Zoning Overlay --------------------- 30 age PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application E. Special Management Area The area within the Project Site situated makai of the Mamalahoa Highway is located within the County's SMA. The following page is a compilation of existing facilities and associated SMA-related permits approved since the early 1970s to the present. PROJECT AREA APPROVALS APPROVED USES STATUS COLONY I 76-unit condominium Complex completed in 1976,still (TMK:9-5-019:032) complex operational COLONY II SMA 140 74-unit condo,2-stories Phase I completion due 8/21/82 (TMK:9-5-019:031) (8/21/1980) in height,to be Phase 11 completion due 8/21/84 constructed in 2 phases Project never commenced TENNIS CENTER COMPLEX SMA 11 Tennis center complex Construction of complex completed. (6/24/1976) with 4 courts,pro shop, Currently abandoned convenience store, parking GOLF CLUBHOUSE SMA 143 Enclose lanai of golf Completion required no later than GOLF COURSE (10/14/1980) clubhouse 10/14/1983. Status is unknown BLACK SAND BEACH Restaurant use RPT records show restaurant complex RESTAURANT consistent with zoning. completed in 1973 PUNALUU RESORT SMA 329 Renovate golf course, SMA 329 vacated by the Third Circuit RENOVATION (2/26/1992) 100-room hotel, Court in 1998,remanding process tennis/spa facilities, back to Planning Commission. commercial center,120 Request to amend final plan approval unit residential, deadline withdrawn on 6/18/1999 infrastructure ASPEN INSTITUTE FOR SMA 7 Facilities supporting a BP issued (761819)with complex HUMANISTIC STUDIES (4/23/1976) non-profit organization completed in 1977 per RPT records GROUNDSKEEPER STORAGE SMA Minor 4 560 sf building to Completed and in use BUILDING (3/3/1994) support Colony I (TMK:9-5-019:032) condominium complex CRM RETAINING WALL SMA Minor 500-foot long,16-foot BP issued(BK2015-00358)and (TMK:9-5-019:032) 15-324 high retaining wall completed 12/2015 (1/28/2015) within Colony I condominium complex LAND MANAGEMENT, SMA Minor Repairs,maintenance On-going FACILITY AND PL-2022- and land and resource INFRASTRUCTURE REPAIRS 000015 management activities (3/9/2022) FARMERS'MARKET, SMA Minor Open market,renovate On-going RESTORE SINGLE-FAMILY PL-2023- home for residential DWELLING&FIRE BREAKS 000050 use,create fire break (10/4/2023) and composting site 31 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application F. Sea Level Rise The Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report ("report") provides the first state-wide assessment of Hawaii's vulnerability to sea level rise and offered recommendations to reduce the exposure and sensitivity to sea level rise and increase the State's capacity to adapt. The report assessed the best available science on climate change and sea level rise and provides recommendations based on emerging good practices. One such practice is that the magnitude and rate of sea level rise warrants planning for 3.2 feet of sea level rise by 2100. The Sea Level Rise Exposure Area (SLR-XA) shows that the coastal portions of the Project Site will be vulnerable to 3.2 feet of sea level rise, as depicted in Figure 13 - Sea Level Rise Exposure Area at 3.2 feet. 0 a., pax .� OniEPOVEAInvs TIWTOOS Figure 13—Sea Level Rise Exposure Area at 3.2 feet No new development or land alteration activities are proposed within that portion of the project site situated along the makai extent of the Ninole Loop Road and Ninole Cove Place rights-of-way, both of which are situated far beyond the extent of the anticipated effects of sea level rise within the next 75 years. The only existing facility that will be impacted by sea level rise is probably portions of the former Punalu`u Restaurant complex. The Applicant will like to explore the possibility of repurposing the 32 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application abandoned restaurant hale and service facilities for passive activities, such as a welcome center, learning center and open area activities such as luaus. But the Applicant is also aware of the difficult regulatory implications of multi-jurisdictional oversight regarding any attempt to clean, restore and rehabilitate this former restaurant area and pond. Therefore, the limited activities proposed within the vicinity of Kawaihuokauila Pond should not be directly affected by hazards associated with sea level rise as the Applicant will not introduce new facilities in this sensitive area. VI. PROJECT SITE RESOURCES 1. Cultural Resources Kupuna and residents have frequently referred to the project site as the "piko" (naval, umbilical cord) of Ka`u. Cultural remains, such as heiau, burials and enclosures; and natural resources such as ponds, turtle nesting area and the black sand beach are just some of the features that make this place so special. The project site stretches across the ahupua`a of Ninole, Wailau and Punalu`u, where a few dozen kuleana lands were awarded to families who lived, worked and died here. The activities and improvements proposed in this application will not affect lands where cultural sites or features have been identified as it will be concentrated in areas previously disturbed or already improved as existing facilities. A Cultural Assessment (CIA) was conducted by Kaimipono Consulting in 2006 to compliment the 2006 Draft EIS for the Sea Mountain at Punalu`u project. In summary, the assessment identified important cultural places and practices present within the project site to include: 1. Stone cultural remains (i.e., heiau, burials, ahu, caves, platforms, mounds, walls, and enclosures) 2. Petroglyphs and trail segments 3. Fish pond 4. Marine resources important to Hawaiian practitioners (fishing and gathering) 5. Black sand beach The assessment stated that "Fortunately, some of the heiau, shrines, house sites, caves, lava tubes and burials survived the battles of opposing chiefs, the destruction of the temples by the Liholiho-Ka`ahumanu regime, the missionaries, the sandalwood industry,free-roaming cattle and horses, and the sugar industry. Urban development has been slow in coming to the district of Ka'a, however the lands of Punalu`u, Wailau and Ninole have been modified by activity associated with past 33 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application developments. There has been some loss of traditional lands and resources and destruction of archaeological and historical sites and features. Past developments in the area have also disturbed some burials." The proposed activities and facilities, which are very limited in scope given its location within a former resort community, are specifically intended to avoid any significant adverse impacts upon these important cultural resources. An update to the 2006 CIA was prepared by Kaimipono Consulting in April 2023 (see Exhibit C— Cultural Impact Assessment Update). The CIA Update was conducted between the months of January 2023 through April 2023 and consisted of archival review of the 2006 CIA, the review of the 2023 archaeology report and conduct a current ethnographic survey (oral history zoom interviews and in-person interviews). The 2006 Oral History was included in the CIA Update as these kupuna were directly connected to these Punalu`u lands have since passed on, yet their mana`o is still significant and relevant. The seven individuals interviewed as part of the ethnographic study, all of whom have connections with Punalu`u, expressed opinion that primarily differed around the issue of protecting cultural resources and practices in Punalu`u by limiting development versus welcoming development to provide better economic opportunities for the people of the Ka`u district. Several cultural resources were identified in the archival literature, the archaeology reports and by some of the individuals interviewed. They include heiau (Lanipao, Ka`ie`ie, Mokini and nearby Punalu`u Nui, Kohaikalani, Imakakoloa) and ko`a shrines, multiple locations where there are known burials (pre-historic and early historic), a historic cemetery associated with a historic church, petroglyph areas, `lli`ili Hanau o Koloa, moemoe pohaku, areas inhabited by legendary entities such as the rain god Kumauna, the mo`o gods Kawale and Pihau, Kaualehu Cave and several identified archaeological sites and complexes including platforms, rock enclosures, rock walls, and hale foundations. Ali`i nui from the area included Kalani-nui-i-a- mamao, father of Kalani`opu`u, Kiwala`o and Keoua Kuahuula, sons of Kalani`opu`u who were affiliated with the project lands; and other Hawaii ruling chiefs, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa, Keawe, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapa`i nui and Kamehameha I. A kahuna known to be from the project area and said to be a relative of Keoua, was Kahoapuahi. Significant historic people of the project lands in historic times would have been the konohiki Komaia (Ninole), Nakahuna (Punalu`u) and Mahoe (Punalu`u); and Henry `Opukaha`ia who was born in Ninole. Other cultural land resources include plants such as coconut, kukui, noni, tea plants, hau, hala, various medicine (undisclosed) plants, lei flower and seeds. One of the 34 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application major cultural resources of the Punalu`u area is the ocean and the bays, coves and coastal areas as they provide for the continued cultural practices of fishing (several methods) and gathering limu, pa`akai, `opihi, ha`uke`uke and vanna. From the Volcano area to South Point, Punalu`u is the only viable/accessible beach for the residents from Pahala to Na`alehu. Continued access to the beach, ocean and coastal zone is paramount. Many of the cultural practices today continue to include marine and land resources. Aside from fishing and gathering practices, the ocean is a place that hi`uwai (pikai and kapukapukai) is practiced, where the rising sun is greeted with oli, and where the salt is gathered for blessings, healing and food. Cultural practices in Punalu`u today continue to honor Pele, Kanaloa, Ku, Kane, Lono, Laka, `Aumakua, Kawale mo`o wahine and Pihau mo`o kane with pule, oli, and ceremony. According to some of the individuals interviewed, their ancestral beliefs continue to guide them. The ancestors, the `iwi kupuna (burials) are also honored, remembered and respected by protecting them and fighting for their right to lay in peace and aloha. The heiau and shrines are respected by caring for them, giving ho`okupu, and other cultural protocol and ceremony. The gathering of medicinal plants, lei, food and craft plants are still practiced today. As stated in the 2006 CIA, the entire Punalu`u area (Punalu`u, Ninole, Hama, Wailau and Hilea) still has an abundance of cultural resources in spite of prior plantation and resort activities simply because the people of this area continue to practice these cultural traditions. And despite the vegetation overgrowth and dilapidated former resort structures, the area continues to be utilized by locals and visitors alike. The proposed development will likely impact some cultural resources during and after construction, such as sub-surface structures, midden, artifacts or unmarked re- burials. This could be mitigated with a cultural monitor and archaeologist present for any subsurface activity as well as surface activity. The construction phase may temporarily limit access to cultural resources and places of cultural practices. But a major concern are the burials, the `iwi kupuna, both known areas and unknown areas. The proposed development area was once a thriving fishing village and later in the mid-1800s lands were awarded to konohiki, maka`ainana and government (kuleana and grant lands). This indicates that people lived here, had homes (hale/kau hale) and buried `ohana where they resided. Status burial areas included cliff areas, cinder cones, and heiau. The beach area was also another common burial place. According to current kuleana land owners, the front and back of their kuleana land has a number of burials. According to kupuna testimony, burials were paved over to construct the road (portion of Ninole Loop Road) in front of the pavilions. According to several archaeology reports, burials and cultural sites were disturbed by former resort grading activity. The cinder cone was quarried, and burials were exposed according to kupuna. The question is where were all of the displaced 351Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application bones, the `iwi kupuna, taken? The kupuna do not know. Therefore, any construction disturbance could expose inadvertent burials or re-burials. Preservation and Burial Treatment plans are recommended to properly care for identified archaeological features recommended for preservation. In addition, the CIA Update recommended that mitigation should include a walk-through of kupuna/cultural practitioners, kuleana land owners, the archaeologist and the development planners to record all the burial areas that are not recorded in the archaeology report or Master Plan. An advisory group made up of primarily kupuna knowledgeable of the area, kuleana owners and other Punalu`u land owners, should be formed to advise planners of cultural protocol, sensitive areas, and cultural resources (burials, medicine, food and craft plants, and other cultural resources). Before any future construction is started an additional Burial Treatment Plan for inadvertent burials or re-burials is recommended that includes cultural protocols (i.e. re-wrapping `iwi kupuna, ceremony, etc.) as well as State and County regulations. Any construction ground activity should include a cultural monitor as well as an archaeologist. Individual representatives of the landowner have collectively spent many months living within the project site and meeting with kupuna, area residents, practitioners and various community organizations, all of whom have shared about the specialness of these lands that extend beyond the boundaries of the project site. Living within the project site and interacting with these people and organizations provides a level of understanding about the cultural importance of these lands that far exceed any written assessment or report. When you see and touch something, you can better appreciate its significance. When you listen to the stories, you have a better understanding of why it is so important. 2. Archaeology A draft 2005 archaeological inventory survey (AIS) of the entire project site by Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc., which was made a part of the 2006 Draft EIS for the Sea Mountain at Punalu`u project prepared by Group 70 International Inc., found a total of 34 historic properties comprising over 125 archaeological features. Of these 34 sites, 14 were considered pre-contact sites including 5 burials, 2 habitation sites, 2 rock art (petroglyph) sites, 1 heiau, 1 agricultural site, and 2 site of indeterminate function (see Figure 14—Archaeology Overlay) However, as the Sea Mountain project never proceeded, required revisions to the draft 2005 AIS were never completed and the report was never finalized or accepted by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD). 36 Page PU N A[U°U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application � k t \ \ k -a 0 % \ 2 7 ! 13 ! / ! \ x \ z ; \ x \ V \ � � \ \ 0 - \ x x � 2 � � \ � � \x � \x - � ` \ + , - \ \ \ \ \ \ \ x \ \ \ \ \ x \ \ \ \ \ \ \ � % \ , \ \ \ \ \ � - --- - �- \/eeeie#�E\\2 y Figure 14-Archaeology overlay ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 | Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application The Applicant subsequently undertook an update to the 2005 draft AIS with "An Addendum Archeological Inventory Survey for the Roughly 430-acre Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Property" dated March 2023 and prepared by ASM affiliates (see Exhibit D). In summary, the report addendum survey concludes that the proposed development and redevelopment activities will occur within previously disturbed portions of the project site and will avoid direct impacts to any of the previously identified historic properties. Fieldwork conducted involved a visual inspection of the five development sites discussed in Section III — Protect Description. The existing golf course, comprising roughly 100 acres of the roughly 142-acre area of direct impacts for the proposed project, was not surveyed as part of the recent fieldwork. Of the 34 historic sites identified in the draft 2005 survey, 3 sites were not located within the five Development Site area and therefore not closely inspected. One site (SHPD# 50-10-68-04330), an historic animal pen/enclosure, was apparently destroyed in 2016 by land clearing activities. The remaining 30 historic sites were inspected with updated condition assessment and all are recommended for preservation. A preservation plan will be prepared for 26 sites and a burial treatment plan will be prepared for the remaining 4 sites. Archaeological monitoring will be conducted during any ground disturbing activities within the five Development Sites. 3. Coastal Resources The coastal areas fronting the project site will not be subject to any activities described within this application due its location within the State Land Use Conservation District, which runs at a maximum depth of approximately 150 feet from the shoreline. Therefore, coastal resources such as the black sand beach and the three (3) coastal ponds will not be impacted by proposed activities. One pond,just mauka of Punalu`u Bay and known as "Kawaihuokauila Pond", will not be altered or maintained as part of this application due to the complexities of permitting and planning that will be required prior to commencing with such pond restoration activities. The Applicant will continue to explore future opportunities in possibly restoring this pond in consultation with the community and applicable government agencies. As mentioned in the CIA Update, one of the major cultural resources of the Punalu`u area is the ocean and the bays, coves and coastal areas as they provide for the continued cultural practices of fishing (several methods) and gathering limu, pa`akai, `opihi, ha`uke`uke and vanna. From the Volcano area to South Point, Punalu`u is the 38 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application only viable/accessible beach for the residents from Pahala to N5'51ehu. Continued access to the beach, ocean and coastal zone is paramount. To demonstrate the Applicant's commitment towards the protection of coastal resources, approximately 29.52 acres of land along the coastal of the project site extending from Ninole Cove to the Punalu`u Black Sands Beach Park will be encumbered by a conservation easement. This stretch of coastline is well-known for its abundance of marine resources, as well as for its recreational value due to the gorgeous black sand beach and fishing and diving opportunities. These waters and are frequented by the endangered green sea and hawksbill turtles, as well as migratory and native sea birds and other forms of coastal wildlife. 4. Flood Zones The coastal portions of the project site are impacted by flood waters, as shown on Figure 15 —State Flood Hazard Assessment Tool. Shoreline areas are impacted by coastal flooding as well as an area in the vicinity of Ninole Cove. No permanent structures or activities are being proposed as part of this application within areas impacted by coastal flooding, aside from the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park that is operated and maintained by the County of Hawaii. .y 17_ i f I Figure 15 —State Flood Hazard Assessment Tool 39 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application 5. Flora and Faunal Resources The Applicant commissioned a 'Botanical Survey and Vertebrate Fauna Assessment Update" dated April 2022 prepared by Geometrician Associates, LLC (see Exhibit E), which is intended to update and supplement surveys conducted in 2005-2006. As described by this assessment, "Nearly the entire property has experienced various types of ground disturbance or at least activities that totally modify (sic) the vegetation. The exceptions are on the south and north margins nearer the coast, where the rugged, geologically recent `a`a lava was left untouched." Note that this assessment did not include the coastal aquatic flora and fauna as it was the intention to avoid any development or change of use along the coastal portions of the project site and to offer these lands for PONC acquisition. The assessment determined vegetation types present within the project site include the golf course, guinea grass, hoa haole forest, pasture, mixed alien forest, gulch, resort remnants, recent `a`a margins and coastal. The vegetative cover throughout the project site as a whole can be said to be comprised of mostly alien species, with some classified as invasive, particularly the Christmas berry, koa haole, guinea grass, seashore paspalum, Formosan koa, ironwood, autograph tree, Chinese banyan, clycine, huehue haole,java plum and the African tulip tree. Of the 183 species detected, three are endemic and 26 are indigenous with the remaining non-native. Only one plant species found within the project site, the loulu (Pritchardia maideniana), is listed as threatened or endangered, and was found at multiple locations. These loulu specimens will be preserved. Fauna and its potential habitats within the project site were also assessed, and it noted that the current survey and the one conducted in 2005 found basically the same suite of birds, with the additional of several species in 2022. All told, 18 bird species were observed, with all but four being common non-natives. The most common birds in most vegetation zone were warbling white-eyes, nutmeg mannikins and northern cardinals. On the golf course and near residential areas, the most common non-native birds were saffron finches, zebra doves, and yellow- fronted canaries. Flocks of indigenous pacific golden-plovers or kolea were seen foraging in the grass on the golf courses and also near the shoreline. This common migratory shorebird is usually present in Hawaii from August through April and spends its summers foraging and breeding in Alaska. The shorebird wandering tattler or `ulili was seen feeding and resting near tidepools. Several native Hawaiian waterbirds were detected. The black-crowned night-heron or `auku`u was observed foraging near the golf course ponds. The threatened Hawaiian goose or nene was not observed in the 40 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application 2005 but seen during all surveys in 2022 that involved the golf course, where they have taken up residence around the ponds. No individuals of the formerly federally-listed endangered Hawaiian hawk (Buteo solitarius) were seen during any of the surveys. Although they probably forage in the area, the cover type is fairly unlikely to support hawk nests. It would be possible to find the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (`ope`ape`a) in the area due to suitable habitat within the tall shrubs and trees. The Hawaiian Hawk (`Io) was not seen during any of the surveys, with the groundcover type unlikely to support hawk nests. Similarly, no seabirds were detected through the two months of visual and listening surveys. As no new improvements or activities are proposed within the project site which will be limited to those specific areas previously improved and removed from close coastal proximity, adverse impacts to the federally protected Hawaiian Green Sea turtle (Honu) or Hawksbill turtle (Honu `ea) that frequent the black sand beach area is not anticipated. Summary The "Botanical Survey and Vertebrate Fauna Assessment Update" concludes that "...most of the property has been heavily disturbed in the past, only rare, threatened or endangered species—loulu—can readily be protected,further limited and sensitive development away from the coastal area is not likely to cause any significant botanical impacts." On this basis, the assessment recommended the following botany-specific mitigation measures be implemented: • The property contains numerous invasive species that are present island- wide and which would be difficult to eradicate or even control. However, any new development should endeavor to avoid introducing new invasive species. Recommend coordination with the Big Island Invasive Species Council (BIISC) to vet landscaping to exclude any invasive species. A landscaping plan that emphasized native and Polynesian-introduced species would help reduce risks. • Various portions of the property could provide suitable areas for outplanting of appropriate rare, threatened and endangered plants. Even though Ninole Gulch does not currently contain many native plant species, it should be preserved as potential habitat for any future native plant restoration efforts on the project site. Restoration efforts should be coordinated with the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, as well as other potential partners, as they may be willing and available, such as the Hawaii Wildlife Fund. 41 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application • Development on the urban-wildland interface can increase the likelihood of wildfire, putting lives and property at risk and also causing vegetation damage that can have myriad effects. Remnant native patches within non- native vegetation types can be extirpated; burned terrain may lead to erosion and sedimentation that damages shoreline ecosystems and wildlife habitat; and individual endangered plants can be lost. Two loulu across the street from the Colony 1 condominiums at Sea Mountain already bear the scars of wildfire, which periodically sweeps over parts of the property, particularly the guinea grass and koa haole vegetation types. It is recommended that the developers consult with the Department of Land and Natural Resources or the Hawaii Wildfire Management Organization to discuss measures that could reduce the potential for wildfire and minimize effects when fires do occur. With respect to fauna impact, the assessment determined that limited and sensitive development away from the coastal area is not likely to cause any significant effect upon native birds, with the implementation of the following mitigation measures below: • To minimize impacts to Hawaiian hawks, the developers should avoid earthmoving within 100 meters of tall trees or any tree cutting during the breeding season for Hawaiian hawks (March through the end of September). If this time period cannot be avoided, arrange for a hawk nest search to be conducted by a qualified biologist. If hawk nests are present on or near the project site, all land clearing activity should cease until the expiration of the breeding season. • To minimize impacts to the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, we recommend that trees taller than 15 feet not be removed or trimmed during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). • To avoid potential seabird downing through interaction with outdoor lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment lighting should be used after dark between the months of April and October. All permanent lighting should be kept to minimum necessary levels, with shielded lights so as to lower the ambient glare, in conformance with the Hawaii County Outdoor Lighting Ordinance (Hawai`i County Code Chapter 9, Article 14). Furthermore, all exterior lighting should ideally consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin or lower (as feasible, with available commercial lighting). This will not only reduce the risk that threatened and endangered seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by lighting, but will also assist in protecting dark skies. 42 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application • To avoid impacts to the Hawaiian goose or nene, if construction work occurs during breeding season (September through April) on the former golf course in the vicinity of ponds, or any other area in which these birds are known to congregate, a trained biologist should conduct a survey for nests in and around the area of effect. Additional surveys should be conducted if there is a work stoppage of three or more days. If a Hawaiian goose nest is discovered within a 150-foot radius of the project site, work should stop and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) should be contacted for further guidance. All staff should be informed of the presence of geese, and reduced speed limits implemented. Regardless of season, staff should be informed that if a Hawaiian goose is observed foraging or loafing in the project area, they should not approach or feed the animal. On a long-term basis, education through signs and website materials is critical to minimize harassment or feeding of nene by visitors. • To avoid impacts to Hawaiian waterbirds, water quality best management practices regarding sedimentation and erosion in aquatic environments should be incorporated into all project design. If construction work occurs in the vicinity of golf course ponds or within 100 feet of any shoreline, estuarine or anchialine pond, a pre-construction nest search should be undertaken in the area of effect. If Hawaiian waterbirds are observed to be present, project personnel and contractors should be informed about the presence of endangered species on-site and associated measures that may need to be taken/implemented. If a nest or active brood is found in an area potentially affected by construction, the USFWS should be contacted within 24 hours for further guidance. A 100-foot buffer should be established and maintained around all active nests and/or broods until the chicks/ducklings have fledged. No potentially disruptive activities or habitat alteration should occur within this buffer. • Land clearing and the movement of products such as scrap wood, rock fill and building materials can spread of invasive species, particularly little fire ants and coqui frogs. All imported landscaping materials and fill should be subject to a protocol of inspection — and treatment if necessary—to increase biosecurity, a measure for which future homeowners, resort visitors and the general public will be grateful. While the assessment did not include the coastal aquatic flora and fauna, it did recognize that the ecologically valuable coastal areas could be highly sensitive to direct and indirect effects of development. It therefore expected that standard Best Management Practices (BMPs) to be incorporated into any grading plans or National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES) permits, with some typical BMPs including: 43 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application • Minimization of soil loss and erosion by revegetation and stabilization of slopes and disturbed areas of soil, possibly using hydromulch, geotextiles, or binding substances, as soon as possible after working; • Minimization of sediment loss by emplacement of structural controls possibly including silt fences, gravel bags, sediment ponds, check dams, and other barriers, in order to retard and prevent the loss of sediment from the site; • Minimizing disturbance of soil during periods of heavy rain; • Phasing of large projects in order to disturb a minimum necessary area of soil at a particular time; • Application of protective covers to soil and material stockpiles; • Construction and use of a stabilized construction vehicle entrances; • Use of drip pans beneath vehicles not in use in order to trap vehicle fluids; • Routine maintenance of BMPs by adequately trained personnel; and • Cleanup of significant leaks or spills and disposal at an approved site, if they occur. Also recommend were design measures to be implemented throughout the project site to avoid or minimize impacts to water resources and the flora and fauna that depend on them. These measures are based on Low Impact Design (LID) Guidelines (Hawai`i CZM Program 2006) that promotes a more sustainable land development pattern than the conventional method currently used in most areas. It incorporates a suite of landscaping and design techniques known as "Better Site Design" that attempt to maintain the natural, pre-development hydrology of a site and the surrounding watershed. An important LID principle is the idea that stormwater is not merely a waste product to be disposed of, but rather that rainwater is a resource. LID also integrates a range of structural best management practices (BMPs) for road design and stormwater and wastewater management systems that minimize environmental impacts. The Applicant will seek to incorporate these recommended mitigation measures in its design, construction and operational activities to mitigate the effects of development upon flora and fauna resources within the project site and its coastal environment. 44 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application VII. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS UPON SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA (SMA) a. Relationship of proposed action to land use plans, policies and control The proposed development activities presented within this application are situated within the same development sites presented as part of the former Sea Mountain at Punalu`u project, but at a much smaller and limited scale. The General Plan, State Land Use District boundaries, Ka`u Community Development Plan and Zoning Code have been aligned with uses that have existed within the project site for over 40 years as well as proposed as part of the 1969 State Land Use District Boundary amendment and 1988 zone district amendment. New development components, such as Colony 2, the Village & Wellness Center, and Open Market and Restaurant, are situated in areas of the project site already zoned for residential, resort and commercial activities via its existing General Plan and zoning districts. The Ka`u Community Development Plan promotes a community-based planning approach to the project site, which is exactly what is presented within this application. Every relevant policy intent and control specified within the plan coalesces with the single community action to develop and implement plans for Punalu`u. A measured approach towards the revitalization of the project site has been memorialized in this application, which is based on numerous discussions with kupuna and area residents, community organizations, civic leaders and business owners. While land use policies have clearly defined Punalu`u for development, the Applicant has also been pursuing measures to ensure the protection of important resources that makes this place so special, especially to the residents of Ka`u. This is demonstrated by the following actions that the Applicant will take to comply with the various land use policy controls prescribed by the Ka`u Community Development Plan. • Establish a conservation easement of approximately 29.52 acres of coastal lands extending from Ninole Cove to the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park. o Policy 23 - Protect the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made improvements and structures. o Policy 24 - Maintain the shoreline for recreational, cultural, education, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. 45 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application o Policy 53 - Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of open space, areas endowed with natural and scenic beauty, and public views to and along the shoreline. o Policy 62 - Protect, preserve, and effectively manage forests, watersheds, shoreline areas, natural areas, and rare or endangered species and their habitats o Policy 79 - Ensure appropriate public access to the shoreline, public trails, hunting areas, scenic places and vistas, and significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest. Additionally, ensure access for cultural practitioners o Policy 88 - Establish the Punalu`u-Ninole Springs region as a recreation area • Punalu`u Village and its five Development Sites are situated within areas previously developed and significantly disturbed, thereby void of any special habitat for threatened or endangered species of plants or animals. o Policy 25 - Protect and conserve forest and coastal areas with native wildlife, natural ecosystems, and wilderness. • Punalu`u Village represents a project that is much smaller in scale than previous iterations represented by past landowners, focused in areas of existing improvements and on lands previously disturbed. Structures will not be more than 2-1/2 stories in height and with earthtone colors, constructed away from both the highway and shoreline so as to protect scenic viewplanes. o Policy 6 -The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development should complement the character of the area; protect the environment and natural beauty; respect existing lifestyles, cultural practices, and cultural resources; provide shoreline public access; and provide affordable housing to meet demand created by the development o Policy 54 - Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed, considering structural setbacks from major thoroughfares and highways to protect view plans. o Policy 55 - Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty 46 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application • Punalu`u Village will be serviced by private roadway, water and sewer systems adequate to support the proposed project. o Policy 1 - Rehabilitate and develop within existing zoned urban areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered development o Policy 5 - Rehabilitate and optimize the utilization of designated resort areas that are presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities and before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas. • Punalu`u Village will set aside coastal lands for the protection of coastal resources and customarily and traditional native Hawaiian practices, avoid archaeological sites designated for preservation, situate development activities within areas previously disturbed by past development activities. o Policy 69 - Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. o Policy 70 - Protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights b. Description of how project will affect area and surrounding lands Punalu`u Village is intended to rehabilitate and revitalize an area that has been part of the former Sea Mountain and Punalu`u resort complex for over 40 years, but much of which have been left to deteriorate and succumb to the weather and neglect. With the focus upon the repair, maintenance and continued operation of existing facilities and managing the landscape within the project site, while providing sensitively-placed residential and commercial facilities, the effect upon the project area and surrounding lands will be positive. There are no known negative effects caused by the proposed activities. The positive effects include: 1. on-going repair, maintenance and operation of existing infrastructure that includes roads, water and sewer systems, fire hydrants that services existing private facilities within the Project Area such as the County's Punalu`u Beach Park, Colony I condominiums, private properties near Punalu`u Beach Park, Kalana Golf Estates, and other existing internal facilities like the former tennis 47 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application pro shop, former Aspen Institute complex, the golf clubhouse and maintenance building. 2. while the 18-hole golf course is currently closed to formal play, area residents still use it for casual play, which requires maintenance such as mowing and trimming of excessive vegetation. Revitalization of the golf course will bring a much-missed recreational activity back to the area. 3. the repair of the tennis pro shop and 4 tennis courts will allow for play to resume, providing a recreational amenity to area residents and visitors. 4. the existing 76-unit Colony I condominium complex and its residents and visitors depend upon the continued maintenance and operation of the supporting infrastructure within the Project Site. In so many ways, "Colony I is a community within a community" and is dependent upon proper management of the surrounding Project Site, as does the Kalana Golf Estates on the mauka side of Highway 11 that is connected to the same infrastructural system. 5. promote responsible management of these important lands that have been long neglected that will then provide hope that it can become a focal point of pride for the community which can then extend itself onto the many visitors, both local and off-island, that frequents this area. Removing trash and debris, mowing of the grass, removing excessive overgrowth of vegetation, fixing streetlights and hydrants and may other property management activities will bring a sense of pride and safety to the people who live within and visit this area. 6. Punalu`u Village will create a self-sustaining community that balances the hopes of residents to restore the project site to its former glory, while also respecting that the use of these lands can still be done better by providing a commitment to the community that they will have a stake in how the most important part of the project site, its coastline, will be forever managed. c. Description of impacts that cannot be avoided and applied mitigation measures Punalu`u Village is presented as an opportunity to repair and enhance these lands after decades of neglect which is, in itself, a significant adverse impact upon the area as well as to coastal resources. Repairs and maintenance of the existing wastewater treatment system alone is imperative to the protection of coastal waters. Lack of proper land and facility management is necessary to ensure the continued protection of environmental, cultural and historical resources, which is why the Applicant has expended much effort to discuss its repair and rehabilitation efforts with kupuna, community members and organizations, and government leaders, bringing a collective effort towards creating a Punalu`u that could be embraced by 48 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application the entire community and set a shining example for the rest of the island on what can be accomplished for the benefit of all! There must be a balanced approach towards the development and use of the project site as the cost of repairs and maintenance to the roadways, water and sewer systems and other support facilities cannot be borne by the landowner without a consistent revenue stream. This is not about vacant, untouched lands that can be left alone with no oversight or maintenance. Punalu`u has been a small residential community for the last 46 years, while also providing coastal recreational opportunities and recognized as a world-renown tourist attraction. Concerns regarding the development of Punalu`u Village have included: • Development will destroy areas where `iwi kupuna are located, primarily in the vicinity of the proposed Village & Wellness Center. Punalu`u Village and its five development sites were intentionally selected to rehabilitate existing developed areas and areas previously disturbed, avoiding all sites identified for preservation by archaeological studies. On-site archaeological monitoring will be provided throughout all grading activities, with all work immediately ceasing should any inadvertent archaeological feature be encountered, especially burials. Work will only resume upon clearance issued by the Planning Department. • Development will bring more visitors to an already over-burdened beach park and coastline, taking away a valued resource from residents. Committing 29.52 acres of this coastline towards its continuing preservation for will offer the Applicant and community an opportunity to collectively manage this important coastal resource. Punalu`u Village will also offer other recreational and wellness opportunities to residents and visitors. As it currently stands, Punalu`u Black Sand Beach is the only attraction for visitors. Punalu`u Village will provide golf and tennis, shopping, wellness activities, and dining to draw the attention of visitors away from the beach as the only attraction. • Concern that proposed buildings will affect line of sight to important features, such as Makanau, a high plateau upon which a sacrificial heiau was built. Punalu`u Village has sought to be responsive to these concerns by centering the largest project components, Village & Wellness Center and Colony 2, within the mid-elevation of the project site, away from the coastline and away from the highway. Colony 2, once presented as a 3-story complex, will be reduce to a maximum height of 2-1/2 stories to account for topographical variations. The Wellness Center will also be 2-1/2 stories, with 49 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application the remainder of the Village Center limited to 1-story structures. Aspen Center will also support 2-1/2 story cabins, but will be tucked away along the western boundary of the project area that maintains significant vegetative buffers. d. Alternatives to the proposed project The only alternative is to leave things as they have existed in recent decades, which has seen the former Sea Mountain at Punalu`u deteriorate into a mess of unoccupiable buildings, an infrastructure system that is struggling to support what facilities remain within the project site, and the loss of recreational and cultural opportunities that could support both residents and visitors alike. Punalu`u is a community resource that can be a place where people can live, recreate and thrive. No entity can financially support the needs of such a community through simply repairing what is currently falling apart. A community can only exist and thrive through a comprehensive and collaborative approach that makes people want to visit and embrace the area, uplifting everyone through actions that recognizes the unique qualities that make this area so special. e. Irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources Given the limited scope of the proposed activities within the project site, the Applicant is not able to identify any irreversible or irretrievable commitment of cultural, historical, recreational or ecological resources as a result of the proposed improvements. As mentioned above, this application presents a proposal that protect valued coastal resources in the area by properly managing all facilities and resources. Neglect is the evil that has severely impacted this area for many years and is the source that will lead towards the continued loss of valuable coastal resources and opportunities. The Applicant, along with its community stakeholders, will commit its resources towards the revitalization of Punalu`u in a manner that can be embraced by the community of Ka'u. Vill. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT a. Protection of cultural, historical and natural resources and practices of traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights A 2006 cultural assessment recognized the following resources as culturally significant: 1. Stone cultural remains (i.e., heiau, burials, ahu, caves, platforms, mounds, walls, and enclosures) 2. Petroglyphs and trail segments 501Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application 3. Fish pond 4. Marine resources important to Hawaiian practitioners (fishing and gathering) 5. Black sand beach The proposed activities, facilities and grounds that will be repaired, maintained and improved are limited in scope and specific in its location in order to avoid any significant adverse impacts upon these important cultural resources. The Applicant has been consulting with kupuna and lineal descendants to lands in immediate proximity to the project site in order to ensure that important cultural and historical resources are not adversely impacted by any of the proposed activities or improvements. As recommended by the archaeological study, preservation and burial treatment plans are recommended to properly care for identified archaeological features recommended for preservation. In addition, the Applicant has will include a walk- through of kupuna/cultural practitioners, kuleana land owners, the archaeologist and the development planners to record all the burial areas that are not recorded in the archaeology report or Master Plan. An advisory group made up of primarily kupuna knowledgeable of the area, kuleana owners and other Punalu`u land owners, will be formed to advise planners of cultural protocol, sensitive areas, and cultural resources (burials, medicine, food and craft plants, and other cultural resources). Before any future construction is started, an additional burial treatment plan for inadvertent burials or re-burials is recommended that includes cultural protocols (i.e. re-wrapping `iwi kupuna, ceremony, etc.) as well as State and County regulations. Any construction ground activity should include a cultural monitor as well as an archaeologist. The Applicant has spent many months living in Punalu`u and has been welcomed to dialogue with the people who have a direct connection with this special area. And the Applicant has very much appreciated their willingness to share their knowledge of the area and guide the Applicant on what must be done to make things right. Everything that is represented in this application has been carefully crafted to manage the lands and the uses within to ensure that cultural practices are maintained and the resources within are preserved in order to ensure its perpetuity. The Applicant is not willing to squander the generosity of the people of Ka`u who have taken so much time to share their knowledge of the area and the wisdom to know what is right and wrong. 51 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application IX. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF CHAPTER 205A AND SMA GUIDELINES a. Recreational resources Coastal recreational resources, primarily centered at the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach, will not be impacted by the requested activities and improvements. Punalu`u Village and its five individual development sites will be situated outside of the State Land Use Conservation District along the coastal frontage of the project site. In addition, approximately 29.52 acres of these coastal lands will be dedicated to the County for coastal resource management and preservation. These two actions alone will preserve coastal recreational opportunities at the beach such as swimming, diving and fishing. Proper maintenance of the golf course and rehabilitation of the tennis complex will ensure that other recreational opportunities are available to area residents and visitors. b. Historic resources Historic sites will not be impacted by the proposed activities as they will be conducted within areas already disturbed and improved by previous development activities associated with the former Sea Mountain at Punalu`u resort operations. Several archaeological surveys have been conducted within the project site and features located and identified. None of the proposed improvements or activities will directly impact these known features. Should any archaeological features be inadvertently encountered during construct activities, all work will immediately stop and the County notified to allow for proper coordination with the SHPD. c. Scenic and Open Space resources The beauty of the project site is very well known, which is why residents refer to this area as the "piko" of Ka`u. All repair and maintenance activities will generally be situated mauka of the coastal section of Ninole Loop Road and Ninole Cove Place rights-of-way and away from the shoreline areas and the State Land Use Conservation area. No new structures are being proposed by this application within the proposed coastal preservation easement and managing the lands through removal of excessive overgrowth from the remainder of the project area should actually enhance the scenic beauty and open space character within the Project Site. The understory of overgrown common grasses and weeds is the target of cleanup. d. Coastal ecosystems One essential aspect of this project involves the continued repair and maintenance of existing infrastructural systems that have been neglected for decades. Failure of 52 Page PUNALU`U VILLAGE Special Management Area Use Permit Application these systems could have a very significant adverse effect upon the coastal ecosystem, most notably the failure of the wastewater treatment system. But electricity to run the sewage pump stations and potable water to feed the wastewater treatment system are just as important. Roads must be maintained and fire hydrants serviced in order to serve and protect the area. Lands within the State Land Use Conservation area along the shoreline frontage of the Project Site will not be directly subject to activities presented within this application, in order to establish a buffer from the shoreline and reduce the potential of adverse effect upon the coastal ecosystem due to close proximity contact. As previously mentioned, the Conservation District is roughly 150 feet in width in some areas. The Applicant will also comply with grubbing requirements of the County to ensure that such land clearing activities do not have a deleterious effect upon the coastal ecosystem. e. Economic uses Rehabilitating the project site after years of neglect will take a significant amount of financial resources. As proposed, Punalu`u Village will create a community upon which opportunities will be created to financially support the existing infrastructure systems and facilities while and clearing of excessive and invasive vegetative overgrowth. It is the desire of the Applicant to promote the proper management of the project site in order to enhance the overall attractiveness and vibrancy of Punalu`u as a beautiful and safe destination for both residents and visitors which then generates economic benefits to the local community. f. Coastal hazards No new facilities or uses are being contemplated along the coastal portions of the project site that are subject to coastal flooding, as discussed in Section VI(4). X. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Based on the information and discussion presented within this document, the Applicant finds that the proposed development and use activities will not have a significant adverse impact upon coastal resources provided that proper mitigating controls and actions are implemented. The Applicant commits to implementing approved mitigating actions and therefore finds that the proposed project is compliant with the objectives and policies of State and County Special Management Area regulations. 53 Page DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BC5C Mitchell D.Roth o,�svAos h{ Zendo Kern Mayor i- �I�Ggf Director Lee E.Lord Jeffrey W. Darrow Managing Director +'T W 'ew; Deputy Director T'•: T�OF.HI•il West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawai-i Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742 March 9, 2022 Daryn Arai, LLC (via email) P.O. Box 4501 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Arai: SUBJECT: Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment Application (PL-SAA-2021-000038) Special Management Area (SMA) Minor Permit (PL-SMM-2022-000015) Applicant(s): Black Sand Beach,LLC Landowner(s): Black Sand Beach,LLC Project: Repairs, Maintenance, and Land and Resource Management Activities Tax Map Key(s): (3) 9-5-019:011; 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035. (3) 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; (3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041 & 053, Punalu`u, Ka`u District, Hawaii We have reviewed the subject Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment Application (PL-SAA-2021-00038), received by this office on December 27, 2021. The twenty (20) subject parcels encompass an approximately 434-acre area that includes various zoning designations, which are presented below by TMK and zoning type: County Zonin& 395019011: Open (0), and Multi-Family Residential (RM-3) 395019015: Open (0), Multi-Family Residential (RM-2.5), and Village-Commercial (CV-10) 395019024: Agriculture—20 acres (A-20a) 395019026: Village-Commercial (CV-10) 395019030: Open (0) 395019031: Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2) 395019033: Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2) 395019035: Road 396001001: Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396001002: Open (0) www.rolannina.hawaiicounty.aov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer rolannina(u),hawaiicounty.aov EXHIBIT A DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 2 396001003: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396001006: Open (0) 396001011: Open (0) 396001012: Open (0) 396001013: Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002008: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002037: Open (0), and Resort-Hotel (V-1.5) 396002038: Open (0), Multiple-Family Residential (RM-2.5), Village-Commercial (CV-10) 396002041: Road 396002053: Road Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) maw 395019011: Open (ope), Low Density Urban (ldu), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Resort (res) 395019015: Open (ope), Low Density Urban (ldu), Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019024: Open (ope), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Extensive Agriculture (ea) 395019026: Open (ope) 395019030: Open (ope) 395019031: Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019033: Medium Density Urban (mdu) 395019035: Road 396001001: Open (ope), Resort(res) 396001002: Open (ope), Resort(res) 396001003: Open (ope), Resort(res) 396001006: Open (ope) 396001011: Open (ope) 396001012: Open (ope) 396001013: Resort(res) 396002008: Open (ope) 396002037: Open (ope) 396002038: Open (ope), Medium Density Urban (mdu), Resort(res) 396002041: Road 396002053: Road The project site is designated as a "Minor Resort Area" by the Hawaii County General Plan (GP), a designation that allows for no more than 500 visitor units and requires both active and passive recreational opportunities commensurate with the scale of development. The subject parcels are primarily within the State Land Use (SLU) Urban District, except for those areas within 150 feet of the shoreline that are within the SLU Conservation District. Most of the subject parcels are located entirely within the Special Management Area(SMA); however, TMK: 9-5-019:024, which is located mauka of Mamalahoa Highway (State Rte. 11) is not within the SMA. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BC5C Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 3 The following parcels are also considered "shoreline parcels" as defined by Section 205A-41(as amended), Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS): TMKs: 9-5-019:011, 9-6-001:006, 9-6-001:003, and 9-6-001:002. Staff notes that portions of the shoreline frontage area are under the management of the County of Hawaii as the Black Sands Beach Park complex. A review of this use indicates that facility and grounds maintenance activities for the County Park are continuous and ongoing by County staff in all areas of the Beach Park complex. Existing Land Uses: Much of what currently exists within the project site is formally known as Sea Mountain at Punalu`u which was developed by C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. between the late 1960's to the 1970s, prior to the establishment of SMA law. The development included an 18-hole golf course and associated clubhouse facility, the Colony I condominium, the Kdlana I residential subdivision, the Black Sands Restaurant, and the Kd`u Center for History and Culture. Pronosed Proiect: The proposed project has two (2) primary objectives with two different regulatory tracks: 1) to allow the landowner the opportunity to repair and maintain certain existing uses and structures (exempt), and 2) to reconstruct those structures that are severely damaged or unsafe (Development). Activities will include on-going repair, maintenance, and management of existing improvements and infrastructure as well as appropriate reconstruction of associated uses. The proposed project's "exempt" activities are listed below: Infrastructure Repair and Maintenance (no expansion or reconfiguration of any system is proposed at this time): a) Repair and maintenance of existing sewer lines. b) Repair and maintenance of existing fire hydrants. c) Repair and maintenance of existing private potable water lines that serves the project area. d) Repair and maintenance of existing private roadway, including clearing of encroaching vegetation, shoulder and pavement repair, streetlight repair, etc. e) Repair and maintenance of existing irrigation system, including irrigation pond. Punalu`u Restaurant Complex: a) Hand clearing of undergrowth and invasive species removal, some minor machinery will be used to grind larger stumps into chips to be left on site. No grubbing or land alteration will occur within 20-feet of Punalu`u Pond, and lands makai of the pond. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BC5C Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 4 b) Removal of dilapidated building materials and trash from the restaurant complex area. c) Demolition of building components that are considered hazardous. 18-hole golf course and clubhouse complex: a) Maintenance of existing golf course and associated landscaping. b) Maintenance of golf course clubhouse parking lot; includes vegetation removal and repairs to pavement. Landscaping: a) Mowing of golf course, machine/hand grubbing of existing golf course fairways, greens, and immediate perimeter. b) Machine mowing and grubbing of overgrown vegetation (undergrowth) throughout portions of project area that contain existing facilities or utilities. Includes tree trimming, maintenance of existing landscaped areas, and removal of hazardous vegetation (i.e., overhangs roadway). No large trees will be removed. c) No work within the State Land Use Conservation District will occur. The applicant estimates the valuation of the exempt portions of the proposed project to be $183,000. Purpose of Proiect: The objective of the proposed project is to mitigate existing hazards from a largely un- maintained development and to repair the existing structures in this area to their original operating status. No work is proposed within the Shoreline Setback Area or Conservation District, and best management practices (BMPs) will be employed to mitigate any potential impacts to coastal resources and to protect the Punalu`u Pond. Special Management Area Determination: Those activities of the proposed project listed as "exempt" above can be considered exempt actions in accordance with SMA Rules and Regulations as they are primarily common or typical repair, maintenance, and demolition activities. Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 9-4(e)(3): Any proposed use, activity, or operation listed in Section 94(e)(1) shall be deemed to be "Development" until the Director has determined it to be exempted from the definition of "Development." According to 9-4(e)(2) "Development" does not include the following uses, activities, or operations, and therefore is determined to be exempt from the definition of "Development": 0 Repair or maintenance of roads and highways within existing rights of way. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 5 • Repair and maintenance of utility lines, including but not limited to water, sewer, power, and telephone and minor appurtenant structures such as pad mounted transformers and sewer pump stations. • Repair, maintenance, or interior alterations to existing structures or relating to existing uses. • Demolition or removal of structures, except those structures located on any historic sites as designated in national or state registers. • Installation of underground utility lines and appurtenant aboveground fixtures less than four (4)feet in height along existing corridors, and • Nonstructural improvements to existing commercial structures. Based on the information provided, the Director finds that the proposed on-going repair and maintenance, landscaping, and other proposed activities listed above as "exempt" for the Black Sands Beach/Punalu`u area project are exempt from the definition of"development" and will not have a cumulative impact, or significant adverse environmental or ecological effect on the Special Management Area. However, staff notes that the proposed project includes activities that are considered "Development" according to Chapter 205A-22, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS), and Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4 (e)(1) relating to Special Management Area (SMA). The Planning Department has determined that certain proposed activities go beyond what is considered typical repair and maintenance, and as such, are considered "reconstruction" which we believe is the almost total replacement of most or all of a building's structural and support elements. Additionally, Pursuant to Hawaii County Zoning Code, Section 25-4-64: Except as provided in this division, any building within which a nonconforming use is conducted may be maintained and repaired to the extent necessary to keep it in sound condition provided the work shall not exceed twenty-five percent of the current replacement value of such building, in any one calendar year as determined by the department ofpublic works (DPW). In accordance with Chapter 205A-22, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS), Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4 (e)(1), and Hawaii County Zoning Code, Section 25-4-64 the proposed reconstruction of the tennis pro shop and tennis courts (Tennis Complex), Maintenance Center, and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies (AIHS) building are considered "development" and require a review against the Special Management Area rules and regulations. Our review has resulted in the issuance of a SMA Minor Permit for the proposed reconstruction activities because the total valuation of the proposed portions of the project that are considered "Development" is $225,000 which is under $500,000 and the proposed actions will not have a cumulative impact or a significant adverse environmental or ecological effect on the SMA. Lastly, pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 9-10(e), Special Management Area Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015 is hereby issued for the reconstruction of the Tennis Complex, the Maintenance Center and the AIHS as described above. It is the applicant's responsibility to read and comply with all the conditions listed in the enclosed permit. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 6 Please note that any substantive changes to the proposed improvements, as well as any subsequent phases or activities may require further review by this office and possibly the submittal of another SMA Use Permit Assessment Application. Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 9-10(g), "the Director may impose certain conditions with the exemption determination to assure that the proposed use, activity, or operation does not have a substantial adverse effect on the Special Management Area." The Planning Director has added the following conditions for the proposed project's "exempt" activities: Planning Director's Conditions: 1. The applicant(s), its successor(s) or assign(s) (Applicant) shall be responsible for complying with all stated conditions. 2. The Applicant shall secure all necessary approvals and permits from other affected federal, state, and county agencies as necessary to comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, Department of Public Works Building Division. 3. Plan approval shall be required prior to the construction or installation of any new structure or development, or any addition to an existing structure or development according to Section 25-2-71(a) of the Zoning Code. 4. Other than the proposed project as described in this permit, no further work is permitted under this approval. 5. The Applicant shall secure building permits for the proposed project within two (2) years from the date of the determination or permit. If Building Permits have not been secured within that two (2) year period, the determination or permit is automatically null and void, and a new Special Management Area Assessment Application must be submitted for review and approval. 6. Any further development, including but not limited to, the construction of structures or improvements not included in this determination shall require further review and approval as provided under Chapter 205A, HRS, and Rule 9, Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. 7. In the event that surface or subsurface historic resources, including human skeletal remains, structural remains (e.g., rock walls, terraces, platforms, etc.), cultural deposits, marine shell concentrations, sand deposits, or sink holes are identified during the demolition and/or construction work, the applicant shall cease work in the immediate vicinity of the find, protect the find from additional disturbance and contact the State Historic Preservation Division at (808) 933-7651. Subsequent work shall proceed upon DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Daryn Arai, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 7 an archaeological clearance from DLNR-SHPD when it finds that sufficient mitigation measures have been taken. 8. That in issuing this determination, the Department has relied on the information and data that the applicant has provided in connection with this determination. If, subsequent to this determination, such information and data prove to be false, incomplete or inaccurate, this determination may be modified, suspended or revoked, in whole or in part, and/or the Department may, in addition, institute appropriate legal proceedings. 9. The Planning Director shall initiate procedures to revoke this determination should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion. If you have any questions, please contact Alex J. Roy of this office at 808-961-8140 or via email at Alex.Roy&hawai i coun1y. ov. Sincerely, DocuSigned�by,: 'ry 71C04DC68548430... ZENDO KERN Planning Director AJR:j as \\coh0l\planning\public\wpwin60\CZM\SMM\2022\PL-SMM-2022-000015 L Punaluu BSB.doc Enclosure: SMM Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015 Cc (via e-mail): Shichao Li, State-OPSD Lisa E. Webster, State-OPSD DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BC5C Mitchell D.Roth o,�svAos h{ Zendo Kern Mayor i- �I�Ggf Director Lee E.Lord Jeffrey W. Darrow Managing Director +T W 'ew�;� Deputy Director T'•: T�OF•HI•il West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawai-i Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742 Special Manaiement Area Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015 Project: Reconstruction of Damaged Buildings and Facilities Applicant: Black Sand Beach,LLC Landowner: Black Sand Beach,LLC Location: Punalu`u,K5'u District, Island of Hawaii TNIK(s): (3) 9-5-019:011; 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; (3) 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; (3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041, & 053 Land Area: 434-acres Applicant's Request 1. Proposed Project: The applicant is requesting approval for the following work on the subject parcel: Tennis Complex: • Reconstruction of existing tennis pro shop and tennis courts to former operational condition. Includes replacement of dilapidated roofing, siding, flooring, walls, and interior/exterior lighting and plumbing fixtures. • Clean and resurface existing tennis courts. • Replace tennis court nets and other tennis court appurtenances to accommodate recreation. Maintenance Center: • Reconstruction of Maintenance Center which includes exterior walls, roof, interior walls, interior fixtures, and electrical/plumbing systems. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies: • Reconstruct building to ensure structural integrity and safety. 2. Purpose of Project: The objective of the proposed project is to mitigate existing hazards from a largely un-maintained development by reconstructing certain existing structures in this area to their original operating status. 3. Project Valuation: $408,000 (total): $225,000 ("Development"), $183,000 (Exempt) www.rolannina.hawaiicounty.aov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer rolannina(u),hawaiicounty.aov DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BC5C Black Sand Beach, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 2 4. Determination: According to Chapter 205A-22, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS), and Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4 (e)(1)(B) and (E) relating to Special Management Area (SMA): "Placement or erection of any solid material or any gaseous, liquid, solid, or thermal waste; Grading, removing, dredging, mining, or extraction of any materials," and "Construction, reconstruction, or alteration of the size of any structure" is defined as "development." Therefore, the proposed project as described above is considered "development" and requires a review against the Special Management Area rules and regulations. Our review has resulted in the issuance of a SMA Minor Permit. State and County Plans 1. State Land Use District: The subject parcels are primarily within the State Land Use (SLU) Urban District, except for those areas within 150 feet of the shoreline that are within the SLU Conservation District. 2. General Plan: The project area is designated as "Minor Resort Area" by the Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map; however, this includes parcels designated as: Open (ope), Low Density Urban (ldu), Medium Density Urban (mdu), and Resort(res). 3. County Zoning: The project area, which includes twenty (20) separate parcels, are designated as Open (ope), Multi-Family Residential (RM), Village-Commercial (CV), Agriculture, (A), and Resort-Hotel (V). 4. Special Management Area: Most of the subject parcels are located entirely within the Special Management Area (SMA); however, TMK: 395019024, which is located mauka of Mdmalahoa Highway (State Rte. 11) is not within the SMA. The following parcels are also considered "shoreline parcels" as defined by Section 205A-41(as amended), Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS): TMKs: 395019011, 396001006, 396001003, and 396001002. 5. Flood Zone: X, VE, AE Compliance with Objectives and Policies of Chapter 205A,Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), Regarding the Special Management Area Check all objectives and policies found to be consistent with proposed development. Issuance of SMA Minor Permit requires that activity be consistent with all objectives &policies. The proposed development is consistent with the following objectives and policies: ❑x Development will not have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public interest. Such adverse effect shall include but not be limited to the potential cumulative impact of individual DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Black Sand Beach, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 3 developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse effect and the elimination of planning options. ❑x The proposed development is consistent with the Hawaii County General Plan and the Zoning Code. ❑x The proposed development does not conflict with the following objective(s) of Chapter 205A, HRS, to: 0 Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public. ❑x Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore those natural and man-made historic and pre-historic resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture. ❑x Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources. 0 Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, beaches, and coastal dunes, from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems. ❑x Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. 0 Reduce hazard to life and property from coastal hazards. El Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. El Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management. 0 Protect beaches and coastal dunes for: 1) public use and recreation; 2) the benefit of coastal ecosystems; 3) use as a natural buffer against coastal hazards; and 4) coordinate and fund beach management and protection. El Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources to assure their sustainability. ❑x The proposed development is consistent with the following policies of Chapter 205A, HRS, relating to: 0 Recreational Resources 0 Historic Resources El Scenic and Open Space Resources El Coastal Ecosystems DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Black Sand Beach, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 4 0 Economic Uses 0 Coastal Hazards ❑x Managing Development ❑x Public Participation 0 Beach and Coastal Dune Protection ❑x Marine and Coastal Resources ❑x The proposed development conforms to the requirements of Chapter 343, HRS, regarding Environmental Impact Statements. Findings 1. As discussed above, the proposed project will not have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effects, except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public interest. 2 The proposed project is consistent with the objectives, policies, and SMA guidelines of Chapter 205A, HRS. 3. The estimated project cost of$225,000 does not exceed $500,000. Approved Uses, Activities and Operations Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule Section 9-10(e), Special Management Area Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015 is hereby approved for the reconstruction of damaged buildings and facilities on the above referenced parcels. Conditions of Approval The Planning Director has approved SMA Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015, subject to the following conditions: 1. The applicant(s), its successor(s) or assign(s) (Applicant) shall be responsible for complying with all stated conditions of approval. 2. The Applicant shall secure all necessary approvals and permits from other affected federal, state, and county agencies as necessary to comply with all applicable laws and regulations. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Black Sand Beach, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 5 3. A Building Permit, approved by the Department of Public Works, shall be issued for the proposed project within two (2) years from the date of this permit. 4. Other than the proposed project as described in this permit, no further work is permitted under this approval. 5. Artificial light from exterior lighting fixtures, including, but not necessarily limited to floodlights, up-lights or spotlights used for decorative or aesthetic purposes shall be prohibited if the light directly illuminates, or is directed to project across property boundaries toward, the shoreline and ocean waters, except as may otherwise be permitted pursuant to Section 205A-71(b), Hawaii Revised Statutes. 6. All construction and maintenance activities on the subject parcel shall comply with Chapter 27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawaii County Code. 7. Any further development, including but not limited to, the construction of structures or improvements not included in this permit shall require further review and approval as provided under Chapter 205A, HRS, and Rule 9, Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. 8. The Applicant shall include the location of all preserves, sites, preservation buffers or similar protection strategies on the site plan and all future maps submitted to the County in conjunction with any application reviews or approval requests. 9. No land alteration, grubbing, landscaping or construction activities, including but not limited to, the stockpiling of debris, construction materials or equipment, shall occur in the shoreline setback area without securing a prior written determination of minor structure or activity pursuant to Rule 11-8 from the Planning Director or approval of a Shoreline Setback Variance from the Planning Commission. 10. Best Management Practices (BMP) shall be implemented prior to commencing any demolition or land altering activity and shall be maintained to serve their intended purpose throughout the construction process. BMP shall include, but are not necessarily limited to: a) The use of silt fencing, temporary surface run-off curbing and dewatering filter bags, shall be installed as may be necessary to prevent silt, sediment, soil and other displaced materials from being transported to any adjacent roadways, properties or storm drainage systems. b) Dust containment fencing and/or frequent irrigation of exposed demolition areas, shall be employed as necessary to prevent adverse impacts on the adjacent roadways and properties from fugitive dust. DocuSign Envelope ID:55603A913-11 F5-4D34-9BC4-CD738A41 BCSC Black Sand Beach, LLC March 9, 2022 Page 6 11. That in issuing this permit, the Department has relied on the information and data that the applicant has provided in connection with this permit. If, after issuance of this permit, such information and data prove to be false, incomplete, or inaccurate (i.e., valuation of development), this permit may be modified, suspended, or revoked, in whole or in part, and/or the Department may, in addition, institute appropriate legal proceedings. 12. In the event that subsurface historic resources, including human skeletal remains, structural remains, cultural deposits, sand deposits, or sink holes are identified during the demolition and/or construction work, the Applicant shall cease work in the immediate vicinity of the find, protect the find from additional disturbance, and contact the State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) at (808) 933-7651. The Applicant shall also notify the Planning Department immediately after contacting the DLNR-SHPD. 13. Conditions of approval for SMA Permit No. PL-SMM-2022-000015 shall be included on the title sheet of the proposed project's Building Permit application plan submittal to ensure the Applicant, and agents for the Applicant, comply with all conditions of approval. 14. An extension of time for the performance of the conditions contained herein may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following circumstances: a) The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been foreseen or are beyond the control of the applicant, successors or assigns, and that are not the result of their fault or negligence. b) Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original reasons for the granting of the permit; and c) The time extension granted shall be for a period of not to exceed the period originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed within one year may be extended up to one additional year). 15. Should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion, the Planning Director shall initiate procedures to revoke this permit. If you have questions regarding this document, please feel free to contact Alex J. Roy of this office at(808) 961-8140 or via email at Alex.Royghawaiicoun ov. APPROVED: EDocuSigned by: D� March 9, 2022 �'I E04-C�G68�48439... ZENDO KERN Date Planning Director Mitchell D.Roth o��trfop h''yv Zendo Kern Mayor �� yI�11g, Director w; ;♦ Lee E.Lord Jeffrey W. Darrow Managing Director s w�;• Deputy Director tr • ,r.wa r` ,Epp NA West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy u • • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawaii 1 Hilo,Hawaii 96720 Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742 October 04, 2023 Daryn Arai, LLC P.O. Box 4501 Hilo, HI 96720 VIA EMAIL: Daryn.Arai c(,,outlook.com Dear Mr. Arai: SUBJECT: Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment Application (PL-SAA-2023-000177) Special Management Area (SMA) Minor Permit (PL-SMM-2023-000050) Applicant(s): Black Sand Beach, LLC Landowner(s): Black Sand Beach, LLC Project: Establish Farmers Market, Reconstruct Single-Family Residence, and Reestablishment of Fire Break Roads Tax Map Key(s): (3) 9-6-002:038 & 9-5-019:015, Punalu`u; Ka`u District; Hawaii We have reviewed the subject Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment Application (PL-SAA-2023-00177), received by this office on August 19, 2023, with additional information received on September 25, 2023. The subject parcels total approximately 143.58 acres of land; however, the project sites will be approximately 0.5 acres of land within Parcel 38, and approximately 1.5 acres of land within Parcel 15. Both parcels are zoned by the County as Open (0), Multiple-Family Residential (RM- 2.5), and Village-Commercial (CV-10). The subject parcels and surrounding area are designated as Urban by the State Land Use Commission. The subject parcels are designated as "Resort" (res), "Open" (ope), "Medium Density Urban" (mdu), and "Low Density Urban" (ldu) by the Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map. While the entire project area is located within the County's Special Management Area (SMA), in accordance with Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Ch. 205A-22, the subject parcel is not considered a "shoreline parcel" and therefore, a shoreline certification is not required for this proposed activity. www.planning.hawaiicounty.gov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer planninQCcOawaiicounty.gov EXHIBIT B Daryn Arai, LLC October 04,2023 Page 2 Existing Land Uses: Much of what currently exists within this area is formally known as Sea Mountain at Punalu`u which was developed by C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. between the late 1960's to the 1970s,prior to the establishment of SMA law. The development included an 18-hole golf course and associated clubhouse facility, the Colony I condominium, the Kalana I residential subdivision, the Black Sands Restaurant, and the Ka`u Center for History and Culture. Within the project area is a single-family residence (to be rebuilt) that has been on this parcel for over 100 years. Proposed Project: PART A: On Parcel 15 the proposed project is to re-establish the existing firebreak roads that cross the property in two (2) locations, herein noted as the makai-firebreak and the mauka-firebreak. The mauka firebreak remains partially accessible, with sections requiring grubbing to maintain its function as a firebreak. The mauka-firebreak is more overgrown and will require additional clearing to reopen the road to its historic condition. The mauka-firebreak road is approximately 1,176 feet long and will be graded to be approximately 20-feet wide, while the makai-firebreak will be approximately 2,085 feet long, also approximately 20-feet wide. The majority of the work will be to remove the overgrown vegetation with only minor grubbing needed to regrade the road to historic levels. All grubbed vegetation will be stockpiled on a site located at the northern end of the mauka-firebreak for composting. Staff notes that the existing firebreak roads have been reviewed regarding archeology and historic structures. While there is an approved breach through an existing ranch wall (Site 4360), no other sites in the area will be impacted or altered. Pursuant to Planning Commission Rules, this portion of the proposed project would be considered "Development" and will require a SMA Minor Permit. PART B: On Parcel 38 the proposed project has two (2) objectives with two (2) different regulatory tracks: 1) to allow the landowner the opportunity to reconstruct an existing single-family residence (Exempt), and 2) to establish an "Open Market" complex on the subject parcel (Development). The proposed project's "Exempt" activities are listed below: a) Reconstruct the existing single-family residence for use by the Open Market staff as a caretaker and security residence. No expansion of the residence will occur, and no changes to the footprint of the structure are proposed. The applicant estimates the valuation of the Exempt portion of the proposed project (Part B) to be $60,000. Daryn Arai, LLC October 04,2023 Page 3 Purpose of Proiect: The objective of the proposed project is to focus on components of the larger development that will immediately benefit the local community, while also providing amenities for visitors as well as providing fire control in this area. Special Management Area Determination: Those activities of the proposed project listed as "Exempt" above can be considered exempt actions in accordance with SMA Rules and Regulations as they are primarily common or typical repair, maintenance, and demolition activities. Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 94(e)(3): Any proposed use, activity, or operation listed in Section 94(e)(1) shall be deemed to be "Development" until the Director has determined it to be exempted from the definition of "Development." According to 94(e)(2) "Development" does not include the following uses, activities, or operations, and therefore is determined to be exempt from the definition of "Development": Construction or reconstruction of a single-family residence that is less than seven thousand five hundred square feet in floor area and is not part of a larger development. Based on the information provided, the Director finds that the proposed reconstruction of an existing single-family residence is "Exempt" from the definition of"development" and will not have a cumulative impact, or significant adverse environmental or ecological effect on the Special Management Area. However, staff notes that the proposed project includes activities that are considered "Development" (establishment of a new Open Market complex, and grading and grubbing of firebreak roads) according to Chapter 205A-22, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS), and Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4 (e)(1)relating to Special Management Area (SMA). In accordance with Chapter 205A-22, Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS), Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4 (e)(1), and Hawaii County Zoning Code, Section 25-4-64 the proposed development of a new Open Market complex and re-establishment of firebreak roads are considered "development" and require a review against the Special Management Area rules and regulations. Our review has resulted in the issuance of a SMA Minor Permit for the proposed Open Market complex and firebreak roads because the total valuation of the proposed "Development" is $140,000 which is under $500,000 and the proposed actions will not have a cumulative impact or a significant adverse environmental or ecological effect on the SMA. Lastly, pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 9-10(e), Special Management Area Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2023-000050 is hereby issued for the new Open Market complex and firebreak Daryn Arai, LLC October 04,2023 Page 4 roads as described above. It is the applicant's responsibility to read and comply with all the conditions listed in the enclosed permit. Please note that any substantive changes to the proposed improvements, as well as any subsequent phases or activities may require further review by this office and possibly the submittal of another SMA Use Permit Assessment Application. Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule 9-10(g), "the Director may impose certain conditions with the exemption determination to assure that the proposed use, activitv, or operation does not have a substantial adverse effect on the Special Management Area." The Planning Director has added the following conditions for the proposed proj ect's "Exempt" activities: Planning Director's Conditions: 1. The applicant(s), its successor(s) or assign(s) (Applicant) shall be responsible for complying with all stated conditions. 2. The Applicant shall secure all necessary approvals and permits from other affected federal, state, and county agencies as necessary to comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, Department of Public Works Building Division. 3. Plan approval shall be required prior to the construction or installation of any new structure or development, or any addition to an existing structure or development according to Section 25-2-71(a) of the Zoning Code. 4. Other than the proposed project as described in this determination letter or the attached SMA Minor Permit, no further work is permitted under this approval. 5. The Applicant shall secure building permits for the proposed project within two (2) years from the date of the determination or permit. If Building Permits have not been secured within that two (2) year period, the determination or permit is automatically null and void, and a new Special Management Area Assessment Application must be submitted for review and approval. 6. Any further development, including but not limited to, the construction of structures or improvements not included in this determination shall require further review and approval as provided under Chapter 205A, HRS, and Rule 9, Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. 7. In the event that surface or subsurface historic resources, including human skeletal remains, structural remains (e.g., rock walls, terraces, platforms, etc.), cultural deposits, marine shell concentrations, sand deposits, or sink holes are identified during the demolition and/or construction work, the applicant shall cease work in the immediate Daryn Arai, LLC October 04,2023 Page 5 vicinity of the find, protect the find from additional disturbance and contact the State Historic Preservation Division at (808) 933-7651. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological clearance from DLNR-SHPD when it finds that sufficient mitigation measures have been taken. 8. That in issuing this determination, the Department has relied on the information and data that the applicant has provided in connection with this determination. If, subsequent to this determination, such information and data prove to be false, incomplete or inaccurate, this determination may be modified, suspended or revoked, in whole or in part, and/or the Department may, in addition, institute appropriate legal proceedings. 9. The Planning Director shall initiate procedures to revoke this determination should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion. If you have any questions, please contact Alex J. Roy of this office at 808-961-8140 or via email at Alex.Royghawaiicounty.gov. Sincerely, 77"1do(Kern(0c,4,2 231.331.IIISF) ZENDO KERN Planning Director AJR:lms \\COHO1\planning\public\wpwin60\CZM\SMM\2023\PL-SMM-2023-000050 L_Punaluu_BSB_Farmers_Market.doc Enclosure: SMM Permit No. PL-SMM-2023-000050 Cc (via e-mail): Shichao Li, State-OPSD Lisa E. Webster, State-OPSD normanquonghawaii.rr.com Cultural Impact Assessment Update Punalu`u Village Development Project Ahupua`a of Punalu`u, Ninole and Wailau Moku of Ka`n, Hawaii Island, Hawaii A', �dk Prepared for Black Sand Beach Daryn Arai LLC By Maria E. Orr Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC Apri12023 Revised August 2023 i EXHIBIT C Cover Page All photos unless cited were taken by the author ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On behalf of Black Sand Beach, LLC an update of the Cultural Impact Study/Assessment(CIA)Punalu`u Development Project (Orr 2006) for the Ahupuwa of Punalwu, Ninole and Wailau was completed. This CIA update is to fulfill a requirement for the Special Management Area(SMA)permit process conducted by Daryn Arai, LLC for the Punalu`u Village Development Project. The CIA update was conducted by Kaimipono Consulting Services, LLC between January to April,2023 with interviews in January/February, meeting and interviews with Ka`u Kupuna Council in February 2023, and site visit in February 2023. The level of effort includes a summary of the 2006 CIA oral history, a summary of an updated archaeology report, a summary and photos of a site visit to Punalu`u project area, and an ethnographic survey (oral histories). Five current oral histories zoom interviews were scheduled including one from the previous (2006) CIA, along with a summary of the Ka`u Kupuna Council meeting of February 13, 2023. Unfortunately on the day a kupuna previously interview(2005-2006)was scheduled to be interviewed,she fell and was injured and canceled her interview. The members of the Ka`u Kupuna Council expected to be interviewed when they arrived at their meeting. Five were interviewed in-person but two later rescinded. Of the nine individuals originally interviewed, five are kupuna and four are makua. Seven of the nine are part-Hawaiian, but all have connections to Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole. Five are lineal or cultural descendants of people who lived on the lands of Punalu`u,Ninole or Wailau and all of them were born or raised or live in Ka`u. Four individuals interviewed have connections to kuleana lands in Punalu`u, one kupuna was given`ike loa kuleana of Punalwu-she was taught the mwolelo and various knowledge to pass on to other generations. Four individuals zoom interviewed are primarily in favor of the Punalu'u Village development for various reasons which are expanded and explained in the Ethnographic Survey section of this report. The members of the Ka`u Kupuna Council have serious reservations primarily due to concerns about all the burials,which they claim make up a rather extensive part of the central section of the proposed development area. Their reservations also include a lack of prior clean-up commitments of the development area such as overgrown weeds/grasses and removal of dilapidated structures. At the 11th hour the Ka`u Kupuna Council submitted four new testimonies and requested the deletion of an interviewed kupuna to instead include her hand written testimony. Based on prior archival and ethnographic research and current ethnographic data it is evident that Punalu`u, Ninole and Wailau have an abundance of cultural resources such as ancient heiau,burial areas(pre-historic and historic), and a range of other cultural resources and features that require mindfulness and mitigation measures. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This CIA Update could not have been completed without the mana`o of the following ethnographic consultants: Palikapu Dedman, Prudencio Fuerte,Pernell Hanao, Sophia Hanao, Lincoln Kailiawa, Kupuna Paulette Ke and Wilma Roddy. Mahalo also to Norman Quon, Daryn Arai, Yan Wong, Candice Fargas and Eva Liu. MAHALO NUI LOA! iv DEDICATION This CIA Update is dedicated to Kupuna Pele Hanoa who would have been 100 years old this year on August 8,2023. Much Aloha! t. Kupuna Pele Hanoa v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. PROJECT LOCATION.......................................................................................ERROR!BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. REGULATORY CONTEXT.........................................................................................................................................4 Act50......................................................................................................................................................................................4 HRS6E...................................................................................................................................................................................5 SCOPEOF WORK........................................................................................................................................................5 WorkflowTasks......................................................................................................................................................................5 Fieldworkand Research Tasks................................................................................................................................................6 METHODS....................................................................................................................................................................7 Personel...................................................................................................................................................................................7 Levelof Effort........................................................................................................................................................................7 TheoreticalApproach..............................................................................................................................................................7 ArchivalResearch...................................................................................................................................................................7 Ethnographic Survey(7 interviews),Data Analysis and Final Report....................................................................................7 InterviewProcess....................................................................................................................................................................8 Transcribing-Editing Process..................................................................................................................................................8 EthnographicAnalysis Process...............................................................................................................................................8 ResearchConstraints...............................................................................................................................................................8 ARCHIVALRESEARCH.............................................................................................................................................9 Environmental,Cultural,and Historical Context(See 2006 CIA)..........................................................................................9 Traditional Literature(See 2006 CIA)....................................................................................................................................9 Historical References(See 2006 CIA)....................................................................................................................................9 ArchaeologyUpdate(2023)....................................................................................................................................................9 Review Summary of Kerner and Clark(2023)..................................................................................................................9 2006 ORAL HISTORY SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................33 Ethnographic Consultants and Background..........................................................................................................................33 Pauline(Damazo)Enriques............................................................................................................................................................33 W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa...............................................................................................................................................................33 ArnoldLeRoy Palekaluhi Howard................................................................................................................................................34 JeanetteKaualam Akin Howard....................................................................................................................................................35 RaynerKinney................................................................................................................................................................................36 MaileSpencer Napoleon...............................................................................................................................................................36 LandResources and Use(2006)............................................................................................................................................37 WaterResouces and Use(2006)............................................................................................................................................39 Marine Resources and Use(2006).........................................................................................................................................39 Cultural Resources and Practices(2006)...............................................................................................................................43 AnecdotalStories...................................................................................................................................................................46 ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY DATA(2023)...................................................................Error!Bookmark not defined. Research Themes or Categories...................................................................................................................47 Consultant Background and Demographics ...............................................................................................47 PalikapuDedman.............................................................................................................................................................48 PrudencioFuerte.........................................................................................................................48 PemellHanoa...................................................................................................................................................................48 SophiaHanoa...................................................................................................................................................................49 LincolnKailiawa..............................................................................................................................................................49 PauletteKe.......................................................................................................................................................................49 WilmaRoddy...................................................................................................................................................................50 LandResources and Use........................................................................................................................................................52 WaterResources and Use......................................................................................................................................................57 MarineResources and Use.....................................................................................................................................................60 Cultural Resources and Practices...........................................................................................................................................67 Consultant Concerns,Comments and Suggestions................................................................................................................73 Relevant and Anecdotal Stories.............................................................................................................80 ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................86 List of Resources,Uses and Practices.....................................................................................................................................86 Cultural Resources and Practices vs Economic Opportunities................................................................................................88 CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UPDATE.........................................................Error!Bookmark not defined.0 Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts Protocol and Execution...................................................................90 VI BIBLIOGGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................93 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A.Act 50 State Of Hawaii 2000................................................................................... 97 Appendix B.Environmental Council Guidelines ................................................................................99 AppendixC.Consent/Release Forms........................................................................................................................102 Appendix D.Ethnographic Instrument......................................................................................................................105 AppendixE. Signed Consent Forms..........................................................................................................................107 Appendix F. Signed Release Forms.............................................................................................109 Appendix G. Written Testimony.......................................................................... .......................114 LIST OF FIGURES FigureI [1966 U.S.G.S map,Punalu'u]........................................................................................................................I Figure2 [Master Plan ]..............................................................................................................2 Figure 3 [Aerial View,Proposed Development].................................................................................3 Figure4 [TMK Map].....................................................................................................................................................9 Figure5 [Annotated Map Copy]..................................................................................................................................10 Figure 6 [Map of kuleana(LCAw.)].. .........................................................................................................................12 Figure 7 [Punalu'u and features 1919 Map]................................................................................................................16 Figure8 [Site Location 1972 Map]..............................................................................................................................23 Figure 9 [Location of survey areas and site locations 1974 Map]...............................................................................24 Figure 10 [Site locations 1986 Map]...........................................................................................................................26 Figure 11 [Overlay of the site locations 2023 Map]....................................................................................................31 LIST OF TABLES Table1.Kuleana parcels awarded...............................................................................................................................I'I Table 2. Sites documented prior to 1970.....................................................................................................................17 Table3 Sites documemd in 1972.................................................................................................................................18 Table 4 Site significance and treatment recommendations 2023.................................................................................30 Table 5.Ethnographic Consultant Demographics 2023 ..............................................................................................48 Table 6.Types of Resources,Uses or Practices in the Ahupua'a of Punalu'u,Nmole and Wailau......................87 Table 7 Expressions of Concerns and Issues, Comments and Suggestions 2023........................................................89 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Cover Page [View of Punalu'u Beach].............................................................................................i 2.Kupuna Pele Hanoa(2006).......................................................................................................v 3. Aerial View from the Ocean(PBSB)............................................................................................3 4.Updated View of Black Sand Beach.............................................................................................6 5.Palikapu Dedman.................................................................................................................48 6.Prudencio Fuerte..................................................................................................................48 7.Pemell Hanoa.....................................................................................................................48 8. Sohia Hanoa.......................................................................................................................49 9 Paulette Ke.........................................................................................................................49 10.Wilma Roddy.....................................................................................................................50 11.Grandpa's pole and entrance to Hanoa kuleana land........................................................................51 12.Partial View of inside Hanoa kuleana land...................................................................................51 13. View of Hanoa kuleana land from occanside..................................................................................51 Vii 14.Abundance of coconut trees in Punalu`u....................................................................................55 15.Overgrowth taking over traditional la`au....................................................................................56 16.Old Fishpond with overgrowth, surrounded by false kamani and coconut trees.......................................60 17.Punalu`u Bay open ocean......................................................................................................62 18.Visitors heading towards resting turtles......................................................................................67 19.Ocean tidal pools................................................................................................................69 20.Wide view of Black Sand Beach.............................................................................................69 21.Ocean-Inland tidal pools.......................................................................................................69 22.Inland tidal pools................................................................................................................69 23.Beach view looking South......................................................................................................69 24.Beach view looking North......................................................................................................69 25.End of wharf recently damaged................................................................................................71 26.Burial cliffs or ridge in back of Hanoa Kuleana lands......................................................................72 27.Big and small pavilions across burial areas..................................................................................72 28.Rocks around turtles............................................................................................................75 29.Over growth off Nmole Loop Rd..............................................................................................81 30.Over growth main road to beach..............................................................................................81 31.Destroyed restaurant............................................................................................................82 32.Destroyed golf structure........................................................................................................82 33. Golf course parking area.......................................................................................................83 34.Golf course makai of condos...................................................................................................83 35.Ripple in old fishpond..........................................................................................................89 viii INTRODUCTION On behalf of Black Sand Beach, LLC an update of the Cultural Impact Study/Assessment(CIA)Punalu`u Development Project(Orr 2006)was requested. This CIA update is to fulfill a requirement for the Special Management Area (SMA) permit process conducted by Daryn Arai, LLC for the Punalu`u Village Development Project. The CIA update was conducted by Kaimipono Consulting Services, LLC between January to May, 2023 with interviews in January/February, site visit and meeting with Ka`u Kupuna Council in February 2023 and an additional site visit in March. The level of effort of this update includes a summary of the 2006 oral history, an updated archaeology summary, a summary and photos of a site visit to Punalu`u project area, five current oral histories were scheduled including one from the previous (2006) CIA, and a summary of the Ka`u Kupuna Council meeting of February 13, 2023. Due to circumstances there were several changes. On the day of the scheduled zoom interviews,the kupuna previously interviewed in 2005, fell and injured herself. She asked to be canceled from the interview list. On the day of the scheduled Ka`u Kupuna Council meeting,the five members were prepared and wanted to be individually interviewed for a total of nine interviews.However, two later rescinded,and one submitted a written testimony.Therefore,seven new oral histories were utilized for this CIA Update along with the previous(2006)interviews. Project Location The Punalu`u Village Development project encompasses 433 acres from the coastal area to highway in a place known as Punalu`u within the ahupua`a of Ninole, Wailau and Punalu`u, in the Ka`u District of Hawaii Island (Figure 1 In Ketner and Clark 2023:62). T fJ , *�`7-7 7 r as nakp- '�,�•° iili � ^;1! _ S � :tis� .'�,'� it�t' ,� y. A r ) A � m � al W Fuhat �?� „ p ` e '®rl 0 Project area xiaoie . ' rz86 , ``' hin.aE prmp _ Ih Z'�Y . w 1 E] Not in project aica �' S 5 � Kp ieo.�e e F�e 6G 0 Ah-icmJ. ley / G 01) '� G Figure 1.Portion of the 1966 U.S.G.S map,Punalu`u,HI showing the project area and ahupua`a of Ninole,Wailau and Punalu`u. [In Ketner and Clark(2023:62 Fig 41)]. 1 The project area encompasses 1.4 kilometers of coastline situated between Ninole Cove (to the southwest)and Punalu`u Bay(to the southeast)and extends 2.4 kilometers inland from the coast to the Old Government Main Road.Elevations within the project area range from sea level to roughly 375 feet(115 meters) above mean sea level(amsl). The project area is bounded to the south by undeveloped State-owned lands;to the north by several small,privately-owned,residential parcels, as well as a few larger parcels of undeveloped land that are owned by the State and Kamehameha Schools;and to the east by to the alignment of the Old Government Main Road to Htlea.The makai portion of the project area is accessed by Nmole Loop Road,which loops from Mamalahoa Highway to the coast and back to the highway.The mauka portion of the original project area can be accessed from Mamalahoa Highway by way of either Alahaki Road or the Old Government Main Road(in Ketner and Clark 2023:16).The current project only involves lands makai of the highway. The project currently proposed by Black Sand Beach,LLC includes the development/redevelopment of five specific locations within the overall project area totaling roughly 141.73 acres (labeled 1 through 5). The proposed development/redevelopment activities will occur within previously disturbed portions of the project area situated makai of Highway 11 (see Figure 4)and will avoid direct impacts to any of the previously identified historic properties(Tulchin et al. 2006). It is the roughly 141.73-acre area proposed for development/redevelopment that constitutes the area of direct impacts for the proposed project.No development activities will occur outside of the footprint of that area. Punalu'u Village 7.Black Sand Beach Area •!btl Restaurant G,,,hd,-Restore Landscape/H,6,, Lu au,Intort her,Canter •Across the Roatl-Fish Market&Restaurant, Open Market,Public Restrcans 2.Colony Two Condominums •63 Cando UNts ?.Village&Wellness Center Sports Canter-Tennis Courts,Gym,Saxiwllaybail Courts.Swimming Pool&Re shop •Ullaga Cents-Reke/%sturent,Marine Eoo- Center,Its'u Coffee Shovrtoom •Amph theater for We—Perfortnanees&Mooes •Wellness Center&Aoc Wetons Feeifliffe,+130 Rental Unit,for Ovem ght Stays 4.AWen Retreat •Restore ez sting Aspen Ins[tute 1 •Retreat 20-30 Un is - S.Restore Existing Bog Facilities •lh,=-,exi 1N 9 Golf Course&O Wq Range •Restoe exl:Xng Golf Clubhouse 6.Esta--ne Area'u Coastline Management Area •Preserve the beauty of the Coastline act M�r-he,i labnata •Protect Natural Resources •Protect Gathering&Flshing Rights •Previtla Etlucoh-&Recreational Opportunities Figure 2.Master Plan [Copy from Quon...same as Fig 12 in(Kerner and Clark 2023:21)] It is a complex project in that part of the area is scheduled to be turned over to Hawaii Country in a PONC process. The map of the Master Plan (Figure 2)indicates the various development intentions including the PONC area within yellow boundary lines. 2 i W, N Figure 3.Aerial View of Proposed Development(www.punaluublacksandbeach.com) �fl 4 i kf Y Photo 3. Aerial View from the Ocean www.punaluublacksandbeach.com 3 Regulatory Context The regulatory context for cultural impact assessments draws upon several statutes, administrative rules, and legislative actions. In accordance with the provisions of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 343 (and its implementing regulations contained in Hawaii Administrative Rules [HAR] Title 11, Chapter 200.1).The gathering and disclosure of this information is intended to promote transparent and responsible decision-making in accordance with Article XII, Section 7 of the Constitution of the State ofHawai`i,other State laws,and the courts of the State,which all mandate government agencies to endeavor to promote and preserve the cultural practices and resources of Native Hawaiians and other ethnicities. Act 50 [State of Hawaii 2000] H.B.NO. 2895 H.D.1 was passed by the 20th Legislature and approved by the Governor on April 26,2000 as Act 50 [Appendix A]. The following excerpts illustrate the intent and mandates of this Act: The legislature also finds that native Hawaiian culture plays a vital role in preserving and advancing the unique quality of life and the "aloha spirit' in Hawaii. Articles IX and XII of the State constitution,other State laws,and the courts of the State impose on government agencies a duty to promote and protect cultural beliefs,practices, and resources of Native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups. Moreover, the past failure to require Native Hawaiian cultural impact assessments has resulted in the loss and destruction of many important cultural resources and has interfered with the exercise of Native Hawaiian culture.The legislature further finds that due consideration of the effects of human activities on Native Hawaiian culture and the exercise thereof is necessary to ensure the continued existence,development,and exercise of Native Hawaiian culture. In addition to the content requirements of HRS Chapter 343 and HAR 11-200.1,on 19 November 1997,the State of Hawai`i's Environmental Council issued its Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts [Appendix B] and in compliance with Act 50 SLH 2O00 (HB 28 H.D. 1) as it amends the State of Hawaii Environmental Impact Statement law(Chapter 343,HAR)to include: effects on the cultural practices of the community and State. Also amends the definition of "significant effect"to include adverse effects on cultural practices The Guidelines provide methodological and content protocols for projects/actions that may have the potential to affect cultural resources. Article XII, Section 7 An additional consideration for this CIA is the distinction between traditional and contemporary cultural practices. Article XII, Section 7 of the Constitution of the State of Hawaii states: The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are descendants of Native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights." Unfortunately,the distinction between traditional and contemporary practices provided by the constitution is ambiguous, as some contemporary cultural practices could be argued to be "customarily" exercised cultural practices, or practices that have evolved from traditional practices. The CIA will seek to avoid potentially controversial distinctions between traditional and contemporary practices where such distinctions do not further the overall evaluation of cultural impacts. 4 HRS 6E The above statutes, rules, and laws discuss historic properties without generally providing details or definitions. In Hawaii, HRS 6E (and the various HAR implementing rules) provides an appropriate framework to discuss and present findings about historic properties. For this document, the discussion of historic properties follows those guidelines and rules set forth in HAR Title 13 Chapter 275. The purpose of HRS §6E is to ensure that the State ...provide leadership in preserving, restoring, and maintaining historic and cultural property, to ensure the administration of such historic and cultural property in a spirit of stewardship and trusteeship for future generations, and to conduct activities, plans, and programs in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of historic and cultural property (HRS §6E-1) HAR Title 13 §275 defines a historic property as any building, structure, object, district, area, or site, including heiau and underwater site, over fifty years old, and a significant historic property as any historic property possesses integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and shall meet one or more of the following criterion: Criterion "a". Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; Criterion"b".Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period, or method of construction, represent the work of a master,or possess high artistic value; Criterion"d". Have yielded, or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history;or Criterion"e".Have an important value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts--these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. Scope of Work The scope of work (SOW) for the current project is based on the regulations stated above and focuses on three cultural resource areas (traditional and customary,historical, and archaeological), conducted on two levels: archival research(literature/document review update)and ethnographic survey (oral histories). The ethnographic survey involved contacting previously (2006) interviewed consultants and reaching out to other members of the Ka`u community,primarily from Punalu`u and Pahala. Outreach was done with the help of staff who work at the Black Sand Beach LLC Punalu`u Office. Zoom interviews (5) and In-person interviews(5)were scheduled by staff. The SOW tasks are based on Guidelines and explained below. Workflow Tasks.The following workflow tasks are directed by Environmental Council's 1997 Guidelines: • conduct historical,anthropological,and other culturally related documentary research; • identify and consult with individuals with expertise concerning the types of cultural resources, practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area, e.g., district or ahupua`a; or with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action; 5 • receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with person(s) having knowledge of the potentially affected area; • identify and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area;and • assess the impact of the proposed action on the cultural resources,practices and beliefs identified. Fieldwork and Research. The fieldwork and research tasks for the CIA Update was conducted between January 2023 and April 2023 and consisted of the following components: • Review Current Archaeology Survey Report • Review Past Oral History (2006 Ethnographic Survey) • Current Ethnographic Survey(oral history interviews),edit digital interview transcripts,analyze ethnographic data(oral histories); • Site visit and update photographs; • Summary and assessment of archival and ethnographic data;and • Produce a working Draft CIA Update. y r Photo 4.Updated View of Black Sand Beach 6 METHODS This section fulfills one of the Guideline discussion requirements for a Cultural Impact Assessment report (See Appendix B, Section III). This Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) Update was conducted between the months of January 2023 through April 2023.The Update consisted of three phases: (1)review current archaeology report and update for CIA report, summarize the 2006 oral history, [the cultural and historical archival research (literature review) is referred to the 2006 CIA report; (2) current ethnographic survey (oral history zoom interviews and in-person interviews), edit digital transcripts, and provide an analysis of the ethnographic data (oral histories) and (3)report writing. Personnel. The personnel consisted of the ethnographic investigator who has a master's degree in Anthropology, with a graduate curriculum background in an archaeology track as well as anthropology theory, cultural resource management, ethnographic research methods, and public archaeology; an undergraduate curriculum background that included Hawaiian History, Hawaiian Language, Hawaiian Archaeology, Pacific Islands Religion, Pacific Islands Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, as well as a core archaeology track, Geology, and Tropical Plant Botany; and ethnographic field experience that includes over 435 interviews to date. Level of Effort. The level of effort includes a summary of the 2006 CIA oral history, a summary of an updated archaeology report, a summary and photos of a site visit to Punalu`u project area, and an ethnographic survey(oral histories).Five current oral histories(zoom interviews)were scheduled including one person from the previous (2006) CIA, along with a summary of the Ka`u Kupuna Council meeting of February 13,2023.Unfortunately,on the day the kupuna previously interview(2005-2006)was scheduled to be interviewed, she fell and was injured and canceled her interview. The members of the Ka`u Kupuna Council expected to be interviewed when they arrived at their meeting. Five were interviewed in-person but two later rescinded, and one submitted a written testimony Appendix G). Of the seven remaining individuals interviewed,three are kupuna and four are makua. Five of the seven are part-Hawaiian,but all seven have connections to Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole. Five are lineal or cultural descendants of people who lived on the lands of Punalu`u,Ninole or Wailau and all of them were born or raised or live in Ka`u. Four individuals interviewed have connections to kuleana lands in Punalu`u,one kupuna was given`Ike loa kuleana of Punalu`u- she was taught the mo`olelo and various knowledge to pass on to other generations. Theoretical Approach. This study is loosely based on Grounded Theory, a qualitative research approach in which"raw data" [transcripts and literature] are analyzed for concepts,categories and propositions. Since this was a semi-focused study,categories were pre-selected as part of the overall research design.However, it is not always the case that these research categories are supported in the data. Categories were generated by forming general groupings such as"Land Resources &Use,""Water Resources and Use"and"Cultural Resources & Practices." Conceptual labels or codes are generated by topic indicators [i.e., flora, fauna, burials]. In the Grounded Theory approach, theories about the social process are developed from the data analysis and interpretation process (Haig 1995; Pandit 1996). This step was not part of this cultural impact assessment as the research sample was too small. Archival Research. The cultural and historical literature review was conducted in 2005-2006 and is not included in this CIA Update. However, a summary of current archaeology data was provided by the archaeologist contracted by Black Sand Beach, LLC. Ethnographic Survey,Data Analysis and Final Report(I I people identified; 9 interviewed). The selection of the consultants was based on the following basic criteria: • Had/has Ties to Project Location(s) • Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner • Referred By Other Cultural Resource People • Referred By Client Staff Interview Process. The interview process included a brief verbal overview of the development project,and the CIA interview process. Each ethnographic consultant was provided with a consent or `agreement to participate' form to review and sign prior to the interviews by Black Sand Beach staff(Appendix Q. An ethnographic research instrument(Appendix D)designed to facilitate the interview(a semi-structured and open-ended method of questioning based on the person's response [`talk-story' style], was also provided prior to the interviews. Each interview was conducted at the convenience(date and time)of each consultant. The interviews were conducted using Zoom Interview program (set up by Black Sand Beach staff) and an Wad tablet for in-person interviews(also provided by Black Sand Beach staff). Transcribing-Editing Process. The Zoom interview program produced a digital transcript which was edited by the ethnographic investigator due to the fact that the Program is not familiar with Hawaiian words or local idioms. Each ethnographic consultant was emailed a copy of the edited transcript and a link to the Zoom interview video. The transcript review process was also explained in this email. This process allows for corrections (i.e., spelling of names,places), as well as a chance to delete any part of the information if so desired or to make any stipulations if desired. Each consultant was also informed of the two-week time limit for their review after which it will be assumed that the raw data can be selectively used. The Consent/Release form was provided prior to the interviews. Ethnographic Analysis Process. The analysis process followed a more traditional method, as a qualitative analysis software program was not necessary. The interview was manually coded for research thematic indicators or categories (i.e., personal information; land resources and uses; site information-traditional and/or historical; and anecdotal stories). For the purpose of this CIA Update, it was also not necessary to go beyond the first level of content and thematic analysis, as this was a more focused study.However,sub- themes or sub-categories were developed from the content or threads of each interview [e.g., cultural resources]. Research Constraints. The primary research problems involved the ethnographic survey and follow-up process. The Black Sand Beach staff were very helpful in setting up the zoom links and in-person interviews. Changes are expected because people's schedules can be unpredictable due to unforeseen circumstances. This was no exception. The original digital transcripts were not usable as it did not understand Hawaiian words or local phrases. It made up words or phrases, it did not use proper sentence structures and sometimes just used Chinese characters or writing. All the interviews had to be re- transcribed/edited by the ethnographic researcher,then emailed to each ethnographic consultant for review and revision. However,no one returned any revised transcripts. Therefore, ethnographic data used in this CIA is based on just the primary re-transcribed/edited transcripts. One consultant mailed a signed consent form and two consultants did give verbal permission to use the ethnographic data as is.I take responsibility for not collecting the Consent Forms during the in-person interviews(they were unexpected interviews). 8 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Environmental, Cultural, and Historical Context(See Orr 2006 CIA) Traditional Literature (See Orr 2006 CIA) Historical References(See Orr2006 CIA) Archaeology Update: When the 2006 CIA was conducted, the Tulchin et al. (2006) archaeology survey report was not available. The current Ketner and Clark (2023) archaeological survey report was available and shared with me by Black Sand Beach consultants. This archaeology update is based on the following report: An Addendum Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Roughly 433-acre Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Property By Amy L. Ketner,B.A. and Matthew R. Clark,M.A. March 2023 Ketner and Clark(2023)cover a broad range of information in their extensive report from project specifics to environmental, cultural and historical background reviews, to past archaeological studies and current archaeological survey analysis. There was also a wealth of information in their many maps (some used in this CIA report) and photos that depicted the former developed areas, as well as proposed developed areas and their relationship to cultural and historical sites within the proposed development boundaries and vicinities. The following "Review Summary" are selected sections of their report that while providing the historical and archaeological history of Nmole, Wailau and Punalu`u, also sadly documents the ongoing destruction of cultural sites and resources during its industrial-commercial history and its many development-redevelopment phases. Review Summary of Ketner and Clark(2023) The current project proposes resort redevelopment and M.iO K11\i K1 improvement activities within a roughly 142-acre portion of the overall project area located on portions of TMKs: (3) 9-5-019: 011, 015,026,031; (3)9-6-001:002,003,013; (3)9-6-002: 038 9-5-019024 y 1 and 053.... The proposed redevelopment and improvement activities will range from the construction of new buildings and roadways to the rehabilitation of existing structures and the i 95018030 restoration of the existing golf course. The proposed project will also create a roughly 30-acre coastline management and conservation area that includes the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park. This archaeological study was conducted in support of a County of Hawaii Special Management Area (SMA) use 36-002-038 -6002-OSJ 9-5-019-031 permit application for the proposed project,and in anticipation of 9-i-019-026 � 9F001-001 the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division's (DLNR-SHPD's) HRS Chapter 6E-42 s-Qooz-ooa review of that application as well as future development -0 permitting that may be required for project implementation. [I I] 9-fi-001-00 --001-011 R6 001-0I? Figure 4.TMK Map(Ketner and Clark 2023:13 Fig 2) Much of the current project area was developed during the 1960-70s as part of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u and, as a result, much of the ground surface has been previously disturbed. Existing development within the project area includes an 18-hole golf course with a pro-shop and 9 club house,a tennis center,a restaurant and cultural center,the Aspen Institute's conference facility, a County of Hawaii Beach Park,and associated parking,access roads,water and electrical utilities [add maintenance facility,sewage treatment plant,two sewage pump stations,potable water well& treatment facilities, reservoir]. Also present within lands surrounded by the project area, but not owned by the Black Sand Beach, LLC, are the Colony I Condominiums,the Kalana Golf Estates Subdivision, and several privately owned residences located near the coast. Even the lands not directly used for resort development within the project area were mechanically cleared as part of prior development activities. Today, with the exception of the Colony I Condominiums, the privately-owned residences at the coast, the County of Hawaii Beach Park, and some of the associated roadway/parking improvements, nearly all of former resort infrastructure has been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. [16] Punalu'u Village I t.alack sane Roach Area -Radna anaaapeiRalra, the Roatl C FISM1 Market&Restaurant, Open Markel,Public Restroans 2.Colony Two Contlominums 3.VIftW&Wellness Canter •Spons Center-Tennis Courts,Gym,Santivolleyball ming Pod&Pro shop CNllege Center-Bakery/Resturent.Marine Eco- Center,Ka'u Coffee SM1ow*oom •N eater<M1 for I, Outtlow Pertormences& es RentalnUnf�nter&Acg„tSt p Fac t-las+t30 4_A—estoreRelstlnt etm' r •R exg Aspen IrntHute Retreat 20 30 Un is � 6.1—ore &ii 9 tq Oa1l Fa Drms arngg Gdf Course Dr Wng x st Range ;QyM Rastwe en Gdf Cubhcusa ,\ R.Estahlish Punalu'u Coastline M anagement Area � rve th,beauty M Me Coastline •Protect GatM1erl ge&FiaM1 ng RigMe O"- Fig 5. [Annotated Map Copy from Quon...same as Fig 12 in(Ketner and Clark 2023:21)] The five locations proposed for development/redevelopment within the Punalu`u Resort by Black Sand Beach,LLC include: (1)roughly 7 acres (portions of TMKs: (3)9-6-001:003,013, and 9-6- 002:038)for the redevelopment of the old restaurant grounds near the Black Sand Beach Area and the development of a fish market,restaurant, open- air market, and public restrooms across the street; (2) 4.5 acres (TMK: (3) 9-5-019:031 in its entirety) for the construction of 63 [66] new condominium units referred to as "Colony II" (next to the Colony I Condominiums); (3)roughly 27.5 acres(a portion of TMK:(3)9-5-019:015)for the development a Village and Wellness Center that will include a sports center, a bakery/restaurant, a marine eco-center, a Ka`n coffee showroom, an amphitheater, and approximately 130 rental units; (4) 2.73 acres (TMK: (3) 9-5- 019:026 in its entirety)for the restoration of the existing Aspen Institute facility and the development of 20-30 additional rental units;and(5)roughly 100 acres(portions of TMKs: (3)9-5-019:011 and 9-6-002:038) for the restoration of existing golf course, driving range, and clubhouse facility. In addition to the proposed development/redevelopment activities, Black Sand Beach, LLC also intends to establish a coastline management conservation area that includes the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park and roughly 30 acres of land situated makai of Ninole Loop Road on portions of TMKs: (3)9-6-001:006,011,012 and-9-5-019:011 (labeled 6). The intention for the coastline management area is that it will be `owned' by the County of Hawaii, administered by the Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preservation Commission (PONC), and managed by non-profit,community-based groups with the assistance of PONC stewardship grants. [22] Selected historical events related to project lands and based on Ketner and Clark(2023)report. 10 Kuleana and Grant Lands A total of thirty-eight kuleana were awarded within Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole (Punalu`u=9; Wailau=8;and Ninole=21).Of the thirty-eight,thirteen kuleana awards which are listed in Table 1 in the vicinity of the current project area. With the exception of three kuleana awards, the remaining awardees received more than one parcel oftentimes with one (or more awarded parcels) located at the coast and another further upland. Those awards at the coast were typically for pd hale (house lots) and sometimes agricultural use whereas those kuleana awarded in the uplands were unanimously used for agricultural purposes. [37] A review of the documents associated with these awards provided the following information.Nine distinct plants are mentioned in the testimonies: `ohe(bamboo),lauhala(Pandanus tectorius),kalo (Colocacia esculenta),mdmaki(Pipturus albidus), hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus), niu (Cocos nucifera), wauke(Broussonetia papyrifera), orange (Citrus spp.),and `uala(Ipomoea batatas).These plants were grown within house lots as well as in lo`i (irrigated fields), `ili (land sections second to ahupua`a), and mo`o (narrow strip of land smaller than an `ili) (Pukui and Elbert 1986:97,209, 253). For Punalu`u, the `ili and mo`o names mentioned by the claimants respectively included Koloakiu, and Kuipoi,Puehu,Pohakuhe`e,and Puaniki. In Wailau-Ninole,the claimants identified the names of four `ili, including Homaikalono, Keopuka, Pa`ako, Waihi and the name of one mo`o, Pue. Claimants also mentioned the ponds, the shallow intertidal zone used for spearing squid,and a umu ahau(a heap of rocks constructed in the sea to shelter and attract young fish). [38] Table 1.Kuleana parcels awarded in the vicinity of the project area.(Ketner and Clark 2023:38) Ahupua'a Awardee LCAw. Acres No.ofParcels Land use Awarded Punalu`u Ahia 2 8004 0.25 1 House lot,mo`o Puehu Kekaula 8760-C 2 1:Mo`o Kuipoi 2:House lot Kumaiku 7606-C 4.97 2 Mo`o Puehu Malice 10114 1.46 1 Mo`o Pohakuhee Nakahuna 2564 10.25 4 1:House lot and patch (konohiki) 2:Two lo`i within mo`o Puaniki 4:Mo`o Koloahiu Pookuia 10848 1.48 2 1:House lot 2:`Ili Koloakiu Wailau Kaawa 7313 7.20 1 Orange tree and house lot? Kalapuna 7557 6.63 3 House lot at`ili Homaikalono Ninole Kaiolani 8758 11.22 3 House lot Kanekoa 8360 6.80 2 House lot Kekapa 8979 2.80 2 House at`ili Homaikalono Makaha 7721 6.12 2 Three`ili,Keopuka,Pa`ako,Waihi Nawali 8853-B 8.0 2 Taro patches in mo`o Pue Following the 1848 land division, several Royal Patent Grants were sold within the Government Lands of Wailau and Ninole ahupua`a.Six of these grant parcels(Grant Nos.821 [Holoua 42.65ac], 823 [Kalaikahuna 36.95ac],824 [Kapuhonua 48.75ac],825 [Kaui 46.70ac],828 Kekaula 114.Oac], and 2459 [Holoua 290.Oac]; 5 sold in 1852 and one sold in 1857, are located within the current project area(see Figure 17). It is unknown if any of these grant holders developed their lands,but an 1852 map of Grants Nos. 821 and 828 depicts several features at the coast of the current project area in that year. [38] 11 r----_ _ 8971):2 - ff [18760-E Grant 24511 'w4 r r Grant S24 r r Gran6 823 Grant 825 Grant 821 Grant 828 7;58= 8764E-C:t 7721:�-� � 25b4:1 1084R:2 7313 8 1.011 �--2564.2 606- 8361:1 $x-3;B-1 R97717'S7: 0848: -2564:4 t ?6{I-C:2 ❑Project,area 0 LCAvv. flCefui 0 Graits Figure 6.Map of kuleana(LCAw.)and grant parcels(Ketner and Clark 2023: 39 Fig 17). 1868 Mauna Loa Eruption and Tsunami 12 Between March and April of 1868,a series of tremors culminated in a violent volcanic eruption that spewed out from the southern flanks of Mauna Loa.The most powerful eruption occurred on April 2nd,which triggered several natural disasters including a mudflow in Wood Valley near Pahala,an avalanche at Pohina cliff near Honu`apo,and a tsunami(Ke An `Oko`a 1868; West Hawaii Today 2014).... The 1868 eruption, and resulting natural disasters,had a devastating impact on coastal Punalu`u. The tsunami of April 2nd altered the coastline, washed out the alaloa (coastal trail)lalanui aupuni (transitional period government road), destroyed the village, and caused at least one reported fatality. [41] The locally generated tsunami that hit the Ka`n coastline was described in an article printed in Ka Nupepa u`oko`a in 1868 as being thirty feet high,and went as far as seventy-three meters inland leaving all varieties of fish stranded,and carried the homes off of their foundations and swept stone walls out to sea. In addition to the homes destroyed at Punalu`u,the tsunami destroyed nearly all of the houses at Ka`alu`alu, Honu`apo,Ka`alaiki, and Ninole (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa 1868). The tsunami was allegedly most destructive at Keauhou, Punalu`u, and Honu`apo (Barnard 1990). [43] As a result of the 1868 eruption the district of Ka`n was devastated. While the aftershocks eventually subsided and life returned to a semblance of normal, the coastal villages were destroyed by the tsunami, and most coastal residents moved to inland towns such as Na`alehu, Wai`ohinu, or Pahala, or moved out of the district altogether(Handy et al. 1991). By 1872 the population of Ka`n had further declined to 1,865 persons (Kelly 1969). The destruction caused by the earthquake and tsunami,and the resulting exodus of people from their lands,paved the way for a new economic chapter in the history of Ka`n,driven by growth of ranching and the commercial sugar industry.[43] Punalu`u and Early Industries in Ka`n In 1876,a year after the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii was signed, a group of entrepreneurs made up primarily of American bankers from Honolulu(i.e. Peter C. Jones, Charles R. Bishop, J.D. Brewer, H.A.P. Carter, John Dominis and others) incorporated to form the Hawaiian Agricultural Company (HAC) (Campbell and Ogburn 1990). The plantation,which also purchased the lands of the neighboring Kapapala Ranch(Henke 1929), was one of the two large sugar operations in Ka`n at that time,the other being the Hutchinson Sugar Company, established by Alexander Hutchinson in 1868 on lands in the vicinity of Na`alehu (Campbell and Ogbum 1990). Since the HAC mill and fields were centered around Pahala—on some 50,000 acres extending up to the 3,000-foot elevation contour,much of which was owned by Bishop Estates(Robins et al.2016)--the company was sometimes referred to as Pahala Plantation. Punalu`u,the nearest harbor to the plantation,served as its main port. [44] With the improvements to Punalu`u Harbor and the construction of the railroad to Pahala, affluent tourists began visiting Punalu`u by steamship on their way to view the Kilauea volcano.Peter Lee, a Norwegian entrepreneur with a Hawaiian wife, established a small hotel at Punalu'u, located inland of the old fishpond to accommodate these tourists,and help them reach the volcano(Clark 2017).Guests staying at Lee's hotel would load onto the plantation railroad and travel up to Pahala where they disembarked and traveled the remaining distance in the comfort of a covered horse- drawn coach on a road built by Lee(Barna 2017;Kuykendall 1967;Moniz Nakamura 2003). [45] In 1883 C. Brewer& Co. became the agents for the plantation(Dorrance and Morgan 2000). By 1890 HAC was producing, and shipping from Punalu`u, roughly 3,000 tons of sugar annually. Because most of the HAC cane fields were located at higher elevations, the company cultivated "yellow bamboo"or"Whitney"cane exclusively,a variety considered the best for higher elevations (Campbell and Ogbum 1990). Towards the end of the nineteenth century the HAC fields were decimated by a prolonged drought and an infestation of leaf hoppers. Following the leaf hopper incident,the HAC plantation manager at that time(W.G.Ogg)began diversifying the cane fields.... 13 The village of Punalu`u,where supplies for the plantation were shipped,remained a small settlement throughout this period [48]. In 1929 HAC ceased using Punalu`u as its main shipping port and began transporting their sugar and supplies by track to Honu`apo (Robins et al. 2016). At the same time, HAC also began removing the railroad tracks between Punalu`u and Pahala. [57] Punalu`u,WWII and 1946 Tsunami After the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor,the high-standing concrete walls of the former HAC Punalu`u warehouses...were dynamited by U.S. army personnel, and troops were then stationed at the former facility for the duration of World War 11 to ensure that it could not be used as landing in case of a Japanese invasion(Clark 1985). Despite these changes, Punalu`u remained a thriving village throughout this period, supporting a sizeable population. "Canoe sheds,canoes, and nets lined the backshore of the black sand beach" and "the large spring-fed pond fronted a luxurious home for plantation administrators...referred to as the Haole House." The modem alignment of the Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Highway/Route 11) was also built across the current project area during the early 1940s. [57] On April 1, 1946, a tsunami, generated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands, swept ashore at Punalu`u destroying the army's temporary facilities at the landing, wrecking several houses near the beach, and filling the coastal ponds(Clark 1985;Langlas 1997).Aerial photographs from 1954 and 1965 and the 1966 U.S.G.S. Punalu`u quadrangle show that, with the exception of some possible grubbing for pasture improvement purposes,not much changed in the vicinity of the current project area during the mid-20a'Century.[57] Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u In 1969, C. Brewer& Co. initiated development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u on 434 acres of land within the coastal portions of Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a....The pavilions at the County of Hawaii Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park had already opened by 1968,prior to the start of the resort development. In 1972, while the resort was being built, C. Brewer & Co. consolidated its two sugar operations in Ka`n, the Hawaiian Agricultural Company and the Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, to form the Kau Sugar Company (renamed Kau Agribusiness Company in 1986). [67] Sazale Corporation's Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property(1990-1994) In 1990, Sazale's management company, Haseko (Hawaii) Inc., sought a shoreline management area permit from the Hawaii County Planning Commission to renew resort development at Punalu`u (Thompson 1990).Due to a change in the Ninole Cove shoreline, the issuance of the permit stalled (Thompson 1991). The Ninole Cove, historically a fishpond and in more recent times a swimming spot until the tsunami of 1975,was filled in with gravel during a series of storms between 1978 and 1982.The filling in of the cove began with the tsunami,but after the series of storms,the cove and shoreline completely changed and became unusable as a pond for recreation.Group 70,on behalf of Punalu'u Development Inc.,prepared a Shoreline and Pond Management Plan outlining proposed measures for conserving,rehabilitating,and providing access to the shoreline. [90] The Sazale Corp. also entered into negotiations for purchasing a three-quarter mile long remnant of the Old Government Beach Road/trail along the shore of Punalu`u (Pang 1991a). C. Brewer had originally purchased the Old Government Beach Road/trail from the State in 1986 and had included it in the sale to the Sazale Corp., but this sale/purchase was overturned because it was determined that the County of Hawaii owned the road,not the State, and therefore the State could not legally sell it. The section of the road in question, which extends between Ninole Cove and the Punalu`u black sand beach, was used by fisher people to access the cove, beach, and other fishing spots. At that time Sazale Corp. planned to replace the road with a newly designed 171 14 hole of a refurbished golf course. They also planned to provide alternative access to the aforementioned areas (through the Shoreline and Pond Management Plan). Community meetings concerning the sale of the road were held at that time, and at one of those meetings, descendant community member Pele Honua of the Punalu`u Preservation Committee was quoted as saying, concerning the proposed development, "It's really sad things have to happen this way-Hawaiians fighting Hawaiians"(Pang 1991b).In 1992,the Sazale Corp.received a shoreline management area (SMA)permit,but they never broke ground on any of their proposed development actions, citing the need to raise funds to pay the company's debts(Pang 1992). Sazale Corp eventually listed the resort for sale in 1994(Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1994). [90] Sea Mountain Five,LLC's Proposed Development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u In 1994, the Punalu`u Resort Property was purchased by SM Investment, a limited partnership formed by Robert Iwamoto of Robert's Hawaii travel company and Clyde Kaneshiro of Honolulu Disposal Service (Hawaii Tribune Herald 1994). Two years after the purchase, in 1996, the SMA permit obtained by Sazale Corp. for shoreline development was voided and sent back to the County Planning Commission for a contested case hearing, and SM Investment committed to doing a new shoreline survey(Kua 1996).Between the years 1996 and 2005,under the ownership of SM Investment, the resort grounds and golf course were maintained, but no new development was undertaken.However,renewed interest in developing the property,spearheaded by the developer group Sea Mountain Five LLC., who was in negotiations with SM Investment to purchase the property, initiated another attempt a obtaining an SMA permit for proposed development activities, and resulted in the preparation of a new EIS (Group 70 International 2006). At that time Sea Mountain Five,LLC was proposing to develop up to 1,523 residential units up to 300 hotel units on one or two hotel sites, a championship 18-hole golf course, cultural/marine center, upgrade wastewater treatment facility, water reservoir, and other supporting infrastructure. The time required to receive the SMA permit took longer than expected,however,and when the deadline for Sea Mountain Five, LLC to purchase the property from SM Investment expired in 2008, the sale fell through and none of the proposed development occurred(Armstrong 2008). [91] Punalu`u Development and Archaeology. ' By 1905,several improvements to Punalu`u Harbor had been made and a new,large warehouse had been built near the railroad terminus at the landing.It was soon after this warehouse was completed, and another new warehouse was under construction,that the first archaeological study of sites within the current project area occurred(Stokes and Dye 1991). [50] Stokes identified and described three major heiau within the coastal portion of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a (Lanipao, Punalu`unui, and Ka`ie`ie Heiau). Stokes also mentions a fourth heiau in Ninole Ahupua`a named Mokini, but did not locate it and believed that it had been confused with Ka`ie`ie Heiau. These heiau were later assigned the Bishop Museum Site numbers 138-1,138-2,and 139-1 and the SIHP designations 50-10-68-03511,-03512,and-03516.By the time of Stokes' visit, Punalu`unui Heiau (Site 138-1; SIHP 50-10-68-03511), which is perched on the coastal ` 5 lava flow to the east of the current project area, had been partially destroyed to accommodate the construction of the improved wharf and new warehouse at Punalu`u Bay. As described by Stokes in 1906, this heiau (also known by the names Kane`ele`ele, Mailekini, and Halelau) [51] Following the documentation of heiau on Hawaii Island by John F.G. stokes in 1906 and ethnographic documentation conducted by the Handys and Mary Kawena Pukui during the 1940s and 50s. B.P. Bishop Museum archaeologists began taking a closer look at the Ka`n District (Clark 2017). It is clear from the writings of the Bishop Museum archaeologists working in Ka`n during the 1960s and 1970s that they were becoming increasingly concerned with the rapid pace of development, the growing number of people visiting archaeological sites, issues of looting, and the consequences it was having on the archaeological record (Emory 1970;Kelly 1969; Ladd and Kelly 1969). These concerns were largely voiced as archaeological pleas to stop the data loss, 15 with no mention made of the cultural concerns that descendant communities at the time may have had,or how they may have felt about the archaeological excavation of their ancestral sites. [67] / NTR[T i a .V �V 1. I 1 ty q� Lanipao , H ei a u Old Govkrlrment ROad ♦fit, —Punalu'unui ncin.0 Projcct circa Kahial ,Rock" ��r.. - ■.PQlld Figure 7.Punalu`u and features[In Ketner and Clark 2023:55 Fig 32]KS Map 5474(JB Mann 1919)] Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u Before the start of resort development[1969],archaeological recordation in this area was limited to John F. G. Stokes' survey of heiau and notes on petroglyphs in the early 1900's(Cox and Stasack 1970;Stokes and Dye 1991). [68] 16 Table 2. Sites documented prior to 1970 within Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a. Ahupua`a Site SIHP Site 50-10-68 Bishop site number Punalu`u Punalu`unui Heiau -3511 138-1 Lanipao Heiau -3512 138-2 Petroglyphs -3513 138-3 Stepping stone trail -3514 138-4 Cist burial -3515 138-5 Wailau/Ninole Ka`ie`ie Heiau -3516 139-1 Ninole Pond -3517 139-2 Mokini Heiau -3518 139-3 Enclosure(3 features) -3519 139-4 Enclosure(3 features) -3520 139-5 Trail -3521 139-6 Nmole School -3522 139-7 Burial platform -3523 139-8 Old government road/Alanui`Aupuni -3524 139-9 Canoe shed -3525 139-10 Fishing shrine(ko`a) -3526 139-11 Platform possibly used to dry fish -3527 139-12 Trail -3528 139-13 Trail -3529 139-14 Barrera and Hommon(1972)[In Ketner and Clark 2030:68] The steps for archaeological research laid out by Emory(1970)above were followed by Barrera and Hommon (1972) when C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. first proposed to construct the Sea Mountain Resort. Bishop Museum conducted the archaeological work for the Ninole-Wailau portion of the overall development from 1970 to 1972 at the request of the Ka`n Historical Society,with funding from C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. While Bishop Museum Field Associate in Anthropology Violet Hansen had previously conducted some limited site recording in the vicinity of Ninole Pond in October and November of 1968 (Hansen 1968),the initial archaeological site survey of the larger area proposed for the resort development did not occur until March and April of 1970 (Hommon n.d.). This fieldwork, undertaken by a crew of seven Bishop Museum archaeologists, under the direction of field supervisor Robert Hommon,resulted in the identification of 114 archaeological sites, containing a total of 216 features (Barrera and Hommon 1972:4), with most of the features occurring in the seaward portion of their survey area. [68] From June to July of 1971,Bishop Museum archaeologist William Barrera,Jr.returned to the Ninole- Wailau area with a crew of three Bishop Museum archaeologists and two volunteers to conduct "salvage archaeology" at selected sites and features within the planned resort development (Barrera and Hommon 1972). The salvage archaeology conducted by Barrera was in response to the rapid development of the area and included the preparation of more detailed descriptions for eighteen of the sites previously recorded by Hommon(n.d.), detailed mapping of four of the sites, and the excavation of twelve of the sites. The excavated sites contained evidence primarily of Historic era habitation activities, which Barrera and Hommon (1972:33) interpreted as an indication that the 1868 tsunami had removed"almost all traces of a fairly intensive prehistoric exploitation" from the shores of Ninole and Wailau. Barrera and Hommon (1972) ultimately proposed eight of the habitation sites...for stabilization and integration"into an interpretive plan.... They also recommended preservation for five burial sites(Sites 139-22,-55,-56,-59,and-122)that local residents requested remain undisturbed. Barrera and Hommon(1972) also reported that two sites formerly located in coastal Ninole- Wailau- the old Alanui `Aupuni (Government Road) and the former Ninole fishpond -had been destroyed prior to their work. [68] By the time that the Barrera and Hommon(1972)report detailing the findings of their two phase of archaeological study at Ninole and Wailau was written up in February of 1972,rough grading and 17 irrigation trenching for the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course had already begun,and was expected to be completed, along with the construction of the golf maintenance shop, by October of that year (Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972). [69] Table 3. Sites documented by Barrera and Hommon 1972 within Wailau and Nmole ahu ua`a. 69-74 B.P.B.M. Survey Description Site# Area 139-15 V Crudely built wall with rubble core,adjacent to 89-16. 139-16 V Probable house site;medium-sized enclosure adjacent to 139-15.A terrace is indicated by traces of a stone alignment and rubble extending across the width of the enclosure. 139-17 IV Two small enclosures;the larger contains a concrete tomb on a small knoll above the cemetery. `Ili`ili was found on the surface around the tomb. 139-18 I Stone wall(subject to additional documentation) 139-19 I House enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-20 I Wall and rock shelters(subject to additional documentation) 139-21 I Probable house enclosure,small,with well-built,core-filled walls and`ili`ili paving on the floor. An outlined lanai was located on the makai side of the structure.One door,on the makai side,was 65 cm wide;one on the mauka side measured 80 cm.(Site recommended f preservation) 139-22 I Probable burial cists.The opened cist was apparently constructed by first digging a pit of the desired size in the ground,and then walling up the sides and roofing over the top.An adjacent low mound with`ili`ili paving on top is probably an unopened cist. (Site recommended for preservation) 139-23 I Walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) Table continues B.P.B.M. Survey Description Site# Area 139-24 1 Possible grave;very small platform with rough surface. 139-25 1 A small,poorly preserved,oval platform. 139-26 1 Possible graves.A large enclosure built against a cliff,contained four mounds,a medium-sized paved terrace,and an oval stone alignment. 139-27 1 Wall extending from the cliff near site 139-29. 139-28 I Small rock shelter,with 1.5-meter section of wall in front.No cultural materials were visible in the shallow deposit. 139-29 1 Possible grave.A small,poorly preserved,oval platform was at the base of the cliff near sites 139- 27 and 139-30 139-30 1 Possible grave.A small pavement was at the base of the cliff near site 139-31. 139-31 I Wall,extending from the cliff below the church to a wall running along the coast road. 139-32 1 Well preserved wall with numerous corners,trending Sand E. 139-33 I Two platforms(subject to additional documentation) 139-34 I Complex of rock shelters,platform,wall,and mound(subject to additional documentation) 139-35 1 Pen,probably modem.Medium-sized enclosure with rotting wooden gate at makai end and traces of barbed wire.Modern rubbish was associated with the site. 139-36 I Probable house enclosure;small U-shaped structure with some`ili'ili paving. 139-37 I Possible house enclosure,small. 139-38 I Three poorly preserved features. 139-39 I Midden diposit with modem rubbish on the surface(subject to additional documentation) 139-40 I Very small,square platform;well-constructed but deteriorated. 139-41 I Possible grave;small,roughly-paved terrace. 139-42 IV Large platform.A natural knoll had been converted to the platform structure with artificially built- up sides on the N and S.A narrow"step"was located on the N side. 18 139-43 11 Walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-44 II Medium-sized depression with two rock shelters.One shelter was fronted by a rough wall; another wall was built into a break in the side of the depression.A low,circular mound or rough pavement(D*=2,0 meters)was located near a natural earthen"ramp" leading into the depression. 139-45 11 One small and one medium-sized rock shelter.The latter had a rough arc-shaped wall in front. 139-46 11 Small depression with small rock shelter. 139-47 II Large enclosure with 14 sides. 139-48 11 Walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-49 II Small depression with one large and one small shelter. B9-50* II Possible animal pen;large depression with two walls and two mounds.Between the walls is an "entrance"to the depression 80 cm wide *the report has a typo,and calls it 139-59 139-51 11 Two depressions--one small,and one very small.The latter had a 70-cm overhang around most of its perimeter;the former was open at one end and was roughly paved at the other. 139-52 11 Very small depression with two small overhang shelters, 139-53 11 Very small depression with a small entrance located near sites 139-54 through 139-56,No cultural debris was visible. Table continues B.P.B.M. Survey Description Site# Area 139-54 II Small rock shelter with a poorly preserved,arc-shaped wall in front.The distance from the back of the shelter to the walls was 1.85 meters. 139-55 II Possible graves;small depression containing two platforms(Site recommended for preservation) 139-56 11 Two platforms and a rock shelter(subject to additional documentation) 139-57 II Three walls;possible agricultural complex utilizing floodwater irrigation along with features of sites 139-58,139-60,and 139-61.The longest wall extended along the bank of a stream gulch;at each end of this wall was a wall that extended across the stream bed 139-58 II Wall extending across a stream bed,located 26 meters upstream of site 139-57.A section in the stream channel itself has been washed away(see 139-57). 139-59 11 Possible burial;small paved terrace built against a natural slope in a small tributary gully.(Site recommended for reservation 139-60 II Wall extending across the stream bed(see 139-57). 139-61 11 Wall paralleling the upstream end of the long wall of site 139-57 along the opposite bank of the stream bed(see 139-57) 139-62 IV Wall near site 139-42. 139-63 11 Possible grave;medium-sized,roughly-paved terrace abutting a lava flow. 139-64 111 Wall extending across the stream floodplain 139-65 11 Wall oriented roughly NE-SW. 139-66 11 Small rock shelters(subject to additional documentation) 139-67 11 Possible animal pen;small enclosure adjacent to a ledge,with an"entrance" 1. 10 meters wide. 139-68 11 Possible animal pen;medium-sized enclosure formed on three sides by a natural ledge and on the fourth by a wall. 139-69 II Rock shelter(subject to additional documentation) 139-70 11 Rock shelters(subject to additional documentation) 139-71 11 Wall trending roughly SE to SW, 139-72 11 Small walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-73 11 Probable house site.This was a well-preserved`ili`ili pavement delimited by a rectangular outline of medium-sized stones.At a distance of 3.1 meters from the pavement was a 3.2-meter-long alignment of stones.The area between the pavement and the alignment was littered with`ili`ili.(Site recommended for preservation) 19 139-74 II Wall extending from site 89-76 to 89-28. 139-75 II Trash deposits(subject to additional documentation) 139-76 II Trash deposit(subject to additional documentation) 139-77 11 Roughly conical mound of stones. 139-78 11 Two walls and five mounds.The walls and three of the mounds were probably remnants of a single wall at least 63 meters long extending SE along the road that parallels the ahupua`a boundary wall.The other two mounds may have been part of a branch wall. These walls appeared to have been used as sources for stones for building the modern boundary wall of the ahupua`a(see 139-119). 139-79 11 Medium-sized rock shelter;no midden deposit visible. 139-80 11 Wall. 139-81 11 Wall extending makai-mauka near 139-82. 139-82 11 Historic house complex;two very large platforms with abundant remains of recent wooden structures and extensive areas of`ili`ili and large(0.2-to 0.3-meter-diameter)stone paving.The platforms shared one border.A corner of a wall was located NW of one of the platforms.(Site recommended for preservation) Table continues B.P.B.M. Survey Description Site# Area 139-83 11 Two walls located near and possibly associated with site 139-82.The longer wall,oriented NW- SE',is core-filled,with a good facing on both sides,and is the better preserved.The shorter wall is oriented NE-SW. 139-84 11 Short wall on the lava flow near Ninole Cove. 139-85 11 Medium-sized rock shelter with no midden. 139-86 11 Possible burial;very small depression with possible very rough stone pavement covering half of the floor. 139-87 II Small depression containing a small,well-preserved platform.An overhang extending around 3/4 of the circumference of the depression formed a rock shelter.Recent cultural materials, including a broken shovel and the remnants of a ladder were found in the depression. 139-88 II Wall extending from the cliff toward the ocean for a distance of 58 meters and then turning to the NE for a distance of 41 meters. 139-89 II Poorly preserved wall near the cemetery. 139-90 II Medium-sized depression with a gentle slope along one side.A 3-meter-long wall extended along one side of the depression. 139-91 II Two walls near and possibly associated with site 139-88.The longer wall had eight comers;the other wall branched from the first at nearly a right angle. 139-92 II Small depression. 139-93 II Possible animal pen.A small enclosure was formed by a natural outcrop and a short,arc-shaped wall. 139-94 III Possible temporary shelter;poorly-preserved,C-shaped structure, 139-95 IV Possible house enclosure.This small well-constructed enclosure was built into a natural U- shaped depression. 139-96 111 Wall with four corners. 139-97 IV Large rock-shelter.No cultural evidence was found on the surface of the deposit. 139-98 1 Possible house enclosure.Small enclosure abutted,and was later than,a long wall running parallel to the beach road,A small shallow pit abutted the wall in one comer. 139-99 111 Poorly-preserved wall. 139-100 111 Possible dry-agriculture complex.The several poorly preserved structures included short walls, two possible C-shaped structures attached to one another,and mounds. 139-101 11 Wall. 139-102 111 Wall extending along the bank of a dry stream bed. 139-103 111 Possible temporary shelter.The poorly-constructed C-shaped structure was of unfaced dry masonry. 139-104 111 Wall,extending more than 100 meters SE from site 139-15, 20 139-105 III Probable modem corral.The large,well-constructed enclosure was near a stream bed;two walls abutted and formed obtuse angles with the mauka wall of the enclosure. 139-106 V Probable temporary shelter.The C-shaped structure with several mounds in the vicinity was possibly associated with dry agriculture.A stone lamp was found at the site. 139-107 111 Poorly constructed wall. 139-108 111 Small rock shelter with a short wall at the opening. 139-109 III L-shaped wall,possibly the remnant of an enclosure,near the bank of a gulch. 139-110 1 Collapsed lava bubble and rock shelter(subject to additional documentation) 139-111 1 Two poorly preserved enclosures sharing a common wall. 139-112 111 Probable residential complex.A large,well-preserved enclosure contained three small enclosures, 139-113 111 Wall extending NW from the large enclosure wall of site 139-112. 139-114 111 Poorly-constructed platform,short wall,and small bedrock hollow used to store glass bottles ,and other objects. Table continues B.P.B.M. Survey Description Site# Area 139-115 111 Short wall. 139-116 111 Short wall. 139-117 111 Medium-sized,poorly-defined possible house platform with earthen surface. 139-118 V Medium-sized platform,probable house-site,with remains of enclosure on top 139-119 V Poorly-preserved wall,possible old boundary wall(see site 139-78,p. 12),running parallel to the modem ahupua'a boundary walls in the upper section of the surveyed area. 139-120 V Possible house terrace.This is a large terrace consisting of a low knoll with a wall of large bordering stones and smaller paving stones along one side. 139-121 IV Medium-sized open-ended enclosure in poor to fair condition.This probable house site contains a low terrace at the closed end.The open end of the enclosure is at the cliff edge,facing the ocean.(Site recommended for preservation) 139-122 IV Two small adjacent platforms.These possible graves are on the opposite side of a long mauka-makai wall from site 139-123.(Site recommended for preservation) 139-123 IV Three large platforms,two small platforms,and a wall comer;probable residential complex.(Site recommended for preservation) 139-124 IV Small,poorly preserved terrace paved with small stones;possible grave. 139-125 II Medium-sized rock shelter 139-126 IV Small,roughly paved terrace 139-171 1 Walled enclosure with house platform(subject to additional documentation) 139-172 I Rectangular enclosure(subject to additional documentation) End of Table Crozier 1972 Archaeological study of the Punalu`u portion of the Sea Mountain Resort property,much of which was acquired by C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. from the Bishop Estates specifically for resort development and had not been part of the originally planned development(Brandt 2019),proceeded similarly. This project,like the earlier Barrera and Hommon (1972) study, was conducted by the Bishop Museum at the request of the Ka`n Historical Society, with funding from C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. The study was undertaken for the purpose of locating and salvaging sites of archaeological or historical interest within the proposed development area. Study of the Punalu`u portion of the resort property by B.P. Bishop Museum archaeologists officially began in May of 1972, following an initial site survey conducted by Violet Hansen(between May and December of 21 1971), and shortly after the report for the Ninole-Wailau portion was published (Barerra and Hommon 1972).Hansen(1971)identified and assigned Bishop Museum site numbers to fifty-three sites within Punalu`u Ahupua`a (Sites 138-6 to 138-58); three other sites (138-59 to 138-61) were added to this inventory as a result of later fieldwork conducted in 1972-1973(Crozier 1972;Crozier and Barrera 1974). While a comprehensive list of the sites assigned Bishop Museum designations within Punalu`u Ahupua`a could not be located during the research conducted for the current study, nor a comprehensive map showing their locations,the original Archaeological Site Survey Records prepared by Hansen(1971)for some of the sites are still available in the Bishop Museum Archives, and the records for other sites are archived online at the Bishop Museum's Hawaiian Archaeological Survey(HAS)database. [74] When Crozier returned to Punalu`u, however, he found that several important sites previously identified by Hansen in 1971, and visited by Bishop Museum archaeologists in February of 1972, had been partially or completely destroyed by bulldozers in the months leading up to the May 1972 fieldwork.The bulldozing was primarily limited to Survey Areas II and III. Within Survey Area II, only three of the seven sites previously identified by the Bishop Museum remained relatively undisturbed. These sites included Lanipao Heiau (138-2), a habitation platform (138-37), and an Historic grave site(138-53).The other four sites—a habitation complex(138-7),two platforms(138- 8 and 52), and an unnamed heiau (138-36)—were reported almost completely destroyed by golf course construction activities prior to May of 1972.Crozier's description of the Site 138-36 heiau is emblematic of the wider destruction of cultural sites caused by the development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu'u.Regarding the heiau,Crozier(1972:14): [75] Once again the"progress"of modern man has destroyed a portion of Hawaiian Prehistory.Heiau site B8-36 was visited and recorded by Violet Hansen on December 7, 1971;three days later Dr. Sinoto, Chairman, Dept. of Anthropology, Bishop Museum, viewed the site and recommended further study and preservation (B.M. site report sheet B8-36). Today all that is left are a few of Violet Hansen's marking flags and a rubble pile. Since the site had been recommended for further study and was covered by dense vegetation, no maps were drawn or photographs were taken in December,and restoration is now impossible.Our field crew examined the remains and noted the coral and `ili`ili on the surface. We were able to approximate the size as having been 25 by 36 meters. Several pieces of broken basaltic glass were collected from the surface but could not be dated because of the recent breakage. [75] In November of 1972 and again in January of 1973,Bishop Museum archaeologists returned to the Punalu`u portion of the Sea Mountain Resort development to conduct additional plane table mapping within Survey Area I(Crozier and Barrera 1974).By the time of this survey,the Punalu`u Village Restaurant, located just inland of the black sand beach and pond at Punalu`u Bay, was under construction, and much of the golf course development had been completed (Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972). [79] ...The devastating tidal wave in 1868 did not affect the ahupua`a of Punalu`u as it did the lowland area of Ninole to the S.The disturbed portions of sites in areas II and III have been caused more by roving cattle and historic agrarian activities than by the fury of nature....(Crozier and Barrera 1974:27)[80] 22 Zoe* L\ ' L� L�4 � h3u Ylal(iFk•Judie'� 1Sa�M possibq bunall h Permanent haW1ion Rock 5M511K:P 45t w temporary hab"ton w. § Agricullure or i onimal pen dk �h L iM X 9 � soft a� 5 6 P ,Nxx VOu ���``�`�+.�. 22 an 4 qv � � L� 17Y ,q*��• y � d.•y� ep # 12 . N 1rf RZ f k►�, asYtEwnR t c+a«u. sat. °t o M20 VJWW WALM + !+*E FiTF .- s PrtceurwEktnen ro+t r+wlsilnokt tOWT UP Wr1nW4 soh NAME"Emu<•'t 13 Projccl area Figure 8.Barrera and Hommon(1972:2)site location map,adapted by Tulchin et al.(2006:42)to show sites by function(shaded areas indicate present golf course and road). Current project area indicated. [In Ketner and Clark 2023:70 Fig 45] 23 .. V ��� i'•' ![� \r."'�--�+•+��.` \�'\r".7 Y2 J f'�L' r jam`. � ,::lt t-! � -��\ram ~�.+ �_`~r� �✓� J Lr '.�� / },. `•` d ` J. Mir 4 . •r 1 � � [ t\ —vim �� 1' ✓:'• L.t� �`� / .. - j �41/ -S � �, J t f IVY p + I~ � + ., ;�_ �• ` ,..�i '�- ',`� �• D ry A'.�ti�� � ,tom,�d, �C' f": � �' •� --h �`+�.� --/' �✓s`� � .. 7". J"V. f . � f�,�.. �!� �A - '•fit � •.1 ,- , 7` _ 0Be-5 �* 46, ass Figure 9.Location of survey areas and site locations from Crozier and Barrera(1974:3). [In Ketner and Clark 2023:76 Fig 46] 24 Sea Mountain Resort Opens In the late spring-early summer of 1973 the Punalu`u Village Restaurant began lunch service, and became the first of the Sea Mountain Resort accommodations to open (Hawai`i Tribune-Herald 1973a).By this time the wastewater treatment facility had also been completed and groundbreaking for the planned Ninole Sea Village Hotel had begun.By July 1973,plans for the Ninole Sea Village Hotel were put on hold and, citing high interest rates, the construction of the hotel was never completed (Hawai`i Tribune-Herald 1973a). Instead, the plans changed to build a 158-unit condominium-hotel, and work began on building the Colony I condominiums within the year. A central facility building, originally commissioned to provide services to the hotel, was relocated to serve the condominiums.By the time that the Phase I construction of the Colony I condominiums and the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course was completed in 1974,bulldozers had removed nearly eighty percent of the sites documented by Barrera and Hommon(1972) from the Ninole-Wailau landscape(Tuchin et al.2006). In early November of 1975,work had begun on the Aspen Institute Seminar Center at the Sea Mountain Resort(The Honolulu Advertiser 1975a). [81] November 29,1975 Tsunami at Punalu`u On November 29, 1975, just 2 years after the opening of the Punalu`u Village Restaurant, and less than a year following the opening of the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course,a locally generated tsunami caused by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake,swept the coast of Ka`n causing substantial damage to the coastal portion of the current project area(Ka`n-Preservation 2006;Tate-Libby 2013),and to several structures located adjacent to Punalu`u Bay. The Punalu`u Village Restaurant and kitchen was completely gutted, seven homes behind the beach were completely washed off their foundations, two of the three County pavilions at the Punalu`u Beach Park were completely destroyed,and a lei stand was washed away (Williams 1975). The basement of the golf club house was also filled with water and the golf carts were flooded. A sketch map prepared by Loomis (1975) after the tsunami shows the run-up of this wave at Punalu`u and the destruction it caused. The tsunami debris line is shown as extending inland to the 18-foot elevation contour line.... Following the tsunami and the completion of the Aspen Institute in 1975,development within the Punalu'u resort area stalled out. [83] Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property(1986-1988) It wasn't until 1986,following the devastating effects of the tsunami,that C.Brewer began to seek entitlements for additional development within the Punalu`u Resort Property using a revised version of the original plans. As part of this development concept, C. Brewer sought to build a"Village Hotel" on the bluff overlooking the ocean and coastal plain, an additional 740 to 1,035 hotel/condominium units on approximately 48 acres,two new golf holes located on the coastal plain, and a new vehicular access road and parking area on the east side of Ninole Cove to provide vehicular access to the shoreline on the west side of the Resort Property (PBR Hawaii 1988). As a first step in the project, C. Brewer sought permitting to begin construction on a 500 to 600 room hotel, additional tennis courts, resort support facilities and amenities, restoration of Ninole Cove, expansion and enhancement of the existing beach park,and development of the"Punalu`u Village", a mixed use, low rise, commercial and multi-family facility with 330 to 500 residential units and 65,000 square feet of commercial space(Tribune-Herald 1986). A new archaeological study of the resort property was undertaken as part of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that was prepared for the project(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986), and that study identified only 32 sites remaining within the overall project area. [86] The Punalu`u Preservation Committee,Ka Ohana O Ka Lae,and numerous individuals opposed the 1986 development plans set forth by C. Brewer. Concerns from the Punalu`u Preservation Committee included,but were not limited to,overcrowding of the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach,loss of mountain and coastal views from tall hotels,a reduction of open space and expansion of the public park with additional golf course development, damage to coastal springs and ponds from treated sewage irrigation on the golf course, direct adverse impact on the nesting area of the endangered 25 Hawaiian hawksbill sea turtle and the green sea turtle, and destruction of important cultural sites (Punalu`u Preservation Committee 1987). A coordinated effort was started by the Punalu`u Preservation Committee to make the Punalu`u, Wailau, Ninole coastal area a Historic District at both the state and federal level. During this time,numerous public meetings/hearings were held to help explain the planning process and receive input from community members. Opposition for the proposed development from concerned community members was countered with voices of community members in favor of the development. Following weeks of criticism by the above- mentioned groups, C. Brewer withdrew the EIS in order to redraft the sections concerning preservation of archaeological features and cultural and social impacts. [86] In 1988, C. Brewer attained the desired rezoning and final approval for the EIS,which noted that ,'most of the project area[at least 90%]has already been mechanically cleared,or altered by floods and tsunamis"(in Tulchin et al. 2006:44). With these two needed items in hand it seemed that the proposed development plans laid forth by C.Brewer would move forward,however,citing the need for more money to pay for resort expansions, C.Brewer sold the resort in the summer of 1989 to Punalu`u Development Inc., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm Sekitei Kaihatsu Co. (name later changed to Sazale Corp.)(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1989;Star-Bulletin 1989). [87] Hann and Rosendahl(1986) In January 1986, in connection with pending rezoning requests (R85-27) and a SMA permit application (SMA 85-13), Paul H. Rosendahl Inc. (PHRI), conducted a one-day preliminary archaeological assessment of the entire Punalu`u Resort Property, hoping to relocate 43 sites, including 22 that had previously been recommended for preservation by the B.P.Bishop Museum (Haan and Rosendahl 1986)....Nine sites listed as being in coastal Punalu`u were relocated by Hann and Rosendahl(1986).Of the 37 sites listed as being in coastal Ninole-Wailau Ahupua`a,however, only ten were relocated during the preliminary archaeological assessment. Five of the sites were thought to be outside of their project area; six sites appeared to have been either covered and/or destroyed by flooding in the lower portion of the Ninole Stream that occurred during the early 1980s; three sites were found to be partially or completely destroyed by earlier construction activities;and nine sites were determined to have been either destroyed or improperly located on the 1984 map prepared by C.Brewer. [87] Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986) PHRL..later conducted a full archaeological reconnaissance survey of the property .......... . (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986).As a result of !-� that effort, 32 sites (with 83+ features) were identified, Twenty-five of these sites (66+ features)had been previously identified by the Bishop Museum, while the remaining seven sites (17+ features) were newly identified (all but one within the Ninole-Wailau portion of the property). Within the Punalu`u Ahupua'a portion of the resort,Rosendahl and Rosendahl f =- T (1986)relocated eleven of the Bishop Museum sites (138-2, 138-3, 138-5, 138-7, 138-14, 138-15, 138-16,138-31,138-32,138-33,and 138-53). [88] T��lTx_33 Figure 10. Site locations in Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986: A-4) [In Ketner and Clark o_._.,__,.__.... 2023:89]. 26 Sea Mountain Five,LLC's Proposed Development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u(2006)Tulchin et al.(2006) In 2006, at the request of Group 70 International, Inc., Cultural Surveys Hawaii Inc. (CSH) conducted an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) of approximately 430-acres at the Punalu`u Resort (Tulchin et al. 2006) that included lands mauka and makai of the highway. The AIS was conducted in support of the EIS being prepared for the proposed expansion of the resort facilities (Group 70 International 2006),and the application for a new SMA permit.The survey included the current project area as well as the Barrera and Hommon(1972), and Crozier and Barrera(1974) project areas and encompassed roughly the same area as the Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986) reconnaissance survey. CSH concurred with PHRI, that 90% of the resort area had been mechanically cleared or altered by floods and tsunami (Tulchin et al. 2006). By the time of the Tulchin et al.(2006)survey,more [than] 100 cultural sites had been destroyed in the coastal portion of Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a(see Table 3 in Tulchin et al.2006:36),and none of the mitigation recommendations presented in any of the earlier archaeological studies had been followed through on. [91] Tulchin et al. (2006)identified a total of 34 extant historic properties(containing 125+component features)within the overall resort property(Table 7;see Figures 61 and 62).Twenty-four of the sites were previously identified and nine were thought to be newly identified. One site, the Hoknloa Congregational Church and Cemetery (Site 50-10- 68-07370), was described as being located outside of the project area.Tulchin et al.(2006)attempted to correlate the sites they identified during their survey with previously recorded sites,but they were hindered by the extent of land disturbance within the resort property and the brevity of the site descriptions presented in the prior reports, as well as the confusion that multiple site numbers were given for the same feature throughout the years. Ultimately, existing SIHP site designations were retained for fifteen of the recorded sites (Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513,-03515,-03519 to-03522,-03524,-04309,-04310,-04330,-04360, -04368, -07361, and -07370), and new SIHP designations were assigned to nineteen of the sites (Sites 50-10-68-24897 through-24916)(see Table 7).Four of the sites were major site complexes that contained several individual features and other sites within.The complexes are the Burial Bluff Complex (Site 50-10-68-04309), the Wailau Complex (Site 50-10-68-04310), the Koloa/Nmole Complex(Site 50- 10-68-04368), and the Punalu`u Harbor Complex(Site 50-10-68-07361). All but two of the sites(Sites 138-53 and 139-174)identified by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986)were relocated. [94] The sites documented by Tulchin et al.(2006)were in various states of disrepair.For example,many of the petroglyphs(approximately 75%)originally documented at Site 3513 were reported destroyed by Tulchin et al. (2006:71), who suggest that they were bulldozed during construction of the Punalu'u Beach Park access road and parking lot. The overall area surrounding Site 4310 was reported as being extensively modified by land clearing activities that specifically impacted a wall (Feature A)and two platforms(Features B and C)(Tulchin et al.2006:99 and 111). The periphery of Site 24901 had been bulldozed during golf course construction(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and Tulchin et al. (2006:169) described portions of the site as being disturbed by land clearing activities but that overall, the features were intact and in good condition. Sites 24908 and 24909 (walls)were truncated by bulldozing and bulldozer push piles were located at the ends of the walls. These two sites were reported as mostly destroyed by bulldozing associated with construction of a non-improved ranch road(Tulchin et al.2006:55,57,and 58). As a result of the Tulchin et al. (2006) AIS, five sites (Sites 50-10-68-24902, -24908, -24910, - 24911, and -24913) were recommended for no further work, and the remaining 27 sites were recommended for preservation. Archaeological monitoring was also recommended during ground disturbing associated with the proposed development activities.The draft Tulchin et al.(2006)AIS report was the subject of initial Chapter 6E-42 review by DLNR-SHPD who, in a letter dated February 26, 2007 (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09), indicated that the background section of the report was acceptable, and the field survey was adequate. DLNR-SHPD also concurred with the significance evaluations for the documented historic properties presented in the draft report and agreed that all of the sites recommended for preservation should be preserved. 27 DLNR-SHPD did,however,request that two revisions be included in the final draft of the report prior to its acceptance:(1)that three sites recommended for no further work(SIHP Sites 50-10-68- 24902, a wall, 50-10-68-24908, an enclosure, and 50-10-68-24910, a mound) be considered for preservation; and (2) that an overlay of the proposed development on the site location map be prepared.A revised draft of the Tulchin et al.(2006)AIS was never submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review, since the proposed development activities never occurred, and no mitigation planning for the historic properties remaining within the project area has occurred. Historic Preservation In 2007,Members of Ka`n Preservation Inc.(formerly Punalu`u Preservation Committee composed a nomination form requesting that the coastal area of Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole be added to the National Register of Historic Places (NHRP) (Ka`n Preservation 2007). To date, the area has not been listed in the NHRP.There was also interest generated for the County to purchase the lands,but these measures were largely in response to community opposition regarding development of the area and have been somewhat subdued since the development proposed in 2006 fell through....The current landowner (Black Sand Beach, LLC) purchased the property from SM Investments in 2020.[94] Tulchin et al. (2006:49-51) recommended that thirty-four pre-contact and historic sites be preserved (ie. heiau, burials, petroglyphs, platforms, enclosures, trails, government road, terraces, walls, overhang shelters,church,cemetery)and five sites recommended no further work(i.e.wall,mound,well,enclosure) [In Ketner and Clark 2023:95-97]. Project Area Expectations and Fieldwork ...given the scope of the current project, it is expected that the historic properties previously documented within the project area by Tulchin et al.(2006)will be relocated and that no additional historic properties will be present on the surface [in] the area of direct impacts,due to the extent of prior land disturbance that has occurred in those areas.[98] Fieldwork for the current project was conducted by Matthew R. Clark, M.A. (Principal Investigator), and Manny Lopez,B.S.,of ASM on May 7 and 8,November 11, 19,20,December 6 and 9,2022.A total of 70 person hours were required to complete the fieldwork. [99] Fieldwork for the addendum AIS consisted of a visual inspection of the ground surface within the area of direct impacts for the proposed project and the identification and preparation of updated condition assessments for the sites previously documented by Tulchin et al.(2006)within the project area. This scope of work was determined in consultation with DLNR-SHPD Hawai'i Island Lead Archaeologist,Nicole Mello. The visual inspection of the area of direct impacts was accomplished utilizing pedestrian transects with fieldworks spaced at 10 to 15-meter intervals. The existing golf course,comprising roughly 100 acres of the roughly 142-acre area of direct impacts for the proposed project,was not surveyed as part of the current fieldwork. [99] All of the development areas proposed for ground disturbance as part of the current project have been previously subject to mechanical ground disturbance, and no archaeological sites were identified on the surface of the project area as a result of the pedestrian survey of the area of direct impacts.Additional information about each of the survey areas where development/redevelopment activities will occur as part of the current project is presented below, with the exception of the existing golf course, which was not systematically surveyed as part of the current study, but was subject to vehicular survey.All development activities associated with the refurbishing of the golf course will occur within its existing footprint. Sites documented within and along the edges of the golf course by Tulchin et al.(2006)were relocated as part of the current study and are described in further detail below,and are recommended for appropriate mitigation as part of the proposed project in the concluding section of this report. [100] 28 The condition assessments for 30 of the 34 sites described in the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS report were updated as a result of the addendum AIS fieldwork conducted for the current project. Of the four remaining sites,three(Sites 50-10-68-03515,-07370,and-24903)are not located within the current project area and were therefore not closely inspected, and the fourth (Site 50-10-68- 04330)appears to have been destroyed by land clearing activities in ca.2016. [111] Significance Evaluations And Treatment Recommendations All 30 of the sites documented within the current project area are assessed as significant under Criterion d for the information they have yielded regarding the history of the coastal region of Nmole, Wailau, and Punalu`u Ahupua`a are recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Eleven of the sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion e for their important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people, due to their associations with art,ceremony,and/or burial practices(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513, -04309, -04368, -07361, -24898, -24899, -24900, -24912, -24914, and -24916). Four sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion c because they embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and/or method of construction(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03522,- 04368, and-24915). Three sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion a because of their association with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-04368,-24915). [229] All of the sites documented within [t]he project area are recommended for preservation. A preservation plan meeting the standards of HAR §13-277-3, and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513,-03519,-03520,- 03521,-03522,-03524,-04310,-04330,-04360,-04368,-07361,-24897, -24901, -24902, -24905, -24906, -24907, -24908, -24910, -24911, -24912, -24913, -24914, -24915, and -24916 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation.A burial treatment plan meeting the standards of HAR§ 13-300-33 and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-04309, - 24898, -24899, and -24900 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. [229] 29 Table 4. Site significance and treatment recommendations. [In Ketner and Clark 2030:230] SII3P#(50-10-68-) Site Type Significance Recommended Treatment 03512 Lanipao Heiau a,c,d,a Preservation 03513 Petroglyphs d, Preservation e 03519 Animal Pen d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03520 Historic Habitation Enclosures d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03521 Trail d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03522 Ninole School c,d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03524 Makai Government Road a Preservation as a component of Site 4368 04309 Burial Bluff Complex d, Burial Preservation e 04310 Wailau Complex d Preservation 04360 Walls d Preservation 04368 Koloa-Ninole Complex a, Preservation c, d, e 07361 Punalu`u Harbor Complex d, Preservation e 24897 Enclosure/Trail d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 24898 Precontact Burial Complex d,e Burial preservation as a component of Site 4368 24899 Historic Burial Complex d,e Preservation as a component of Site 4309 24900 Precontact Burial/Ceremonial Complex d, Preservation as a component of Site 4309 e 24901 Habitation complex d Preservation 24902 Wall d Preservation 24905 Ranching Wall d Preservation 24906 Ranching Wall d Preservation 24907 Boundary/Ranching Wall d Preservation 24908 Enclosure d Preservation Preservation of Feature B(Feat.A 24909 Mauka Government Road a, outside of PA) d 24910 Agricultural Mound d Preservation 24911 Wall and Trail d Preservation 24912 Probable Burial Terrace d, Burial Preservation e 24913 Well d Preservation 24914 Possible Burial Cave d, Preservation as a component of Site 7361 e 24915 Railroad Berms a, Preservation c d 24916 Petroglyph and papamu d, Preservation e 30 Q N 24909 Area ol-Usiail Cr 24907 s 2.4910 24900 0 200 wn d 24901 Pir M au,.rn sstc IGMLITC �Buri:J 1,iL.�rr.iinnuc �m Trail ®howl area Nils In PfUjuut alt'l 11 li�i ?SNI �:47et�rs ?4�n� 24912 24905 .11 3515 14`0i }4 �4911 43(�0 '1512 �� F 74915 A { V 24900 ' 4309 24915yL° 24915�D 3i.". 4310 3519 }�.- , r,� y 2�914 Papamu 249B 3513 7370 2491f 3524 :3522 Figure 11.Overlay of the site locations on the proposed development plan.(Ketner and Clark 2023:231) 31 Determination Of Effect The proposed project would involve development activities within a roughly 142-acre portion of the roughly 433-acre project area. Thirty significant historic properties are located within the project area,but none are within the area of direct impacts for the proposed development. All 30 of these significant historic properties are recommended for preservation, and they will be avoided by construction activities.A preservation plan will be prepared for 26 of the sites and a burial treatment plan will be prepared for 4 of the sites. Archaeological monitoring will also occur during ground disturbing activities within the area of direct affects. As such,the recommended determination of effect for the proposed project is"Effect,with agreed upon mitigation commitments." [232] Additionally,archaeological monitoring is recommended for all initial ground disturbing activities within the area of direct impacts for the proposed project.An archaeological monitoring plan meeting the standards of HAR § 13-279 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. [229] 32 2006 ORAL HISTORY REVIEW This review of the 2006 Oral History is included at the suggestion of the client advisors as these kupuna were directly connected to these Punalu`u lands have since passed on, yet their mana`o is still significant and relevant.The following are excerpts regarding the personal background of the ethnographic consultants in alphabetical order. Ethnographic Consultants and Background Pauline(Damazo)Enriques:My father is an immigrant from the Philippines and his name is Feliciano Damazo,and he passed away when I was only 17 years old and my mother just passed away this year in April[2005] and her name is Lillian Kaukini Damazo Pajo and she was born... up at Wood Valley somewhere around there. She has a Hawaiian name but I really don't know,it's quite long. The Kaukini's were from Ka`n,in fact they used to own quite a bit of land in Wood Valley. My father used to work on the sugar plantation in Ka`n...he came to the islands in 1920...he worked for Hutchison which is at Na`alehu up Honu`apo-they had the mill there,and then he was transferred over to Pahala[C.Brewer]that was in 1941. He worked there until he passed away.My mother was a housewife,she worked a little while on the plantation [C. Brewer].... My mother worked in the fields, what they used to call those - hoe- hana.....I graduated from Pahala High... now it's Ka`n,High and I went to Armstrong in Berkeley.... 1956...started the [beach] shop with my husband(Joseph Enriques) [NOTE:Mr.Enriques passed away January 2006]. W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa:My name is Pele Hanoa.I was Bangay,actually,maiden name.I married Hanoa.I was born and raised right here in Punalu`u, right in this area here,this kuleana that we have since 1852. And we have never given up this kuleana until today.So I still come down here.After the tsunami(tidal wave)in 1946 that destroyed our home.Then we built a home in 1954 and 1975 a tidal wave took it again.So this is how we live today because I didn't want to keep building and[tidal wave] keep taking it away. So this is like our beach picnic area and property that we always come down and spend the weekend and the time have.Christmas we come down here away from everybody. Because we spend our life down here too.So my parents left this kuleana,now it's still in our hands,my children,my great-grand children now will enjoy the place. I was born August 8, 1923. I'm 82 years old now. I went to school in NA'alehu.I graduated in 9th grade in 1939. And then the war broke out so I couldn't continue my education. Then I worked as a nurse aid at Ka`n Hospital when the military came down...I was nursing all my life.I went to Honolulu, I worked for the Navy first.Then I went to St.Francis Hospital.From there 1 went to Le`ahi Hospital.I worked Le`ahi until I moved to Hilo `71 and then I retired from there.... I was nursing all my life. I went to Honolulu,I worked for the Navy first. Then I went to St. Francis Hospital. From there I went to Le`ahi Hospital. I worked Le`ahi until I moved to Hilo `71 and then I retired from there....I think I was 56 years old--maybe I wasn't that old--to about`76 or `77 when I retired.Pau.I never go back to work again because my husband was working all over.And he was the one who built the Hyatt.My husband had good job.He built the Hyatt,that train at the Hyatt.Oh,he'd leave home early. He built the University of Hawaii at Hilo Library,put up that building in the front.When he came home first in 1974, build up the French Canadian telescope on Mauna Kea.He built that up there. So he know how sacred it is up there.... My parents had about 12 of us children.And I was the oldest girl. And we never go to the hospital,we all gave birth at home. My dad was doctor,he was a fisherman, and he was a mahi`ai man(farmer).... My tutu J. W. Kuaimoku. Actually he's also from Kona.I had two tutu,two brothers.One is Keoki Kamakakane and J.W.Kuaimoku.And they were two brothers. But you know the Hawaiians before, somehow the ali`is,you know they want to hide from being taken away so they split their names. And my tutu, that's the way both of them were split, and yet they were two brothers.And my tutu Keoki is one,all up here,Kuaimoku,all are buried up here.But this land was got to my tutu J. W.Kuaimoku. So all the Kuaimoku,the Maka,all them from Kona is all my ohana. [Mahoe connection] My tutu was a nephew,Jed Kuaimoku.And then this went to my tutu J.W.Kuaimoku.You see J.W.Kuaimoku and Kainoakupuna. Kainoakupuna is a big landowner too,up all in the mauka side.Kainoakupuna Kahenenui.He's originally from Maui. So the Nakoa's is related to my husband,that's my husband's side.My husband's great grandfather is Kahenenui.But he go under the name of Kainoakupuna Kahenenui. But originally his ohana from Maui, Hana side.... You see the Hawaiians travel.That's why no matter where you stay,you still have ohana,even Kona.I say I have ohana in Kona. And how I came to be lineal descendant to Pu`ohau is because of Mahoe.... My mother,born and raised down here, her name was Kalanikauleleaiwi. She was [named after] one of the ladies that brought up all the chiefs,way back. If you look back you find it in the history.She was the lady that make all the chiefs.And then when I was born,she had a dream during her high period,that if she had a child,to name `em Pele. So she had miscarriage of two boys. And 33 then she had a third boy. And then she came to me the fourth. And she didn't know whether she was going to have a boy or what,but in her dream... with a fire. That's how when I was born, she named me Pele.... I'm on the Burial Council.I was one of the first kupuna teachers,the program Kupuna for the DOE.Started`76.We started with Nalani Sing and Loko Ma`ka`i Snakenberg. I belong to Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation,long time I was with them.Ka Lahui Hawaii.And I'm on the advisory board for the kupuna committee for the National Park.Hawaiian Civic Club, President. I was all over place. So I'm just like an advisor for a school in Keokaha, and advisory for that Kukulu Kumuhana, a class my daughter has down here,kupuna for them. I used to get all Kamehameha School kids come down here every year.And I give the story about this area,the history of this place. Arnold LeRoy Palekaluhi Howard:My English name,Arnold LeRoy Palekaluhi Howard,born He`eia Oahu,schooled Kapalama and Farrington.I was born June 29, 1924. 1 am 81 years old.WWII took my education. I went in the Navy and When I came out didn't want to 20 back to school,T only went to the 10'grade.I was a machinist on warships...] loved it.I was 17 years old.It was fun.All my family was in the Navy--father,brother,and myself...I was supposed to go from Kalakaua to Roosevelt—they were English standard schools.I wanted to be a farmer so my dad said you go down there,you're that dumb enough and wanna be a farmer.So that saved his car fares sending me there. [I learned to farm at]Kalakaua and Farrington--I took four periods of agriculture.I told the teachers I come here to learn to be a farmer and 1 want to take four periods,I don't care about Social Studies and crap like that. And I was a fanner. We had 25 acres in Kona. I come to Kona in 1964 and started to farm in 1965—my wife had family in Kona. But they stole everything I raised...and then it got so doggone bad when they would break in and steal the dishes and everything so we decided to get rid of it and live here and go fishing.Must have been about two years later,but we were off and on I mean we were fixing the place and all that.Started out here with canoes to go fishing and then they built the ramp over there,the plantation boss so I can build a boat.So this boat was built by me I had three of them,all built the same, and I built the canoe. Canoe you can only go so long because you don't have enough room to keep your catch,with these boats you have big tanks and lots of ice and all that. So you can stay out there longer and take more. My father,Guy Howard,but before all that it was Guy Howard Harvey.When he went in the Navy it was Howard,he left out the Harvey. So when he applied for communication license,he couldn't use that,he had to go with Howard, so we had to change all the birth certificates back to Howard.There was two people with radio license in the Hawaiian Islands,Worley was one who was a chief,and my father.My father worked for KGMB and Worley worked for KGU, them two radio stations. Your father won't know of them. They got KGMB now. Before used to be the Advertiser business with KGU.My father[was]transmitter man--he put all the radios in the police cars when they started having radios, and then Hawaiian Airlines hired him. He worked till he died for that company--he was a radio man when Hawaiian Airlines went in business. They looked for a man with license, and my father had a license and my father worked there till he died. I don't know when he died, 1964 or 1965. But he wasn't that old but bad kind of things, cancer,that's what it was,cancer in the bladder.I live longer than my dad so far,my mama was 96 when she died. My mother's name was Victoria Rose Valpoon.My grandfather was Charley Valpoon...see he came here--a haole- -married my grandmother—Hawaiian lady,Emma I don't know what her maiden name was.I have all the pictures of all our Hawaiian relatives,I got it all piled up in that damn room. They dress real nice,oh,it's unbelievable! The people today don't dress like that.Oh,it was beautiful.I don't know why they got away from dressing like that.....My grandfather worked for the fire department, and for the poling line, and Pearl Harbor on the big dry-dock that fell down....My Hawaiian name is Palekaluhi.You know what that means?It means `give away all my hard work."And you wanna hear a good story about that? When I was born this old gentleman, my mama's relative come in half intoxicated, and said `you give the boy my name!" My mama didn't like that name, but Hawaiian style, you gotta accept it. The first Hawaiian that give the name you gotta accept it or something happens to you, you understand? That's the belief my mama had.My mama buy me this wallet years ago.My mama every so many years,she buy me a new one and she put my name on it. My grandfather ride a horse to the power lines the telephone lines,the power lines. He had a helper and him they ride a horse to check the power lines in Kauai now. My mother lives way up in the mountains where the power line is and they have to go to school, so they have to cross these little rivers all the time. When plenty rain they take off all their clothes, cross the river,then put their clothes back on to get to school. My mama tell me all them stories. She say it was really tough.The house they live in was grass.The cookhouse was made out of tin,galvanized iron, `cause of the fire.But where they sleep was made outa grass in Kauai. That's how long ago that was.They go to school,they just have to swim across the river.My grandmother was a gatherer,see,so the food is all caught in the rivers, `opae, `o`opu, and that's what they eat. They shoot all the animals and they salt `em. And everything they salt. And anything they sell. My mother say, that's all we eat is salt. And then they talk about salt not good for you, and tobacco. My mama don't smoke but my mama know my grandmother smoke and 34 nurse the baby the same time, My Uncle Macky. And she says, `tobacco don't bother me' it don't bother my grandmother,my grandmother died in the big flu epidemic,you heard of that--what year was that now?My mama got the flu and my grandmother got the flu,my mother made it,my grandmother died. Way back,in fact my mother was a little girl when she got the flu all her hair came off,that's how bad it was,she's bald,she tell me the story.And she kept all her hair for years in the couch. We had a couch that you could lift up like that, and she keep all the Hawaiian stuff in there and her hair.I don't know what happened,maybe my daughter still got the hair,but she kept all the hair that fell off. I work for the plantation summer time.I was tall so they hire me.I was a case packer and the label machine,put cans of pineapple.I work for Libby and I work shine shoes,sell newspaper.I sold newspapers in front of Waikiiki Theater after they built it. 1 remember Saturday night I sell the Sunday morning paper there,big money, 5 cents every one I sell. I made money just to buy fishing stuff.Five hooks for a nickel,you get three shrimps for a nickel, I spend my vacations in Haleiwa maybe more than 10 years as a little boy all the way up every summer.My cousins live all down there.Real Hawaiian.But they half,just like me,not half but less than half.They live down there and I like fishing so I go down there. I fish so long my aunty send the girl down call me and I wouldn't come home and then I see oh my aunty coming with a stick and I take a beeline home to take a bath and eat.Oh boy,I was so scared of my aunty.That's the one took me to school my first day.I wouldn't go,I wouldn't go.My aunty says"let me get my clothes on,I take that boy to school."Finally went to school,Kapalama, only about oh my God, 300 yards up the road, Houghtailing Road.I remember Carter was the principal for the school at the time,she's a big gorilla,big lady,whew!But she get the job done boy. She didn't believe we gonna have a ho`olaule`a thing,May Day.I being a white-looking boy with blue eyes,I told her I wanted to carry one of them spears. Oh,no,no.You haole boy. I went home I told my mom, my mom give me some damn Hawaiian pictures on tin now,not on paper,made on iron, so the next day I went there and slap it down in front of that gorilla and said,"I am Hawaiian,there's the proof that's my grandmother right there." 1 carried the spear.But I look like hell in the movies. They had movies then,and here's this white looking guy with white legs,`cause you wearing a malo,walking by,I says`oh boy,I shouldn't have opened my mouth,I look terrible!" But it rained that day, I lucked out, it rained so we stayed on the porch instead. Oh my God. You can see I can remember,can't I? I remember everything,three years old I start fishing,my dad use to carry me,put me on a stone and he would go to work. The radio station was out in the water at Wailupe, it extend out in the water and he would be working and keeping an eye on me,and when come lunch time he would roll up and take off his shoes,walk out there and get me off of that thick cement pillars that hold the area wires.And then I gottaa go home and sleep--eat lunch and go to bed. That's how young I was—I was three,four years old.I wasn't allowed to have a hook so I tie with this wire that they tie around a milk bottle.They put the cover in the milk bottle those days and they put a cap over it and they tie it with this lead wire. So I would use bacon rind. You buy a bacon that big in the Navy and the hard part my mama would keep for me for crab bait,and I tie a piece with that wire on and then I have a little slit in the string and I throw it in the water and when the crab start pulling,I pull the crab slowly,then I would scoop him up. Sometimes I would get five or six for my mama.My mama likes to eat`em.Yea,when I was a kid,I started early,fishing. Jeanette Kaualani Akin Howard: I was born here in Punalu`u, Ka`n, Hawaii August 19,1928. I went to school in NA'alehu and Pahala and during my I I I and 121 year...I moved to Oahu in August of 1940 and attended the Wallace Rider Farrington High School. 1 graduated in June of 1942. During that year, two months before graduation, the Federal government needed workers to work at Pearl Harbor, as we were at war with the Japanese. The school was used as a hospital then. There were other buildings at the back where half of the students attended classes in the mornings,the rest in the afternoon.I applied for work and was hired ad a file clerk typist to work at the Naval Supply Depot.Summer of 1945 1 left my job and went to the Mainland.December of 19501 returned home to Punalu`u until today.My real mom died when I was three months old of T.B. She was about 17 or 18.As for my Dad I really don't know who he is. After my Mom died,my grandparents adopted and raised me and they are the only ones I know,as my parents.Their names are Adelaid Kanihokula Akin and Henry Akin.Adelaide was born in Wai`ohinu,Ka`n 1873 and died late 1946. She was the last kahu or minister for the Hoknloa(original)Protestant Church that sat on the hill. Henry was born in Keaiwa,Ka'n 1875 and died 1952.We lived in a home by the beach road on land owned by Ohana, the Whittington. The April Fool's Day tidal wave in 1946 washed the house away as well as the neighbors.I was not present at that time. Luckily my grandma saw and knew the changes of the ocean, got my grandpa who was permanently blind,out to safe ground. They lost everything.The sugar plantation manager at that time,Mr. William Campsey gave my parents permission to build a home on this land where I am living on now for one dollar a year for as long as they lived. The Red Cross had furnished all the materials for a four room home but they had to hire a 35 contractor to build it for them,which they did. I cared for my grandpa until he died and I'm still on this place since. The beach land was later given to Whittington's daughter,Margaret Carmichael who is now 90 and lives in Hilo. At her age,her daughter,Sidney Strange is now in charge of the Estate.Margaret also has a son,Curtis who lives in Hilo. Rayner Kinney: My father was Raymond Kinney. My mother was Hanaka`ulani Holt Kinney,... Dad was an entertainer; he came home from New York and had an opportunity to buy a 41-room hotel in Waimea on the Big Island. I spent a lot of years in Waimea when we had the hotel,the Waimea Ranch Hotel. And then my Dad lived in Mana,and his mother was from Honomu and her mother was from Ka`u. Her mother was a Kauahi from Ka`u, so I had ohana here in Ka`u,and in Kohala too.... My father was from Hilo side,Kaumana.... My dad and I went into a partnership and we purchased Waimea Ranch Hotel, and we operated that for seven years. Then we went back to Honolulu.... I worked at various hotels, 15 different hotels from all over. I worked my way from executive assistant manager to food and beverage director, [to] the first general manager in Waikiki. At that point,C.Brewer wanted to sell their lands here in Punalu`u,and they decided the only way to do that was to make a window through Hilo,coming into this area. So...they purchased the Hilo Hotel, the Volcano House; and then they built the restaurant down in Punalu`u and there was also a small museum. They built a golf course there,and also purchased the Volcano House golf course there. I became the general manager then the vice president of all of those properties when they were developing them.... My grandmother married a Holt; she was a Lemon. Her father came from Canada,her mother was from the `Ewa plains. That family line goes to Kalani,who was the ali`i of that area. My grandfather's mother was Hanaka`ulani, she had an interesting start. Her father was Lord George Paulet, and he arrived here when there were two British Counsels here;they also sold liquor to the king. [Lord George Paulet] came over [second trip] and aimed guns on the Palace and said cease and desist and as you know in history he took the islands for the Crown.This was in February 1843. Well,while he was here,he met the young princess Kamaluoleleohoku,and her father was the grandson of Kamehameha.....Lord George Paulet left without knowing that Kamalu was with child.So when he found that out,he came back[third trip]...to find the child.But the Hawaiians took the baby up into Nu`uanu Valley and hid her in a cave. He searched for the baby, and then he left. Later in the early 1900s someone in my family went to England to look it up.... So my grandmother's side on the maternal side,her mother was Lihu`enuiahanakalani who was from the Ewa plains, and Lihu'e was the name of a district down at Kokio.... So her father was Kalani, and I think it was either his brother or his uncle was the king of Oahu,and the other was Kaumualii who was the brother of the king of Oahu,and he [Kaumuali`i]was the king of Kauai or the ali`i of Kauai. So we have a branch that goes back.I married a Kama`iaululu whose second name starts with Kama`i and my wife's name was Leinani Kama`i but her line goes to Uloa,to Umi-a-Liloa in a direct line.My brother-in-law was Heinz Kama`i who was the alii`aimoku for the Kamehameha Society who passed away last year. Maile Spencer Napoleon:My mother was Lahapa Ah Yuen from Kohala and my Dad was John Kahanu Spencer,Sr. 1 was raised by my Dad's mother...her name was Abigail Kaomea Alapa Spencer. She raised me and my younger brother Daniel,because my Mom had to raise 7 nieces and nephews and had four other children when I came along. Tutu Abigail spoke only Hawaiian, `olelo kanaka to us,no English. She was a very good person and we learned a lot of things Hawaiian from her,about plants,medicinal and otherwise.And from her I learned to do lomilomi,Hawaiian massage....I left Kohala at age 18 and went to Kapi`olani Nursing School.My Dad decided that I should be a nurse, since he had a stroke when I was 17 in 1957. 1 cared for him and did lomilomi on him to help bring him back to walking. Six and a half months later,March 1958,he spoke his first word;"okay"was what he said.I was so happy! By the time I graduated from High School he was walking. A doctor from Kohala said that he would never walk or talk again.In those days,people just gave up when someone had a stroke.He was able to come to my graduation from High School. So off to Kapi`olani Technical School I went to for Nursing....My wild desire was always to become a minister the way that grandma became one by going to Hawaiian school where they teach you Hawaiian philosophy and healing and what we call Huna, "the secrets of the old."That was one of my high desires. I lived on Oahu for many years and went to stay in Colorado and Kentucky to be with my children and mo`opuna there for a little while. But my feeling was to move back to Big Island where the magic for me has always been. So after making a powerful prayer asking Ke Akua to find me a way to live on the Big Island,in Waimea,my prayers were answered. I was able to get a job here on the Big Island in Waimea,working for my church on Oahu.Once I got here I made another prayer to be able to learn how to do la`au kahea from a certain kahuna.... So I did go to the classes and learned that.... I attended the Huna classes that were taught by Serge Kahili King, who learned his mana`o (knowledge) from his Hawaiian hanai(adopted)family from Kauai.... I was ordained by Serge Kahili King in Kauai...to be able to have a license to marry people,bless places,homes and do funerals and baptisms. 36 Land Resources and Uses(2006) Pauline(Damazo)Enriques: [Tour busses bring business] I always tell them thank you.But sometimes there are tours that first circles the whole island, and it's a rush,rush thing they have to meet deadlines and get into Kona earlier, so they come in to use the restrooms,and on the go.... These coconut trees were planted by my husband right in the back here [behind beach shack]...in the 1950s or 1960s. W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa: Mdlama okou ka `aina, ka `aina e mdlama Pao okou. If you take care of the land, the land will take care of you. Ancient proverb-Pele Hanoa(2005) So we go up to Wailau to do our planting of our taro and our pumpkin. We have fruits up there,banana. We come down and then we pound our own poi,we do our own poi.I help daddy pound. You know what good about here,we have all this coconut tree. I make my own kulolo,I make my own haupia. So when I go to school and teach children,I take the coconut leaf,I make pulumi niau[sp?],that's what we use the broom for sweep.That's the only kind broom I use...the ribs of the coconut.You gather all that and you make nice big bunch. And that's what we sweep our lauhala mat down here.And then every weekend my mama take `em out,and we gotta wipe `em all and take `em inside...Lauhala mats,all our lauhala mats--we make that. Kekaula is the one that owned this whole piece up here,the whole kuleana, 114 acres.And then down the other side was Holua--owned that whole Ninole mauka.If you look in the map,you find all these people's names.But down the kahakai area,nobody owned the kahakai area....Mahoe was here--on this property--my tutu. My tutu was a nephew, Jed Kuaimoku. And then this went to my tutu J. W. Kuaimoku. You see J. W--Kainoakupuna Kahenenui. He's originally from Maui. So the Nakoa's is related to my husband, that's my husband's side. My husband's great grandfather is Kahenenui. But he go under the name of Kainoakupuna Kahenenui. But originally his `ohana from Maui,Hana side. I have a picture where it shows our house was right here and up there was all stone wall.The wall I think is still there, right at the end of this before you go up to the pali.Not way up that cliff now,right by my little goat house there,right above there. That's where the kuleana go,all the way and goes in the back. We have a bigger piece of property down here.And then Carmichael is next,and then Delbert is next.So only three of us left now with kuleana in this Punalu`u area. And you see why the telephone poles is in the middle of the road when you folks come down? That's because the road was on that other side and the telephone poles was to be ours,we paid for that poles to be in this property. My dad had to pay when we get electricity down here in the 1960s. I think the electricity came when they built the pavilion. And all over here when the sand was way out,and down there at Wailau kai people used to live there,all black sand. You know all down this home was all sand,black sand.Not today,today get all pupa wai, all open up,the sand all disappeared. And the tidal wave, because of that too, all destroyed everything. But anyway, that where all people living on that area.And was all open,all open.And in the front here,has kuleana.In the front of this road towards the ocean,has kuleana.But now,the waves came in,the ocean came in,so it disappeared.Now I don't know how anybody, I'm telling you,could own this whole beach here,from Nmole all the way to Punalu`u here 1886 when they had that big mudflow and Nmole was all covered.And then they took the church and put it up there on the bluff up there.And that's called Hokuloa Church.... They took the church down I think in 1957 because was all termites.And then they built Henry Opukaha`ia's Chapel.Henry Opukaha`ia was born at Ninole and then when he went to the mainland,Connecticut,he died up there. They buried him up there,but the `ohana went and get him and brought him back to Kahikolu Church--I think he's down at Kahikolu Church in Kona[Napo`opo`o near Kealakekua Bay]....And up here was the church and cemetery. So all my `ohana is up here buried on the chapel up there.... We used to go up here and every time when kaipi`i(tidal wave)--when my mother see big wave and give us warning,we all run up to the church, `cause that's the safest place for us. 37 [Pu`umoa tidal area] it's all covered now since the tidal wave came in 1946,and 1975 did the worst damage because the land went down so many inches.And so the waves are more in,we get more ocean now than we do land.But the land was way out where I had canoe. Arnold LeRoy Palekaluhi Howard: Punalu`u is in a recess right now.It's just not going ahead. We had a nice restaurant we could go over there Saturday night,people come from town and have a decent dinner down there,the environment was good,and they had a tennis court over there and the place was clean,you look at it now,you look at that roads and you look at all the bushes, terrible,used to be nice garden in there,just walking in there would give you inspiration. But now it's just a damn bunch of junk.You ever went in there?You see how it's all broken?That's all our kids did that;they stole that painting. We wasn't home,if we was home they wouldn't have done it. Somebody knew we went on vacation. The tidal wave took the other houses--all[gone]only mine left--seven.Let's see now, 1975. 1975,big wave,came all the way up the road,came all the way up to this doorstep,came under that house there but didn't take it away.Ours was the only one left—wrecked that restaurant across the street and then they put it back up. Dahlberg had a house down there. He put that back in afterwards. And then there's some Hawaiian people down over there,Filipinos and Hawaiians.They got Hawaiian name because the father is Hawaiian--Hanoa.They got shacks down there now—they built without permit and all that stuff.Their house wasn't destroyed;it just floated up on this road here.It was a couple of houses,and I don't know why Pele,the oldest sister,wanted to wreck the houses....But the house just floated up `cause I went over there soon after the waves went down,I went down to see if the old folks got out and they just got out before I got there, and it was on the road here.No [warning] it was just a big earthquake and I sat down on my easy chair and lighted up a cigarette and it crashed,that was it.I went out the back door and went up the road and then I walked down. My wife went down the store where she saw stuff in there and was right up in the intersection. And then we were talking down there and another one came,after one came all the way up to here--took the A-frame house. The first one hit and everybody was in their[homes].I was in there,so was Carmichael,he had a big A-frame house down there and then the old folks down there and then this Beamer house over here that Dahlberg [Delbert] owns now,nobody was in that. And a security guy was in the restaurant and he drove up when I yelled at him and the wave went down already,he drove all the way to the pavilion to help some people that was over there and then the next one came, took his automobile--well it was C.Brewer's truck.He was in there [restaurant]probably sleeping and he didn't know but the second wave he'd a known,because that second wave did all the damage.We was down at the corner down there just before the beach and then it turned all black all of a sudden. This is 5:30 in the morning,I had a hunch another one was coming, so we run up the road you can hear all the houses crack,breaking. And people running and stopping. Hard to run.Old Carmichael just got out of that area,walked through just two yards and got out and we were talking down there and I said run,run,run.They were kinda old and then we ran and ran until we got up in front of my place and then we still hear stuff crash,oh,oh,there went your house.True.It just wrecked everything--had pavilions there- -wrecked the two small ones down here and had Mizuno's house and had that Hawaiian lady Cachola, two more houses down there,took em all,all but this old house here. Jeanette Kaualani Akin Howard: This black sand beach is one of our island's most popular visitor's stops. All the tour companies buses bring their groups here daily as well as the U-drives to see this black sand beach and the honu(sea turtle)rest on the beach--the only black sand beach available and accessible to everyone who visits our island. Rayner Kinney: Punalu`u in the `70s was just like it is right now.There was nothing here but sugar cane at the time,but on the makai side where they didn't grow sugar cane this is where they wanted to develop.It was too rocky for sugar cane and they wanted to put lots to build homes there—mostly around the bay.And also make another smaller community up above. So they had the museum and the restaurant,they operated that. Everybody used asbestos in those days--they did,even the restaurant.I mean they used it everywhere.I used to spray it on.After a while they stopped. 38 Water Resources and Uses: W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa: But for tidal wave is kai`opeli, kaipi`i, kaihohonu, all that. Hohonu means high tide. Kaipi`i means climbing, or kai`opeli.Because in order to get tidal wave,you have to have earthquake.But when they come out here,the scientist put tsunami. Hey,we have our own name for tsunami over here. We don't need to have Japanese name. I don't like that when they put tsunami In the Early Years. We didn't have electricity at that time [1930-1940s] down here,we had kerosene lamps.And we didn't have running water.Our drinking well we had in our property,we lived on brackish water,and we had outdoor Ina. So we had to walk out there to the Ina and then we walked out here to sleep at our house. Our house was right here by the punawai,so easy for you to carry,our punawai there. I share with them[Kamehameha School students] about Punalu`u Beach,why it's called Punalu`u.Because Puna is a spring-- spring water. And Vu means to dive. Dive in the ocean. So those days,the way I was told,the reason why it's called Punalu`u,diving spring,it's because our Hawaiian boys used to challenge one another,dive into the ocean of bay,and find how many cold spring spots they can feel in the water. And all our water,down here,from Nmole to Honu`apo,comes from the mountain,our rain god,Knmauna.Knmauna is our rain god way up by Kaiholeno--had water nutrients all down here. So this is why you call this Punalu`u.In that whole bay,if you go an an inside that bay,you can feel the spring.Until today,you go in there.And you know down by the Lihikai,all that waterfront here,you walk down there,all the spring coming out,all over,every day. So when C.Brewer built this place up,they stated in their book,in their record,that from 25 to 50 millions of gallons of water, that's gushing out every day,24 hours.And it's still doing it until today. Jeanette Kaualani Akin Howard: There was also a nice fresh water spring and pond by the electrical pole across from the shops called"Ka wai hi`i o Kauila"the rising waters of Kauila,which there is a legend about this spring. It was first covered by the 1946 tidal wave until today. The monument that you see by the beach pavilion is not correct and people are getting the wrong ideas.If you read the legend,then you'll know why. As for the pond,someone decided to put some water hyacinth or water lilies in the pond and it took over.My son Guy and his team of boys as well as others tried twice to clean them out as much as they could but to no avail. It grows back faster and more. Marine Resources and Uses Pauline(Damazo)Enriques: A lot of them[shore springs],the brackish ones,the freshwater spring,bubble up--you should go get some pictures. There's a lot of them,when the tide is low you can see them right along the edge. In fact that's the reason why the fish along here is so good eating--like the manini, it's so good. Other places I won't eat the manini because it's so smelly--this one is good. I have grandsons,this one about ten years old throwing net you know,learning how to throw net,he has caught little manini like that, and say "Grandma you want it?"So I say, `okay I'll take it."There's lots of fish in the bay,lots.... Pole fishing,throw net,and sometimes when the akule comes in they would surround it with the net--in fact Jeanette's husband does it a whole lot.Certain times of the year it does come in...and squid. Limu,not too many people like it,in fact there's not that much edible ones right here,it's further on down I think.We used to pick some limu out there but it was years and years ago,not any more. 1 don't even walk out here.But further on,on the side,there are [some] down that way,down the coastline. Hardly any...we do have not here,but further down we have a whole lot and we have sea urchins,we used to have a 39 lot of them clinging to the rocks. But I don't see any now. We used to call them ha`uke`uke--wana, is in the water. People,outsiders,used to come and get bagsful but I haven't seen them about a year or so now. W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa: Well, he [Ishida] leased the pond,then he built a breakwater. After he built the breakwater to keep all his mullet in and he put a makaha so the fish could come in. When they get big they cannot go out because the makaha going drop it. And that area,that Pihao plenty a`holehole. So every time it rained the kahawai goes right to that pond. See that pond is right in the kahawai of Nmole. So when it starts raining and the kahawai kai running,then the a`holehole get stuck all between that makaha,that iron grill. And that's how we go and pick all the a`holehole and put `em in the pakini and we bring`em home.And we cleaned that all up and we fried crispy,and that's how we eat,so ono.Because that's our life,fish That's where the honu`ea.See this whole area from Kamehame to Puhue[?],that's a nesting ground for the hawksbill, the honu`ea.So this is the endangered species area,this whole area we're trying to protect.Now there's an endangered species act now,to protect those turtles.... So,you see,when over here the lights are on,that's why they changed the light bulb,had bright lights for the park. They used to hatch right in front here on that sand in front this area. `That year when they hatch,they found all the baby turtles all up there in the pavilion, all underneath the pavilion, on the road,no can see the car,smash some.We had Larry Katahira,that National Park that protects these turtles,came over and they found that.It's because of those lights,attract the honu to go up.Normally,the honu hanau,and they see the glare of the moonlight on the ocean,the reflection,they go swim to the ocean.But instead of doing that,they saw the light up here on the land,so the come up to the land,and that's how they get killed,pan,make. My dad and I'd go out `opelu fishing, and we had the canoe shed all on two sides of the sand bank. Was all canoe shed. And we did go out fishing `opelu. This Punalu`u was a fishing village. We get our fish and we live on that, mostly fish. Maybe that's what makes us healthy today,my family,because we live on fish.And fish is really good, it's better than[meat]. And over here I go po`opa`a down here,I go lama lama all the way down,that's how we catch our crab at night.And during the day we go by the cliff side to catch crab.We make the bamboo like this,the niau,we tie to ends with black thread. Then we go down,then the crab eye open. And you put that black thread there,they shut eye,then you hook `em, come up. All kinds of way I do fishing, all kinds. My father build the imu out there for me, I go throw a net, throw it over.... Just before the shoreline,little ways out,he built imu,just roughly built, so it leaves space. So when the water is coming up, so we throw rocks in the water and all the fish running to the imu. So he told me,instead of me throwing like how the men throw far and I'm a girl, so I throw right over the imu,and I go shake the pohaku and all the fish come out,the manini. They all run out and get caught in the net. That's how I catch my fish.... And the other way that I do,I go na`una`u,in the crack.You go with the hand with your bag.I have two bags in both hands. So there's a little crack in there, cave-like, small cave. Swim in the water,you dive,you can see `em. So what I do, exactly the same way. You throw the pohaku and they all run into this little cave. Then you put one hand this side, one hand this side, and they're all in there. So I grab,one, I bring it out,I bite the head,put it in my bag,I go back again,grab,bite.It's our way of life--was so nice because we used that as our food.... So this place is so much aloha for this 'aina. `Opelu Ko`a. I grate the taro and the pumpkin, and then that's our bait for our opelu. So we go out to the ko`a,we have about seven ko`a,and he go down and feed ko`a`opelu for about couple of weeks.After they ma`a,then he goes with the net,then we throw the net down,we put the palu in the net,and all them go into the net,then we hook it and net up.That's how we catch our`opelu.And we catch`em by the ka`au.Then you go by the lau. See we count by the ka`au first.Then you go to lau. The lau is 800. We do all that.Well that's the life I had down here,my experiences in Punalu`u. `Ele `ele, and we have lipe`epe`e, and we have tipatu. Lipatu is the soft one,you have to go scrape from the stone. And we have huluhuluwaina that grows by the sand. And that's the kind of limn that you use when you make liver, the ake. And that's good with the ake--they make with ake, `cause it's long and small.But limn kohu is my favorite up here.And then,even with the limn`ele `ele,l like that,and lipalu,lipe`epe`e,I mix that with the `opihi. 1 used to go here make all `opihi on my ground, go outside, I go down all the way down,make `opihi. 1 go myself.No over here,all good.If I fall down in the water,you can come right back up. 40 Wawa`ioli,get.That's another limu.But I no eat too of that.Mama only make,she like certain kind.People mix that with the ho`io. They sell that plenty wawa`ioli in Honolulu. And you know the limu a`kia`ki [manauea]? They call that ogo. We call it limu a`kia`ki over here,it's because they grow on the pohaku in the sun. Honolulu they grow in the water, `Ewa Beach they all in the water, so they grow long and thin and soft--more tender. But over here it's crunchy,but if you put`em in the hot water,they come alright,they come soft.And you cut`em up and mix with your [mea`ai] And hpoa are very few,but in certain areas. We have wana over here, we have ha`uke`uke. My dad make the wana with da kine wire, and then we go dive and grab `em with the wire,the long kind. `Opihi. They have only two kind,the dark and the yellow.But I only go for the yellow one. The yellow one is more dangerous because they grow more down in the water. The dark one,they way up in the crack,but I no like that. I don't care for that.I go for the nice yellow one,more crunchy. When we get,we learn to eat,to share,that's how we do. We learn to share things. But today,you have all kinds of people now coming to kn your`opihi,taking all the size of`opihi and selling it.Twenty dollars a Ziploc bag of`opihi. They go down.The haoles do that,the Samoans do that,the Micronesians do that,the Filipinos do that. So you have every race. So when you go Filipino party you have `opihi.You have a`ama.Everybody eat that now.But hard to get `em now you know,they're not like before. We only go for our food resource. We used to get that for eat. Arnold LeRoy Palekaluhi Howard: You get kumu in the net or you get kumu by spearing. Kumu comes out mostly at night time. But if you spear,you can go in where he lives and kill him but at my age swimming is almost out. When 1 stand back up after swimming for a couple of hours to get back out, I really struggle. I used to dance around this place like a crazy man,now I'm barely moving.But I'm in good shape for 81 years old. Ono-`Opelu Fishing,I do all kinds of fishing--I go bottom fishing a lot. I got bigger boat and can catch tuna and so I go for the tuna and ono. Ono is my specialty--trolling and then lines that we call bubble--a floater and a flag; and you throw the floater in the water and let it float down the coastline and if there's any fish that see the bait going by, they'll take `em. We put 5 or 6 of them floaters out and they go with the current. They disappear and the flags would come up and we go get the fish. It's not a continuous line,it's just individual bubbles,it's legal. But long line ain't legal here. When the floater disappears,that means there is a fish on the line-when the flag shows up again,go get it. [For bait we use] `opelu or mackerels. I used to go out nights on a canoe and catch the `opelu and then we freeze them.Now I use mostly akule(horse-eye mackerel)which I catch them with nets.So being 80 something years old,I just don't go out in the ocean at night anymore.... [I catch`opelu] with a hook and fly,what do they call it,we call it fly - kakele - in Hawaiian it's kakele. You got your own formula and you think it's the best, but the fish gotta be willing to take any bait,the fish is the one that's gotta be willing,not you.You can have the best but if he's not willing you ain't going get him.You didn't hear that before?Everything's gotta be willing.You got five or six hooks on this line,you let the line go down and you take the fish off and put`um in the cooler,and then you let the line back down, sometimes you miss count,you get the number one in your finger.So you gotta be able to remember how many hooks are on the line; if you miscount,you get it in your hand. I used to go out by myself, come in and walk up this road here.Back in those days we didn't have electricity. We used all lanterns and lamps. We have a lantern on the beach that I can see to come in through that channel out there.It was bad.Then I bought spot lights and that was good.You shine until you see the white water splashing on the rocks and you follow the rocks to come in to the harbor.You see that harbor over there, eh?But there were older fishermen than me here when I started. But they all died or they're disabled or they can't go no more. I fished ever since I was a kid but when I came here,I learned a lot from the old- timers from here--not Hawaiian,two Japanese-Teramoto and Ito-those guys did teach me about this area of fishing. I fished on Oahu with net. I was the biggest net fisherman in Kaneohe Bay at one time, probably the biggest here now. Fish Catch. We keep some for bait, give some away and sell the rest to who ever wants to buy them. People would come down from up town;all you need is one to know,and they spread the news and there would be cars like there is a big chicken fight here.They come with tubs and buckets,because my price is not outrageous.You see how we live, we're not rich....Last week I went`ehu fishing. `Ehu is red snapper.But I stayed little more than half a day but then 41 the wind came up and I never went since--and it's gonna stay,maybe to next week.But we usually get good weather before Christmas and New Year's. That's when you gottaa give all your friends fish. My fish is mostly giveaway. Except the big ones I sell--the tuna and ono,to pay for the gas,oil and other fishing equipment. Jeanette Kaualani Akin Howard: They [honu] have been here a long time. We use to catch them for food.It wasn't easy like it is now since they have been protected. Long ago when the turtle sees you,they high tail it out to the deep. The only way you could catch them is by snagging them with a three-prong hook ad line tied up to the end of a strong bamboo pole looking down a cliff or using lay or cross nets. They somehow can't see you from up high. You have to try and snag them at a soft area like the flippers or by the neck area,then drag it to shore by an opening nearby.Honu do have very good meat or steaks and in various colors. Some look like beef, some kike pork or chicken. It also could be prepared in many different ways,teriyaki,breaded,BBQ,dried or soup,which is not for me.In the early 60s my husband and I used to catch them with cross or lay nets at night and pick them up early the next morning.There would be around 4 to 6 that are caught. We did this because they were in demand by the restaurants, Volcano House,Hukilau and others. It was also a source of income for us and we did not do this every day. We have photos of some of the catch. As long as I lived and growing up in Punalu`u,I have never seen or heard of turtles nesting here until one morning in the late 60s my husband and I discovered the first nesting for us. It was close to the electrical pole across from the shops. We roped it off with stakes and contacted the C. Brewer Management at the time--Mr.Crook and Mr. Garrett who came and helped us protect the nest with wire fence around it. After discovering another nest, we contacted a marine biologist on O`ahu whom we knew(George Balaz)flew over to check out the type and saw that they were the Hawkbills. He also knew we were catching turtles with nets and of course later put a stop on us by purchasing all of our nets for them to use.Then made the law to protect all the honu.There were several more nesting after the first two and the restaurant lights at that time as well as the street lights did not bother them from coming to shore to nest.Now if they did want to try and nest by the pond area, they would have a hard time doing so for the coconut tree roots. When I was a kupuna at the Nd'dlehu and Pahala Elementary Schools,I would have Mr.Balaz come and talk to my class students about the honu.My son Guy made and put all the signs along the beach explaining the things that one shouldn't do while a turtle is resting on the beach. He also gives talks about the honu to any school classes who ask him to. That's why I'm saying they can develop,go mauka,leave the shoreline because that's our bread and butter...the reason why I don't like the cruise ship. The cruise ship come one year,this whole bay was our food resource, is from the ocean. And everything in the ocean for us Hawaiians is edible. We eat from wana to ha`uke`uke to pipipi--those are all our food resources. It's just like a refrigerator for the Hawaiian people. So why are they coming and destroying? That's 1 full with kukai,human feces all around.I went down there,I look,a smell.Then I went on the pahoehoe,was low tide, dry feces on the pohaku. They dumped their waste and up inside the shoreline. And we eat opihi and the crab.Don't you think that's going up on there and going to our food?I went call the Board of Health and I told them to come down and look.You know what they tell me?Oh,that feces is from the turtle. So I said,you telling me that it's from a turtle?And I told that Board of Health man,you know I born and raised in Punalu`u,I swim with the turtle, I eat turtle,we never had this much covering the whole coast line,the whole bay.And they no come check.That's the kind of department we have. The beach not supposed to be sold,not supposed to be.I don't know why our State don't stress that,that the ocean is always open for the people over here. I don't know why the State allow that. That's why our government sometime you put people in there,they don't think of the land,they don't think of our people. They think of money. But you know,that kind of people don't live long to enjoy,lot of them. That's what I always say. They ammu like that,they don't take care of the `dina.That's what my tutu always remind us, `malama o kou ka`Aina,ka`aina e malama ia`oe o kou.' If you take care of the land,the land will take care of you. It was given to us, our ancestors left us the land. But why is it our government is not looking at that that way. Our ancestors left for us. Now they buying the land, double the price.I hope you can protect our`aina,that's what I like. 42 Rayner Kinney: I don't think they [C. Brewer] thought about fishing that sort of thing. No one even thought of that, we were still fishing,everybody was,it was just the locals that were doing like we are doing now.The tourists all they were looking for is a good beach that they could lie on. I don't think any of them were thinking about fishing,the fishermen were doing that. Cultural Resources and Practices Pauline(Damazo)Enriques: There's some petroglyphs right across from the pavilion,and then up above,you know over the hill,there's a heiau,I don't know what they call it.I have books on them and study about it,but I can't remember the names of it.This is a nice one,in fact[Punalu`u Nui]. There were lots of burials around here in the golf course--at one time but I guess the bones were taken away and placed somewhere. My husband used to work with Swenton Hawaii I think,they were the ones that used to work here for Brewer.That was who did all the development for C.Brewer and that was in the 1970s,late 1960s,early 1970s around there. Kauila. And,well,you heard about the turtle maiden,Kauila? She used to come up and play with the little kids you know. She was half turtle and half human,yeah.There is a plaque I think up there [near the pavilion] that mentioned something about it,check it out.I think it says she used to play with the kids out here[at Punalu`u Black Sand Beach].... Way before our time-the olden days. Well we have a legend here where we have this maternity rock it gives birth to tiny pebbles and they'er called `ili`ili. We all find a lot of rocks along the coastline especially below or on the other side of the pavilion or on the fence... this is what they call the maternity rock and it disperses pebbles;yeah,all those holes in it.And they claim that if you take it out from the water you take it home and put it in a dish half submerged in water later on you go check on it you see it has a lot of tiny pebbles.And that's why there are a whole lot of pebbles around.That's the legend I know about here. W.Pele(Bangay)Hanoa: In one of her [Kelly 1980] research she did, she found out that the Department of Interior had stated that all the beaches,open space,landing area, and fishponds are not to be sold. So that pond over there Kauila, and we get two down Ninole side. See this is the ahupua`a of Punalu`u. And then you get ahupua`a of Wailau. And then you go the far end down where the golf course is,across,there's two punawai down there.One is called Kawale,a mo`o wahine, and Piuhau,mo`o kane.And that was all covered in 1981 when we had the storm and C.Brewer had covered up. Lanipao Heiau is right up in this valley,in the middle of the golf course...Ka`ie`ie was a fishing heiau.This[Punalu`u Nui] was human sacrificing heiau. And then, up here one [Lanipao] I think was just a heiau, but I don't know-- agriculture kind.And then you get the one down there,was a fishing heiau,down by Ka`ie`e Heiau. Now we have Punalu`u nui heiau,is right on top here,that whole platform up there is Punalu`u and it's the largest heiau up here.And in the front,just below that,you have a pohaku mo`ha`i, sacrificial rock. And on the side of that pali,where they built the warehouse for the sugar cane,has a big cave,and in that cave have all the iwi,the bones that people were sacrificed.That heiau and Wahaula Heiau in Puna,they affiliated together--the human sacrifice heiau.So that is what that heiau over there is about,down over there.So when they built that wall for there,they had to seal that cave because there's all human bones in it.But all the way going up to Keone `ele `ele. . .See C.Brewer mixed up the names.Keone `ele `ele,you have a nice stepping stone,I have a picture of that,today still there.You go out,then you get to another black sand bay,that's why they call that Keone `ele `ele,Black Sand Beach. And that's where on top they have all these sites also,where they buried,and people used to live all the way going to Puna.It's a trail to Puna. So Puna's people come to Ka`n.And that's how when we had the ranch up here(Ka`n people),you had Puna people like the Nu`uanu all come here,Kanakaoles from Puna,they all moved to Ka`n.And you have the Kona people,like us,Kuaimoku from Kona,came to migrate all in Ka`n. So in Ka`n,you have people from other areas came to live in here.But in this area,that's when the ali`i was in this whole Punalu`u. `Cause this is the only place in Punalu`u that 43 have punawai behind and have a big,high wall,like a platform. And they had a cave behind here,but we never go in,my daddy said get something in that cave,but we never bothered to go in,he didn't want to go in.But this is the only place had fresh water. But when C.Brewer came down here and started developing down here,oh my goodness,the heiaus and our burials were all destroyed by C.Brewer.And I think that is the reason why they weren't successful with this developing down here,this Sea Mountain Resort- because the hewa that they did. And you know those days we never had cemetery until the missionaries came. But even with the missionaries in 1820,we still didn't have cemeteries. Where people were living, that's where they were buried. So on this kuleana that I had, I had buried all people in the back there, people right up here by this ku`ula,and below that,right by the ku`ula,that's where you have some burials too.Up here,on that level there,we have burials covered by the grass,all in that area....And my tutu Keoki is one,all up here, Kuaimoku,all are buried up here. Somebody did a research,you know,and he's in Honolulu.But somebody came and do this research.One haole.Well, they did it before C.Brewer.But still they destroyed that.You see Ka`n is known for Kamakanipuhiolepo.So we had the pu`u called Pu`ehu. And they destroyed the pu`u--that's the cinder cone. And they found all the burials in there. But I don't know what they did with it. But mauka side get.That's a whole burial ground,where C.Brewer have the golf course.Was all burials behind there and they cover all that...by Ninole,up mauka.Not above the road,below the road--this side of the Aspen...mauka of this side of the Kahawai.You see the Aspen you gotta go across,go down to the Aspen and the river,you pass by the river mauka of this side of the Kahawai.You see the Aspen you gotta go across,go down to the Aspen and the river, you pass by the river .... Ka`u side. `Cause when you go down,you got the Aspen on that side. On this side of the Kahawai,they have their office down there. In that section there,was Ninole people buried all in there.People from Ninole. And that's where they went cover that up,and then make golf course over there. That was destroyed by the restaurant. Had plenty grave that was destroyed. They built the restaurant on top. And then Pu`ehu,that cinder cone that was destroyed,was burial. But you know what,when they built this on here,they call`em Kauila.Kauila is that pond.In that pond,it's a kupua [demigod] pond.Not of a turtle,but of a kupua pond.Now,there's a chief in Tahiti,Keola know that,he was in that pond. And that's where that pond was,it was named after them from Tahiti,they came in that pond over there. But we call it Kauila. Wahi Pana Coast.I don't want to see any building on this whole coast line,because it's so historical.This whole beach area,the archaeologist came.We have a place,just like abig opening cave,right below Honu`apo--it's called Puhi`ula. In there has a spring right in the middle of that,just like Waikiki Shell,open all in the front and go in deep,go in deep right down there.This kind of thing we should protect, `cause if we don't we lose everything that Hawaii's all about. And so the pebble,`ili`ili hanau,is on the Shark Beach,it's a very short little bay,and it's called Koloa.So the pebbles that you talking about, `ili `ili hanau o koloa,is in Koloa Beach, that little short pebble beach. What C. Brewer did, and this is why I'm so angry with our Department of Land and Natural Resources.Why did they allow,on conservation land, district, zone,whatever, allow C. Brewer to take a truckload of all those pebbles to build the restaurant. So if you go up to that restaurant now,you look on the flooring, all that concrete,it's mixed with the pebbles. They used that to mix with the pebbles to make the flooring so you don't pakika,you don't slide.That's hana`ina.That's why I said they did all the destroying,this whole Punalu`u.I'm so sad about that`cause I know this place so well,this is my birth`aina, `aina hanau for me.So I see this-they took that but I was in Honolulu at that time,because I was married and was in Honolulu.When I moved back in 1971 they already built and destroyed this `aina over here.But then they opened a restaurant in 1973.But prior to that when they were building,that's when they took all the pebbles from that beach-Koloa-and then they put into the restaurant,they built a hot house with all pebbles,they paste them all with pebbles. The hot house was all `ili`ili on top. Was really nice. And then Herb Kane did the mural on the wall in that place.And then they make a stone wall around it,a little short stone wall maybe about 12 inches or more wider.Just strip right around with all the pebbles.They put all pebbles.And they destroyed the Pebble Beach of Koloa. Then when they did the mapping they put Koloa way down the end in the ahupua`a of Ninole.They went change and put it way down the far end of the pali. If you look at C.Brewer's map now,when they did the development,it says 44 Koloa,and they have Koloa way down the far end.Koloa is in the ahupua'a of Nlnole and has black sand in that area. Then you have Pihao [?], the fresh water pond. So they changed it because that end before was white sand in that beach. So C.Brewer wanted to put white sand beach down there. I think Kawaihae's great,all that coral make white sand now. And we stopped it,we fought for it. And so they would stop that. And they wanted to build right around that punawai.And that's State land,that's a State pond,Pihao [?]. And until today,I still don't agree with what they did, changing Koloa Beach, it's a short pebble beach, and they put it down in the other end of the land. That was wrong.And I think if we go back to see some old maps you can't find Koloa,it's a little short beach,before you get to the Punawai of Kawali,and then you get to Plhao.There's two ponds down there.Plhao was open,where the water comes in and go out. When the plantation,the state allowed this Japanese man Ishida to build a pond down there for his mullet,then he built a breakwater to close that pond. But before, the shark used to come into that punawai into Pihao and goes back out.It's all open. Up here on Pu`u Makanau,you get Kohaikalani Heiau.Kohaikalani- "as we sound to the sky."Then you get below that,on Ka`alaiki,you get Imakakoloa Heiau.... Imakakoloa- "the eye of the koloa bird."That's a hulaa heiau in the ahupua`a of Ka`alaiki.... That's the first hulaa heiau built. In there have all the pebbles. That's the reason why the pebbles were important to the Hawaiian people.It's because they get all this `ili `ili,they put it into the center of the heiau.Like Kohaikalani,had all pebbles inside there.And on the side of Pu`u Makanau going to Kohaikalani Heiau, there's a stepping stone going all the way up... Those are the heiau,and plenty more was in Honu`apo,all destroyed by the plantation.... Just like out here,has the stepping stone going out to Keone `ele `ele,that's all the nice stepping stone,all the way up there. And up there had one.But the plantation destroyed Kohaikalani and left just one section, mauka side.If you driving up,you see that pu`u and that tree on the top,when you drive out you going see that Pu`u Makanau is flat,kind of green,and has a tree.When you see the trees on the top,that's a part left by C.Brewer of the heiau. The inner part, the interior part all dug out for plant sugar cane. Was destroyed. And the same thing they did with Koloa.They destroyed Koloa to take all the pebbles out,to put up there.So that's the reason why,to the Hawaiian people, `ili `ili pebbles was important. We used that for hula,you know that`ili `ili dancing hula. You use that also for put it in the interior of the heiau, `cause it's easier to step on,we'e all bare-footed Hawaiian. And you also used that for stepping stone for walking. So those were important, the `ili `ili for the Hawaiian people. Pohaku was our mana anyway,for the Hawaiian people.The pohaku was the mana.And they have special kind of rock that was made. Just imagine,how could nature do that,make all this `ili`ili.And that's the only place you going see so fine,this `ili `ili,just so nice. Maile Spencer Napoleon: `lli`ili Hanau o Koloa. This unique feature located at the beach area of Koloa Cove where male and female rocks purportedly give birth(hanau)to `ili`ili or little black basalt pebbles has added to the fame of the area from ancient to modern times. When I was a girl of eight I went to do some work at my mom's place in Honomaka`u, from where I lived in Haw! with my tutu Abigail.I was looking in a koa glass showcase at the time and noticed that there were these little pebbles on the shelf that I had been counting every time I went to help my mom with cleaning our three acre yard.I was a very curious child, so as my mom was passing thru the living room, I asked her why here were more stones on the shelf then I counted before. She said"You know from all the six children that I have you are the only one that asked me about those stones."See my mom never opened the show-cases,they were all kept locked tight with a key,and forbade everyone from opening these old koa showcases.They had all of the family heirlooms from China.Jade jewelry--five hundred years old from her Dad's family and gold pieces,gold bracelets--Hawaiian kind,all placed in there by my mom's maternal and paternal parents and great grandparents. Anyways,my mom said that she wanted to share with me the story of what and where these stones came from that had multiplied in this showcase. She said that she had been named after her grandmother,her mom's mother,Lahapa(Nawa`a)Ne. She said that,that tutu nui,was a very powerful La`au Kahea Kahuna in her days and was also able to preach at Kalahiki`ola Church. In the place the Hawaiians called i`ole(rat),where out Protestant Church was built,Tutu Lahapa Nui practiced La`au Kahea work on people in Kohala. They would come to her for healing of whatever they had. As they laid down on a table she would speak in Hawaiian over them, special healing prayers as well as chants. I feel the chants were like prayers. She had to do them three times and after each time she would have to blow into her lima cupped hands her breath and then move her hands over the person's body,saying"E`ola piha,E'ola man".Over and over several times, 45 then do the chants again.Repeat the part about using her breath in cupped hands,which needed to be done three times. Hawaiians medicate people 3, 5 or 7 days depending on what they felt was needed as healers. Anyways,after doing this,Tutu Nui Lahapa would snap her fingers and"boom"the person she had worked over,was well.Then she would get the `ili `ili hanau from a little pouch she made. Take one out blow on that`ili`ili and say from now on when you get sick you no need come back to me. She would cup her hands and blow her breath on the stone.Present it to her patient and say"All you have to do is take this one stone cup your hands and blow your breath on it and ask the stone to take your illness and`boom'you will be healed.You no need to come back to see me."She empowered each stone with healing power and my mom said they never had to come back to see Tutu Nui. (Great grandma). So my next questions was, "Where did she get the stones from?" Then my mom said"Well, grandma had one short leg and one long leg when she was born.And as she grew up she would hobble everywhere she went. Her desire was to become a minister and also a kahuna of la`au kahea.She had learned from her ancestors that in the Ka`n side of the island she could get the `ili`ili hanau she could use for empowering it with healing "ha"or breath. So she was taken over the mountain trails from Kohala and over more mountains to the other side of the island to get the very stones. It took Tutu Nui over a week to go and come back all by herself.Fill her little pouch that she made for the stones and return through the mountain trails back to Kohala.So before she died,way back when,she placed those special stones in the showcase that was made special for all their valuables.And she placed them in the forefront of the showcase so I could see them and count them and then ask my mom about them.... So these stones are very special to my heart that I was able to learn about the use of them for healing...I shall always treasure the place of Punalu`u where my Tutu ventured to pick those very special stones,called `ili`ili hanau,used for healing by my Tutu nui Lahapa.... The place name of Koloa is where the stones are. Anecdotal Stories Rayner Kinney: Well, I do know that they had when you come out of Punalu`u Road coming up from the park down below and take a right going to Pahala there's a stretch in there called"Kukuipilau"and that's where most of the accidents happened; and many sightings at night, early in the morning had ghosts on that road. And one person told me that when coming down,he looked around and saw nothing but all of a sudden this terrible scream in the car with him—a woman screaming—that scared him half to death. He just went straight, came back down to Punalu`u Restaurant where we were and he was telling us about it and he was physically shaken. Told us where it came from,how it happened. -there's plenty people that can give you stories like that in Pahala and in Punalu`u about that area. 46 ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY DATA(2023) Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) Updates usually involve re-contacting previously interviewed (2005/2006) ethnographic consultants to find out if there are any changes to their previous information. Four of the six ethnographic consultants have passed on;one was in the process of moving from her current home in Hawi; and the sixth person fell and was injured on the day she was to do a zoom interview and declined. The Client and Advisor Consultants decided on a broader ethnographic survey of people connected to Punalu`u and representing a range of ages and perspectives. The Ethnographic Survey (oral history interview) is an essential part of the Cultural Impact Assessment because it facilitates the process of determining if an undertaking or development project will have an adverse impact on the cultural practices or access to cultural practices. The following are initial consultant selection criteria: • Had/has Ties to Project Location(s) • Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner • Referred By Other Cultural Resource People • Referred By Client Staff/Advisor Consultants The ethnographic consultants for this CIA Update were selected because they met the following criteria: (1) consultant grew up, lives or lived in the Ka`u District; (2) consultant is familiar with the history and mo`olelo of Punalu`u,Wailau or Nmole; (3) consultant was referred by Hawaiian Cultural Practitioner(s); and/or(4)consultant was referred by staff or advisor consultants of Black Sand Beach,LCC or other cultural resource people. Copies of signed "Consent" and "Release" forms are provided in (see Appendix E and Appendix F). [Note: Because the original interviews were done via Zoom, the Consent was primarily verbal. The later,in-person interviews were unscheduled, and no consent forms were collected at the time. A couple were emailed later.] Research Themes or Categories In order to comply with the scope of work for this CIA Update,the ethnographic survey was designed so that information from ethnographic consultants interviewed would facilitate in determining if any additional cultural sites or practices or access to them would be impacted by the implementation of the Black Sand Beach, LLC Punalu`u Village development project. To this end the following basic research categories or themes were incorporated into the ethnographic instrument: Ethnographic Consultant Background, Land Resources&Use,Water Resources &Use, Marine Resources &Use, Cultural Resources &Practices, and Consultant Concerns and Issues. Except for the `Ethnographic Consultant Background' category, all the other research categories have sub-categories or sub-themes that were developed based on the ethnographic data or responses of the consultants. These responses or clusters of information then become supporting evidence for any determinations made regarding cultural impacts. Consultant Background and Demographics Each consultant was asked to talk about their background; where they were born and raised, where they went to school and worked,and a little about their parents and grandparents.This category helps to establish the consultant's connection to the project area, their area and extent of expertise, and how they acquired their proficiency, how the consultant met the consultant criteria. Eleven individuals were identified as potential ethnographic consultants. However,due to circumstances only four were zoom interviewed.At a later Ka`u Kupuna Council get together,five more people were interviewed in person.Two of these kupuna consultants later rescinded. Two of the seven ethnographic consultants were raised for a time in Punalu`u; three were born in Pahala and four are currently living in Pahala;three consultants were born on Oahu but 47 raised in Ka`u. Table 5 provides demographics of the consultants. Some of the responses in this section may be cited again in the other sub-categories. Table 5.Ethnographic Consultant Demo graphics—all have ties to Punalu`u. E.Consultant Ethnicity YOB Born/Raised Lives/Lived Work Palika u Dedman Pt-Hawaiian 1946 O`ahu/Punalu`u Punalu`u/Hilo Hilo Prodincio Fuerte Filipino 1943 Pahala Pahala Retired Pemell Hanoa Pt-Hawaiian 1964 Oahu//Punalu`u 1970 Punalu`u/Pahala Sophia Barba Hanoa Pt-Hawaiian 1965 Pahala 7generations) Pahala Lincoln Ka`ili`awa Pt-Hawaiian 1976 Hilo/Pahala Pahala Hilo Paulette Ke Pt-Hawaiian 1952 Pahala Moving to Ka`u Volcano Wilma Tabios Roddy Filipino 197? O`ahu/Na`alehu Na`alehu Na`alehu Ralph Palikapu Komohoali`i Dedman. Born on Oahu and raised in Ka`u.I was born in`46 so I was raised there in the 50s.You figure,you know maybe 9-10 years old or so.So I remember a lot.I grew up around a lot of people there,and a lot of people there didn't have kids. So my age was like the kid for everybody.I fished all day long,so I always drop off fish to these people living out there.They're older people camping,but nothing to do with the plantation although they're all migrants living there. A lot of Filipinos was down there living in the beach in shacks.And nobody bothered them that time because there was no thought of developing hotels, so nobody cared. Now it's a big deal. If you camping out down there for a long time.... [Punalu`u] Okay,it's a fishing village,and we're a fishing family there. That's why we got kuleana there too. We got about 2 acres there on the beach. Prodincio Fuerte. My name is Prodincio Fuerte, born and raised Pahala, 1943. And then school in Pahala. [After school] I work for the sugar plantation,Ka`u Sugar.But Ka`u Sugar been change the name quite a bit of time. The first name, a company name was Hawaiian Ag. And then went on working all my life for a plantation[in] Pahala. Punalu`u growing up,this is the only place we had for our recreation.And it goes back to the time when the whole beach was full with canoe shed.And we used to all meet,families,used to get together and utilize the canoe sheds.And they used to talk about the past history of the beach. Pemell Hanoa. Aloha,My name is Pernell Hanoa.I'm 59 years old.I was born[1964] in Honolulu, Hawaii.I'm the youngest of seven siblings. We move back from Honolulu when I was [6]...back in 1970, and I lived at Punalu`u until the tidal wave in 1975. So I grew up down here. Most of my knowledge is gonna be based on living the lifestyle here in Ka`u. I was kind of fortunate because I grew up as a fisherman and as a hunter and as a cowboy here in Ka`u.My mother is from Punalu`u, born and raised.Her family has been there for generations.My father is from the Ahupua`a of Hilea, which is directly on the opposite side of the highway. It's a valley, it's called the Valley of Hilea. And he was born and raised there as well. And we have ties up all the way up to Ka`ala`iki and Wailau,Hilea,and Punalu`u.Kamao`a as well,South Point,Wai`ohinu.We actually lived here,yes, [but] we live at Pahala right now.At Punalu`u,on my grandmother's property,which is the last kuleana land in Ka`u.My father was a cowboy and he was a horse trainer. And he was... Punalu`u was known for training horses on the beach. And he was the last of those cowboys,the paniolo of that time,who would train horses on the beach.So we would have horses tied up in the yard and he would come home from work and he would go saddle his horse and go train em on the beach. My mother taught us how to gather here at Punalu`u. So she taught us how to gather`opihi.And our lifestyle was from gathering... was from the kahakai all the way to the table yeah. So you never just learn how to go gather `opihi,you had to learn how to gather`opihi,how to properly gather`opihi,what size to go get. Same thing with the limu and a`ama. And then we would come back and she'd show us how our family cleaned and prepared our food. The `opihi to all the way to putting it on the table for us to eat.And it was like that with fishing.My mother taught us how to dive,how to throw net. She was a fisherwoman herself. She would go out on the canoe with her older brother and my grandfather and go fishing. So the lifestyle here in Ka`u...we grew up fishing. I also used to go catch goats 48 before they eradicated the goats. We had goats here at Punalu`u. They got eradicated to put in the restaurant. The restaurant down at Punalu`u. Sophia Barba Hanoa.My name is Sophia[Barba] Hanoa.I'm born and raised in Pahala.In 1965 I was born,raised and will die here in Ka`n.Part of my family has been here since the ancient times. The ancient people which is the Mu.And that is our teaching here in Ka`n also.Part of my family has been in Pahala for 7 generations,never left. Still there today. Some came out to work on the plantation...[from] All over...China,Philippines,Portugal.I love all of them,all my ancestors. So my ties to.... First of all I am a practitioner and we still believe in our gods here. Spiritually when we talk about Ka`n,we all thought Ka`n meant mine[?],Ka`n meant the breast of Tutu Pele,which nurtures all of us.Punalu`u is the`diving springs.'Punalu`u is so precious because of the freshwater springs.And we need to protect that.But I also wanted to share that I am a haumana of Laka since I was little.And I was blessed to have learned from kahuna,kahuna pule,kumu hula,na kupuna till this very day,of Ka`n. And today I'm still learning.One day I will be a kupuna.I have 14 grandchildren and 4 children.My husband is Pernell Hanoa. And he is the current Konohiki right now of the last kuleana land here at Punalu`u. Our immediate family are the caretakers for the `aina,for the rest of the `Ohana....I've been married to my husband for 40 years,been together 43 years,so I've been part of this family most of my life here at Punalu`u. Mama Pele left me all her[palapala],so she left me kuleana.She also left me the kuleana of continuing the Mo`oku`auhau.My kumu hula and kupuna have found me worthy enough to carry mo`olelo,to carry the teachings of hula....In the 1970s,I grew up with Punalu`u Restaurant because my mother started from day one working at the restaurant.My mother became the manager of this restaurant. Lincoln Ka`ili`awa.I'm Lincoln,Ka`ili`awa. I was born 1976 in Hilo and I raised practically all my life in Pahala in Ka`n and I still live today in Pahala.I went to school at Pahala Elementary School,Ka`n High,graduated from there... I work for a construction business in Hilo. One of the biggest construction outfits in the State of Hawaii... Isemoto Construction Company.... My dad is a full-blooded Hawaiian. He was born and raised in Ka`n, also. My mom is Portuguese-Filipino.She also was born and raised in Pahala and practically live and raised all their lives out in Pahala. [Connection to Punalu`u] This is like going deep down as for gathering food,raise up down there,went swimming. We hang out with the family.This was like a special place for us when we were growing up.I remember my dad used to go fishing a lot down there and was only me and him. He used to wake me up in the morning. In the afternoon is when we gather all our fish too from down there.I hold that inside me as a very special place.When we get gatherings with the family we always spend time down there. We was always down there with the family. It was like a place of like healing also.Monday thru Friday they used to work.We went school. Saturdays we did,you know,stay home do our chores. Sunday,after church was like one free day,so we used to be down there. All our family.Just to relax. T Paulette Ke.My name is Paulette Kaihilani Ke and I was born[`52]in Pahala on the Big Island.... My nickname was Honey.I only wanted my parents to call me that,nobody else.... We grew up and Iived at Kapapala Ranch in Ka`n`till I graduated.Went to Pahala Elementary and Ka`n High School in Pahala. And when I graduated in 1970, 1 received scholarships and went to.... You know when you're younger,you just can't wait to grow up and grow out.Grow out.And with a big family. And my oldest brother...we have one older brother than me. He was hanai by my mother's parents. So mom and dad,I was raised by them.So I grew up like the oldest child.And I truly am,I'm so bossy and so,as a matter of fact.But I wanted to go to UH... My mom wanted me to go to UH-Hilo,but by the time I put in my app,I was too late.But I got accepted at Cal State-Poli. And when my mom told me,Honey,do you know you need to live with `oha in Los Angeles and help with the family. And I said,oh,no,no,I won't.I've done that all my life.And I just wanted to spread my wings. I got accepted at a college in Kansas,where I wanted to major in Agriculture.Because I wanted to return home to Hawaii. And my plans were to run Kapapala Ranch. I had big dreams and but, I really.... School was easy. I didn't realize I was gonna miss Hawaii so much and my family,wanted to get away so bad.But for 6 months,I cried myself to sleep every night in the dorm.I couldn't wait to come home.But I ended up living in Kansas for 31 years.I lived on a wheat farm.My 3 daughters grew up on the wheat farm there. I'm a hundred percent Hawaiian. And my children's father is 100% German. My children were born and raised in Kansas and upon returning home to Hawaii in 2001. My youngest daughter,Noe,moved home a couple months later. And then when Nalei graduated from the University of Kansas, she came back to Hawaii and both of them made Hawaii their home. Yes,both of them. And My oldest daughter 49 Kelly lives.... She moved from Vegas to Arizona and is finishing up her doctorate in education. So I went to Kansas on a full ride. So my first degree was paid for by the people of Hawaii. And when I was divorced,I decided I was going to be a good role model, good mommy and I went back to College. And the Native American Indians helped pay for my education.Because they told me,we're all natives.Just different Nations. So my 1st degree I finished in 3 years in Agribusiness.And upon graduation,I found out that Kapapala Ranch had lost their lease and became part of Parker Ranch. Thus, I stayed in Kansas and my 2nd degree is in Addiction Counseling. So when I moved home in 2001, 1 was already hired by the State of Hawaii as an Addiction Counselor and I worked in Puna. And after they downsized after a few years, I ended up becoming a teacher and worked at the [???] in Hilo, became a Behavioral Health for Students for children. So I worked with adjudicated children servicing all the Hawaiian islands.And I was one of 4 teachers there until they closed down in 2010. So I'm a retired teacher because I found out then in 2009 that I had cancer. So my cancer is uncurable. They still are running tests and studies,but there's still no cure. And it started in the appendix. And sad to say that I've lost four brothers and one died... But there are Cancer survivors in my family. My siblings and I...there's six of us...cancer survivors. For the longest time I was wondering was it the water we drank growing up? Was it something filtered through the dirt into our water system? I made an offer to my school because I'm a Kupuna up here at Volcano School and also Mountain View I teach some of our classes there. I teach`Ike Hawaii, so our culture, our language. And I teach down at Maunahuihui I teach Pre-K and K. Those are the only two different classes we have right now, first year. And up on our campus,the Old Volcano Road campus we have Elementary and High School is there,while our new campus is being built. So I teach`Ike Hawaii to the Pre-K because we have staff with Ike Hawaii that do different grade levels.I like the babies. And[Kauwale Pond]is my dad's birthing place.My daddy was born there,because his grandma,Manuha`ipo owned the property there. So my dad was born there at that pond... We did[have kuleana land]. And I'm not sure how to go about to get,retrieve it or at least some of the rights so I can go back there. I can gladly take my children and my grandchildren so they can bathe in that same pond where my daddy was born and grew up....My mama was born at Kapapala and she was a Nu`uanu Lono, And she,my dad....like I said,there's ten of us and it wasn't enough,they adopted one more.They adopted a daughter of one of the twins.And so Kekoi is numberl 1.My mother's birth name is Lydia Kaihilani Okapualono, And Nu`uanu was her last name. Her maiden name was Nu`uanu. Ke is so easy yeah....You know we truly never found out[about the name Ke] because our Tutu Manuha`ipo...her last name was Ka`aua. But we try to research our family cause we love moku`auhau and we tried to research...was it ... another name and was hidden to preserve someone in the family line.But we never truly found any inference of it otherwise. But my daddy is from Punalu`u. And I remember growing up we lived at Kapapala Ranch, big family.... But back...my mother's mother was born at Hilea. So it's on the Hilo exit of Punalu`u,as you leave Punalu'u,that road to the highway, across the highway is another entrance to the `aina above it and that leads to Hilea where my Tutu was born. So all that area was all like family.My Tutu's name is Lilian Kaihilani Kekoa,that was her maiden name, Kekoa,and she came from Wai`ohinu I mean,grew up. She was born there [Hilea],but lot of her family came from Wai`ohinu in Ka`n.And Aunty Kapeka was Tutu's neighbor.Aunty Kapeka was Hanoa. While I can still remember, I love sharing, even with students. And it's like,that's... no wonder I learned so much from my Kupunas.These kids never knew these kind of books or you know,lessons.Amazing.I don't want to take it to the grave with me.I would rather keep it in our history,in our Culture,and share it instead of and not have some of this wonderful stories passed on. And if this helps perpetuate what goodness Punalu`u can share, I am thankful. Mahalo. + Wilma Tabios Roddy. My name is Wilma Tabios Roddy. I was born on Oahu,but we actually moved to Na`alehu when I was one. I was raised in Na`alehu my whole life. I mean, I went to college in Hilo,but I've never lived off the island, or actually, the only time I lived outside of Ka`n was to go to college,and then so now back here raising our family.And I work and live in this town. I'm an elementary school principal currently,at NA'alehu. This is my first year here. But I taught at the high school,I was vice principal at the high school,then I went off to Mountain View. I was principal there for 6 years. And then the opening—principal retired here, and so I got the position here this year. So my grandpa actually came...in the 1960s.His brother probably came earlier than that.And then my grandpa came to work on the sugar plantation,and that's how my mom and dad came from the Philippines.And so we've been here since,I guess,the 60s.And then my parents came in the 70s...they 50 came from Ilocos Sur...to work on the sugar plantations.And so we've been here ever since. [Grandpa]was like those seed cutters [and] my dad actually was a crane operator. And then my grandpa's brother was a mechanic for the plantation. [They lived] right up here, right across the school, right in NA'alehu town. It was definitely camp style. Except cause I was raised here too.Except ours was kind of more diverse.You know how sometimes,there was like a Japanese camp and a Portuguese camp.Here in Na`alehu,it was kind of mix.... And I have one boy,one girl,and we've decided to raise them here.And so they attend this school.They're from you know Ka`u.... Photo 10.Grandpa's pole and entrance to Hanoa kuleana land. Photo 11.Partial View of inside Hanoa kuleana land. Photo 12.View of Hanoa kuleana land from oceanside. 51 Land Resources&Uses Land resources and use changes over time. Evidence of these changes is often documented in archival records. Cultural remains are also often evident on the landscape and/or beneath the surface and provide information regarding land resources and use. However, oral histories can give personal glimpses of how the land was utilized over time and where the resources are or may have been. As stated in the 2006 CIA much of the project lands have been continuously utilized for a range of uses; from traditional village lifestyle to farmlands in the mid-1800s, to sugar cultivation and cattle grazing in the early twentieth century,to resort development in the later twentieth century,to its current uses of resort and private dwellings. Recreational activities of the old days such as hanging out at the beach,picnicking, family gatherings, are still being practiced in varying degrees today. `Punalu`u' was and is many things to many people, from mauka to makai. To many it is a reference to an area of three ahupua`a: Punalu`u,Ninole and Wailau. It was kuleana lands, it was a fishing village, it was the beach, it was a gathering place and so much more. In ancient times just kanaka maoli lived there,then later many ethnicities called it home,as some still do today.However,much of`Punalu`u' today is"resort" lands that are privately owned. The following are descriptions mentioned by consultants. Punalu`u and Near Vicinity. Wailau is mauka of Punalu`u. Same ahupua`a, just as a name up mauka. But Punalu`u is just Punalu`u,the whole beach.You get Ninole toward the end where the river is. That's Ninole River so they call that area Ninole,but it's all Punalu`u. Same. So Western men come and draw lines all the time.Make this district,that district,display.It's all the same place. [Pali] Punalu`u is a real skinny piece [map].It]s that whole middle section going up ...where they wanted to develop all the way up to the top. [Sophia] It's like a skinny sliver the Punalu`u Ahupua`a going up.But this one never go ... was right kine in the middle...isolated. [Pernell] Well,you have Wailau and you have Hilea.And when we say we going Hilea they know we going that ahupua`a of Hilea up mauka... Wailau is mauka. [Sophia] Yeah, we used to go down both sides. From Wailau mountain down to Ninole. Had some places where was like off-limits to us.We was only told to go only certain area.Especially for like Wailau. You still close to Makanau.But we just need to get things what we needed from there,do what we had to do. Ask if we can go get something from the mountain. Take one short prayer and then do what we gotta do....And then return back home. Same like the oceanside,like Punalu`u side Ninole side. As was like the ice box for our family. [Lincoln] But they used to maintain,clean the roads in and out. So we knew already who and who was there, who went take care of road. You know so their cars could go in easy. Vegetation part,the weeds was controlled yeah.The time we went go camping,they make fire yeah and I remember they used to clean em all up. Take their `opala home,all that kind stuff. Like now things like I said changed so. I no like see da kine though the coastline ransacked with the homeless guys. Its kind of like, growing up there was beautiful.The whole coastline was beautiful. [Lincoln] Well,what I remember as a young girl is the restaurants were there. Okay.And so we could access that. The golf course was thriving.And the condos were already there as well.If there might be the 60 something.I don't know if that's addition.I feel like there's more than 60 condos currently. So there was a restaurant, there were jobs, you know, there was the golf course and there were the condos.From what I recall...from when I was young. [Wilma] 52 And that is a road built by the military all the way to Hono`apu. Well,that was prepared during the war[WWII] [Prodincio] Punalu`u Lifestyles Kuleana Homestead. Okay, so the lifestyle growing up here on our homestead,it was the kauhale style, which meant that we had specific dwellings for specific purpose. So the main house, my grandmother's main house,was just for sleeping. We had no plumbing,no bathrooms,no nothing. That was just to go sleep.And then if you wanted to cook,you went to the hale kuke,which is our kitchen.And then if you wanted to an an,we had another house for that too,for you to go an an.So everything was separated.Our Ina was separated.Our toilet was separated as well.So I would come home from school when I was old enough. My job would be.Both of my parents worked in Hilo. When we came home, my job was to go check our well and make sure that the well had enough water.And I would start the pump and would fill up the furo,our bathhouse tub with water. We go fill up. I'll go fill up the 5gal cans,a 5gal buckets so we can wash dishes. And this had to be done every day, rain or shine. And then I'll go light the fire for the faro. And mama guys would start cooking.And that was pretty much it. [Pernell] Old Ways. I mean, Ka`n, Punalu`u, I don't know if it's like Hana, but it's like the far end of an island and electricity don't get out there, right? It stays in town. It don't get to the beach. And we grew up all the way up to the `60s without electricity. We kind of survived the old way of how it was....We lived off the land,so we survived.But that kind of survival really changes your attitude. You didn't have that force to survive then you don't have the attitude to make it.You're gonna be dependent on everything.You can't do nothing yourself. So that's the good part about being raised hard and going a long time without and realizing that'he resources you use was so important or you wouldn't have made it. [Pali] And growing up, we didn't have to imagine. We taste, feel, touch earth. So we know all about resources and the environment. And pay attention to timing of years,do what you do and Seasons to do certain things. If you didn't pay attention,you wouldn't be successful. If you paid attention, you'll always be okay. [Pali] Gathering and Fishing.My mother taught us how to gather here at Punalu`u. So she taught us how to gather `opihi. And our lifestyle was from gathering... was from the kahakai all the way to the table yeah. So you never just learn how to go gather`opihi,you had to learn how to gather `opihi, how to properly gather `opihi,what size to go get. Same thing with the limn and a`ama. And then we would come back and she'd show us how our family cleaned and prepared our food.The opihi to all the way to putting it on the table for us to eat. And it was like that with fishing. My mother taught us how to dive,how to throw net. She was a fisherwoman herself. She would go out on the canoe with her older brother and my grandfather and go fishing. So the lifestyle here in Ka`u...we grew up fishing. [Pernell] Home and Workplace. My father was a cowboy and he was a horse trainer. Punalu`u was known for training horses on the beach.And he was the last of those cowboys,the paniolo of that time,who would train horses on the beach. So we would have horses tied up in the yard and he would come home from work and he would go saddle his horse and go train`em on the beach. [Pernell] Homeless. And there was a lot of families living on the beach that didn't work at the plantation. They probably came but never made it, or what their reasons were. But today they call them homeless, but back in the day they would just camping out. Maybe they were homeless with definition,but at that time they weren't known as that.Quite a few families live on the beach.Maybe about six or eight.And there were some with kuleana down there,too.They had houses. [Pali] 53 Punalu`u Beach: Gathering Place,Holo holo and Other Activities. Punalu`u is just what it is? I mean, it's the only beach accessible the way it is all away from Kalapana.You stop off at Kalapana,that's it.Now you walking the cliffs all the way to Ka`n with a few little bays that are real short bays in between,but you can't get to `em.Maybe miles of driving through the lava you might get there,but nobody does that. So Punalu`u is the only beach on that whole East side that's accessible. The rest you gotta drive by four-wheel. So it's important for the people living in town...both towns. [Pali] So everybody went down[Punalu`u].And everybody had jobs. So we went to where Aunty Pele's place is.They had a big stonewall area,and all the mothers would... Oh,everybody would go there. The men and the boys would change into an an...they're going holo holo.They going holo holo so they got all their nets and their spears or whatever they had.And the men,all the kanes went to the shoreline and show the boys how to go fishing.But we all call it holo holo,right? Going holo holo kai so we didn't jinx anything.And then with whatever they caught,the children would come home with pakinis full of`i`a. So the women...after we all changed out of our Sunday whites,we would start cooking and we'd have the baby babies with us. Then we'd have older children and some women would take the babies to an an kai,while some would you know cook and set up a place to pa`ina together,ohana style.And we'd spend the whole day at the beach [Paulette] Where the big pavilion is,just mauka.Just straight mauka.Grassy area. Straight mauka over there. So that's where Aunty Kalani, that's her name, Aunty Pele's mom. Aunty Kalani would start. They'd start fire and we'd all cook outside. And when the fishes came home, the kupunas would help us clean. The kanes they can scale yeah and cut and we'd make all kinds of, like, fried fish, cooked fish,raw fish.And then the men would also get limu to make with the food.And we always, somebody always brought poi. [Paulette] Punalu`u...sure I mean,I'm not,like I lived here my whole life,so growing up,right,we would go to the beaches and access the beach.I know that much.We'd go almost every weekend.We continue to still go and enjoy the beach area.... You always see gatherings down at the Punalu`u area. It's just kind of a place where,like everybody is welcome. [Wilma] It's our natural area where we even camp you know and we get together,friends,families,picnics, whatever. [Prodincio] When I was a little one, I was 5 years old maybe, or younger. I learned to swim there [cove where #6 is]because my cousin,one of those Kahmas,Hale,he asked me one day...do you wish you could swim?I said,oh,yeah I do. I do. And he threw me in the water there. And when I surfaced,I was gulping water,and I yelled at him,I'm gonna tell daddy.And he said,well,you gotta swim back to shore first.And I learned to swim right there. [Paulette] Plantations and C. Brewer Era. You know before Pahala town was there, Hilea was where grandma and Aunty Pele guys, that's where the first sugar cane plantation,I believe ... the mill was in Hilea. And then they moved into Pahala.But when Kapapala Ranch closed down,mom and dad ended up in Pahala.And they had a house,housing,you know,I mean,plantation towns.It was interesting how they would group.How people would conglomerate in one area,because they all had familiarity with each other,and they could do cultural things.Like there was Japanese Mill Camp and it was near the Hongwanji.There's Filipino Mill Camp,Portuguese Mill Camp and Pake. And they were all different areas in Pahala. [Paulette] There was a Hawaiian family that lived where the golf course is on the end. That was a Kaluna family. We used to go down there and play because they had a lot of kids. I went down to their house. But they sold out to C. Brewer back in the `60s, I think, or late `50s. You know how 54 Hawaiians leave the oldest with the land. And the oldest sold it for car or and the rest were out. [Pali] I realized that C.Brewer bought everybody's land down there because the golf course was coming but nobody knew.That was all C.Brewer. C.Brewer owned everything.They owned golf courses, dairies,ranches,mac nut and then they also the sugar cane. [Pali] So everybody in Ka`n was employed by C.Brewer just about.And lots of Hawaiians moved there for work,employment. Though if you wanted to talk to Hawaiians that originally from there then just the ones with Kuleana. The rest were all plantation,just moved in town. Although they're Hawaiians,but not really raised in the traditions,they more raised Downtown... I mean Pahala and NA'alehu,the two plantation towns. [Pali] C.Brewer left a mess and dug out like all the other plantations.Pollute the place,buss up the `aina and then dig out.And now we over here with this new attitude.They already busted up. [Pali] Across the beach there's a big cement slab,that's the train yard before [Prodincio] Punalu`u Resort Develoment. In the 1970s,I grew up with Punalu`u Restaurant because my mother started from day one and my family working at the restaurant.My mother became the manager of this restaurant.It was thriving. It was good for the local people.People enjoyed it.We understood,we have understood many things back then.However,today a lot of the younger generations don't know.They don't know what went on in the `70s. [Sophia] Flora/La`au. I grew it[dryland taro] up mauka. We had a mauka piece land. It was like a couple miles up from our house, going straight up to the mountain. And we had a piece of property up there where we grew kalo. And we'd walk up with a donkey, me and my grandpa, and go up there and work the kalo and the garden. Because we live down by the beach you can't do too much gardening there with the salt air and lots of rocks and that's how it is.And sometimes we'd buy taro. It didn't take much to go catch`opelu[with] taro. [Pali] [Kukui grew]mauka and there was some on our property.You know my Grandpa grew things that we needed. So we had ban. We planted the ban trees so we could make `iakos and amas for the canoes.And everybody in that beach all used the ban from our property because it was all for fishing. And my family didn't restrict people from coming and cutting ban for the `iakos and the amas.[Pali] I used gather coconuts and sell to the people as well.But that was just me.We use the coconut milk and the coconut was very important to our families and the families here in Ka`n.Because regardless of your nationality, whether you're Filipino or Hawaiian, we both use the coconut. We grated coconut,we squeezed our own coconut milk,and we continue to do that to today and use that in our foods and our cooking. [Pernell] Han is still there.People stop by to get the ban for cordage and medicine and fishing.And they're cut up for floaters on your nets.If the net needed floaters,we'd use the ban. So we planted ban and there's different kinds,but we got the one that's the original ban.And they're all over now the ban, but they're not the native ban. So that's what we had there. And we had the only tree. And same with the lau hala. We planted lau hala tree and the ban tree,kukui trees.All these trees that we use at the beach.The lau hala was to patch them mats that we had in our house,lau hala mats.We didn't have enough lau hala to make a mat.My grandma would get mats from Puna side. And we'd grow our own lau hala tree just to patch when get puka.But she never made mats. We just patched them. 55 And that was very...You didn't walk around kicking them or anything.You kind of was growing up being careful about how you walk on the mats in the house so you wouldn't ruin`em. [Pali] [Special tea plant]Well,I don't know if I should tell you,because it might get commercialized,and the next thing you know,everything in Hawaii white man takes it to another level. And I just hate to have it being exploited.Like when you be nice to tell people how to fix stuff,and next you know, it's gone.Everybody's fixing it for a penny.So I still go drink that tea.Still keep flushing my kidneys with it. I think it's a good thing.Not that we have too much salt now,but maybe it is and maybe other things.But I gotta keep your what you call that...your radiator.You gottaa keep your radiator clean so that it circulates. So anyway,I use a lot of old things too because I see the difference.And I see how fast they thought about it,the old folks,and what they did to counter it,to stick around.If they didn't figure things out,they wouldn't have lived that long. [Pali] So growing up,grandma guys knew there was salt a lot so we kind of had to drink a certain tea.We drank tea in the morning. And today I've to go ask what that tea was. And it was to clean your kidneys.So I could see how smart they were by making us drink this tea.That would take a....How would react to too much salt in our water.So this tea would be cleansing our kidneys,so it wouldn't be a problem. [Pali] So growing up here in Ka`n, Punalu`u was always a precious place for our people. And I think everybody pretty much covered about,you know, the plants. We have la`au still here, indigenous ones. And I can't mention the names, but they're here. As well as the holo holona, the animals. [Sophia] Fauna/Holo holona. I also used to go catch goats before they eradicated the goats. We had goats here at Punalu`u.They got eradicated to put in the restaurant. The restaurant down at Punalu`u.... The memories of the goats. So the goats would end up in every evening...there would for some reason just gather at my grandfather's house... my grandparents house up on the hill. And so as you walk to go to the toilet at night,if you shine the light,you just see a lot of goats sleeping up on the hill. I used to go catch goats and sell them to the people of Pahala. [Pernell] From Ninole down to Punalu`u side yeah.Wailau was a rugged terrain that's why,in that mountain area was a...it's a beautiful place also no get me wrong.The Plantation used to run their sugar cane up there you know. We used to be on top of that too, hunting for pigs. Yeah. Today yeah.But the majority of places owners,different landowners,everything like lock-up.So only limited places can go now.Not like before but you know. [Lincoln] Punalu`u Ohana and Activities. Aunty Pele married one of Aunty Kapeka's son,Uncle James.Uncle James Hanoa and Aunty Pele married.Yes.Aunty Pele's second marriage.Aunty Pele was[first]married to a Filipino gentleman, Dedman. And that was Palikapu's parents. But Aunty Pele ended up living down at Punalu`u because her mama lived there on that `aina. And I'm trying to remember her name. I believe it's Aunty Annie. I have to think. But she lived at Punalu`u and I was always afraid of her. Some Hawaiians, they just don't smile. They just don't smile. They look like they have a permanent grimace on their face. Like,I clean house all day,you better not come in here with dirty feet.But she was a good housekeeper. I remember it was immaculate. Especially out at the beach, where everybody ran barefooted in immaculate house. And she was a good cook. I remember that. And actually,when she spoke, she was very soft spoken and very kind.But it's just a look. She used to remind me of the Princess Ruth look. I have plenty `ohana that looks like that. But they have the biggest heart. [Paulette] Majority like for the kids was like we had special places where we used to go a lot.Main thing was like getting fish, limu kohu. We used to bond plenty down there. We used to bond with the family 56 down there.... Reminiscing. Yeah,just our family. My brothers, my sisters yeah, my nieces, my nephews too. [Lincoln] And so in that cove there where number 6 is,there's that inlet there. And there were houses there. A long,long time ago there were houses there...Hawaiians. And so one of the families that had a home there was the Kahma's,and they had a home.And Uncle Charlie and Aunty Annie had four boys,I believe,and three girls. [Paulette] So I was just a little one when it was way over to the Kona side so I was like in the 50s. So in the `50s those homes way on the far end near Kona's point,there were plenty,plenty houses over there. Plenty to me as a little one is like 6 maybe...5-6.Everything was bigger when you're little.... Here we had all Hawaiians and then we had a Japanese guy that live down there with a Hawaiian guy, Honey Child. I remember his name is Honey Child, his nickname. And him and Ito. There were single men that didn't marry,so they were good friends.And they lived together at the beach,cause they were.Fishermen.And everybody was all family. [Paulette] So you lose connections with your relationship with that. Then you come like a lot of Hawaiians. You not connected no more.And then to feel good about being connected,you go read a book,and that's all you get.But the book no more smell,no more feelings,no more touch,no more nothing. You gottaa imagine it. And growing up,we didn't have to imagine. We taste,feel, touch earth. So we know all about resources and the environment. And pay attention to timing of years, do what you do and Seasons to do certain things.If you didn't pay attention,you wouldn't be successful. If you paid attention,you'll always be okay. [Pali] Water Resources and Uses The Hawaiian word for fresh water is wai;the Hawaiian word for wealth is wai wai. This is because of the value the ancient Hawaiians placed on fresh water, which was crucial for growing taro, the staple of the Hawaiian people, as well as for drinking water nd many other uses.Water is also critical for all peoples in these islands and very much appreciated by the residents,past and present,of Punalu`u,Wailau and Ninole. There were five types of fresh water mentioned in the interviews: ponds, springs,wells,river and run-off. However,only three are prominently described. Punalu`u Springs. Like I say,Punalu`u is the `diving spring.' Supposed fresh water comes out of there constantly.... Punalu'u is to dive.Puna is the spring water,freshwater underneath. [Pali] Now by the side of the wharf where the boat ramp is,that side,that's where the Springs of Punalu`u are located. Where they used to dive in with the gourds with the ipu and then huh the ipu. Right? And the springs would come gushing up out of the earth and you huh your ipu like this. You huh your ipu like this [turn it upside down] and let it fill up with fresh water. And that's the fresh water Springs up Punalu`u.The Springs of Punalu`u. [Paulette] But I took my twin, the youngest twin, one day we went down there and I said, Come with me, we're going to `Ili`ili Hanau.And so I took her there and we got some water.I took my mo`opunas. I showed them that you can go to beach and you don't have to worry if you forget water in Ka`n. You will always have water to drink.It'll be brackish water. Don't over drink,but you will always have water to drink and not go thirsty. And they said No, Tutu. And I said No, come. So I show them water coming out of the lava stones there and out of the sand. And I said,all you gottaa do is cup your hand and let it flow a little bit, so it takes some of the salt away that's even on the sand. And then you just cup your hand and start drinking.Or you can just lay down there next to it,because you're skinny and because you can and Tutu cannot.And then you can go down there and just drink and just drink.And I said on the pohaku,the lava on the pahoehoe,you just cup your hands.It's like 57 a little waterfall. Cup your hands and drink. And I said, Cause you know, Hawaiians were smart.'Along the King's Landing,I mean the King's Trail,there were always water to drink.You didn't have to hali hali water,pa`i pa`i water with you.There was always fresh water.You just have to know how to get it. How to separate it and how to get to the fresh water. So I showed them how to find it, and I said,you know so, it's like throughout the Hawaiian Islands. You can do this. So it's good. [Paulette] Punawai-Wells. Punawai would be the one inland you know your ponds,that's what we had in our yards. We had a few of them.The punawai,the wells,you would say,we use that for house use. That was one well and the rest were for gardening use and feed the water for the animals. [Pali] You gotta.dig.My grandpa dig and made wells and put walls in it and put us steps to go down and get your water.And we gathered our water when the tide was high because it would push The tide will come in and raise the water table in your wells.Cause the water is coming from mauka and then the ocean's coming in,so your wells would rise. And that's the time you get as much water as you can for all you wash dishes,wash clothes,bathe. So when the tide was high,we had to bucket a lot of water. We didn't have pumps, we carried it with buckets. And before going school, if the tide was high,I had to do a lot of bucket,do a lot of bailing with the high tide in the well.So I had to fill up all the tubs for washing and bathing.Shit,work out before I go school in the mornings.Depends on the tides see.If that's in the afternoon,then I'll do that in the afternoon. [Pali] But the tide played a real big part of our living.Living off the punawai,the wells.That's all spring water coming from mauka. It had a little salt in it. So it had a little brackish taste if you drank it.If you're from the city and you taste our water,you sense a little salt in it. [Pali] There [hale in beach area] wasn't running water so they had to hali,hali...they had to carry some water in.And there were,I don't remember the inside kitchen cause I stayed outdoors a lot down in those houses. But everybody had outside shower. It was a separate hale `au `au and then had the hale lua. So some families were...they all had a one hole-er, most of them. And those that were lucky had a 2 [hole-er]. And then,but...Cause I remember hearing water even above the lei stand all those houses,there were nice wells. [Paulette] And I remember Tom Ito. Thomas and another Kahma family,they were there, and they shared a deep well. And the well had a cover,a cover like you walk into a ship deck,but it's only the front where it has a door and roof,but you can walk in and the well had stairs all the way down to the water level. So you can walk down the stairs with your bucket and dip for fresh water and carry it up the stairs.And that was fresh water for the houses in that area.The well was a little bit up mauka. [Paulette] Ponds and Activities. We don't use the names. They probably do, but they're all in the same beach, so they're all connected.I don't know,if you want a name a pond you probably could,but it's all one beach. [Pali] Get one more over if you move over the yellow line, get one more pond...Kona way...where the water pond stay.Get the sand bar on the opposite side.Then in the other area going be Ninole Island. Then up that road is where they call"99".That's where the heiau stay on the top there. [Lincoln] Even that pond was nice too you know and clean,but when that gulch went come down,went hit that part of the pond too in the back yeah.Kind of went...once it went hit with that...I remember had `opae too and aholehole inside there. But...the last time I talked to my nephew, he said everything went overgrown.The pond was getting smaller. [Lincoln] 58 Yeah had brackish inside there mixed but, like I said, high tide that's when the turtle used to get stuck inside there. [Lincoln] And even the ponds have died off.But there's one pond that came back to life in Punalu`u and it's called Kauwale Pond. It became known later as Johnson Pond and it's in the area of Ninole down at Punalu`u....On the furthest side [Master Plan map]like facing your left on the left side,that's in the area of Ninole at the beach.And night over there,there's a pond,and it's below the golf where they can get the cart....I believe where the number 6 is.I believe where the number 6 go up on land and somewhere in there is a pond that's Kauwale Pond. Well,it died off,it went dry because of all the runoff of the poison.But it came back to life and it filled up with water.And there's some `opae in there now and ocean life plants. And `opae is a like `opae `ula `ula,the red ones.I'm not sure if it's a rare one, because I know further over towards Kona side at Hono`apu, they save the pond because they found`opae that didn't exist anywhere else in the Hawaiian Islands.And I'm not sure if these `opae at Kauwale are rare,cause I was stopped going down there. [Paulette] I believe evil wasn't here when some family as well as friends had great intentions and they went down to the pond,and they cleaned it.You know the overgrowth.And you know like how grass can grow on top the pond. Well,they pulled it back and they cleaned the pond so the pond could have the sunlight going through, which it helps greatly for the animals living in it and the plant life, because it's being restored.And when the ocean crashes the rocks there and which is tall,that faces the ocean and here's the pond.Here's like a wall of big boulders.I mean,big.And when the ocean's high tide,it crashes the wall.And then there's like little... The rocks are like this,so the waves rush in between and come in to fill the pond.Yeah. It's almost like a little opening.And then the water crashes in and has been restoring the pond. And it helps clean out the pond, cause nature is so wonderful. I mean,it's so amazing. And how it came back to life.... And the feeling I had when I did walk to the pond,it was like smells so good.It's like a feeling of....I can't describe it any better than coming home.Felt so good. My body it felt like a little tingle and if started in my feet and it came and it brought tears to my eyes. [Paulette] We didn't have a car to allow us to travel, so very sparingly and on long weekends we'd pack up and with ohana's help,we'd pack everybody up and spend like a 3 day weekend at Punalu`u and went camping. And funny as it is, we camped near where dad was born [Kauwale]. At that area there was a lot of nice ponds,freshwater ponds where you could go au'au kai and then rinse off in the ponds and not have to worry about getting itchy.And it was our way of having that fresh water available.Otherwise we'd have to walk long ways to the pavilion. [Paulette]. But even the Ninole area you know, people they're not going to get to see the pond. That was a beautiful pond. And it's covered now.Nobody can enjoy it because all full of rocks.... Right here below by the golf club house....so that pond [Kauwale],like I said,it was a beautiful pond. And it had a natural well [spring?] continuously filling that pond. And it's right across the parking lot of the golf club. [Prodincio] And in the ponds,we got our own species in the ponds down there that you have up the rivers of Akalau or your side Hamakua. All the species in that river we have in the pond. Then you'd ask, how did they get there?Right?There's no rivers running in Ka`n. But the same species are in the pond. So I think as time went on,we moved them around and planted them. We eat.Is that smart to bring stuff to all around and replenish. [Pali] 59 Marine Resources and Use The sea is a great resource to people with access to its bounty. Most of the consultants benefited from the resources of the nearby coastal environs of Punalu'u and Nfinole;went fishing there or had family members who went fishing,diving or gathering.It is also a place of recreation such as swimming,surfing,picnicking and enjoying the unique black sand beaches. It is the resting place of the endangered green sea turtle, the hawksbill turtle and the Hawaiian Monk Seal. Punalu'u Beach Activities and Fishing Village. It always had that concept[fishing village] because you know that beach started to be used by both towns [Pahala and Na`lehu]. And I remember going up at the beach,and every race had a canoe. Japanese,Filipinos,Portuguese,they all had their own canoes.But I commend my grandpa teaching a lot of them how to fish,where to fish. [Pali] And there was the houses,there were canoe shacks where you put your canoe inside,keep it out of the sun.And now and then you'd have to tie your canoe to the canoe house post because the waves would come too far up and move them around so they'd be tied down.But there was a canoe shack on both bays on both sand partials of the beach.... Well, just one bay but there's a like some pahoehoe that went out and kind of separate the two sands.But it's really one beach cause there was sand on each side of that pahoehoe slab. [Pali] So when we go on the weekends,our family usually sets up our tent. And you'll see at least like 2 to 3 fishermen with their nets throughout the day. And then there's a boat ramp down there. So of course,on a nice day,you see the people with the boats,those fishermen,they go out from Punalu'u boat ramp and they go and fish as well. [Wilma] When we couldn't go fishing as far as diving because the water was too rough,you could always go throw a net or you could always go kama ko`i, go throw pole. But,we always found a way to go fish,especially here in Ka`n. [Pernell] And the lifestyle of the people here in Ka`n who rely on the fishing, subsistence fishing,they still do that to today. There's not a day you can go by Punalu'u and not see one of our local kids out there fishing and throwing net,and diving and enjoying just open space with their family,which is another part of our culture yeah. Ka`u people,bringing your families down here and enjoying the open space with them. [Pernell] Punalu'u Paniolo Beach Activity. My father was a cowboy and he was a horse trainer.Punalu'u was known for training horses on the beach. And he was the last of those cowboys,the paniolo of that time,who would train horses on the beach.So we would have horses tied up in the yard and he would come home from work and he would go saddle his horse and go train em on the beach. [Pernell] And my dad,when I moved home,he was a fantastic paniolo up at Kapapala.As he said,he told me I remember he said,Honey,you know when paniolo work the shoreline and get all the pipi.He said the best place to break horses,we take them down to Punalu'u and we make them swim in the water. And then we'd swim out to them.And get on their backs to break them cause they can't buck.They can't even touch the bottom of the ocean.He said so they can't buck and it was the perfect place to break them. So I learned that from my dad. [Paulette] Punalu'u Bay Resource: Protect,Replenish. So Punalu'u,that whole beach area is really important because all the fish come there to lay eggs and breed. The rest of the beach is cliffs,lava cliffs. So what do you.How do you lay eggs in that? 60 So they need that beach to reproduce.And I would see all these different sizes as growing up,schools of little ones.Then when they get big they go outside,they don't hang around the beach,they go to their ko`as. The ko`as wasn't just fish house in the ocean. We had ko`as along the shoreline. They call`em moi hole if you hear it.Well,that's really one ko`a.That's where the moi stay or aholehole. These different fish schools stay there and it's hard to get em cause they stay outside.They come in to breed and you see them when they're small.But when they get big you gotta go outside and catch them. And now and then when there's big storms,those fish would come close to the shoreline to get away from those big waves out there where they live or where their ko`a is and we have a chance to catch him because they came close to the shoreline.Other than that,you can't get on the outside a little bit.Good water,you might be able to go out there and catch them,but other than that,they're safe out there and that's their ko`a. And they live there because they can go and breed. They come in toward the shoreline,where it's safe for their eggs to be laid.And when the eggs hatch those little fish,get a variety. They eat their limu or whatever it is that they eat,type of limu.Then when they get big, they go back out. So it's important that if you're gonna practice fishing, then you got to protect the environment where the fish evolves from or it cycles from. Can't just catch the fish and forget about it.That's the problem I see with Hawaiian fishermen,they don't replenish. [Pali] Fish Resources. `Opelu fishing was the main one.We had few ko`as that we fed.It's like I would say ranching.You go out and feed at a certain spots the fish,and you wouldn't catch em till maybe a couple months later.You would be sort of farming em.So you feed them,you train them how to eat your palu.And then you would start tapping your canoe so they hear the sound while you feeding them. So next time you come to that spot,you do tapping and they start coming already.You get a stimulus and raise the fish that way. Then when they have certain sizes, when they bring the nets to catch the `Opelu. And the `opelu is number one, everybody loves `opelu for fishing bait and for eating. So that was a number one fish. [Pali] About 4-5 [opelu]ko`as.But we really paid attention to the big one,Ko`aNui,which is right outside of Punalu`u was the name of it.Because it was the biggest.You could go there and we feed it for a couple months,and everybody would respect us because we fed the ko`a.And then we'll be the first to go harvest.And then all the other canoes would harvest after us.But we was that responsible for those ko`as. [Pali] `Opelu season was like all year round.Just at certain times you had the young one.I call them cigar `opelus because they was like the size of a cigar.And that's when you start feeding em.Sometimes you would see when we're making `ohua,catching baby manini at low tide. That's usually around summertime, early summer. We'd catch`ohua and you'd find a couple baby `opelu. And that was the sign that we know the `opelu outside is ready to be fed. We would catch em in the ponds in the morning while we doing the `ohua. [Pali] `ohua is the baby manini. Manini got three stages of different names. So anyway the smallest one is the `ohua. And that's transparent when you catch em.He didn't eat yet so the sun didn't put the stripes on the manini.Cause it's really green with black stripes,but when you catch him as an`ohua stage,they're transparent.You can see right through.And that's when we go and catch a lot of that. They're all gathered in the ponds at low tide. So we'll go down with our nets and catch them in the morning.And that's the old folks too,because it's low tide and tide pool.So the old folks would go out and do that because that's easy fishing and part of their thing they like to do. [Pali] My grandma used to go all the time with us to show us what to do.And we used to catch that[`ohua]. And then we'd bring em home,salt em and throw in a dryer.And we would dry those little maninis. There'd be about a size of a nickel. And then we'll dry em,because there'd be hundreds of them. And then you deep fry it.Be like chips.Manini chips.Oh,excellent. [Pali] `Ahi was more of an oriental introduction about eating fish with blood meat, red meat. We really didn't eat too much red meat. I didn't grow up fishing too much ahi,it was more of a recent time 61 the `ahi.Like I said,the Orientals brought that interest of red meat.Our poke was always white meat the ulua,the ono,they're all white meat.A lot of other shoreline fish with white meat.But that was our raw fish growing up.Like I say,I think Japanese made all the ahi more of a market thing. [Pali] `Opelu is more deep sea and bottom fishing. A lot of bottom fish. We hooked a lot of fish from the bottom.The `ahi and all the other ones were more eating each other.Same with the bottom fish.But depends on the depth some fish ate more shrimps and stuff and they would have different flavors. So mostly deep sea fishing with the canoe.But shoreline fishing,was the one that you really had to pay attention to,because not every day the ocean lets you go fishing outside,but every day you can fish the shoreline. [Pali] Every kind of fish you would find in Hawaii,we had it.And we didn't have the problems like Maui or Oahu with a lot of the flooding and the erosion.All this is deep blue ocean,so erosion don't last long. If the rivers ran,the water was brown.Next day was clear. As for other places, stays brown for week,the runoff. So we didn't have that much runoff. Maybe a couple times a year.But like I say,it's a deep blue. We don't have a reef in front of us to slow down anything.Like how you see Ala Moana. All the reef right around the island Oahu it's got reefs that kind of break the waves before it hits the shoreline. We don't have that,so it comes straight in. [Pali] Oh shoots any kine...Nenui,manini,kala,holehole....Mostly we used to target da kine the manini or nenui school or like the palani or the poalu.That was the most thing we used to target.Aholehole was a different game yeah. [Lincoln] Reef...I don't know all the names,but like the...not menpachi.What do you call those?Like manini. Different reef fish. I know if you go a little bit up out in the water, like,you can go dive for even bigger fish. [Wilma] Reef fish...later on, as I got older, I used to go out and go catch `ahi, on the boat, `opelu, and whatever we could catch,basically. [Pernell] Ahi, sometimes...like ono...deep sea fish. So, I don't know the names of like exactly,but I know those are some of the popular ones. [Wilma] Well,the normal we look for manini and,you know,whole,the normal reef fish. [Prodincio] Fishing Methods and Activities. We made our own nets. Scoop nets. And that was the same net that was used for the `opelu,which is really big.But the scoop nets would take,like old `opelu nets and use parts of it that's still good and make those scoop nets.And then would bend the sometime it was vaivee,but there was a native plant that we used to...the wood,the bark or the branches would bend and make a circle,and that's what we use to make our scoop nets with. [Pali] That[net material]was done with cotton.That was done early days with cotton.Even the throw nets were made of cotton.Then it moved into a little bit more nylon,little tougher,and then now it's all Tsuji. But the old `opelu nets still are cotton nets. And you'd get them,there'd be white. So we'd cut the kukui nut bark from the kukui trees,the old trees.And you cut out a square in the stump of the tree as it's going.You'd cut out maybe a 2 by 2 square, scrape the bark off the tree. Then you go on the opposite side a little higher and do the same thing.So you wouldn't kill the tree by taking its bark.But we'd go back,fill up a burlap bag,go back down to the beach.On the pahoehoe there were dips in the pahoehoe that was made. You chip away,you make a little bowl right in the flat pahoehoe.And those are there already when I grew up,so I'm sure they made those.And we would pound with the other rock those barks and make it[???].Then we'd throw it in a barrel and let it sit there for about 3 weeks to ferment. And the water from the kukui nut it would be the dye. Cause that'll start turning real dark,dark,dark,brownish blackish color.And then after that we'd soak all the nets in it and let it sit in there for a few days.Bring it out' dry it in the sun and stick it back in 62 again in the dye that's in the barrel. And then your white becomes black and dark brown. And that kukui nut was just a dye,but it preserved the cotton.Yeah so we use the kukui tree to do the dye for all the fishing nets.And that's how we dyed the nets was with the kukui and all the `opelu nets,all throw nets were all dyed in the kukui nut fermentation. [Pali] Was mostly throw netting, shoreline fishing. [Lincoln] Mostly like I said...When had the old timers down there, and when the all the guys that used to go gather their...all the throw net guys. We used to know who and who used to go down there. Even though we never did go down today, but we know already who would go down today. Then we would go the next day just to respect. [Lincoln] So one of the roads that's where my grandpa used to take us. He actually used to go get the little `opae with his net. I don't think you can access that area right now. Like,it's I mean, I think you can,but we still go with a car now I think you kind of need,like,it's kind of rockier[???].And then like along the shorelines,we'd go swimming there. But I know that people throw their nets there, and they continue to fish there. Actually,my kids,there's a little surf spot there,so they go boogie boarding there. [Wilma] Hukilau. But the one towards the Kona side by the lei stand in that Cove and we used to do huki laws. I miss that. I was little and it was about 60 years ago the last time I remembered partaking in the hukilau. It was fun. And we all got thrown off of the wa`as. We got thrown off of the wa`as to swim inland to chase the fish,right?It helps chasing the fish. So we'd load all the cross-nets on the old canoes,the wa`as,and the men would paddle out and drop the net.Dropped the net,I remember. And they had those big wooden floaters that I used to help clean and sit there watching papa and dad and all them making the cross-nets.And they would just one...a couple of them would paddle. And there's always the guy on the end dropping off the net into the pond.And all us little kids sitting on the net. And as soon as they could get all the nets together, all the wa`as and close it off, they throw all us kids over and everybody would jump off.And they said,swim to shore,so we all would. And they said,make big splashes. So we would. We splash and laugh and go all the way to shore. And as we're swimming in,the men on the wa`as would be pulling in the nets,right,dragging it to shore with them. And then they handed it off. They jumped off and handed it off to the men that were on the shore and the women were all there with those big pakinis,the big pakinis and the small ones. And some of them didn't have pakini so, but they had their skirts. And everything wasn't wasted.Everything was collected and everything went up to shore.Everybody got a little bit of`ia. Everybody went home with some food. And I don't know who was happier,the babies to be back on shore and see all the fishes flopping. I always had fun there. But the look on the faces of the people on shore. And the kupunas,there were so many kupunas,kane and wahine. But they were frail and they couldn't fish anymore. And they couldn't go hunting anymore. But guaranteed they were all given lots of`ia to take home.And people who would help carry them home.Because the kupunas couldn't do it anymore. Or the single `ohanas where they didn't have a kane anymore to help do all this and they had little children.Everybody had a piece of the catch of our hukilau.And that was a sight to see.I mean,we didn't have cameras,but they're here in my memory,and they're here in my heart.And I wish,I wish for the few of us that are still alive,they can recall and can get some fishermen and talk story with everybody,so we can all kokua and do it again. [Paulette] Everything...we did our fishing,spearing...pole fishing or diving you know. [Prodincio] Fish Food/Bait. Palu is made out of...we use taro and we had to cook the taro and we had to cook your palu. Then you would taste it to see if you had any itchy in it.Cause you know how taro,it's very itchy for the taro itself,the kalo if it's not cooked. So you go out regrind it and we cooked it up and make sure all the enzymes or whatever it is is out. So we go out and use that to palu the `opelu and fish.Until those times the palu didn't ferment in the stomach of the fish.That's why you had to be cooked and tasted,to make sure there's no itchy in it,because that would ferment in the stomach of the fish and 63 it'll blow.I mean,it'll blow up. Well,so you use that`opelu with that palu,so it doesn't ferment in their stomach and you just need salt water.You don't need ice. And put all the fish in your canoe. Fish for hours just with the salt water,no ice. But when you start using other palus,then you got fermentation in the stomach so you needed ice. In those days we didn't have ice. We know how to prepare the fish before when you're catching it that you wouldn't help it fermenting up yeah. [Pali] And sometimes you use pumpkin.Pumpkin mixed with the taro.Just was trying to make something that wouldn't attract other fish while you're fishing.If you use chum,like chop up fish,that would work,too,but it brings the big fish around.So when you use the pumpkin and the taro,the big fish don't know what that is. It doesn't attract em.You just trained your`opelu to eat it so.And I think they still do that at Miloli'i but they might have changed the palu.They start using oatmeal and stuff like that,but that ferments too so. [Pali] Other Marine Resources: Limn,Turtles,Monk Seals,Pa`akai, `Opihi, Sharks. Limu. Lots of different variety of limu. And the limus...why the limu is so good there is because we got a lot of fresh water. Punalu`u doesn't talk about saltwater springs,it's freshwater springs. When you have saltwater meet the fresh water,then you got a different ecosystem that creates the limu that lives there. You know that all limu that's red is all related. They all came from one red limu. Same like the green and the yellow or the brown.All these limus evolve from one in Hawaii. Just like the honey creeper bird that made all the rest of the birds. Same thing with the limu. Then, as closer to shore, where it's more fresh we have a different variety of the red limu or the green limu. Depends on the mixture of the salt and the fresh water. So if you go off of Punalu`u and go down to South Point,you're not gonna find this kind of limu already.It grows where there's a lot of fresh meeting salt. [Pali] Limu pepe, Limu kohu, Huluhuluwaena, these are the limus that we use the most in mixing with our food,with the other fish or even mixed with`opihi. So limu was more of a mix for flavor,but we know all the goodies that was in it. So that's all it was used for and it could keep a little while. But since we live on a beach,ice boxes was something that we didn't really have, so we just pick when we need. And we picked a lot of the basics,because that was enough.We didn't do like chefs today with 1000 different spices you know.Basic is how we grew up. [Pali] Limu kohu was so well liked. Oh, I remember dad. When dad found out, that mom was hapai,he would always make it a point.... And as the boys got older,he would take my brothers with him, but dad would always make it a point to take the boys and show them areas in the ocean. And that would be towards the medicine pond side,where things were less harvested and there were plenty of limu.Towards the Kona side by the medicine pond on the other side of the big pavilion on towards the ocean, all in that area. And you walk along the shoreline to Ninole. But you can the limu was good gathering place and the water's clean. And dad would gather limu and then get fish. And he told my brothers whenever you have a family and you find out that your wife is hapai, go to the beach and gather lots of limu and fish too.But you gotta cook the fish for your wife.Don't give em raw fish.But you can always,like season your food with lots of limu because it is the best nutritious, vitamin,energized plant for a pregnant woman.It's the iron in the limu.Especially limu kohu.And I remember this because I went everywhere with dad,not because I was his pet,but because I was the only girl.And if he took my brothers,I would whine until he took me.Until I got to go but lots of good things happened at Punalu`u. [Paulette] Limu kohu is number one for me, too. I can remember picking limu kohu in the morning and a Filipino guy came up—I'm not getting racial,but he asked me,what am I doing?You know I'm busted out there picking limu in my bag.I tell him oh,I'm picking seaweed. What kind of seaweed is that?And limu kohu,you cannot eat it when you pick it,you gotta let it soak overnight in fresh water.And you take out some of the sting in it. The iodine is real strong, so you kind of mellow it out and you clean,you rinse it all off and you put Hawaiian salt,a little bit to give the flavor to the limu. So the Filipino guy asked me,what am I picking?I tell him here taste it.And he chew it and it started to burn his mouth up. Yeah I said, that's how we eat it. So they don't come touch that 64 because they say we cannot eat that stuff.But he doesn't know the process,how you take that sting away. I was just thinking now I don't see them touching that. They just not being da kine, I just being more protective of my resource,and not being tricky.But I didn't want to tell him how good it is.There isn't that much you know, so you kinda think of ways of preserving it. [Pali] I don't see them[others]making much limu in Ka`n.I don't know if they like that waiwaiole limu, that thick, spongy green one. That's all I see them [others] picking. But ah nah, I don't see them touching the limu that we pick.They not that interested. [Pali] Turtles. We used to eat turtles up to the 80 s, they stopped us from eating turtles. We always ate turtles our family did.We caught them.We ate them.The restaurants used to sell em. So there were turtle steaks at Volcano House and places in Hilo.And then the laws came in the early 80 s and just stopped all of that. So now there's too much turtles that eat all the seaweed because they're vegetarians. And then there's no fish. We just unbalanced the ecosystem big time. I can see now when you hear about history when the sheep eat the roots all the way down the roots of where the cattle graze. Well, it's the same thing. The turtles ate all the seaweed and limu, now where's the fish? So the fish gone. You're not gonna live there if you don't have any food. So the turtles unbalanced the whole system at the beach and that's a sad thing.We go around saving stuff,not us, but western man.They the worse,they unbalance stuff. So that's what's happening with Punalu`u. It's losing our fish from western ideas about what needs to be protected and what don't. [Pali] Had the green turtle and the Hawks Bill.But the Hawks Bill wasn't as many as the green turtle. So there's a lot of green turtle there....Usually [ate] the green turtle,cause there's more abundance of them,you know,there's more of them at that time,and still is now.But now they got the turtles all over the beach.Now you've got restrictions on how many feet you can come to the turtle,and it's only a short beach. So they took away so much space for people. When I grew up,the turtles would never come on that beach.Come in,they get eaten so they kept their distance.Now they're all over the beach and you got to walk around them on the sand. And then you got a buffer of 30 feet or so away from`em.Now the beach comes smaller and smaller. [Pali] The turtles when used to be in by that... when used to get the high tide next to number six by the other big pond in the back there. They used swim in there in the high tide they used to get trapped in there. When low tide goes out they trapped in there. They had to wait until the next high tide come in. [Lincoln] I remember growing up,it's like if you go fishing,you only take what you need.It's a place where it's a gathering place,right?And then currently where the turtles nest,it's protected[Wilma] And basically about the turtles...when they say, okay, the turtles are kapu...you know Punalu`u Beach was full of seaweed.And when we couldn't do anything with the turtles,they took over and they ate all that seaweed, which was bringing all the fish in. And now the fish, they're all gone because no seaweed for them.But the turtles are becoming food item for the shark.And that makes things worse,because of people swimming and they come in closer. [Prodincio] Monk Seal. And then if a monk seal comes on,now you got another buffer around that.Now the beach gets smaller. And then what's left?Everybody's gotta share with their towel. I tell you,it's crazy.We don't have much of a beach life unless you lay in a sun,read a book or jet ski or snorkel. That's how they look at our beaches today.It's not about eating from it. [Pali] I don't like them [monk seals] on the beach. We don't have much fish With all the reasons I told you,and they're the other reasons too. Monk seals are like us. They got a eating order you know. Feed a lot of lobster and crab, and they go down the list of silver fish, and then you come to your red fish, and they do the same. They eat all the goodies. And then they get down to balloon fish. I seen`em eat that too. [Pali] Lobster and Crab.All of it,we got everything there. [Pali] 65 Pa`akai/Salt. We used to make pa`akai a lot. And we go above the beach. We go out a couple miles on the coast along the cliffs, and there's areas where the waves fly up high in the cliff and create little ice ponds that evaporate. And we'd go out and pick it by the bags,bags with a donkey...my grandpa....And then we do like,half a burlap bag,a couple of those.And then we come home and we put in a kele mania.That's your crock.Kele mania was,I think German crock that they brought or they were the first ones to bring them. I don't know why they call them kele mania. I think that means German too.So anyway,we put him in those crocks like we did all of salt pork and salt beef. And I would put the salt in those cracks and we'd use it for daily use. [Pali] `Opihi.Loads of`opihi.People used to come to Ka`n to make `opihi.Because there's none in Hilo, no more in Kona. And maybe you need a boat to get out to the remote areas. So they'll just drive the Ka`n and there's your `opihi. Still wild out here. And I'd have a lot of problems with that, commercializing our`opihi.And the people I knew that did it,I would confront them. Stay in your own house.If you no more,then you go replenish.But no go dig up my house.You know,I mean, we got kids, too, and we got future. We got many more weddings and parties and baby luaus, grandma's funeral.Hey,leave our`opihi alone. That's the way it should be.Maybe it should be all restricted `opihi and just exempt the Hawaiian for subsistence, not commercial. And make everybody else bite the bullet. I'm biting a bullet because of them. They polluted. They over commercialized. And I'm getting punished for it. By being part of them? I wasn't part of the problem. [Pali] You know used to.I don't know how much`opihi there is nowadays.It's kind of like one of those things where like,you have to continue to let it grow,right?In order to. I don't know if Punalu`u was. I guess people would get `opihi. It's more like down the road, like Hono`apu, Whittington Beach is where they would get,where I would remember them getting them from. [Wilma] Shark. We have a shark too. Patrols the Ka`n Punalu`u,the Ka`n shorelines actually and his...he has red fins. [Paulette] Fishing Lifestyle Issues. You tell me what Hawaiians are planting fish.Zero! So the mentality of just taking and taking and taking,depletes. So I can understand why they're not doing Hawaii traditions if they wasn't raised with it. And if you're talking about the kids future then save the environment where these fish got to survive in and reproduce.We just so lost man,following the western ways. Maybe I don't think it works that good on a continent,but sure is important on an Island. [Pali] You had two towns [Pahala and Na`alehu] that would come to that one beach. And these were islanders,too,right?They're migrants,but they come from islands,and they don't have a malama attitude.None of them did. From Vietnamese,Filipinos, Marshallese all these islanders, they just come like where they come from,just raid what you can raid.And that attitude screws up the little beach. She only got so much beach the rest is cliffs. And they would raid everything in that little area. They still do to today. Nothing's changed. The rules should be that everybody should be following the laws that's made.[Pali] But you should exempt the Hawaiians.Hawaiian should always be able to fish,eat for subsistence without a license and without restrictions and all that stuff. If you get caught now fishing illegally, like in a conservation area, you start being treated like a criminal. You start going through the process of being arrested and finger printing.And now you,in the minds of criminal mentality.And you're getting judged by that,not by your native right to do that,not by your birthright to do it. So laws are screwed up. And the main thing is that we're not part of the laws. We just gotta comply with what these lawyers came up with in the back room. They don't call a Hawaiian in to make balance or give input,so we stuck with this.And they got the worst track record. [Pali] 66 Oh the runoff it killed a lot of things.Even in like Punalu`u.It killed a lot of our shorelines and reefs and the fishes and the shells.Like the living shells like the kupe'e and all those.They have died off from the run off. [Paulette] Now we're still kind of virgin,and we really think we should stay that way.If you're talking about traditional practice,then you need the environment to be traditional in.Can't just say traditional and then the resources to be traditional is not there. [Pali] The problem I see is that DLNR likes to do more laws on the protection of species. Right. They make a lot of protection and rules and how to take care of stuff. But,you see,they can't stop the practice. That's what they can't stop me from practicing. What they do stop me from is when they control the resource that I need to practice with. Now I can't practice because they control the resource.But they're telling me,you can practice,but then the resource I need to practice with,why are you controlling it? [Pali] Punalu`u and Vicinity. Right at the corner. They'll be more down right at this point here from the map, it's 99. As time went change, even the coastline went change too. High seas come things was moved. Vegetation too that went play a big role. [Lincoln] I didn't ask da kine my dad call it 99. Growing up with him,was real,real strict,we couldn't say too much. Like if we go down to Punalu`u,he will say "we go down to holoholo"that was it. We knew already.We couldn't tell oh what we going down the beach for throw net.Back then was real superstitious. As soon as you say that you get you get lickings and then you stay home on top of that. [Lincoln] Cultural Resources and Practices This category represents traditional Hawaiian cultural resources and practices and other ethnic resources and practices. The Traditional Hawaiian cultural resources and practices, includes the pre-contact era, as well as cultural practices after contact.Cultural Resources can be the traditional wahi pana or sacred places, any cultural gathering place, or the tangible remains of the ancient past. One of the most significant traditional Hawaiian cultural resources is the heiau or places of worship. Other places of great significance for all cultures are the burial places of loved ones. Unfortunately, with the massive transformation of the landscape as a result of the many western industries [i.e.,provisioning, sandalwood, sugar,tourism,urban development] coupled with the secretive nature of ancient burial practices,most of the ancient burial places are unknown or forgotten and are easily disrupted and disturbed by subsurface activity. Both the literature and the oral histories attest to the plethora of cultural resources in the project area and vicinity. Their oral histories also provide confirmation of cultural practices. Some of the ethnographic consultants still remember and continue the traditional gathering of plants for medicine, food or crafts as well as other spiritual cultural practices. Cultural/Spiritual. The spiritual side...Ka`n has specific areas.Punalu`u has its own specific area that is covered and protected.So Punalu`u is like the Piko for us,it's the Center.What we do down here,we have to be very careful never to disrespect. We always and growing up, and I think Kupuna Prudincio can answer,you know, agree with me,is that it don't matter what nationality,we always had respect. [Sophia] I really wanted to talk about also the mo`olelo that has been shared with us here in Ka`n. And we were taught to always acknowledge mauka to makai,but we were also taught above and below. So 67 here in Ka`n, we always honor Tutu Pele, we always also honor our main god Ku Mauna to the mauka, as we do still today. We also honored Kn,Lono,Kanaloa and Kane. So I wanted to speak on the spiritual side also,because people think that what they see with the physical is the most sacred things.But the most sacred things that we try to keep alive here in Ka`n is the things you cannot see with the naked eye.And in order to keep the physical going,we need to keep the spiritual going.So here in Ka`n,for those of us who were taught and carried the kuleana still today is to keep connected to our ancestors, to our gods, to our mo`olelo so that we can continue and perpetuate what are ancestors and the tools that they have left us for the generations to come.So what happens up mauka will affect what happens makai and vice versa. [Sophia] We're just caretakers. Nobody owns anything here in Ka`n. And when you come here with that mentality, you lose. And that is why Ka`n has been kept the way it has till now. Because the ancestors knew how to manage and they knew what was best for our people.There is no separation in`aina and people. We are the `aina,the `aina is us. We are the `aina. [Sophia] Our sole purpose is to keep that kuleana going. Our sole purpose...this was way before the Great Mahele, 1852.And nobody should question Oh why?How do we think Ka`u has been left the way it has?Because the people who never kowtow down to outsiders who fought,sometimes alone,like Mama Pele fought. She fought development. She fought to protect this beach, because she knew that the rest of us and the ones that she had taught, that only certain ones would come down and would carry.That's why we have the beach we have today.So my thing is know...the balance is... first, finding the balance with ourselves and learning our cultural selves. And finding the balance here to continue so that our lifestyle will continue.And that's perpetuating even like the mo`olelos that is said down here about the different specific historical areas,they start up from mauka coming down to the kaha`kai. [Sophia] One saying is what?Malama i`a`oe ka`aina,Malama ka`aina i`a`oe. But also the kupuna taught you Hana`ina ka`aina,the `aina going to eat you. So be very careful. [Sophia] Land Cultural Resources: Heiau. Here at Punalu`u,we speak of our heiau.We have three major heiaus here,right here in this ahupua`a that is still...that we still utilize today has a purpose still today.Back in the 1990s,Mama Pele,who was my mother-in-law met with some Buddhist monks that came from Japan,and they went all over Hawaii Island to see the different heiau. And they all said that the luakini,the sacrificial heiau on Hawaii Island are all still alive. We who practice, know this. So the sacred sites here in Ka`n are still being utilized. And how we nurtured our sacred sites here in Ka`n,through pule,through oli, keeping connected to the ancestors,keeping connected to the Na Akua. [Sophia] I pray to God. I pray to Ke Akua it will [protect all cultural sites]. Even the other heiau over there towards the Hilo side of the wharf,the boat ramp.That's Punalu`u Nui and there's a sacrificial rock right there at the point. And you know Hawaiians never used to do sacrifices. It was a Pacific Islander culture that was instilled in us,but we never did. And then I don't know why we were so highly influenced....What was the low class?Maka`ainana?No...kupuna brain. So they [Kauwa] were part of that group that was chosen for sacrifice there. And that pohaku that is still there at the ocean edge turned red. But the red is more like this color,orangry-red like this,but more like sun tanned,take the brightness out of this orangey. It became like light orange,but you could tell the crevices are darker.But the pohaku ended up changing color....Not as red,it's more tanned yeah. The sun has lessened the brightness yeah and it's still less. It's been many years that I saw it with Aunty Pele. But that pohaku was at the edge and its irony. Irony in itself because the pohaku is tilted.It's tilted at an angle like it's ready at any moment now,it could also fall in the water.And if it does,it's okay.It was meant to be that way'I won't touch it'.But if it was in our culture,it should go back to the ocean. But the big heiau is huge and it's beautiful. And along on the ocean side of that heiau,it is the King's Trail yeah. [Paulette] And also we have heiau above the other end of the beach,which we want to protect too. [Prodincio] 68 Land Cultural Resources: Burials What I learned from just listening to the old timers was that we need to learn to respect,that people being put to rest around the beach and coast area.And basically they pointed out that the burial area is located right across the Pavilion and all the cliff side. All by the church. All that cliff,that high ridge.That ridge goes right around all the way to the condominiums. [Prodincio] And the ridge actually goes across Ntnole to join with that lava flow.But they landscaped that area for the golf course. But my biggest disappointment was ah when they made the golf course, and they went ahead and making the road right across of, above of the two small pavilions. The new section going up.And what I can remember was,that was burial ground.And I used to have a lot of respect for that area,and that's why I'm so disappointed when they made that road. [Prodincio] I don't know what they did with it[burial remains] They just made the road,and they bulldoze the ridge side to continue the road going around,also damaging the burial area. And that is what hurts me the most,because I know what I was looking at before the road and when they went ahead and disrespect the area.I had to at least now I can voice my opinion so it can be heard. [Prodincio] According to the old timers when I was listening to their conversation,the whole ridge side normally is the chosen burial sites. [Prodincio] So the last thing I like cover is the burials. So our Kuleana property has burials from the front,the side.In fact,probably right from where our gate starts,where the end of the parking lot,all the way to where that road that's cut in between,that's cut around so you could go around.All that was all burials inside it there. All burials inside. And our property has burials from that whole hill all the way to the back and to include up on the church of course.... So the burials is a big concern for us. The preservation of our burials.... It was mentioned to them [Developers] about our burials down there...the family burials.Probably too nauseam I think.But there are burials up on the backside of where the church is that look like got encroached. [Pernell] [Looking at map]The big one [Pavilion]. Okay,this is the 2 small Pavilion that I was talking about. And directly above that is where the road goes up. This area here. When I was growing up, I definitely known there was burial area. [Prodincio] And talking about that church. Some of the people that belonged to the church was already starting to clear, making room for some more burial. And then along came the golf course, and all that disappeared.And that is more disappointing. [Prodincio] So when you go up to the church,you're going to see a wall, a pa pohaku built. Well, the graves went beyond that pa pohaku. [Sophia] Now above that pond [Kawale] also is also a heiau..... But what I know is there's a lot of family burial area right in the back area of that heiau, that should...nobody should touch that area. [Prodincio] And also I'm concerned about we had a beautiful cinder hill right here next to the highway.A cinder cone.It had a surveyor marker on it.But somehow they got the okay to take the material.They took it all....But the sad part is,during the excavating of that cinder,they uncovered a lot of bones.And what happened to the bones,I don't know. [Prodincio] Land Cultural Resources: Petroglyphs The rock enclosure is still in the County that's to preserves the petroglyphs. And they end up building a rock wall right over the Petroglyphs. [Pernell] 69 Land Historic Resources: Churches Church(s).And on Sundays,they would say,the men would get the trucks ready and the kids would help with the benches and stuff.And in their Sunday Whites.And I said,why would you wear white Tutu when the pipi truck ...and the pipi and the horses in there?Oh,no,it's clean.And it was.And everybody wore white. And she said they would all have papale too. And the men with their hats, their cowboy hats and their Sunday fineness. And everybody would load up in the truck.And they would go to Punalu`u and to the church up there on the pali,that Kalawina Church...there was the older Church. But up there they would have service.They would have church service every Sunday. And afterwards,after services pan.It was Kalawina,so it was like Protestant yeah.And then.But it didn't matter because we all pray to the same Ke Akua. [Paulette] In Punalu`u...there is a church right above. Okay, so the beach access area,there's a church right above there.I also know.I mean,there's plenty like,it's a sacred place.I just cannot.You just knew that when you are there,you just respect the place,right? [Wilma] Church...they have a little road to walk the church. [Prodincio] Land Cultural Resources: Practices So today,our kuleana land is used for educational,its used for cultural practices, and it's used for the family to go down there and do healing.In the past,my sister had a school down there that she ran,a cultural school. And we don't do the school today,but we still do cultural practices,and we continue to do that,and hopefully the next generation will continue to do that as well. [Pernell] [Cultural practices] It has to do with everything, actually. The ocean is part of the `aina. So we talking about the`aina,you talking about everything.And then there's also the spiritual aspect yeah, the connection to the `aina and to us. [Pernell] So it's not just you know Punalu`u.You're talking about this whole area.You're talking about all the people,all the different ethnicities who came here to put their blood, sweat and tears,into this `aina to build our communities.And I have all the respect,like I said,for all my ancestors,because they all are of same value. There's not one over the other.But when we talk about Punalu`u,if we really love Punalu`u,then we will protect,we will preserve what is left. I think the one word that describes our whole way here in Ka`n is respect. We always knew when kupuna said, Don't go there,No do this,No do that,we never questioned. We just listened. And there was a reason why. If you was worthy,they going share with you later. Why?On a need to know basis. [Sophia] Land Cultural Resources: General The cultural area where they get em set up right on top this map,look good right there I mean.Like I said,growing up in this whole area was like our own playground.We used to go hide and we used to playground inside these areas when we were small kids kine.But we knew where not to go,where not to touch and where to play.....Growing up like that you know,our older siblings and everybody used to tell us no maha`oe because get this over there or get that over there.So we know where stay. Cause you know we familiar with the place cause was like our second home.Punalu`u was like our second home. [Lincoln] I'm sure there are plenty [cultural sites].I think everywhere I feel like Ka`n is it's a cultural site in itself.There's plenty places.I mean,I know the church,like,right above where the golf course is.... It would be,like,by golf course would be like#5 in that area,but closer to the beach....I think the whole Ka`n is special so to keep that in mind.Right.And be mindful that we have to preserve these things and appreciate them.I don't feel like this plan is overbearing. [Wilma] Growing up?Like,you would just hear the kupuna. I cannot pinpoint specific ones. How? If you hear it again,you remember it. I just. I guess what I'm saying is, like, growing up, like,you hear 70 about how special Ka`n is,right?Like,there's a lot of history from um.I mean,we have one of the last Makahiki areas here,right here in Ka`n.It's just Ka`n is a very sacred and special place.I cannot pinpoint one specific mo`olelo but over the years,you just hear about it and you're taught about it from our Kupuna. I better go look it up,because then how do you perpetuate it? [Wilma] Land Cultural Resources: Petroglyphs. Petroglyphs. We've actually walked alongside you know, where the...you got to go over the mountains kind of like towards the beach area on the rocks. And there's just.You can see different petroglyphs there.You just feel the power and the mana of Punalu`u when you are there. [Wilma] Land Cultural Resources: `Ili`ili Hanau O Koloa. Yes(true name). And you can find remnants-that's a good one-the `ili `ili hdnau right there by the big Pavilion,when it drops that pahoehoe drops into the ocean. And if you go right there where it drops and meets the beach,you'll see all the `ili `ili's there...the babies.... On this side by the big Pavilion over here.On the opposite side of the cove right here the yellow. [Paulette] Ocean Cultural Activity I love going down to Punalu`u. I love doing cultural things there. The last time I was at Punalu`u and I did Hi`uwai, I did it with my niece and my nephew. And their family because they needed cleansing yeah. So the way I was taught to do hi`uwai and going into the ocean for a Blessing.And to let go of all pilikia. So you honor.... I started off it's a new day. So we go before the sun rises and we oli the sun to rise and honor the sun,because we need the sun for growth and we need.And it's the beginning of a new day. And so I would do the olis and I would take everybody and then when you get to the ocean for this cleansing, not a baptism, it's a cleansing. So hi`uwai is like kupuna or makua that have their kihei on, they can take off their kihei and just go in with their swimming. suit or however they're dressed and want to go in. Where you walk into the ocean until you can't feel any more of the bottom.You can float.And as you're going out towards the Sun you don't look back,cause that's what you're leaving behind.You're leaving all the `opala,all the back, all the pilikia,you leave it behind you.And you look forward into the ocean and swim out into the ocean and swim towards the sunrise. And you can submerse. It would be most perfect if you can submerse your whole body and do the entire body cleansing.And then when you pan and no talking. Nobody talk.It's between you and your and Ke Akua or your Higher Power.It is a personal journey and a personal cleansing.And then you know the babies will scream,but you tell them to be hamau and to be quiet.And just daddies and mommies can hold their babies go out. [Paulette] But it's amazing and you know that last one I did,we started like 5 something in the morning.And I know the ocean was cold.I know it was cold,but we walked all the way down to that cold.And I said,no talking. I'll just keep going. And I'll keep oli. And my sisters,the twins,were there with me. And I said,as kupuna and our feet so tender.I'm not going into the water,I'm gonna continue to do the oli and the pule. But get your feet wet. Do the cleansing that way. Be part of it and get your feet in the water and place yourself. And you know what? What I felt?It was like, amazing. The water became like bath,lukewarm water.It was heated water.And I had some my nephew and niece,I knew their babies didn't want to do it, cause it cold. We all know Punalu`u,it's cold early in the morning.And as they went out into the water and the daddy dunked,they all went underneath the water together in his arms and they came up. The little babies are going Dad do it again. It's warm. It was nice to hear. And it was like nobody wanted to come out. And it was like after they went out and they felt the water. And all these honus came to them and swam around them and touched them. And the babies started swimming with them. It was like, amazing. You had to be there to see it yeah. [Paulette] Also that turtle part on the Punalu`u black sand,they're starting to put rocks on the sand.And they blocking in the turtles. They always coming up. We don't need the rocks. What's the purpose of 71 the rocks?The turtles used to come even under the boat shed and put the eggs.And nobody bothered it. [Prodincio] Mauka Cultural Resources. There's the sites that were there,they're gonna protect that. The burials. They already know what those are.Protect that.Other than I don't care. [Pali] Mo`olelo I wish da kine, I wish our aunties was ah...I know they used to tell us,but you know young kids time we no listen.We just like go,go,go. So my older brothers and da kine would know more about more.I was more like the person that was in the water. [Lincoln] You know I've heard of different,of course mo`olelo right about the place. I know that it's a very special place.Growing up here.I mean,I live here,I appreciate the place.I know the area,outside of that,not like in depth. [Wilma] Growing up...like, you would just hear the kupuna. I cannot pinpoint specific ones. How, if you hear it again,you remember it. I guess what I'm saying is,like, growing up,like,you hear about how special Ka`n is,right?Like,there's a lot of history from um. I mean,we have one of the last Makahiki areas here, right here in Ka`n. It's just Ka`n is a very sacred and special place. I cannot pinpoint one specific mo`olelo but over the years,you just hear about it and you're taught about it from our Kupuna.I better go look it up,because then how do you perpetuate it? [Wilma] `Ili`ili Hanau o Koloa. It's gonna be in close to Nmole area.Yeah.They would call`ili`ili hanau in that place where they call Hama. Exactly would be in that area. Down at Punalu`u area. That would be close to number six-Punalu`u Coastline Management Area. Would be close in that area. [Lincoln] Like my generation, I think growing up, and my dad used to tell me in this area,they call `ili `ili hanau".My kids,we explained to them where it is,how the thing look like,what it is.It's something da kine that I think would stop like from our generation. [Lincoln] The pebble. When you look at the pebble going get pockets inside of the pebble. And when you look in the pockets of the pebble you're going see small grain of sand inside.It's like the mother of the rock is the mother. The sand goes into the little pockets. A window that holds the sand in the pocket.That's when you going see plenty sand in that area wash up.Sometimes during the high seas like that you can see em move,but majority going see the nice kane will be the flat one,not going get pockets.Not going get holes.The ones who get the holes is the female.That's what we was told back then. And more we do like the shoreline throw net kine like that in that area that's how we been come about that...this kine area we go this place Hama side where these cracks stay,where all the cracks stay,where all the sand stay.That's when I went find out when I was a small kid. [Lincoln] 72 Consultant Concerns, Comments and Suggestions This category was included because many development projects have areas of concern that are expressed by the ethnographic consultants,even though they may be generally supportive of the project. Cultural Protocol My whole thing is, how come they never come to the actual people who get kuleana here first. That's what's happening,the disrespect. So if you're going to culture resource,you go to the people who actually have kuleana or who live there now. [Sophia] So what is happening in Ka`n is that people are coming here not consulting with the kupuna of the area. Even when I was growing up, you never went outside of your ahupua`a and maha`oe. You always consulted the people of that area. Now we're having all these people who go to college, people with degrees, coming here,bypassing our kupuna,telling us what they think is best for us, what they think is best for us.Who's perpetuating the culture? [Sophia] Here in Ka`n we were always taught you got to get approval from a Kupuna,because it is the Kupuna that carries the kuleana. When you come here,you malahini you know? [Sophia] The pohaku.... We are pohaku. And I educate the tourists all the time when I'm down there,and I take the time. We are the pohaku.The pohaku is family. We do not touch the pohaku unless there's a purpose for utilizing that pohaku.Other than that,we don't separate the family because the smooth one is the kane. The ones with the puka is the wahine. Inside the pukas, you're going to find the babies. We don't separate families. And because Ka`n is such a rural area, sometimes there's not many places to bury our iwi kupuna they put em in the pohaku.So when you remove pohaku without even knowing,without no purpose you know,that's disrespectful. [Sophia] So my thing when it comes to Punalu`u,how come you're not coming and talking to the kupuna of the area? The people who have kuleana, who have ahupua`a tenant rights. Why are you not acknowledging them? And you're listening to every Tom, Dick and Harry, then bringing on outsiders like to tell us what to do,what is best for us. {Sophia] Well, I like to think that, you know, all of us came from some kind of indigenous culture. Every human in this world. And what did we always go back to? The elders is the one that led. Young people cannot lead because with the title of kupuna,that's a word for one specific culture.But as an elder,you can.My thing is the elder,to be as an elder...not all elders are kupuna.But in order,age is significant because how can you get life experience?Even though I experience it as a child,I want to see things and come clear to me as I grow into myself.And then take that journey. So even like when we see people making the kids pule and stuff. That's not their kuleana to carry that. That's why we have kupuna to take on that kuleana. So when people say,oh,he's a kupuna or he not one kupuna. Who's to say?You know but what is happening in Ka`n is we have young people in their forties and 30s calling themselves kupuna.Ridiculous.And the Government is using them because they work for Nature Conservancy,because they work for DLNR,because they can `olelo Hawaii. But then they're missing the core of what it is that perpetuates the culture. And they no respect. They have no respect for our Kupuna.There already is a red flag for me. [Sophia] Well,and that's the whole concept of ours.We call ourselves the Tribe because we're the last tribe, we consider ourselves. And we get all the way to the young ones. But the thing is,we're always going to consult with the Elders because they're going to guide us. They've earned it. They've earned it.So that's what I'm trying to bring back here in Ka`n.And I'm all about kupuna,they going tell you.It's bringing back and give them their kuleana.So that when they meet their ancestors,they will fulfill their kuleana. It is our kuleana to help them fulfill theirs, as it is for them to help us. That's how we work in Ka`n. We're getting lost with all government coming in and bringing all these cultural resources who went go college.All these kind people that teaching in the universities, community college never lived here,but they going talk about it.Big difference. [Sophia] 73 You gotta come to the Source. When you say Nana I ke Kumu...come to the Source...the actual people who live on the`aina,who nurture the `aina,cause we nurture this `aina 365 days ayear.We nurture through pule,though oli. Every single day we do protocol.Ka`n is my mama,because the first breath of life I drew came from her,and she went keep us safe whether we went mauka or to makai,we always was safe. [Sophia] It is because of these infractions and these things that,the desecration that has happened within the past few years.Like the bulldozing of our wharf,that was a major one.Then we had the desecration of...because when he bulldozed the wharf,he went desecrate Punalu`u Nui. [Sophia] Traditional/Cultural Sites. I mean,everything.Everything.In fact,more than you would find on Oahu.I think Oahu depleted a lot of stuff already,introduced a lot of bad things to the reef and to the water.Now we're still kind of virgin,and we really think we should stay that way. If you're talking about traditional practice, then you need the environment to be traditional in.Can't just say tradition and then the resources to be traditions not there. The problem I see is that DLNR likes to do more laws on the protection of species. Right.They make a lot of protection and rules and how to take care of stuff.But,you see, they can't stop the practice.That's what they can't stop me from practicing. What they do stop me from is when they control the resource that I need to practice with. Now I can't practice because they control the resource. But they're telling me,you can practice,but then the resource I need to practice with,why are you controlling it? [Pali] Punalu`u Beach,Environment and Lifestyle Well, if you're looking at the impact,there's gonna be impact with the development,the impact of the beach if they don't own it, shouldn't be a problem for them. But if they got to go through the process,then just sign the beach off. So at least you already made that commitment that you don't have to go that far because you gave that up,that portion. [Pali] Give me the beach and its mine,the people's beach and you step out.I know you're gonna have an impact because you're going bring tourists.And like I told you,our beach get shorter with all these endangered species protection.Then you got the Transients that come there and spread their towel. Now you're going to bring more there with your hotels to spread their towel. Our beach just got really small.But the only thing I'm happy about the Transients,I live there,so I know they're going sometimes beat it.I know it will be replaced,but who knows. [Pali] In the earlier part, you said that the yellow buffer zone area—the coastline. It goes back to the County.For me,is like if they leave em as how going be as like from before, I'm okay with that. As long as people can still get access down to the shoreline for doing their thing. Whatever stay on the mauka side of that Golf Course like the Wellness Center thing.Yeah,I'm for it. [Lincoln] Just looking over these map again, I mean yeah, as long as the local people can get access to the shoreline. And whatever she do on top of that,I'm for that,too. Would be one nice thing. As long as you create jobs for Ka`n people—the next generation coming up and the future. [Lincoln] Well, as long as it doesn't interfere with the burial area. Also another thing,the right of way. The right of way that we always used to use.... In front of the properties,right by the black sand.Come right across to the Pavilion and keep on coming straight across to the golf club area.And that road goes across the Nmole Pond,right on the edge of the pond,right around and on to Kawa. [Prodincio] The tourist is actually it's getting out of hand. It's all congested right now.And like I say,the right of way road they can fix that.And you know,people gotta come in one at a time,they cannot come two cars at a time.Yet if it's a one lane road,everybody gotta respect each other and one at a time. Right now it's everybody park wherever. That's your main concern because our road is an 74 undedicated road and who holds the liability now? Yeah the only legal road is the right of way. [Prodincio] PONC Just feeling you could just access the beach,which I think is their plan. When you look at number 6.Right.Like,protecting the gathering and fishing rights.It's not like anybody's trying to close that down.I think it's.It's more of,like,let's help our community thrive again. [Wilma] You know I think currently,like,what we do have to do,because there's pavilions there,and so if you want to have a party,right or camp,you have to get a permit.I'm not too familiar with what the County or what changes they would do. I would hope that if they turned it over to the County that. It would do these things,like preserve and protect..... And then I'm wondering, like,if they don't turn it over,could they leave it as such?Right?And own it yet?Just make sure they keep their word, right? Like, so what's on paper is real kind of thing. I'm not sure what the benefit is would be to turn it over to the County. I guess they could maintain it and stuff too. [Wilma] I'm not a big fan of the PONC and DLNR....If the County take over,then we need to find out what are they gonna be responsible for. Where they gonna be responsible for. Sucks they can't even enforce things that they're supposed to be enforcing now. [Pernell] So you know they came up with this idea of giving the open space fund from Ninole through the PONC. Our children don't swim down there. There's State ponds down there, Kawale, Puhau. That's State ponds where a lot of us first learned to swim.Ninole is by the golf course.Below that. So I see the strip. The line that they have is, [looking at map] people go fishing there,they gather there,but it's not a place where children can go swimming. [Sophia] More Needed/Opportunity Ideas. As for the Wellness Center? Like if they put one Hawaiian Charter School inside in that area oh that would be nice too.That would be neat then.You know,just for the kids.If they put one for kids in Ka`n. I know like Volcano get one. But if they get one in Pahala,it's gonna be a little bit more convenient for the community cause its close. They only need to drive a little bit outside their comfort zone. You know, going be right down in Punalu`u. Like I said, if we have one Hawaiian Charter School,would be nice down there. [Lincoln] That would be amazing[Hawaiian Charter School].That's just.It just provides options.And if it is around Hawaiian and culture-based education or, like, the language, then. And that's, that's awesome. [Wilma] Yeah,that[restaurant area]get plenty history too back then. Cause um when Sea Mountain Punalu`u was up and running back in a day,that went provide plenty of jobs too for everybody too eh. My sisters used to work at Punalu`u Black Sand beach area restaurant and also the golf course area.My brother-in-law was a golf course maintenance for 40 something years. He retired down till last day at Sea Mountain Golf Course went turn everything over.... When all this is done and that's gonna bring plenty of jobs to Ka`n. [Lincoln] I would think more for the guys in Ka`u because they no need to drive far.You know,growing up like I said earlier, at one meeting for a resort down at Kahuku which had them, then, that would been job for us. We wouldn't. When we graduated,we would...us guys would work.But now,that when hit me,because I gotta work outside of town now. I gotta drive Hilo every day for work,to and from. [Lincoln] As the thing you know growing up,you know I figure right on they talking about all this.I remember when I was small, creating jobs for this and that. Oh right on, they get jobs. Probably when we graduate we can work down at the resort.But now never happened.So when came our turn,our life 75 went change.Time for us for leave,go out of our home.I kind of feel pity for other guys,too.You know, they live far now, some guys even move out of State. Just like my friend, now he live in Illinois. I never know he returned back home,visit me on Friday night. I never see him since we graduated. Now he bought a property back at Wailau,because after he retired, he said he wanna move back.Because you know,the Mainland is too crazy. So I was like oh shoots,man. [Lincoln] Well once you get the ball rolling and everything all legit everything you know.But everything yeah look how she kind.Yeah,there would be a nice one though if you put one charter school for kids, one Hawaiian Charter School in Punalu`u Village yeah. [Lincoln] Over 20 something years ago, my sister-in-law, Terry Shibuya, all of them were working on a cultural center. They wanted a cultural center down there, and they were close. They were really close until something at the last minute fell through. So the need for a cultural center was always there.People tried you know. The plans were there,everything was there. So that's not something new on culture center.People have been trying to get that done.And I believe Terry right now with Hanalaulima O Ka`n is working on with Hawaiian homes right now to do a cultural center.I'd like to say,an educational center. We don't need all these cultural stuff. [Sophia] Growing up here,when we had the plantations,there were always jobs.When it closed down in`96. Right,it changed the whole kind of trajectory for people. It used to be more like. I mean,we were like a tight knit community. I see the potential for it to happen again. I think it's time that we have something in our community. This does not sound extravagant by any means,you know because I've been around when they wanted to build high rises and different kinds of things in our area. So like number 6,especially,like,preserving the beauty of the coastline.Right.The habitats,our natural resources.I think that is the most precious thing. And I appreciate the fact that this is happening.I also appreciate the fact that they want to restore things and bring jobs being put. If you. If I think about it,and I've asked our parents,right like,what do you envision our community in like now and in the foreseeable future? Because for our kids and they want jobs. They talk about having jobs. And when you think about the community that we live in,many of them go to Kona to work in these types of jobs in restaurants,in resorts and condos and why not bring it here?I also think about our kids not having the recreation types of centers. And so if we have tennis courts and gyms and a swimming pool for our community to access,I think that's great. And then a wellness center. We talk about,right. That sense of well-being and taking care of ourselves. So having one here,I think would be beneficial, especially when we talk about everybody can access. Right. It's not. It's not just closed or it's not private. Even the golf course. I know people who enjoy golfing. We don't have very many restaurants.I think it's time for us to be able to expand,yet protect and appreciate the special place we live in.And I think what we see here encompasses that, [Wilma] I've spoken with the developers and they're so open to having our[school]kids come.And do you know whether it's science projects,whether it's about learning about the place,even having some, like Kupuna or people who are knowledgeable about the place and,like, sharing and being come. And they've always been like,come,and this is your place,too.Come in.Let's teach the kids.Let's. Or let's even have the kids do some projects, and then they can talk about the place, and so when tourists come to visit,they can tell them about this place. So,I mean,I appreciate that,too. [Wilma] I mean,I think I've already said it.I think our kids should have the opportunity to be able to continue to live here and build futures here if they want to.And the way in which we have to do it is we have to expand. We don't have jobs here. There are. I mean, there's farming jobs you know. We also need to make it at a,like,a thriving place.Like,not from what I see here.It's not like they're trying to turn it into, like, a Honolulu, into a city, or even like Waikoloa, those resorts out there. I think this is gonna give,provide jobs. I think It's gonna hopefully bring people together. It's a place in which you can meet and gather.For me,the most important thing is about protecting and preserving, which I see when you're expanding and. And making sure that people can. Our people and Ka`u can thrive.And if it's gonna go to locals,right?Like,I think about the quality of life.If you have to work in Kona and you live in Ka`n,you get up early in the morning,you do not come home until late at night. So then who watches your children? Right? Again, it's that latch key kind of thing. And so it becomes a grandparents or they're fending for themselves.Now,if mom and dad can live 76 and work nearby and then come home at a decent time,there's still time for family,right?And that changes even the trajectory for kids.Like,their values.Being able to sit at the dinner table with their parents,because there's more time to do that.Going to the beach together because there's.Because you can access it. I just think of `Ohana time and that sacred as well. I like this. I think that we...we've been needing something for a long time. [Wilma] I think they can work up to it. We might not,because, actually, I was looking at the statistics,not very many have bachelor's degrees.A lot of people have high school diplomas,but I know of many people who can work their way up.Right?Like,you work at the restaurant. I mean,you work as a buss person and then you work up to a waiter.And then there's skills that you can learn within these jobs to work,to go up to management.I think there's potential. [Wilma] I look at the Aspen retreat,that could be somewhere where it's an education place.Like,you bring people even if they came from outside,but then yet they would teach,hold some kind of professional development or hold some kind of educational retreat or hold.I mean,there's.This is just the I know this is the planning stages,but if this comes true,I just think it's gonna change many people's lives who live here,starting with jobs. [Wilma] We need something in Ka`n. It cannot stay status quo. I feel like the cycle of poverty has to be stopped. And it starts with first education,right?And educating our kids,but then having the jobs and opportunities to live and work here,too. It's expensive. I mean,you take a look at like, an old plantation home now that went for$10,000 back in the day,and they're asking for upwards of$300- $400,000. Who's going to afford that?And right,how do we... And like I said,I'm from here,so I value all of the cultural aspects. I value the fact that I got to grow up in such a beautiful,pristine area,that I think we can still keep,and perpetuate the legacy and all of the stories,but yet grow and expand in the way so that our community can throw our people, and the community can thrive. [Wilma] She's attempting to revive what had died off,like the golf course and to renovate it and the tennis courts.You know I tell you what,Mia,in all honesty I didn't know we had tennis courts cause I was gone so long and 70,1 was gone. So when they developed some of that area,I was gone. I wasn't here.But I see on it on the map and I could see,like,remnants and that she wants to bring that back alive. And give it some life again. And her foresight is not only to bring the `aina back to malama it.But to also malama jobs for the people that call Ka`n their home.And that's wonderful. [Paulette] And I know we always have hurdles,whether it's political or otherwise,but there's always...there will always be hurdles.But I think if we could all let our guard down and remember that we're all from Ka`n. We have the same kuleana,we have the same `Ohana,whether they're gone or not.But that was all left to us.And to make it more beneficial. [Paulette] General Maintenance Concerns. I didn't realize the overgrowth there is too yeah.And how much has it been or needs to be malama. [Paulette] Overgrowth. Vegetation is kinda like overgrown, cause when I went the last time down Punalu`u for that meeting had big changes.Big changes.Even that road used to come down from the number six come down inside of that area.I couldn't find em everything was overgrown.Had one side road come down to `ili `ili hanau and then couldn't get them I couldn't figure'em out, everything was overgrown. [Lincoln] It's so sad when I see it,when I go down to Punalu`u.It is so sad to see the overgrowth,the uncaring part. It's like someone forgot them. The `aina is a living thing. And it's like we forgot them and made other things more important then I don't know.I just don't know. [Paulette] 77 But I do like the idea of bringing those things back cause with the golf and the tennis court.I talked to some of the other teachers from Ka`n up here and at Mountain View. And they said oh, Aunty why do you want to do that for at Punalu`u?Why do you guys want to fix it all up? I said what we would like to fix...my understanding is, what was already there. But nobody took care of it any more and it's run down. And you can't use it safely. So what these...what a group of people want to do is to revive it,give it life again.To bring it back where it's usable and our children's children can go back there and see the beauty of it.I said,do you go Punalu`u now?Didn't even look like when I was growing up,it's such a mess now.It looks ugly.It looks unloved,uncared for. [Paulette] So now getting to the development. Past developers, probably C. Brewer, they proposed the development, they constructed, then they run it for a couple years, and then when it's no longer profitable,they just abandoned it.And so we left yeah.And it's not-it's us as well as our grandkids. And our kids are gonna be left with that. And they don't clean it up and the Punalu'u Restaurant, this building right here,and the golf course like that...it's just a good example of that yeah.But it's no longer profitable,they shut it off, or whoever's. And then the next owner doesn't care and just leaves it. And then with that, we end up losing because of the pollution and the ongoing environmental hazards that come with all of these buildings that were built back in the `70s. And then the reef gets affected,and then our lifestyle gets affected. [Pernell] The first obligation was to clean the area. It's a two part in the SMA.First is to clean the area,fix all the fire hydrants and whatever.There's a beautification plant area in that too.The second...when they completed that,the second portion,they could restore the buildings that are already there.They could begin to restore that.But because they had the monies was the problem.They only could go up to so much amount.But they never even finished that first part.They get two years to complete it.Over one year already and still not completed.But they're trying to work on submitting the next permit. [Sophia] Well,that's what it could have to be in that number of...financially,they could only go up to like $175,000 I think,or something like that.So they couldn't do any more with the buildings.So they're supposed to clean up their place and beautify it,and it's not.Look at it. Where's the beautification? They're supposed to be cleaned.That's supposed to be all cleaned.It's part of the permit. [Sophia] Punalu`u Development Issues in General So my thoughts on the development is I don't want to see the development here. It's no longer necessary other than to make the current land owner money. It serves no purpose here in our community. Other than they're gonna say, well, we're gonna give jobs and we're gonna give whatnot,and you know the benefits are far less than the damage that the development going caused on here. And you're talking about just the human traffic alone now,without the development,it's just overwhelming our beaches.Overwhelming the whole State,probably a better way to put it.And we just part of that. And our beach,it's eroding every day yeah.The sand is probably half of what it used to be.I'm only 59,and that's what I saw in my lifetime.And our kids are gonna have to just try to find a space just to be able to get into the water and sit on the beach, let alone put in a development here where folks are gonna be here 24/7,and they're gonna compete with the tourists that just drive through for the day,because they're gonna be here. So culture impact is gonna be devastating having that happen.And we just can't afford that anymore.It's just...yeah...we can no longer afford that anymore. [Pernell] And I think we have before the local people here in Ka`n who really didn't have a say,because there really wasn't a bunch of environmental protections available to the local people and to the environment that was looking out for them. It was just a matter of C. Brewer, the man with the money and the folks with the money,big business are coming in and he just was doing what they wanted to do. There was no impact studies. There were no impact statements. There were no environmental studies.It was just,we're gonna build this and doesn't matter who's buried there and what the repercussions are gonna be. [Pemell] 78 We're gonna make money for as long as we can make money.And then we don't.They just abandon it. Lot of the damages that we have here down at Ninole is because of that very thing.Because the big companies like C.Brewer was never held accountable for all of material that they used to bring for go cover up the cane roads and what not. And I understand it in the industry. And a lot of our families work there.But at the same time,if it buried one of our cultural sites,how come those never held accountable as far as cleaning it up?They could have,with their equipment and their money, they could have restored that site and removed all of that material,but that never happened.And it's just the same thing with the restaurant.They built the restaurant.No longer profitable.Not clean it up or try turn it into something else.They just abandoned it.And now we stuck with that mess there. [Pernell] The last one was even worse. We would have had two hotels on the beach, and you would have probably 3000 condos.And all the way up across the highway.And I mean,they would have made this place...would have made a mess. [Pernell] We want what is best for Punalu`u.It is not more tourists,it is not luxury homes. [Sophia] We cannot afford now to cater to tourists,that's my point.There's not going to be anything[cross- talk] what I'm saying is development. When it comes to development, there's no such thing as a balance.There's not going to be a balance,there never was.So if you're going to develop,you better cater to the locals.That's the bottom line...not catered because if you going balance. These people are outsiders coming in.We were living happy lives.We never disrupt. We never go here and there and go say, oh,what now?I'm going to do this, so I gotta. You guys gotta have balance. It's not like that. It shouldn't have never been like that. The more farther we come from our cultures, our indigenous selves,because we allowed it to happen. [Sophia] We accommodate people, and they take one mile, one mile, one mile. And then they make our people dependent on them so that they don't speak out.Well,now time to change things.The balance is going to be perpetuating our culture, our indigenous teachings. To nurture our `aina,to nurture where we come from.That's the balance.Anything outside coming from,they work to us,they've not us gotta accommodate them. It's hard to just to keep what we have now. Hard to keep the teachings going, the spiritual teaching. How many people do you know that you interviewed still believe in the Na Akuas?Still believe in talking to Tutu Pele. Still believe in honoring Ku Mauna? Not many. So my point is,we need to get away from that thought of accommodating outsiders. We no can even accommodate ourselves' Teach ourselves. Be pa'a with ourselves so that we can make pan pa`a for the next generations. [Sophia] I don't want to see no strip mall,no gas station,no luxury homes. There's no place for that here. [Sophia] Back in 2000,Ka`u Preservation did a study.There were over 1000 people on this beach that came to this beach back in 2000 now,and I have the mama's [???] on that.And it's more today.Can you imagine if they do development down here?What's going to happen? [Sophia] That was per day! [Pemell] So if they do development down here with the last plan that we saw,it will kill our beach,it will kill our people.Punalu`u will no longer be,you know,as our ancestors left it for us. [Sophia] Open Space I think we need to leave open spaces. We need to respect those that were here before us and those that are buried here. And you know I think we need open space. That's what people need, that's what the tourist come here for,actually. That's what they look for.Nobody stays in the towns,in the cities.But I'm not promoting tourism,but I just think we need open spaces for our families,most importantly for the local people here in Ka`u so they can continue their Ka`u way of life. [Pernell] 79 So I probably going end with we want to preserve Punalu`u the way it is. What's left. Which is the way it is. We want to preserve our cultural sites. We wanna be able to have the open spaces for our families to come down here and enjoy the beach,not catering to outside tourist. And we just don't need that type of development. I mean, if she wants to develop something else that's gonna be compatible with open spaces and cultural preservation and stuff,that we're more than happy to hear that. But from what we see right now, she wants to create,like, another Waikoloa. And who needs that down in Punalu`u. I'll just ah end with that,cultural preservation and environment preservation, for our people here in Ka`u. [Pernell] Relevant and Anecdotal Stories Ka`n Kupuna and`Olelo Hawaii Program(By Paulette Ke) Oh,I have to share something real interesting because you probably don't know,but you know they took our language away.I remember being sent home when I was in Kindergarten because I had a hard time conversing in English.And I was more afraid,not of the teacher,of my Mom.I was more afraid of my mom because she had to travel 10 miles to come get me. And when you come from a big family you can't afford gas to waste,just come get your little kid. But anyway,when they brought Hawaiana back into school they asked the first five kupuna from Ka`n to help bring that back into our schools,Na`alehu and Pahala. And so the first five is Aunty Pele,my Mom,Aunty Paliuli Andrade,Uncle Robert and Aunty Lily Ahia—they were husband and wife.And Uncle Robert and Aunty Lilly lived near Kahuku Ranch side,way on the Kona[side] of Ka`n and Aunty Pele,Punalu`u, Aunty Paluli, Pahala, and my Mom Lono from Kapapala. They were the first five kupuna chosen to bring the language back. So I know they did a lot of gathering at Punalu'u as they kuka kuka about,you know,their role in bringing it back. And I remember there was a story that they had to go to the University of Hawaii,because bringing this all back into every school then,they all had to be educated together.And it was at the University of Hawaii,Hilo,where there were in session one time,the story I was told. They were all in session, and the professor had cheered that, that some of the words that were gonna be spoken is not a welcome word or one that should be used.Not everybody uses it anymore. So my Mom and her group of five, they had to break up into works groups to talk story and do little sharing and then come back in a big group. Well, my little Ka`n `Ohara,they were all there talking and they were like hu hu because they told them that some of the approaches that they were wanting to use to bring the language back in,in the culture wasn't pono.And so the hardest thing to do is to try and approach Hawaiians that might know their culture a little bit better then you or your professor.And trying to choose good words. And that's what they were talking story about.How can we not use the words we know?They explain what we know or feel.And the children from our area understand.How can you interject something they don't know. No one does that. Even the kupunas they won't feel comfortable. And it was like they were talking and the professor had reconvened.And my mom's, they weren't quite happy with their final answer in their group.So they were called to the floor. Ka`n,your group has not come back into class and seated and facing the front right.So he said Ka`n, what is your pilikia per se?And no one wanted to talk.They all looked at each other,you know how kupunas are they're like this.They talk with their head,their body,and this no means I don't want it. Could be anything. I don't understand. And this is not renewable. Could be anything, right? So they were called to the floor. So Ka`n,what is your problem? Well, we cannot educate in a style that we don't know. We need to educate them with what we're ma`a to,and they'll be ma`a too. So the professor called my Mom, `Since you know so much, do you want to come up here, Mrs. Ke and teach the class?' So my mom is quiet as she can be,but she's really a real strong Hawaiian.She said I would love to.And she took the floor and she taught the class. 80 Did you know we might not all use the same word, like makana or ho`okupu. In Ka`n we use ho`okupu a lot to mean the same thing as makana. And she said it's just like a dialect difference. It's what your`ohana or your village grew up using a lot. That's what you'er ma`a to. We're more comfortable teaching in what we're used to. And the kids that we're gonna educate what they're growing up with. Their kupunas are same as us and we use the same words and expression.So they did. Mom taught class college level,and then it was agreed upon that everybody's style is a little different.Like we speak a little bit different than Ni`ihauans or Kauaians you know.Just a little bit. But if you go back to what you grew up and comfortable with all mean the same thing. All mean the same thing. So Ka`n is known to have such strong-willed Hawaiians yeah.Very strong. And it stems from Kapapala,Punalu`u,Kawa all the way to Ka Lae to South Point very strong. Mermaid of Punalu`u(By Paulette Ke) I'm gonna share because....They don't have to believe it,but I know in my heart I believe it. So at Punalu'u whenever we could go camping,Dad would take us to where he was familiar with yeah where he was bom. And then there was this big pond over there,fresh water pond that we used to camp at. And because of the fresh water and we were far away from the ocean that water could never get to us,the ocean water.And we could camp there. And Papa...Papa is dad's grand uncle; his name was George Kauwe yeah.Papa was maka pa,he had only one eye.I think was a sugar cane work accident.And anyway,they were like.I remember five men I grew up with in my life,they all only had one eye.And I think most of them were from accidents at the work job.And Tom Ito from Punalu`u he had one eye.Papa had one eye.A Uncle Mac Kailiawa had one eye.And then the other guy was a police,our Sheriff,he had one eye.But I don't know how he got his,how it happened. But anyway,when we were camping down at the pond,Papa George he would love to tell stories. You know how people like obake stories.Papa by the campfire and after we all pan eat and an an first, then eat. And then he would take us around the fireplace at the fire. And we'd all be sitting down,getting cozy by the fire,warm up before we went to bed and he would tell the stories. And it was like, I remember one of the stories he talked about was about mermaids. And in my mind's eye,I could see.I could see the story come alive,right?And it's like,Wow! Really?We had those things?Really Papa?Yeah,we do.And I said,but we're safe over here.Cause I was maka`u, right?I was scared.I said,they don't come up in fresh water so we're safe here by the pond,right? He said,Yeah we're safe and he smiled,I remember. He had this grin,but I believed him,I was a young kid. And after he pan the story,he sent all the babies to go moe moe. And being the oldest girl I had to clean up, make sure everything was put away,the dishes all washed. And you know down there at the beach we didn't have soap,right?We didn't have soap to wash the dishes.Not for the dishes,anyway.But I remembered being taught,we take all the dishes, soak it in the ocean and Ke Akua gave us sand.You'll find that the...you can start off with gritty,but go to the finest and use it to scrub.The salt water will disinfect everything and clean it. And then yeah right.And then huli it over on the pohaku as your dish drainer,and next morning it'll be all dry,you can use it again. So that was my job. So I was cleaning up,and even Papa left me.But he made sure had plenty wood on the fire.And so I was getting all the dishes and all the clothes,and all of a sudden I heard this pretty sound. And I was looking around the fireplace. There's no music here. I don't see anybody awake. I said huh, must be my imagination. So I kept picking up the dishes,stacking them in a big pakini to go wash. And I was trying to talk to myself, Do you really want to go wash it tonight? Or tomorrow? I remember that. You can wait to wake up early in the morning do it. And then I heard this sound again,this voice.And it was like a wahine's voice.Was really quiet,pretty voice,like ayoung voice. And it was po`ele`ele. Here are some stars out,but really dark. So I was by the fireplace, looking around,don't see anyone.I swear I don't see anyone.But I hear like singing.And so I followed the sound and I took like a fire,like one of the sticks.And I walked a little bit cause the kukui hele po went out. And so I had the stick and I looked in one of the twigs and I could see afar. And in the dark I could see a woman,a girl. It was a young girl. And she was sitting at the edge of this pond on a pohaku. And she was brushing her hair. She's not brushing, combing. She was combing her 81 hair and her hair was beautiful,black and it was wavy.But it looked like it was kind of mostly dry. And she was sitting there on the ledge. I looked at her and I said,Cold. Aren't you cold?And she looked at me and she smiled,and she said,No.And she's brushing her hair,combing her hair.And she said,Come.I said,No,no. She said,You come.I said You come where its warmer here by the fire. She said,No come sit,come sit. Well,it didn't happen that night because I was too maka`u.Guess what?I didn't finish cleaning the dishes either. I just ran back to the tent and throw the little stick on the ground. And went out and ran into the tent and went moe moe. Well, took a while. It took a while to go moe moe because I thought.Oh,did I really see what I saw?I don't know. Only me. When you really want to witness and everybody's sleeping. I know I wasn't 12,1 wasn't in 6'grade,I was younger even.Maybe 4'.Fourth grade so I was like by six,seven,eight,nine,nine.Eight,nine.And at that same trip,we were at the beach I was taking my siblings out,and I was so tired from working.I had shorts on and a t-shirt,and I got all the dishes washed from lunch,and I could watch the baby swim in the pond by `ili `ili hanau. And then so I went on the pohaku after I put the dishes down,and it's a big pahoehoe slab.So I decided I can hear the babies, I'm gonna just go lay down in the sun. Well, I ended up dozing off. Then I heard something.I could hear the baby screaming.And I wake up,and I check on them.Oh,they're okay. They just splashing. And then I remember trying to turn over because it was hot. And I heard my name. I heard somebody calling Paulette. And it was more like a sing song manner. And when you're waking up in the sun in your eye you're kind of like, squint and you're trying to cover your eyes and no sunglasses,of course,that time.And you're looking and looking,and I see the kids over here in the pond...my brothers and sisters.So I hear,oh,the sounds coming from this side.So I look towards that side. But it was low tide cause I didn't have to worry about the kids, like drowning each other.It was low tide because I could see the reef.And then it drops into the ocean and then it was dark blue.But I kept staring like so and I looked out and leaned forward and I saw somebody, a female, pulled herself up onto the reef and she's looking at me and she's telling me to come. Paulette,Come.And I said No.She said,Come,I'll take care of you.I said,No I can't,my siblings are over there. I'm pointing. But she kept calling me. She said. And I looked at her. I said, I just can't right now. And you know what? She was totally different looking. She had ehu hair and her hair. And as she came out onto the reef,pulling herself up out of the water,her hair was dark red, kinda like my cousin's.And it seemed like her hair got dry fast in the wind.But I could see it getting lighter and lighter red.And she kept telling me to Come.And when I finally told her I couldn't,not now. I remember this. I remember she was up on the ledge like this and I couldn't see. All I could see was here [neck up],but she was up on the ledge, like a ledge and then I could see something flapping. A big flip flap of fin's. And I looked at her like, I never seen fins that big. I remember thinking that.And she said something to the effect,I'll be back. And it was like, well, I got real maka`u then and I got up and I walked to the beach where my siblings were swimming and I sat there with them.But I kept looking back thinking,was I dreaming? Figment of my imagination.I don't know.But when I shared this [years later] with Aunty Pele and with her daughter, cause I was teaching a class down there on their`aina. I was sharing about that story. It caught Aunty Pele's attention. She was further away, and we were by the picnic tables, teaching my students. And she walked all the way over. And her daughter was...she was already seated. They kept exchanging this look across the table,the picnic table. Aunty was standing,her daughter was sitting at the end of my picnic table.And they're looking at me,looking at each other smiling.And then they went off to the side,talking.And didn't share with me what they were saying, not in front of my students. But later, Aunty said that you know what? We were told of stories of the mermaids coming to our beach,to our home,because they felt safe here. And this was part of their home,so they will always come back.But they will appear to only a certain few of their choice. Aunty Pele said,Do you know,I've been waiting for them for a long time. When I have a chance, I'll look out into the water.Can I see one?Her daughter did too.And I looked at them I said,No,I didn't.That was the first time I heard of it.But it was like they said,Don't worry,you didn't dream it. 'on didn't dream it and I said, Well, I felt like it. And they said, That's okay, sometimes'that's 82 how we can handle life. It's exactly to us. And I said Okay,cause it was all there,by the Pavilion below that—the big Pavilions. Ka'u Shark Story. (By Paulette Ke) Well you know the shark that patrols the Ka`n shorelines, my dad's youngest brother, James, Kamana is his name. And he's named...I'm trying to remember his full name. Of course I forgot. Anyway, he's named after a shark. So my dad shared this story where he and his brothers and brother-inl-aws all decided they're gonna go fishing—holo holo ka for a pa`ina,a family pa`ina.So they all got on a boat,brothers,brother-in-laws and the knuckle heads were kahi'u.They were drunk. They were on the beach having a good old suck `em up and eating and they were all kahi`u. They went out on the boat to go fishing for the pa'ina. So they cast out they got, oh, good catch, good catch.Then all of a sudden something happened. Dad said he can't recall completely,cause he too was kahi`u. He said the boat went huli,this big wave came,boat went ho`o huli. So the boat went upside down and all of them in the water.And then I had some `ohana that couldn't swim and they were in the boat in deep waters fishing.And they were too drunk and they were trying to save their catch. And trying to decide who they gonna grab a hold of,how they're gonna huli the canoe,the boat,and grab onto the guys that cannot swim.I think there are like 5 or 7 guys.And Uncle said he heard Grandma,their Mom.He heard grandma telling him,Kamana! Dad said You could see like Uncle heard avoice cause you know he looked,he looked.Dad said What?What?And Uncle James said shhhh.And then he listened again.It was grandma talking to him.Kamana,the shark loves you. Think of land. Think of land. And then so he tried to think it. Dad said he told dad,Brah,think of `aina.Dad said Crazy! He said,think we're on`aina. Follow me. Cause it's his oldest brother,my dad. He said,Follow me.He said,Mom said,Stand up. So that's it,Brah,you crazy! He said,No, please,please stand up.So they tried to stand up,like they're really trying to stand up.Dad said Out in the blue you cannot see land. He said, `Aina was coming up under their feet. And he said,you can't believe it,because it took us. And the `aina kept rising and rising,cause here's like the water and Dad said they were all...They could swim,but not my uncles. And so they tried to grab them. And Dad said You had to be there to believe it.He said,You felt the `aina come up under you,and you feel around with your feet, and as you're feeling around with your feet, the `Aina's rising, so you're going more above water,above water,above water.So they were like chest high,`opu maybe, and they could...Oh,and then Uncle is mesmerized.He's going,Mom said huli the boat,huli,huli. And so they're turning over the boat.And they didn't have to worry about my uncles who couldn't swim cause they were all standing on`aina. And the Voice says get back in the canoe,in the wa`a and not to worry. So they got everybody in the wa`a.And then they looked...Dad said they looked into the ocean and they could see the `Aina recede. And this mano was swimming around them. It was like,well Dad you took the right guy swimming with you fishing.You took the right brother. He said,wait by the time we got back to shore we were really sober. I don't know if it was the saltwater helping,because we drank plenty saltwater.They said,oh,my.God.Yep. Ka`ie`ie Moku`ola. (By Paulette Ke) There's one more story I'd like to share.Cause this came from my Mom.They're way over like the map you showed, as you went further over towards Kona side, at the furthest tip. And then look there's a heiau over there. It's called Ka`ie`ie. And anyway, it's like a moku`ola, and it's a safe haven for anyone in distress. So if like you were having...you were on the beach camping or you lived there,or you lived somewhere and you happen to be there at the beach,that was a safe haven. So mom took us on a huaka`i there. When we're at the beach on a camp out one time, she said, so let me take you up there.Let's go visit this heiau,Ka`ie`ie.And she said,you know it's really funny how it sits. It's on this end of the beach, and it's like all of a sudden, there's nothing but pohaku. But it's not a`a,its pahoehoe,slabs of pahoehoe. So this heiau,is a moku`ola in case there's pilikia a person could come in here like a mother and her children,and be kept safe from the elements. So you can come and stay here for as long as you need.And then when you guys are ready to go,you 83 can.So when we were in there,up there on the pahoehoe,on the flats,Mom said,imagine this area, so huge.But do you know at night there's always that tropical wind. They come off the ocean and sometimes it's so cold because the ocean is cold,the water is cold.So the tropical winds coming in at night can be really anu anu. Okay, she said,but if someone's in here and they need to use this place as a hale moe. [Her phone rings] Hold on,let me answer this call and I can tell them I'll call them right back.It's a friend that got me some things. She works at the Community Center up here at Volcano.Anyway,she's a Ka`apana,and their family is from Ka`n too.Lot of the Ka`apanas and they moved to Puna.That's how they're over there now.But they all...a bunch of them came from Pahala in a...but anyway,Henrietta called, she's from Kalapana. And. Where was I?Oh,we are at the heiau. And mom took us up there,too. And'It was dark or getting Po'ele'ele. And she said, so let's see if it works it's getting dark. And do you feel the breeze?So we're all in there,all us kids. We're all itty bitty. Do you feel the wind? Because I never said, you feel the breeze. No, I don't know what breeze is,I remember I was too young to understand breeze.Do you feel the wind?Feel anu anu yuh the wind?Oh yeah.And she said,it'll be like none other,it'll be like an invisible wall that rises from the pohaku and goes up into the Heavens.And it'll block the wind from blowing so it'll keep this like we're in a house.It'll keep it warm. And she said, `It's okay you know,because it'll be warm enough like you were at home.' And she said,`And when you lay down to go to sleep, it will feel like you're on your own bed.And everything will feel like you're on your own bed like the mattress and like the pohaku turns into a mattress and into a pillow. So when you put your head down,your head doesn't go down this way like on the pohaku,it rises like a pillows under there.' And she said `So don't question it.Just accept it and close your eyes,Babe.' So I remember falling asleep and as if the pohaku, I remember feeling it cause I'm so nosey even at a young age. But I remember running my fingers on the pohaku. It was rough and you know bumpy even if it's pahoehoe.But it turned like,it became like you know the beach wash,the pohaku where its smooth? It felt smooth to the touch.And then it felt like I did have a pillow.And it felt like what I was laying on was heated.It was heated,it was warm.We didn't have blankets,but it felt like being surrounded by blanket. Warm. Fell asleep and woke up. So mom said, `As you grow up and you find yourself in...and cannot go home yet because you're stuck at the beach,but you have nothing to keep warm, come here.You don't have to have pilikia.But if you're down here and stranded at the beach,come here it'll be a safe haven for you until the next day,daylight and you can find your way around.Just rest your head.' And it was like we woke up and it was like, time to go play. Because I swear everything was back to the regular pahoehoe.And it was like amazing.It's as if you had to be there to believe it.You have to be maybe not to always feel like it was real,but just know.You just know it was okay.And it was like,did my Mom do all that by herself? Aunty Pele and the Maunaloa Flower.(By Paulette Ke) I learned a lot with Aunty Pele,cause she and my mom were really close.But do you know when I was little...that woman would wake up earlier than the roosters.When we used to sleep at Punalu`u I would tell Aunty Pele, I'm gonna beat you tomorrow morning, I'm gonna wake up way before you,and I will meet you at the beach.And she said,With your pola. I said if I forget the bowl,I'm gonna use my t-shirt Aunty.And she goes,okay,we'll see.And I said,No,no,I'm gonna beat you. She said,are you gonna go down there and sleep and beat me?I said,no,it's too cold,I'm gonna go to the tent and go moe moe. But I'll meet you down there bright and early. And she tells me Okay.I'll see you tomorrow,Honey. I said,good night po maika'i.And then son of a gun I never won.Never,ever once won. She would beat me and you know what we'd be doing, she and I?We had this thing going,first one there get the first pick of the Maunaloa flowers.And son of a gun,she always beat me. I used to get down there, even ran down in the morning, early, early, early. And when I got there I'm huffing and puffing and she's over there smiling,Good Morning.Aloha kaka hi'aka.And then I'd look at her and I'd be so sad.I remember sulking and she goes, E Ala.E[sings]. And I would go,oh,my God. It's like a kupuna rubbing it in,right?But then she'd let me help her pick. It's so rare to find it anymore.And the only place I know we can find it is at Punalu`u.I never seen it at any other beach in Ka`n,even.And the lavender color right?And it looked like a chickpea and 84 then how the flowers would open up and the two pedals would separate like a wing and become like a little cup. And in the middle was this bud. And it was like.... And Aunty Pele let me follow her and then we go clean it and then she would string a lei.But there's a certain way you string it,right? And it was like, what a way. Kupuna had a way to teach you. They never always told you what you're going learn. Instead, they take you with them on a huaka`i per se. And then what they're showing you as their hana hana, their work for the day, was the lesson. Was the lesson. And it's like,wow!You had to kilo.You had to watch,observe.So I learned that from Aunty Pele. And she said,Hey,we gottaa go back.I said,there's no flowers.We picked it all,and they opened only in the morning. And she said No,we gotta go back, Honey. I said But Aunty. She said Come. She said we'd walk along,we'd be talking story,and she'd ask me questions and stuff too.As we're walking around like,what are you walking on? What are those called? And so we get to where we picked the flowers.And she said,okay,here we go again,we're going to hana hou.I said,Aunty,I'm sorry, but there's no more flowers today.And she goes,No,we're not picking flowers.Then what are we doing here?I remember asking her,I'm so impatient.Then what we doing here?And she said,You gonna help me.And I said,Sure.You kind of,you got that look and go,Sure I am.And you kind of look away,Yeah right. And she goes,then you see her lean down,put her bowl on the beach. She's leaning down and the vines the vines that we went through,she's spreading it a little bit,but not to tear it apart.And she's looking and so I'm over there looking with her,but I have no clue what I'm looking for,right.And she said aha! There you go. And she goes, You see it? We can pick those. And I'm looking and looking for a flower.None. No lavender, no purple and then Aunty reaches in and she grabs this pod.This big pod about this big[5-6"].As she grabs it,fills her hand and some.And she said,yep, this is a good one.And I'm looking at her and I'm thinking,no it's not good.Its brown.How can it be good?Its brown?And she said Watch. So she grabs it and she pulls it apart cause it's thick;about that thick [1-2"]. She separates it and she said she's looking in like this. It opens only a little bit. And she's looking in and I'm trying to look in too and she says nana. And I'm going,Aunty Pele, I'm trying. And then she shows me the Maunaloa seeds. She said,this is like fun. We come in the morning,we picked the flowers to make a certain lei.Then you can come back any time in the day and pick the pods and pick the seeds to make a different kind of lei. It looks like a big fat lima beans are big but not that big. A little bit smaller. Little bit fuller inside cause it's shaped like a beam. Like an enlarged bean.You know like how you know the wili wili. You know the bean shaped wili wili.Not the round one,the bean shape. Same shape, only thing bigger, much bigger. And their shades of brown. And the only place I could. I can find it is at Punalu`u by `Ili `ili Hanau O Koloa.And the only other place besides there is where Aunty Pele's `aina was...is. 85 ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS List of Resources,Uses and Practices The following Table 6 lists the types of resources,uses or cultural practices shared,discussed or mentioned by the ethnographic consultants in their interviews about the lands of the proposed Punalu`u Village development. Table 6.Types of Resources,Uses or Practices in the Ahupua`a of Punalu`u,Ninole and Wailau. Land Resources-Use Water Resources-Use Marine Resources-Use Cultural Resources and Practices Beach Activity: Pmalu`u(Diving Spring) Fishing Lifestyle: Pmalu`u is the Piko,the Camping,picnic,lei stand, Springs of Punalu`u Sustenance fishing Center;Above and Below, pa`ina,cook,gather,train Springs in ocean-drink Fish from shore,canoe,boat, Honor Tutu Pele,Kanaloa, children,holoholo,sand. Springs in ponds diving Ku Mauna,Ku,Lono,Kane, Boat ramp,tents,train horses Fresh water Holoholo Pule,Oli,keep connected to Ocean is our icebox, ancestors and Na Akua Other Recreation: Ocean is our refrigerator Pray before gathering - Golf,Hike mauka and makai Kuleana Land: Ponds: Fishing methods: Heiau:All still alive Live,Camp,picnic,teach, Kauwale,Ninole Throw net,kama ko`i(throw Lanipao(Ag),Ka`ie`ie(Fish Hanoa,Kaluna,Mahoe Fresh and brackish water pole),pole, spear, Shrine),Kane`ele`ele, Swim,drink, `au`au kai, hukilau,palu,bottom Mokini Mailekini, and `Ili/Mo`o Names(Punatu`u): catch`opae`ula`ula, fishing,deep sea,scoop nets, Pmalu`u Nui(outside Koloakiu,and Kuipoi,Puehu, aholehole,turtle get stuck cross-net project area with sacrifice Pohakuhe`e,and Puaniki Fed by spring pohaku) `Ili/Mo`o Names(Ninole): Medicine ponds Petroglyphs Homaikalono, Keopuka,Puako, Church(historic) Waihi,Pue Mo`o Wahine(Kawale Pond) Mo`o Kane Pihau Pond Houses: Wells-Pmawai Gathering: Burials:cliff area back of beach,inland,kauhala Drink,bathe,toilet,furo,tub, Limu, `Opihi,Vanna,`Ohua Hanoa kuleana,Ku Mokini style,hale kuke,hale`au`au, pump,cooking water,wash in tidal ponds,pa'akai ula Hanoa kuleana,paved hale Ina,modem dishes,gardening, road from pavilion area, Animals,bucket transport Recreation: ridge area to condo,church Canoe/Boat Shed Man made:dig,line with Swim,Boogie Board,Surf, area, Pmalu`u Ahupua`a in stone(walled),a little salty Tidal pond for children the center area, beach and Other structures— Depend on mauka spring coast area,under road up to Restaurant,Condos,Golf water and high tides Train horses in ocean church, burials in front of kuleana, Education/Training Place graves beyond the pa pohaku Teach swimming,fishing, wall,burials in back of surfing,boogie boarding Kawale pond,cinder hill burials,on kuleana hale lands,Unknown Re-burials Food/Beverage Plants: River Marine animals: Cultural Site Types: Coconut,Kukui,Tea,sugar Fish,Turtles(Green and Heiau cane Hawksbill),Monk Seals, Burials Dolphins,Whales,Sharks, Platforms Cultural Plants: Mermaids,Opihi,Eels, Rock enclosures Han(iako/ama,cordage,fish Vanna House sites floaters,walking sticks, Rock walls medicine),Hala(mats,hats, Auwai baskets),Maunaloa(lei), Fishing Ko`a(land shrines) gourds or ipu,Many other Ag Ko`a(land shrines) plants(indigenous,endemic, `Ili`ili Hanau O Koloa Polynesian Introduced), Petroglyphs(rock symbols) Noni Konane Stone 86 Land: Punalu`u Bay:No Reef Traditional Land Food: Dirt,sand,pohaku,lava, Fish breed and lay eggs, Coconut,kukui,taro/poi, Pahoehoe,`a`a,Open Space, Schools of young fish live, tea, sweet potato lava cliffs, Fish Ko`a(houses),Moi Traditional plants for holes,Feeding grounds for "tools"- fish and turtles(eat limu) hau,[?]for scoop net rim, kukui bark and nut for dye Roads,trails,cement slab, Cooking Fish Methods— Malama i`a oe ka`aina, Old train yard Raw,fried,steam,open fire, Malama ka`aina i`a`oe Hana`ina ka`aina No maha'oe Legacy for the children Turtles rest on beach(nest?) Must replenish ocean Monk Seals rest on beach When you take out,you put back Wild goats,donkey, Horses,pigs Feed the ko`a Lifestyles— Traditional Ocean Food: Hanoa Kuleana Land: farming/ag,plantation, reef fish,open ocean fish, Burials,Cultural practices, lei stand,homeless,gather limu,vanna,ha`uke`uke, Healing,Education, food,camping,kuleana, turtle,ka pe`a(crab),a`ama Connection to`aina which live off the land-survive crab,lobster,opihi, includes ocean, Pay attention to seasons Punalu`u: Spiritual work, Kahea(calling out to gods), spiritual/cultural kuleana. Respect for ancestors, Place names: Punalu`u Bay: Punalu`u,Nmole,Wailau, Hi`uwai(traditional spiritual Hilea,Kawa,Hono`apu, cleansing in ocean) Pahala,Kau,99, Oli to rising sun and rising Ka ala ala,Na`alehu,Hama moon Other Cultural Realms: Spirit Beings Na Akua Moe Moe Pohaku Mermaids Shark Gods Henry`Opukaha`ia:born in Ninole 1792,[at 10 years his family was killed by warring Hawaiian warriors Cultural Resources and Practices vs Economic Opportunities While all seven ethnographic consultants expressed some concerns and issues or made comments and suggestions, there were a few that were more verbal or more forthcoming/communicative. As with many proposed undertakings there are differences of opinions. The primary differences here appear to be about an emphasis on protecting cultural resources and practices in Punalu`u by limiting development versus welcoming development to provide better economic opportunities for the people of the Ka`u district. The following Table 7 condenses some of the general concerns and issues, comments and suggestions expressed by the ethnographic consultants. All of them are concerned about the general maintenance of Punalu`u and cultural sites. However, some feel the proposed development will be mindful of general maintenance and cultural sites while offering economic and recreational opportunities.And others feel that the track record of past development has already compromised cultural resources and access to cultural 87 resources and places of cultural practices and the proposed development plans will just allow for more destruction,especially of burials and the traditional cultural lifestyle, as well as overburden the beach. Table 7. Expressions of Concerns and Issues, Comments and Suggestions of Ethno ra hic Consultants. Concerns Issues Comments Suggestions Outsiders&Kupuna Cultural Protocol: Practices Jobs. Cultural/historical information Contact Kupuna first We nurture through pule,though As long as you create jobs for not authentic Contact people with kuleana oli. Every single day we do Ka'u people thenext generation Don't Maha`oe(stay in own protocol.We nurture this`aina coming up and the future. Not consulting with Kupuna is area) 365 days a year. Disrespectful Get Approval from Kupuna When all this is done and that's Give Kupuna back their Kuleana If you're talking about gonna bring plenty of jobs to Outsiders,malahini should not Acknowledge people with tenant traditional practice,then you Ka'u. tell local Kupuna and Kuleana rights need the environment to be tenants what is right or best for Don't touch the Pohaku without traditional in.Can't just say Growing up here,when we had them. purpose tradition and then the resources the plantations,there were Consult people who live and to be traditions not there. always jobs.When it closed Not all elders are kupuna, practice on the land,who nurture down in`96.Right,it changed the land... It's hard to just to keep what we the whole kind of trajectory for Young people,even with have now.Hard to keep the people....I see the potential for degrees or`olelo Hawaii are not Nana I Ke Kumu teachings going,the spiritual it to happen again. kupuna teaching.How many people do Desecration: you know that you interviewed I've asked our parents,like what PONC: Bulldozing sacred sites still believe in the Na Akuas? do you envision our community I'm not a big fan of the PONC Still believe in talking to Tutu in like now and in the and DLNR...If the County take Disturbing burials,heiau and Pele. Still believe in honoring foreseeable future?Because for over,then we need to find out other cultural sites Ku Mauna? Not many.So my our kids and they want jobs. what are they gonna be point is,we need to get away They talk about having jobs. responsible for.Where they Well,as long as it doesn't from that thought of gonna be responsible for.Sucks interfere with the burial area. accommodating outsiders. I look at the Aspen retreat,that they can't even enforce things could be somewhere where it's that they're supposed to be Impact: The balance is going to be an education place.Like,you enforcing now. Well,if you're looking at the perpetuating our culture,our bring people even if they came impact,there's gonna be impact indigenous teachings.To nurture from outside,but then yet they People go fishing there,they with the development. our`aina,to nurture where we would teach,hold some kind of gather there,but it's not a place come from.That's the balance. professional development or where children can go I know you're gonna have an hold some kind of educational swimming. impact because you're going Development retreat or hold.This is just the bring tourists. Whatever stay on the mauka side the planning stages,but if this So you know they came up with of that Golf Course like the comes true,I just think it's this idea of giving the open The tourist is actually it's getting Wellness Center thing.Yeah, gonna change many people's space fund from Ninole through out of hand.It's all congested I'm for it. lives who live here,starting with the PONC.Our children don't right now. jobs. swim down there.There's State I do like the idea of bringing ponds down there,Kawale, Back in 2000,Ka'u Preservation those things back...the golf and We need something in Ka'u.It Puhau.That's State ponds where did a study.There were over the tennis court...what we would cannot stay status quo.I feel like a lot of us first learned to swim. 1000 people on this beach that like to fix...my understanding is, the cycle of poverty has to be came to this beach back in 2000 what was already there. stopped and it starts with first General Maintenance and I have the mama's pala pala educating our kids,but then I didn't realize the overgrowth on that.And it's more today. Past developers,probably C. having the jobs and there is too yeah.And how Can you imagine if they do Brewer,they proposed the opportunities to live and work much has it been or needs to be development down here?What's development,they constructed, here,too. malama. going to happen? then they run it for a couple years,and then when it's no Her foresight is not only to bring Overgrowth.Vegetation is kinda Development longer profitable,they just the`aina back to malama it.But like overgrown,cause when I So if they do development down abandoned it. to also malama jobs for the went the last time down here with the last plan that we people that call Ka'u their home. Punalu'u for that meeting had saw,it will kill our beach,it will We end up losing because ofthe big changes.Big changes.Even kill our people.Punalu`u will no pollution and the ongoing Charter School that road used to come down longer be,you know,as our environmental hazards that come As for the Wellness Center,,,like from the number six come down ancestors left it for us. with all of these buildings that if they put one Hawaiian Charter inside of that area.I couldn't were built back in the 70s.And School inside in that area oh that find ern everything was When it comes to development, then the reef gets affected,and would be nice too.That would overgrown.Had one side road there's no such thing as a then our lifestyle gets affected. be neat then.You know,just for come down to`ili`ili hanau and balance.There's not going to be the kids. then I couldn't figure ern out, a balance,there never was.So if PONC everything was overgrown. I you're going to develop,you I The yellow buffer zone area— 88 better cater to the locals.That's the coastline.It goes back to the I'd like to say,an educational It's so sad when I see it,when I the bottom line County.For me,is like if they center.We don't need all these go down to Punalu`u.It is so sad leave em as how going be as like cultural stuff. to see the overgrowth,the We accommodate people,and from before,I'm okay with that. uncaring part.It's like someone they take one mile,one mile,one As long as people can still get That would be amazing.It just forgot them.The`aina is a living mile. And then they make our access down to the shoreline for provides options.And if it is thing.And it's like we forgot people dependent on them so doing their thing. around Hawaiian and culture- them and made other things that they don't speak out.Well, based education or,like,the more important. now time to change things. When you look at number 6. language,then that's awesome. Like, protecting the gathering It's such a mess now.It looks We want what is best for and fishing rights. It's not like Open Space ugly.It looks unloved,uncared Punalu`u.It is not more tourists, anybody's trying to close that I think we need open space. for. it is not luxury homes. down. I think it's more of, let's That's what people need, that's help our community thrive again. what the tourist come here for, They don't clean it up and the I don't want to see no strip mall, actually. That's what they look Punalu`u Restaurant,this no gas station,no luxury homes. The Impact of the beach if for. building right here,and the golf There's no place for that here. they'don't own it,shouldn't be a course like that...it's just a good problem for them. I just think we need open spaces example of that yeah.But it's no for our families, most Se my thoughts on the I would hope that if the turned it importantly for the local people longer profitable,they shut it development is I don't want to p y p y p p off. over to the County that.It would here in Ka'a so they can continue see the development here.It's no do these things,like preserve and their Ka'u way of life. longer necessary other than to protect. First is to clean the area,fix all make the current landowner the fire hydrants and whatever. money.It serves no purpose here There's a beautification plant So like number 6, especially, area in that too.The in our community. Other than like,preserving the beauty of the they're gonna say, well, we're coastline,the habitats,our natural second...when they completed gonna give jobs and we're gonna that,the second portion,they resources.I think that is the most give whatnot,and you know the precious thin d I appreciate could restore the buildings that p g> an pp benefits are far less than the the fact that this is happening. are already there. damage that the development pp g. Roads going caused on here. That's your main concern Just the human traffic alone now, because our road is an without the development,it's just undedicated road and who holds overwhelming our beaches. the liability now? Overwhelming the whole State, probably a better way to put it. Also another thing,the right of And we just part of that.And our way,the right of way that we beach, it's eroding every day always used to use...the right of yeah.The sand is probably half of way road they can fix that. what it used to be. Yeah the only legal road is the Before the local people here in right of way. Ka`u really didn't have a say, because there really wasn't environmental protections available to the local people and to the environment that was looking out for them.It was just a matter...the man with the money and the folks with the money,big business are coming in and he just was doing what they wanted to do.There was no impact studies. There were no impact statements.There were no environmental studies. It was just,we're gonna build this and doesn't matter who's buried there and what the repercussions are gonna be. 89 CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT UPDATE Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts: Protocol and Execution The State of Hawai`i's Environmental Council issued its Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts on November 19, 1997.The Guidelines provide methodological and content protocols for projects/actions that may have the potential to affect cultural resources and practices. According to the Guidelines,the types of cultural resources and practices and beliefs subject to assessment may include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access-related,recreational,religious and spiritual customs.The Scope of Work is in accordance with the Guidelines of the Environmental Council who recommend that preparers of assessments analyzing cultural impacts adopt the following protocol and address how they were executed: (1) identify and consult with individuals and organizations with expertise concerning the types of cultural resources,practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area, e.g., district or ahupua'a; Eleven people were identified, including five members of the Ka`n Kupuna Council and all have connections to Punalu`u.Nine were interviewed(two later rescinded). Of the remaining seven four are considered cultural practitioners,but only two continue traditional cultural practices in Punalu`u. Seven grew up in the Ka`n district;two in Punalu`u(one until 1975 then moved to Pahala),three grew up in Pahala,one in Na`alehu and one in Kapapala. Two individuals grew up in Punalu`u and shared a range of activities that they participated in living on kuleana lands. However, all seven continue the traditional fishing and marine gathering(e.g. limu, `opihi)practices in Punalu`u Bay and coastal zone. (2) identify and consult with individuals and organizations with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action; All seven interviewed individuals are knowledgeable of the area potentially affected by the proposed Punalu`u Village development. Growing up, all seven spent weekends in Punalu`u for family get togethers,fishing,gathering in the ocean and on land,swimming,surfing,boogie boarding and other activities.Two had family members who worked at former facilities(restaurant,golf course and lei stand)of the proposed area. (3) receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with persons having knowledge of the potentially affected area; Nine individuals were interviewed(two later rescinded,one of them decided to turn in a hand written statement). Four are considered cultural practitioners, but only two continue traditional cultural practices in Punalu`u.All seven have connections to Punalu`u. Literally at the III hour one kupuna of the original nine decided to rescind the contents of her interview but turned in a hand written statement and four others who were not interviewed turned in statements(Appendix G)along with signed consent forms(See Appendix E) (4) conduct ethnographic, historical, anthropological, sociological, and other culturally related documentary research: This is an Update to the 2006 CIA.Cultural and historical documentary research was done in 2006, as well as ethnographic research. This Update includes past oral history review and a selected summary of a current archaeological survey,as well as current ethnographic research. (5) identify and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area;and 90 Several cultural resources were identified in the archival literature,the archaeology reports and by some of the individuals interviewed. They include heiau (Lanipao, Ka`ie`ie, Mokini and nearby Punalu`u Nui,Kohaikalani,Imakakoloa)and ko`a shrines,multiple locations where there are known burials (pre-historic and early historic), a historic cemetery associated with a historic church, petroglyph areas,`Ili`ili Hanau o Koloa,moemoe pohaku,areas inhabited by legendary entities such as the rain god Kumauna,the moo gods Kawale and Pihau,Kaualehu Cave and several identified archaeological sites and complexes including platforms, rock enclosures, rock walls, and hale foundations. Ali`i nui from the area included Kalani-nui-i-a-mamao, father of Kalani`opu`u, Kiwala°o and Keoua Kuahuula,sons of Kalani`opu`u who were affiliated with the project lands;and other Hawaii ruling chiefs, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa, Keawe, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapa`i nui and Kamehameha L A kahuna known to be from the project area and said to be a relative of Keoua,was Kahoapuahi. Significant historic people of the project lands in historic times would have been the konohiki Komaia(Ninole),Nakahuna (Punalu`u) and Mahoe (Punalu`u); and Henry `Opukaha`ia who was born in Ninole. Other cultural land resources include plants such as coconut, kukui, noni, tea plants, ban, hala, various medicine(undisclosed)plants,lei flower and seeds.One of the major cultural resources of the Punalu`u area is the ocean and the bays,coves and coastal areas as they provide for the continued cultural practices of fishing(several methods) and gathering limu,pa`akai, `opihi,ha`uke`uke and vanna. From the Volcano area to South Point,Punalu`u is the only viable/accessible beach for the residents from Pahala to Na`alehu. Continued access to the beach, ocean and coastal zone is paramount. Many of the cultural practices today continue to include marine and land resources. Aside from fishing and gathering practices, the ocean is a place that hi`uwai (pikai and kapukapukai) is practiced, where the rising sun is greeted with oli, and where the salt is gathered for blessings, healing and food. Cultural practices in Punalu`u today continue to honor Pele,Kanaloa,Kn,Kane, Lono, Laka, `Aumakua,Kawale mo`o wahine and Pihau mo`o kane with pule,oli, and ceremony. According to some of the individuals interviewed, their ancestral beliefs continue to guide them. The ancestors,the `iwi kupuna(burials)are also honored,remembered and respected by protecting them and fighting for their right to lay in peace and aloha. The heiau and shrines are respected by caring for them, giving ho`okupu, and other cultural protocol and ceremony. The gathering of medicinal plants,lei,food and craft plants are still practiced today. (6) assess the impact of the proposed action. Alternatives to the proposed action. And mitigation measures, on the cultural resources.Practices and beliefs identified. As stated in the 2006 report the entire Punalu`u area(Punalu`u,Ninole, Hama, Wailau and Hilea) still has an abundance of cultural resources in spite of prior plantation and resort activity,because the people of this area continue to practice cultural traditions.And despite the vegetation overgrowth and dilapidated former resort structures,the area continues to be utilized by locals and visitors alike. The proposed development will likely impact some cultural resources during and after construction, such as sub-surface structures, midden, artifacts or unmarked re-burials. This could be mitigated with a cultural monitor and archaeologist present for any sub-surface activity as well as surface activity. The construction phase may temporarily limit access to cultural resources and places of cultural practices. But a major concern are the burials, the `iwi kupuna, both known areas and unknown areas.The proposed development area was once a thriving fishing village and later in the mid-I800s lands were awarded to konohiki,maka`ainana and government(kuleana and grant lands). This indicates that people lived here, had homes (hale/kau hale) and buried `ohana where they resided. Status burial areas included cliff areas, cinder cones, and heiau. The beach area was also another common burial place.According to current kuleana land owners,the front and back of their kuleana land has a number of burials. According to kupuna testimony,burials were paved over to construct the road in front of the pavilions. According to several archaeology reports,burials and cultural sites were disturbed by former resort grading activity. The cinder cone was quarried, and burials were exposed according to kupuna. The question is where were all of the displaced bones, 91 the `iwi kupuna, taken? The kupuna do not know. Therefore, any construction disturbance could expose inadvertent burials or re-burials. Thirty (30) sites were documented within the current project area (Ketner and Clark 2023) and assessed significance under Criterion d yielding information regarding the history of the coastal region of Nmole,Wailau,and Punalu`u Ahupua`a.Eleven of the sites a r e additionally significant under Criterion e for their important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people, due to their associations with art, ceremony, and/or burial practices. Four sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion c because they embody distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and/or method of construction. Three sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion a because of their association with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history. All the sites are recommended for preservation along with a Preservation Plan specifying interim and long-term protection measures,and a Burial Treatment Plan. In concurrence with the above recommended Preservation Plan and Burial Treatment Plan, Mitigation should include a walk-through of kupuna/cultural practitioners,kuleana land owners,the archaeologist and the development planners to record all the burial areas that are not recorded in the archaeology report or Master Plan.An advisory group made up of primarily kupuna knowledgeable of the area,kuleana owners and other Punalu`u land owners,should be formed to advise planners of cultural protocol, sensitive areas, and cultural resources (burials, medicine, food and craft plants, and other cultural resources). Before any future construction is started an additional Burial Treatment Plan for inadvertent burials or re-burials is recommended that includes cultural protocols (i.e. re-wrapping `iwi kupuna, ceremony, etc.) as well as State and County regulations. Any construction ground activity should include a cultural monitor as well as an archaeologist. Punalu`u is a beautiful thriving place. Land owners there should strive to keep it maintained.Vegetation overgrowth is an eye-sore and could be a safety hazard.Dilapidated structures are definitely a safety hazard as well as an eye-sore. Unmaintained and hazardous conditions also detract from and hamper/limit access to cultural resources and practices of Punalu`u.According to one of the kupuna interviewed: Ifyou're talking about traditional practice, then you need the environment to be traditional in. Can't just say traditional and then the resources to be traditional is not there.—Palikapu Dedman 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES CITED Armstrong,J. 2008 Punahm Development Pau-Time Runs Out on Deal to Buy Land for Hotel,Homes.Hilo Tribune- Herald[Hilo,Hawaii].24 May 2008. Barna,B. 2017 Archaeological Study in Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act for the Proposed Hawaii Electric Light Project to Upgrade/Replace Poles and Lines in a Utility Corridor from the Kilauea Switching Station to the Volcano Substation,TMKs: (3) 9-8-001:001 (por.)and(3)9-9-001:001 (por.),Kapapala Ahupua`a,Ka`n District,Island of Hawaii. ASM Affiliates 23660.01.Revised 2017.Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light,Hilo,HI. Barnard 1990 Barnard,W.M. (editor) 1990 Mauna Loa--A Source Book, Historical Eruptions and Explorations, Volume One: From 1778 Through 1907. vol. 1. Published by the Editor: Walter M. Barnard, Department of Geosciences, State University of New York College at Fredonia,Fredonia,NY. Barrera,W.,Jr. and R.Hommon 1972 "Salvage Archaeology at Wailau-Nmole,Ka`n Island of Hawai`i." Department of Anthropology, B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Campbell,S.and P.Ogburn 1990 Brief History Hawaiian Agricultural Company. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives Register of the Kau Sugar Company (Hawaiian Agricultural Comppy),Pahala, Hawaii 1876-1945 Clark,J.R.K. 1985 Beaches of the Big Island.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Clark,M.R. 2017 Crossing the `A`1: Connecting Cultural Landscapes and Community Values Along the Kula Kai Trails of Hilea,Ka`n,Hawaii,Department of Anthropology,University of Hawaii at Hilo. Cox,J.H.and E. Stasack 1970 Hawaiian Petroglyphs.Bernice P.Bishop Museum Special Publication 60.Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Crozier,S.N. 1972 Archaeological Survey and Excavations at Punalu`u, Island of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum Report 72-6.Prepared for Ka`u Historical Society. Crozier, S.N. and W.Barrera,Jr. 1974 Archaeolgoical Survey and Excavation at Punalu`u,Island of Hawaii.Department of Anthropology, B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu.Prepared for Ka`u Historical Society and C.Brewer Co.Ltd. Dorrance,W. and F.Morgan 2000 Sugar Islands: The 165-Year Story of Sugar in Hawaii.Mutual Publishing,Honolulu Emory,K.P. 1970 Inventory of Archaeological and Historical Sites in the Districts of Kona and Ka`u and in Anaehoomalu, South Kohala,Island of Hawaii(Reprint of Report 61-1,Reprinted 1971). Departmental Report Series 70-12.Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu 93 Group 70 International,Inc. 2006 Environmental Impact Statement, Sea Mountain at Punalu`u,Ka`n District,Punalu`u,Hawaii. Group 70 International,Inc.Draft.Prepared for Sea Mountain Five,LLC,Honolulu. Haig,Brian D. 1995 "Grounded Theory as Scientific Method."In Philosophy of Education Society [1996-2001], University of Cambridge.http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/haig.html Handy,E.S.C.,E.G.Handy,and M.K.Pukui 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life,Lore, and Environment.Bernice P.Bishop Museum Bulletin 233.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Hansen,V. 1971 Site Report Records.Department of Anthropology,B.P.Bishop Museum. Hann,A.E.and P.H.Rosendahl 1986 Preliminary Archaeological Assessment, SeaMountainat Punalu`u,Proposed Resort Master Plan Project,Ka`u. Island of Hawaii(TMK:3-9-5-19:Var. :3-9-6-01,02:Var.).Paul H.Rosendahl, Ph.D.,Inc.206-012086.Prepared for C.Brewer Properties,Inc.,Hilo,HI. Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972 Ka`u Resort Rising.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo,Hawai`i]. 12 September 1972: 8,accessed 08 November 2022. 1989 Punalu`u Resort May Be Sold to a Japanese Firm.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo,Hawai`i]. 13 June 1989: 1,accessed 08 November 2022. 1994 Punahm Purchase Sparks Lawsuit.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo].06 December 1994:8,accessed 08 November 2022. Honolullu Star-Bulletin 1994 Unfinished Punahm Resort for Sale. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 13 January 1994: 3, accessed 08 November 2022. Ka`n-Preservation 2006 Na Mo`olelo O Punalu`u: Stories of Punalu`u. Ka`n Preservation. Electronic document, hILtp://www.kaupreservation.org. Ka`n Preservation 2007 National Register of Historic Places Registration Documents for Punalu`u. Re-Submitted in June 2007 by Ka`n Preservation. Ke An`Oko`a 1868 Ka Wahine O Ka Lua. 16 April 1868. Kelly,M. 1969 Historical Background of the South PointArea,Ka`u,Hawaii.Pacific Anthropological Records No. 6.Anthropology Department,B.P.Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Ketner,Amy and Clark,Matthew 2023 An Addendum Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Roughly 433 acre Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Property (March) Kua,C. 1996 Dispute Over Ka`u Resort Ends, For Now. Hawaii Herald-Tribune [Hilo]. 07 June, 1996: 1, 8,accessed 08 November 2022. 94 Kuykendall,R. 1967 The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume Hl: 1874-1893. The Kalakaua Dynasty,vol. 3. 3 vols.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Langlas,C. 1997 Pele Hanoa notes.Pili Productions. Loomis,H. G. 1975 The Tsunami of November 29, 1975 in Hawaii. HOG-75-21. U. o. Hawaii. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Joint Tsunami Research Effort, Pacific Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Honolulu. 1975. Moniz Nakamura,J. 2003 Keonehelele-The Falling Sands:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Archaeological Inventory of the Footprints National Register Site. Revised 2003. Prepared for National Park Service, U.S.Department of the Interior,Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Orr,Maria 2006 Cultural Impact Study/Assessment Punalu'u Development Project Ahupua'a of Punalu'u, Wailau and Ninole District of Ka ii,Hawai'i Island,Hawai'i for Group 70 and Sea Mountain Five LLC Pandit,Naresh R. 1996 "The Creation of Theory:A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method."The Qualitative Report,Volume 2,Number 4,December.http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QT/QR2-4/pandit.html Pang,Y.K.G. 1991a Fisherman Has Mixed Feelings about Punalu'u.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo]. 31 October 1991: 1,accessed 08 November 2022. 1991b No Resolution Found Over Ka`u Road Remnant Issue.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo].23 October 1991:6,accessed 08 November 2022. Punahm Preservation Committee 1987 Position on Plan for Punahm.Hawaii Tribune-Herald[Hilo,Hawaii].26 January 1987:4, accessed 08 November 2022. Robins,J.,D.Byerly,and M.Desilets 2016 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Kamehameha Schools Pastureland Punalu'u Ahupua`a, Ka`n District, Hawaii Island. Garcia and Associates 2346-2. Revised 2016. Prepared for Kamehameha Schools. Rosendahl,M.L.K.and P.H.Rosendahl 1986 Full Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey for Environmental Impact Statement(EIS),Punalu'u Resort.Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc.237-112686.Prepared for C.Brewer Properties,Inc.,Hilo, HI. Stokes,J. and T. S.Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island ofHawai`i:A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites.Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2.Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu. Tate-Libby,J. 2013 Saving Punalu'u: Ka`u as a Cultural Kipuka. In Tourism and Archaeology. Edited by C. W. a. N.Carr.Routledge,New York. The Honolulu Advertiser 95 1975a Business Mini-Notes. The Honolulu Advertiser [Honolulu]. 09 November 1975: 30, accessed 08 November 2022. 1975b Standing Up to a Tsunami for Restaurant is Costly. The Honolulu Advertiser [Honolulu]. 01 December 1975: 12,accessed 08 November 2022. Thompson,R. 1990 Low-Rise Hotel Planned at Punahm by New Owner.Star Bulletin[Honolulu].20 December 1990: 5,accessed 08 November 2022. 1991 C.Brewer Says Storms Damaged Ka`u Cove.Star Bulletin [Honolulu]. 14 March 1991:6,accessed 08 November 2022. Tribune-Herald,H. 1986 EIS to be Done at Punalu`u: Brewer Plan for Ka`u Project Unchanged. Hawaii Tribune-Herald [Hilo,Hawaii].27 June 1986: 14,accessed 08 November 2022. Quan,Norman 2023 Punalu'u Village Master Plan Map [BSB LLC] Tulchin,T.,B.Garrett,D. Shideler,and H.H.Hammatt 2006 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Approximately 430-Acre Sea Mountain at Punalu`u Resort,Punalu`u,Wailau,and Nmole Ahupua`a,Ka`n District,Island of Hawaii(TMK: [3] 9-5- 019:011,015,024,026,030-031;9-6-001:001-003,006,011-013;9-6-002:008,037-038,053). Cultural Surveys Hawaii,Inc.Jode Code PUNA 10.Revised 2006.Prepared for Group 70 International,Inc. West Hawaii Today 2014 Two Weeks of Terror in Ka`u: the Devastating Events of 1868. West Hawaii Today [Hawaii]. 30 March 2014. Williams,J. 1975 Total damge figure awaited on Big Island. The Honolulu Advertiser[Honolulu]. 1 December 1975: 1.Electronic document,https://www.newspUers.com/image/261487717,accessed 16 May 2022. 96 APPENDIX A Act 50 SLH 2O00(HB 28 H.D. 1) [UNOFFICIAL VERSION] HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H.B.NO,2895 H.D.1 TWENTIETH LEGISLATURE, 2000 STATE OF HAWAI'I A BILL FOR AN ACT RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS. BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAI'L SECTION 1. The legislature finds that there is a need to clarify that the preparation of environmental assessments or environmental impact statements should identify and address effects on Hawai'I's culture, and traditional and customary rights. The legislature also finds that native Hawaiian culture plays a vital role in preserving and advancing the unique quality of life and the "aloha spirit' in Hawai'i. Articles IX and XII of the state constitution,other state laws, and the courts of the State impose on government agencies a duty to promote and protect cultural beliefs,practices, and resources of native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups. Moreover,the past failure to require native Hawaiian cultural impact assessments has resulted in the loss and destruction of many important cultural resources and has interfered with the exercise of native Hawaiian culture. The legislature further finds that due consideration of the effects of human activities on native Hawaiian culture and the exercise thereof is necessary to ensure the continued existence,development, and exercise of native Hawaiian culture. The purpose of this Act is to: (1)Require that environmental impact statements include the disclosure of the effects of a proposed action on the cultural practices of the community and State; and (2)Amend the definition of"significant effect"to include adverse effects on cultural practices. SECTION 2. Section 343-2,Hawai'I Revised Statutes,is amended by amending the definitions of"environmental impact statement' or"statement" and"significant effect",to read as follows: "Environmental impact statement"or"statement"means an informational document prepared in compliance with the rules adopted under section 343-6 and which discloses the environmental effects of a proposed action, effects of a proposed action on the economic [and] welfare, social welfare, and cultural practices of the community and State,effects of the economic activities arising out of the proposed action,measures proposed to minimize adverse effects, and alternatives to the action and their environmental effects. 97 The initial statement filed for public review shall be referred to as the draft statement and shall be distinguished from the final statement which is the document that has incorporated the public's comments and the responses to those comments. The final statement is the document that shall be evaluated for acceptability by the respective accepting authority. "Significant effect"means the sum of effects on the quality of the environment,including actions that irrevocably commit a natural resource, curtail the range of beneficial uses of the environment, are contrary to the State's environmental policies or long-term environmental goals as established by law,or adversely affect the economic [or] welfare, social welfare[.],or cultural practices of the community and State." SECTION 3. Statutory material to be repealed is bracketed.New statutory material is underscored. SECTION 4. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. APPROVED BY THE GOVERNOR AS ACT 50 ON APRIL 26, 2000 98 APPENDIX B Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts Adopted by the Environmental Council, State of Hawaii November 19, 1997 I. INTRODUCTION It is the policy of the State of Hawaii under Chapter 343.HRS.to alert decision makers,through the environmental assessment process,about significant environmental effects which may result from the implementation of certain actions. An environmental assessment of cultural impacts gathers information about cultural practices and cultural features that may be affected by actions subject to Chapter 343,and promotes responsible decision making. Articles IX and XII of the State Constitution,other state laws.And the courts of the state require government agencies to promote and preserve cultural beliefs,practices.And resources of native Hawaiians and other ethnic groups.Chapter 343 also requires environmental assessment of cultural resources.In determining the significance of a proposed project. The Environmental Council encourages preparers of environmental assessments and environmental impact statements to analyze the impact of a proposed action on cultural practices and features associated with the project area.The Council provides the following methodology and content protocol as guidance for any assessment of a project that may significantly affect cultural resources. IL CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Cultural impacts differ from other types of impacts assessed in environmental assessments or environmental impact statements.A cultural impact assessment includes infom lation relating to the practices and beliefs of a particular cultural or ethnic group or groups. Such information may be obtained through scoping,community meetings,ethnographic interviews and oral histories. Information provided by knowledgeable informants,including traditional cultural practitioners,can be applied to the analysis of cultural impacts in conjunction with information concerning cultural practices and features obtained through consultation and from documentary research. In scoping the cultural portion of an environmental assessment,the geographical extent of the inquiry should,in most instances,be greater than the area over which the proposed action will take place.This is to ensure that cultural practices which may not occur within the boundaries of the project area,but which may nonetheless be affected,are included in the assessment. Thus,for example,a proposed action that may not physically alter gathering practices,but may affect access to gathering areas would be included in the assessment.An ahupua'a is usually the appropriate geographical unit to begin an assessment of cultural impacts of a proposed action,particularly if it includes all of the types of cultural practices associated with the project area.In some cases.Cultural practices are likely to extend beyond the ahupua'a and the geographical extent of the study area should take into account those cultural practices. The historical period studied in a cultural impact assessment should commence with the Initial presence in the area of the particular group whose cultural practices and features are being assessed.The types of cultural practices and beliefs subject to assessment may include subsistence,commercial,residential,99gricultural access-related,recreational,and religious and spiritual customs. The types of cultural resources subject to assessment may include traditional cultural properties or other types of historic sites,both man made and natural,including submerged cultural resources,which support such cultural practices and beliefs. If the subject area is in a developed urban setting,cultural impacts must still be assessed.Many incorrectly assume that the presence of urban infrastructure effectively precludes consideration of current cultural factors.For example,persons are known to gather kauna'oa, `ilima, `uhaloa,noni or ki on the grassy slopes and ramps of the H-1 freeway and some state highways on the neighbor islands.Certain landmarks and physical features are used by Hawaiian navigators for sailing. 99 And the lines of sight from landmarks to the coast by fisherman to locate certain fishing spots.Blocking these features by the construction of buildings or tanks may constitute an adverse cultural impact. The Environmental Council recommends that preparers of assessments analyzing cultural impacts adopt the following protocol: (1)identify and consult with individuals and organizations with expertise concerning the types of cultural resources, practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area,e.g.,district or ahupua'a; (2)identify and consult with individuals and organizations with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action; (3)receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with persons having knowledge of the potentially affected area; (4)conduct ethnographic,historical,anthropological,sociological,and other culturally related documentary research: (5)identify and describe the cultural resources,practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area-,and (6)assess the impact of the proposed action.Alternatives to the proposed action.And mitigation measures,on the cultural resources.Practices and beliefs identified. Interviews and oral histories with knowledgeable individuals may be recorded.If consent is given,and field visits by preparers accompanied by informants are encouraged.Persons interviewed should be afforded an opportunity to review the record of the interview,and consent to publish the record should be obtained whenever possible.For example,the precise location of human burials are likely to be withheld from a cultural impact assessment,but it is important that the document identify the impact a project would have on the burials.At times an informant may provide information only on the condition that it remain in confidence.The wishes of the informant should be respected. Primary source materials reviewed and analyzed may include.As appropriate:Mahele,land court,census and tax records. Including testimonies:vital statistics records;family histories and genealogies;previously published or recorded ethnographic interviews and oral histories;community studies,old maps and photographs;and other archival documents, including correspondence,newspaper or almanac articles,and visitor journals.Secondary source materials such as historical,sociological,and anthropological texts.Manuscripts,and similar materials,published and unpublished,should also be consulted. Other materials which should be examined include prior land use proposals,decisions.And rulings which pertain to the study area. Ill.CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CONTENTS In addition to the content requirements for environmental assessments and environmental impact statements,which are set out in HAR§§§§ 11-200-10 and 16 through 18,the portion of the assessment concerning cultural impacts should address,but not necessarily be limited to,the following matters: 1.A discussion of the methods applied and results of consultation with individuals and organizations identified by the preparer as being familiar with cultural practices and features associated with the project area,including any constraints or limitations which might have affected the quality of the information obtained. 2.A description of methods adopted by the preparer to identify,locate,and select the persons interviewed,including a discussion of the level of effort undertaken. 3.Ethnographic and oral history interview procedures,including the circumstances under which the interviews were conducted,and any constraints or limitations which might have affected the quality of the information obtained. 4.Biographical information concerning the individuals and organizations consulted,their particular expertise,and their historical and genealogical relationship to the project area,as well as information concerning the persons submitting information or interviewed,their particular knowledge and cultural expertise,if any,and their historical and genealogical relationship to the project area. 100 5.A discussion concerning historical and cultural source materials consulted,the institutions and repositories searched, and the level of effort undertaken.This discussion should include,if appropriate,the particular perspective of the authors, any opposing views,and any other relevant constraints.Limitations or biases. 6.A discussion concerning the cultural resources,practices and beliefs identified,and,for resources and practices,their location within the broad geographical area in which the proposed action is located,as well as their direct or indirect significance or connection to the project site. 7.A discussion concerning the nature of the cultural practices and beliefs,and the significance of the cultural resources within the project area.Affected directly or indirectly by the proposed project. 8.An explanation of confidential information that has been withheld from public disclosure in the assessment. 9.A discussion concerning any conflicting information in regard to identified cultural resources,practices and beliefs. 10.An analysis of the potential effect of any proposed physical alteration on cultural resources,practices or beliefs;the potential of the proposed action to isolate cultural resources,practices or beliefs from their setting;and the potential of the proposed action to introduce elements which may alter the setting in which cultural practices take place. 11.A bibliography of references,and attached records of interviews which were allowed to be disclosed. The inclusion of this information will help make environmental assessments and environmental impact statements complete and meet the requirements of Chapter 343,HRS.If you have any questions,please call 586-4185. 101 APPENDIX C Agreement to Participate in Cultural Impact Assessment Project Title: Punalu`u Village Cultural Impact Assessment(CIA)Update Interviewer: Maria Orr,M.A. Kaimipono Consulting Service LLC (808) 375-3317 kaimikkaimipono.com You are being asked to participate in a cultural impact assessment [CIA] conducted by an independent interviewer contracted by Black Sand Beach LLC(BSB)consultant Daryn Arai LLC who is applying for a Special Management Area(SMA)application permit that requires an updated Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA). The interviewer will explain the purpose of this CIA requirement, the process, the procedures to be used, the potential benefits and possible risks of participating. You may ask the interviewer any question(s) in order to help you to understand this process. If you then decide to participate, please sign on the second page of this form. You will be given a copy of this form to keep. VIL Nature and Purpose of the CIA The purpose of this cultural impact assessment is to gather information about the proposed delopment lands of Punalu'u and Ninole through interviews with individuals who are knowledgeable about this area, and/or about traditional, cultural and historic information such as cultural practices, legends, songs, chants or other information. The objective of this study is to facilitate in the identification and location of any cultural resources and cultural practices in the area mentioned above, in accordance with applicable historic preservation laws, regulations, and guidelines, including:Act 50 HB2895(A.D.2000),HRS Chapter 343 and Office of Environmental Quality Control(OEQC) Guidelines. IL Explanation Of Procedures After you have voluntarily agreed to participate and have signed the consent page(verbal if Zoom Interview),the interviewer will record your interview and have it transcribed. The interviewer may also need to take notes and/or ask you to spell or clarify terms or names that are unclear. Data from the interview[ethnographic research]will be used in the CIA report. III. Discomforts and Risks Foreseeable discomforts and/or risks may include,but are not limited to the following: having to talk loudly for the recorder;being recorded and/or interviewed;providing information that may be used in reports which may be used in the future as a public reference;knowing that the information you give may conflict with information from others; your uncompensated dedication of time; possible miscommunication or misunderstanding in the transcribing of information;loss of privacy; and worry that your comment(s)may not be understood in the same way you understand them.It is not possible to identify all potential risks. 102 IV. Benefits This study will give you the opportunity to express your thoughts(mana'o),and your opinions will be listened to and shared; your knowledge may be instrumental in the preservation of significant cultural resources,practices and information. V. Confidentiality Your rights of privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity will be protected if you so desire. You may request,for example,that your name and/or sex not be mentioned in write-ups, such as field notes, on tape, on files, drafts, reports, and future works; or you may request that some of the information you provide remain "off-the-record." In order to ensure protection of your privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity, you should immediately advise the interviewer of your desires. The interviewer will ask you to specify the method of protection,and note it on this form below. VL Refusal/Withdrawal You may,at any time during the interview process,choose to not participate any further and ask the interviewer for the tape and/or notes. Please note that you will be given an opportunity to review your transcript,and to revise or delete any part of the interview. VIL Waiver Part I: Agreement to Participate I, understand that Maria Orr, an independent interviewer contracted by BSB will be conducting oral history interviews with individuals knowledgeable about the project lands and vicinity [Punalu'u and Ninole]. The oral history interviews are being conducted in order to collect information on possible pre-historic and/or historic cultural resources,as well as traditional cultural practices associated with these lands and access to these resources and practices. I understand I will be provided the opportunity to review my interview to ensure that it accurately depicts what I meant to say. I also understand that if I don't return the revised transcripts after two weeks from date of receipt,my signature below will indicate my release of information for the draft report. I also understand that I will still have the opportunity to make revisions during the draft review process. I am willing to participate. Signature Date Print Name Phone Address Zip Code Email Address MAHALO NUI LOA 103 Part II: Personal Release of Interview Records I, , have been interviewed by Maria Orr of Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC,an independent interviewer contracted by Daryn Arai LLC and BSB. I have reviewed the transcript of the interview and agree that said documentation is complete and accurate except for those matters specifically set forth below the heading"Clarification Or Corrections." Clarification Or Corrections: I further agree that KCS and/or BSB may use and release my identity and other interview information,both oral and written,for the purpose of using such information in a report to be made public,subject to my specific objections,to release as set forth below: Specific Conditions To Release Of Interview Transcript: Signature Date Print Name Phone Address Zipcode Email MAHALO NUI LOA 104 APPENDIX D Ethnographic Survey Basic Research Instrument for Oral History Interviews This research instrument includes basic information as well as research categories which will be asked in the form of open primary questions which allow the individual interviewed (Ethnographic Consultant) to answer in the manner he/she is most comfortable. Secondary or follow-up questions are asked based on what the Consultant has said and/or to clarify what was said. The idea is to have an interview based on a "talk-story" form of sharing information. Questions will NOT be asked in an interrogation style/method, NOR will they necessarily be asked in the order presented below. This research instrument is merely a guide for the interviewer and simply reflects general categories of information sought in a semi-structured format. Questions will be asked more directly when necessary. The Consultants were selected because they met one or more of the following criteria: • Had/has Ties to Project Area/Vicinity • Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Referred By Other Cultural Resource People • Suggested By Client [NOTE: Introduction of CIA process is done before the Ethnographic Consultant signs the Consent Form, usually during the initial phone call to make interview appointments.Some of the Consultants for this Black Sand Beach CIA project were suggested by Client Staff who live in Ka'u. Five Zoom interviews were set up by Client Staff.Five more in-person interviews were later also set up by client staff.] [NOTE:This part of the interview,#14 is mutual sharing and rapport building.Most of the information for research categories"Consultant Background"and"Consultant Demographics"come from this section,but not exclusively.] 1. To start please tell me about yourself...Name? Where/When you were born? [This information can be addressed in a couple of ways. The following data/information will be noted as soon as the recording has started:Day/Date/Time/Place of Interview;Name of Consultant (if authorized by Consultant);Name of Interviewer.Initial Questions:Have you read the Agreement to Participate?Do you have any questions before we begin?Will you please sign the Consent Form. The interviewer will again explain the purpose of the interview. The interviewer will then ask the Consultant to "Please tell me about yourself--when/where were you born?Where did you grow up?Where did you go to school?" This general compound question allows the Consultant to share as much or as little as he/she wants without any pressure. Some of the information for#1 may already be known to the interviewer.] 2. History: Your 'ohana/family background;Hawaiian connection (if any)? [Much of the information for questions#2,3,and 4 usually comes from the"monologue"answer to Question#1. If it does not,then these questions will be asked. The answers in this section usually establish how the Consultant meets the criteria;how the Consultant developed his/her information base,etc.] 3. Youth: Where did you live? Grew up? [This may have been answered in#1] 4. Schooling? Where? When? [This may have been answered in#1] 105 [NOTE:The next part of the interview,#5-7 reflects information sought for the following research categories: Land, Water,Marine, Cultural Resources and Practices. The questions are open-ended so as NOT to "put words in the mouths"of the Consultants. The answers will help in assessing if any cultural properties or practices(or access to them)will be impacted by the proposed project.] 5. Please tell me what you know about the lands of Punalu'u, Ninole and Wailau? [NOTE: Generally when people share information about a specific topic/place, they usually state where their information came from. If it isn't volunteered,it is asked as a follow-up question(s).A map of the project area should be available to confirm that interviewer and consultant are talking about the same place.Photos would also help if a field trip is not possible.The best scenario would be to be"on-site"at some part of the interview...although this is not always practical.The majority of the interviews will be on Zoom and all Consultants will be shown a project site map during their interview. The project site map was also shared on a laptop with the in-person Consultants.] 6. What are your recollections and/or personal experiences of this area? 7. Do you know any stories/legends/songs/chants associated with these areas? [NOTE: Possible follow-up questions if information not in their answers: • How are you or your family connected to the lands of Punalu'u and Ninole? • What year(s)were you and/or your family associated with these lands? • Can you describe what the area looked like--natural and/or man made things? • To your knowledge what kind of activities took place in this location? • Do you know of any traditional gathering of plants or marine resources in this area? • Please describe any other land/water use?Resources? • What was the historic land use? Sugar?Ranching?Resort? • Do you consider yourself to be a cultural/traditional practitioner? • Do you know about any burials in the project area? • Do you know of any cultural sites in the project area or vicinity? 8. As soon as this interview is transcribed/edited I will send-email it to you. Please review your transcript and make any corrections and/or additions, then sign the Release Forms thereby allowing the information to be used by the interviewer(Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC)and client(Black Sand Beach LLC). 9. If your revised transcript is not returned within two weeks of date of receipt, it will be assumed that you are in concurrence with the transcript material[ethnographic data] and your information will then be incorporated into my draft report. However, you can still make changes during the draft review process. 10. [Additional Questions suggest by Black Sand Beach LLC client, staff or project consultants.] MAHALO NUI LOA 106 APPENDIX E Signed Consent Forms 107 V. Confidentiality Your rights of privacy,confidentiality and/or anonymity will be protected if you so desire.You may request,for example,that your name and/or sex not be mentioned in write-ups,such as field notes,on tape,on files, drafts,reports,and future works;or you may request that some of the information you provide remain"off-the-record." In order to ensure protection of your privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity,you should immediately advise the interviewer of your desires. The interviewer will ask you to specify the method of protection,and note it on this form below. VI.Refusal/Withdmwal You may,at any time during the interview process,chose to not participate any further and ask the interviewer for the tape and/or notes. Please note that you will be given an opportunity to review your transcript,and to revise or delete any part of the interview. VII.Waiver Part I: Agreement to Participate 1,�iL Gu 6mderstand that Maria Orr,an independent interviewer contracted by BSB will be conducting oral history interviews with individuals knowledgeable about the project lands and vicinity [Punalu'u and Ninole].The oral history interviews are being conducted in order to collect information on possible pre-historic and/or historic cultural resources,as well as traditional cultural practices associated with these lands and access to these resources and practices. I understand I will be provided the opportunity to review my interview to ensure that it accurately depicts what I meant to say. I also understand that if I don't return the revised transcripts after two weeks from date of receipt,my signature below will indicate my release of information for the draft report. I also understand that I will still have the opportunity to make revisions during the draft review proces& 4AA am willing to participate. Date Signature Phone Print Name 7 zip Code Address �i6ghotma l[ Email Address MAHALO NUI LOA 108 APPENDIX F Signed Released Forms 109 Part 11:�Personal Release of Interview Records I,//`GCF c1e have been interviewed by Maria Orr of Kaimipono Consulting .Services LLC,an independent interviewer contracted by BSB.I have reviewed the transcript of the interview and agree that said documentation is complete and accurate except for those matters specifically set forth below the heading"CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS." CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS: I further agree that KCS and/or BSB may use and release my identity and other interview information,both oral and written,for the purpose of using such information in a report to be made public,subject to my specific objections,to release as set forth below: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT: No lei@ Ildno, r Signature Date Print Name Phone Address 1 777 9w ��1�.,�s� •� ���r ;/gym Zipcode Email MAHALO NUI LOA 110 Part II: Personal lReleease of Interview Records 1, P f �`�11!} �LW have been interviewed by Maria Orr ofKaimipano Consulting Services LLC,an independent interviewer contracted by BSB.I have reviewed the transcript of the interview and agree that said documentation is complete and accurate except for those matters specifically set forth below the heading"CLARIFICNI-ION OR CORRECTIONS." CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS: I further agree that KC.S and/or BSB may use and release my identify and other interview information,both oral and written,fir the purpose of using such information in a report to be made public,subject to my spec fc objections,to release as ser forth below: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO RE'r gam+ tdlll'T: 1 pu,vt 5th�✓tn t t utq M V Lvlf U�� ct•�LC}� VI)6",�k ��� ra� l C of 0 t D 20 Signature Date i +ru_6� JZX (ez3S Print Name y r Phone Address %I I`� �L r�ao f c6tM 2ipcode Email MAHALO NUI LOA III Part II: Personal Rele, f interview Reeordlf lid, -have been interviewed by Maria Orr ofKalmipono Consulting Servviic s liEC an ind endent' ep interviewer contracted by BSB. I have reviewed the transcript of the interview and agree that said documentation is complete and accurate except for those matters specifically set forth below the heading"CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS,- CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS: xr` rrh fa I further agree that KCS and/or BS8 may use and release my identity and other interview information, both oral and written,for the purpose of using such information in a report to be made public,subject to my specrflc objections, to release as set forth below: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT: Won or apt— 4J Signature ?_J I �aa3 �MDWM nP)f (�y Date Print N me '��- 0 � " l C; �� Phone Addren u paw Email MAHALO NUI LOA 112 Part II;Personal Release Of Interview Records I,V X5S have been interviewed Services LLC',an indep,-ndent interviewer contracted i the intctvicw and awe that said documentation is 7s t,i matters specifically set forth below the heading Cl AIr��i. those CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS: I further agree Hurt KCS andlor BSB may use and release my identity and other interview information,troth Aral and written,for the purpose of caving suck information in a report to he made public,subject to my specific objections',to release as set Earth below: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT; C 17C�'Ga t[kc{ C24t�tC ��yiC St�{attl/l��lj d'k'lY/I!�.c ifZ�'r'c i'e K FLU"mac, Signature Date s�F KE ono g9s1,,5z3 Print Name Phone Address 9&7�7 rxa_keasF Zipeode Email MAHALO NUI LOA 113 APPENDIX G WRITTEN TESTIMONY 114 Ju 'idsl iG •r ie ./t7 It fL ri "6 Llf'li Galt// now 11<2 lG!/!. sirs G/��f[✓ Q•r<�lr�e'l/ >r [�f�/t�i _. �/��'.GY GZ-Uff,>`Trf./✓E.'LC-° /�J<1f L�/�/G' hl�iL�G'.��f���-.G1«ri%a��f���C,/E'GNS �61 Ej� LGtE.'9C l�Cr���3 .l'J:r% G�LIJ fd� �� fLGI` fl��G✓"���Llr`[LL /fG'G'.t�. �z>>L z fzC�GYili<�G- iz a��G7tt l�L�dCd7f-t- / Luf0 24 , 41i��kT Get Q �a, a f>�<r�F�zrC/ C�KCtS xs Lvl �e :=a�rrft_ itsc��de W oo - iT/9.�G71t'� G�_dl9e�/t.�5f'GGrt6� /G-1rLJG /iTz< ��C rri�.7 eU GtCse� stvrJ 1 .3i69 �rcl f/Ct (•sc v 115 —`ehe lixJ of pzlr/z e 4ZC ---- ��v/mot.-ryzf� /Q�t9`s�� s�_5ciz�rG�!`jrG7�E°r a/sz✓.� �fi�/�1�j2�: 711'11Z U> r'�Yt,.`Zta� 7-YlZcif9 LJ/Y�' �_......------ /1z��L� f-e f s6Z¢4�'�!i.ds��/rt�/lam 4< / `/ (1J<if' �/C�_ •CL�ld. alAlza>r 111- 1/K<r �7lie � ec/� �T�aFv>Sc%eS..T�ie�G Ka'< tisG ke c r . . . . . . . . . . 116 An Addendum Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Roughly 433-acre Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Property TMKs: (3) 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031; (3) 9-6-001:001- 003, 006, 011-013; (3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 053 Punalu'u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua'a Ka'u District Island of Hawaii DRAFT VERSION Prepared By: Amy L. Ketner,B.A. .,, and Matthew R. Clark,M.A. Prepared For: Black Sand Beach,LLC 4101 Dublin Blvd. Ste. F #238 a w Dublin, CA 94568 1 ,a Aril 2023 A S M Archaeclogy•Architectural History-History•Ethnography•GIS Hilo:507A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,Hawaii 96720•(808)969-6066 Honolulu:820 MililaniSt.,Suite 700,Honolulu,11mal'I 96913•808)439-8089 ASM Project Number 39620.00 Kahului:149 Ma'a St.,Suite 100,Kahului,H—ai'i 96732•(808)736-6565 EXHIBIT D An Addendum Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Roughly 433-acre Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Property TMKs: (3) 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031; (3) 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; (3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 053 Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua'a Ka`u District Island of Hawaii ASM ° j Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Black Sand Beach,LLC(landowner),ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted an addendum archaeological inventory survey (AIS)for the roughly 433-acre Black Sand Beach property (the"project area")located in Punalu`u, Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a,Ka`u District,Island of Hawaii on Tax Map Keys(TMKs):(3)9-5-019:011,015,024, 026,030,031;(3)9-6-001:001-003,006,011-013;(3)9-6-002:008,037,038,and 053.The project area is the location of the existing Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u, and the current project proposes redevelopment and improvement activities within a roughly 142-acre portion of the overall project area.The proposed project will also create a roughly 42-acre coastline management and conservation area that includes the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park.This archaeological study was conducted in support of a County of Hawaii Special Management Area(SMA)use permit application for the proposed project, and in anticipation of the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division's (DLNR-SHPD's) HRS Chapter 6E-42 review of that application as well as future development permitting that may be required for project implementation. The current project area was the subject of a prior AIS titled Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Approximately 430 Acre Sea Mountain at Punalu`u Resort, Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole Ahupua`a, Kau District, Island ofIlawai`i, TMK: [3]9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030-031; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037-038, 053(Tulchin et al.2006).That study,which was prepared in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR §13-276 was the subject of initial Chapter 6E-42 review by DLNR-SHPD who, in a letter dated February 26, 2007 (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09), indicated that the background section of the report was acceptable,and the field survey was adequate.DLNR-SHPD also concurred with the significance evaluations for the documented historic properties presented in the draft report and agreed that all of the sites recommended for preservation should be preserved,but requested revisions to the AIS before the report was accepted as final. Since the proposed project that the Tulchin et al. (2006)report was prepared for never occurred,the revisions to the draft AIS were never completed and the report was never finalized or accepted by DLNR-SHPD.The current study is intended to address the 2007 DLNR-SHPD comments on the draft AIS and to provide updated condition assessments and treatment recommendations for previously documented sites. The scope of work for this addendum AIS, which included pedestrian survey of the areas of direct impact and the preparation of updated condition assessments and treatment recommendations for sites previously documented within the overall project area by Tulchin et al. (2006), was discussed and agreed upon with DLNR-SHPD. No archaeological sites were identified within the areas of direct impact for the proposed project as a result of the pedestrian survey, and the condition assessments for 30 of the 34 sites documented in the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS report were updated as a result of this addendum AIS(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513, -03519,-03520,-03521, - 03522,-03524,-04309,-04310, -04330,-04360,-04368, -07361,-24897,-24898,-24899, -24900,-24901,-24902, - 24905, -24906, -24907, -24908, -24910, -24911, -24912, -24913, -24914, -24915, and -24916). Three of the 34 previously documented sites (Sites 50-10-68-03515, -07370, and -24903) were determined to be outside of the boundaries of current project area (on lands not owned by Black Sand Beach, LLC); a fourth site (Site 50-10-68- 04330)appears to have been destroyed by land clearing activities in ca. 2016,prior to the acquisition of the property by Black Sand Beach,LLC.All 30 of the sites documented within the current project area are assessed as significant under Criterion d for the information they have yielded regarding the history of the coastal region of Ninole,Wailau, and Punalu`u Ahupua`a.Eleven of the sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion e for their important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people, due to their associations with art, ceremony, and/or burial practices (Sites 50-10-68-03512, -03513, -04309, -04368, -07361, -24898, -24899, -24900, -24912, -24914, and - 24916). Four sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion c because they embody distinctive characteristics of a type,period, and/or method of construction(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03522,-04368, and-24915). Three sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion a because of their association with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-04368,and-24915). All of the sites documented within the project area are recommended for preservation. A preservation plan meeting the standards of HAR§13-277-3,and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-03512, -03513, -03519, -03520, -03521, -03522, -03524, -04310, -04330, -04360, - 04368,-07361, -24897,-24901,-24902,-24905,-24906,-24907,-24908,-24910, -24911,-24912,-24913,-24914,- 24915, and -24916 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. A burial treatment plan meeting the standards of HAR § 13-300-33, and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-04309, -24898, -24899, and -24900 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii i Executive Summary Archaeological monitoring is also recommended for all initial ground disturbing activities within the area of direct impacts for the proposed project. An archaeological monitoring plan meeting the standards of HAR§ 13-279 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. As such, pursuant to HAR§13-284-7,the recommended determination of effect for the proposed project is"Effect,with agreed upon mitigation commitments." ii Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii Table of Contents CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................I PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION...................................................................................... 6 THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND THE AREA OF DIRECT IMPACTS....................... 10 2. CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...............................12 A CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR THE CURRENT PROJECT AREA...... 12 A Generalized Model of Hawaiian Prehistory............................................................. 12 The Ahupua`a Land Management System................................................................... 15 Legendary Accounts of Ka`u and the Ahupua`a of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole..... 17 Chiefly Rule in Ka`u during the Precontact Period...................................................... 21 Early Historic Accounts of Ka`u.................................................................................. 23 The Death of Kamehameha.......................................................................................... 24 Early Western Missionaries in Ka`u (1823-1848) ....................................................... 25 The Whele `Aina of 1848 and the Government Land Grant Program........................ 27 Continued Population Decline in Ka`u a During the Mid-Nineteenth Century........... 31 1868 Eruption of Mauna Loa....................................................................................... 31 Punalu`u and the rise of the Sugar Industry in Ka`u.................................................... 34 Punalu`u Village During the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century....................................40 B.P. Bishop Museum Research in Ka`u (ca. 1940-1970) ............................................ 52 Archaeological Studies Associated with the Development of the Sea Mountain Resortat Punalu`u........................................................................................................ 57 Opening of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u........................................................ 71 Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property (1986-1988).................... 76 Sazale Corporation's Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property (1990-1994).................................................................................................................. 80 Sea Mountain Five, LLC's Proposed Development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u (2006)............................................................................................................ 81 Recent Developments regarding Historic Preservation within the Punalu`u Resort Property ........................................................................................................................ 84 3. PROJECT AREA EXPECTATIONS ......................................................................88 4. FIELDWORK.............................................................................................................89 FIELDMETHODS ............................................................................................................ 89 PEDESTRIAN SUIRVEY OF THE AREA OF DIRECT IMPACTS............................... 90 Survey Area for the Redevelopment Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant Grounds andVicinity.................................................................................................................. 90 Survey Area for the Colony II Condominiums............................................................ 95 Survey Area for the Village and Wellness Center ....................................................... 96 Aspen Institute Survey Area......................................................................................... 99 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii iii Table of Contents Golf Clubhouse and Parking Lot Survey Area............................................................. 99 SURVEY OF SITES PREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTED BY TULCHIN ET AL. (2006) ............................................................................................................................... 104 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-03512............................................................................................. 106 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-03513............................................................................................. 111 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-03515............................................................................................. 115 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-04309............................................................................................. 117 SHIP Site 50-10-68-07370 (component of Site 4309)............................................... 130 SHIP Site 50-10-68-24899 (component of Site 4309)............................................... 131 SHIP Site 50-10-68-24900 (component of Site 4309)............................................... 133 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-04310............................................................................................. 138 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-04330............................................................................................. 146 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-04360............................................................................................. 148 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-04368............................................................................................. 151 SHIP Site 50-10-68-03519 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 152 SHIP Site 50-10-68-03520 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 154 SHIP Site 50-10-68-03521 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 158 SHIP Site 50-10-68-03522 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 159 SHIP Site 50-10-68-03524 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 164 SHIP Site 50-10-68-24897 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 165 SHIP Site 50-10-68-24898 (component of Site 4368)............................................... 167 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-07361............................................................................................. 175 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24901............................................................................................. 189 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24902............................................................................................. 192 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24903............................................................................................. 194 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24905............................................................................................. 196 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24906............................................................................................. 198 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24907............................................................................................. 199 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24908............................................................................................. 201 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24909............................................................................................. 203 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24910............................................................................................. 208 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24911............................................................................................. 210 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24912............................................................................................. 211 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24913............................................................................................. 214 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24914............................................................................................. 215 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24915............................................................................................. 216 SHIP SITE 50-10-68-24916............................................................................................. 218 iv Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii Table of Contents 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................221 6. DETERMINATION OF EFFECT .........................................................................224 REFERENCES CITED.................................................................................................225 APPENDIXA.................................................................................................................234 FIGURES Page 1. Project area location..................................................................................................................................2 2. Map of Tax Map Key (TMK)parcels included within the project area with the Areas of Direct Impact for the proposed project indicated. ..............................................................................................3 3. Google Earth Aerial image showing the location of the current project area. ..........................................4 4. Overall development plan for the current project area with the proposed development areas outlined in green and the proposed conservation area shaded yellow.....................................................5 5.Makai portion of the current project area, oblique aerial view to the northeast. ......................................7 6.Mauka portion of the current project area, oblique aerial view to the northeast.......................................7 7. Geology within the project area(Trusdell and Lockwood 2020). ............................................................8 8. Soils within the project area(Soil Survey Staff 2022)..............................................................................8 9. "Ninole Gulch `a`d lava flow along the southern boundary of the current project area, oblique aerialview to the east. .............................................................................................................................9 10. Punalu`u Bay black sand beach in the northwestern corner of the project area, oblique aerial viewto the northwest...............................................................................................................................9 11. Brackish ponds at Ninole Cove in the southwestern corner of the project area, oblique aerial viewto the southwest............................................................................................................................. 10 12. Black Sand Beach, LLC, conceptual development plan....................................................................... 11 14. Cartographic sketch of the District of Ka`u indicating the various zones of sea and land and their uses by Hawaiians (from Handy et al. 1991:554)with the location of the current project areaindicated......................................................................................................................................... 16 15. Kawaihuokauila Pond along the shore of Punaluu Bay,view to the south. ........................................ 19 16. Coastal ponds at Ninole, oblique aerial view to the south....................................................................20 17. Map of kuleana(LCAw.)and grant parcels located in coastal Ninole,Wailau, and Punaluu ahupua`a................................................................................................................................................29 18.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1409. (prepared by J.F. Brown in 1885) showing grant parcels sold in the vicinity of the current project area...........................................................................30 19. July 19, 1852 map of Grants Nos. 821 and 828 located at the coast of the current project area (Barrera and Hommon 1972:56)............................................................................................................30 20. Undated photgraph of a native grass house at Punaluu (Lyman Memorial Museum).........................34 21. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 433, "Chart of Punaluu Roadstead," showing the coast of the current project area during the late 1870s....................................................................................36 22. Punalu`u Beach in ca. 1890 with Peter Lee's Hotel visible in background(Hawai`i State Archives, PP-30-6-018).........................................................................................................................37 23.View of Punaluu landing from Peter Lee's Hotel in ca. 1890 (Lyman Memorial Museum). .............37 Addendum AIS:Punaluu Black Sands Project,Punaluu,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii v Table of Contents 24. Punalu`u Village during the late 1800s,view to the south(E.B. Scott Collection,Hawaii State Archives). ..............................................................................................................................................38 25. Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1455 prepared by M.D. Monsarrat in 1887, showing the location of the current project area. .................................................................................................39 26. Undated photograph of the Punalu`u terminus of the Hawaiian Agricultural Company railroad (from Conde and Best 1973:32).............................................................................................................40 27. Photograph of Punalu`u harbor in ca. 1905 (from Kelly 1980:vi), showing the recently built warehouse. .............................................................................................................................................41 28. Punalu`unui Heiau(foreground), oblique aerial view to the west. .......................................................42 29. Plan view of Lampao Heiau by Stokes (1991:133). .............................................................................42 30. Ka`ie`ie Heiau (foreground),oblique aerial view to the northeast. ......................................................43 31. Photos of Punalu`u landing,warehouse, and workers, ca. 1915 (Hawai`i State Archives, (top) PP-30-6-001 (bottom) PP-30-6-002).....................................................................................................44 32. Portion of map prepared by Jas. B. Mann in 1919 (KS Map 5474) of Punalu`u Ahupua`a showing features within the project area. ..............................................................................................45 33. "Sacrificial stone"near Punalu`unui Heiau with the HAC sugar warehouse at Punaluu Landing in the background. Photograph taken by T. Kelsey prior to 1920 (from Kelly 1980:35)......................46 34. 1919 Sanborn fire insurance map showing the 14AC sugar warehouse at Punalu`u............................46 35. Portion of the 1924 U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series quadrangle,Hounapo,HI showing the project area.........................................................................................................................................................47 36. 1929 chart of Punalu`u Harbor(Bishop Museum Archives). ...............................................................48 37. Punalu`u black sand beach during the mid-20th century, showing fishing boats and canoe sheds (Hawai`i County Planning Department 2017).......................................................................................49 38. Close-up of former canoe shelters at Punalu`u Beach(Lyman Memorial Museum)............................49 39. 1954 aerial photograph showing the project area. ................................................................................50 40. 1965 aerial photograph showing the project area. ................................................................................51 41. Portion of the 1966 U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series quadrangle, Punaluu,HI showing the project area.........................................................................................................................................................52 42. Photograph of the fishpond at Ninole in 1959 (Handy et al. 1991:607)...............................................54 43. July 4, 1964 photograph of Punalu`unui Heiau looking west towards Punalu`u Village (B.P. Bishop Museum Archives negative H-1198 a-e)...................................................................................56 44. Previous archaeological studies conducted within the current project area..........................................59 45. Barrera and Hommon(1972:2) site location map, adapted by Tulchin et al. (2006:42)to show sites by function (shaded areas indicate present golf course and road). Current project area indicated.................................................................................................................................................60 46. Location of survey areas and site locations from Crozier and barrera(1974:3)...................................66 47. Beginning stages of the Punalu`u Village Restaurant construction (Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972)......................................................................................................................................................70 48. Completed Punalu`u Village Restaurant(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1973b)...........................................71 49. Early development of the Punalu`u coastal area(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1973b)...............................72 50. Aerial photograph of the recently completed Sea Mountain Resort in ca. 1975...................................72 51. Tsunami damage to Punalu`u Village Restaurant(The Honolulu Advertiser 1975b). .........................73 52. Photograph of house damaged by the tsunami at Punalu`u (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1975).................74 53. Photograph showing tsunami damage at Punalu`u (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1975)..............................74 vi Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii Table of Contents 54. Sketch map by Loomis (1975:24) showing the houses destroyed at Punalu`u by the November 29, 1975 tsunami....................................................................................................................................75 55. 1978 aerial photograph showing the current project area.....................................................................75 56. Portion of the 1982 U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series quadrangle, Punaluu,HI showing the current projectarea.............................................................................................................................................76 57. Proposed redevelopment plans for the Punalu`u Resort Property(Clark 1988)...................................77 58. Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986: A-4) site map...................................................................................79 59. Photograph of the old Government Road along the Punalu`u coastline (Pang 1991a).........................80 61. Site map prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:52) of the mauka sites identified during their AIS. ...........82 62. Site map prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:53) of the makai sites identified during their AIS. ............83 63. Map showing the areas of direct impact that were subject to pedestrian survey. .................................89 64. Location of the old Punalu`u Village Restaurant with Kawaihuokauila Pond visible in the foreground(right), oblique aerial view to the north. .............................................................................90 65. Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the east...........................................................91 66. Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the north.........................................................91 67. Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant Bar, view to the northwest. ..............................................................92 68. Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the north.........................................................92 69. Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the southwest. ................................................93 70. Old wooden bridge crossing an artificial water channel next to Kawaihuokauila Pond,view to thesouth.................................................................................................................................................93 71. Existing parking lot near the old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the northwest. .......................94 72. Single-family residence located across Ninole Loop Road from the restaurant next to the existing golf course,view to the west....................................................................................................94 73. Survey area for the Colony II condominiums, oblique aerial view to the west. ...................................95 74. Typical vegetation within the survey area for the Colony II condominiums,view to the north...........95 75. Survey area for the proposed Village and Wellness Center, oblique aerial view to the southwest. ..............................................................................................................................................96 76. Golf check-in sign along Ninole Loop Road,view to the south...........................................................97 77. Former tennis center/golf check-in building,view to the south............................................................97 78. Old tennis courts,view to the south......................................................................................................98 79. Typical vegetation within the survey area for the Colony II condominiums,view to the north...........98 80. Aspen Institute survey area, oblique aerial view to the northwest........................................................99 81. Existing Aspen Institute Facility,view to the south. .......................................................................... 100 82. Existing Aspen Institute Facility,view to the southwest. ................................................................... 100 83. Interior of the Aspen Institute Facility,view to the south................................................................... 101 84. Road leading to the Aspen Institute parking lot,view to the west...................................................... 101 85. Golf clubhouse and parking lot survey area, oblique aerial view to the north.................................... 102 86. Golf clubhouse and parking lot,view to the northeast........................................................................ 102 87. Interior of the golf clubhouse,view to the southwest......................................................................... 103 88. Golf clubhouse parking lot,view to the south. ................................................................................... 103 89. Site location map showing all of the sites previously documented by Tulchin et al. (2006)and their recommended mitigation status based on the results of the current fieldwork............................ 105 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii vii Table of Contents 90. Plan view of Site 3512 Lampao Heiau from Crozier(1972:10)......................................................... 107 91. Site 3512, stratigraphic profile of ST-1 prepared by Crozier(1972:12)............................................. 108 92. Worked piece of volcanic glass recovered from Site 3512 (drawing by Crozier 1972:12)................108 93. Location of Lampao Heiau(Site 50-10-68-03512), oblique aerial view to the north......................... 110 94. Typical vegetation cover at Lampao Heiau(Site 50-10-68-03512),view to the west........................111 95. Site 3513,petroglyphs surrounded by modern rock wall,view to the southwest............................... 112 96. General location of the Site 3513 petroglyphs, oblique aerial view to the east.................................. 113 97. Plan view of the Site 3513 petroglyphs prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:70).................................... 113 98. Photographs of individual Site 3513 petroglyphs (Tulchin et al. 2006:72). ....................................... 114 99. Plan view of Site 3515 (Tulchin et al. 2006:74). ................................................................................ 116 100. Location of Site 3515, oblique aerial view to the southeast. ............................................................ 116 101. Location of the Site 4309,oblique aerial view to the north.............................................................. 117 102.Plan view of the Site B9-31 (Site 4309 Feature A)prepared by Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986:24) ............................................................................................................................................. 118 103.Plan view of the Site 4309 `Burial Bluff Complex"prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:79)..............118 104. Plan view of Site 4309 Features A through D (Tulchin et al. 2006:80)............................................ 120 105. Site 4309 Feature A,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:81). .............................................. 120 106. Site 4309 Feature B,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:81)................................................. 121 107. Site 4309 Feature C,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:82). ............................................... 121 108. Site 4309 Feature D,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:82)......................................................... 122 110. Site 4309 Feature E,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:83). .............................................. 123 111. Plan view of Site 4309 Features F through I and Site 24899 (Tulchin et al. 2006:85).....................124 112. Site 4309 Feature F,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:86)................................................. 124 113. Site 4309 Feature G,view to the north (Tulchin et al. 2006:86)....................................................... 125 114. Site 4309 Feature H,view to the southeast (Tulchin et al. 2006:87)............................................... 125 115. Site 4309 Feature 1,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:87)................................................. 126 116. Plan view of Site 4309 Feature J (Tulchin et al. 2006:88)................................................................ 127 117. Site 4309 Feature J,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:88)................................................. 127 118. Site 4309 Feature B, C, and D, covered in dense vegetation,view to the east................................. 128 119. Site 4309 Feature 1,view to the west................................................................................................ 129 120. Site 4309 Feature J,view to the north............................................................................................... 129 121.Hokuloa Congregational Church and Cemetery,view to the northeast............................................ 130 122.Hokuloa Congregational Church and Cemetery (Site 7370), oblique aerial view to the south showing its location within the Site 4309 Burial Bluff Complex........................................................ 131 123. Site 24899 Feature A,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:93). ............................................. 132 124. Site 24899 Feature A,view to the north. .......................................................................................... 133 125. Plan view of Site 24900 (Tulchin et al. 2006:95). ............................................................................ 134 126. Site 24900 Feature A ku`ula,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:96). ........................................ 135 127. Site 24900 Feature B,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:96). ............................................ 135 128. Site 24900 Feature C,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:97)....................................................... 136 129. Site 24900 Feature D,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:97)....................................................... 137 viii Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii Table of Contents 130. Photograph of Site 24900 Feature A taken during the current fieldwork,view to the northwest.....137 131. Site 24900 Feature C,view to the east.............................................................................................. 138 132. Site 4310, oblique aerial view to the north. ...................................................................................... 139 133.Portion of USGS Topographic Map,Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within Wailau Complex(Site 4310) (Tulchin et al. 2006:100). .........................................140 135. Plan view of Site 4310 Features A through D (Tulchin et al. 2006:101).......................................... 141 136. Site 4310 Feature B,view to the south (Tulchin et al. 2006:102)..................................................... 142 137. Plan view Site 4310 Features E through H(Tulchin et al. 2006:108). ............................................. 143 138. Site 4310 Feature F,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:109)..................................................... 144 139. Site 4310 Feature A,view to the south............................................................................................. 145 140. Site 4310 Features B through H within dense vegetation,view to the southeast. ............................ 146 141. Plan view of Site 4330 (Tulchin et al. 2006:112)............................................................................. 147 142. Site 4330,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:113)............................................................... 148 143. Photograph of the former location of Site 4330 taken during the current fieldwork,view to the west...................................................................................................................................................... 148 144. Site 4360 wall,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:116)...................................................... 150 145. Site 4360 wall,view to the south...................................................................................................... 150 146. Portion of USGS Topographic Map, Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within the K61oa-Ninole Complex(Site 4368) (Tulchin et la. 2006:118)..........................151 147. General area of Site 4368, showing the Ninole School site,the Old Government Road, and the Ninole Pond,oblique aerial view to the north with Ka`ie`ie Heiau visible in the foreground. ...........152 148. Plan view of Site 3519 (Tulchin et al. 2006:120)............................................................................. 153 149. Site 3519 Feature A,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:121). ............................................ 154 150. Plan view of Site 3520 (Tulchin et al. 2006:123). ............................................................................ 155 151. Site 3520 Feature A,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:124).............................................. 156 152. Site 3520 Feature A interior terrace,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:125). ...................156 153. Site 3520 Feature C,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:125)....................................................... 157 154. Site 3521 trail,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:127)........................................................ 158 155. Plan view of Site 3522 (Tulchin et al. 2006:129)............................................................................. 159 156. Site 3522 Feature A enclosure, makai wall,view to the north (Tulchin et al. 2006:130)................160 157. Site 3522 Feature B raised walkway,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:131). ...................161 158. Site 3522 Feature C interior platform,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:131)..................162 159. Site 3522 Feature D paving,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:133).................................. 162 160.Ninole School (Site 3522),oblique aerial view to the north............................................................. 163 162. Plan view of Site 24897 Features A and B (Tulchin et al. 2006:137)............................................... 166 163. Plan view of Site 24897 Features B and C (Tulchin et al. 2006:139)............................................... 167 164. Plan view of Site 24898 (Tulchin et al. 2006:142)........................................................................... 168 165. Site 24898 Feature A,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:143)............................................ 169 166. Site 24898 Feature B,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:143).................................................... 169 167. Site 24898 Feature C, lower terrace,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:144)............................. 170 168. Site 24898 Feature C,upper platform,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:144)...........................170 169. Site 24898 Feature D,view to the south (Tulchin et al. 2006:146).................................................. 171 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii ix Table of Contents 170. Site 24898 Feature E,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:146). ..........................................172 171. Site 24898 Feature F,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:147)................................................... 172 172. Site 24898 Feature G,view to the south (Tulchin et al. 2006:147). ................................................. 173 173. Site 24898 Feature H,view to the north (Tulchin et al. 2006:148)................................................... 173 174. Site 24898 Feature I,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:148)............................................. 174 175. Site 7361, oblique aerial view to the east.......................................................................................... 175 176. Portion of USGS Topographic Map, Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within the Punalu`u Harbor Complex(Site 7361).............................................................. 176 177. Plan view Site 7361 Feature A wharf(Tulchin et al. 2006:152)....................................................... 178 178. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 1 cement foundation,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:153)........................................................................................................................................ 179 179. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 1 cement foundation profile,view to the northeast (Tulchin et al. 2006:153). .................................................................................................................... 179 180. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 3 cement block with inscription,view to the northeast (Tulchin et al. 2006:154). .................................................................................................................... 180 181. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 3 cement pillars,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:154)............................................................................................................................................. 180 182. Plan view of Site 7361 Features B-E (Tulchin et al. 2006:156). ...................................................... 181 183. Site 7361 Feature B,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:157). ............................................. 181 184. Site 7361 Feature C,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:157)....................................................... 182 185. Site 7361 Feature D,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:158)...................................................... 182 186. Site 7361 Feature E,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:158)............................................... 183 187. Plan view of Site 7361 Features F through H(Tulchin et al. 2006:160). ......................................... 185 188. Site 7361 Feature F,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:161)............................................... 186 189. Site 7361 Feature G,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:161). ............................................. 186 190. Site 7361 Feature H northern portion of platform,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:163)............................................................................................................................................. 187 191. Site 7361 Feature H Subfeature 1,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:163)......................... 188 192. Site 7361 Feature H Subfeature 7,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:163). ................................ 188 193. Site 7361, damaged portion of Feature A,view to the south............................................................ 189 194. Plan view of Site 24901 from Crozier and Barrera(1974:18) (in Tulchin et al. 2006:167).............190 195. Location of Site 24901, oblique aerial view to the northwest........................................................... 191 196. Plan view of Site 24902 (Tulchin et al. 2006:170)........................................................................... 192 197. Location of Site 24902,view to the west.......................................................................................... 193 198. Site 24903, oblique aerial view to the northwest.............................................................................. 194 199. Site 24903 plan view (Tulchin et al. 2006:173)................................................................................ 195 200. Site 24903,view to the southeast...................................................................................................... 196 201. Site 24905,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:176)...................................................................... 197 202. Site 24905,view to the east. ............................................................................................................. 197 203. Site 24906,view to the east. ............................................................................................................. 198 204.Mauka portion of project area showing the approximate locations of Sites 24907 through 24910, oblique aerial view to the southeast......................................................................................... 199 x Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii Table of Contents 205. Site 24907,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:55)...............................................................200 206. Site 24907,view to the north............................................................................................................200 207. Plan view of Site 24908 (Tulchin et al. 2006:56). ............................................................................201 208. Site 24908, Test Unit 1, stratigraphic profile, east wall (Tulchin et al. 2006:234)...........................202 209. Site 24908,view to the northwest.....................................................................................................203 210. Plan view of Site 24909 (Tulchin et al. 2006:60). ............................................................................205 211. Site 24909 Feature A,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:59)......................................................206 212. Site 24909 Feature A, Old Mamalahoa Road bridge foundation at Ninole Gulch crossing,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:59)....................................................................................................206 213. Site 24909 Feature B,view to the south(Tulchin et al. 2006:61). ...................................................207 214. Site 24909, Feature B,view to the northeast. ...................................................................................207 215. Plan view of Site 24910 (Tulchin et al. 2006:63).............................................................................208 216. Site 24910,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:62)...............................................................209 217. Site 24910,view to the northwest.....................................................................................................209 218. Plan view of Site 24911 (Tulchin et al. 2006:178). ..........................................................................210 219. Site 24911,view to the west. ............................................................................................................211 220. Site 24912 plan view(Tulchin et al. 2006:181)................................................................................212 221. Site 24912,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:180). ..................................................................213 222. Site 24912,view to the north. ...........................................................................................................213 223. Site 24913 well,view to the west. ....................................................................................................214 224. Site 24914 cave,view to the west.....................................................................................................215 225. Site 24915 Feature C,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:185).............................................217 226. Overview of Site 24916 (Tulchin et al. 2006:189). ..........................................................................218 227. Plan view of Site 24916 (Tulchin et al. 2006:189). ..........................................................................219 228. Site 24916,petroglyph,view to the north.........................................................................................219 229. Site 24916,papamu,view to the north. ............................................................................................220 230. Overlay of the site locations on the proposed development plan......................................................223 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii xi Table of Contents TABLES Page 1.Kuleana parcels awarded in the vicinity of the project area. ..................................................................28 2. Grant parcels included within the current project area. ..........................................................................28 3. Sites documented within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a prior to 1970...................................58 4. Sites documented within Wailau and Ninole ahupua`a by Barrera and Hommon (1972). ....................59 5. Sites documented by the Bishop Museum within Punalu`u Ahupua`a prior to 1972.............................65 6. Sites within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a by Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986)..................78 7. Sites documented within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole by Tulchin et al. (2006:49-51).* ....................85 Table7. continued.......................................................................................................................................86 Table7. continued.......................................................................................................................................87 8. Archaeological sites identified by Tulchin et al. (2006)....................................................................... 104 9. Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-4309 described by Tulchin et al. (2006)............................................ 119 10. Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-04310............................................................................................... 139 11. Component sites of SIHP Site 50-10-68-04368.................................................................................. 151 12. Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-07361 described by Tulchin et al. (2006)........................................ 176 13. Site significance and treatment recommendations..............................................................................222 xii Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1. Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of Black Sand Beach,LLC(landowner),ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted an addendum archaeological inventory survey (AIS)for the roughly 433-acre Black Sand Beach property (the"project area")located in Punalu`u, Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a,Ka`u District,Island of Hawaii on Tax Map Keys(TMKs):(3)9-5-019:011,015,024, 026, 030, 031; (3) 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; (3) 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, and 053 (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The project area is the location of the existing Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u, and the current project proposes redevelopment and improvement activities within a roughly 142-acre portion of the overall project area located on portions of TMKs: (3) 9-5-019: 011,015,026,031; (3) 9-6-001:002,003,013;(3) 9-6-002: 038 and 053 (referred to here after as"the area of direct impacts;"see Figure 2).The proposed redevelopment and improvement activities will range from the construction of new buildings and roadways to the rehabilitation of existing structures and the restoration of the existing golf course (Figure 4). The proposed project will also create a roughly 42-acre coastline management and conservation area that includes the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park. This archaeological study was conducted in support of a County of Hawaii Special Management Area(SMA)use permit application for the proposed project,and in anticipation of the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division's(DLNR-SHPD's)HRS Chapter 6E-42 review of that application as well as future development permitting that may be required for project implementation. The current project area was the subject of an earlier AIS study titled Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Approximately 430-Acre Sea Mountain at Punalu`u Resort, Punalu`u, Wailau, and Nanole Ahupua`a, Ka`u District, Island ofIlawai`i, TMK: [3]9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030-031; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037-038, 053(Tulchin et al.2006).That study,which was prepared in accordance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-284 and the Rules Governing Minimal Standards for Archaeological Inventory Surveys and Reports as contained in HAR §13-276, documented 34 historic properties within the project area that were assessed for significance and recommended for mitigation as part of previously proposed redevelopment of the subject parcels. The draft Tulchin et al. (2006)AIS report was the subject of initial Chapter 6E-42 review by DLNR-SHPD who,in a letter dated February 26, 2007 (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; Appendix A), indicated that the background section of the report was acceptable, and the field survey was adequate. DLNR-SHPD also concurred with the significance evaluations for the documented historic properties presented in the draft report and agreed that all of the sites recommended for preservation should be preserved. DLNR-SHPD did, however, request that two revisions be included in the final draft of the report prior to its acceptance: (1)that three sites recommended for no further work(SIHP Sites 50-10-68-24902, a wall, 50-10-68-24908, an enclosure, and 50-10-68-24910, a mound)be considered for preservation;and(2)that an overlay of the proposed development on the site location map be prepared. With respect to the second revision,the 2007 DLNR-SHPD review letter stated that: We cannot at this time further evaluate mitigation commitments specific to the preservation.Neither the archaeological inventory survey report nor the EIS(concurrently under review)have acceptable copies of an overlay indicating the location of the sites within the proposed development. Both documents have proposed development maps,as well as site location maps,but a map merging the two would be beneficial prior to evaluating specific preservation possibilities.Based on preliminary overlays,it appears that several of these sites,including Lampao heiau(SIHP 3512)and habitation site (SIHP 24901)will be surrounded by development/construction under the proposed plans. We would like the opportunity to evaluate the proposal in tandem with site location.Please provide said overlay in the final report. [see Appendix A] Since the proposed project that the Tulchin et al. (2006)report was prepared for never occurred,the revisions to the draft AIS were never completed and the report was never finalized or accepted by DLNR-SHPD.The current study is intended to address the 2007 DLNR-SHPD comments on the draft AIS and to provide updated condition assessments and treatment recommendations for previously documented sites. The scope of work for this addendum AIS,which included pedestrian survey of the area of direct impacts and the preparation of updated condition assessments and treatment recommendations for sites previously documented within the overall project area by Tulchin et al. (2006), was discussed and agreed upon with DLNR-SHPD Hawaii Island Lead Archaeologist Nicole Mello. This report presents a description of the project area, the proposed project, and the area of direct impacts, followed by a brief culture-historical context and archaeological background, and a set of project area expectations based on that information. The review of background material is followed by an explanation of the field methods, a description of the field findings, and a presentation of significance evaluations and updated treatment recommendations for the documented sites along with a recommended determination of effect for the proposed project. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nclole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1 1. Introduction Ji Cpfral N Z Area of Detail .. 0 200 Km / k J! ; \V 'ram � ►► LAVA IJ r ti o , eter �� IS4�- ��''6 ,,�f i r-`--,✓ �i '�C• I�l 200 rS Borrow It // O 8 76 F l 1 I i 9 I h �11 l e emetery� tl MNA(LPU REACH PARR l \ NTno a e Av i o/ LLU 411 C \ i lik K/ Portion of USGS 7.5'Quadrangle Punaluu, 1995 0 � o LA %Q Project area KUhUaBray 0 200 400 © Not in project area 0 Meters Figure 1.Project area location. 2 Addendum AIS:Punaluu Black Sands Project,Punaluu,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1. Introduction TM- Area of Direct Impact 0 Excluded from project area _1 Project area Golf course redevelopment area r *tap9-5-019-030 r 9-5-1� 119-(111 9-5-019-015 9-6-002-038 9-6-00�2-053 9-5-)19-031 �,J 1 R. ff+mwe. +fir 1 9-5-019-026' h 9-6-001-001 1f � 6-002-037, o , F 9-b-002-008 �- 9-6-001-013 tft 001-003 9-6-001-006 w 0 Nlcters 9-6-001-6I1 0 loo 200 9-6-001-01� Figure 2.Map of Tax Map Key(TMK)parcels included within the project area with the Areas of Direct Impact for the proposed project indicated. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 3 1. Introduction d Q N Area of Detail A' 0 200 Km w sF YRR '.A W• s u i r, � yy,pp o too 200 Project area v Meters F7 Not in project area Figure 3. Google Earth Aerial image showing the location of the current project area. 4 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1. Introduction vo P v A. . ' „got r r 7 .t o too zoo ■ 0 Meters Figure 4.Overall development plan for the current project area with the proposed development areas outlined in green and the proposed conservation area shaded yellow. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 5 1. Introduction PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The current project area includes roughly 430 acres (encompassing multiple TMK parcels)located both mauka and makai of Mamalahoa Highway (Route 11) within Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a, Ka`u District, Island of Hawaii(see Figures 1, 2, and 3). The project area encompasses 1.4 kilometers of coastline situated between Ninole Cove(to the southwest) and Punalu`u Bay(to the southeast)and extends 2.4 kilometers inland from the coast to the Old Government Main Road.Elevations within the project area range from sea level to roughly 375 feet(115 meters) above mean sea level(amsl).The project area is bounded to the south by undeveloped State-owned lands;to the north by several small, privately-owned, residential parcels, as well as a few larger parcels of undeveloped land that are owned by the State and Kamehameha Schools;and to the east by to the alignment of the Old Government Main Road to Hilea. The makai portion of the project area (Figure 5) is accessed by Ninole Loop Road, which loops from Mamalahoa Highway to the coast and back to the highway. The mauka portion of the project area(Figure 6) can be accessed from Mamalahoa Highway by way of either Alahaki Road or the Old Government Main Road. Geologically (Trusdell and Lockwood 2020),the project area is situated on mixed `a`a and pahoehoe lava flows of Ka`u Basalt that originated from Mauna Loa Volcano between 2,000 and 5,000 years before present(B.P.)(Figure 7). The coast, and much of the southern portion of the project area(extending inland to the Old Government Main Road),is situated on a pahoehoe lava flow that is classified by Trusdell and Lockwood(2020)as the youngest member of the general4,000-5,000 years B.P.age group for Mauna Loa lava flows(labeled"Wailau Flow"or"p5cl"in Figure 7). Two radiocarbon age determinations obtained from charcoal samples collected from the surface of this lava flow indicate that it most likely occurred sometime between 3,800 and 3,900 years B.P.Most of the remainder of the project area is situated on an `a`a lava flow that is classified by Trusdell and Lockwood(2020)as the second youngest member of the general 2,000-3,000 years B.P. age group for Mauna Loa lava flows (labeled"Ninole Gulch Flow" or"a3g2" in Figure 7). Surface dates collected from this flow indicate that it likely occurred sometime between 2,300 and 2,440 years B.P.A small portion of the northeastern corner of the project area is situated on an `a`a lava flow that is classified by Trusdell and Lockwood(2020)as the fourth youngest member of the general 2,000-3,000 years B.P.age group for Mauna Loa lava flows(labeled"a3i4"in Figure 7, and also called the"Ninole Flow"). Surface dates collected from this flow indicate that it may have occurred sometime between 2,313 and 2,920 years B.P. Thin,well-drained, organic soils have developed on the surfaces of these lava flows across much of the current project area(Sato et al. 1973:48; Soil Survey Staff 2022). Soils overlaying the pahoehoe lava in the coastal portion of the project area are classified as Kanohina ashy very fine sandy loam on 2 to 10 percent slopes (labeled "272"in Figure 8), while those further inland, on both the `a`a and pahoehoe lava flows, are classified as Puueo extremely cobbly medial silt loam on 2 to 20 percent slopes (labeled"536" and"569" in Figure 8). This soil also surrounds a small pocket of Kanohina ashy very fine sandy loam(Soil Survey Staff 2022).The `a`a lava flows along the eastern and western boundaries of the project area,where less soil development has occurred(Figure 9),are classified either as lava flows of the Puueo complex on 2 to 20 percent slopes(labeled"541"in Figure 8),or simply as lava flows-`a`a on 2 to 20 percent slopes(labeled"10"in Figure 8)(Soil Survey Staff 2022).Additionally,a deposit of black sand is present in the northeastern corner of the project area at the coast of Punalu`u Bay (Figure 10). The project area receives a mean annual rainfall of 978 millimeters (38.5 inches), and has an average daily temperature of 74 degrees Fahrenheit (Giambelluca et al. 2014). Although this part of Ka`u is typically dry, the shoreline contains numerous freshwater springs and brackish ponds,both at Ninole Cove and inland of the black sand beach at Punalu`u Bay, that are fed by underground waters carried through the aquifer. Also, Ninole Gulch, which courses through the western portion of the project area follows the boundary between the Ninole Gulch `a`a flow and the Wailau pahoehoe flow shown in Figure 7,intermittently flows with run-off during times of heavy rain. Much of the current project area was developed during the 1960-70s as part of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u and,as a result,much of the ground surface has been previously disturbed.Existing development within the project area includes an 18-hole golf course with a pro-shop and club house,a tennis center,a restaurant and cultural center, the Aspen Institute's conference facility, a County of Hawaii Beach Park, a maintenance facility, sewage treatment plant, two sewage pump stations, potable water well and treatment facilities, a reservoir and associated parking,access roads,water and electrical utilities. Also present within lands surrounded by the project area,but not owned by the Black Sand Beach, LLC, are the Colony I Condominiums, the Kalana Golf Estates Subdivision, and several privately owned residences located near the coast. Even the lands not directly used for resort development within the project area were mechanically cleared as part of prior development activities. Today,with the exception of the Colony I Condominiums,the privately-owned residences at the coast,the County of Hawaii Beach Park, and some of the associated roadway/parking improvements,nearly all of former resort infrastructure has been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. 6 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1. Introduction Fry . zi s 8 yea afi t g ' .e„�`i'. a r y ..... � aLx � Figure 5.Makai portion of the current project area,oblique aerial view to the northeast. i'dil IN! # ` M"Wilm �t- Figure 6.Mauka portion of the current project area,oblique aerial view to the northeast. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 7 1. Introduction 04, l� o� � x �lotr-�L 0 ❑r41?,IVFounl.uf7 / Q Project area a3e2,NTnole Gulch flow 1)1f5,Kipukaneneflow pa.Pahala Ash K,Ki➢auca a3i4,Ninole flow p5cl,,L•ailau flow t0outhern tephra a2i .Keapohina flow m4j5,Mountain House flow p5113,F1ow 642 a_a?.F1uw 634 u,NmoleBasalt p6al,Flow 745 Figure 7.Geology within the project area(Trusdell and Lockwood 2020). r \5M3 6 272 1,570 t 734 I 272 I O Project area 539 Kanohina-Lava flows complex,10 to 20 percent slopes 10 Lava flows,W a,2 to 20 percent slopes 541 Lava flows-Puuco complex,2 to 20 perccnt slopes 271 Lava flows-Kanoh ina complex,2 to 20 percent slopes 569 Puueo extremely cobbly medial silt loam,10 to 20 percent slopes 272 Kanohina ashy very fine sandy loam,2 to 10 percent slopes 570 Kanohina-Ustifluvenls-Lava flows complex,3 to 10 percent slopes 523 Naalchu medial silty clay loam,20 to 35 perccnt slopes 734 Kanohina-Lava flows complex,2 to 10 percent slopes 536 Puueo extremely cobbly medial silt loam,2 to 10 percent slopes Sal Survey Staff,Natural Resources Con—atron Serdce.United States Department of Agriculture Sal Survey a 'nn Jnn Geographic(SSU RGO)Database.Available.,line at MID JNd.dalaaccess.sc.eg.v.usda.g.v.Accessed 3/12023 OMeters Figure 8. Soils within the project area(Soil Survey Staff 2022). 8 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 1. Introduction f - -60 hL � .� r'is Figure 9."Ninole Gulch `a`d lava flow along the southern boundary of the current project area,oblique aerial view to the east. � a i Figure 10.Punalu`u Bay black sand beach in the northwestern corner of the project area,oblique aerial view to the northwest. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 9 1. Introduction 4 at 1 3 '�!* epeyyr Figure 11.Brackish ponds at Ninole Cove in the southwestern corner of the project area,oblique aerial view to the southwest. The vegetation pattern within the current project area is largely reflective of the prior resort development and land clearing activities that have occurred (Group 70 International 2006). Within the existing golf course and other previously developed portions of the subject property, introduced grasses,planted palms and trees such as pines and eucalyptus, and ornamentals are most common. Much of the currently undeveloped(but previously cleared)portion of the project area is now covered with a secondary growth of weedy vegetation dominated by haole koa(Leucaena leucocephala), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), and Christmas-berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), with introduced tree species such as Monkeypod (Samanea saman), Java Plum (Syzigium cumini), African Tulip (Spathodea campanulata), and Autograph trees(Clusia rosea)also present,and other weeds and vines growing throughout. The native tree Alahe`e (Psydrax odoratum) occurs with some frequency on the `a`d flow that forms the southern boundary of the current project area,where prior land clearing activities are not as widespread.The coastal portion of the project area contains the greatest concentration of native plants, however. Prior botanical survey of the coastal strand (Group 70 International 2006) identified several native plants in this area including Naupaka (Scaevola taccada), Ilima(Sida fallax), Akulikuli(Sesuvium portulacastrum), `Ohelo kai(Lycium sandwicense),Nanea(Vigna marina), Pau o Hi`iaka (Iacquemontia ovalifolia), Niu (coconut; Cocos nucifera), and Pohuehue (Ipomoea pescaprae),as well as a few small stands of the endangered Loulu palm(Pritchardia affinis). THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND THE AREA OF DIRECT IMPACTS The project currently proposed by Black Sand Beach,LLC includes the development/redevelopment of five specific areas within the overall project area totaling roughly 141.73 acres (labeled 1 through 5 in Figure 12). The proposed development/redevelopment activities will occur within previously disturbed portions of the project area situated makai of Highway 11(see Figure 4)and will avoid direct impacts to any of the previously identified historic properties (Tulchin et al. 2006).It is the roughly 141.73-acre area proposed for development/redevelopment that constitutes the area of direct impacts for the proposed project. No development activities will occur outside of the footprint of that area. 10 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii £ mtro+gm o . � 7« \ % . � - , ©# . . .- . . -• > . � . \ § _ - \ < \ ... \ _ u 0 Ca \ )k 2 , , .j } k \%\ LL )o \\ § / / \ ■ \��\� E, k2 § � cc c / g\ > ; R;;ja § *� �§o ) {, / \= EE®®§�E � 7 {+ 7) ` ® ` ° 0 k\ « -6\ yx C 7 ) \\ \\ LU = ao a CC � `:U o (DwEI ; ±3r2§2a= CU r G } e»- ;; a o : w «CL# 2 „ o, R � : § ! § ! \c o --4 0 ?qf�/a �2m , m= IE_= w§a-zmzo 3 . 0 2 w . C . 3 . 3ƒ. I qr L . . to . . . . . . / % Addendum AI&Pun%a Black Sands Project,Pun%%wqa Nmole, � w 6 Q 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The five locations proposed for development/redevelopment within the Punalu`u Resort by Black Sand Beach, LLC include: (1) roughly 7 acres (portions of TMKs: (3) 9-6-001:001, 003, 013, and 9-6-002:038) for the redevelopment of the old restaurant grounds near the Black Sand Beach Area and the development of a fish market, restaurant,open-air market,and public restrooms across the street;(2)4.5 acres(TMK:(3)9-5-019:031 in its entirety) for the construction of 63 new condominium units referred to as"Colony II"(next to the Colony I Condominiums); (3)roughly 27.5 acres (a portion of TMK: (3) 9-5-019:015)for the development a Village and Wellness Center that will include a sports center, a bakery/restaurant, a marine eco-center, a Ka`n coffee showroom, an amphitheater,and approximately 130 rental units;(4)2.73 acres(TMK: (3)9-5-019:026 in its entirety)for the restoration of the existing Aspen Institute facility and the development of 20-30 additional rental units; and(5)roughly 100 acres (portions of TMKs: (3) 9-5-019:011 and 9-6-002:038) for the restoration of existing golf course, driving range, and clubhouse facility. In addition to the proposed development/redevelopment activities, Black Sand Beach, LLC also intends to establish a coastline management conservation area that includes the existing Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park and roughly 42 acres of land on portions of TMKs: (3) 9-6-001:006, 011, 012, 9-6-002:008 and 9-5-019:011 and 015 (labeled 6 in Figure 12). The intention for the coastline management area is that it will be owned by the County of Hawaii,administered by the Public Access,Open Space,and Natural Resources Preservation Commission(PONC), and managed by non-profit,community-based groups with the assistance of PONC stewardship grants. 2. CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of archaeological resources that might be encountered within the current project area,and to establish an environment within which to assess the significance of any such resources, a general culture-historical context and archaeological background for the Ka`n region that includes specific information regarding the known history of Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a,and the project area is presented. This is followed by a discussion of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted within and surrounding the project area as part of the development and proposed redevelopment of the Sea Mountain Resort during the 1960s to early 2000s,which has created the cultural landscape of the project area that we experience today. The culture-historical context and archaeological background presented below is based on original research conducted by ASM at various physical and digital repositories. Primary English language and Hawaiian language resources were found at multiple state agencies,including the State Historic Preservation Division and the Department of Accounting and General Services Land Survey Division. Digital collections provided through the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Papakilo and Kipuka databases,the Ulukau Hawaiian Electronic Library,the Hawaii Genealogical Indexes, and Newspapers.com provided further historical context and information. For additional information, the reader is referred to the draft AIS previously prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006) and a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA)prepared by Orr(2006)for a previously proposed redevelopment of the current project area(the CIA report is also being updated for the purposes of the currently proposed project). A CULTURE-HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR THE CURRENT PROJECT AREA The current project area,located in the district of Ka`n near the southern tip of Hawaii Island,encompasses roughly 430 acres of coastal Ninole, Wailau, and Punalu`u ahupua`a (Figure 13). The project area is part of a larger cultural landscape, and is set within an area rich in natural and cultural resources that has been referred to as Aina Kahakai, or coastal habitation lands(Brandt et al.2019).In an effort to assess the nature and extent of traditional land use within the project area,a brief culture-historical context for the Aina Kahakai landscape of the study ahupua`a is presented. A Generalized Model of Hawaiian Prehistory The question of the timing of the first settlement of Hawaii by Polynesians remains unanswered. Several theories have been offered that are derived from various sources of information (i.e., genealogical, oral-historical, mythological,radiometric),but none of these theories is today universally accepted(c.f.,Kirch 2011).For many years, researchers have proposed that early Polynesian settlement voyages between Kahiki(the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) and Hawaii were underway by A.D. 300, with long distance voyages occurring fairly regularly through at least the thirteenth century.More recent re-evaluation of the data,however,seems to indicate that there is no concrete archaeological evidence for pre-A.D. 1000 claims, rather(Kirch 2011) and others (Athens et al. 2014;Duarte 2012;Mulrooney et al.2014;Wilmshurst et al.2011)have argued that Polynesians may not have arrived to the Hawaiian Islands until at least A.D. 1000,but expanded rapidly thereafter. It has been generally reported that the sources of the early Hawaiian population—the Hawaiian Kahiki—were the Marquesas and Society Islands(Emory inTatar 1982:16-18). 12 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background o t r 1✓ ;z s� t r /C' f- i � G 1 y d Boundary of Ka`u District Study ahupua`a(approx.) Project area w Stnlu.i Irtrh-10000 Fr Ott v 0TEl L Wc r. .Yt,.Jtj n n„1if-1hcd av zo:;c�a...,as�o ayl er wWo dd� t d lwet(tada. - _ L-,qU xde..9h—ld,hr,e—to-srrL by I Hl—te —6 is Seen 1,to ay, - wW,thL Tldhhuflr.L-91teldb. r. x+x� .Confn.�us nhnw�1,ppl"oYL�xaG4 hPtirJhfs-lntv.!'v¢G.700 I Figure 13.Portion of a Hawaii Registered Map No. 2060(prepared by John M.Donn in 1901)showing the location of the location of Ninole,Wailau,and Punalu`u ahupua`a and the project area within the District of Ka`u. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 13 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The initial settlement period was a time of great exploitation and environmental modification, when early Hawaiian farmers developed new subsistence strategies by adapting their familiar patterns and traditional tools to their new environment (Kirch 1985; Pogue 1978). Their ancient and ingrained philosophy of life tied them to their environment and kept order. Order was further assured by the conical clan principle of genealogical seniority (Kirch 1984, 2010). According to Fornander(1969), Hawaiians brought from their homeland certain universal Polynesian customs: the major gods Kane, Ku, Kanaloa, and Lono; the kapu system of law and order; cities of refuge; the `aumakua concept;various epiphenomenal beliefs;and the concept of mana. As time passed a uniquely Hawaiian culture developed.The portable artifacts found in archaeological sites of the development period of the Hawaiian Islands reflect not only an evolution of the traditional tools,but some distinctly Hawaiian inventions(Kirch 1985).As population expanded in the Hawaiian Islands so did social stratification,which was accompanied by major socioeconomic changes and intensive land modification. Once most of the ecologically favorable zones of the windward and coastal regions of the major islands were settled, the more marginal leeward areas were developed.Migrations to Hawaii from the Marquesas and Society Islands may have continued throughout the early settlement and development periods(Kirch 1985,2012). The first settlers of Ka`u established a few small communities near sheltered bays with access to fresh water such as occur within the current project area. The communities shared extended familial relations, and there was an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources.The name Ka`u has been interpreted to mean the(ka)breast (u),as the people of this district believed that the `dina(land)nourished its people in the same manner a mother would nourish her child(Handy et al. 1991;Maly 1992).Punalu`u Bay is one of the most favorable localities for fishing and canoe landing along the entire Ka`u coastline, and it undoubtedly supported one of the largest Precontact Hawaiian communities in the district(Handy et al. 1991). The sizable shoreline ponds at Ninole, Wailau, and Punalu`u fed by underground springs, provided a reliable source of freshwater for early settlers of the area, and the soil covered hillsides inland of the project area were well suited for the cultivation of many diverse crops. It is likely,based on the favorable living conditions, and the nearby access to important resources,that the lands in the vicinity of the project area were some of the first settled in the Ka`u District. The story of an early group of voyagers to arrive on the shores of Ka`u is told in the Ka`u mele inoa(name chant of Ka`u),summarized below: Kua,the mano ali`i(shark chief),described in a local Ka-`u mele inoa(name chant)in praise of him as"the red shark, huge and thick-skinned," came directly to Ka-`u shores from"Kahiki" as leader of a great company of sharks, several of his male relatives being his lieutenants. As the Hawaiians of old were versed in symbolic speech, it is our belief that Kua and his company have historical significance, not actually as fish of the deep but as a raiding party of fierce warriors ("sharks")on war canoes. As the dramatic chant of Kua describes his arrival, there were probably nine single canoes or four double canoes, each under the command of a valiant leader whose name remains celebrated in the chant of praise. One unusual feature of the story is that Kua brought with him his favourite sister, "riding on his back,"a sister having human form,and this sister,marrying a chief of Ka-`u,became the ancestress of many of the Ka-`u `ohana.Kua,the shark chief,also became a direct ancestor through mating in spirit form with a descendant of his sister: a son,Kua-opio (Young Kua)otherwise called Pakaiea (meaning a certain green seaweed), and a daughter, were the results of this union, the son having fish form; but of the daughter and her descendants it is said there were no shark-like physical characteristics except rough skin between knee and ankle,called `i`ili-a-mano(shark skin).The son is said to have been the progenitor of more than one mano-kanaka (shark-man) in his line, most famous being Kalani, recognized by the inhabitants of Ka-`u as part shark and part human. This term mano-kanaka was used by Ka-`u folk to designate sharks who were related to them by blood, and such people described themselves as"na mamo i ka halo o Kua"(children of the bosom of Kua), having the blood of Kua flowing in their veins. (Handy and Pukui 1998:36-37) The Hawaiian population of Ka`u expanded rapidly throughout the first few centuries of the new millennium (Kirch 2011), and by the fourteenth century inland elevations were being turned into dryland agricultural fields. By the fifteenth century,residency in the uplands was becoming permanent,and there was an increasing separation of the chiefly class from the common people. Sometime during the sixteenth century the population stabilized and the ahupua`a land management system was established as a socioeconomic unit (see Ellis 2004; Handy et al. 1991; Kamakau 1992;Kelly 1980;Kirch 2010;Tomonari-Tuggle 1985). 14 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The Ahupua`a Land Management System Generally speaking, ahupua`a are wedge-shaped subdivisions of land that radiate out from the center of the island, typically extending from the mountain into the sea. Their boundaries are often defined by the topography of the land and its geological features.In these land divisions the maka`ainana(native tenants)cultivated and collected resources necessary to sustain their families,and the chiefly communities with which they were associated.As long as sufficient tribute was offered and kapu(restrictions)were observed,the maka`ainana who lived in a given ahupua`a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. These access rights were almost uniformly tied to residency on a particular land, and earned as a result of taking responsibility for stewardship of the natural environment,and supplying the needs of the ah`i(see Kamakau 1992;Malo 1951). Entire ahupua`a, or smaller portions of the land called `ili were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or lesser chief-landlords, who answered to an ah`i-`ai-ahupua`a (chief who controlled the ahupua`a resources).The ah`i-`ai-ahupua`a in turn answered to an ah`i `ai moku(chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus, ahupua`a resources supported not only the maka`ainana and `ohana who lived on the land,but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms.This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resource management planning.In this system, the land provided fruits and vegetables and some meat for the diet,and the ocean provided a wealth of protein resources (Rechtman and Maly 2003). In their comprehensive ethnographic study of Ka`u,Handy and Pukui(1998:2)write"the fundamental unit in the social organization of the Hawaiians of Ka-`u was dispersed community of `ohana, or relatives by blood, marriage and adoption,living some inland and some near the sea but concentrated geographically in and tied by ancestry,birth, and sentiment to a particular locality which was termed the `aina." They relate that the concepts of `dina (literally "that which feeds")and`ohana(literally"off-shoots[specifically of a taro plant]")essentially belong to an agricultural people.The Kanaka Maoli(Native Hawaiians)of Ka`u viewed the land as a source of sustenance and life(ibid.:3).In this model, termed the `ohana model, the ahupua`a and `ili sub-divisions, which often extend from the sea to the mountain slopes,played key roles in the economic support of the `ohana,providing all that they needed for survival, and creating surpluses for the coffers of the ah`i.Handy and Pukui,who examine the settlement patterns in the central Ka`u District, attribute the unique physical environment of Ka`u with playing a determining factor in the form and nature of the dispersed `ohana community. They write, "[t]he dispersal of the households comprising the extended family (`ohana), the types of structure constituting the domiciles, the means of livelihood and exchange of products of sea, land, and handcraft between individuals and households were all affected by topography, rainfall and vegetation,the nature of the shore and the sea offshore,by climate and weather and the cycle of seasons" (ibid.:18). This exchange relationship detailed by Handy and Pukui offered increased access to geographically dispersed resources, while at the same time buffering against environmental and social perturbations (Allen and McAnany 1994:47).It also functioned as a unit in external economic and social affairs,such as placing the burden of taxes levied by the ah`i during the annual collection of tribute (the Makahiki), not on the individual or on single households,but on the entire `ohana(Handy and Pukui 1998:6). Handy et al. (1991)provide a cartographic sketch indicating the various zones of sea and land in Ka`u and their uses by the population of the district (Figure 14). This construct is based on the Hawaiian terms for the major vegetation zones that are used to define and segregate space within the region's ahupua`a.The zones are bands roughly parallel to the coast that mark changes in elevation and rainfall. Ninole, Wailau, and Punalu`u ahupua`a, extending from the ocean to the forested slopes of Mauna Loa, encompass most of these resource zones. The current project area,however,lies within the lowest elevation zones,referred to as the kula kai and kula uka.Residents of these lower elevation zones depended largely on marine resources,but also grew sweet potato,dry-land taro,and gourds(Handy 1940). The coastal springs within the project area may have also permitted a small amount of wet-garden taro to be cultivated by the residents of Ninole,Wailau, and Punalu`u ahupua`a(Kelly 1980).Handy and Handy describe what the cultural landscape of Ka`u may have looked like prior to European arrival in the Hawaiian Islands: ...Near the bays and beaches are coconut trees, houses, and canoe sheds. Beyond the shore the immediate landscape is one of rough irregular exposed black lava interspersed with small bushes and sparse tufty grasses,green from December until May,dry for the rest of the year.In the old days many footpaths meandered seaward through this wide wasteland from the higher slopes, miles inland, where there was soil enough for gardens. The scattered homes and gardens of this lower zone of habitation were those of the seaward slopes (ko kula kai), where sweet potato and gourds were cultivated but little else. These households had relatively easy access to the sea and Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 15 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background consequently depended on shellfish,seaweed,and inshore fishing,and had these for exchange with relative living farther up the slopes. WILQ � 0NA Ve ILEA: Ilk . rG�• � tad rip k L r1 u, Project Area , ON r / U 0 �Y mile Figure 14. Cartographic sketch of the District of Ka'n indicating the various zones of sea and land and their uses by Hawaiians(from Handy et al. 1991:554)with the location of the current project area indicated. Moisture increases and evaporation decreases with altitude here,so beyond the kula kai(the lowest habitable zone)were the dwellings of the upland slopes(ko kula uka),less accessible to the sea,but increasingly favorable for gardening. In addition to sweet potato,dry-land taro of the variety called Paua was planted, and sugar cane flourished...Beyond this the open slopes (kula) become fern lands,then gradually merge with the lower forest(wao). In this zone where fern,bushes,and small trees prosper, other varieties of upland taro requiring more water were cultivated under mulch to keep in the moisture. This continued right back into the lower forest. Here were the wild bananas, wild yam, arrowroot, and tree fern(whose starchy core was eaten) extending down into this zone from the rain forest. These zones were not fixed as to altitude.On the east[where the current project area is located],the wet uplands were wetter and extended lower than on the west,which was both beyond the range of heavy precipitation from the trade winds and cut off somewhat by the shoulder of Mauna Loa running to Ka Lae... Handy et al. (1991:55) Beyond the zone of habitation of this land of wide spaces, on a clear day the eyes of our deep-sea fishermen will see the heavily forested zone (wao akua,jungle of the gods), where his great koa trees to be cut for canoe hulls are growing.Beyond that the verdant rain forest,frequently swathed in cloud.And on up beyond,the bare, sweeping majestic curve of the bare flanks of the great active volcano,Mauna Loa. In January and February snow may be seen mantling the summit. And when the volcano is erupting, this summit, in fact all the forests of Ka`u, may be shrouded in a pall of smoke,and at night the lurid red of Moku`aweoweo's fountains and rivers of molten lava illuminate the whole sky above these slopes. 16 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background It is profoundly significant that the Hawaiians of Ka`u did not fear,cringe before,or hate the power and destructive violence of Mauna Loa. They took unto them this huge mother-mountain and measured their person dignity and power in terms of its majesty and drama. They named their land "The Breast" (Ka-`u). They loved Pele, whose home was their land; they endured her furies, and celebrated the drama of creation,with which they lived so intimately,in the songs and dances of the sacred hula... (Handy et al. 1991:556) It is within the cultural setting described above that the general culture-historical context and archaeological background presented below for Ninole, Wailau, and Punalu`u ahupua`a and the current project area is framed. The chronological summary that follows begins with a presentation of legendary references to the ahupua`a,a discussion of the changes in land tenure that occurred during the early Historic Period, including a review of Mdhele documentation,land grants,and Boundary Commission testimony for the project area.This is followed by a summary of resort development within the current project area and the salvage archaeology that accompanied it. Legendary Accounts of Ka`u and the Ahupua`a of Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole Prior to contact with Europeans during the late 18'century and the development of a written Hawaiian language,the history of ancient Hawaii was transmitted orally from generation to generation. After the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820,Hawaiian culture underwent major transformations, one of which included the adoption of the written language. Although oral traditions were still maintained, many natives and foreigners began inscribing generations worth of knowledge onto paper.As such,these writings provide us with invaluable insight into Hawai`s past as they describe elements of Hawaiian culture such as historical figures,beliefs,traditions,wahi papa(legendary places), inoa `aina (place names), and mo`olelo (legendary accounts, stories); all of which contribute to an in-depth understanding of the people,their culture and place. One of the hallmarks of traditional legendary accounts are their ability to transcend place and time, all while bringing cohesion to landscapes that have been segmented by Modern land divisions and political boundaries. The following section presents a selection of such legendary and traditional accounts associated with Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a. `Olelo No`eau o Ka`u Ka`u is often celebrated in Hawaiian lore for its rugged wind-swept landscape and hardworking people who labored willingly for their chiefs but did not tolerate mistreatment or abuse. Pukui (1983) provides several `olelo no`eau (proverbs or poetical sayings)that reveal something about the nature of the land and its people. Kau, `aina kipi. Ka`u,land of rebels. The people of Ka`u were known to rebel against oppression,even killing their own oppressive chiefs. (Pukui 1983:168) Kau, `aina kua makani. Ka`u,a land over whose back the wind blows. Ka`u is a windy land. (ibid.:173) Kau nui kua makani. Great Ka`u of the windblown back. The wind always blows in Ka`u. (ibid.:176) Kau makaha. Ka`u of the fierce fighters. The district of Ka`u,Hawaii was known for its fierce and independent warriors.Kohaikalani, Koihala,and Hala`ea, selfish and oppressive chiefs,were each destroyed by rebellious subjects. (ibid.) Kau nui maka lepo. Great Ka`u of dirty faces. An expression of ridicule.Ka`u,Hawaii,is a dry,wind-swept district where clouds of dust rise into the air. (ibid.) Several `olelo no`eau recorded by Mary Kawena Pukui(1983)also make specific mention of Punalu`u and other nearby areas within the study ahupua`a: Hele aku nei 'imi i ka `di`di hdnau o Koloa. Went to seek the pebbles that give birth at Koloa. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 17 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Said of one who goes and forgets to come home. These pebbles were found at a small beach called Koloa,in Punalu`u,Ka`u(ibid.:81) Ka `ili`ili hdnau o Koloa; ka nalu ha`i o Kawa. The reproducing pebbles of Koloa;the breaking surf of Kawa. In Punalu`u,Ka`u,is a smallbeach called Koloa[the beach is actually in Ninole].The pebbles found here were believed to reproduce--smooth ones being males and the porous ones, females. These were considered the best on the island of Hawaii for hula `ili`ili.Kawa is just beyond Koloa toward Honu`apo. (ibid:152) Ku ka hale i Punalu`u, i Ka-wai-hu-o-Kauila. The house stands at Punalu`u,at the gushing water of Kauila. Said of one who has found peace and comfort at last. Ka-wai-hid-o-Kauila is a spring,the gift of a turtle goddess to the people of Punalu`u, Ka`u, Hawaii. The people of that locality feared the cannibal woman Kaikapn,who lived near their best spring. In order to avoid her and obtain water, they dived to the sea floor where fresh water bubbled up—hence the name Punalu`u(Water-dived- for). Seeing their difficulty,a turtle goddess created this spring. (ibid. 203) `Ohu`ohu Punalu`u i Ka-wai-hu-o-kauila. Punalu`u is adorned by the rushing water of Kauila. Refers to Punalu`u,Ka`u. (ibid:260) As indicated by these last two `olelo no`eau,the people of Punalu`u once secured their drinking water from near shore ponds, or by diving to the sea floor where springs bubbled up. According to Handy et al. (1991),the people of Punalu`u would lu`u (dive) down in the bay to an underwater puna (spring) located off shore with their gourds to collect drinking water. As such, the name Puna-lu`u, literally "diving spring" is said to have been derived from this tradition. The name Wailau literally means"many waters," and is a reference to the plentiful spring water that could be found there (Pukui et al. 1974:224). The name Ninole literally translates as "bending," which may refer to the bending of the coastline,but Pukui et al.(1974:165)mention that Ninole was also famous for its many springs(Pukui et al. 1974:165). The springs at Ninole were named Puhau, meaning"icy spring," shortened from the older name of Puaihau, meaning"bubbling-icy-water" and they filled the pond named Hilo`e (Handy et al. 1991:606; Pukui et al. 1974:192). As indicated above,however,the springs at Ninole were feared because of an old cannibal woman named Kaikapu,who lived there,while the spring of Kauila(also spelled Kauwila)at Punalu`u was celebrated as a gift to the people,as related below. Legends of the Coastal Springs of Punalu`u and Ninole Traditions for Punalu`u credit the honu (turtle)with bringing freshwater to the people, specifically two supernatural turtles named Honupo`okea and Honu`ea. The Legend of Kauila is retold by Handy et al. (1991)and presented in its entirety below. A legend relates that there was a time when stormy weather prevented the men from diving for water.There were two supernatural turtles who had come out of the ocean to Punalu`u:Honu-po`o- kea (Turtle-with-white-head), the mother; and Honu-`ea (Turtle-with-reddish-brown-shell), the father. The mother gave birth to an object resembling a piece of kauila wood,which she buried in the sand to be hatched out by the sun.Then they dug into the earth and made a spring,then returned to the sea. When it was time for her"egg"to hatch, Honu-po`o-kea returned. When the thing she had laid did hatch it was a turtle the color of polished kauila wood. Mother and daughter lived in the spring until the baby turtle grew up. The young turtle was named Kauila. The spring came to be named"The-rising-water-of-Kauila" [Ka-wai-hid-o-kauila]. (Handy et al. 1991:608-609) As a supernatural turtle,Kauila also had the ability to transform into a young girl and watch over the beach goers, especially children. According to Handy et al. (1991),when bubbles emerged from the pond it was a sign that Kauila was in her turtle form. The people of Punalu`u always displayed great appreciation and respect for Kauila as she helped to safeguard the children and provided the people with fresh water,which they only used for drinking purposes (Handy et al. 1991). 18 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background J a �v 5 a. f� s � r , Figure 15.Kawaihnokauila Pond along the shore of Punalu`u Bay,view to the south. The spring of Kawaihuokauila(Figure 15)is briefly mentioned in the Legend of Keaunim written by Westervelt (1915). This part of the legend is set in Waipi`o, however it mentions a man who upon hearing of the impending arrival of Hina took his wife and children and escaped by way of Hilo to Punalu`u. Westervelt continues: It was said that this man took his calabash to get water at the spring Kauwila, and an owl pecked a hole in it and let the water out. For this the owl was injured by a stone which was thrown at him, and he told the other birds. They said he was rightly punished for his fault. (Westervelt 1915:181- 182) While Kauila provided the people of Punalu`u with a safe place to secure fresh water, the old hag Kaikapn is known through legendary accounts for making the practice of securing fresh water difficult at the ponds within coastal Ninole Ahupua`a(Figure 16). Kaikapu is said to have been the mother of the namesakes of the beautiful,but cruel Ninole and her sister Wailau (Maly 1992:146). The people of Punalu`u were afraid to get water from the springs because Kaikapu and her family: ...captured travelers along the trails and shore.Killing her victims, she stripped the flesh from their bones,and used the bones as fire wood for her cooking. The bones settled as ashes(Kau-a-lehu)in her fire pit(Maly 1992:142). And those traveling by canoe were not any safer as: ...Ninole the ogress used to go to the beach near this spring[Kauwale].Where she could be seen by men passing in canoes. She would beckon to them and they would come ashore. She invited them to eat,and led them to the cave in which her mother lived.When they entered,the cave mouth would close. The men were trapped; some were eaten, some were tormented and starved. (Handy et al. 1991:608) The landing on the east side of Ninole Pond is named Kauwale, or"Useless Landing" (Handy et al. 1991:608) because while Kaikapu lived at Ninole you would not survive if you tried to land there. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 19 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background 4 rr Figure 16. Coastal ponds at Ninole,oblique aerial view to the south. Pukui et al. (1974)describe Kaikapu as"a cannibalistic moo"that lived in Punalu`u but was killed by Laka and his helpers. Kaikapn appears in several legends including the Legend of`Aukelenuia'tku. According to a version of the legend of`Aukelenuia`tku recordded by Beckwith(1970),Kaikapu was a blind woman who lived at the base of a deep pit located in the east where the sun rises.This deep pit belonged to Kamohoali`i,the elder brother of the goddess Pele. Kaikapu resided at the deepest part of this pit and it was her responsibility to guard the sacred waters that was used ceremonially to restore life. As the keeper of these sacred waters, Kaikapn is said to have guarded the springs located between Punalu`u and Ninole.The following legend describes how Kaikapn was killed thus making the springs safer for the people to access. Legend of Laka and the Bones of Wahieloa The Legend of Laka was recorded by both Thrum(1907) and Beckwith(1970). Another version of this legend also appears in a 1902 issue of the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Ku`oko`a, however this version does not specify Punalu`u as the place in which Wahieloa lands. Beckwith provides the most detailed account as it relates to Punalu`u,while Thrum's version merely mentioned Punalu`u as the place in which Wahieloa landed his canoe. In Beckwith's version of the legend,Laka was the son of Wahieloa and Hinahawea and raised in Kipahulu,Maui by his grandmother Hinahowana.Prior to Laka's birth,Wahieloa set out in search of a birth gift for his son and landed at Punalu`u in Ka`u. According to Thrum (1907), Wahieloa came to Hawaii Island in search of the Ala-koiula-a- Kdne (rainbow-hued trail of Kane). Beckwith continues stating that upon landing in Punalu`u, Ka`u, Wahieloa was killed in the cave called Keana-a-Kaualehu,meaning"the cave of settled ashes"(in coastal Ninole Ahupua`a). After some time,Laka inquired into his father's whereabouts and was informed by his grandmother that his father had been murdered. Desperate to find his father's remains, Laka at the advice of his grandmother goes to the uplands of Kipahulu in search of a tree from which he could build his canoe. After hewing down a tree,the following morning Laka returned to the spot only to find the tree had been restored to its original place.Perplexed by the situation,Laka consulted with his grandmother,who advised him to hide and seize"the leaders of the little gods of the forest who are doing the mischief, Moku-hali`i and Kupaaike`e" (Beckwith 1970:263). After giving offerings to these gods, Laka awoke the following morning to find that these gods had prepared the log into a canoe and placed them outside of his home. In preparation for his journey,four men each possessing a special talent accompany Laka on his journey,Makua Poupou,Makua Kalama,Makua`Imi,and Makua Kiko`o.When Laka and the four men arrive at Punalu`u,they bribe 20 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background the old hag Kaikapu to open her cave with offerings of food.Upon tasting the food,Kaikapu announces that the food is not salty enough and slams her cave shut.Makua Kiko`o with his reaching abilities,gathers salt from various parts of Hawaii island and season's the food until Kaikapu is satisfied with the salt procured from the district of Puna. As Kaikapu opens her cave,Makua Poupou with his propping abilities holds open Kaikapu's cave,thus allowing Makua Kalama to use his lighting abilities to light up the cave. As the cave fills with light, Makua `Imi uses his searching abilities and finds Wahieloa's bones lying inside of the cave. Makua Kiko`o reached into the cave and brought out Wahieloa`abones. The men then kill Kaikapu and returned to Maui where Laka deposited the bones of his father and his companions into the cave of Papauluana(Beckwith 1970:263).Kamakau(1964:41)suggests that Lanipao Heiau, located within the current project area,may have been built by Laka after he successfully recovered his father's bones from the cave called Keana-a-Kaualehu. The Story ofKohdikalani In ancient times the people of Ka`u labored willingly for their chiefs,but when the chiefs were abusive, the people rebelled. For this reason, the district earned the name Ka`u Mdkaha, or Fierce Ka`u(Kelly 1980). The proverb "Na mamo a ke kipi"describes the people of Ka`u who openly rebelled against their oppressive chiefs(Pukui 1983:247). Malo (1951) names three chiefs of Ka`u who were slain by their subjects: Koihala, Kohaikalani, and Hala`ea. The story of Kohaikalani,provides an account of deeds that occurred within and nearby the current project area. As the story goes,Kohaikalani placed great burdens upon his people at every opportunity, especially during the construction of a large heiau. Several versions of this story have been published, which have been summarized by Kelly (1980). However, the account provided by Pukui and Green (1995) have differing details. According to the account given by Pukui and Green (ibid.), Kohaikalani ordered the people to build a heiau in his honor on the hill Ka`ulakalani, which is said to be in back of Hilea, plantation. However, Kelly (1980) states that the heiau was constructed on Pu`u Makanau, another hill in Hilea. Upon ordering the construction of the heiau, the burdensome chief then ordered the men to bring large smooth stones to the construction site. The origin of these stones is another point of disagreement. Pukui and Green(1998) describe the stones as being hauled from Kawa, while Kelly (1980) indicates that the stones were brought from Koloa beach at Nmole, a place famed for `di`di and located within the current project area. Whatever the case, the people labored hard, transporting large stones from the coast to the hill where the foundation of the heiau was to be set.Two kahuna(priests)arrived shortly after to supervise the construction and noticed the excessive amount of stones that had been brought up to the heiau. They then turned to the men and exclaimed that there were enough stones at the site and there was no need to bring more.The priests then explained: It is clear that your chief intends when this temple is completed to offer your bodies as sacrifice. Hence,when he commands you to bring an `ohi`a tree to be used in the building,you must tell him to select one for himself and that you will then help him pull it up here. In this way you may save your lives. (ibid.:76) As predicted, Kohaikalani ordered the men to descend a steep cliff to obtain his desired `ohi`a tree. Although Kohaikalani ordered the men to cut and haul the tree up the steep slope,the people praised the chief and asked him to display his mighty strength. As planned,Kohaikalani displayed his great strength by uprooting the tree himself with one pull. He then ordered the men to push the log up the hill, however, the people contested and suggested that he push the log from below while they pull the ropes from the hill top,to which he consented. The laborers pulled the large log half the distance up the hill, and then released the ropes causing the log to crush the chief below. This was the end of Kohaikalani's cruel treatment of the people. Another brief account of Kohaikalani is mentioned by Pukui (1983:110) in the proverb "Ho`i Halea i kalo `eka`eka,"which she translated as"Go to Hilea of the dirty taro."Pukui and Elbert(1986:70),define the stative verb halea as careless or shiftless. According to Pukui, the idiom originates from a time when Kohaikalani was living at Punalu`u and poi was brought to him from nearby Hilea. Kohaikalani noticed a speck of taro peeling in his poi and ordered the poi makers to death for bringing poorly prepared poi to a chief. Chiefly Rule in Ka`a during the Precontact Period Chiefly rule of Hawaii Island has been described in detail by nineteenth century Hawaiian scholar and historian Samuel M. Kamakau (1991), who asserts that"the chiefs of Hawaii island were from Maui and from Oahu and Molokai between the times of `Aikanaka and Hanala`a-nui" and that "[t]here were seventeen generations during which Hawaii island was without chiefs—some eight hundred years" (ibid.:101-102). Kamakau adds that the po`e ah`i or chiefly people residing on Hawaii Island during this time were Punalu`u,Hilea,Honomalino,Hlkapoloa,and several other unnamed individuals.Kamakau suggest that the lack of chiefs on Hawaii Island is the reasons Pili(also known as Pilika`aiea), a chief from Kahiki was brought by the high priest Pa`ao to Hawaii. Although Kamakau Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 21 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background associated these names with ruling chiefs, it's likely that the names of these chiefs have been preserved and remembered as ahupua`a names,two of which(Punalu`u and Hllea ahupua`a)are within eastern Ka`u District. The Reign of`Umi a Llloa down to Keawenuia`umi `Umi a Uloa, a renowned ah`i of the Pili line, is often credited with uniting the Island of Hawaii under one rule sometime during the 1600s(Cordy 2000;Kamakau 1992). `Imaikalani,who was a powerful warrior and chief of Ka`u, resisted`Umi,but failed to defeat him in his younger days.Combat between the two occurred over an extended period. `Imaikalani became blind in his old age, yet he maintained a reputation for strength and skill in battle. Kamakau (1992:18)relates: Many chiefs who had fought against him were destroyed.He was skilled in striking left or striking right, and when he thrust his spear(pololu)to the right or to the left it roared like thunder, flashed like lightning, and rumbled like an earthquake. When he struck behind him, a cloud of dust rose skyward as though in a whirlwind. `Umi-a-Liloa feared I-mai-ka-lani. Although he was blind and unable to see, his hearing was keen. He had pet ducks that told him in which direction a person approached, whether from in front, at the back, or on either side. All depended on the cries of the birds. It was only through the skill and cunning prowess of`Umi's lifelong friend, Pi`imaiwa`a, that `Imaikalani was finally defeated. Pi`imaiwa`a studied `Imaikalani until he became knowledgeable of the Ka`u chief's strength and marvelous skill, and then he killed the two men who led `Imaikalani on either side, the forty men who carried his spears, and all of his pet ducks. When `Imaikalani was alone and helpless,Pi`imaiwa`a killed him and Ka`u became `Umi a Ltloa's(Kamakau 1992). `Umi a Ltloa with the aid of his generals,Pi`imaiwa`a, `Oma`okamau,and Koi went on to conquer all of the district chiefs of Hawaii Island,where he then divided the land amongst his chiefs and gave Ka`u to `Oma`okamau(Fornander 1916-1917). Succeeding `Umi a Ltloa was his eldest son Keli`iokaloa. Little is known of Keli`iokaloa's reign, however Fornander(1880:111)writes that after his death"there supervened a season of internal war,anarchy,and confusion" and that his was likely the result of the district chiefs refusal to acknowledge Keli`iokaloa`s brother,Keawenuia`umi as the sovereign. There appears to be conflicting ideas of who the rightful sovereign was and two potential heirs competed for the kingdom,Keawenuia`umi and Kuka`ilani,Keli`iokaloa's son(Fornander 1880;Cordy 2000).At the time of this conflict, the ruling chief of Ka`u was Kahalemilo, the son of `Imaikalani (Fornander 1916-1917). Kahalemilo and the other district chiefs of Hawaii Island were eventually slaved by Keawenuia`umi. After slaying all of the chiefs of Hawaii Island,Keawenuia`umi turned his attention to consolidating his power by appointing a new line of district chiefs. He named his half-brother,Kumalaenui a`Umi as the new chief of Hilo, which formally established the `I line of chiefs. Keawenuia`umi later married one of his daughters from Kamolanui- a-`umi to Kumalae's son,Makua.Born from this union was a daughter who became the mother of the ruling chief`I. The descendants of `I went on to rule over Hilo and subsequently expanded their territory to include portions of Hamakua, Puna, and Ka`u districts (Cordy 2000). From the `I genealogy descended a long line a powerful rulers, many of whom ruled from Ka`u including the high chiefess,Lonoma`aikanaka, her son Kalaninuiiamamao, and his son Kalani`opu`u(McKinzie 1986). The `I line of chiefs went on to rule until the time of Kamehameha. Keakealaniwahine visits Punalu`u Keakealaniwahine, a female chiefess and descendant of`Umi a Ltloa made a visit to Punalu`u during her reign to conduct religious ceremonies at various heiau around Hawaii Island. Accounts written by `I!describe her visit to Punalu`u heiau to the north of the current project area: Later,when she became the ruler,she was in charge of all the heiaus on Hawaii. She offered human sacrifices in the six luakini heiaus of the six districts of Hawaii,which were Hikiau in Kona,Punahm in Kau,Wahaula in Puna,Kanoa in Hilo,Honuaula of Waipio in Hamakua,and Mookini in Kohala. It was said that whenever a ceremony was performed at these heiaus she wore a skirt of ninikea, a soft white tapa made by women who were skilled in the art. (Ii 1963:160) During Keakealaniwahine's circuit,she was accompanied by the chief`I and his son,Kua`ana a`I,both of whom were descendants of `Umi a Ltloa. It was during this circuit that `I died and to prevent defilement and as custom dictated, Kua`ana a `I departed and left Keakealaniwahine alone to complete the ceremonies. Keakealaniwahine construed this as an act of revolt and attempted to kill Kua`ana a `I. Kua`ana a `I and his followers captured Keakealaniwahine and banished her to Molokai for two years,during which time he and his son,Kuahu`ia,ruled the 22 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background island. After her time on Molokai,Keakealaniwahine returned to Hawaii, and Kua`ana a`I placed Ka`u,Kona,and Kohala under her control(Cordy 2000). Chiefly Control of Ka`u During Late Precontact/early Historic Period Prior to Kamehameha's consolidation of rule over Hawaii Island during the late 18'century, Ka`u's considerable resources likely contributed to the coffers of the last great Wiling chiefs of the District, Kalani'opu`u and Keoua. Kalani'opu`u(Kamehameha's uncle),inherited the position of Ka`u's high chief from his father,Kalaninui`iamamao, during the first part of the 181 century,and around 1754 he managed to defeat his main rival,Keaweopala,to become the ruler of all of Hawaii Island, a position he held for nearly thirty years (Kamakau 1992). Kalani'opu`u was the reigning chief of Hawaii during the first recorded visit to Hawaii by European explorers(in 1778-1779), and in ca. 1780 he proclaimed that his son Kiwala`o would be his successor; at that same time he gave the guardianship of the war god Kuka`ilimoku to Kamehameha,who had resided in Ka`u with his uncle's family for some time as a child(Ii 1963. According to `Ii: ...Upon their arrival in Kau,Kalaniopuu placed Kamehameha with his wife,Kaneikapolei,who put Kamehameha in the hands of her kaikunane relatives, Inaina ma. He was there for some time and was familiar with the life of the court by the time he became associated with his older cousin, Kiwalao,the son of Kalaniopuu and Kalola. (ibid.:6-7) After Kalani'opu`u died in April of 1782, several chiefs were unhappy with Kiwala`o's division of the island's lands,and civil war broke out.Kiwala`o,Kalani'opu`u's son and appointed heir,was killed at the battle of Moku`ohai (South Kona)in July of 1782. Supporters of Kiwala`o,including his half-brother Keoua and his uncle Keawemauhili, escaped the battle with their lives and laid claim to the Hilo, Puna, and Ka`u Districts, while supporters of Kamehameha laid claim to the Hamakua,Kohala, and Kona Districts. According to John Papal'!(1963) nearly ten years of almost continuous warfare followed the death of Kiwala`o,as Kamehameha endeavored to defeat Keoua and Keawemauhili on Hawaii Island, as well as conquer the islands of Maui and Oahu. While Keawemauhili would eventually give his support to Kamehameha,Keoua became Kamehameha's main rival on the island(Kamakau 1961). During this period of constant warfare, many bloody battles were fought,but neither Kamehameha nor Keoua could gain the upper hand. Unable to defeat Keoua in battle, Kamehameha resorted to trickery. When Pu`ukohola Heiau(in Kohala) was completed in the summer of 1791, Kamehameha sent his two counselors, Keaweaheulu and Kamanawa,to Keoua to offer peace.Keoua,sick of war,decided to go with them to Kawaihae,where he and his party were sacrificed to complete the dedication ritual,although Keoua did defile himself before being sacrificed(Kamakau 1992). The assassination of Keoua gave Kamehameha undisputed control of Hawaii Island by ca. 1792 (Greene 1993).Following the defeat of Keoua,Kamehameha divided the lands of the Ka`u District up amongst his supporters, whose descendants maintained control over those lands through the Mdhele Aina of 1848. Early Historic Accounts of Ka`a One of the first European explorers to write specifically of Ka`u was Archibald Menzies,a botanist who made several trips to Hawaii, first in 1787 and 1788 under Captain Colnett and later in 1792, 1793, and 1794 with Captain Vancouver. On his 1794 trip,Menzies made a successful ascent of Mauna Loa by way of Kapapala. Menzies took a canoe from Kealakekua Bay, stopping first at Manuka and then at Pakini Village near South Point,where he left the canoe and set out overland. Menzies (1920) noted that when Hawaiians visited the eastern side of the island by this southern route, they typically traveled by canoe as far as Pakini, where they would leave their canoe and continue eastward by land,reclaiming the canoe on the return trip. Menzies continued on a narrow winding path five or six miles from the shore,which he described as"the public road leading to the east end of the island"(ibid.:184). As Menzies followed an inland trail, many of his descriptions are centered on the plantations and horticultural techniques which he encountered along the way (Kelly 1980). He spent the night at a village called Kioloku on a plantation belonging to Keaweaheulu, and then continued on his journey, stopping at other inland plantations at Punalu`u and Kapapala that belonged to Kamehameha. The exploring party approached Punalu`u from the south and described the rough lava fields between Honu`apo and Ninole before reaching Punalu`u.Menzies writes: February I Ith. We set out early in the morning of the I Ith and ascended a steep verdant hill on the eastern side of the valley [Wai`ohinu],from the summit of which we had a charming prospect of the country for a long way before us,presenting extensive and rich plantations industriously cultivated. As we passed on through them, the natives pointed out one which they said the king had given to Kualelo soon after we left him on the island. This was further confirmed to us by the vassals on it Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 23 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background readily owning Kualelo as their chief. We found the people everywhere busily employed in their little fields, many of which were here cropped with plantains and bananas that had a ragged appearance from having little or no shelter,yet they bore fruit tolerably well. We seldom observed these vegetables cultivated so low down on the western side of the island, where they generally occupy the verge of the forest, a situation which for shelter seems more congenial to their tender feelings. We observed here that they suffer many of their fields here and there to lay fallow, and these in general were cropped with fine grass,which they cut down for the purpose of covering their new planted fields of taro or yams to preserve them from the powerful heat of the sun. After examining these plantations we came to a barren woody tract,without even a but or the least arable land for a considerable distance, and so and that we could get no water to quench our thirst or refresh ourselves. This made us quite out of humor with our guides as the day was far advanced before we could get any breakfast,and by the time we got through this dreary tract,we were ready to drop with thirst,hunger and fatigue. In the afternoon we continued our journey by the same path which still led along the upper plantations,preserving nearly the same distance from the seacoast,and was excessively rugged and woody with here and there some intervening plantations arranged alternately with these rugged forests, which seemed to mark the latter courses of the lava down the side of the mountain. We stopped in the evening at a plantation belonging to Kamehameha called Punaluu. (Menzies 1920:186) The following day on February 12',the party set out from Punalu`u and crossed another plantation belonging to the young chief Kalaikukalii,who they had met earlier while stationed at Kealakekua.According to Menzies,the chief was badly wounded from firing a defective musket, "which split in his hand and divided the thumb of the left hand from the forefinger,the whole length of the metacarpal bones, and carried away the ends of the two middle fingers" (ibid:174). Upon seeing the chief's injury, Menzies dressed and bandaged his wound. Ten days later, Menzies encountered the young chief after leaving Punalu`u and to express his gratitude for what Menzies had done, Kalaikukalii arranged for the exploring party to "make an offer of whatever his plantation produced" (ibid:187). Although Menzies does not provide any additional information about Punalu`u or the plantation, through his brief account we get a glimpse into life in this region during the late 1700s. The Death of Kamehameha By 1796 Kamehameha had conquered all of the island kingdoms except Kauai. In 1810, when Kaumuali`i of Kauai gave his allegiance to Kamehameha,the Hawaiian Islands were unified under a single leader(Kuykendall and Day 1976).Kamehameha died in 1819 at his royal residence of Kamakahonu in Kailua, Kona, and his son Liholiho (Kamehameha II) was named heir to the newly consolidated Kingdom of Hawaii. Upon his death, Kamehameha's wife,Ka`ahumanu,announced the last kauoha(commands)of her late husband. O heavenly one! I speak to you the commands of your grandfather.Here are the chiefs;here are the people of your ancestors; here are your guns; here are your lands. But we two shall share the rule over the land. Liholiho consented and became ruling chief over the government. (Kamakau 1992:220) Liholiho Visits Punalu`u Following the death of a prominent chief, it was customary to lift all the kapu that maintained social order and the separation of men and women, as well as elite and commoners.Under the ancient kapu of the land,merely naming a chief as heir was only a part of the process. As tradition required,the newly established ruling chief had the arduous task of performing a prescribed set of ancient rituals(referred to as the `aha ritual)at the luakini heiau until the proper signs from the gods, particularly Ku were received (Maio 1951). Successful completion of the complex `aha ritual was a means to verify that the gods were in favor of and supported the new chief. Immediately upon the death of Kamehameha I, Liholiho was sent away to Kawaihac to keep him safe from the impurities at Kamakahonu brought about by the death of Kamehameha. Liholiho in his initial unsuccessful attempts to secure the proper signs from the gods, left Kawaihae and circuited Hawaii Island,visiting several heiau of the luakini class, including Punalu`unui. According to `Ii: Liholiho entered the Hale O Keawe in Honaunau during his journeys to the luakini heiaus,including Kanoa in Hilo,Wahaula in Puna,and Punahm in Kau.The journey began in Kailua,whence he went to Kawaihae,and continued from there around the island to the Hale o Keawe. (`I`i 1959:137) 24 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background After purification ceremonies Liholiho returned to Kamakahonu: Then Liholiho on this first night of his arrival ate some of the tabu dog meat free only to the chiefesses;he entered the lauhala house free only to them;whatever he desired he reached out for; everything was supplied, even those things generally to be found only in a tabu house. The people saw the men drinking rum with the women kahu and smoking tobacco,and thought it was to mark the ending of the tabu of a chief. The chiefs saw with satisfaction the ending of the chief s tabu and the freeing of the eating tabu.The kahu said to the chief,"Make eating free over the whole kingdom from Hawaii to Oahu and let it be extended to Kauai!" and Liholiho consented. Then pork to be eaten free was taken to the country districts and given to commoners,both men and women, and free eating was introduced all over the group. Messengers were sent to Maui, Molokai, Oahu and all the way to Kauai, Ka-umu-ali`i consented to the free eating and it was accepted on Kauai. (Kamakau 1992:225) The End of the Kapu System Liholiho's cousin,Kekuaokalani,caretaker of the war god Kuka`ilimoku,was distressed by the socioreligious turn of events and rebelled. A battle between the forces of Liholiho and Kekuaokalani was fought in December of 1819 at Kuamo`o in North Kona.Kekuaokalani's forces were defeated and the old religion fell with them.Liholiho sent edicts throughout the kingdom renouncing the ancient state religion, ordering the destruction of the heiau images, and commanding that the heiau structures be destroyed or abandoned and left to deteriorate. He did, however, allow personal family religion,the `aumdkua worship,to continue(Kamakau 1992;Oliver 1961). Early Western Missionaries in Ka`u (1823-1848) Missionary efforts in Hawaii were inspired by the writings and pleas of Henry `Opukaha`ia,a native of Ka`u,who in 1808, at the age of fifteen,boarded a ship called the Triumph, anchored off of Kealakekua Bay and sailed to Boston (Dwight 2012). `Opukaha`ia,whose childhood can be traced back to the Punalu`u area,is celebrated as one of the first Hawaiian Christian converts. Accounts of his birth place vary between Ninole (Dwight and Papaula 1867) and Punalu`u Ahupua`a (Ka Hoku O Hawaii 1943). After leaving Hawaii, `Opukaha`ia worked with Protestant missionaries in New England in an effort to bring Christianity to the Islands and helped them learn the Hawaiian language. `Opukaha`ia died in 1818, however, before he had a chance to return to Hawaii (Dwight 2012). `Opukaha`ia's wishes to introduce Christianity to Hawaii were realized less than a year after his death, when in October of 1819, seventeen Protestant missionaries set sail from Boston to Hawaii. These first missionaries arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820, soon after the death of Kamehameha I and Liholiho's renunciation of the traditional kapu system, to a society with a religious void to fill(Fornander 1969; `I! 1959; Kamakau 1992). Many of the ali`i,who were already exposed to Western material culture,welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a Western style and adopt their dress and religion. William Ellis'Tour ofKa`u(1823) In 1823 British missionary,William Ellis and members of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) toured the island of Hawaii in an effort to identify potential locations in which to establish church centers for the growing Calvinist mission.Ellis recorded his observations in a journal(Ellis 1917).Following a similar route to Menzies,Ellis set out from Kona and landed at KA'iliki`i in Pakini,where he headed inland toward Wai`ohinu (Kelly 1980). Ellis approached Punalu`u from the south and arrived first at Koloa, in Ninole Ahupua`a, where he learned of the traditions and beliefs concerning the"`ili`ili hdnau o Koloa"or the reproducing stones of Koloa(Ellis 1917;Pukui 1983:152). Ellis relates: We had not traveled far [from Htlea]before we reached Ninole, a Small village on the sea shore, celebrated on account of a short pebbly beach called Koroa [Koloa], the stones of which were reported to possess very singular properties; amongst others,that of propagating their species. The natives told us it was a wahi pana(place famous)for supplying the stones employed in making small adzes and hatchets,before they were acquainted with the use of iron;but particularly for furnishing the stones of which the gods were made, who presided over most of the games of Hawaii. Some powers of discrimination, they told us,were necessary to discover the stones which would answer to be deified. When selected they were taken to the Heiau, and there several ceremonies were performed over them. Afterwards, when dressed, and taken to the place where the games were practiced, if the parties to whom they belonged were successful,their fame was established;but if unsuccessful for several times together,they were either broken to pieces,or thrown contemptuously Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 25 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background away.When any were removed for the purpose of being transformed into gods,one of each sex was generally selected; these were always wrapped very carefully together in a piece of native cloth. After a certain time,they said a small stone would be found with them,which,when grown to the size of its parents,was taken to the Heiau,or temple,and afterwards made to preside at the games. We were really surprised at the tenacity with which this last opinion was adhered to...Koroa[Koloa] was also a place of importance in times of war,as the best stones used in their slings were procured here.... This place is also celebrated as furnishing the small black and white stones used by the natives in playing konane... ...Koroa was also a place of importance in times of war,as the best stones used in their slings were procured here... (Ellis 1917:201-202) After leaving Ninole,Ellis arrived at Punalu`u and described the village as follows: After traveling about two miles,we came to Punamu [Punalu`u],where the people of that and the next village, Wailau, collected together in a large house, and were addressed on the nature and attributes of the true God,and the way of salvation. In general, speaking to the people in the open air was preferred, as we then had more hearers than when we addressed them in a house. But in the middle of the day we usually found it too hot to stand so long in the sun.The services which were held in the morning and evening were always out of doors. We now left the road by the sea-side, and directed our course towards the mountains. Our path lay over a rich yellow-looking soild of decomposed lava,or over a fine black vegetable mould,in which we occasionally saw a few masses of lava partially decomposed, sufficient to convince us that the whole had one been overflowed,and that lava was the basis of the whole tract of country.There was but little cultivation,though the ground appeared well adapted to the growth of all the most valuable produce of the islands. (Ellis 1917:159) The Protestant Mission at Punalu`u In the years following Ellis' visit to Ka`u,the A.B.C.F.M.began to establish Protestant churches and schools in the district.An 1835 missionary census counted a total of 4,766 Hawaiians living in the district of Ka`u(Schmitt 1973:30). A total of 91 people were reported as living in Punalu`u at that time,including 67 adults (34 males and 33 females) and 24 children(12 male and 12 female).Ninole,Wailau,and Hllea iki combined population was reported to be 330 people,including 232 adults(112 males and 120 females)and 98 children(41 males and 57 females)(Kelly 1980:55). By the early 1840s the A.B.C.F.M saw the need to establish a permanent mission station in Ka`u. The decision to build the Protestant mission was influenced in part by the remoteness of the Ka`u District and the difficulties that the South Kona and Hilo missionaries had servicing it, but was also a response to the growing influence of Catholic missionaries,who had arrived in the islands in 1828, and were themselves looking to establish a permanent presence in Ka`u. Rev. John Davis Paris was the first Protestant missionary permanently stationed in the Ka`u District. Paris first arrived at Ka`alu`alu on September 10, 1841(his wife and family followed him there in 1842),and after a night's stay he proceeded to the town of Wai`ohinu where a new grass house belonging to a teacher named Kema (Shem) Namakelua was put at his disposal(Paris 1926:20).Paris built a framed house of koa for himself and began work on a stone church in Wai`ohinu in 1843-44. In his annual report dated,April 28, 1843 Paris mentions his new house and a stone meeting house at Punalu`u. During the past year the native house in which we now worship at the Station, has been enlarged nearly one half. The stone meeting house at Punahm has been roofed, fenced in & prepared for meetings; and a small stone house for the accomodation of a missionary & his family has been erected&put under cover;this has been done by the voluntary contributions of the Church.(Mission Station Reports Ka`u 1842-1843:6) In that same year(1843),Reverend Paris reported a school at Punalu`u with an average of 140 people attending. This school was one of eighteen schools mentioned by Paris in the district. The following year, Paris described a decline in the number of attendees at both the school and church at Punalu`u (Mission Station Reports Ka`u 1842- 1863).Despite being faced with a declining population and dwindling congregation,these early missionaries pressed on with their work. 26 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The population of Ka`u in 1843 was estimated by missionaries to be nearly 5,000 people, less than half of the estimated population at the time of European contact(Kelly 1969, 1980).By 1847,when the first government census was taken,the population of the Ka`u District had declined even further to 3,010 persons(Kelly 1980).There was no single reason for the decrease in population, rather it occurred through an accumulation of changes that took place after European contact. One often cited reason is that Westerners brought foreign diseases with them, to which the Native Hawaiians had no resistance. A large portion of the Hawaiian population(perhaps as much as half)is said to have been lost to a plague that ravaged the Islands in ca. 1804 (halo 1839; Schmitt 1968);in 1848-49 the inhabitants of the Islands were struck by a series of epidemics, including measles, whooping cough, influenza, and dysentery (Kelly 1969).In addition to population reduction caused by disease,marry people moved to other islands;for example when Governor Kuakini moved from Hawaii Island to Oahu and many of his people followed him. Also,men who began working on whaling ships emigrated to foreign countries and rarely ever returned to Hawaii(Schmitt 1973:16). In 1847, there were 764 pupils enrolled in school in the district of Ka`u (460 Protestant, 340 Catholic). By this time instruction at the Protestant school at Punalu`u had ceased,but 50 students were still enrolled at the Ninole school (Kelly 1969). A decade later(by 1857), enrollment in the entire district of Ka`u had decreased to 235 pupils,and the school at Ninole had also shut its doors. The Mahele `Aina of 1848 and the Government Land Grant Program In 1848,the Hawaiian system of land tenure was radically altered by the Mahele Aina.The Mahele(division)defined the land interests of Kamehameha III(the King),the high-ranking chiefs,and the konohiki. As a result of the Mahele, all land in the Kingdom of Hawaii came to be placed in one of three categories: (a) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne);(b)Government Lands;and(c)Konohiki Lands(Chinn 1958:vii; 1961:13).All lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only,with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. This process expedited the work of the Land Commission. Laws in the period of the Mahele record that ownership rights to all lands in the kingdom were "subject to the rights of the native tenants;" those individuals who lived on the land and worked it for their subsistence and the welfare of the chiefs. The Ahupua`a of Ninole, Wailau, and Punalu`u during the Mahele Aina of 1848 As a result of the Mahele,Wailau and Ninole ahupua`a both became Government Lands,and Punalu`u Ahupua`a was awarded as Konohiki Land to Lot Kapuaiwa(also known as Kamehameha V)as Land Commission Award(LCAw.) 7715:15.Kapuaiwa's acquisition of Punalu`u as well as two additional ahupua`a in Ka`u,(Hilea and Kahaea)predates the 1848 Mahele through his relationship with his hdnai (adopted)father Ulumaheihei Hoapili. Hoapili was the son of Kame`eiamoku,one of the twin chiefs from Kona who became a trusted advisor of Kamehameha.Hoapili adopted Kapuaiwa and became his kahu(guardian)until his death in 1840. Upon Hoapili's death,his lands,possessions, and political roles were transferred to Kapuaiwa. However, being only ten years of age at the time of Hoapili's death, Kapuaiwa's lands were temporarily held by his aunt and Kuhina Nui (Prime Minister), Miriam Kekauluohi. In Kekauluohi's will, written prior to her passing sometime in 1845, she directed Hoapili's lands back to her nephew Kapuaiwa (Kame`eleihiwa 1992). Upon Kapuaiwa's death in 1872, his half-sister, Ruth Ke`elikolam petitioned for and received his entire estate(in 1873)including Punalu`u Ahupua`a. When Ruth Ke`elikolam's died, she named her cousin, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, the last royal descendant of the Kamehameha line, heir to all of her lands (Kame`eleihiwa 1992). As the King and chiefs made claims to large tracts of land during the Mahele, questions arose regarding the protection of rights for the native tenants.To address this matter,on August 6, 1850,the Kuleana Act or Enabling Act was passed,allowing native tenants to claim a fee simple title to any portion of lands which they physically occupied, actively cultivated,or had improved(Garovoy 2005).The Kuleana Act also clarified access to kuleana parcels,which were typically land locked,and clarified gathering rights.Lands awarded through the Kuleana Act were,and still are, referred to as kuleana awards or kuleana lands. The Land Commission oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as LCAw. (Chinn 1958). A total of thirty-eight kuleana were awarded within Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole (Punalu`u=9; Wailau=8; and Ninole=21).Of the thirty-eight,thirteen kuleana awards which are listed in Table 1 in the vicinity of the current project area(Figure 17; Table 1). With the exception of three kuleana awards, the remaining awardees received more than one parcel oftentimes with one (or more awarded parcels) located at the coast and another further upland. Those awards at the coast were typically for pd hale (house lots) and sometimes agricultural use whereas those kuleana awarded in the uplands were unanimously used for agricultural purposes. As evidenced in the distribution of awards for Wailau and Ninole,in some instances the awarded parcels were distributed across these two ahupua`a. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 27 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background A review of the documents associated with these awards provided the following information.Nine distinct plants are mentioned in the testimonies: `ohe(bamboo),lauhala(Pandanus tectorius),kalo(Colocacia esculenta),mamaki (Pipturus albidus), hau(Hibiscus tiliaceus), niu (Cocos nucifera), wauke(Broussonetia papyrifera), orange (Citrus spp.),and `uala(Ipomoea batatas). These plants were grown within house lots as well as in to`i(irrigated fields), `ili (land sections second to ahupua`a), and mo`o (narrow strip of land smaller than an `ili) (Pukui and Elbert 1986:97, 209, 253). For Punalu`u, the `ili and moo names mentioned by the claimants respectively included Koloakiu, and Kuipoi,Puehu,Pohakuhe`e, and Puaniki. In Wailau-Ninole,the claimants identified the names of four `ili,including Homaikalono, Keopuka, Paako, Waihi and the name of one mo`o, Pue. Claimants also mentioned the ponds, the shallow intertidal zone used for spearing squid, and a umu ahau(a heap of rocks constructed in the sea to shelter and attract young fish). Table 1.Kuleana parcels awarded in the vicinity of the project area. Ahupua`a Awardee LCAw. Acres No. of Parcels Land use Awarded Punalu`u Ahia 2 8004 0.25 1 House lot,moo Puehu Kekaula 8760-C 2 1:Mo`o Kuipoi 2:House lot Kumaiku 7606-C 4.97 2 Mo`o Puehu Mahoe 10114 1.46 1 Mo`o Pohakuhee Nakahuna 2564 10.25 4 1:House lot and patch (konohiki) 2:Two to`i within mo`o Puaniki 4:Mo`o Koloahiu Pookuia 10848 1.48 2 1:House lot 2: Ili Koloakiu Wailau Kaawa 7313 7.20 1 Orange tree and house lot? Kalapuna 7557 6.63 3 House lot at `ili Homaikalono Ninole Kaiolani 8758 11.22 3 House lot Kanekoa 8360 6.80 2 House lot Kekapa 8979 2.80 2 House at `ili Homaikalono Makaha 7721 6.12 2 Three `ili,Keopuka,Paako,Waihi Nawali 8853-B 8.0 2 Taro patches in mo`o Pue Royal Patent Grants Sold Within the Current Project Area In conjunction with the Mahele,the King also authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land,larger than those generally available through the Land Commission.The process for applications was clarified by the"Enabling Act,"which was ratified on August 6, 1850.The Act resolved that portions of the Government Lands established during the Mahele of 1848 should be set aside and sold as grants ranging in size from one to fifty acres at a cost of fifty cents per acre. The stated goal of this program was to enable native tenants, many of whom were not awarded kuleana parcels during the Mahele,to purchase lands of their own. Following the 1848 land division,several Royal Patent Grants were sold within the Government Lands of Wailau and Ninole ahupua`a(Figure 18). Six of these grant parcels(Grant Nos. 821,823,824, 825, 828,and 2459;Table 2), 5 sold in 1852 and one sold in 1857, are located within the current project area(see Figure 17). It is unknown if any of these grant holders developed their lands,but an 1852 map of Grants Nos. 821 and 828 depicts several features at the coast of the current project area in that year(Figure 19). Table 2. Grant parcels included within the current project area. Grant number Ahupua`a Grant holder Year purchased Acreage 821 Ninole Holoua 1852 42.65 823 Ninole Kalaikahuna 1852 36.95 824 Ninole Kapuhonua 1852 48.75 825 Ninole Kaui,L. 1852 46.70 828 Wailau Kekaula 1852 114.0 2459 Ninole Holoua 1857 290.0 28 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background 8979:2 q � 10112:1 []-8760-E (Crant2459 Old Governments r' Road � lOSU):2 1 t 4-L�rti r r r r Grant 824 r '� 1 � Grant 823 Grant 825 Grant 821 Grant 828 8758-. 8760-CA 7721: 2564:1 10848:2 7313 8004 101114 2564.2 606-C: 8360:1 8853:B-1 8979:17557: 10848: 2564:4 760-C:2 ❑Projcct area ■ ❑ LCAw. Ocean ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Grants Figure 17.Map of kuleana(LCAw.)and grant parcels located in coastal Ninole,Wailau,and Punalu`u ahupua`a. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 29 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background lotx \ \ ` �y \\—Gr-2877_. 14 Palaaz ! / L.464.Gk.:..i�l ✓� „*.'•Li �r i �t _.rla / I �'r.Xea ve t I Grzass Gr.t�z4r N. l l— Grzsn y.'ss�•'` Figure 18.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1409.(prepared by J.F.Brown in 1885) showing grant parcels sold in the vicinity of the current project area. 'In 1 � v _ � top AAeA v i • •ram..• :^^ �\a �~._ _7 Figure 19.July 19, 1852 map of Grants Nos. 821 and 828 located at the coast of the current project area(Barrera and Hommon 1972:56). 30 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Continued Population Decline in Ka`a a During the Mid-Nineteenth Century The Mahele of 1848 created a new system of land ownership in the Hawaiian Islands that led to widespread changes in traditional land use patterns. While the new land tenure system significantly altered traditional lifeways, it also created new economic opportunities. The private ownership of land ultimately gave rise to large scale commercial agricultural industries in Hawaii, such as ranching and sugar.Each of these enterprises had a profound impact on the social fabric and physical landscape of Ka`n. A discussion of land use changes during the mid-nineteenth century in Ka`n are now presented,followed by a description of the devastating effects an 1868 eruption of Mauna Loa had on the district. Although the Mahele was meant to provide native tenants with fee-simple parcels of land from which they could earn a living,it also resulted in the land becoming a commodity to be bought and sold(Kelly 1969).Those with money could buy (or lease)land, and those without, could not. As one Hawaiian writer of the time put it, "if anyone of us becomes assistants of the chiefs, his pay for the most part is in goods; the most of the dollars are for the foreign chiefs... foreigners come on shore with cash, ready to purchase land;but we have not the means to purchase lands; the native is disabled like one who has long been afflicted with a disease upon his back...we are not prepared to compete with foreigners" (Kenai et al. 1845:119). During the middle part of the nineteenth century, the majority of the Hawaiian population was still participating in a subsistence-based economy, while foreigners had access to extensive monetary resources. As a result,many Hawaiian families,who were new to land ownership and the market economy, were dispossessed of their homes and fields, and foreigners were able to buy up large tracts of land. The Kuleana Act of August 6, 1850, even prohibited the landless maka`ainana from conducting economic activities on unassigned Government Lands, from which they had previously secured a living. Forced to pay taxes or lose their land and houses,families with no local source of income sent the young and able-bodied to trade centers such as Hilo and Honolulu to earn money. Some families lived in fear of being jailed or pressed into hard labor because they had no money to pay the taxes demanded of them(Kelly 1969). The effects of disease and outmigration combined with the changes in land tenure and the economy that occurred in Ka`n during the middle of the nineteenth century,ultimately contributed to famine and further population decline. As the Rev. Gulick wrote in 1863: For two years famine has raged in Kau—that is to say,taro&poi have been scarce. This has been owing,firstly to the drought,secondly to the free range of cattle and horses over lands once devoted to cultivation, and lastly to the pulu trade. The effect of the famine has been to send many of our people to Hilo,Puna,Kona,and Oahu to sojourn. . .(1863 Station Report,Ms.in Kelly 1969:11-12) By 1864 many of the upper Government Lands had been leased to foreign traders for the purpose of gathering pulu for resale (Kelly 1980). One of these traders,Nicholas George, established the first sugar mill in the district in Wai`ohinu in 1866,where he ground cane produced by several small growers in the district(Elwell and Elwell 2005). By that year the population of Ka`n had declined to 2,020 persons(Kelly 1969).In the midst of this changing economy, Ka`n district would face one of the most damaging natural disasters in recorded history—the volcanic eruption of 1868 that altered the landscape of the district and cause both economic and personal loss 1868 Eruption of Mauna Loa Between March and April of 1868,a series of tremors culminated in a violent volcanic eruption that spewed out from the southern flanks of Mauna Loa.The most powerful eruption occurred on April 21,which triggered several natural disasters including a mudflow in Wood Valley near Pahala,an avalanche at Pohina cliff near Honu`apo,and a tsunami (Ke Au`Oko`a 1868;West Hawaii Today 2014).Although the mud flow and avalanche did not reach coastal Punalu`u, it reportedly cut off access between Honu`apo and Punalu`u (Ke An `Oko`a 1868). An article published in the American Journal of Science(1888)by J.D.Dana provides a succinct description of these events: On Thursday,April 2nd,at 4 P.M.,occurred"the terrible shock,"destroying houses and life,making fissures of great length and depth,dislodging rocks and half a mile in breadth of marshy earth from the mountain side of Kapapala, to the destruction of a native village, besides raising earthquake waves on the southern coast,that swept away the villages of Punaluu,Ninole,Kawaa and Honuapo. (Dana and Coan 1868:24) The 1868 eruption,and resulting natural disasters,had a devastating impact on coastal Punalu`u. The tsunami of April 2"d altered the coastline, washed out the alaloa (coastal trail)lalanui aupuni (transitional period government road), destroyed the village, and caused at least one reported fatality. A newspaper article printed in the Hawaiian language newspaper,Ka Nupepa Ku`oko`a on April 18 of 1868 provides a detailed account of this tragic and terrifying disaster. The article has been translated by associates of ASM Affiliates and is presented in its entirety below: Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 31 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Latest News! Lava erupted seaside of Hioipakini! 77 people dreadfully perished! Great loss in property! Some 1000 animals perished! Over 3000 tremors felt in Kau! The latest heard from Kau! Through the generosity of our dear friend, Honorable W.T. Matina(Martin) of Kau, the one that came from the land where the volcanic fires are wreaking havoc,we have received the information below and put forth to our readers the things he observed with his very own eyes, and heard with his own ears. According to a native son of Naihe of Kau,a stream of lava is flowing from Maunaloa down to the sea at HioiPakini, and therefore, no persons from Kona can pass into Kau, and the same for Kau people wanting to go to Kona. Five lava vents emerged at Puuolokuana right in the middle of the land between the sea and the mountain. The height of the fire from those vents flew some five hundred feet or more. The pillar of clouds extended from the mountain to the sea with great trembling; and a stream of lava emerged from Puuolokuana and flowed down toward the ocean and entered the sea; lightning colored red-gray, and green-white was seen flashing in the thick dark clouds. And sounds louder than a canon were also heard. When the lava exited into the ocean, a large sand dune emerged in the sea creeping from the land and moved along towards Kona.The lava is creating new dunes,and its likely to create many more dunes. A great thundering explosion was heard beneath Waiohinu and the surrounding areas at the time when the lava flowed. The thundering roar was heard for several days until the ship Kona Pakeke departed Kau. Prior to the lava erupting from Puuolokuana in the evening of April 7,volcanic ash appeared on the night of[April] 6 and covered the homes from Kahuku all the way to Ninole. This cause alarm for the native residents and foreigners for at that time they thought it was their last hour, due to the explanations given by the foreigners. The large church that stood at Waiohinu was reduced to rubble,not a single stone remained stacked; and this was the same for the stone houses nearby.Homes built from wood were cracked,and shifted off their foundations toward the Kona side.From Puaao to the sea at Waikapuna,the land was split open on the 2 of April by the large earthquake that was see by all of us around the area, and the earthquake did not cease until the time when then the ship set sail. Several days before the fire emerged,the fissure closed,but it did not come together like before,and remains uneven. The settlements at Kaalualu, Paiahaa, Honuapo, Hokukano, Kaalaiki, the two Hileas, Ninole, Wailau,Punaluu,all the way to the sea at Keauhou were lost to the ocean,"by the force of the ocean brought on by the woman of the pit." The kind of ocean that destroyed the settlements above was ocean mixed with water that emerged from the earth.The height of the sea was as high as the coconut trees at those settlements.This type of sea is not the kind of sea found on our other islands,but a very unusual type.If it were a tsunami [kai hoee]then the people would not be injured,however what came ashore was a swirling sea. There is a filthy ash in the wind that was seen from Keaiwa during the time mentioned above(Apr 2).The ash covered an area that is nearly three quarters of a mile in length.And below that area was covered by the ash is a river of water. The extent of the wind stretched from the coastal cliffs of Kamehame and Mahuka. Soon after is when the water emerged causing injury to the people living in the settlements listed above. It was estimated that the amount of cattle that was covered by the eruption at Kapaliuka was no less than five hundred,and no less than two thousand goats. 32 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nnlole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The number of animals that died from the eruption at Kahuku and Pakini all the way to Kamaoa was thought to be no less than one thousand cattle and horses. The number of goats and sheep killed remains unknown. The lands turned into pahoehoe and engulfed by lava are those belonging to Rabati Baraunu[Robert Brown],W.T.Matina[Martin],Kamamalu,W.C.Lunalilo,government lands and the lands of some native residences,left flattened from Kahuku all the way to Puueo. These were all fertile lands. It was estimated that the lands and personal property damaged caused by the lava is no less than seventy thousand dollars ($70,000) if properly counted. The trembling of the earth in Kau started on the last days of March and continued until April 10. It was thought that there were about three thousand quakes, some being strong and some weak, but the biggest quake occurred on April 2, which killed many people...(Ka Nupepa Ku`oko`a 1868b) The impacts of this catastrophe in Punalu`u were also described by Reverend Titus Coan in 1868. Coan writes: The great shock[the earthquake] has prostrated the stone church at Punahm and all the houses for six or eight miles along the coast,and a tidal wave came in,some twenty feet high,sweeping off the wreck of all. Thus in a few moments that shore was desolated,and all it substance destroyed. The sand beach at Punahm was swept out to sea by the receding waves, and the beautiful pond of cold water filled with the ocean and apparently blotted out forever. At length, however, the sea brought back her spoils and formed another barrier,more than 100 feet within the old line,leaving a few pools of water inside, and protecting them from the ocean surges. But the great, deep, cool and beautiful fish-pond is not there in its normal state. (Coan in Clark 1985:58) The locally generated tsunami that hit the Ka`u coastline was described in an article printed in Ka Nnpepa Ku`oko`a in 1868 as being thirty feet high,and went as far as seventy-three meters inland leaving all varieties of fish stranded, and carried the homes off of their foundations and swept stone walls out to sea. In addition to the homes destroyed at Punalu`u,the tsunami destroyed nearly all of the houses at Ka`alu`alu,Honu`apo,Ka`alaiki,and Ninole (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa 1868). The tsunami was allegedly most destructive at Keauhou, Punalu`u, and Honu`apo (Barnard 1990). A man named Holoua from Ninole was said to have been swept out to sea by the tsunami,but remarkably made his way back to shore (Holoua, was likely the same person who purchased Grant No. 821 in 1852; see Table 2). Abraham Fornander reported the following regarding this incident in 1868: I have just been told an incident that occurred at Ninole,during the inundation of that place. At the time of the shock on Thursday,a man named Holoua,and his wife,ran out of the house and started for the hills above, but remembering the money he had in the house, the man left his wife and returned to bring it away.Just as he had entered the house the sea broke on the shore,and,enveloping the building,first washed it several yards inland,and then,as the wave receded, swept it off to sea, with him in it. Being a powerful man, and one of the most expert swimmers in that region, he succeeded in wrenching off a board or a rafter, and with this as a papa hoo-nalu, (surfboard), he boldly struck out for the shore, and landed safely with the return wave. When we consider the prodigious height of the breaker on which he rode to the shore(50,perhaps 60,feet)the feat seems almost incredible, were it not that he is now alive to attest it, as well as the people on the hillside who saw him(in Kelly 1980:40). As a result of the 1868 eruption the district of Ka`u was devastated. While the aftershocks eventually subsided and life returned to a semblance of normal, the coastal villages were destroyed by the tsunami, and most coastal residents moved to inland towns such as Na`alehu,Wa`ohinu,or Pahala,or moved out of the district altogether(Handy et al. 1991). By 1872 the population of Ka`u had further declined to 1,865 persons (Kelly 1969). The destruction caused by the earthquake and tsunami, and the resulting exodus of people from their lands,paved the way for a new economic chapter in the history of Ka`u,driven by growth of ranching and the commercial sugar industry. As devastating as the events of 1868 were,the resilient nature of the Ka`u people was once again demonstrated as they directed their efforts towards rebuilding the impacted communities.On April 28,the steamer Kilauea carrying King Lot Kapuaiwa anchored off of Punalu`u. The king arrived to extend his love and provide the victims of Ka`u with supplies and monetary support to help with their rebuilding efforts (Kahalelaau 1868). Homes were eventually rebuilt(Figure 20), and material items replaced and although altered,life in these communities resumed as they had for generations(Clark 1985). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 33 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background k, ewer J1 � Y 41 Figure 20.Undated photgraph of a native grass house at Punalu`u(Lyman Memorial Museum). Punalu`u and the rise of the Sugar Industry in Ka`a In 1876, a year after the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii was signed, a group of entrepreneurs made up primarily of American bankers from Honolulu(i.e.Peter C.Jones,Charles R.Bishop, J.D. Brewer, H.A.P. Carter, John Dominis and others) incorporated to form the Hawaiian Agricultural Company (HAC) (Campbell and Ogburn 1990). The plantation, which also purchased the lands of the neighboring Kapapala Ranch(Henke 1929),was one of the two large sugar operations in Ka`u at that time,the other being the Hutchinson Sugar Company, established by Alexander Hutchinson in 1868 on lands in the vicinity of Na`alehu (Campbell and Ogburn 1990). Since the HAC mill and fields were centered around Pahala—on some 50,000 acres extending up to the 3,000-foot elevation contour, much of which was owned by Bishop Estates (Robins et al. 2016)—the company was sometimes referred to as Pahala Plantation.Punalu`u,the nearest harbor to the plantation,served as its main port. An undated Chart ofPunaluu Roadstead(Hawai`i Registered Map No. 433), surveyed by Capt. G.W. Willfong and drawn by R.W. Andrews, shows Punalu`u Harbor as it appeared during the ca.late 1870s(Figure 21). The map, while it suffers from issues of scale and accuracy common for surveys conducted in Hawaii at that time, depicts the coastal lands of the current project area between Punalu`u Bay and Ninole and shows the locations of several springs and two old fish ponds, an ancient wall (of Punalu`unui Heiau), a canal, a wharf, two store houses, a warehouse, a store, a restaurant, Peter Lee's hotel, two lighthouses, the route of the Government Road between Honu`apo and Pahala,and the route of a partially built railroad between Punalu`u and Pahala. It was to this general setting that the original Pahala mill, the largest in the islands at the time, was landed by schooner at Punalu`u in 1878 (Campbell and Ogburn 1990). The canal, extending from Punalu`u Bay to the old fishponds, appears to have been built specifically to facilitate the unloading of the mill equipment at Punalu`u, as indicated in an article published in the Hawaiian Gazette on November 13, 1878: The Monster Mill—By the return of the schooner Haunani,from Punaluu,we learn that the parts of the machinery which she took up for the Kapapala[Pahala] Sugar Mill,were all successfully landed at that port. They consisted in part of two large boilers, a heavy bed-plate, and three mill rollers, each weighing eleven tons. They were hoisted from the schooner into a scow,then towed in to the landing through the new canal,and then alongside the company's new storehouse,where they were hoisted into that building. Not the slightest mishap occurred in handling what are probably the heaviest pieces of sugar mill machinery ever brought into the kingdom or conveyed by schooner. The improvements which have been made at the port of Punaluu,render it one of the safest places to discharge and take off freight. Passengers and merchandise are conveyed through a canal, and 34 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background landed in a smooth fresh water basin,alongside a wharf,without so much as a drop of water touching them. This is the second or third cargo of machinery successfully discharged by the Haunani at Punaluu. (in Kelly 1980:32-33). In addition to improving the harbors within Ka`u, HAC directed some of its efforts to developing a ground transportation system that would facilitate the movement of cane and supplies from Punalu`u harbor to the Pahala mill (see Figure 21). The development of HAC's railroad system was conceptualized as early as 1875, when one of the founders, Charles R. Bishop(husband of Bernice Pauahi Bishop)placed an order for three locomotives of three-foot gauge with the Danforth Locomotive and Machine Co.based in New Jersey(Conde and Best 1973).In 1877,however, Bishop canceled the order for unknown reasons,and sold the locomotives.Nevertheless,a year later,the plan to build a railroad came to fruition, and by June of 1878 it was reported that about a mile of railroad tracks, extending from Punalu`u towards the Pahala mill had been laid and carts were being used to transport cane and supplies along them. A June 4', 1878 "Letter from Kau"published in the June 151, 1878 edition of the Pacific Commercial Advertiser provides additional details: ...the building of the first railroad in these islands!, from the Port of Punahm to the village of Keaiwa, a distance of about five miles. The road is being graded and a temporary track has been laid over its first section,the rugged as lava stream; and freight cars are now moving hourly,from the beach as far as the track is laid, a distance of about one mile, carrying lumber and other freight up from the landing towards the village,ox carts or wagons taking it from the shiftng terminus and conveying it on to its estination...(in Conde and Best 1973:29) According to Conde and Best(1973), this first railroad in the islands—a two-foot gauge "Fowler Plant"—was built by Punalu`u resident, Peter Lee, under the direction of Mr. William Goodale, plantation manager, and was completed between Punalu`u harbor and the Pahala mill,a distance of about five miles,by early 1880. The March 3ra edition of the Hawaiian Gazette reported that: The new mill of the Hawaiian Agricultural Company at Pahala is progressing rapidly with a large gang of machinists, carpenters and others at work, and most of the machinery including six heavy boilers, weighing in aggregate some forty tons have been moved over the tramway to the mill site without mishap. Three large rollers remain to taken up. (ibid.:29) Instead of relying on steam powered locomotives,this early railroad system utilized tramway cars propelled from the Pahala mill to the company warehouse at Punalu`u by gravity,and then hauled back up to the mill by mules(ibid.). This technology remained in use until the 1890s,when the first steam powered locomotive arrived on the plantation. With the improvements to Punalu`u Harbor and the construction of the railroad to Pahala,affluent tourists began visiting Punalu`u by steamship on their way to view the Kilauea volcano.Peter Lee, a Norwegian entrepreneur with a Hawaiian wife, established a small hotel at Punalu`u, located inland of the old fishpond to accommodate these tourists,and help them reach the volcano(Clark 2017).Guests staying at Lee's hotel(see Figure 21)would load onto the plantation railroad and travel up to Pahala where they disembarked and traveled the remaining distance in the comfort of a covered horse-drawn coach on a road built by Lee (Barna 2017; Kuykendall 1967; Moniz Nakamura 2003). Some of the earliest photographs of Punalu`u were taken of or from Peter Lee's Hotel(Figures 22 and 23). Early Sugar Planters of the Pahala Plantation Shortly after its establishment,the company experienced a shortage of laborers and financial trouble. To address the labor shortage,individual planters,each having shares in the company employed migrant laborers such as Chinese,a few Japanese, and some Gilbert Islanders (Campbell and Ogburn 1990). In 1880,four years after its founding date, HAC harvested and milled its first crop of sugarcane (ibid.). In that year, George Browser, who was working on a statistical and commercial directory for the Kingdom of Hawaii, visited Ka`u. Bowser described a total of eleven other plantations that were in operation, most of which were small scale or independently owned operations. After visiting the Pahala plantation,Bowser wrote: This plantation is the largest on the Hawaiian Islands. There are about twelve individuals and companies,planters,who plant cane on shares with the company.The area of land owned and rented by this company is very large,and the author has made application to the President of the company for figures,but was unable to succeed in getting them.From indirect information of the area of land that the company are interested in... including Woodland,amounts to 100,000 acres;this statement must be taken for what it is worth, in the absence of official figures... The company has a large storehouse at Punaluu. (Bowser 1880:424) Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 35 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background r�rf 41 �r a r 4 Co Pet r Lee _ 4 I , Rest uranl �� Canal �� •ro�,� �/ ,• Warehouse w N+. C°i `� Lighthouse r ey • ------------- y+ Punalu`u.Bay '} * 16 =3 r �y ti a a8. r8 i6 40 14 y• 01 L V, ro 3� e j,3�peri�n 22 3 R.; '�?. •.-�' �-._-;`°` to '• 35 3� 15. ao �a Figure 21.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 433,"Chart of Punaluu Roadstead," showing the coast of the current project area during the late 1870s. 36 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Y�gyr ,wrr .,gr, Figure 22.Punalu`u Beach in ca. 1890 with Peter Lee's Hotel visible in background(Hawai`i State Archives,PP- 30-6-018). e T u :0t � F 7. r � p r f� �y h wY� p 4 FE /t 1£a y r 3 �'►— 'r, v Figure 23.View of Punalu`u landing from Peter Lee's Hotel in ca. 1890 (Lyman Memorial Museum). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 37 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The engine and mill house is a frame building,covered with corrugated iron. This building is about fifty feet square.The mill is a large one,capable of grinding twenty tons of sugar in ten hours...The mill alone weighs sixty-five tons,driven by two horizontal steam engines of twenty-inch diameter... (ibid.:425) In 1883 C.Brewer&Co.became the agents for the plantation(Dorrance and Morgan 2000).By 1890 HAC was producing, and shipping from Punalu`u, roughly 3,000 tons of sugar annually. Because most of the HAC cane fields were located at higher elevations,the company cultivated"yellow bamboo"or"Whitney"cane exclusively,a variety considered the best for higher elevations(Campbell and Ogburn 1990).Towards the end of the nineteenth century the HAC fields were decimated by a prolonged drought and an infestation of leaf hoppers. Following the leaf hopper incident, the HAC plantation manager at that time (W.G. Ogg)began diversifying the cane fields to include hardier varieties that could withstand the harsh environmental conditions of the plantation and resist different pests. The Village ofPunalu`u During the Late Nineteenth Century The village of Punalu`u,where supplies for the plantation were shipped,remained a small settlement throughout this period (Figure 24). A Map of a Section of Ka`u From Kiolakaa to Punaluu prepared by M.D. Monsarrat in 1887 (Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1455), which depicts the central portion of the district, extending northeast as far as Punalu`u Bay, shows several structures and walls within the village to the southwest of the pond (Figure 25). Also shown are the wharf,two lights,portions of the Government Road and plantation railroad to Pahala,along with several more structures,including the HAC warehouse and a jail,which are labeled. Given its orientation,the railroad shown on the 1887 map appears to be a slightly different alignment than the one shown on the map prepared during the late 1870s (see Figure 21). Also shown on the map is a different alignment of the coastal Government Road than was shown prior to the 1868 tsunami(see Figure 19). In this later map the road extends mauka of Ninole Pond rather than makai.A trail,extending inland from the coastal Government Road at Ninole Pond to the upper Government Road at Hilea is also shown on the map, as well as several walls and structures located within the various grant and kuleana parcels(see Figure 25). e ;M` R x +� r u µ` "F"' aN M4x. )".„ Tl •'"""`"`"+..uw. w.. ,y ( 'aSu.y +F "yfu. s^^ �� ax^^ ,r a, �' ,mow ,� 'b ✓'�, n "`�!'"^a+a'"�"'z. w , *° '"°n,,,. ,x7�-7„• ,yet x ^f�.,.ice w.<x°,. �711 NX W V nsr n "`w ,:. k+ Figure 24.Punalu`u Village during the late 1800s,view to the south(E.B. Scott Collection,Hawaii State Archives). 38 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background , r , ` 7 a /'Z UU/7,7h9ha `Genf 824 r ^•"" -7 fo r 7 ''2 Kapw honua IYI Pehaku/oa ,' ) D Grant 823 Jl itahuna n f 825 r GAB ht 82� Xe k c tj la 76 %Kaloue l ' Igc'l. 7Taf \ „,rtp" I Xeiaiva t t• /GJaI/eklni Lt;v,> .✓ter e�M� ❑Project area Figure 25.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1455 prepared by M.D.Monsarrat in 1887, showing the location of the current project area. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 39 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Upgrades to the Punalu`u-Pahala Railroad(1897-1903) By 1897 the railroad line between Punalu`u and Pahala had been refurbished,and a new,two-foot gauge locomotive, the Daniel Foster(named for a plantation manager),had arrived on the plantation(Cond6 and Best 1973).An undated photograph in Conde and Best(1973:32) shows the Punalu`u terminus of the HAC railroad towards the end of the nineteenth century(Figure 26). 41 m Figure 26.Undated photograph of the Punalu`u terminus of the Hawaiian Agricultural Company railroad(from Conde and Best 1973:32). The HAC railroad line between Punalu`u and Pahala was completely overhauled between 1902-1903 (Cond6 and Best 1973). At that time, the old railroad was regraded, straightened, and modified from a two-foot to a three-foot gauge line following a new alignment. Two new locomotives—the Mokuaweoweo in 1903 and the Kilauea Iki in 1904 were added to the HAC's inventory along with 45 additional rail cars, and parts to convert the old cars from the narrower gauge to the new gauge(ibid.). Punalu`u Village During the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century During the early 20' century, the Hawaiian Agricultural Company began to expand and improve its wharf and warehouse facilities at Punalu`u. The landing,by that time, had come to be considered quite dangerous. An article published in the November 18', 1901 edition of The Hawaiian Star describes the perilous conditions of Punalu`u harbor: Punahm has come to be regarded as the most dangerous landing place in these islands. It has the record of being the grave yard for more vessels than any other landing...The bones of nearly a dozen of the little island sailing fleet have been broken there during the last twenty-five years. There are practically two reefs at the entrance, and so situated are they, that a strong current is created,sweeping into the landing place at the rate of three to four miles an hour.Behind the second reef is a third rock reef which extends out well toward the channel. The channel is about 150 yards wide and in going into or out of the anchorage the vessel generally makes three to four tacks. It is especially dangerous trying to go out of the harbor for there has to be sufficient wind to overcome the swift current which sets in constantly... Unless a vessel has a good wind, she is apt not to come about readily, and be swept over onto the inner point... The result is that every time a boat is thrown onto that reef,it is generally with such force that from the current,that the bottom of the craft is stove in and she soon begins to go to pieces. (The Hawaiian Star 1901) By 1905, several improvements to Punalu`u Harbor had been made and a new, large warehouse had been built near the railroad terminus at the landing(Figure 27).It was soon after this warehouse was completed,and another new warehouse was under construction,that the first archaeological study of sites within the current project area occurred (Stokes and Dye 1991). 40 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background u, AlAr- MW ' xFyy 4 y 'U v4pFy gYFb YN.'�i ' e Y A'yn n. r v T M Figure 27.Photograph of Punalu`u harbor in ca. 1905 (from Kelly 1980:vi),showing the recently built warehouse. John F. G. Stokes 1906 Survey of Heiau on Hawai`i Island In 1906, John F. G. Stokes of the B. P. Bishop Museum undertook fieldwork focused on identifying and describing major religious sites(heiau)on Hawaii Island(Stokes and Dye 1991). Stokes arrived in the Ka`u District in October of that year where,with the aid of an interpreter identified only as Meinecke,"he interviewed Hawaiian elders,seeking knowledge about the location and history of local heiau"(Stokes and Dye 1991:11). Stokes identified and described three major heiau within the coastal portion of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a(Lanipao, Punalu`unui, and Ka`ie`ie Heiau). Stokes also mentions a fourth heiau in Ninole Ahupua`a named Mokini,but did not locate it and believed that it had been confused with Ka`ie`ie Heiau. These heiau were later assigned the Bishop Museum Site numbers 138-1,138-2,and 139-1 and the SIHP designations 50-10-68-03511,-03512,and-03516. By the time of Stokes' visit, Punalu`unui Heiau (Site 138-1; SIHP 50-10-68-03511), which is perched on the coastal `a`d lava flow to the east of the current project area(Figure 28),had been partially destroyed to accommodate the construction of the improved wharf and new warehouse at Punalu`u Bay. As described by Stokes in 1906, this heiau(also known by the names Kane`ele`ele,Mailekini,and Halelau): ...probably extended to near the edge of the cliff bordering Punalu`u Bay,and its western boundary was destroyed when the face of the cliff was graded for the wharf and the first warehouse, built before 1906. Since that date another, larger warehouse has been erected, and the man in charge of the work has informed me that he had dug into a high bank of artificially laid stones and during the work came across a pit about 10 feet deep and "full of bones." The site of the bone pit is now occupied by the concrete base of the warehouse engine, at the southeast corner of the building, a mark which will no doubt remain for some time. (Stokes and Dye 1991:132) As seen in 1906,the heiau site consisted of a large level area of `a`d about 700 by 500 feet,which had been leveled off and partly paved with beach pebbles. The only definite feature remaining was a large wall on the eastern side, 8.5 feet high and 9 feet thick; it ran 341°30' for 648 feet. From either extreme,broken walls continued at right angles towards the west for about 230 feet. Outside the southern wall was a large flat stone, called locally"the sacrificial stone."East of and adjoining the large wall was another paved area,measuring about 500 feet each way. It was not enclosed and was better and more evenly paved with beach pebbles than the first portion described. The immensity of the place for a heiau would denote a temple of great importance, and it was a matter of keen regret that no features of the internal arrangement were definite enough to plot. The name Kane`ele`ele has been selected on Thrum's authority. It was on the list furnished me by Mr. Thrum but was not known in Punalu`u.The first name heard locally was Mailekini,and later another native stated that there were two heiau. That on the south being known as Halelau and that on the north as Punalu`unui. (Stokes and Dye 1991:132-133) Lanipao Heiau(Site 138-2; SIHP 50-10-68-03512),located within the Punalu`u Ahupua`a portion of the current project area,was described by Stokes as: ...a small L-shaped enclosure with walls 6 feet high and from 6 to 7.5 feet thick [Figure 29]. The southern portion is occupied by three terraces,each rising 1 foot.Outside and adjoining the western wall is an enclosure with small walls,3 feet high and wide.This heiau is said to have been built by Laka,of Kauai. (Stokes and Dye 1991:132) Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 41 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background a � � u _ „ r„ -69 o � Al E k � pr Figure 28.Punalu`unui Heiau(foreground),oblique aerial view to the west. Paces �rx True North � 20 ft Figure 29.Plan view of Lanipao Heiau by Stokes(1991:133). 42 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Stokes described Ka`ie`ie Heiau (Site 138-2; SIHP 50-10-68-03512), located on the coastal `a`d flow to the southwest of the current project area on the west side of Ninole Bay(Figure 30),as follows: ...All that was found was a cleared level stretch of `a`d paved with beach pebbles. On the east it overhung the sea,the rough `a`d forming the other boundaries. On account of these natural limits, it is probable that the place was never enclosed with walls. (Stokes 1991:131) h l f Figure 30.Ka`ie`ie Heiau(foreground),oblique aerial view to the northeast. Punalu`u Village 1910-1920 The newer warehouse described by Stokes in 1906 as located on the western edge of Punalu`unui Heiau can be seen in photographs on file at the Hawaii State Archives collection that show Punalu`u Landing in ca. 1915 (Figure 31). The landing at Punalu`u and the shoreline of the current project area were briefly described in the February 21, 1912, edition of the Coast Piolet Notes on Hawaiian Islands: Punahm Landing...is marked by a large warehouse close to shore. There is a church with a steeple on the slope near the beach on the west side of the anchorage. A small village located in a coconut grove lies in the mouth of the west side of the deepest gorge. The local steamer calls here. A plantation railroad runs from the landing to Pahala Mill...(United State Department of Commerce and Labor 1912). The village of Punalu`u and the environs surrounding it were described in further detail by Henry Walsworth Kinney,who prepared a tourist guide for the Island of Hawaii in 1913: PAHALA...lies inland, and is the headquarters for the Hawaiian Agricultural Co.,the main camp, manager's residence and mill being located there, as well as a branch of the Volcano Stables Co. and a Chinese hotel... Here begins the settled part of Kau, and the road runs through cane fields, interrupted by stretches of lava flow, until Waiohinu is reached. West of Pahala is also this plantation's sisal plantation and sisal mill, the most extensive on this Island. Mauka of the road is seen a fertile cane field growing on a mud flow at a 1200 foot elevation... On the makai side a green gate opens to the road leading makai to Punaluu,with its large warehouses and palm trees. West thereof is a church on a hill,which may be easily seen from the upper road, and just west of this again is Ninole village... (Kinney 1913:67) Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 43 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Near PUNALUU,which is the landing for East Kau,where a few houses are prettily located among cocoanut trees, are the remains of a couple of heiaus,Punalummi, once a very extensive structure; and Kaneeleele, an important temple, said to have been connected in its workings with the great Wahaula heiau,in Puna.Hence a trail runs westward along the beach,until,within less than a mile, the beaches of Wailau, Koloa and Ninole, with a few houses, all within a few hundred yards, are encountered...(ibid.:69,71). i G r Figure 31.Photos of Punalu`u landing,warehouse,and workers,ca. 1915 (Hawai`i State Archives, (top)PP-30-6-001 (bottom)PP-30-6-002). A survey and map of a Portion ofPunaluu,Kau,Hawaii prepared by Jas.B.Mann in April to September of 1919 depicts the coastal lands of Punalu`u Ahupua`a, showing the harbor infrastructure and a number of other walls and structures present in the vicinity of the bay (Figure 32). The map also indicates several archaeological, natural, and historical features such as Punalu`unui Heiau and Lanipao Heiau, a rock to the south of the heiau structure with the place name "Kahiolo"next to it, the route of the ancient coastal trail, the Pahala Railway, and the Old Government Road. The rock labeled "Kahiolo" on map is likely the "sacrificial stone"that was briefly mentioned by Stokes in 1906 as associated with Punalu`unui Heiau(Stokes and Dye 1991:132). An undated photograph taken by T. Kelsey around the time that the 1919 map was being prepared shows the stone with one of the HAC warehouses and Punalu`u village in the background(Figure 33). Annotations added to the 1919 Punalu`u map indicate that a 2.17-acre parcel (shaded yellow) surrounding the wharf infrastructure was sold to the Hawaiian Agricultural Company on November 21, 1921. A 1919 Sanborn map provides further detail of this area, showing the plantation railway and other HAC structures at Punalu`u, labeling the larger, more southern warehouse "Sugar Warehouse" and the other warehouse "General Warehouse"(Figure 34). 44 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background qN,,L �j �Vw I.an*pao �4 a+ H,iau Old Government Road ET— �.r Punalu`u Bay Punalu`unui Heisu 0 Project area Kahiol Pond t ri-. ,"RaciC" Figure 32.Portion of map prepared by Jas.B.Mann in 1919 (KS Map 5474)of Punalu`u Ahupua`a showing features within the project area. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 45 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background �.. lot`" ON lA 0 `,l�' 1 � mm YI'. *A �'Y ✓ M "3 ,���.' 'Ci e`•r ♦�[.i41 Figure 33."Sacrificial stone"near Punalu`unui Heiau with the HAC sugar warehouse at Punaluu Landing in the background.Photograph taken by T.Kelsey prior to 1920 (from Kelly 1980:35). cf` vJ ..Es 30B �l ll'6£MEFFL. � wnarxo ��e M pjW h`9A'9!/HH{lfX/COLTORHL C06. _WI {YA/7aV vl Luc 5�s 5 ov��/.feeg pp� I ta' gJ6Ao e 1 yyNP�y�s;.n e.s k o \ r m ` Figure 34. 1919 Sanborn fire insurance map showing the HAC sugar warehouse at Punalu`u. 46 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background The End of the Sugar Era at Punalu`u In 1929 HAC ceased using Punalu`u as its main shipping port, and began transporting their sugar and supplies by truck to Honu`apo (Robins et al. 2016). At the same time, HAC also began removing the railroad tracks between Punalu`u and Pahala. The removal of the tracks was initially deemed to be a breach of the lease by the Bishop Estate, but the HAC's lawyers successfully argued that the tracks were actually a trade fixture,removable personal property associated with a tenant's business,and were therefore not subject to the lease agreement(HSPA 1931).The route of the rail line as it comes into Punalu`u is shown on the 1924 Honuapo U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series quadrangle map (Figure 35). By 1931 all the tracks between Punalu`u and Pahala had been removed, and in the following years the plantation's remaining rail infrastructure was sold off(Conde and Best 1973). The HAC buildings and landing at Punalu`u were torn down around this time as well(Figure 36),and the wreckage removed,leaving only the concrete foundations in place(Clark 1985). L`. i 52, RUF �•� r J e ❑Project area ;! 0 1 2km-------------- — t � Figure 35.Portion of the 1924 U.S.G.S.7.5 minute series quadrangle,Hounapo,HI showing the project area. After the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor,the high-standing concrete walls of the former HAC Punalu`u warehouses,which were easily visible from the ocean,were dynamited by U.S.army personnel,and troops were then stationed at the former facility for the duration of World War II to ensure that it could not be used as landing in case of a Japanese invasion (Clark 1985). Despite these changes, Punalu`u remained a thriving village throughout this period,supporting a sizeable population. "Canoe sheds,canoes,and nets lined the backshore of the black sand beach" (Figures 37 and 38),and"the large spring-fed pond fronted a luxurious home for plantation administrators...referred to as the Haole House"(ibid.:60). The modern alignment of the Hawaii Belt Road(Mamalahoa Highway/Route 11) was also built across the current project area during the early 1940s. On April 1, 1946 a tsunami, generated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands, swept ashore at Punalu`u destroying the army's temporary facilities at the landing, wrecking several houses near the beach, and filling the coastal ponds(Clark 1985;Langlas 1997).Aerial photographs from 1954 and 1965(Figures 39 and 40),and the 1966 U.S.G.S. Punahm quadrangle (Figure 41) show that, with the exception of some possible grubbing for pasture improvement purposes,not much changed in the vicinity of the current project area during the mid-20'Century. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 47 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background .............. PUNALLTU HARBOR • PUNALUU x i qNc Eo r s .. n ... .o • we '9 :a � " "aWf®�/ n �/�;,'� Lk wiit�im\\ �` a � Iss' Figure 36. 1929 chart of Punalu`u Harbor(Bishop Museum Archives). 48 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wa lau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background G w Y aq lit ill � t WW n a Figure 37.Punalu`u black sand beach during the mid-201 century, showing fishing boats and canoe sheds (Hawai`i County Planning Department 2017). > I_ r xr" r , ?: m and a Figure 38. Close-up of former canoe shelters at Punalu'u Beach(Lyman Memorial Museum). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 49 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background i� try'"f r' ���y ei„ �. vi • ' Rr r t., � r dt�,. � q'"y�, a. � � ,^� ���lad � M t t"r e d•',� r t•� e�r , �, y �c ,9NJ ; �rrV'` y`,� t �� ' •��� /i r ♦� ri � $ �9Y'� r"�t'k'r r���Y" �7� i cc" a:e� "fi: x 4y � YN •�,y �" .. � i� k w�Wyk r � f. �y y,,w�7 x ��r4 �: N y rr P �l�� n �,�,,'s7." �cr•,�'���k Y `4r �vY�i}' ��'.,•.21 � % ��"ry x,�l. •"fi�,� �� ': rSy� r���� ,. '� r- ,fir � '`g A,•t,. t. 'kxre:.. f1 r i l r jry m "r� '` �', S�;•..' y� �-/ *fir"s)��'�1 ❑Project area Figure 39. 1954 aerial photograph showing the project area. 50 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background ft 6��d fix ,.^�^ 9k �k �' !Aay,�A�E�"`�'. s sir r^^ �F ,p'�r �✓,.rf i 1 �� # � •� ti ^•o �. anti. F, �s ,,'e ''^ 't� a r -� �.°d t6 N•x, b '::;N b i v 7 7t 41 F �r e e" e � ♦ i s rr„rh • ,, pc•-'3 sr,�: a Y dl yr 1 F r f� r +. ♦ r. F �¢ h4� sek" '(+ `uhd`r gd'. q Ir iv °� .'• C e 4.r.c� NOV b fir"' ^r:.k. yryry,; _ .� x {� ✓ } � Ir ,, �a l r , • r" �t` s !� tX'•.. � �,�,a#qs"kbi�,� ry r u !"A a ❑PrajeG area w � Y Figure 40. 1965 aerial photograph showing the project area. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 51 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background 4l Pa, oaks ` 1 N 71, r' i- 4 v •ram0,11 a ti h t znk %r Hr1ea Q Project area A xlaoie ® Not i11 project area �� \N, "\ a, :. 'f' ,�I ! i Kaleie 'Pd�•� M '��� ��� M 11 ] I 1 Figure 41.Portion of the 1966 U.S.G.S.7.5 minute series quadrangle,Punaluu,HI showing the project area. B.P.Bishop Museum Research in Ka`n (ca. 1940-1970) Mary Kawena Pukui, born in Ka`u in 1895, was the daughter of Mary Pa`ahana Keali`i-kanaka`ole (a Hawaiian woman)and Henry Wiggin(a Caucasian man originally from Massachusetts). Initially raised as a punahele(favored child)by her Hawaiian grandmother,Po`ai-Wahine,in the traditional ways of Ka`u, she developed a strong interest in ancient Hawaiian customs, hula, and the Hawaiian language,becoming well versed in the local lore. Pukui, who was taught reading and writing at the Hawaiian Mission Academy, started documenting Native Hawaiian oral traditions and stories during her early teenage years. Around 1931 she began translating Hawaiian writings into English at the Bernice P.Bishop Museum,where she collaborated extensively with E. S.Craighill Handy and his wife Elizabeth Green Handy.In 1935 Pukui,with Handy and Handy,began comprehensively recording living oral accounts as told by Pukui's elder `ohana and the kupuna of Ka`u. As E. S. Craighill Handy notes, "in that year there were enough old folk in Ka-`u ... to enable us to construct a truly adequate record of many phases of the local heritage, traditions and culture of her `ohana," but by 1950 there remained only one elder of the lineage "living in lonely solitude on the windswept plane of Kama`oa" (Handy and Puku`i 1998:ix). The ethnographic studies in Ka`u conducted by Handy and Handy in collaboration with Pukui produced several books and articles, and established Pukui as a cultural authority for the region. Information contained in two of these works Native Planters in Old Hawai`i(originally published in 1940)and The Polynesian Family System in Kau, Hawai`i(1950)—that is pertinent to the current project area is summarized below. In The Polynesian Family System in Ka`u, Hawai`i,Handy and Pukui(1998)describe in detail the typical Ka`u kauhale,or complex of structures that formed the basic household unit.The kauhale were scattered opportunistically across the landscape of Ka`u in locations that suited the occupation of the residents.Fisherman built kauhale near the shoreline while farmers built in areas appropriate for agriculture. In Ka`u, many kauhale were built on exposed bedrock,saving areas of weathered lava flows and deeper soil deposits for agricultural plots.No head of any household would select a location to build without first consulting a person skilled in picking good house sites (a kuhikiuhi pu`uone).The picking of a good house site was imperative,because the selection of a bad one would bring misfortune to the family. 52 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Households consisted of several buildings with each building serving a distinct function. The basic kauhale consisted of the hale noa, or main living area in which men and women slept, and the mua, or mens' eating house where the family `aumakua shrine resided. Additional structures such as the hale kahumu (a thatched shed where cooking was done in bad weather and cooking materials were stored), hale pea (menstruation house), hale `aina (womens' eating house),hale papa`a(storage space for crops or other gear)and so on,were for special purposes and often smaller than the main living structures. Depending on the needs of the family, various houses would also be present, such as halau for the storage of fishing gear and canoes,or a hale kuku for kapa preparation. Small,isolated dwellings(papa`i)were built for temporary use by farmers tending inland fields,by fisherman who had travelled far from their coastal kauhale,or by canoe makers residing for short periods of time in the upland forest zone. Caves were also utilized for temporary housing and for burial purposes. Caves that remained cool and moist throughout the year were favored locations for lauhala production and food storage. When moving into a new home, such as after the marriage of a couple, the men of the immediate family were relied upon to erect the hale noa (Handy and Puku`i 1998). Construction of the hale noa included the building or refurbishing of a level terrace faced with stone (paepae), the cutting and erecting of timbers for the frame, and the gathering of materials for thatching.A feast was prepared in anticipation of the finishing of the structure and relatives came from far and wide bringing gifts such as mats,tapas,bowls,and calabashes for the new couple.Before the food was removed from the underground ovens (imu), the piko of the house was cut by trimming the thatch over the doorway. This was accompanied by appropriate prayers and offerings to the household gods. The new house owner then used an adze to make a smooth recessed arch over the doorway. When this was done, the interior furnishings were carried in and set in place,banana and `awa were laid on the paepae, and then the ovens were opened for the feast. In Native Planters in Old Hawaii Handy et al. (1991)describes to many of the places of Ka`u,and oral traditions associated with them,including those of Nmole and Punalu`u at the coast of the current project area.The descriptions of those areas of habitation presented in part 5 of that book are reproduced in their entirety below: NINOLE Ninole lies between Honu`apo and Punalu`u to the northeast.Lyman(1846:9-10)mentions the hamlet situated beside its black-pebble beach as one of"a succession of small villages" along this coast whose inhabitants were "extensively engaged in fishing." The coastal road, which remains intact to this day, had"been built with great labor by levelling a path [across the rough `a`a lava flow] 4 or 5 feet broad,lining it on each side with a wall some two feet high,and covering it with a layer of sand from the neighboring beach." It had been much improved since Ellis traversed it coming down from Hilea 23 years before. There are here at Ninole the most abundant springs that are to be found anywhere along the coast line, gushing out into a pond on all three sides inshore,flowing out just under the surface of the pahoehoe which surrounds the pond named Hilo`e [Figure 42]. These springs, called Puhau, form an inner pond which empties into another enclosed area by the sea which is tidal in level.The old name of the springs was Puaihau, meaning"Bubbling-icy-water." Their waters are very cold. All attempts to tap these springs have been unsuccessful because of the hardness of the overlying basalt.A third pond borders the second on the Punalu`u side,fed evidently by another set of springs named Kauhewa which keep it filled to a higher level than the main pool. In old Hawaiian times a village undoubtedly perched on the rocky area surrounding the ponds,and many years ago,in post- missionary times,there was a schoolhouse on the high level rock on the west side of the main pond. The land flanking the shore is very rocky, with little soil for cultivation, and the gulch inland of the ponds is subject to severe freshets in the rainy season. Any cultivation here would have depended on hand irrigation, as the locality has very sparse rainfall, and the sun is scorching. However, the hinterland of Ninole is rich kula land with abundant rainfall, where sweet-potato gardens must have been numerous on the lower slopes, and taro, banana, and sugar cane on the higher kula uka. It was in upper Ninole that land was anciently set aside for the kauwa,or outcasts,to dwell on. There they cultivated their foods.These people were not permitted to marry outside their caste,and it was their destiny to be killed as human sacrifices,as needed,for the war god Ku. They may have been the descendants of war captives;or,Mrs.Pukui points out,they may have been the remnant of an earlier population that was defeated by the invading Hawaiians who came from Kahiki. The Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 53 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background kauwa were allowed to fish in the pond by the shore and offshore, and they must have gotten their drinking water at one of the springs. After the abolition of the system of kapu the kauwa merged with the rest of the population, generally by moving to other districts,for the local people of Ka`u did not forget who had kauwa blood. The older kauwa undoubtedly continued to live in Ninole and died as outcasts,because their status was indelibly imprinted on their foreheads by special marks.Persons so marked were referred to as kauwa lae puni, slaves with bound foreheads,or kauwa kikoni,pricked slaves(halo 1903:99, 101). A legend relates that Ninole was the name of a beautiful woman who was the daughter of the cannibal woman Kaikapu. Ninole was beautiful but cruel. While she and her mother lived by the pools,the people of Punalu`u were afraid to go there for water. ,� iG�, 1s � : ih�;?;;�hj, .�4 'w� -. y�,; •'d�i n a 4s 6 ; NON ir r Figure 42.Photograph of the fishpond at Ninole in 1959(Handy et al. 1991:607). The spring on the east side of the Ninole ponds was named Kau-wale, meaning "Useless- landing."Here is why it was so named. Ninole the ogress used to go to the beach near this spring, where she could be seen by men passing in canoes. She would beckon to them and they would come ashore. She invited them to eat, and led them to the cave in which her mother lived. When they entered,the cave mouth would close.The men were trapped;some were eaten,some were tormented and starved. (Handy et al. 1991:605-608) PUNALU`U Punalu`u is the name of a bay with a beach which,viewed from the sea, would perhaps have appealed more than any other along this coast to Polynesian migrants from the south as a place for a landing and first settlement. It is deep and sheltered enough to be shielded somewhat from the prevailing winds, and it has a beach on which fishing canoes can comfortably land in normal weather. Chester Lyman,in 1846 found it"romantically situated on the beach, shut in in part by a rough lava stream." This bay is also the best in Ka`u for sheltering beached canoes. Now it is mounded quite high, and thrust back;formerly it was more extensive. But still it has survived the tidal waves which have swept other beaches away completely. Punalu`u means"Diving spring,"and takes its name from the fact that for their drinking water the natives had to dive (lu`u)down in the bay to an underwater spring(puna) some ways out from the shore.A man would take gourds out to the place and dive under.When he came to the fresh cold water near the bottom of the bay, he would unstop his containers,fill them,then surface and bring them to shore. In ancient times the Punalu`u people went to the springs at Ninole for their drinking water until the ogress Kaikapu settled there. Then they learned to dive for water in the bay. Some 50 yards in from the beach is a pond that now is stagnant,but formerly it was large and had ample fresh water from a deep spring named Ka-wai-hu-o-kauila. In the old days the spring was kapu and used only for drinking purposes. A legend relates that there was a time when stormy weather prevented the men from diving for water.There were two supernatural turtles who had come out of the ocean to Punalu`u:Honu-po`o- kea (Turtle-with-white-head), the mother; and Honu-`ea (Turtle-with-reddish-brown-shell), the father. The mother gave birth to an object resembling a piece of kauila wood,which she buried in 54 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Pun lu`u,Wa lau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background the sand to be hatched out by the sun.Then they dug into the earth and made a spring,then returned to the sea. When it was time for her"egg" to hatch, Honu-po`o-kea returned. When the thing she had laid did hatch it was a turtle the color of polished kauila wood.Mother and daughter lived in the spring until the baby turtle grew up. The young turtle was named Kauila. The spring came to be named"The-rising-water-of-Kauila."The turtle girl was able to assume human form and play with the young folk,but would become a turtle again when she went back into the spring.When bubbles came up in the spring, people knew the turtle girl was asleep in her home. Children used to catch fish and shrimps in the spring,and Kauila watched lest the little ones fall in.The people loved Kauila for this and because her spring gave them drinking water. They never used her water for any other purposes. In and around the pond whose water came from the spring the folk of Punalu`u were able to grow good wet taro.This is the only place in Ka`u besides Waiohinu where kalo wai could be grown. There is a quaint legend about the flight of two taro plants from Kona to Punalu`u.Here is Kawena Pukui's version of the story,and her interpretation. Big-Taro and Little-Taro grew in Kona,Hawaii,in a patch owned by a man named Laka. One day,the sound of wood-chopping was heard and both knew that he was at Lani-pae,preparing fuel for his imu. "Listen,"said Big-Taro,"Laka is cutting wood and I know that he is planning to put us in the imu." "Not I,"declared Little-Taro,"for when I am uprooted,the smallness of my root will be noticed and I will be pushed into the earth again.But you are large and will not be spared." "Let us flee before the imu is lighted," suggested Big-Taro, and so the two flew to Punalu`u, in Ka`u. There they settled down and took root again in a spot known as Kalo-nui-me-Kalo-iki(Big-Taro and Little- Taro)since that day. This old tale has been mentioned as a"children's legend"by Haole writers of our old tales,but I feel that there is more to it than something to amuse little folks. The old saying Ke kalo kamu o ka `aina("The-taro-planted-on-the-land")was applied to the hereditary chief of the locality.He was responsible for the life and welfare of his people,hence the term. Perhaps an invading chief(Laka)came to Kona and Big-Taro,the ruler,and Little-Taro,his personal kahu or attendant,were taken captives and subjugated.The victor became their chief and they his unwilling subjects. Whether they wanted to or not,they"grew in his patch." Then the day came when certain activities on the part of Laka,the chief,warned them of their coming deaths as human sacrifices.Both"Taros,"decided to escape(fly)to Ka`u. The escape was successful and the two settled,unmolested for the rest of their lives,in Punalu`u. On the shore,not far from their new home,is a spot called Lani-pae(Chiefs' landing)and I guess that they escaped by canoe to this landing place. The Lani-pae in Kona might have been Laka's landing place,and the one in Ka`u that of the two"Taros" who sought refuge there. This is just my mana`o(opinion)on the subject.(Pukui notes.) The area of the beach and the old lava flow that flanks Punalu`u is low and flat,and here many coconut trees flourish. This is, in fact, the only place in Ka`u where coconut trees flourish today, although formerly they were numerous at Honu`apo. A hump of lava to the east of the village protects the trees from the relentless trade winds that sweep Ka`u's kula kai and kaha kai(coastal plains and seashores).Under the trees at Punalu`u are the houses of Hawaiian families who still live there [Figure 43]. From the high black-sand dune of the broad beach one may look directly inland and westward up to the two round hills called Makanau and Pu`u `Enuhe, in the ahupua`a of Hilea. The interior community of Hilea and the shore community of Punalu`u were closely related, peopled probably by one `ohana or family stock. Between the two places foods and other materials of local productions flowed.The two adjoining ahupua`a of Hilea-nui and Hilea-iki had no favorable coastal outlet as did Ninole and Punalu`u. Punalu`u appears to have been second only to Waiohinu in population in early times. It does not,however,seem to have been the place of residence of any notable ah`i within the historic period. This is probably because, despite its favorable features,it was, and is, not notable for the catching of large fish, such as ulua, mahimahi, and aku. It was these that attracted the ah`i to Wai-o-`Ahu- Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 55 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background kini and South Point.Punalu`u was not a prize to be coveted,thanks to its stability and persistence, even to this day,as a native community. This community may also have been looked at with some aversion by other ah`i because of the chief who lived at Punalu`u and was driving his people like slaves to build his war heiau on Makanau and lost his life because of it. (Handy et al. 1991:608- 610) a r �p ���Sti �✓•���''- r'�^ ^.�"'�„'ter_�� �;{r a.'d��:u ✓.R a ,... - � :, VRI"�'.Jf +rjiy'.y/�'i '� p•(Y'�r.+l Figure 43.July 4, 1964 photograph of Punalu`unui Heiau looking west towards Punalu`u Village(B.P.Bishop Museum Archives negative H-1198 a-e). While at the Bishop Museum, Mary Kawena Pukui mentored and inspired many of the younger scholars there, instilling in them a deep respect for the Ka`n,and providing them with powerful knowledge for interpreting the Kanaka Maoli past of the district. As Marion Kelly writes in the acknowledgements to her edmohistoric account of central Ka`n,Magestic Ka`u: Mo`olelo of Nine Ahupua`a: For my introduction to Ka`n District,its people,places, history, and legends, I am indebted to Dr. Edward S. Craighill Handy and Dr. Mary Kawena Puku`i. Twenty years ago, as a part-time researcher for Dr. Handy, I sat once a week with Dr. Puku`i in her office at the Museum, talking with her about names of places in Ka`n, and the things she remembered about them. I recorded information she provided and located each place as accurately as possible on topographic quadrangle maps. It was from her that I first heard many of the stories about Ka`n and the people who lived there. Dr. Puku`i's infinite knowledge of Ka`n culture and history, and her faithful translations of Hawaiian materials over the past fifty years, have provided succeeding generations with a broad spectrum of basic data for an important time period(Kelly 1980:x). At the conclusion of the final chapter of The Polynesian Family System in Ka`u,Hawai`i Elizabeth Green Handy writes,in summarizing the drastic changes that had occurred in the Ka`n District since the arrival of the first Western explorers, "gone is the land-grabbing, vengeful war god, Ku-ka-`ili-moku...the rocks of his last temple have been thrust aside by a bulldozer to make more ground for open furrows" (Handy and Puku`i 1998:252). Even as the bulldozers were destroying the physical remains of the ancient Hawaiian occupation of Ka`n to make way for the sugar plantations and ranches of modern times,Mary Kawena Pukui was helping to bridge the gap between the ancient and the modern by collecting the quickly disappearing stories, chants, traditions, and remembrances of the elder kama`dina of Ka`n and passing them along to future generations, so that they too could know what it once was like. As E. S. Craighill Handy remarks, for Mrs. Pukui, and everyone who worked with her, it was "a labour of love" (Handy and Puku`i 1998:x). Elizabeth Green Handy leaves the readers The Polynesian Family System in Ka`u, Hawai`i with three lines translated by Mary Kawena Pukui from a name chant for the beloved chief Kupake`e.These lines refer to the proud and independent spirit of the people of Ka`n: "There is no going back;ways now are different...Look forward with love for the season ahead of us! Let pass the season that is gone!"(Handy and Puku`i 1998:252) 56 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Early Bishop Museum Archaeological Studies in the Vicinity of the Current Project Area Following the documentation of heiau on Hawaii Island by John F.G.stokes in 1906 and ethnographic documentation conducted by the Hadys and Mary Kawena Pukui during the 1940s and 50s. B.P. Bishop Museum archaeologists began taking a closer look at the Ka`u District (Clark 2017). It is clear from the writings of the Bishop Museum archaeologists working in Ka`u during the 1960s and 1970s that they were becoming increasingly concerned with the rapid pace of development, the growing number of people visiting archaeological sites, issues of looting, and the consequences it was having on the archaeological record (Emory 1970; Kelly 1969; Ladd and Kelly 1969). These concerns were largely voiced as archaeological pleas to stop the data loss, with no mention made of the cultural concerns that descendant communities at the time may have had,or how they may have felt about the archaeological excavation of their ancestral sites.As early as 1959,in the introduction to the first document produced after five years of excavation at South Point,Emory touched on the need for the better protection of the sites in the area,writing: The future of Hawaiian archaeology depends heavily on the preservation of sites. Those remaining should be left undisturbed until examined. For the protection of these last sources of knowledge concerning ancient Hawaii we must rely upon the intelligence, understanding, and interest of the people in the area,and upon the collectors of artifacts...(Ladd and Kelly 1969:32). In 1970,Emory prepared an inventory of archaeological and historical sites in the district of Ka`u for the Planning Department of the County of Hawaii. This was an attempt,as he puts it,to address the"very pressing need to record what survives of the Hawaiian occupation of lands to be changed by modern developments,and to preserve and restore those sites which can illustrate the Hawaiian heritage" (Emory 1970:11). Emory notes that in Ka`u, "because of lava flows,the aridness of the lands approaching the coast,the lack of suitable harbors and the remoteness from Hilo and Kailua harbors,the remains of Hawaiian occupation...have been so little disturbed that a well-rounded picture of its Hawaiian past can be constructed through archaeological and historical research" (Emory 1970:1). Given this excellent preservation, and the potential for the collection of archaeological data, he recommended that prior to any development,the Planning Board insist on(1)at least a general walk through by an archaeologist; (2)that if much of significance is encountered, an archaeological survey of the land be undertaken; (3) that if a developer desires to incorporate any of the encountered remains into a planned development, archaeologists "be engaged to supervise stabilization and restoration operations" (1970:111); and (4) that if the destruction of any nuns is necessary, salvage archaeology be undertaken prior to the development. In this general record,Emory(1970)lists the sites recorded by B.P.Bishop Museum archaeologists prior to 1970 by their State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) identification number followed by their corresponding Bishop Museum site number and(in some cases)the local place name of their location.He then presents a brief description of the site itself. At the time of the Emory study,the Bishop Museum also provided the County of a Hawaii with a computer print-out containing additional site data such as the name of the recorder, the date of recording, available photographs,the condition and age of the site,ownership,Tax Map Key,and accessibility,along with a master set of U.S.G.S. topographic quadrangles showing all of the site locations with the identifying site numbers. In the report, Emory summarized five sites previously recorded by the Bishop Museum in Punalu`u Ahupua`a and fourteen sites previously recorded by the Bishop Museum within Wailau and Ninole ahupua`a (Table 3). These were all of the archaeological sites that had been documented in those three ahupua`a up to that point, and it was not until the late 1960s,when C.Brewer&Co.,in anticipation of the declining sugarcane industry,began converting some of its former sugar lands into real-estate and diversified agriculture (Honolulu Star-Bulletin 2006),that wholesale documentation of sites located within the coastal portions of Ninole,Punalu`u,and Wailau began.Unfortunately,that documentation was being conducted at the same time that widespread changes to the landscape were also occurring(Clark 2017). Archaeological Studies Associated with the Development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u In 1969, C.Brewer&Co.initiated development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u on 434 acres of land within the coastal portions of Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a. Phase I of the resort development,which included a planned 18-hole golf course, pro-shop, club house, the Ninole Sea Village Hotel, the Colony I condominiums, the Aspen Institute's conference facility,a restaurant,a gift shop,and a cultural center(Clark 2017). The pavilions at the County of Hawaii Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park had already opened by 1968, prior to the start of the resort development. n 1972,while the resort was being built,C.Brewer&Co.consolidated its two sugar operations in Ka`u, the Hawaiian Agricultural Company and the Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company,to form the Kau Sugar Company (renamed Kau Agribusiness Company in 1986). The following discussion looks at resort development within the Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole coastal areas and the archaeological studies that were conducted in anticipation of this Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 57 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background development.Before the start of resort development,archaeological recordation in this area was limited to John F. G. Stokes' survey of heiau and notes on petroglyphs in the early 1900's(Cox and Stasack 1970; Stokes and Dye 1991). Table 3. Sites documented within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a prior to 1970. Ahupua`a Site SIHP Site 50-10-68 Bishop site number Punalu`u Punalu`unui Heiau -3511 B8-1 Lampao Heiau -3512 B8-2 Petroglyphs -3513 B8-3 Stepping stone trail -3514 B8-4 Cist burial -3515 B8-5 Wailau/Ninole Ka`ie`ie Heiau -3516 B9-1 Ninole Pond -3517 B9-2 Mokini Heiau -3518 B9-3 Enclosure(3 features) -3519 B9-4 Enclosure(3 features) -3520 B9-5 Trail -3521 B9-6 Ninole School -3522 B9-7 Burial platform -3523 B9-8 Old governmentroad/Alanui Aupuni -3524 B9-9 Canoe shed -3525 B9-10 Fishing shrine(ko`a) -3526 B9-11 Platform possibly used to dry fish -3527 B9-12 Trail -3528 B 9-13 Trail -3 529 B 9-14 Barrera and Hommon(1972) The steps for archaeological research laid out by Emory(1970)above were followed by Barrera and Hommon(1972) when C. Brewer Properties, Ltd. first proposed to construct the Sea Mountain Resort (Figure ). Bishop Museum conducted the archaeological work for the Ninole-Wailau portion of the overall development from 1970 to 1972 at the request of the Ka`u Historical Society,with funding from C.Brewer Properties,Ltd.While Bishop Museum Field Associate in Anthropology Violet Hansen had previously conducted some limited site recording in the vicinity of Ninole Pond in October and November of 1968(Hansen 1968),the initial archaeological site survey of the larger area proposed for the resort development did not occur until March and April of 1970 (Hommon n.d.). This fieldwork, undertaken by a crew of seven Bishop Museum archaeologists, under the direction of field supervisor Robert Hommon, resulted in the identification of 114 archaeological sites, containing a total of 216 features (Barrera and Hommon 1972:4), with most of the features occurring in the seaward portion of their survey area(Figure 45). The sites were plotted on a map,assigned Bishop Museum site numbers(B9-15 to B9-126,B9-171,and B9-172;Table 4), and briefly described (Barrera and Hommon 1972:5-30). The identified features were assigned to several distinct formal categories according to their various configurations, including wall, rock shelter, platform, enclosure, depression,mound,terrace, C-shaped structure,and miscellaneous. From June to July of 1971,Bishop Museum archaeologist William Barrera,Jr.returned to the Ninole-Wailau area with a crew of three Bishop Museum archaeologists and two volunteers to conduct"salvage archaeology"at selected sites and features within the planned resort development (Barrera and Hommon 1972). The salvage archaeology conducted by Barrera was in response to the rapid development of the area and included the preparation of more detailed descriptions for eighteen of the sites previously recorded by Hommon(n.d.),detailed mapping of four of the sites, and the excavation of twelve of the sites. The excavated sites contained evidence primarily of Historic era habitation activities, which Barrera and Hommon(1972:33) interpreted as an indication that the 1868 tsunami had removed"almost all traces of a fairly intensive prehistoric exploitation"from the shores of Ninole and Wailau.Barrera and Hommon(1972)ultimately proposed eight of the habitation sites(Sites B9-21,-23,-43,-48,-73,-82,-121,and- 123)for stabilization and integration"into an interpretive plan exemplifying the history of Ka`u District[that] would provide a valuable amenity to the resort development to be enjoyed by visitors and residents alike"(ibid.:33). They also recommended preservation forfive burial sites(Sites B9-22,-55,-56,-59,and-122)that local residents requested remain undisturbed. Barrera and Hommon (1972) also reported that two sites formerly located in coastal Ninole- Wailau—the old Alanui Aupuni (Government Road) and the former Ninole fishpond (see Figure 42)—had been destroyed prior to their work. 58 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background euohu o C ' QPunaiu M� o i [3 Current project area PUXAUJ U BFACn Tulchin et al.2006; ' PAR$ ❑ Rosendahl and Rosendaht 1986 a Ei Crozier and Barrera 1974 (n+h survey areas 1,11,111 indicated) 4,4,E E] Harrera and Hommon 1972 •. 1 A , KA`IL•`IC XStva°fie r [[eia ti�G� O Stakes 1906 site lucauL,ns op Figure 44.Previous archaeological studies conducted within the current project area. By the time that the Barrera and Hommon(1972)report detailing the findings of their two phase of archaeological study at Ninole and Wailau was written up in February of 1972,rough grading and irrigation trenching for the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course had already begun,and was expected to be completed,along with the construction of the golf maintenance shop,by October of that year(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972). Table 4. Sites documented within Wailau and Ninole ahu ua`a by Barrera and Hommon (1972). B.P.B.M. Survey S Description Site# Area 139-15 V Crudely built wall with rubble core,adjacent to 89-16. 139-16 V Probable house site;medium-sized enclosure adjacent to 139-15. A terrace is indicated by traces of a stone alignment and rubble extending across the width of the enclosure. 139-17 IV Two small enclosures; the larger contains a concrete tomb on a small knoll above the cemetery. Ili`di was found on the surface around the tomb. 139-18 I Stone wall(subject to additional documentation) 139-19 I House enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-20 I Wall and rock shelters(subject to additional documentation) 139-21 I Probable house enclosure,small,with well-built,core-filled walls and `di`di paving on the floor. An outlined lanai was located on the makai side of the structure. One door, on the makai side,was 65 cm wide;one on the mauka side measured 80 cm. (Site recommended for preservation) 139-22 I Probable burial cists. The opened Gist was apparently constructed by first digging a pit of the desired size in the ground, and then walling up the sides and roofing over the top. An adjacent low mound with `di`di paving on top is probably an unopened cist. (Site recommended for preservation) 139-23 I Walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) Table continues Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 59 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background / soatr Legend 15off *' Burial Oli(l id possible bur A: •a i=- �� RorF lbr or " ternpor.,ry habitation 06. ,•Icu.ture or tZp % \ Soft 1\ 42 V r 93 I 117 .., Epp W95 y 7-ROCN--LL rM �7 + 106 nor 72 s 45! SOU ff �r. I17 ,` � �2b \� .y \.. • ,0 .n T D6 � ],1 103.E iy .p �. # n1 r \ �~� MINI If ® • 171 ea � \76 .r • 3 Y IT \� ro Q MCI Sit .*. 57 Ry b1 07 i.�-.,r=�73 VHAILAU SITE SURVEY Soil } •: NiroOC� C.BREWER A COL Lid. �) 100 melerl� SURVEY AREAS �.. SITES e —SITES RECOMMENDED FOR PRESERVATION cOMTOUR INTERVAL 5011 KAtFIE HEIAIJ<, i rl Project area Figure 45 Barrera and Hommon-(1972:2) site location map,adapted by Tulchin et al (2006:42)to show sites by function(shaded areas indicate present golf course and road). Current project area indicated. 60 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 4. Continued. B.P.B.M Survey S Description Site# Area 139-24 I Possible rave;very small platform with rough surface. 139-25 I A small,poorly preserved,oval platform. 139-26 1 Possible graves.A large enclosure built against a cliff,contained four mounds,a medium- sized paved terrace,and an oval stone alignment. 139-27 I Wall extending from the cliff near site 139-29. 139-28 1 Small rock shelter, with 1.5-meter section of wall in front. No cultural materials were visible in the shallow deposit. 139-29 1 Possible grave. A small,poorly preserved, oval platform was at the base of the cliff near sites 139-27 and 139-30 139-30 I Possible grave. A small pavement was at the base of the cliff near site 139-31. 139-31 I Wall,extending from the cliff below the church to a wall running along the coast road. 139-32 1 Well preserved wall with numerous corners,trending Sand E. 139-33 I Two platforms(subject to additional documentation) 139-34 I Complex of rock shelters,platform,wall,and mound(subject to additional documentation) 139-35 1 Pen,probably modern.Medium-sized enclosure with rotting wooden gate at makai end and traces of barbed wire.Modern rubbish was associated with the site. 139-36 1 Probable house enclosure; small U-shaped structure with some `ili'ili paving. 139-37 I Possible house enclosure,small. 139-38 1 Three poorly preserved features. 139-39 1 Midden di posit with modern rubbish on the surface subject to additional documentation 139-40 1 Very small, squareplatform;well-constructed but deteriorated. 139-41 I Possible rave; small,roughly-paved terrace. 139-42 IV Large platform. A natural knoll had been converted to the platform structure with artificially built-up sides on the N and S.A narrow"step"was located on the N side. 139-43 II Walled enclosure subject to additional documentation 139-44 11 Medium-sized depression with two rock shelters.One shelter was fronted by a rough wall; another wall was built into a break in the side of the depression. A low,circular mound or rough pavement(D* =2,0 meters)was located near a natural earthen"ramp"leading into the depression. 139-45 11 One small and one medium-sized rock shelter. The latter had a rough arc-shaped wall in front. 139-46 II Small depression with small rock shelter. 139-47 II Large enclosure with 14 sides. 139-48 II Walled enclosure(subject to additional documentation) 139-49 II Small depression with one large and one small shelter. B9-50* 11 Possible animal pen;large depression with two walls and two mounds.Between the walls is an"entrance"to the depression 80 cm wide *the report has a typo,and calls it 139-59 139-51 11 Two depressions--one small,and one very small. The latter had a 70-cm overhang around most of itsperimeter;the former was open at one end and was roughly aved at the other. 139-52 11 Very small depression with two small overhang shelters, 139-53 II Very small depression with a small entrance located near sites 139-54 through 139-56,No cultural debris was visible. Table continues Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 61 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 4. Continued. B.P.B.M. Survey S Description Site# Area 139-54 II Small rock shelter with a poorly preserved,arc-shaped wall in front.The distance from the back of the shelter to the walls was 1.85 meters. 139-55 II Possible graves; small depression containing two platforms (Site recommended for reservation 139-56 II Two platforms and a rock shelter subject to additional documentation 139-57 II Three walls; possible agricultural complex utilizing floodwater irrigation along with features of sites 139-58,139-60,and 139-61. The longest wall extended along the bank of a streamgulch;at each end of this wall was a wall that extended across the stream bed 139-58 II Wall extending across a stream bed,located 26 meters upstream of site 139-57. A section in the stream channel itself has been washed away(see 139-57). 139-59 II Possible burial;small paved terrace built against a natural slope in a small tributary gully. (Site recommended for reservation) 139-60 II Wall extending across the stream bed(see 139-57). 139-61 II Wall paralleling the upstream end of the long wall of site 139-57 along the opposite bank of the stream bed(see 139-57) 139-62 IV Wall near site 139-42. 139-63 II Possible rave;medium-sized,roughly-paved terrace abutting a lava flow. 139-64 III Wall extending across the stream flood lain 139-65 II Wall oriented roughly NE-SW. 139-66 II Small rock shelters(subject to additional documentation) 139-67 II Possible animal pen; small enclosure adjacent to a ledge,with an "entrance" 1. 10 meters wide. 139-68 II Possible animal pen;medium-sized enclosure formed on three sides by a natural ledge and on the fourth by a wall. 139-69 II Rock shelter subject to additional documentation 139-70 II Rock shelters subject to additional documentation 139-71 II Wall trending roughly SE to SW, 139-72 II Small walled enclosure subject to additional documentation 139-73 II Probable house site.This was a well-preserved `di`di pavement delimited by a rectangular outline of medium-sized stones. At a distance of 3.1 meters from the pavement was a 3.2- meter-long alignment of stones. The area between the pavement and the alignment was littered with'ili'ili. Site recommended for reservation 139-74 II Wall extending from site 89-76 to 89-28. 139-75 II Trash deposits subject to additional documentation 139-76 II Trash deposit subject to additional documentation 139-77 II Roughly conical mound of stones. 139-78 II Two walls and five mounds. The walls and three of the mounds were probably remnants of a single wall at least 63 meters long extending SE along the road that parallels the ahupua'a boundary wall.The other two mounds may have been part of a branch wall.These walls appeared to have been used as sources for stones for building the modern boundary wall of the ahu ua'a(see 139-119). 139-79 II Medium-sized rock shelter;no midden deposit visible. 139-80 II Wall. 139-81 II Wall extending makai-mauka near 139-82. 139-82 II Historic house complex;two very large platforms with abundant remains of recent wooden structures and extensive areas of'ili'ili and large(0.2-to 0.3-meter-diameter)stone paving. The platforms shared one border. A corner of a wall was located NW of one of the platforms. (Site recommended for reservation) Table continues 62 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 4. Continued. B.P.B.M. Survey S Description Site# Area 139-83 II Two walls located near and possibly associated with site 139-82. The longer wall, oriented NW-SE',is core-filled,with a good facing on both sides, and is the better preserved. The shorter wall is oriented NE-SW. 139-84 II Short wall on the lava flow near Ninole Cove. 139-85 II Medium-sized rock shelter with no midden. 139-86 II Possible burial; very small depression with possible very rough stone pavement covering half of the floor. 139-87 II Small depression containing a small, well-preserved platform. An overhang extending around 3/4 of the circumference of the depression formed a rock shelter. Recent cultural materials, including a broken shovel and the remnants of a ladder were found in the depression. 139-88 II Wall extending from the cliff toward the ocean for a distance of 58 meters and then turning to the NE for a distance of 41 meters. 139-89 II Poorly reserved wall near the cemetery. 139-90 II Medium-sized depression with a gentle slope along one side.A 3-meter-long wall extended along one side of the depression. 139-91 II Two walls near and possibly associated with site 139-88. The longer wall had eight corners; the other wall branched from the first at nearly a right angle. 139-92 II Small depression. 139-93 II Possible animal pen. A small enclosure was formed by a natural outcrop and a short, are- shaped wall. 139-94 III Possible temporary shelter;poorly-preserved,C-shaped structure, 139-95 IV Possible house enclosure.This small well-constructed enclosure was built into a natural U- shaped depression. 139-96 III Wall with four corners. 139-97 IV Large rock-shelter.No cultural evidence was found on the surface of the deposit. 139-98 I Possible house enclosure. Small enclosure abutted,and was later than,a long wall running parallel to the beach road,A small shallow pit abutted the wall in one corner. 139-99 III Poorly-preserved wall. 139-100 III Possible dry-agriculture complex. The several poorly preserved structures included short walls,two possible C-shaped structures attached to one another,and mounds. 139-101 II Wall. 139-102 III Wall extending along the bank of a dry stream bed. 139-103 III Possible temporary shelter. The poorly-constructed C-shaped structure was of unfaced dry masonry. 139-104 III Wall,extending more than 100 meters SE from site 139-15, 139-105 III Probable modern corral. The large,well-constructed enclosure was near a stream bed;two walls abutted and formed obtuse angles with the mauka wall of the enclosure. 139-106 V Probable temporary shelter.The C-shaped structure with several mounds in the vicinity was possibly associated with dry agriculture. A stone lamp was found at the site. 139-107 III Poorly constructed wall. 139-108 III Small rock shelter with a short wall at the opening. 139-109 III L-shaped wall,possibly the remnant of an enclosure,near the bank of a gulch. 139-110 I Collapsed lava bubble and rock shelter(subject to additional documentation) 139-111 I Two poorly preserved enclosures sharing a common wall. 139-112 III Probable residential complex. A large, well-preserved enclosure contained three small enclosures, 139-113 III Wall extending NW from the large enclosure wall of site 139-112. 139-114 III Poorly-constructed platform, short wall, and small bedrock hollow used to store glass bottles,and other objects. Table continues Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 63 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 4. Continued. B.P.B.M. Survey S Description Site# Area 139-115 III Short wall. 139-116 III Short wall. 139-117 III Medium-sized,poorly-defined possible house platform with earthen surface. 139-118 V Medium-sized platform,probable house-site,with remains of enclosure on to 139-119 V Poorly-preserved wall,possible old boundary wall(see site 139-78,p. 12),running parallel to the modern ahu ua'a boundary walls in the upper section of the surveyed area. 139-120 V Possible house terrace.This is a large terrace consisting of a low knoll with a wall of large bordering stones and smaller paving stones along one side. 139-121 IV Medium-sized open-ended enclosure in poor to fair condition. This probable house site contains a low terrace at the closed end. The open end of the enclosure is at the cliff edge, facing the ocean. (Site recommended for reservation) 139-122 IV Two small adjacent platforms. These possible graves are on the opposite side of a long mauka-makai wall from site 139-123. (Site recommended for reservation) 139-123 IV Three large platforms, two small platforms, and a wall corner; probable residential complex. (Site recommended for reservation) 139-124 IV Small,poorly preserved terrace paved with small stones;possible grave. 139-125 II Medium-sized rock shelter 139-126 IV Small,roughly aved terrace 139-171 I Walled enclosure with house platform(subject to additional documentation) 139-172 I Rectangular enclosure(subject to additional documentation) End of Table Crozier(1972) Archaeological study of the Punalu`u portion of the Sea Mountain Resort property, much of which was acquired by C. Brewer Properties, Ltd.from the Bishop Estates specifically for resort development and had not been part of the originally planned development(Brandt 2019),proceeded similarly.This project,like the earlier Barrera and Hommon (1972) study,was conducted by the Bishop Museum at the request of the Ka`u Historical Society,with funding from C.Brewer Properties,Ltd.The study was undertaken for the purpose of locating and salvaging sites of archaeological or historical interest within the proposed development area. Study of the Punalu`u portion of the resort property by B.P. Bishop Museum archaeologists officially began in May of 1972, following an initial site survey conducted by Violet Hansen(between May and December of 1971),and shortly after the report for the Ninole-Wailau portion was published(Bareera and Hommon 1972).Hansen(1971)identified and assigned Bishop Museum site numbers to fifty- three sites within Punalu`u Ahupua`a(Sites 138-6 to 138-58); three other sites (138-59 to 138-61) were added to this inventory as a result of later fieldwork conducted in 1972-1973 (Crozier 1972; Crozier and Barrera 1974). While a comprehensive list of the sites assigned Bishop Museum designations within Punalu`u Ahupua`a could not be located during the research conducted for the current study, nor a comprehensive map showing their locations, the original Archaeological Site Survey Records prepared by Hansen(1971)for some of the sites are still available in the Bishop Museum Archives, and the records for other sites are archived online at the Bishop Museum's Hawaiian Archaeological Survey(HAS)database.Table 5 summarizes the available information for each of the 61 sites assigned Bishop Museum(138)designations within Punalu`u Ahupua`a prior to 1972. Recommendations provided by Hansen following the initial 1971 site survey were used to guide subsequent field investigations within the Punalu`u portion of the resort development conducted by Crozier (1972) and Crozier and Barrera(1974).The second phase of study,conducted by Neal Crozier and a team of six fieldworkers during May of 1972 (Crozier 1972), included additional survey, site mapping, and excavation. Work for that phase of study concentrated on three specific areas within the planned resort development(Survey Areas I,II,and III;see Figures 44 and 46). Survey Area I included"a narrow dog-leg shape situated between the Punalu`u access road and Kaneeleele [Punalu`unui]Heiau"(Cozier 1972:4)that was located mostly outside(east)of the current project area. Survey Area II included a similarly shaped area along the southwestern boundary of Punalu`u Ahupua`a and contained seven sites within the current project area,including Lanipao Heiau(Site 138-2). Survey Area III was located mauka of Highway 11 in Ninole-Wailau Ahupua`a (see Figure 46) and included one site within the current project area(Site 139-173, habitation complex). 64 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background When Crozier returned to Punalu`u, however, he found that several important sites previously identified by Hansen in 1971,and visited by Bishop Museum archaeologists in February of 1972,had been partially or completely destroyed by bulldozers in the months leading up to the May 1972 fieldwork. The bulldozing was primarily limited to Survey Areas II and III. Within Survey Area II, only three of the seven sites previously identified by the Bishop Museum remained relatively undisturbed. These sites included Lanipao Heiau(B8-2),a habitation platform(B8-37), and an Historic grave site (B8-53). The other four sites—a habitation complex(B8-7),two platforms (B8-8 and 52), and an unnamed heiau (B8-36)—were reported almost completely destroyed by golf course construction activities prior to May of 1972. Crozier's description of the Site B8-36 heiau is emblematic of the wider destruction of cultural sites caused by the development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u.Regarding the heiau, Crozier(1972:14): Once again the"progress"of modern man has destroyed a portion of Hawaiian Prehistory. Heiau site B8-36 was visited and recorded by Violet Hansen on December 7, 1971; three days later Dr. Sinoto, Chairman, Dept. of Anthropology, Bishop Museum, viewed the site and recommended further study and preservation (B.M. site report sheet B8-36). Today all that is left are a few of Violet Hansen's marking flags and a rubble pile. Since the site had been recommended for further study and was covered by dense vegetation, no maps were drawn or photographs were taken in December, and restoration is now impossible. Our field crew examined the remains and noted the coral and `di`di on the surface. We were able to approximate the size as having been 25 by 36 meters. Several pieces of broken basaltic glass were collected from the surface but could not be dated because of the recent breakage. All that remained of Sites B8-8 and B8-52 following bulldozing in the area were portions of the north face of each platform and a scattering of `di`di(Crozier 1972:14). At Site B8-7, a habitation complex consisting of several platforms and enclosures, "[A]n area in the center of the sites has been bulldozed, as has the entire perimeter, destroying portions of the platforms"(Crozier 1972:15).Within Survey Area III,the recent bulldozing had missed the documented sites,which were under heavy vegetation at the time,but it was explained to the archaeologists by a local resident that within the last decade (prior to 1972)the entire area had been chain dragged to clear the land for use as cattle pasture,which had undoubtedly damaged the site (Crozier 1972:18). As a result of the initial phase of study within the Punalu`u portion of the resort property,Crozier(1972)provided treatment recommendations for four of the seven sites within Survey Area II (B8-2, B8-53, B8-7, B8-5). The recommendations for Lanipao Heiau (Site B8-2) included removal of vegetation on and surrounding the heiau, and excavation and restoration of the heiau. Site B8-53,an Historic grave,was recommended for preservation, Site B8-7, a habitation complex which had been mostly destroyed by bulldozing, was recommended for no further work, and Site B8-37, a platform,was recommended for preservation. Within Survey Area III, Site B9-173 was recommended for no further work and Site B9-174 was recommended for further excavation. at that time. Table 5. Sites documented by the Bishop Museum within Punalu`u Ahu ua`a prior to 1972. B.P.B.M. Site# Description B8-1 Kane`ele`ele Heiau,luakini class(human sacrifice),used during time of Kamehameha L Last used by King Liholiho.Early photo shows it partly paved with pebbles. Wharf and warehouses probably built on heiau site. B8-2 Heiau of Lanipao. A small,L-shaped enclosure with walls 1.8 m high and 1.8-2.1 m thick. S portion of enclosure is occupied by three terraces,each rising one foot. B8-3 Petroglyphs,located on shoreline between Ninole and Punalu`u;25 units of human figures,family groups,fish,dots,and circles. B84 A stepping stone trail over `a`d lava. Trail leads N from Punalu`u Bay. B8-5 Cist burial,next to Punalu`u Church. B8-6 Platform,possibly shrine,built up at the base and up the side of a small pah,which forms part of a "basin-like"depression,having deep soil and a natural wind protection.Large rocks form the base of the structure,small `a`d chunks on top.Eastern half of structure much collapsed. Table continues. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 65 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background IJ ` L psi, ;. 'i;��lf-" l;4. `�-•`�"" iy/"�\ �'"1 r'J r''!.' , _ ,. �:.,15,�,1�`1F."A\.i.''''`. °j: 1,rF , �_._�.y � .� •; f1 � .1 � ITS, W,l''� �,� t . t r_ ,64 174 sF J tll •.1 L� M1C� j r,�r �''� 1�E (. ��• ( <<'� --i Z �� 1'� -_sir, �� ;> ,r ESN ,Y• � �rs E' r � �� 'r" Fig, ,�'� ,�.�. f.' -� _- �\ ' �[ r� I �• � ` �� •� ! r,%j r t r _ 'ate W 5l� � �• ,,. \ �\\ C 1.rl � a �88.7 OBS l `<,F rp.^�:"�—�L{f.- ,�L•.� a��m l'�y.VV• r��v4y,N I.' > L`? PIZ9 n O 0 ❑Project area Figure 46.Location of survey areas and site locations from Crozier and barrera(1974:3). 66 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 5. Continued. B.P.B.M. Site# Description 138-7 A)Platform fairly compact along W side becoming less so as it reaches ground level;B) 18' SSE of platform a 3-sided walled structure,possibly house site in poor condition; C) 18' W of house site a single rock wall 17' of which recently destroyed by bulldozer for 6'fairway. 138-8 Platform, 55' SE of the E corner of Lanipao heiau,built of fairly compact 'a'5 chunks and rock fragments with a good scattering of `di`di on top. Top center surface fairly flat,about 3'wide around outer edges on all sides show some disturbance.E of top center an"outcrop"of lava,6" showing above surface. 138-9 A platform,possible grave.A platform on 'a'5 chunks and `ili`ili,outer edges outlined by larger rock. Site in a flat area and on pdhoehoe lava,about 100' SW of house occupied by Mr.and Mrs. Ban a ;the latter speaks of graves in this area. 138-10 Crypt grave site.Platform of 'a'5 chunks and `ili`ili,outer edges of larger rock.Open vault 2'2" wide,7'long,2'4"deep. Vault goes in under top surface 1'longer at each end.Rubble of rock on bottom of vault,no bones noted,remains were probably removed. 138-11 Waterhole. 138-12 Natural depression,walled around top edge,enclosing 3 rock mounds,reported locally to be graves. 138-13 Planting depression.Natural oval shaped depression,partially walled around the N end. Wild type pineapple growing there. 138-14 Terraced possible house site,partially walled.Entrance may have had steps at one time,now ramp- like. Surface material of scattered shell, `ili`ili, soil and trash. 138-15 Terraced house site,partially walled.Ramp-like entrance.Fairly level ground, surface material of shell, `ili`ili, soil and trash. A deep it at the N end. 138-16 Walled enclosure,possible house site,N end adjacent to E corner of platform site 33. SE wall much collapsed. A short section of wall attached and outside of W corner. Outside of N corner much disturbed. Some water-worn stones used in construction of walls.Debris inside structure,and ekoa. 138-17 Walled house site with 1 walled compartment,a rectangular rock mound,a possible grave,the faint outline of another compartment,and a slightly raised possible platform. Some collapsing of walls. Inside surface 'a'5 lava,a slight scattering of `di`di and 3 small, scanty piles of `opihi shells. Numerous small temporary campsites in area. 138-18 Probable house site.Parts of two walls remaining of a probable house site situated on rough 'a'5 lava on slightly sloping ground. Site is within 15' of railroad bed site 136-31. Inside of east corner appears to be the remains of a small platform. Site is much disturbed.Material from site probably taken to build railroad bed. 138-19 Walled temporary campsite 13' x 13' on rough but level 'a'5 lava.Walls 2'6"wide at base,no heights,walls collapsed. 138-20 Outline of three walls of what appears to be a temporary campsite. Width of walls at the base 2'6", walls collapsed. 138-21 A small walled temporary campsite built on rough but level 'a'5 lava. All walls collapsed. 138-22 Gravesite. Site situated in a slight depression of rough and jagged 'a'5 lava outcrop. 138-23 Walled duplex campsite on rough though level 'a'5,overall measurements 14'x 32'6",a 5'wide wall separates two compartments.Walls much collapsed,inside paving of small lava chunks,slight scattering of `ili`ili,no shell. Site does not appear to have been used for any great length of time. 138-24 Ahu or cairn, 14'N of site 23.Ahu made partly within an"outcrop"of lava,4' x 4',2' high. 138-25 Walled campsite on rough though level `a`d lava. A few large embedded boulders used as part of the walls. Wall is 6'6"wide at the west corner others 2'wide. Inside paving of compact small 'a'5 lava having a noticeable growth of lichen. 138-26 Outline of a possible small campsite,walls collapsed,on rough,but level `a`d lava. 138-27 Outline of a possible walled campsite built on slightly raised ground of rough `a`d lava. All outer walls collapsed,inside of east corner,remains of 2 walls 16"wide,2' high, sort of a wind break. Top surface under rubble is paving of compact small 'a'5 with a scattering of `ili`ili. Table continues. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 67 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 5. Continued. B.P.B.M. Site# Description 138-28 Walled campsite built on top of a small knoll within an"outcrop"of round lava. Construction poor. Walls partly collapsed,inside paving of rough lava. 138-29 Ahu,40'E of site 24,made of `a`d chunks,4' x 4',2' high. 138-30 Ahu,40'E of site 29,built of `a`d chunks. 138-31 2 separate sections of an old railroad bed on top of pali at Punalu`u beach. 138-32 Stone wall built on steep slope of pah,in between large boulders of lava and across railroad bed site 31. Inside of wall is rough and steep. 138-33 Platform.E and adjacent to site 15. At one time a large and impressive platform. Greatly disturbed and altered over the years. Two water tanks have been built on top of the platform at the SE end. A large amount of water-worn stones in the area and a lot of trash. 138-34 Makai cave. Site visited by Dr. Sinoto and Bill Barrera,June 23, 1971. 138-35 Platforms on both sides of cave with walkway.Adze fragment blade end removed from surface of cave.Artifact in possession of Ka`u Site Historical Society. 138-36 Heiau. In good preservation. Visited by Sinoto 12/10/71. 138-37 Platform and house site.Platform paving of firmly packed,large and small `a`d lava intermingled with dense,irregular rock fragments. Also in the area,a walled structure with a double-faced NW wall,rubble filled.Inside paving some `di`di, soil and brush. 138-38 Outer edges of structure built of large rock,top paving of small chunks of lava and `di`di. Slight collapsing of NE side into the center of structure.Possibly a gravesite. Area was a garden plot at one time. 138-39 Mound of small lava rock and `di`di, sides collapsed,center height 1'. Same area as Site 138-38. 138-40 Mound of small lava rock and `di`di, sides collapsed,center height 1'. 138-41 Platform built partly around a natural hump of pahoehoe lava. Outer edges built of large lava rock and waterworn stones,top surface of small rock, `di`di and a covering of leaf mold. 138-42 Platform built against a pahoehoe ledge,outer edges of large rock,top surface of `a`d chunks,some `di`di,ekoa growing on top. Area reported to have been a garden at one time. 138-43 Gravesite. W of and adjacent to a very large lava boulder,outer edges of large lava rock,top surface of `a`d chunks,practically level with the ground. 138-44 Gravesite. 4'6"NW of site 139-43,platform of `a`d chunks,practically level with the ground, 11outcrop"of lava along W end. 138-45 Platform built against an outcrop of pahoehoe lava,outer edges of large rock,top surface of `a`d chunks, `di`di and a few pieces of coral.Reported to be the grave of a small child,possibly of the China family. 138-46 Platform of rough,loose `a`d chunks,practically level with ground. 138-47 Outer edges of platform of large rock,top surface of `a`d chunks, `di`di and one piece of coral. This area taking in sites B-43,44,46,47,48 reported to be the grave plot of the Mahoe family. 138-48 Gravesite. A few large rocks forming outline of platform,top surface of loose `a`d chunks. Surrounding area a large scattering of `di`di. 138-49 Remains of a possible walled house site.Remaining short sections of walls built of very large rock; faint outline of wall on SW side,no outline visible along the NW side,all rubble. Inside surface of shallow soil, scattered rock and brush. Goat damage. 138-50 Possible gravesite.Platform built around outcrop of lava,outer edges of large rock,top surface of `a`d chunks. Some disturbance done by goats. 138-51 Possible gravesite.Platform built up on slope of pah and partly around an outcrop of lava,NE and SE sides built of large rock,top surface of `a`d chunks, `di`di,E corner disturbed and sliding down pah. Goat damage. 138-52 Platform which apparently stood 40 to 50 cm high and appears to have been stepped. Only a portion of the N facing and `di`di remain. Table continues. 68 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 5. Continued. B.P.B.M. Site# Description 138-53 Nine meters SE of the heiau remains(138-36)is a historical grave platform measuring 4.4 x 6 meters and 45 to 75 cm high. The platform was constructed with 'a'5 stones and a mixture of `ili`ili.A slanted upright on the E portion may have served as a headstone. There is a vague stone alignment in the center of the platform. Worn koa haole posts,resembling fence stakes,line the perimeter of the site and indicate that the grave is historic. 138-54 Shelter. 138-55 Enclosure. 138-56 Enclosure. 138-57 Shelter. 138-58 Enclosure. 138-59 Shown as complex of structures on Bishop Museum map.Three adze fragments collected from surface. 138-60 Shown as large pavement with adjacent structures on Bishop Museum map. One adze fragment collected from surface. 138-61 Shown as complex of structures on Bishop Museum map.Probable groundstone abrader fragment collected from surface. End of Table Crozier and Barrera(1974) In November of 1972 and again in January of 1973,Bishop Museum archaeologists returned to the Punalu`u portion of the Sea Mountain Resort development to conduct additional plane table mapping within Survey Area I (Crozier and Barrera 1974; see Figure 44). By the time of this survey,the Punalu`u Village Restaurant,located just inland of the black sand beach and pond at Punalu`u Bay, was under construction (Figure 47), and much of the golf course development had been completed(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972). The mapping of Survey Area I(situated just to the east of the restaurant), directed by William Barrera, Jr. with a field crew of five archaeologists, resulted in the identification of 239 additional features on the 'a'5 flow to the east of the current study area(Brandt et al.2019).Most of these features were assigned temporary site designations(referred to as sites BM-1 to BM-236 for the purposes of this study). Only three of the features,from which artifacts were collected during the plane table mapping, received Bishop Museum site numbers at that time (138-59 to 138-61). Crozier and Barrera(1974:4) describe the plane table mapping of Survey Area I as follows: ...The sites were plotted by plane table and alidade, and relevant information concerning features (wall heights,presence of artifacts,and so on)was noted directly on the field maps.Permanent site numbers were assigned to only three sites because of the presence of artifacts to be catalogued. Site 138-59 had three adz fragments on the surface; site 138-60 had one adz fragment on the surface;and site 138-61 had a ground-stone artifact, probably an abrader, on the surface. In addition, an adz fragment was found on previously recorded site B8-1(Kaneeleele Heiau).Other sites were assigned temporary site numbers [see Table 8].Even abrief glance at the map shows that this area is densely covered with sites.Many of these are rather indistinct,no doubt as a result of numerous earth tremors over the past 150 years,which have caused the higher walls to tumble,and the lower ones to"me1C into the surrounding bedrock lava landscape.Evidence of this settling phenomenon is demonstrated by the presence of `ili`ili paving stones out of the sides of old bulldozer cuts at depths of 5 to 10 cm below the surface. There can be no doubt that these `ili`ili at one time were located on the surface. The density of the sites is reminiscent of a large cluster of archaeological remains noted by Reinecke (ms.) at Keauhou, North Kona. The similarity of the two areas is further strengthened by the presence of numerous heiau or religious structures. Unfortunately, Reinecke's sites no longer remain to be studied, as they were destroyed by the construction of a golf course.Punalu`u,then is perhaps a totally unique archaeological situation today on the Island of Hawaii, and thus offers extensive research opportunities that may be unequaled elsewhere. At the conclusion of the 1974 report, Crozier repeats the treatment recommendations he presented in the 1972 report for Survey Areas I and 11,and provides the following additional thoughts and recommendations: Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 69 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background ...The devastating tidal wave in 1868 did not affect the ahupua`a of Punalu`u as it did the lowland area of Ninole to the S. The disturbed portions of sites in areas II and III have been caused more by roving cattle and historic agrarian activities than by the fury of nature. If the following recommendations can be observed, a valuable portion of Punalu'u prehistory will be preserved... Once the field work began,it was a valuable asset to be able to work so closely with the developers on the Punalu`u project,since sites could be visited immediately when questions arose.In the future, closer relationships between land contractors and archaeologists would help to eliminate the unfortunate destruction of many ancient Hawaiian sites. (Crozier and Barrera 1974:27-28) i t .. KA'U RESORT RISING—C.Brewer's massive Punaluu-Nicole land development project is beginning to be visible.Rough grading and irrigation trenching for Ninole Sea-Village Golf Course is almost complete. The golf maintenance shop building will be finished by October 1.Architects will submit plans for Ninole Sea Village Hotel to Administration,Inc.,C.Brewer's land development agency,next week. Punaluu Restaurant and the Ka'u Center of History and Culture, a visitor information center, are rising on the shore of Panaluu Lagoon,above,and are about 10 per cent completed. T•H Photo. Figure 47.Beginning stages of the Punalu`u Village Restaurant construction(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1972). 70 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Opening of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u In the late spring-early summer of 1973 the Punalu`u Village Restaurant(Figure 48)began lunch service,and became the first of the Sea Mountain Resort accommodations to open (Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1973a).By this time the wastewater treatment facility had also been completed and groundbreaking for the planned Ninole Sea Village Hotel had begun(Figure 49).By July 1973,plans for the Ninole Sea Village Hotel were put on hold and,citing high interest rates,the construction of the hotel was never completed(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1973a). Instead,the plans changed to build a 158-unit condominium-hotel, and work began on building the Colony I condominiums within the year. A central facility building, originally commissioned to provide services to the hotel, was relocated to serve the condominiums. By the time that the Phase I construction of the Colony I condominiums and the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course was completed in 1974,bulldozers had removed nearly eighty percent of the sites documented by Barrera and Hommon(1972)from the Nmole-Wailau landscape(Tuchin et al.2006).In early November of 1975 (Figure 50), work had begun on the Aspen Institute Seminar Center at the Sea Mountain Resort(The Honolulu Advertiser 1975a). p yd 3 � 9 LUNCH ONLY (EXCEPT FOR A MOTHER'S eating part of the restaurant,which features an DAY DINNER)—First to open In the Brewer almost-completely local menu.The restaurant is Punala'u development is the Panalu'u Village now open only for lunch, but hopes to begin Restaurant.Buffet luncheon Is served off of two serving dinner by June 1. However,a special double-canoes(trot visible here)In the entrance Mother's Day dinner will he served this Sunday. way.Two pavilions off to the right serve as the SEA CAPE—Palm trees,bend in the breeze oft of History and Culture. The C. Brewer-owned the pounding ocean at Punalu'u Lagoon.To the resort in Ka'u is already a major employer,and right are the Polynesian-hut like roofs to the may soon be the major industry in rapidly- Punalu'a Village restaurant and the Ka'u Center changing Ka'u. Figure 48. Completed Punalu`u Village Restaurant(Hawaii Tribune- Herald 1973b). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka'u,Hawaii 71 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background I 1� f 4qq ya1r, HOTFI_MUFCT--Something not to common in hotels,a low-rise,will sprout at Punalu'u.The 203-room botel will spread over 12 acres in seieral buildings,none Sinole Co'"It's the Sioole Sea Village Hotel,focus of the Brewer development at higher than three stories.It is scheduled for completion by the endolnext year. Punaluu ��--� 01119 . Project In photos �15 '•Wl'DI%IP 'No]HPJ, —t.Brewer's sewage it onto the golf course.-We dump nothing into t-e—ril plant Hill take Al Haste Muter from the ocean."said Ed Crook,top man at Brewer's the I'unalu u drvrinpmrul and treat it,then pipe Aa'u development.—T-H Photos. Figure 49.Early development of the Punalu`u coastal area(Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1973b). �., t.trlf course �4 ya .f GIlf I-IIHI'3l' r.. +« ~�- .• � „all ,y l i Jr J way. Figure 50.Aerial photograph of the recently completed Sea Mountain Resort in ca. 1975. 72 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background November 29,1975 Tsunami at Punalu`u On November 29, 1975, just 2 years after the opening of the Punalu`u Village Restaurant, and less than a year following the opening of the Ninole Sea Village Golf Course,a locally generated tsunami caused by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake,swept the coast of Ka`u causing substantial damage to the coastal portion of the current project area(Ka`u- Preservation 2006;Tate-Libby 2013),and to several structures located adjacent to Punalu`u Bay (Figures 51,52,and 53). The Punalu`u Village Restaurant and kitchen was completely gutted, seven homes behind the beach were completely washed off their foundations, two of the three County pavilions at the Punalu`u Beach Park were completely destroyed, and a lei stand was washed away (Williams 1975). The basement of the golf club house was also filled with water and the golf carts were flooded A sketch map prepared by Loomis (1975) after the tsunami shows the run-up of this wave at Punalu`u and the destruction it caused(Figure 54).The tsunami debris line is shown as extending inland to the 18-foot elevation contour line. Following the tsunami and the completion of the Aspen Institute in 1975,development within the Punalu`u resort area stalled out. The widespread landscape changes that occurred in coastal Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a during the early 1970s can be seen in a 1978 aerial photograph (Figure 55) and on the 1982 U.S.G.S. Punahm quadrangle(Figure 56). A-12 Maeday,December 1. IM RONOUTIX AM'FRTISER at* I, d Punaluu Restaurant structure withstood the wave action Saturday. Figure 51. Tsunami damage to Punalu`u Village Restaurant(The Honolulu Advertiser 1975b). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 73 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background i p k Figure 52.Photograph of house damaged by the tsunami at Punalu`u(Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1975). r . 'A �r s � f Figure 53.Photograph showing tsunami damage at Punalu`u(Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1975). 74 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background 9 ®18' d. va d Stand ®12 yds e. / I i. �i 8 ® tlyds 48yd®y ® 32yds.b. \ 17yds ® 0 M30yds. not to scale) ` Debris @ 18' contour Legend a. Ito house destroyed, moved 17 yards toward sea. b. House nearly intact, moved 30 yards inland. c. Dahlberg house, mostly destroyed, rotated 90° clockwise, moved 11 yards to right then seaward 5 yards. d. Carmichel A-frame house destroyed, moved 12 yards to right. e. Mizuno house shattered, moved 48 yards, f. Cacholoa house shattered, moved 32 yards. g. Pavilion fence down and roof lifted. h. Small tile buildings destroyed. i. C. Brewer restaurant gutted. j. Golf house basement filled, golf carts flooded. Figure 54. Sketch map by Loomis(1975:24)showing the houses destroyed at Punalu`u by the November 29, 1975 tsunami. J o� e d�& i M, �]Project area Figure 55. 1978 aerial photograph showing the current project area. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 75 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background s � ., ��•. fir— � 1 , ` ✓ aJ, XK1 N .V 41 \ i ,s � ,I e 1•� i ��, J '� r` „r �l. �^"' is -, ./, / ti\ ,^ w Qagr..c.�„o4� + f 7�� /-. �ttl� �� f - 1 Or ' 'N GOLF .a project area r \ � a Not in project are, } `� t�r�r � �� !� a',' .;>r M t e r 1e,8 t .._ + a Son Eau ` ' /! }� "n �'.• ! �ff�y�r $' 1y f r S A ik Figure 56.Portion of the 1982 U.S.G.S.7.5 minute series quadrangle,Punaluu,HI showing the current project area. Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property (1986-1988) It wasn't until 1986,following the devastating effects of the tsunami, that C. Brewer began to seek entitlements for additional development within the Punalu`u Resort Property using a revised version of the original plans. As part of this development concept(Figure 57),C.Brewer sought to build a"Village Hotel"on the bluff overlooking the ocean and coastal plain,an additional 740 to 1,035 hotel/condominium units on approximately 48 acres,two new golf holes located on the coastal plain, and a new vehicular access road and parking area on the east side of Ninole Cove to provide vehicular access to the shoreline on the west side of the Resort Property (PBR Hawaii& Associates 1988). As a first step in the project,C.brewer sought permitting to begin construction on a 500 to 600 room hotel,additional tennis courts, resort support facilities and amenities, restoration of Ninole Cove, expansion and enhancement of the existing beach park,and development of the"Punalu`u Village",a mixed use,low rise,commercial and multi-family facility with 330 to 500 residential units and 65,000 square feet of commercial space (Tribune-Herald 1986). A new archaeological study of the resort property was undertaken as part of an Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)that was prepared for the project(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986),and that study identified only 32 sites remaining within the overall project area. The Punalu`u Preservation Committee, Ka Ohana O Ka Lae, and numerous individuals opposed the 1986 development plans set forth by C. Brewer. Concerns from the Punalu`u Preservation Committee included,but were not limited to,overcrowding of the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach,loss of mountain and coastal views from tall hotels, a reduction of open space and expansion of the public park with additional golf course development,damage to coastal springs and ponds from treated sewage irrigation on the golf course, direct adverse impact on the nesting area of the endangered Hawaiian hawksbill sea turtle and the green sea turtle,and destruction of important cultural sites(Punahm Preservation Committee 1987).A coordinated effort was started by the Punalu`u Preservation Committee to make the Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole coastal area a Historic District at both the state and federal level.During this time,numerous public meetings/hearings were held to help explain the planning process and receive input from community members. Opposition for the proposed development from concerned community members was countered with voices of community members in favor of the development. Following weeks of criticism by the above-mentioned groups, C. Brewer withdrew the EIS in order to redraft the sections concerning preservation of archaeological features and cultural and social impacts. 76 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Punaluu Resort Tennis Center Gulf Course 1, 4 CA Village Center Ae 4 t* r Village `•__• �_ �r- Punaluu Hotel Black Sand Multilamilya Restaurant Inn Residential Gotf l;oume f f Harbor Punaknt Hawaii Ninole Cove Beach Para t; t 0 3W Feat Arlo Or n'41 Figure 57.Proposed redevelopment plans for the Punalu`u Resort Property(Clark 1988). In 1988, C. Brewer attained the desired rezoning and final approval for the EIS, which noted that"most of the project area [at least 901/o] has already been mechanically cleared, or altered by floods and tsunamis" (in Tulchin et al. 2006:44). With these two needed items in hand it seemed that the proposed development plans laid forth by C. Brewer would move forward,however, citing the need for more money to pay for resort expansions, C.Brewer sold the resort in the summer of 1989 to Punalu`u Development Inc., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm Sekitei Kaihatsu Co. (name later changed to Sazale Corp.) (Hawaii Tribune-Herald 1989; Star-Bulletin 1989). Punalu`u Development Inc. pledged to continue with the resort expansion plans proposed by C. Brewer,but on a much smaller scale. The initial phase of development was to include a small hotel,an improved golf course with an enlarged clubhouse,and a shopping complex(Bishop 1989).This initial phase would be followed by a second phase to be developed in 10 years' time and a third phase to be completed in 15 to 20 years'time. Haun and Rosendahl(1986) In January 1986,in connection with pending rezoning requests(R85-27)and a SMA permit application(SMA 85-13), Paul H. Rosendahl Inc. (PHRI), conducted a one-day preliminary archaeological assessment of the entire Punalu`u Resort Property,hoping to relocate 43 sites,including 22 that had previously been recommended for preservation by the B.P. Bishop Museum(Haun and Rosendahl 1986). The attempt to relocate these sites was based off a map of 47 sites produced by C. Brewer, and likely compiled by Phillips, Brandt, Reddick& Associates in 1984-85 when they summarized existing archaeological sites within the Punalu`u resort area for various permit applications (Haun and Rosendahl 1986:A-6).Nine sites listed as being in coastal Punalu`u(Sites 138-2,138-7,138-14,138-15,138-16,138-31, 138-32,138-33,and 138-53; see Table 5)were relocated by Hann and Rosendahl(1986). Of the 37 sites listed as being in coastal Ninole-Wailau Ahupua`a (see Table 4 and Figure 45), however, only ten were relocated during the preliminary archaeological assessment.Five of the sites(Sites 139-5,139-6,139-121,139-122,and 139-123)were thought to be outside of their project area; six sites (139-57,139-58,139-60,139-61,139-64, and 139-84)appeared to have been either covered and/or destroyed by flooding in the lower portion of the Ninole Stream that occurred during the early 1980s;three sites(139-22,139-23,and 139-48)were found to be partially or completely destroyedby earlier construction activities;and nine sites(139-18,139-19,139-21,139-95,139-98,139-110,139-119,139-120,and 139-172)were determined to have been either destroyed or improperly located on the 1984 map prepared by C.Brewer.PHRI did not have time to attempt to relocate Sites 139-42,139-62,139-108,and 139-109.A single site(139-174)located in inland Ninole-Wailau was also relocated at that time(Haun and Rosendahl 1986). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 77 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986) PHRI,in conjunction with the preparation of the EIS for the Punalu`u Resort,in order to follow up and expand on the prior one day preliminary archaeological assessment,later conducted a full archaeological reconnaissance survey of the property (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986). As a result of that effort,32 sites(with 83+features)were identified, Twenty-five of these sites(66+features)had been previously identified by the Bishop Museum,while the remaining seven sites(17+features)were newly identified(all but one within the Ninole-Wailau portion of the property).Within the Punalu`u Ahupua`a portion of the resort,Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986)relocated eleven of the Bishop Museum sites(B8-2,B8-3,B8-5,B8-7,B8-14,B8-15,B8-16,B8-31,B8-32,B8-33,and B8-53). Table 6 lists the sites and the treatment recommendations provided by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986). The site locations are shown in Figure 58. Table 6. Sites within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole ahu ua`a b Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986). BPBM SIHP Description Treatment Site# Site# Recommendation* B8-2 3512 Lani ao Heiau Preservation B8-3 3513 Petroglyphs Preservation B8-5 B8-37/3515 Terrace Preservation B8-7 - Platform and enclosure complex Preservation B8-14 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/terrace Preservation B8-15 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/terrace Preservation B8-16 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/enclosure Preservation B8-31 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/railroad bed Preservation B8-32 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/wall Preservation B8-33 - Punalu`u Harbor Complex/platform Preservation B8-53 - Historic burial platform Preservation B94 4368/3519 Koloa Complex 4368 /enclosure Preservation B9-7 4368/3522 Koloa Complex 4368 /Ninole School Preservation B9-9 4368/3524 Koloa Complex 4368 /Old Government Road Preservation B9-17 - Two enclosures and a cement tomb Preservation B9-22 4310 Two mounds(burial cysts) Preservation B9-31 4309 Habitation complex terraces and burial platform Preservation B9-32 4310 Wall Preservation B9-33 4310 Two terraces Preservation B9-34 4310 Feature complex: rock shelters,platform,wall,rock Preservation pile B9-43 4330 Enclosure Preservation B9-62 - Wall No further work B9-119 4360 Wall No further work B9-174 - Enclosure and platform complex(probable heiau Preservation - 7361 Wharf Preservation - T-101 Petroglyphs Preservation - T-104 Wall No further work - T-107 Railroad bed No further work - T-108 Koloa Complex 4368 /trail,enclosure,wall Preservation - T-109 Wall No further work - T-110 Fishing shrine,burial platform and paved area Preservation - T-111 Koloa Complex 4368 / latform and burial features Preservation *Recommended General Treatments from Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:A-23) 78 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background I lid %• K9-174 c' 41 104 B9-119 r T-107 B8-7.; T-109 }} '88-5' Bszi . l n82., . 1; Wailau Complex: (4310) -MdS�% � BSV31 B94 9-22,32,33,34 B8-15 B9_ �— •.i BS-14 8-33 B9-7 1'-101 cun•,u•u 7361 Xprbor l ' Koloa Complex(4368).� B9-31 M 1.1..4 Sn Ie. .INe B�riah 1 Bluff Complex 4309 Id ANI—d 511.A,— �-.J Gdl Cw.e Olt- 0-- SITE LOCATION MAP ❑Project are RAJ,I51.AND OF IlAwAir —_.. FIGURE 2 Figure 58.Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986: A-4) site map. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 79 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Sazale Corporation's Proposed Redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort Property (1990-1994) In 1990, Sazale's management company,Haseko(Hawaii)Inc., sought a shoreline management area permit from the Hawaii County Planning Commission to renew resort development at Punalu`u(Thompson 1990).Due to a change in the Ninole Cove shoreline, the issuance of the permit stalled (Thompson 1991). The Ninole Cove, historically a fishpond and in more recent times a swimming spot until the tsunami of 1975,was filled in with gravel during a series of storms between 1978 and 1982.The filling in of the cove began with the tsunami,but after the series of storms,the cove and shoreline completely changed and became unusable as a pond for recreation.Group 70,on behalf of Punalu`u Development Inc., prepared a Shoreline and Pond Management Plan outlining proposed measures for conserving, rehabilitating,and providing access to the shoreline. The Sazale Corp. also entered into negotiations for purchasing a three-quarter mile long remnant of the Old Government Beach Road/trail (Figure 59) along the shore of Punalu`u (Pang 1991a). C. Brewer had originally purchased the Old Government Beach Road/trail from the State in 1986, and had included it in the sale to the Sazale Corp.,but this sale/purchase was overturned because it was determined that the County of Hawaii owned the road, not the State, and therefore the State could not legally sell it. The section of the road in question, which extends between Ninole Cove and the Punalu`u black sand beach, was used by fisher people to access the cove,beach, and other fishing spots. At that time Sazale Corp. planned to replace the road with a newly designed 17' hole of a refurbished golf course. They also planned to provide alternative access to the aforementioned areas (through the Shoreline and Pond Management Plan). Community meetings concerning the sale of the road were held at that time, and at one of those meetings, descendant community member Pele Honua of the Punalu`u Preservation Committee was quoted as saying,concerning the proposed development,"It's really sad things have to happen this way-Hawaiians fighting Hawaiians" (Pang 199lb). In 1992,the Sazale Corp. received a shoreline management area(SMA)permit,but they never broke ground on any of their proposed development actions, citing the need to raise funds to pay the company's debts (Pang 1992). Sazale Corp eventually listed the resort for sale in 1994(Honolulu Star-Bulletin 1994). 1 . y —T-N pboro by Gordan YX Pang DEVELOPMENT SNAG? — The County Council, at a meeting in Kona next Wednesday, must determine if this old Government Access Road should be sold to developers of the Punaluu Resort to make way for a golf courser. Figure 59.Photograph of the old Government Road along the Punalu`u coastline(Pang 1991a). 80 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Sea Mountain Five,LLC's Proposed Development of the Sea Mountain Resort at Punalu`u (2006) In 1994, the Punalu`u Resort Property was purchased by SM Investment, a limited partnership formed by Robert Iwamoto of Robert's Hawaii travel company and Clyde Kaneshiro of Honolulu Disposal Service (Hawaii Tribune- Herald 1994). Two years after the purchase, in 1996, the SMA permit obtained by Sazale Corp. for shoreline development was voided and sent back to the County Planning Commission for a contested case hearing, and SM Investment committed to doing a new shoreline survey (Kua 1996). Between the years 1996 and 2005, under the ownership of SM Investment, the resort grounds and golf course were maintained, but no new development was undertaken.However,renewed interest in developing the property,spearheaded by the developer group Sea Mountain Five LLC., who was in negotiations with SM Investment to purchase the property, initiated another attempt at obtaining an SMA permit for proposed development activities, and resulted in the preparation of a new EIS (Group 70 International 2006). At that time Sea Mountain Five,LLC was proposing to develop up to 1,523 residential units, up to 300 hotel units on one or two hotel sites, a championship 18-hole golf course, cultural/marine center,upgraded wastewater treatment facility, water reseivoir, and other supporting infrastructure (Figure 60). The time required to receive the SMA permit took longer than expected, however, and when the deadline for Sea Mountain Five,LLC to purchase the property from SM Investment expired in 2008, the sale fell through and none of the proposed development occurred(Armstrong 2008). ry�+ 6 � I w, Figure 60. Sea Mountain Master Plan(Group 70 International 2006:2-6). Tulchin et al. (2006) In 2006, at the request of Group 70 International, Inc., Cultural Surveys Hawaii Inc. (CSH) conducted an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) of approximately 433-acres at the Punalu`u Resort (Tulchin et al. 2006)that included lands mauka and makai of the highway (see Figures 61 and 62). The AIS was conducted in support of the EIS being prepared for the proposed expansion of the resort facilities (Group 70 International 2006), and the application for a new SMA permit. The survey included the current project area as well as the Barrera and Hommon (1972), and Crozier and Barrera(1974)project areas and encompassed roughly the same area as the Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986) reconnaissance survey. CSH concurred with PHRI, that 90% of the resort area had been mechanically cleared or altered by floods and tsunami(Tulchin et al. 2006).By the time of the Tulchin et al. (2006) survey, more 100 cultural sites had been destroyed in the coastal portion of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Ninole ahupua`a (see Table 3 in Tulchin et al. 2006:36), and none of the mitigation recommendations presented in any of the earlier archaeological studies had been followed through on. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 81 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Note:Prefix For SIHP$s Is 50-10-H 24909 A. 24909 E. 24908 24910 m Q 4 S� Mauka Survey Area a m `� i.:cnrrlaxes 0 100 200 304Meters L• t,aNearuls 0 250 500 750 1 000 Feet w� 4A Figure 61. Site map prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:52)of the mauka sites identified during their AIS. 82 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background 0 24915 E 710 0 7a 7:$ yG Ln *X N�...a� 5N O 00 LO Cz t 9.0 0 LL IL I Addendum AIS:Punalu'u Black Sands Project,Punalu'u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka'u,Hawaii 83 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Tulchin et al.(2006)identified a total of 34 extant historic properties(containing 125+component features)within the overall resort property (Table 7; see Figures 61 and 62). Twenty-four of the sites were previously identified and nine were thought to be newly identified. One site, the Hokaloa Congregational Church and Cemetery (Site 50-10- 68-07370),was described as being located outside of the project area.Tulchin et al. (2006)attempted to correlate the sites they identified during their survey with previously recorded sites,but they were hindered by the extent of land disturbance within the resort property and the brevity of the site descriptions presented in the prior reports,as well as the confusion that multiple site numbers were given for the same feature throughout the years. Ultimately, existing SIHP site designations were retained for fifteen of the recorded sites(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513,-03515, -03519 to -03522, -03524, -04309, -04310, -04330, -04360, -04368, -07361, and-07370), and new SIHP designations were assigned to nineteen of the sites (Sites 50-10-68-24897 through-24916) (see Table 7).Four of the sites were major site complexes that contained several individual features and other sites within. The complexes are the Burial Bluff Complex (Site 50-10-68-04309), the Wailau Complex (Site 50-10-68-04310), the Koloa/Ninole Complex (Site 50- 10-68-04368),and the Punalu`u Harbor Complex(Site 50-10-68-07361). All but two of the sites(Sites 138-53 and 139-174)identified by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986)were relocated. Tulchin et al. (2006:43) could not relocate Site 138-53, a grave site, and believed it had been destroyed,and they did not attempt to relocate Site 139-174 likely because it is just outside of the mauka portion of the project area(see Figure 58)and partially within a privately owned lot within the Kalana Subdivision(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:A-14). Site 139-173,originally identified and tested by Crozier and Berrera(1974),but not found by Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986),could not be relocated by Tulchin et al. (2006:43)either,and was reported to have been destroyed. The sites documented by Tulchin et al. (2006) were in various states of disrepair. For example, many of the petroglyphs (approximately 75%) originally documented at Site 3513 were reported destroyed by Tulchin et al. (2006:71), who suggest that they were bulldozed during construction of the Punalu`u Beach Park access road and parking lot. The overall area surrounding Site 4310 was reported as being extensively modified by land clearing activities that specifically impacted a wall(Feature A)and two platforms (Features B and C) (Tulchin et al. 2006:99 and 111).The periphery of Site 24901 had been bulldozed during golf course construction(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and Tulchin et al. (2006:169) described portions of the site as being disturbed by land clearing activities but that overall, the features were intact and in good condition. Sites 24908 and 24909 (walls) were truncated by bulldozing and bulldozer push piles were located at the ends of the walls. These two sites were reported as mostly destroyed by bulldozing associated with construction of a non-improved ranch road(Tulchin et al. 2006:55, 57, and 58). As a result of the Tulchin et al.(2006)AIS,five sites(Sites 50-10-68-24902,-24908,-24910,-24911,and-24913) were recommended for no further work, and the remaining 27 sites were recommended for preservation. Archaeological monitoring was also recommended during ground disturbing associated with the proposed development activities. The draft Tulchin et al. (2006)AIS report was the subject of initial Chapter 6E-42 review by DLNR-SHPD who, in a letter dated February 26, 2007 (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; Appendix A), indicated that the background section of the report was acceptable, and the field survey was adequate.DLNR-SHPD also concurred with the significance evaluations for the documented historic properties presented in the draft report and agreed that all of the sites recommended for preservation should be preserved.DLNR-SHPD did,however,request that two revisions be included in the final draft of the report prior to its acceptance: (1)that three sites recommended for no further work (SIHP Sites 50-10-68-24902, a wall, 50-10-68-24908, an enclosure, and 50-10-68-24910, a mound)be considered for preservation;and(2)that an overlay of the proposed development on the site location map be prepared. A revised draft of the Tulchin et al. (2006)AIS was never submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review, since the proposed development activities never occurred,and no mitigation planning for the historic properties remaining within the project area has occurred. Recent Developments regarding Historic Preservation within the Punalu`u Resort Property In 2007, Members of Ka`u Preservation Inc. (formerly Punalu`u Preservation Committee) composed a nomination form requesting that the coastal area of Punalu`u, Wailau, and Nmole be added to the National Register of Historic Places (NHRP) (Ka`u Preservation 2007). To date,the area has not been listed in the NHRP. There was also interest generated for the County to purchase the lands,but these measures were largely in response to community opposition regarding development of the area, and have been somewhat subdued since the development proposed in 2006 fell through. In 2017,the State Land Board fined a tour boat operator$42,165 for damage done to the Historic Punalu`u Wharf, when he tried widening the boat ramp with an excavator to accommodate lava boat tours (Hawaii Tribune- Herald 2017). The work was done without permits and without the permission of the land owner at the time, SM Investments.The current land owner(Black Sand Beach,LLC)purchased the property from SM Investments in 2020. 84 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 7. Sites documented within Punalu`u,Wailau, and Ninole by Tulchin et at. (2006:49-51).* SILK# Temp. Fe.atuivs Folln _fie 11II1k ii.]LI a_omplei Slznifi- Site ff C7IH-s R,cco mend -�CiGll 3512 B8-02 6 Lanipao pre- ceremonial A. L�'.A_-.'E Heiau Contact 3513 B8-D3 4 petroglyphs pre- rock art contact B8-D5 5 platforms& pre- habitation D FL�'.r_-.'e 3515 &B8- terraces contact complex 37 3519 B9-D4 3 enclosures historic aEriculhiral K61oa- D Preserve (aniivaJ Ninole hu}baadrv) Complex (4-368) 3520 B9-D5 3 enclosure, historic habitation K61oa- D Preserve Ninole Complex (4-368) 3521 B9-D6 1 trail historic transportation K61oa- D Preserve Ninole Complex (4-368) 3522 B9-D7 2 'Mmole historic School K61oa- C_D Preserve School" Ninole (platforliL Complex enclosure) (4368) B9-09 1 govt.road historic transportation K61oa- A,D Preserve 3524 (Alanui Ninole Aupimi) Complex (4368) B9-31 25+ terraces, pre- possible Burial D,E Preserve 4309 A'%X-II Ean contact burials_ Bluff Feats emplacement tw! military Complex A-J+ s historic (4-3 09) re-use 4310 B9-32 1 wall historic cattle barrier Wailau D Preserve*$ Feat.A Complex (4-310) 4310 B9-33 3 teiraces. historic habitation Wailau D Preserve Feat overhang Comp lei B-D shelter (4-310) *Site 4368,the Koloa-Ninole Complex,left out of site table Table continues Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 85 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 7. continued. SIH[P# Temp. Features form —gam Function omplex ig 11�'itigation Site# cal2ce Recommend -ati-on 4310 B9-34 4 o-�erhang historic habitation Wailau D Preserve Feats. shelters, Complex E-H walls (4310) 4330 B9-43 1 enclosure historic agriculntral D Preserve (awl husbandry) 4360 B9-62 'malls historic property D Preserve** &B9- bounden, 119 cattle barrier ?361 Wharf 5+ P-LMalu`u historic Harbor Punalu-u A.D Preserve Feat.A Harbor Infrastructure Harbor Wharf Complex (7361) 7361 B8-14 5 terraces. historic Harbor Punalu-u A.D Preserve Feats. uvell.walls Infrastructure Harbor B-E Complex (7361) ?361 ES-15 1 terrace historic Harbor Punalu-u A.D Preserve Feat.F Infrastructure Harbor Complex (7361) 7361 B&16 1 enclosure historic Harbor Punalu`u A. D Preserve Feat G Infrastructure Harbor Complex (7361) 7361 B8-33 6 platforms historic Harbor Punalu:u A. D Preserve Feat-H Infrastructure Harbor Complex (7361) (7370)* Church* 3+ historic historic ceremonial, Burial D. E Preser7e church and burial Bluff cemetery Complex (4309) 2489" T-109 3 enclosures- historic habitation K51oa- D Preserve trail Ninole Complex (4368) 24898 T-111 & 9 platforms& pre- burial K.61oa- D.E Preserve CSH 8 terraces contact complex Ninole Complex (4368) *Site 7370 was investigated by Tulchin et al.(2006),but was not included in their project area Table continues 86 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 2. Cultural and Archaeological Background Table 7. continued. SIHP# Temp. Fean mes Form -A9f Function Camplea Siguffi- Mitigation Site# cairce Recommend -Id 4r1 24899 B9-17 3 crypt, historic burial Burial D. E Prese'7e enclosures complex Bluff' Complex (4309) 24900 T-110 4 fishing pre- ceremonial, Burial D.E Prese.ye shrine, contact burial Bluff platforms Complex (4309) 24901 BS-07 4 platforms& pre- habitation D Preserve enclosures contact complex 24902 B9-109 1 umall pre- indeterminate D No Further Work contact 24903 B9-121 1 enclosure pre- habitation, D,E Preserve contact posy. burial 24905 T-104 1 IA-all historic cattle barrier D Preserve** 24906 1-109 1 'A-all historic cattle barrier D Preserve* 24907 CSH 1 1 %-all historic property D Preserve boundary, cattle barrier 24908 CSH 2 1 enclosure pre- indeterminate D No Further Work contact 24909 CSH 3 2 go-t.road historic transportation A,D PresetTe 24910 CSH 4 1 mound pre- agricultural D No Further lVork contact 24911 CSH 5 1 n-all indeter- indeterminate D No Further Work innate 24912 CSH 6 1 terrace pre- probable D.E Preserve contact burial 24913 CSH 10 1 well historic well D No Further Work 24914 CSH 12 1 cage pre- possible D.E Preserve contact burial 24915 T-107_ 5 railroad historic transportation A.C,D Preserve BS-31, berms &B8 32 24916 T-101 1 petroglyph pre- rock art D,E Preserve contact End of Table Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 87 3.Project Area Expectations 3. PROJECT AREA EXPECTATIONS Punalu`u,Wailau,and Ninole ahupua`a have been the focus of numerous archaeological surveys beginning with John F. G. Stokes' island wide survey of heiau in 1906 (Stokes and Dye 1991), and more recent studies conducted by Barrera and Hommon(1972), Crozier(1972), Crozier and Barrera(1974), and Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986)for the development of the Punalu`u Resort within the current project area.The most recent and intensive archaeological survey of the resort area was an AIS conducted in 2006 by Cultural Surveys Hawaii (Tulchin et al. 2006), who documented 34 historic properties within and nearby the current project area(see Table 7, Figures 61 and 62). That report was submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and was found to be generally thorough and complete(see Appendix A). Therefore,given the scope of the current project,it is expected that the historic properties previously documented within the project area by Tulchin et al. (2006)will still be present and that no additional historic properties will be identified on the surface the area of direct impacts due to the extent of prior land disturbance that has occurred in those areas. 88 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current project was conducted by Matthew R. Clark, M.A. (Principal Investigator), and Manny Lopez,B.S.,of ASM on May 7 and 8,November 11, 19,20,December 6 and 9,2022.A total of 70 person hours were required to complete the fieldwork. FIELD METHODS Fieldwork for the addendum AIS consisted of a visual inspection of the ground surface within the area of direct impacts (Figure 63) for the proposed project and the identification and preparation of updated condition assessments for the sites previously documented by Tulchin et al. (2006)within the project area(see Figure 89). This scope of work was determined in consultation with DLNR-SHPD Hawaii Island Lead Archaeologist, Nicole Mello. The visual inspection of the area of direct impacts was accomplished utilizing pedestrian transects with fieldworks spaced at 10 to 15-meter intervals. The existing golf course, comprising roughly 100 acres of the roughly 142-acre area of direct impacts for the proposed project,was not surveyed as part of the current fieldwork.Handheld tablet computers running ESRI's Field Maps application and connected to an EOS Arrow 100 GNSS receiver with sub-meter accuracy(set to the NAD 83 Zone 5N datum) were used to determine the limits of the area of direct impacts and to relocate and document the condition of sites previously identified within the project area by Tulchin et al. (2006).Photographs of the sites, and the general project area were taken using the handheld tablet computers running the Solocator application,which provides a GPS location,view direction,date and time stamp for the photographs,and a DJI Mavic Air 2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV),operated by a licensed pilot. p` 9-5-0 l 9-030 z a � O Tax N1ap Kcy JNIK1 IPW Area of Direct impact Eschided from project area Projccr area Golf course redevelopment area 9- 19-0 I I' 9-5-019-015 002-039 9-6-002-053 9-1�-()l 9-0;1 9-5-019-026 / 9-6-001 001 9(r(102-037r+„ 9-6-002-008 9-6-001-013 i V 9-6-001-003 9-6-001-002 ��-6-001-006 Y y 0 Nlcicra 9-6-001-01'1 o 100 20H 9-0-001-012 Figure 63.Map showing the areas of direct impact that were subject to pedestrian survey. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nclole,Ka`u,Hawaii 89 4. Fieldwork PEDESTRIAN SUIRVEY OF THE AREA OF DIRECT IMPACTS All of the development areas proposed for ground disturbance as part of the current project(see Figure 63)have been previously subject to mechanical ground disturbance,and no archaeological sites were identified on the surface of the project area as a result of the pedestrian survey of the area of direct impacts. Additional information about each of the survey areas where development/redevelopment activities will occur as part of the current project is presented below. This is followed by a presentation of additional information collected at the sites previously documented by Tulchin et al. (2006) within the project area. Recommendations regarding the mitigation the sites documented within the project area are as part of the proposed project are presented at the end of this report. Survey Area for the Redevelopment Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant Grounds and Vicinity The survey area for the redevelopment of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant grounds and vicinity included roughly 7 acres(portions of TMKs: (3)9-6-001:001,003,013,and 9-6-002:038)located directly inland of the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach and Kawaihnokauila Pond,on both sides of Ninole Loop Road(see Figure 64).Preliminary development plans for this area include the redevelopment of the restaurant and the construction of a fish market,restaurant,open- air market, and public restrooms across the street. The entire area has been previously developed, but is currently covered with tall vegetation that includes coconut palms and other trees with an understory of grasses and vines. The vegetation obscures the remains of the former restaurant building and other related structures(Figures 65 to 69),that were built in ca. 1973,but closed shortly thereafter due to the impacts of the 1975 tsunami.Paved pathways meander through the restaurant grounds,and several old wooden bridges cross an artificial water channel(Figure 70)that once fed into Kawaihnokauila Pond in its vicinity. A parking lot located to the northeast of the restaurant was recently cleared of vegetation and is currently used for public beach parking(Figure 71). Across Ninole Loop road from the restaurant is a single family dwelling situated neat to the existing golf course that is also owned by Punalu`u Black Sand,LLC(Figure 72).No historic properties were identified within this survey area. ' wt ,. w }W •;i<�.�"`.. gip, Ir e w; 'AL Figure 64.Location of the old Punalu`u Village Restaurant with Kawaihuokauila Pond visible in the foreground (right),oblique aerial view to the north. 90 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork f � 7 F _ f • tl Figure 65.Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the east. Ogg f � . 8 { r Figure 66.Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the north. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 91 4. Fieldwork 4r~r, r- w Figure 67.Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant Bar,view to the northwest. 4' 5 "' '�'"�;r - ram- ��'rpp•+ "3` �_ a~k °1 S ' 4 '� `Y �,a 'n �a t Figure 68.Ruins of the Old Punalu`u Village Restaurant,view to the north. 92 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii • l � � • •gyp, • � � � • • x ♦ Qom. 8 1. 6 � t � �� „�;�yy �� �� °x ti i j. apt x � a. - t ► .• �'`r �r i A a��{ �M= r- y 777 a 's"" " ` z, �miryty ' !'`$-•_.ems-` ` _ - x _ F i i a 4. Fieldwork Survey Area for the Colony II Condominiums The survey area for the Colony 11 Condominiums includes roughly 4.5 acres (TMK: (3) 9-5-019:031 in its entirety) located between Ninole Loop Road,the existing golf course,and the Colony I Condominiums(Figure 73).The current development plans call for the construction of 63 new condominium units within this area which, as can be seen in Historic aerial photographs,and was confirmed during the current survey,has been previously grubbed,and perhaps even graded. Currently,the entire area is covered by a uniform growth of Guinea grass and haole koa(Figure 74). No historic properties were identified within this survey area. ColonyOW ' l AW Ing . y S. Figure 73. Survey area for the Colony 11 condominiums,oblique aerial view to the west. ccL 1^j K k ,R,Ft q c >f I Figure 74.Typical vegetation within the survey area for the Colony II condominiums,view to the north. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 95 4. Fieldwork Survey Area for the Village and Wellness Center The survey area for the proposed Village and Wellness Center includes roughly 27.5 acres(a portion of TMK: (3)9- 5-019:015)that was formerly the location of the Punalu`u Resort's tennis center(Figure 75).The current development plans call for the construction of a sports center, a bakery/restaurant, a marine eco-center, a Ka`u coffee showroom, an amphitheater, and approximately 130 rental units within this area. As can be seen in Historic aerial photographs, and was confirmed during the current survey,the entire area has been previously grubbed, and perhaps even graded. A former tennis center/golf check-in building(Figures 76 and 77)with several old tennis courts behind(Figure 78)is located at the southern end of this survey area next to Ninole Loop Road.Vegetation in the vicinity of the tennis center is currently maintained,but the remainder of the survey area is covered by a Guinea grass,haole koa,and other weeds that are,in some places,quite thick(Figure 79). The entire survey area appears to have burned in the recent past,and several bulldozer paths, perhaps representing firebreaks, are evident through the more thickly vegetated areas. A proposed new access road connecting from the Village and Wellness Center to Ninole Loop Road crosses the existing golf course. No historic properties were identified within this survey area,but three sites documented by Tulchin et al. (2006) are situated to the north of the proposed Village and Wellness Center (Sites 50-10-68-03512, -04360, and-24906). These sites were examined as part of the current study and will not be impacted by the proposed development activities. They are described in further detail below and are recommended for appropriate mitigation as part of the proposed project in the concluding section of this report. m 1 Figure 75. Survey area for the proposed Village and Wellness Center,oblique aerial view to the southwest. 96 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork s Figure 76. Golf check-in sign along Ninole Loop Road,view to the south. W,6f jt pMpp Figure 77.Former tennis center/golf check-in building,view to the south. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 97 4. Fieldwork L MOW Figure 78.Old tennis courts,view to the south. Figure 79.Typical vegetation within the survey area for the Colony II condominiums,view to the north. 98 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Aspen Institute Survey Area The Aspen Institute survey area includes roughly 2.73 acres(TMK: (3)9-5-019:026 in its entirety)located on the `a`d flow along the southern boundary of the current project area(Figure 80). The current development plans call for the restoration of the existing facility on this parcel and the construction of 20-30 additional rental units.Nearly the entire survey area has been previously graded and developed,and is currently the location of several dilapidated structures and a parking lot,with an access road connecting between them.Most of the vegetation appears to have been planted at this location,but is no longer maintained.No historic properties were identified within this survey area. Aspen Institute Figure 80.Aspen Institute survey area,oblique aerial view to the northwest. Golf Clubhouse and Parking Lot Survey Area The golf clubhouse and parking lot survey area includes roughly 1.8 acres(a portion TMK: (3) 9-5-019:011)located in the southwestern corner of the current project area within the 100-acre golf course redevelopment area(Figure 85). The existing golf clubhouse (Figures 86 and 87)and parking lot(Figure 88)will be renovated/refurbished as part of the currently proposed project. This entire 1.8-acre development area has been previously subject to mechanical disturbance and no historic properties were identified within the survey area. The existing golf course itself was not systematically surveyed as part of the current fieldwork,but was subject to vehicular survey. All development activities associated with the refurbishing of the golf course will occur within its existing footprint. Sites documented within and along the edges of the golf course by Tulchin et al. (2006)were relocated as part of the current study and are described in further detail below. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 99 a � a fir' i -- oo,? sv Nl- F F e i +�y 4. Fieldwork ! u 1 e Figure 83.Interior of the Aspen Institute Facility,view to the south. ey e4�42 Y a a x.n Figure 84.Road leading to the Aspen Institute parking lot,view to the west. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 101 4. Fieldwork dr- 4 r " tiA Figure 85. Golf clubhouse and parking lot survey area,oblique aerial view to the north. I W Ji, TL n Figure 86. Golf clubhouse and parking lot,view to the northeast. 102 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii r A M 4 u 4. Fieldwork SURVEY OF SITES PREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTED BY TULCHIN ET AL. (2006) The condition assessments for 30 of the 34 sites described in the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS report were updated as a result of the addendum AIS fieldwork conducted for the current project (Table 8 and Figure 89). Of the four remaining sites,three(Sites 50-10-68-03515,-07370, and-24903)are not located within the current project area and were therefore not closely inspected, and the fourth(Site 50-10-68-04330) appears to have been destroyed by land clearing activities in ca. 2016. Since this AIS is intended to update the earlier study, descriptions of all 34 sites documented by Tulchin et al. (2006) are presented below, but updated condition assessments and treatment recommendations are only presented at the conclusion of this report for the 30 sites that are still extant within the current project area. The site descriptions presented below are also organized as they were in the 2006 report, with some of the documented sites described as components of larger site complexes, and their description presented(out of numerical order) under the heading of the larger site complex that they belong to. To avoid having to refer to multiple reports for information,the descriptions of the sites presented below include a summary of all of the previous archaeological work that was conducted at them,as well as a current condition assessment,a significance evaluation, and a treatment recommendation specific to the current project(where applicable). Table 8. Archaeological sites identified by Tulchin et al. (2006). SIHP# #of Name/ Functional Relative (50-10-68) Features Formal Site Type Site Type Age 03512 6 Lanipao Heiau Ceremonial Precontact 03513 4 Petroglyphs Rock art Precontact 03515 5 Complex Habitation Precontact 04309 25+ Burial Bluff Complex Burial,military Precontact/Historic 07370 3+ Church and cemetery Ceremonial/Burial Historic 24899 3 Complex Burial Historic 24900 4 Uprights,4 platforms Ceremonial,Burial Precontact 04310 8 Wailau Complex Agriculture/Habitation Historic 04330* 1 Enclosure Animal pen Historic 04360 2 Walls Boundary/Ranching Historic 04368 15+ Ninole Complex Habitation Precontact/Historic 03519 3 Enclosures Animal pen Historic 03520 3 Enclosures Habitation Historic 03521 1 Trail Transportation Historic 03522 2 Enclosure Old Ninole School Historic 03524 1 Alanui `Aupuni/Road Transportation Historic 24897 3 Complex Habitation/Transportation Historic 24898 9 Complex Burial Precontact 07361 18+ Punalu`u Harbor Complex Transportation Historic 24901 4 Complex Habitation Precontact 24902 1 Wall Indeterminate Precontact 24903 1 Enclosure Habitation/Possible Burial Precontact 24905 1 Wall Ranching Historic 24906 1 Wall Ranching Historic 24907 1 Wall Boundary/Ranching Historic 24908 1 Enclosure Indeterminate Precontact 24909 2 Government Road Transportation Historic 24910 1 Mound Agricultural Precontact 24911 1 Trail Transportation Indeterminate 24912 1 Terrace Probable Burial Precontact 24913 1 Well Water Source Historic 24914 1 Cave Possible Burial Precontact 24915 5 Railroad berms Transportation Historic 24916 1 Petroglyph Rock Art Precontact *Site destroyed in ca.2016.Shaded Sites are not located within the current project area. 104 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork N YYY 24909 90 Area of Detail 9 247 >20OKM 10 4908 0 l i l i l 24907 Preservation site/feature Burial preservation site Site not relocated Site outside of project area Trail Project area 0 100 200 0 Meters 24902 24915 C 24912 24905 24195�B 3515 4360 24901 24906 24911 4360 3512 4330 24915 A 24903 24900 24899 4309 24915 E o 2489 24915�D 8 73 3520 4310 0 �'� 61 3519 3521 4368 b 24914 � Papamu 24913 3513 - 7370 2489? 24916 3524 3522 A « Figure 89. Site location map showing all of the sites previously documented by Tulchin et al. (2006)and their recommended mitigation status based on the results of the current fieldwork. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 105 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-03512 Site 3512 is the SIHP designation for Lanipao Heiau,which consists of a complex of at least 6 features located in the northeastern portion of the project area(see Figure 89).Lanipao Heiau was initially documented by John F.G. Stokes of the B.P.Bishop Museum in 1919(see Figure 29)who described it as"a small L-shaped enclosure with walls 6 feet high and from 6 to 7.5 feet thick," and noted that"the southern portion is occupied by three terraces, each rising 1 foot...and adjoining the western wall is an enclosure with small walls, 3 feet high and wide" (Stokes and Dye 1991:132).According to Stokes,Lanipao Heiau(B.P.B.M. Site 50-Ha-B8-2)was said to have been built by Laka,the son of the famous ancient chief Wahieloa of Kauai. Crozier (1972), citing (Kamakau 1964:41), suggests that the heiau may have been built when Laka successfully recovered his father's bones from Punalu`u, Ka`u on Hawaii Island and then reburied them along with the bodies of other famous chiefs in a cave at Papaluana,near the village of Kipahulu on the Island of Maui. Crozier(1972:9) also provides the following literal translation for the name of the heiau,indicating that"lani means having a heavenly or holy character,and pao is arch of a bridge or the bridge itself." Lanipao Heiau was later given the SIHP designation Site 50-10-68-03512 by Emory (1970:4) and was documented in further detail by the B.P.Bishop Museum in May of 1972 (Crozier 1972) as the adjacent golf course was under construction. Crozier prepared a plan view of the site (Figure 90) and excavated four test pits within the heiau,which he described as: ...constructed with large `a`d stones and,with the exception of `di`di paving,no waterworn stones were used. One long wall partially encompasses several smaller enclosures. Many of the walls are still in excellent condition, reaching a height of more than 2 meters with very little batter(slope), and average between 1.5 to 2.5 meters in width. Natural-outcrop boulders on the southern portion were utilized in constructing a portion of one wall, a stepped platform, and a spring or well. It is doubtful that the long wall to the south of the site was associated,but rather was probably added later as a land boundary. One feature that is unique to Hawaiian archaeology is the triangle-shaped, low platform in the N sector of the site; it is 20 cm high and contains small `a`d paving. Although no portable artifacts were found on the surface,numerous pieces of coral were observed which are characteristic to many prehistoric religious structures in Hawaii but not generally found at habitation sites...[see Figure 90] Four test pits were excavated within the approximately 50-meter-square heiau in order to determine stratigraphy, examine cultural deposits, and study methods of construction. It was decided not to excavate through any large walls at this time since a thorough excavation project is recommended before the heiau is restored. Test Pit 1 A 1xl.5-meter test pit was excavated in the small C-shaped enclosure near the northern section of the site. The walls of the enclosure average 30 to 40 cm in height and 1.5 to 2 meters in width. The center area of the enclosure is paved with `ili `ili and a large amount of coral. In the course of excavation it was noted that the `di`di and coral extended to a depth of 15 to 20 cm and fragments of shell were observed. We found between 20 and 27 cm larger chunks of `a`d, which had been placed on the Pahala ash deposit. In the N portion of the excavation a small fire pit had been dug into the Pahala ash,and charcoal extended to a depth of 35 cm(Figure 91). A charcoal sample was collected from 34 cm. The larger `a`d stones(15-20-cm diameter)at the 20-cm level may have been a pavement,but the numerous koa haole trees in the enclosure have disturbed any flat paving. One worked piece of basaltic glass was uncovered at 10 cm along the W wall of the test pit. The glass had been used as either a scraper or cutting implement(Figure 92). Test Pit 2 A Ix 1-meter pit was excavated in an area that was paved with `di`di and coral.A surface alignment of stones, 15 to 20 cm in diameter,transected the walls of the excavation pit. These stones did not extend below the surface, although there was a marked difference in stratigraphy on both sides of the alignment. In the N section the `di`di had been placed directly on bedrock,which was located only 5 cm below the surface.The S section was excavated to a depth of 25 cm before hitting similar bedrock. Approximately 20 pieces of coral were intermixed with the `di`di and small `a`d paving. No Pahala ash was noted in test pit 2. 106 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork do� v�ty.(7`5�'Q7� 9.• �pW,` �_ '9 F"iQ,��, 4PLATFORM o t y GULLY ' '`oraA� .p °vC•{,�°+7 g1. Al, ;t°, I TP�,e•.q aae3,yy'+:o el q�,' L ,i a+d • �'r �' ,�v L6 V o n 'C�t0 I PAVING rr�tP. o TP7! PAVING 6g° as°i g K3 }�pp� p•o^6Sa� ti dig y 6 NATURAL �-+ 1 o:c�r .on o e V ooa:-, aA°bo Air.4�� OUTCROP �J v° •x °e:a e$ap �l� �S O� SPRING a ^ •'°t:ti 5ITE 50-HA-88-2 MAY 1972 MN N S 3 ✓, 4 7 a 6 m ' l• J i 0 10 tt Figure 90.Plan view of Site 3512 Lanipao Heiau from Crozier(1972:10). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 107 4. Fieldwork O L*{ L- O O tt C) 00 Q 0 0 �C)Q �o�n0 O c�da�> c� o o c, oc�pv > 0 O n O p p�'p 0 o o O .30 — .. . . .3 5 — ::........... .............. — CM CHARCOAL Fig . 8 . STRATIGRAPHIC DRAWING OF TEST PIT 1 , SITE 138-2 . I Light brown powdery soil and 'ZZZ 'ZZZ II Sterile Pahala ash Figure 91. Site 3512, stratigraphic profile of ST-1 prepared by Crozier(1972:12). Figure 92.Worked piece of volcanic glass recovered from Site 3512(drawing by Crozier 1972:12). 108 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Test Pit 3 Another lx2-meter test pit was dug at the N corner of a small enclosure near the center of the heiau. The walls of the enclosure at this section stand 70 cm high and are 1 to 1.7 meters wide.No `di`di was on the surface,which consisted of dark-brown,powdery,root-filled soil. At 5 cm a scattering of `di`di was observed just above larger(15-20-cm diameter) `a`d stones. Only one piece of coral and two pieces of shell were found before the sterile Pahala ash was reached at a 20-cm depth. Test Pit 4 In order to examine the varying depths of `di`di paving and Pahala ash,another lx2-meter pit was excavated in the center of the high walled enclosure. As in test pit 2, `di`di and coral paved the surface and extended to a depth of 15 cm.Below the `di`di,larger `a`d stones were again observed mixed with a fine, dark-brown soil and specks of charcoal. Shell and coral were uncovered to a depth of 45 cm and Pahala ash was not reached until 50 cm of rock and soil had been excavated. One fragment of highly polished basalt,possibly an adze chip,was collected from a depth of 15 cm. Heiau, unlike habitation structures, seldom reveal an abundance of artifacts since they were not working or game areas; but stratigraphic information plus comparative construction methods do prove valuable. The four test areas were carefully selected to obtain the maximum information within the large Heiau complex. Test pits 1 and 3 provided us with a clear picture of stratigraphy and wall construction within two of the smaller dwelling enclosures. The similarities between these two features indicate a contemporary temporal sequence. Test pits 2 and 4 were excavated to compare pavement levels and depths of prehistoric cultural material.An `di`di pavement 15 to 20 cm in depth illustrates the importance of the site and the amount of work involved in building such a structure. Naturally,the results of these four test pits cannot reveal the entire story of Lanipao Heiau,but this preliminary research will aid the future investigation that has been recommended. (Crozier 1972:9- 13) Crozier's(1972)treatment recommendations for Lanipao Heiau were as follows: Lanipao Heiau is certainly one of the more impressive structures found in the Ka`u district. It is strongly recommended that additional study be undertaken at this site. First, the dense vegetation should be carefully and completely cleared.Next, extensive excavation should be conducted,with particular emphasis placed on studying the relationship and function of the various features within the perimeter wall. Finally, it is recommended that the heiau be restored. Once completed, this majestic structure would not only enhance the surrounding golf course and resort complex, but would offer all people interested in Hawaiiana an exciting view of one of the few restored religious structures in the islands. (Crozier 1972:29) The information on Lanipao Heiau presented in the Crozier(1972)report was later reproduced in a report prepared by Crozier and Barrera(1974)that also included the results of additional archaeological survey conducted by the B.P. Bishop Museum at Punalu`u in 1973.The treatment recommendations for Lanipao Heiau presented by Crozier(1972), and later reiterated by Crozier and Barrera(1974),were never implemented following the 1972 documentation of the site.It was not until 1986,as part of a planned redevelopment of the Punalu`u Resort facility,that archaeologists from Paul H.Rosendahl,Inc. (PHRI)once again revisited the site and provided the following descriptive details: Lanipao Heiau is comprised of a minimum of six component features.A standing wall encloses the north,west,and south limits of the complex,and measures a maximum of 2.0 m high and 1.5 to 2.5 m in width.In general the interior wells are also quite massive,measuring 1.0 to 2.0 m in width and 0.4 to 1.0 m high.Interior features include an enclosure with overall dimensions of 24.0 by 24.0 m; a smaller enclosure off the west wall of the central enclosure measuring 7.0 m on a side;a triangular platform with a 23.0 m front,located in the north corner of the enclosing wall;a C-shape with a 5.0 m opening; an `di`di and coral paving measuring approximately 12.0 m in diameter; and another paved area of comparable size comprised of small aa. (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:13) Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:13)indicated that although Lanipao Heiau was covered by dense vegetation at the time of their reconnaissance survey,it remained in good condition,and was recommended the site for preservation with interpretive development. Once again, however, no additional historic preservation work was conducted at Lanipao Heiau until 2006, when archaeologists from Cultural Surveys Hawaii (CSH) revisited the site and documented it in an AIS prepared for another planned redevelopment of the resort property (Tulchin et al. 2006). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 109 4. Fieldwork During that study, the previous documentation of Lanipao Heiau was field-checked and found to be thorough and accurate,and the following updated description of the heiau site was prepared: SIHP # -3512 Lanipao Heiau was generally observed to be in good condition. The perimeter enclosure wall of the heiau was in fair condition,with many partially collapsed areas. Despite the areas of collapse, intact, well-faced portions of the large and impressive walls was observed. The interior features, including the platform, c-shaped enclosure, and interior rectangular enclosures were in good to excellent condition with little collapse observed. SIHP#-3512 is currently under dense vegetation,which is contributing to the gradual degradation of the site. The area surrounding SIHP # -3512 has undergone extensive land modification, associated with historic ranch-related activities and modern golf course construction, though the heiau itself is undisturbed. SIHP#-3512 maintains integrity of location,design,materials,workmanship,feeling, and association. Due to the extensive land modification SIHP # -3512 does not have integrity of setting. SIHP#-3512 Lanipao Heiau is assessed as significant under Criterion A(associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history), Criterion C (embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction,represents the work of a master,or possess high artistic value),and Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places, and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property — these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity) of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places (Tulchin et al. 2006:68-69). Tulchin et al. (2006)also recommended Lanipao Heiau for preservation,and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time and requested additional information on the proposed development activities that would occur in the vicinity of the heiau site.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Lanipao Heiau since the Tulchin et al. (2006)AIS. Lanipao Heiau(Site 50-10-68-03512)was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to look much like it did when it was mapped by the B.P.Bishop Museum in 1972(see Figure 90),and to be in similar(good)condition to what described by Tulchin et al. (2006:68). Lanipao Heiau,which is located adjacent to the previously developed golf course (Figure 93), is still covered by dense vegetation(Figure 94). Inspection of the heiau area did not reveal any additional collapse or deterioration of the features caused by vegetation growth,however,and the site still retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion a, Criterion c, Criterion d, and Criterion e (Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 3512, which is located more than 50 meters northeast of the proposed development area for the Village and Wellness Center,is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. µ Q� per �r f N R �� r Figure 93.Location of Lanipao Heiau(Site 50-10-68-03512),oblique aerial view to the north. 110 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork ti A� t p ` fe s 3 v, d f �• = � ' r 1, Figure 94.Typical vegetation cover at Lanipao Heiau(Site 50-10-68-03512),view to the west. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-03513 Site 3513 consists of a cluster of six petroglyphs located in the eastern-coastal portion of the current project area,next to the parking lot for the County of Hawai`i's Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park(see Figure 89). This site, which is currently surrounded by a low rock wall(Figures95 and 96),was initially documented by the B.P.Bishop Museum as Site 50-HA-138-03 (Cox and Stasack 1970; Stokes 1910), and later assigned the SIHP designation Site 50-10-68- 03513 by Emory (1970:4). No additional documentation of Site 3513 was conducted by the B.P. Bishop Museum during the initial development of the Punalu`u Resort property,but the site was later reexamined by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:13),who reported that: This cluster of petroglyphs is located immediately north of the Punalu'u Beach Park parking lot.The figures are located on a relatively flat pahoehoe surface measuring 10.0 by 7.0 m. A minimum of four figures were visible,though additional figures can be seen under optimum viewing conditions. The four figures include three human figures with a triangular body type and another human figure in the "simple, lineal, angular" style (Cox and Stasack 1970:49). Each figure measures approximately 50 to 60 cm in diameter. This site appears to be the remnant of a petroglyph cluster initially described by Stokes in the early 1900s(Cox and Stasack 1970:81)as a cluster of approximately 25 figures including"linear figures, curved arms and legs,family groups--fish(?)--dots-circles" (1970:81). It appears that a portion of the outcrop likely containing the majority of the petroglyphs was removed during parking lot construction. This site is recommended for preservation and interpretive development. The Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986) study was conducted prior to the construction of the rock wall around Site 3513,which was built sometime before the Tulchin et al. (2006)mapped the site (Figure 97). In the 2006 draft AIS, Site 3513 is described as: ...bounded by a modern low rock wall enclosure,measuring 10 m by 7 m wide,with a height of 0.6 m. The enclosure is bordered on the southeast by the Punalu`u Beach Park access road. SIHP # - 3513 contains six petroglyphs representing human figures [see Figure 97]. Each petroglyph measures approximately 50 cm in diameter.Five of the figures have roughly triangular body types and one (partially destroyed) has a simple, linear body type [Figure 98]. The petroglyphs were Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii i l l 4. Fieldwork pecked into a relatively smooth pahoehoe surface. The petroglyph cluster was observed to have undergone some degree of natural weathering, but remain in good condition. No additional petroglyphs or cultural material was observed in the vicinity of SIHP#-3513... Apparently,the majority of the petroglyphs were destroyed during the construction of the Punalu`u Beach Park access road and parking lot. The remaining petroglyphs were preserved with the construction of the low rock wall enclosure. SIHP # -3513 is interpreted to be an example of pre-contact native Hawaiian rock art. The true function of the petroglyph cluster is unclear. The petroglyph cluster and the surrounding area have undergone extensive disturbance, associated with the construction of the Punalu`u Beach Park infrastructure.Approximately 75%of the petroglyphs originally identified by Stokes(1910)appear to have been destroyed. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area, SIHP# - 3513 does not have integrity of setting,feeling,or association.However,the intact portion of SIHP # -3513 maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. SIHP # -3513 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. (Tulchin et al. 2006:69-71) Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3513 for preservation,and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3513 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 3513 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). The petroglyphs are surrounded by prior development and are currently enclosed by a modern rock wall. Despite the landscape changes that have occurred in this area, Site 3513 still retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d and Criterion e(Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 3513 is located within the roughly 30-acre coastline management conservation area that will be created as a result of the current project, and no development activities are proposed in its vicinity. Site 3513 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. w I j 1 II y `u Figure 95. Site 3513,petroglyphs surrounded by modern rock wall,view to the southwest. 112 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork u ` 4#. �•y a a 'S k acy �s�, .r �, � .• wr o ry � r Figure 96. General location of the Site 3513 petroglyphs,oblique aerial view to the east. ® 0 1 2 METERS r -Down Slope Direction 00-Facing ixl - Heightinm ULlily Pole 7 �r r'ppJ `-1 BB-03 r ,"" Petroglyphs f 6 i i i i ¢Da Qa �r o � Quo Parking Lot Figure 97.Plan view of the Site 3513 petroglyphs prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:70). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 113 4. Fieldwork xJ w F v f� Figure 98.Photographs of individual Site 3513 petroglyphs(Tulchin et al. 2006:72). 114 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-03515 Site 3515 consists of a complex of 5 features located outside (north) of the current project area on Kamehameha Schools land(see Figure 89).The site was not visited during the current study,as the location of the complex (to the north of the current project area) was previously verified by Robins et al. (2016:42-45)Robins et al. (2016:42-45), who conducted the most resent documentation there.The description of Site 3515 prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006)is reproduced below.According to them: SIHP#-3515 was previously identified by Hansen(n.d.) and designated site 138-05. The complex was relocated by Crozier and Barrera (1974) and PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and designated site 138-37.The complex is situated on abluff between Punalu`u Loop Road and the Sea Mountain golf course... SIHP#-3515 Feature A consisted of a terrace,situated at the crest of the bluff,in the eastern portion of the complex [Figure 99]. The terrace measures approximately 38 m by 17 m wide, with a maximum height of 1 m at the southeast corner. The terrace has a retaining wall along the southern down slope side,constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high. The western portion of the terrace becomes lower, to a single course, 30-40 cm height, and width of 4 m. The surface of Feature A terrace is level and paved with basalt cobbles. Small amounts of `di`di, coral pebbles,and shell were observed in the southeast corner of the terrace.During the present study a 1 m by 1 m test excavation was made near the southeastern corner of the Feature A terrace. Sparse marine shell midden and volcanic glass flakes were recovered.Detailed results of the test excavation can be found in the following section. SIHP#-3515 Feature B consists of a small platform located approximately 10 m north of the Feature A terrace [see Figure 99].The platform measures 5.5 m by 3 m and is situated on an approximately 1 m high bedrock outcrop. The platform is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles and is naturally faced on south and southeast sides,with a large, 1.5 m diameter boulder in the eastern corner. The surface of the platform is relatively level with cobble fill. No surface cultural material was observed. SIHP#-3515 Feature C consists of a small platform located approximately 15 m northwest of the Feature A terrace(Figure 31).The platform(Figure 34)measures 2 m by 2 m wide,with a maximum height of 0.75 m. It is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high. The interior of the platform is level and paved with basalt cobbles.No surface cultural material was observed. SIHP #-3515 Feature D consists of a small overhang shelter located approximately 13 m west of the Feature A terrace [see Figure 99]. The overhang measures 0.6 m deep with a ceiling height of 0.6 m. A low terrace across the entrance of the overhang, is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 2 courses high, with a maximum height of 60 cm. No surface cultural material was observed. SIHP #-3515 Feature E consists of a 4.7 m long stone wall segment located approximately 27 m west of the Feature A terrace [see Figure 99].The wall is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high,with a maximum height of 80 cm. SIHP#-3515 Features A-E are interpreted to be activity areas associated with pre-contact habitation and agricultural activities in the vicinity. In general,the features of SIHP#-3515 are not very well constructed, but are in good condition. The vicinity of SIHP #-3515 has been disturbed by land clearing activities associated with Punalu`u Rd.and Sea Mountain golf course construction. SIHP# 3515 maintains integrity of location,design,materials,and workmanship.Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area, the site does not have integrity of setting, feeling, or association. SIHP#-3515 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. (Tulchin et al. 2006:73-77) As stated above, and confirmed by Robins et al. (2017), Site 3515 is not located within the current project area, and is therefore not assessed for significance or recommended for mitigation in the concluding section of this report. The site was not visited during the current fieldwork(Figure 100). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 115 4. Fieldwork 0 5 10 METERS SIHP#50-10-68-3515 Feature B Platform Feature C \501 Platform Feature D Overhang Test Unit 1 o Q Feature E 0 Wall (OEM Feature Terrace r -Down Slope Direction p -Basah 00-Facing (x) -Height in m r7-A-Bedrock Outcrop Figure 99.Plan view of Site 3515 Julchin et al. 2006:74). Location of Site 3.515 Figure 100.Location of Site 3515,oblique aerial view to the southeast. 116 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-04309 Site 4309,referred to as the`Burial Bluff Complex"(Tulchin et al.2006),encompasses several Precontact to Historic Period burials and World War II-era military features that are located on both sides of Ninole Loop Road(Figure 101) between the Punalu`u Black Sand Beach Park and the existing golf course,in the east-central portion of the current project area(see Figure 89). The complex was assigned the SIHP designation Site 50-10-68-04309 as a result of the Statewide Inventory of Historic Places survey of the Ka`u District conducted by the State Parks Division of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) during the early 1970s. At least one feature of the Site 4309 complex, a wall(139-31),was initially documented by the B. P. Bishop Museum(Barrera and Hommon 1972). The description of Site 139-31 was later expanded upon by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:22-25)to include other nearby modifications on the bluff formation,which they identified as the`89-31(4309)Complex"(Figure 102)and described as follows: In addition to a wall originally identified as Site 139-31, features located on the same bluff are included in this site designation. The bluff area extends northeast from immediately seaward of the eighth green and terminates just inland of the Punalu`u Beach Park. The complex is primarily comprised of a series of small terraces and leveled areas located along the crest of the bluff. Several of the features have black sand fill which may have been added to existing features during the 1940s. According to a local informant,Pele Hanoa,gun emplacements were located along this bluff during World War II(Hanoa,pers. comm.). In contrast to this recent use,the presence of an adz fragment, volcanic glass flakes,and shell midden on the surface of these features suggests an indigenous use. A low platform located at the eastern limits of this site appears to be a burial feature.It is similar to the two burial features identified with the ku`ula, Site T-110, and has been designated Feature A. This area is under koa-haole while the central portion of the bluff is fairly open.The western portion is extremely overgrown with scrub Christmas-berry which may obscure additional features. There appears to be a minimum of 15 features within the site limits.In general,the features located on the bluff appear to have been used for habitation with the exception of Feature A, a suspected burial feature."(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:22-25) Tulchin et al. (2006) later documented Site 4309 as measuring approximately 430 meters long by 110 meters wide(Figure 103)and containing several small terraces and paved areas,ten of which were assigned individual feature designations (Features A to J; Table 9). Tulchin et al. (2006) also assigned SIHP designations to two smaller burial complexes situated within the boundaries of the Site 4309 complex, including a Historic Period mausoleum initially documentedby Barrera and Hommon(1972)as Site 50-Hi-B9-17(SIHP Site 50-10-68-24899),and the burial features and ku`ula described above by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986)as Site T-110(SIHP Site 50-10-68-24900).One other site situated within the Site 4309 complex,the Hokaloa Congregational Church and Cemetery(SIHP Site 50-10-68- 07370), had been previously assigned an SIHP site designation at the time of the Tulchin et al. (2006) study. These three sites,and Features A to J of Site 4309,are described in further detail below. Al �. a v' Figure 101.Location of the Site 4309,oblique aerial view to the north Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 117 4. Fieldwork d a Road i Crmaea and Brush Q \\ n ian, ® 91ac.fund ■ 44 Figure G SITE 89-31 Figure 102.Plan view of the Site B9-31 (Site 4309 Feature A)prepared by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:24) ¢a 24900 c' ..^a9g0�3�3Q0 C, �4900 A" 309 J r J U;ial Bluff complex J4309I 4309 E r• �,.� • f: t✓p �4309 D:' ;Site Compleae D 20 40 60 &D Meters G' Probable Bunals N ;Golf Course 0 100 200 300 400 500 Feel Project Area Boundary „ Figure 103.Plan view of the Site 4309`Burial Bluff Complex"prepared by Tulchin et al. (2006:79). 118 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Pun lu`u,Wa lau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Table 9.Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-4309 described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Feature Form Function A Wall Possible burial/gun emplacement B Terrace Possible burial/gun emplacement C Terrace Possible burial/gun emplacement D Terrace Possible burial/gun emplacement E Terrace Possible burial/gun emplacement F Enclosure Possible burial G Terrace Possible burial H Terrace Possible burial I Terrace Possible burial J Terrace Possible burial The following description of Site 4309 is reproduced from Tulchin et al. (2006:78-89): SIHP # -4309 Feature A consists of the stone wall previously identified by Barrera and Hommon (1972) as site 139-31. The wall begins at the southern, downzone wall of the SIHP#-7370 historic church, and progresses down slope approximately 20 m [see Figures 103 and 104]. This portion of the wall is freestanding and bi-faced, constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles and incorporates bedrock outcrops [Figure 105]. The wall measures approximately 70 cm wide,with a maximum height of 1.1 m. An approximately 1.5 m wide constructed break in the wall was observed. The wall then angles to the east,along the contour of the sloping bluff,for approximately 16 m. This portion of the wall serves as a retaining wall,creating a relatively level terrace upslope. The down slope side of the wall measures a maximum of 1.6 m in height.The surface of the terrace was soil,with some historic rubbish including a bottle and what appeared to be an old washbasin. SIHP# -4309 Feature B consists of a small 2 m by 2 m wide terrace, immediately adjacent to the eastern extent of Feature A[see Figure 104].The terrace is constructed with a crudely stacked basalt cobble retaining wall, 80 cm in height,with a basalt cobble paved interior[Figure 106]. The down slope edge of the terrace is an extension of the Feature A wall. An approximately 1.6 m long rusted metal I-beam, along with additional rusted metal fragments, were observed on the surface of the terrace. SIHP # -4309 Feature C consists of a small 2 m by 3 m circular terrace, adjacent to the eastern portion of Feature B [see Figure 104]. The terrace is constructed at the edge of a bedrock outcrop and has a perimeter of crudely stacked basalt cobbles,with a maximum height of 1.0 m.The upslope edge of the terrace is an extension of the Feature A wall.The interior of the terrace is level and filled with black sand,primarily along the down slope edge [Figure 107]. SIHP#-4309 Feature D consists of a small 2m by 2 m terrace immediately adjacent to the eastern edge of Feature C [see Figure 104]. The terrace is constructed with a perimeter of crudely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,30 cm in height.The upslope edge of the terrace is an extension of the Feature A wall. The interior of the terrace is filled with black sand which connects with the sand in Feature C [Figure 108]. SIHP # -4309 Feature E consists of a terrace located approximately 48 m northeast of Feature D [see Figure 103]. The terrace measures 5 m by 4 m and is constructed with a perimeter of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles to a maximum height of 70 cm[Figures 109].The interior of the terrace is level and has been filled with black sand [Figure 110]. The southeastern, down slope wall of the terrace has collapsed, spilling black sand down slope. A remnant metal I-beam, similar to that observed at Feature B,was observed immediately outside the southwestern corner of the Feature E terrace. A mound of stones measuring 2.5 m by 3.0 m was located near the northwestern corner of the terrace. Cowry shells and a cut animal bone were observed on the mound. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 119 4. Fieldwork SIHP#50-10-68-7370 .11 Historic Chapel and Cemetery / Roa I - - a r Dense chnbeRas 9 Fpature A a P SIHP#50-10-68.4309 ya.aaR (t.e) v {t2t ¢ Burial Bluff Complex 00-_.,:•�, Feature B �/ ;S �n-rte�m��m Terrace /• +r'y%-r`° ,. + ®terenea - 0-Rhea sa'd Feature C . -c k O.va��i a®METERS Terrece r Feature 0 Ba6mch Ouirrop T Figure 104.Plan view of Site 4309 Features A through D(Tulchin et al. 2006:80). i N. I.w Ay a 11 44 j W 1S► .q !, ♦ r y Figure 105. Site 4309 Feature A,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:81). 120 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork l 7 Ap P �. vR-*6 Figure 106. Site 4309 FeatureB,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:81). Figure 107. Site 4309 Feature C,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:82). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 121 4. Fieldwork Ip .v F• ..4 -1••ET 1. i,A r f 15k, yn �f -.1� �• i { 4 1 _ 1 irrY ✓.: a i$1r743^,A{b'ti�''bt Figure 108. Site 4309 Feature D,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:82). SIHP#50-10-68-4309 Burial Bluff Complex 7' Feature E Terrace Metal f � ;J''.: i ••.�`•••: Fragment fia a w Y -Down Slope Direction o Q Basalt 0-Facing (x) -Height in m ®-Level Area Black Sand • -GPS Datum Point ,,,,,-Bedrock Outcrop m 0 2.5 5 METERS Figure 109.Plan view of Site 4309 Feature E(Tulchin et al. 2006:83). 122 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork v) ti w� Figure 110. Site 4309 Feature E,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:83). SIHP # -4309 Feature F consists of a crude enclosure located approximately 5 m down slope of SIHP #-24899 Feature A historic grave, in the southwestern portion of the Burial Bluff Complex [see Figure 103]. The interior of the U-shaped enclosure measures 5.1 by 5.0 m with the open end facing west [Figure 111]. The walls of the enclosure are constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles [Figure 112]. The most well constructed portion of the enclosure is the down slope wall and southeast corner,which measures approximately 1 m wide and 0.7 m in height. The upslope wall of the enclosure is an extension of the Feature G terrace retaining wall. The interior of the Feature F enclosure is relatively level as is the area immediately down slope of the feature. SIHP#-4309 Feature G consists of an approximately 15 m long terrace located immediately upslope of the Feature F enclosure [see Figure 111].The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall [Figure 113],with a maximum height of 0.8 m on the down slope side and 0.6 m on the upslope side. The wall retains soil upslope,creating a level terrace measuring approximately 1.2 m wide. The surface of the terrace is cobble paved with scattered water rounded cobbles and pebbles. SIHP#-4309 Feature H consists of a relatively large terrace located approximately 14 m southeast of Features F enclosure [see Figure 111]. The terrace is well constructed, with a stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the down slope edge [Figure 114]. The terrace retaining wall is constructed by filling in gaps and crevices along the natural edge of cliff with stacked stones and incorporating bedrock outcrops to form a wall. The retaining wall is discontinuous,but extends a total of approximately 30 m, with the longest continuous stretch measuring 9 m in length. The terrace is well-faced, stacked 4-5 courses high,with a maximum height of 2 m. The wall retains a level soil terrace approximately 1.5 m in width. SIHP # -4309 Feature I consists of a terrace located in the central portion of the Burial Bluff Complex[see Figure 111]. The terrace measures 5 m by 3 m wide and is situated at the crest of the bluff. The terrace is constructed with a stacked basalt boulder retaining wall, 1-2 courses high. The interior of the terrace is level and paved with basalt cobbles and pebbles, with scattered 'di'di [Figure 115]. A single water worn boulder, measuring 60 cm in diameter,was also located on the surface of the terrace. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 123 4. Fieldwork SIHP#50-10-68-24899 Historic Burial Complex SIHP#50-10-68-7370 Feature Cement Tomb �I re Enclosu wf Tomb Feature B Enclosure >J.y� SIHP#50-10-68-4309 \ /ter/ nJ Feature A Feature G \ Terrace Q 9 0 �\ SIHP#50-10-68-4309 ° Burial Bluff Complex Feature F _ q Enclosure - Y �P•ge Q Vogetalian ee / 1 to sgon y -Down Slope DireMion /� (� ^'• �� "' / „ o Basalt Q� Ob-Facing Feature H - (x)-Height m m Terrace - [x]-Depth in on r Feature I -Collapse r Terrace offo-�y,-Bedrock Outcrop ria-Level An- Black Sand Q-Water Rounded Cobbles rj1 0 5 10 METERS A,-GPS Datum Point Inset Figure 111.Plan view of Site 4309 Features F through I and Site 24899(Tulchin et al. 2006:85). 11 ,4 T r A r r 1 Iip 4r Figure 112. Site 4309 Feature F,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:86). 124 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 01 Zx w w n.',w .Y y! fps MF• � � ' rA �Nr .°.� .. "'_ �r CAS: i"�'P a,"C'•M1�L.��" .�. V n.'wW" ry- 'F y� vy w "r rl. Ay .MI+ Figure 113. Site 4309 Feature G,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:86). r ID� r «� wr +. a +w"r Figure 114. Site 4309 Feature H,view to the southeast (Tulchin et al. 2006:87). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 125 4. Fieldwork R ,70 •; ^ Ma 4 4 �W Va�wy�A, .• �r� x�fw ' wvwY Figure 115. Site 4309 Feature I,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:87). SIHP # -4309 Feature J consists of a terrace located in the northern portion of the Burial Bluff Complex, down slope of Punalu`u Rd. [see Figure 103]. The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall, 3-4 courses high, along the eastern, down slope edge. The terrace measures 4.5 in by 2.3 in wide, with a maximum height of 1.1 in [Figure 116]. The surface of the terrace is leveled with basalt boulder and cobble fill. The northern half of the terrace surface is best preserved with cobble paving. Down slope of the terrace is a larger, less defined terrace area with relatively level surface, with a crudely stacked retaining wall, 2 courses high, with a maximum height of 30 cm [Figure 117]. On the surface of lower terrace is a small, faced mound built against upper terrace face,measuring 33 cm in height. In addition to the 10 described features of SIHP#-4309 Burial Bluff Complex, a minimum of 15 additional small terraces and paved areas were observed along the bluff. The locations of these additional features are indicated on Figure[103].Dense vegetation also undoubtedly obscured other features from view. SIHP#-4309 is interpreted to be a pre-contact burial ground encompassing the entire coastal bluff area designated on Figure[103].The observed features generally consist of small terraces and paved areas at the crest or along the slope of the bluff,interpreted to be burial features. Local informants (i.e. Hanoa family) also indicated the bluff area was used in the past by their ancestors for human interments. In addition,the informants indicated burials were interred in the vicinity of the present historic church and cemetery(SIHP#-7370)prior to its construction. Features A-E were atypical compared to the other features identified within the complex in that they were filled with black sand and had historic artifacts on the surface of the features.Local informants indicated during WWII, the U.S. military used the bluff area for gun emplacements for defense of the Punalu`u harbor and coastline. Features A-E are interpreted to possibly be pre-contact burial features modified in the historic period and used as gun emplacements. The black sand on the features likely originated from degraded sand bags, used in the construction of the gun emplacements. 126 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Co , SIHP#50-10-68-4309 R u^+gym cvs oaw.P�i o,wu,, " .. Feature J V QpO� L1 � 0 1 O Qg � ' °v _ a Q ODag cp ° ° J a J o r Q t ; Figure 116.Plan view of Site 4309 Feature J(Tulchin et al. 2006:88). f "+! ► y y, No ,y Figure 117. Site 4309 Feature J,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:88). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 127 4. Fieldwork In general,the bluff on which SIHP#-4309 is located is undisturbed. The observed features are in good condition. SIHP # -4309 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -4309 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property —these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity) of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 4309 for preservation,and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 4309 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 4309 was revisited during the current fieldwork and all of the previously identified features were relocated. The site was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), albeit many are heavily overgrown and covered in dense vegetation(Figures 118 through 120). The site still retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d and Criterion e (Tulchin et al. 2006). No development activities are proposed in the vicinity of Site 4309. Site 4309 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 7 � 1 r 9,� �I e �4 I s . 4 1: 2" Figure 118. Site 4309 Feature B, C,and D,covered in dense vegetation,view to the east. 128 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii *. 4 Pr 74 5 �.�p�,r f� �I �{iRl ��ur''R�1 ��"'�': • 5 rtrt''� �,;s�, Ole T s. NA, ��a„�, Y F •Rf p , by }} �i � i/ l-\tiA�pY! l'� / e'1 i ry —sp.,, t a , 1' Nx � a '\��•� s �`� 6 ��. .� � v k$« Sri � °t.� ., /It 7 �� ��a ! ��;�o-�r��( ' t�,�rpi `(� r��'�tii' � •p� r � �+y61 �, I,>,;e„ � • ,, t ��9 f'✓�} ifs � � i e �i � ^ ���u�� �.. r Y, � r e s W OEM a, iA � f.400 Y''t � J _ • �', l 'Y' � n ,� 'd \�. �.`;� Tim j t 1 y, 4. Fieldwork SIHP Site 50-10-68-07370 (component of Site 4309) Site 7370 consists of the Hokuloa Congregational Church and Cemetery(Figures 121 and 122).The site is located at the crest of a bluff in the southern portion of the Site 4309 Burial Bluff Complex(see Figure 89 and 103).The church property(chapel and cemetery)is owned by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association and is not part of the current project area,but due to its location within a major site complex and association with historic properties, CSH made a brief reconnaissance of the church grounds,and provided the following description of the church property: The church property is completely bounded by a stacked stone wall enclosure, measuring approximately 40 m by 36 m. The interior of the church property consists of a nearly full cemetery and a small historic chapel [see Figure 121]. The Henry Opukahaia Memorial Chapel, is located within the mahai portion of the church grounds.A plaque on the chapel wall indicated construction was completed April 29, 1957. According to local informants, the present chapel is a reconstructed/relocated structure, following the destruction of the original church by a tidal wave. The chapel is an A-framed structure, constructed of stone and mortar walls, a wooden roof, and concrete floors and pews. A small bell tower is located immediately southwest of the chapel. The concrete slab foundation for the chapel area measures approximately 8.5 m by 7 m. The remainder of the interior of the church grounds consists of an associated cemetery,with graves completely surrounding the chapel. The earliest dated grave observed was of the Kaniakuas dated to 1904. The same grave is also the largest and most elaborately constructed of all the gravesites, using cut basalt stones and mortar and a 70 cm high cement tomb. Graves within the cemetery have varying construction methods, including informal piles of stones and pavings, low stone platforms and faced mounds, stone and mortar or cement tombs.Many of the graves did not have headstones. The Hokaloa Congregational Church is unusual in that the chapel is located within the cemetery, rather than outside and separate from it.This may support informant accounts that the area was used as aburial ground prior to being the site of a church and chapel.Informants also indicated that many burials are located outside the church walls. (Tulchin et al. 2006:89-91) 1 Cog-EON C RErA'n� _ HENRY DPURAHAiA CHAPEL � ' a s Figure 121.Hokuloa Congregational Church and Cemetery,view to the northeast. 130 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork p�ygry� Figure 122.Hokaloa Congregational Church and Cemetery(Site 7370),oblique aerial view to the south showing its location within the Site 4309 Burial Bluff Complex. No additional historic preservation work was conducted at Site 7370 as part of the current fieldwork, although photographs of the chapel and cemetery were taken from outside the church grounds(see Figures 121 and 122).The chapel grounds are well cared for by the parishioners of the church and the descendants of the individuals interred within the cemetery. Visitors to the church property were observed regularly during the current fieldwork. Although Site 7370 is within the boundaries of the Site 4309 Burial Bluff Complex and was described as a component of the larger complex by Tulchin et al. (2006), the church property should be treated independently of that site, and not beholden to any treatment recommendations that are presented for the larger burial complex in this study. SIHP Site 50-10-68-24899 (component of Site 4309) Site 24899 consists of a Historic burial complex consisting of two features(Features A and B)located in the southwest portion of the Burial Bluff Complex(Site 4309),approximately 40 meters west of Site 7370,the Historic Church and cemetery (see Figures 89 and 103). Site 24899 was initially documented by the B. P. Bishop Museum(Barrera and Hommon 1972) and designated site B9-17. Barrera and Hommon(1972) described the site as two small enclosures, the larger containing a concrete tomb with `di`di on the ground surface surrounding the tomb. The site was later reexamined by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:20),who described the site as follows: Site B9-17 is comprised of two enclosures and a cement tomb. The larger enclosure measures approximately 11.0 by 5.25 m,with a maximum wall height of 1.3 m and width of 0.8 m.A smaller enclosure,located off the southwest end,measures 2.9 by 2.6 m.A cement tomb measuring 2.54 by 1.76 m and 0.76 m high is situated within the larger enclosure.The site,in good condition,is located on the same bluff and west of a small historic church and cemetery (Site 7370) (Hawaiian Evangelical Association cemetery). The cement tomb is similar to other burial features located within the church's graveyard. The approximately one acre parcel that contains the church and adjacent graveyard is privately owned and not part of the Punalu'u Resort survey. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 131 4. Fieldwork Tulchin et al. (2006:136-140)later documented Site 24899 as follows: SIHP # -24899 Feature A consists of an enclosure situated at the crest of a bluff, overlooking the Punalu`u coastline. The enclosure is rectangular shaped, measuring 10.5 m by 5.7 m wide. The enclosure is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,with a maximum exterior height of 1.0 m. The interior heights of the enclosure wall range from 0.6 on the upslope portion of the enclosure,to 0.2 m on the down slope portion,indicating the interior of the enclosure had been filled and leveled. The interior of the enclosure is nicely leveled with `ili`ili stones and soil. A cement tomb [Figure 123], measuring 2.5 m by 1.3 m wide and 0.9 m tall, is located in the center of the Feature A enclosure. SIHP#-24899 Feature B consists of a smaller enclosure adjacent to the eastern wall of the Feature A enclosure. The enclosure measures 2.3 m by 2.5 m wide,with the down slope wall measuring a maximum of 1.5 in height. Feature B is not as well constructed as Feature A,but is defined by 3 poorly faced walls and incorporates the east wall of Feature A. The interior of the enclosure is leveled with black sand.Feature B is also interpreted to be a human burial. SIHP#-24899 is interpreted to be a historic burial complex with a minimum of two human burials. The burials are likely associated with the nearby Hokaloa Congregational Church and Cemetery (SIHP # -7370). Local informants indicated human interments were made in the bluff area in the vicinity of the existing cemetery prior to the construction of the church and cemetery enclosure wall. SIHP # -24899 is undisturbed, and in good condition. The surrounding bluff area is also largely undisturbed,with the exception of the area approximately 10 m mauka of the bluff,which has been extensively modified by golf course construction. SIHP # -24899 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -24899 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E (have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property — these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Figure 123. Site 24899 Feature A,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:93). 132 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended Site 24899 for preservation, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24899 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24899 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 124)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24899 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d and Criterion e. Site 24899 is located within the`Burial Bluff Complex" (Site 4309)and no development activities are proposed in its vicinity. Site 24899 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. d ^Y 1 d1: F 3 r S,JyIpr, � W - tNt+�""4 " 1 Figure 124. Site 24899 Feature A,view to the north. SIHP Site 50-10-68-24900(component of Site 4309) Site 24900 consists a fishing shrine (Feature A) and three platforms (Features B through D) (Figure 125) located within the Burial Bluff Complex(Site 4309)(see Figures 89 and 103). Site 24900 was initially documented by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and designated Site T-110. Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:32-35)described Site 24900(T-110)as follows: Site T-110 is comprised of a fishing shrine ku`ula and two features identified as burials that are located on the crest of a bluff overlooking the southwest end of Punalu`u Harbor. The ku`ula is a raised as protrusion measuring 1.9 m high, 1.8 m wide, and 1.0 m thick, and having loose, small boulders around its base. The other features are located immediately inland of the ku`ula_ and all features are within an area approximately 7.0 m in diameter. One feature is a platform measuring 2.4 m on a side and 0.3 m high,while the other feature is a paved area,2.5 by 2.0 m.and 0.2 m high. The low platform has a periphery of large boulders with cobble fill,and the paved area has the large boulders set into the ground with similar cobble fill. Two local informants, Pele Hanoa and Chris Bangay, provided the documentation on this site. Having been raised on the property,they remember their father using the stone as a marker on the shoreline to guide his fishing boat into Punalu`u Harbor.The stone was said to have glowed at night- -being light on very dark nights,and very dark on light evenings(Hanoa and Bangay,pers.comm.). They also recall placing a lantern on the stone to guide boats onshore... Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 133 4. Fieldwork Feature D Platform a o, bo 4 $g:O SIHP#50-10-68-24900 '� ° o°f�n� 0C, D a Complex °' O ac 04 s �(Y``Ij.tY'o8P o d DID�. o O,p 0 A Feature B Platform [rol cy� o ,n Dense Hau Feature C 0 Paving oa` Feature A M -Down Slope D—tmn p .eaparl 00-Fbung (a)-Heghtmm ® Lo lArea o .POMWCobN.Pawng Ede f Slape_____- + -eed—k Outcrop GPS catum p—1 0 1 2 METERS Figure 125.Plan view of Site 24900 (Tulchin et al. 2006:95). Besides being described as ku`ula, the stone was referred to as ko`a nui...Hanoa also described a burial cave located beneath the ku`ula which was subsequently concealed by rockfall(Hanoa,pers, comm.). This area was examined and although no cave entrance was located,purported existence of the cave has been noted. Tulchin et al. (2006:94-98)later documented Site 24900 as follows: SIHP#-24900 Feature A consists of an `a`d bedrock outcrop that protrudes vertically from the crest of the bluff[Figure 126]. The outcrop measures 1 m by 2 m wide,and 1.8 m in height,and clearly stands out from the relatively level surface of the bluff.Feature A is clearly visible from the shoreline area,and presumably from coastal waters. Small boulders were loosely piled around the base of the outcrop.Feature A was identified by local informants as a ku`ula or fishing shrine. Feature A was also referred to as a ko`a nui,or important shrine.At the time of the current inventory survey investigation,the area surrounding Feature A was recently cleared of vegetation,indicating continued use of the ku`ula as a shrine or shoreline landmark by local residents. SIHP # -24900 Feature B consists of a rectangular platform, located immediately mauka of the Feature A ku`ula. The low platform measured 3 m by 2 m wide, and 15-20 cm in height. The platform was constructed of a single course of basalt boulders around the perimeter, with level cobble paving in the interior[Figure 127]. SIHP#-24900 Feature C consists of a rectangular paved area, also located immediately mauka of the Feature A ku`ula. The paved area measured 2 m by 2 m wide, and was nearly level with the ground surface.The paving had aperimeter of basalt boulders,with flat portions of the stones facing up,and level cobble paving in the interior[Figure 128]. 134 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 4 41 • I 4 "F ti F. 4' e ,fir ♦ .r r r i Figure 126. Site 24900 Feature A ku`ula,view to the north(Tulchin et al.2006:96). iw .. �a_ �' "i^�. "'�" i� _ '� �� cad o ♦ j * ti6s } � 41['A�RP .III Ilr � \ • AF r -I 3 :- —4L .�` �t�_ '1r •.�r r'e' + $w'� S���id .. YP+� °.• d,r1 � t u� r r/qq 1 Figure 127. Site 24900 Feature B,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:94 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 135 4. Fieldwork • ,fur �_ -M. - FOAM K `r c� ix �t fit% c 4ss tom" !b"��' y�m •'�'�:ti..`—,�j Figure 128. Site 24900 Feature C,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:97). Feature D consists of a rectangular platform,located approximately 9 m northeast of Feature A.The low platform measured 5 m by 3 m wide, with a maximum height of 30 cm. The platform was constructed of a single course of basalt boulders around the perimeter,with level cobble paving in the interior[Figure 129]. Waterworn cobbles and pebbles were scattered throughout the interior of the platform. SIHP#-24900 is interpreted to be a pre-contact ceremonial complex,comprised of a fishing shrine (ku`ula)(Feature A), and associated burial features (Features B-D). The ku`ula functions as a shoreline landmark, as well as a shrine, associated with fishing activities in the vicinity. SIHP #- 24900 is undisturbed and in excellent condition.Local residents appear to upkeep the area and likely continue to use Feature A as a shoreline landmark, as there are no modern aids to navigation in Punalu`u Harbor. The surrounding bluff area is undisturbed, with limited development in the shoreline area down slope consisting of residential structures and Punalu`u Beach Park infrastructure. SIHP # -24900 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship,feeling, and association. SIHP#-24900 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property —these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity) of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended Site 24900 for preservation, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24900 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24900 was revisited during the current fieldwork (Figures 130 and 131) and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), although covered in thicker vegetation. Plastic grow pots were also noted within the site area. Site 24900 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d and Criterion e (Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 24900 is located within the `Burial Bluff Complex" (Site 4309) and no development activities are proposed in its vicinity. Site 24900 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 136 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii r -ti ME'M5 ""l 9 �Z + 9a �v }c ?�-x`i°`P"� ° a Y s 1 r'•`1 I� 'l` � 1.� ,F � k. > .Y + S i.� 7 cf w�. L � 'NA- I �� 4 � 1 W/ �F d } {—r�£ 1 1.��'h Y � ✓I�'-Ih tl�� i r Al"I i 4. Fieldwork nn rr 1 4A �1 t "f Figure 131. Site 24900 Feature C,view to the east. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-04310 Site 4310,referred to as the Wailau Complex, encompasses several Precontact to Historic Period features(Table 10) located in the central coastal portion of the project area, southwest of the Hokaloa Congregational Church and Cemetery (see Figures 89, 204, and 133). The features of Site 4310 were initially documented by the B. P. Bishop Museum(Barrera and Hommon 1972:8)and designated four different sites, 50-HA-B9-22 (burial cysts), 50-HA-B9- 32 (wall), 50-HA-B9-33 (two platforms), and 50-HA-B9-34 (complex of rock shelters, platform, wall and mound). Site B9-22 was reported by Harm and Rosendahl (1986)to have been destroyed by resort development. Site B9-32 was described by barrera and Hommon(1972:8)as a"well preserved wall with numerous corners,trending S and E. Site B9-33 was described by Barrera and Hommon(1972:20) as consisting of two platforms (Figure 134) against a vertical rock face and"two platforms nearby which had been bulldozed by June of 1971". Excavations at the intact platforms indicated limited habitation use.Barrera and Hommon(1972:22)described Site B9-34 as follows: This site consisted of five features. Feature A [4310 Feature E] was a rock shelter 8 meters long, 1.8 meters deep, and about 75 cm high. Feature B [4310 Feature F] was also a rock shelter, 4.3 meters long, 1.4 meters deep, and about 75 cm high. Feature C [4310 Feature G] was a crude platform located in front of Features A and B [4310 —Features E& F], that measured about 8.7 meters from end to end,between 1.4 and 1.7 meters from front to back(at which point it abutted the steep rock face in which Features A and B [4310 Features E&F]were located).Feature D [4310 Feature H] was a wall consisting of two outer alignments of large (75-to-100-cm-diameter) rocks with a core-fill of smaller ones. Feature E was a 5-by-5.4-meter mound of jumbled rocks, one end of which abutted Feature D. As single excavation unit was placed at Feature A(4310 Feature E)revealing sparse midden,volcanic glass and a single glass bottle base that dated between 1840 and 1880. 138 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork d, m Wr Figure 132. Site 4310,oblique aerial view to the north. Sites 139-32, 139-33, and 139-34 were subsequently relocated by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and described together as the Wailau Complex.PHRI noted that the inland portion of the site had been destroyed by land modification activities,but that the remaining intact sites were in fair condition but covered in dense vegetation. The eight features were given a single SIHP site designation 50-10-68-04310 with individual feature letters(see Table 10). The description provided by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:20-23)for 139-34 was the same as provided by Barrera and Hommon(1972),however updated descriptions for 139-32 and 139-33 were given as follows: Site 139-32 [Site 4310 Feature A] identifies a stacked stone wall that runs in an east-west direction. It follows the crest of abluff and descends the steep slope to the east. The eastern extensions of the wall no longer exist as it appears that land modification activities have resulted in reduction of the wall. The wall measures a maximum of 1.2 m high and 0.8 m wide, and is generally in good condition. (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:20) Site 139-33 [Site 4310 Features B and C] is comprised of two terraces constructed against the base of a steep bluff and measuring 2.4 by 3.5 m and 2.5 by 5.0 m,respectively.The terraces front natural sheltered areas in the cliff face. Table 10.Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-04310. Bishop Museum Feature of Formal Functional Site designation Site 4310 type Type 139-32 A Wall Ranch-related cattle barrier 139-33 B Terrace Historic habitation foundation C Terrace Historic habitation foundation 139-34 D Overhang Shelter E Overhang Shelter F Overhang Shelter G Mound Shelter/storage area H Wall Historic habitation/boundary Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 139 4. Fieldwork •.,Burial Bl utt t4309 fps Halo E Y\ r 4310 F Y ae . •'•Y� %4Vailau Complex(4310) 24913 • Probable Burials 0 20 40 60 Meters N i Site Complexes Goff Course 50 100 150 200 Feet project Area Boundary Figure 133.Portion of USGS Topographic Map,Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within Wailau Complex(Site 4310)(Tulchin et al.2006:100). Fig. 10, MAP OF SITE B9-33, SHOWING PLATFORMS AND TEST PITS EXCAVATED. o MN N 0 5 meters Figure 134. Site 4310(B9-33)platforms and excavations documented by Barrera and Hommon (1972:21). 140 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Tulchin et al. (2006: 98-111)later documented Site 4310 as follows: SIHP # -4310 Feature A consists of an approximately 60 m long linear stone wall. The wall runs roughly northeast to southwest along the crest of a bedrock bluff [Figure 135]. The wall is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 3-6 courses high. The wall measures 0.6-1.3 m in height and 0.7-0.9 m wide. Boulders average 20-30 cm diameter with some large boulders measuring 60 cm in diameter at the base of the wall construction. The western end of Feature A was truncated by land clearing activities,which generally included the entire area mauka of the wall. Near the eastern extent of the wall, the edge of the bluff curves to the north, crossing the path of the wall alignment. At this point, the wall descends the steep sloping face of the bluff and continues in a northeasterly direction, adjacent to the Feature B terrace located at the base of the bluff[see Figure 135].The wall is understood to have continued to the northeast past Feature B, as previously described and mapped by Barrera and Hommon(1972). However,the eastern end of the wall was truncated by land clearing activities immediately east of Feature B. An additional segment of the wall was observed in the vicinity of Feature H. The wall was constructed over a raised bedrock outcrop and spared from land clearing activities. Feature A is generally in good condition,with little collapse observed. -]C7 l�'Yy jj (7r r_YfL-S. pAOo a o op°��o� Feature C o pp Terrace QQ O O ga o8 Daa�o o 0 Cam°0 0 0 p�D SIHP#50-10-68-4310 -i Wailau Complex �i i t Featured Overhang <<o) Feature B -�_ Terrace f; Q D pf�Yo-1� ° L_L � F-L po o �. 0096-- CIC C) q -b C) q cw�.�ux LI'VPI Arr. .cPs oarm vow mj'� 0 0.5 1METERS Feature A wLaw VJ r. Wail Figure 135.Plan view of Site 4310 Features A through D (Tulchin et al. 2006:101). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 141 4. Fieldwork SIHP#-4310 Features Band C consist of two terraces[see Figure 135]located in the eastern portion of the Wailau Complex (SIHP # -4310). The terraces are situated at the base of a bedrock bluff, immediately north of Feature A. Feature B,the southern terrace,is constructed against the nearly vertical face of the bedrock bluff, adjacent to the northern edge of Feature A wall[see Figure 135].The Feature B terrace[Figure 136] is triangular shaped,measuring 5 m by 2.2 m wide,with a height of 0.7 m.The terrace is constructed with a stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall,3-5 courses high,and a level,cobble paved interior.Feature B appeared to be constructed in front of a natural overhang area. Feature C,the northern terrace [see Figure 135],is constructed at the base of an erosion prone area of the bedrock bluff,with loose rockfall on the surface and immediately upslope of the terrace.The terrace is roughly rectangular shaped,measuring 3.2 m by 2.0 m wide,with a height of 65 cm. The terrace is constructed with a stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall,3-4 courses high,and a level,cobble-paved interior. A crude ramp of piled stones extends south from the edge of Feature C [see Figure 135], up the steep sloping face of the outcrop. Feature D consists of a small overhang located at the top of the ramp[see Figure 135].The overhang measures 2.3 m long, lm deep,with a maximum ceiling height of 95 cm. Waterworn cobbles were observed on the soil surface within the overhang. SIHP # -4310 Features E and F consist of overhang shelters located within the bedrock bluff, approximately 18 m northeast of Feature C[Figure 137].Feature E consisted of an overhang shelter located within the nearly vertical rock face of the bluff, approximately 2 m above the base of the bluff.The overhang measures 8 m wide, 1.8 m deep,with a maximum ceiling height of 75 cm.The interior of the overhang contains a relatively clear and level soil surface area measuring 1.3 by 1.2 m wide. The remainder of the interior is rocky with a thin soil layer. No surface cultural material was observed. I� JAI i IV t + _ r Figure 136. Site 4310 Feature B,view to the south(Tulchin et al. 2006:102). 142 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 0 1 5 3 METERS ♦ I` Feature E ` Overhang J r �♦ ,- r� a r Feature F Overhang -k -` Feature G Mound '1 4 0 0 �1`\ D 6 a O i D L SIHP # 50-10-68-4310 ° o Q Q° Wallau Complex D Q a 0 o b !r a Feature H 0 o Q r /Wall ° D � o d° O .0 °o°do0� 1�e ° O �o r Dov:•"c;rty D3rerti0E1 i nrn / GPS datum Point Wall Bedrock Outcrop Figure 137.Plan view Site 4310 Features E through H(Tulchin et al. 2006:108). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 143 4. Fieldwork Feature F consists of another overhang shelter,located near the base of the bluff[Figure 138],below and slightly to the west of Feature E. Feature F measured 4.3 m wide, 1.4 m deep, with a ceiling height of 7 cm. The interior of feature F consists of a level, rocky soil surface.No surface cultural material was observed. Feature G consists of a linear mound constructed across the entrance of Feature F overhang [see Figure 137]. The mound was constructed at the drip line of the overhang, at the base of the bluff. Feature C was constructed of mounded basalt cobbles and small boulders,measuring approx 8.5 m long, 1.2-1.6 m wide,40-50 cm in height.The mound separates the interior of the Feature F overhang from the rocky soil area at the base of the bluff. Feature G possibly functions in preventing water from entering the Feature F overhang. Feature H consists of a short wall segment located in the southeaster portion of the Wailau Complex [see Figure 137]. The wall is constructed partially on an exposed bedrock outcrop, then extends northeast off the outcrop on to the rocky soil surface. Feature H is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders in a bi-faced core-filled manner, 3-4 courses high. The base course of stones are large boulders averaging 70-90 cm in diameter. The upper courses are 30-50 cm in diameter with small boulder and cobble filling. The intact portion appears to be disturbed, and all that remains is the base course of parallel boulders in line with the wall alignment. The wall appears to have extended to the bedrock bluff where Feat A and B are located. 4 'fl r 9r' Figure 138. Site 4310 Feature F,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:109). An additional feature was described by Barrera and Hommon (1972:22) as a"mound of jumbled rocks, one end of which abutted Feature D [now designated Feature H]."The CSH field crew was unable to identify a distinct, hand-piled mound of stones adjacent to Feature H wall. However, at the north end of the Feature H wall,where the wall is no longer intact,is a mound of jumbled stones. It is likely that the mound is partially composed of collapse from Feature H,as well as natural stones, which are abundant in the immediate vicinity,and does not appear to be an archaeological feature. SIHP # 4310 is interpreted to be a historic habitation complex. Feature A is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall. The wall functions as a barrier preventing cattle from falling off the steep bluff, as well as possibly demarcating a property boundary. The wall has been truncated, 144 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork though the intact portion is relatively undisturbed and in good condition. SIHP—4310 Features B and C terraces are interpreted to be foundations for historic habitation structures. Features B and C are undisturbed and in good to excellent condition, with little collapse observed. Features D-F, overhang shelter and Feature G mound are interpreted to function as temporary shelters or storage areas, associated with habitation in the area. Feature H wall is interpreted to be related to historic habitation in the area, possibly demarcating a property boundary. SIHP # 4310 Features A-H are generally intact and undisturbed,with the exception of portions of Feature A wall. However,the surrounding area has been extensively modified by land clearing activities,including the upper bluff area as well as the area immediately makai of the complex. SIHP#4310 maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. Due to the disturbance in the area, the complex does not have integrity of setting, feeling, or association. SIHP # -4310 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 4310 for preservation,and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 4310 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 4310 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006) (Figures 139 and 140). Site 4310 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d (Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 4310 is located within the within the roughly 30-acre coastline management conservation area that will be created as a result of the current project and no development activities are proposed in its vicinity. Site 4310 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. s ti. Figure 139. Site 4310 Feature A,view to the south. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 145 4. Fieldwork a K a>s Y Y." a� 1 _ 2 g 1' Figure 140. Site 4310 Features B through H within dense vegetation,view to the southeast. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-04330 Site 4330 consists of an enclosure interpreted as an Historic corral (Figure 141). The site is located in the central portion of the project area, makai of the highway and is situated near the base of a bedrock bluff, down slope of the Colony one condominiums.It is bordered to the southby the Sea Mountain Golf Course(see Figure 89).The enclosure was previously identified by Barrera and Hommon(1972:22)and designated site 50-HA-139-43. It was described as a 11rectangular walled enclosure...with an entryway through the E wall". Barrera and Hommon (1972) conducted excavations at Site 139-43 and recovered marine shell,bone, glass, and metal. The site was then revisited by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:25)who did not update the description but did state that the enclosure was in good condition. Although suggesting a possible use of the enclosure based on the recovered cultural material was deemed difficult,Tulchin et al. (2006: 111-114)interpreted the site as an Historic animal corral and described it as follows: SIHP#-4330 enclosure measures approximately 18 m by 11 m wide,with walls measuring between 0.5-1.8 m in height and 0.5-1.2 m in width[see Figure 141].The enclosure is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, in a bi-faced, core-filled manner, 7-10 courses high [Figure 142]. The southern and western walls of the enclosure are the most substantial,utilizing 30-45 cm diameter boulders in the construction. The intact portions of the enclosure walls are well faced, though considerable areas of collapse were observed. The eastern wall of the enclosure is faced on the interior side and sloping on the exterior side. The eastern wall also includes a 2 m wide constructed entrance to the enclosure, with a 40 cm high step across the entryway. A cement pipe and other debris was observed within the southeastern portion of the enclosure. Barrera and Hommon (1972) excavated four test units within SIHP # -4330. Subsurface testing revealed the presence of a 40-50 cm thick ash deposit over bedrock, including sparse midden, unidentified bone material, and historic glass and metal fragments summarized. The quantities of invertebrate midden reported for these four excavation units are quite small but significant quantities of unidentified bone, glass and metal are reported. It is difficult to draw much in the way of conclusions from this data but it is consistent with the understanding of the site as a historic corral. SIHP#-4330 enclosure is interpreted to be a historic corral,functioning in confining livestock.The enclosure is in good condition with both intact,as well as partially collapsed portions. SIHP#-4330 146 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area(i.e. golf course and condominium construction)the enclosure does not have integrity of setting, feeling, or association. SIHP # -4330 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 4330 for preservation,and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.During the current field inspection an attempt to locate Site 4330 was made, however, the site could not be located and is presumed to have been destroyed.A review of Google Earth aerial imagery indicates that the former location of Site 4330 was mechanically cleared in ca.2016.No remnants of the site were observed during the current fieldwork. � y B y asa of Bluff �. y SIHP# 50-10-68-4330 Enclosure y 0 � 4 u oJ° l 4.�a �U ` l cor4rsw Debris IN- O °A C5 °qa CO c:i \ O/f \r \\ \ Y -Down Sloes�ilAflpfl p -Basalt Facing - ,— (x) -Heightinm •Collapse — O-bevel sod n— (Y 2.5 5 METERS Figure 141.Plan view of Site 4330(Tulchin et al. 2006:112). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 147 4. Fieldwork ,y IL a Figure 142. Site 4330,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:113). t � 7 r' i � � r s d A. a Figure 143.Photograph of the former location of Site 4330 taken during the current fieldwork,view to the west. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-04360 Site 4360 consists of two Historic Period rock wall segments located in the northeastern portion of the project area, makai of the highway (see Figure 89). The wall segments were first identified by Barrera and Hommon(1972) and given two site designations,50-HA-B9-119 for the mauka segment and 50-HA-B9-62 for the makai segment.Barrera and Hommon(1972:11)described Site B9-62 as measuring 10 meters long by 90 centimeters wide,and 50 centimeters tall. They described Site B9-119 as being"poorly preserved"and as serving as a possible boundary wall(Barrera and Hommon 1972:11). During a reconnaissance of the area by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) the two wall segments were determined to be portions of a formerly continuous wall and designated Site 4360, however they described both wall segments separately as: 148 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork B9-62 Wall Barrera and Hommon initially described this wall as 8.0 m long, 0.8 m wide, and 0.8 m high (1972:11). It appears they located a segment of the wall which actually extends inland toward the abandoned feed lot.At this point,a dirt road truncates this wall.•The continuation of this wall on the inland side of the road corridor has a different site designation (139-119). The wall is in good condition and is actually larger than originally described, with a maximum height of 1.25 m. The wall is constructed of stacked small to large boulders. 139-119 (4360)Wall The inland extension of Site 139-62 has been designated 139-119. It appears the seaward and inland extents of this wall were located during the Barrera and Hommon survey(1972:11),and the nature of that survey did not afford sufficient time to follow out the extent of the wall. The wall is approximately 0.8 m wide and a maximum of 1.25 m high,and is in good condition. Tulchin et al. (2006: 115-116) later interpreted Site 4360 as an Historic ranch-related cattle wall and possible boundary wall. They described the site as follows: SIHP # -4360 is a mauka-makai trending wall, with the combined segments extending approximately 475 m in length. The breach of the wall at the intersection of an unpaved road was approximately 10 m long.Both the mauka and makai ends of SIHP#-4360 have been truncated by golf course construction.The wall is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,5-6 courses high, in a bi-faced, core-filled manner [Figure 144]. The wall measured a maximum of 1.2 m in height and 0.8 m wide. Metal posts and remnant barbed wire fencing were also incorporated into the wall construction. A 3 m long break in the wall was observed along the mauka portion of the wall. Wooden posts were observed at the edges of the break indicating a former gate or entryway. SIHP#-4360 is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall.The wall functions in restricting the movement of cattle,as well as demarcating a former property boundary and ahupua`a boundary. SIHP#-4360 was constructed along the northeastern boundary of Grant 828 to Kekaula(see Figure 5),which is also the Punalu`u-Wailau ahupua`a boundary. The wall had been modified in the late historic or modern era with the addition of barbed wire fencing,associated with the continued usage of the wall as a cattle barrier. SIHP #-4360 is relatively intact, with the exception of the break at the road intersection and truncated ends. The wall is in good condition, with limited areas of collapse. The surrounding area has been heavily disturbed by golf course construction, as well as grubbing. In some areas,debris and mounded soil and stones have been pushed up against the wall. The intact portion of SIHP # -4360 maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship.Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area,and discontinued use of the area for ranching purposes,the wall does not have integrity of feeling or association. SIHP# -4360 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. (Tulchin et al. 2006:115-116). Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 4360 for preservation,with allowances for breaches in the wall. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388,Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 4360 since the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS was prepared. Site 4360 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figures 145)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), albeit covered in dense vegetation. Site 4360 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d. The site is located in an area where no development activities are planned,and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 149 4. Fieldwork s � , " .. r st n i c n Figure 144. Site 4360 wall,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:116). k' j� r.,,«'+*� r l{g � 5fiJ' °a^�� (,p���gbf�"'p���+ •'� ° + fig. Figure 145. Site 4360 wall,view to the south. 150 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-04368 Site 4368, referred to as the Koloa-Ninole Complex, encompasses several Precontact to Historic Period features located in the southwestern corner of the project area(see Figures 89, 146, and 204). There are several component sites within the complex, seven of which are within the current project area(Table 11). Although the former Ninole Fishpond area is within the complex it is independently owned by the State of Hawaii and is not included in this discussion.Five of the component sites within the complex(Sites 50-10-68-03519,50-10-68-03520,50-10-68-03521, 50-10-68-03522, and 50-10-68-03524) were first identified and given site numbers by the B. P. Bishop Museum, while two others (Sites 50-10-68-24897 and 50-10-68-24898) were identified by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986)and assigned SIHP site designations by Tulchin et al. (2006).Descriptions of the component sites are presented below. 2dB9B I ••h4658 G221tS�8 +.. .. 4898 C12-0898 �t1898 D 24898 �: .aQa98 H Koloa-Ninole Complex(4368) •'•,, � Sao . 24897 • Probable Burials 0 20 40 60 80 Meters j Site complexes .� N 0 i(JO 200 300 400 Feet #(1 AGoat course � Project Area Boundary Figure 146.Portion of USGS Topographic Map,Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within the Koloa-Ninole Complex(Site 4368)(Tulchin et la.2006:118). Table 11.Component sites of SIHP Site 50-10-68-04368. Previous site Component site# Form Function designation 50-10-68- B9-04 3519 Enclosure Agricultural(animal husbandry) B9-05 3520 Enclosure Habitation B9-06 3521 Trail Transportation B9-07 3522 Ninole School Historic school B9-09 3524 Old Government Road Transportation T-108 24897 Complex Agricultural T-111 24898 Burial complex Burial Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 151 4. Fieldwork Mimic School Site 3522 Ninolc Pond Site 3524 �t ..ram '... :. Figure 147.General area of Site 4368, showing the Ninole School site,the Old Government Road, and the Ninole Pond,oblique aerial view to the north with Ka`ie`ie Heiau visible in the foreground. SIHP Site 50-10-68-03519 (component of Site 4368) Site 3519 is a component site of the Koloa—Ninole complex(Site 4368).It is located within the central portion of Site 4368, adjacent to the old government road (Site 50-10-68-03524) (see Figures 89 and 146). The site consists of an enclosure that has been divided into three distinct spaces labeled Features A through C and was interpreted as a livestock pen utilized during the Historic Period(Figure 148). The enclosure was initially identified by Hansen(n.d.) and designated Site 50-HA-139-04.It was described in detail by PHRI(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:18)as follows: Site 1394 is an enclosure constructed against a cliff face, and measures approximately 25.0 m in length and 10.0 m wide. The walls are a maximum of 2.0 m high and 1.0 m wide. Interior walls divide the enclosure into "two stalls" from the remaining portion of the enclosure (Hansen Ms.). The feature was initially described by Hansen(Ms.)as a corral and pen though the presence of`ili`ili may suggest habitation use.The feature is presently covered by dense vegetation. Tulchin et al. (2006: 119-122)later described Site 3519 as follows: SIHP # -3519 is situated against the base of an `a`d bluff, on land sloping to the northeast, down toward Ninole Cove. At the time of the inventory survey, the enclosure was completely covered with dense Christmas berry. SIHP # -3519 consists of a well-constructed enclosure with interior partitions, creating three individual enclosure features [see Figure 148]. The enclosure walls are generally free-standing,with the exception of a portion of the south wall,which is a retaining wall constructed against an `a`d bluff. The walls are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 4-6 courses high,in abi-faced manner[Figure 149].The enclosure is irregularly shaped,measuring approximately 9.5 m by 8.0 m wide,with a maximum height of 1.4 along the northern(down slope) wall. The northern wall of the enclosure is linear and also serves as the western edge of the SIHP# -3524 old government road corridor. An approximately 1.6 m wide entrance is constructed in northwest portion of the enclosure, facing opposite the old government road (SIHP # -3524). No surface cultural material was observed within SIHP#-3519 or in the immediate vicinity. An interior wall within the main perimeter wall of the enclosure divides the interior of the enclosure into two partitions, designated Features A and B. The interior wall extends from the south wall of the enclosure toward the north wall, leaving an approximately 1.7 m wide entryway between 152 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Features A and B.Feature A,the eastern portion of the main enclosure,is the largest of the enclosure partitions,measuring approximately 7 m by 6 m wide.The interior of Feature A is cleared and level soil. Feature B, the western portion of the main enclosure, measures approximately 4 m by 3 m wide. The walls around Feature B are generally 10-20 cm lower than those around Feature A. The interior of Feature B is also cleared and level soil. Feature C consists of a small enclosure located between the freestanding portion of the south wall of the main enclosure and the bedrock bluff. The enclosure measures 4 m by 2 m wide,with a 0.8 m wide constructed entrance opening to the west.The interior of Feature C is cleared and level soil. SIHP#3519 enclosure is interpreted to be a historic animal pen,functioning in confining livestock. The animal pen is associated with the historic habitation and agricultural activities of the Koloa- Nmole complex. The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow and bluff area is undisturbed and SIHP#- 3519 is in excellent condition,with very little collapse observed. SIHP#-3519 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -3519 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. r0.-0 � r � sga SJHP#50-10-68-3519 Feature A 1 • Feature B Feature C —,. .. 4 Edc}e'f A A k A � n„.,,s+aoa Prseum p .BasaM Op acrg rfeq�t in® 0 t 2 METERS 3G5 Datum Fuji Figure 148.Plan view of Site 3519(Tulchin et al. 2006:120). Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3519 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3519 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 3519 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006),albeit covered in dense vegetation. Site 3519 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d (Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 3519 is located in an area where no development activities are planned. Site 3519 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 153 4. Fieldwork I Y ar A Y rr h, V wYY q; III If i a I, 6 Figure 149. Site 3519 Feature A,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:121). SIHP Site 50-10-68-03520(component of Site 4368) Site 3520 is a component site of the Koloa—Ninole complex (Site 4368). The site consists of an enclosure that has been divided into two distinct spaces labeled Features A and B and a small enclosure built off the main enclosure labeled Feature C(Figure 150). It is located within the central portion of Site 4368, adjacent to the old government road(Site 50-10-68-03524) (see Figures 89 and 146). The site was interpreted as a habitation site utilized during the Historic Period. The enclosure was previously identified by Hansen(n.d.) and designated Site 50-HA-139-05. PHRI included the site in their discussion of the Koloa-Ninole Complex but did not provide a description. The following discussion of the Site 3520 enclosure has been extracted from Tulchin et al. (2006: 122-126): SIHP # -3520 consists of a well-constructed enclosure with an interior partition creating two individual enclosure features [see Figure 150].The main enclosure is irregularly shaped,measuring approximately 17 m by 13 m wide,with a maximum height of 1.5 m along the southwest wall. The walls are generally free-standing and are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,in a bi- faced manner. The southwestern perimeter wall of the main enclosure is linear and also serves as the eastern edge of the SIHP # -3524 old government road. The southwestern wall is the most substantial and well-constructed of the enclosure walls, constructed of stones stacked 7-8 courses high and 4-5 courses wide,with a maximum height of 1.5 m width of 1.0m. An approximately 0.8 m wide constructed entrance to the enclosure is located in the western corner, opening to the old government road (SIHP # -3524). The east and north perimeter walls of the enclosure are constructed along the edge of the bedrock bluff and follow the natural curvature of the bluff[Figure 151]. These walls are constructed of stones stacked 3-5 courses high and 1-3 courses wide,with an average interior height of 0.8 m. The north wall incorporates natural bedrock outcrops and has a 2 m wide constructed entryway.The entryway faces Ninole Cove and appears to open to a crude stepped trail down the face of the very steep bluff. A concentration of marine shell midden and historic refuse was observed on the surface of a small natural terrace immediately down slope of the northern enclosure wall. The northwestern perimeter wall of the main enclosure is constructed across land moderately sloping to the northwest, down toward Ninole Cove. The northwestern wall has an interior height of 20 cm and exterior height of 1.2 m,indicating the interior of this portion of the enclosure has been filled to create a level interior surface. 154 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Y D—SWO Dracbm 0 1,5 3 METERS '> H—I I C.0 F­9 A L—I Snfl yea E] P"Nelcow�e pz-N A 4 (04)) SIHP#50-10.68-3521 Feature B Feature A Enclosure N. 50 SO '6' (9.0 IT FoatWe C Figure 150.Plan view of Site 3520 (Tulchin et al. 2006:123). An interior wall within the main perimeter wall of the enclosure divides the interior of the enclosure into two partitions,designated Features A and B.The interior wall is constructed of stacked boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high and 2-3 courses wide.The interior wall height of 1.0 m on the eastern side and 1.5 m on the western side,indicating the eastern portion of the enclosure has been filled to create a level interior surface. The interior wall extends from the northern perimeter wall to the southwestern wall,with a 1.2 m wide constructed entryway between Features A and B. Feature A, the eastern portion of the main enclosure, is roughly rectangular shaped, measuring approximately 12 m by 11 m wide.An interior low terrace is located within the southern portion of Feature A. The terrace is constructed with a low retaining wall of basalt boulders and cobbles, stacked 1-2 courses high,with a maximum height of 0.2 m [Figure 152]. The interior of the terrace is level and paved with water rounded cobbles and pebbles.A single course alignment of basalt boulders extends from the entryway between Features A and B to the terrace retaining wall,creating an additional distinct activity area within Feature A. With the exception of the paved terrace,the interior of Feature A is cleared and level soil. Feature B, the western portion of the main enclosure, is roughly triangular shaped,measuring 9.5 m by 6.5 m wide. The interior of Feature B is cleared and level soil. Addendum AIS:Punalu'u Black Sands Project,Punalu'u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka'u,Hawaii 155 4. Fieldwork �r+*rK` �� c ^5"' w` � �§ .ice• r+�`t� r 1 i i I i ' e 4 r Figure 151. Site 3520 Feature A,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:124). �+ ss u } ^i r y e d l+r~ :. r ' �„•��\� err '_� '' Figure 152. Site 3520 Feature A interior terrace,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:125). 156 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Feature C consists of a small, crude enclosure located adjacent to the southeastern corner of the main enclosure[Figure 153].The enclosure is constructed with a loosely stacked boulder and cobble wall, 2-4 courses high,with a maximum height of 1.2 m, along the west, south, and eastern sides. The northern edge of the enclosure is bounded by bedrock outcrop.The enclosure measures 1 m by 2 m wide with a level,cobble-paved surface. A single piece of coral was observed on the surface of Feature C. SIHP#-3520 enclosure is interpreted to be a historic permanent habitation site. The high degree of construction,including the interior paved terrace and partitions delineating activity areas within the main enclosure,as well as the discreet midden concentration are indicative of apermanent habitation site.The constructed entryways to the enclosure facing both the old government road and the former Ninole Fishpond show the relationship of the enclosure with the surrounding sites of the Koloa- Ninole Complex (SIHP# -4368). The SIHP #-3520 enclosure represents a habitation component associated with the historic habitation and agricultural activities of the Koloa-Ninole complex. The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow and bluff area is undisturbed and SIHP # -3520 is in good condition,with little collapse observed.SIHP#-3520 maintains integrity of location,design,setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -3520 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3520 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3520 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 3520 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al.(2006),albeit covered in dense vegetation. Site 3520 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d (Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 3520 is located in an area where no development activities are planned. Site 3520 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. yy Iva r r. F - .. fx Figure 153. Site 3520 Feature C,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:125). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 157 4. Fieldwork SIHP Site 50-10-68-03521 (component of Site 4368) Site 3521 is a component site of the Koloa—Nmole complex (Site 4368). The site consists of an approximately 20- meter-long trail located within the central portion of Site 4368 (see Figures 89 and 146). The trail was previously identified by Hansen(n.d.)and designated Site 50-HA-B9-06.The following discussion of the Site 3521 trail has been extracted from Tulchin et al. (2006: 126): The trail runs roughly east to west from the edge of the old government road(SIHP#-3524)to the northwestern entrance of"Nmole School"(SIHP#-3522). SIHP#-3521 is constructed on relatively level terrain and consists of an approximately 1 m wide cleared surface with light waterworn pebble paving[Figure 154]. SIHP#-3521 is undisturbed and in excellent condition. SIHP #-3521 is interpreted to be a historic foot trail providing pedestrian access between the old government road(SIHP#-3524)and"Nmole School" (SIHP#-3522). The surrounding `a`d bluff area is undisturbed and SIHP#-3521 and the surrounding features are in good to excellent condition. SIHP#-3521 maintains integrity of location, design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling, and association. SIHP#-3521 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3521 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09;see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3521 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 3521 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). The site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. t'. ,;►'sue.. as .:E.. L ti Yid Ilt Figure 154. Site 3521 trail,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:127). 158 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP Site 50-10-68-03522 (component of Site 4368) Site 3522 is a component site of the Koloa—Ninole complex (Site 4368). The site consists of a platform/enclosure complex(Figure 155)located in the central portion of Site 4368 (see Figures 89 and 146). The complex was initially identified by Hansen(n.d.),designated Site 50-HA-B9-07,and described as: School-site. about 66' SE of Site 5.Reported to have been the Ninole School.Rectangular in shape, stone walls enclosing a platform. Entrance on the NW side with two steps up from trail (B9-6) onto a 'di'di paved walk-way connected with the platform is 6'wide, 16' long and 2'6" high. Another entrance is on the SE side having one step up and down. The stone wells with the exception of the SE wall show various widths particularly the NE wall and also the heights appear to vary. Condition of walls are relatively good with the exception of the west half of the SW wall and the west half of the NW wall here a great deal of disturbance has taken place though not beyond restoration. Platform, average height 2'6". 'di'di paving except for about 2' around the outer edges here the paving is of rougher rock. A thick growth of naupaka center of platform and which conceals a fire- place.Not venting to expose more than was necessary center of platform was not fully seen.Water- worn stone steps down from platform to yard on the SE side. Overall condition of platform fairly good. Along the NE wall 19'from the north inside corner large lava boulders have been utilized in the making of a wall connecting the NE wall to platform. A low stone wall 2'high, 2'wide from the south corner of platform to about the center of the SW wall. 12'further to the NW is a short section of stone wall 8'6" long, 2'wide and 2'high. Parallel with and between the platform and the SW wall is another wall about IT long,T wide,Thigh and much disturbed. Outside the SE wall. I V left of the entrance is a fire-place. Faint evidence of the platforms in this area. SIHP#50-10-68-3522 R �.•.�yy � 'Ninole School' �., �e\ SIHPN 50-10-68.3521 J V� 0 y� J bZ'Or Wi4rF a Feek"C F-1—A c;rwso r�o 0 �O t; o-umynlSmv ' WgMnm •`T. G+ 1.EMtlmrM OuIV W - ®0-H4Yoi RoumaCmoY Pavxg 0 2255 S MEiERS QPS[LUXn Pav Figure 155.Plan view of Site 3522(Tulchin et al. 2006:129). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 159 4. Fieldwork PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) re-visited the site,but did not update the description given by Hansen (n.d.).During the Tulchin et al. (2006: 128-133) survey Site 3522 was further described as follows: SIHP#-3522 is composed of four major features,including an enclosure(Feature A)with an raised walkway (Feature B) and interior platform (Feature C) [see Figure 155]. In the vicinity of the enclosure are areas paved with waterworn pebbles and cobbles(Feature D).Feature A enclosure is rectangular shaped and measures 29 m by 24 m wide.The enclosure walls are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, generally in a bi-faced, core-filled manner, and incorporate large boulders and bedrock outcrops into the construction. The walls average 1.2 m in height and 0.8 m wide,though the northwest and northeast walls are more substantial constructions varying in width and height. The southeastern wall is thinner and of a more uniform height and width. There are two constructed entrances at the makai(southeast) and mauka (northwest) ends of the enclosure. The makai entrance consists of an 80 cm wide break in the enclosure wall with a smooth, flat basalt boulder placed in front, functioning as a crude step [Figure 156]. The mauka entrance to the enclosure consists of an 80 cm wide break in the enclosure wall,with mounded basalt boulders and cobbles forming crude steps up from a paved trail(SIHP#-3521)to a bedrock outcrop that abuts a raised walkway (Feature B)leading to the interior platform(Feature C) [see Figure 154]. The interior of the enclosure generally consists of land cleared of surface stones, gently sloping to the southeast. Additional low stone walls are located within the Feature A enclosure. A low stone wall,constructed of mounded basalt boulders and cobbles,measuring 60 cm wide and 60 cm high, extends from the center of the southwest wall of the main enclosure to the southwestern corner of the Feature C platform. Approximately 3 m northeast of this wall is another low stone wall, extending 2.5 m in length from the southwest wall of the main enclosure, parallel to the first low wall. A third low wall, measuring 2.3 m in length, is located northeast of the second wall, running parallel to and between the main enclosure wall and the platform. These low walls form crude enclosures,possibly delineating activity areas within the main enclosure. r e ry � ,,.. .... .•• ✓ W"i �i ram,.i M �,. w�. ,gin r r r. r ,-r ti r 'w A . Figure 156. Site 3522 Feature A enclosure,makai wall,view to the north (Tulchin et al. 2006:130). Feature B consists of a raised walkway measuring 5.2 m long, 1.6 m wide,with a height of 0.7 m. The walkway is an extension of the interior platform (Feature C) and is constructed in the same fashion. The walkway is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 3-4 courses high. The walkway is well-faced on each side, with a level, cobble filled interior surface and paving of waterworn cobbles and pebbles [Figure 157]. 160 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Feature C consists of the interior platform within the Feature A enclosure [Figure 158]. The rectangular platform measures 12 m by 11 m wide,with an average height of 0.8 m. The platform is constructed with a perimeter of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 2-3 courses high, with a level,cobble filled interior.The perimeter walls of the platform are faced on the southeast,southwest and northwest sides and sloping on the northeast side. The surface of the platform is paved with waterworn cobbles and pebbles with scattered coral fragments observed. Stacked waterworn stones at the base of the southeastern wall of the platform serve as steps down from the platform to the ground level of the Feature A enclosure.An approximately 3 m wide pathway paved with waterworn cobbles and pebbles leads from the steps to the makai entrance of the main enclosure. Dense cover of naupaka obscured much of the surface of the platform, though 2 modifications on the platform were observed. A 60 cm tall upright waterworn boulder stone has been placed roughly in the center of the makai portion of the platform, approximately 2 m from the makai edge. Waterworn cobbles,branch coral, and miscellaneous shells have been arranged around the base of the upright stone.The apparent shrine was not identified by Hansen(n.d.)in the previous description of the site,despite its conspicuous location.The shrine may therefore be a modern addition.A stone lined depression is located on the surface of the western portion of the platform,approximately 5 m west of the upright stone.The depression has a diameter of 60 cm,depth of 30 cm,and is filled with soil. The depression may have functioned as a fire pit. 77W I' A.. Figure 157. Site 3522 Feature B raised walkway,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:131). Feature D consisted of two paved areas,located to the east and southeast of the Feature A enclosure [see Figure 155]. The paved areas are situated at the edge of the bedrock bluff overlooking Ninole Cove, and measure approximately 10 m by 4 m wide. The areas are level, have been cleared of surface stones, and paved with water rounded cobbles and pebbles [Figure 159]. Abundant marine shell midden was observed on the surface of the paved areas. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 161 4. Fieldwork +'�fM*,p�•�.:�4� r " Y .4 lop 4 Figure 158. Site 3522 Feature C interior platform,view to the northwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:131). 000 ti Figure 159. Site 3522 Feature D paving,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:133). 162 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Based on the information provided to Hansen(n.d)that the enclosure and platform was the site of "Ninole School," SIHP # -3522 is interpreted to be a historic school site. However, consultation with local informants(i.e.Hanoa family),during the present study could not confirm SIHP#-3522 was the site of Ninole School.The ideal location of the site overlooking the former Ninole Fishpond and Koloa Beach,close proximity to Ka`ie`ie Heiau(approximately 160 m south),and construction technique may indicate historic reuse of a pre-contact ceremonial site. In addition to the probable historic use of the site,there is an apparently modern addition of a shine on the platform.In general, Features B-D (platform, raised walkway and a pavings) are in excellent condition with very little collapse observed. The Feature A enclosure walls are in good condition, areas of collapse were generally restricted to the northwest portion of the enclosure. The SIHP #-3522 "Ninole School" site represents an educational component associated with the historic habitation and agricultural activities of the Koloa-Ninole complex. The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow and bluff area is undisturbed. SIHP#-3522 maintains integrity of location,design, setting,materials,workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -3522 is assessed as significant under Criterion C (embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represents the work of a master,or possess high artistic value)and Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3522 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3522 since the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS was prepared. The site was revisited during the current fieldwork (Figure 160) and found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 3522 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria c and d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Ma � NO Y �U� v ' .,� s arx •+mac, -1 .a y� .:-M h x � ;a w fi. v Figure 160.Ninole School(Site 3522),oblique aerial view to the north. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 163 4. Fieldwork SIHP Site 50-10-68-03524 (component of Site 4368) Site 3524 is a component site of the Koloa—Ninole complex (Site 4368). The site consists of an approximately 110 meter long portion of the Old Government Road,also referred to as Alanui Aupuni located within the southern central portions of Site 4368 (see Figure 89 and 146). The road was previously identified by Hansen(n.d.) and designated site 50-HA-139-09. It was later described by PHRI(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:19)as follows: The Old Government Road has been designated Site 139-9. It measures approximately 4.0 in in width,and is constructed of large boulders aligned along the outside edge.Much of the road is paved with `ili`ili. The road ran from Honuapo to Punalu`u, and was said to have been built by Reverend William Cornelius Shipman in the 1850s(Hansen Ms.). Kelly (1980:107-110)has documented the two different routes the road took around Ninole Pond(Puhau).It appears the initial road passed on the seaward side of the Ninole Fishpond and continued southwest toward Koloa Beach, where it ascended the slope(Kelly 1980:107-108).This route roughly corresponds with the existing 4-wheel drive road. The road appears to have been re-routed after 1868 to go around the inland side of the fishpond and then up the incline toward Hilea and Honuapo(Kelly 1980:109-110).The segment on the southwest side of Puhau is all that remains of the Old Government Road within the project area. During a recent survey of the coastal area,no evidence of the Old Government Road could be found northeast of Puhau(Rosendahl 1986). Tulchin et al. (2006: 134-135)later documented Site 3524 as follows: SIHP # -3524 consists of an intact portion of the Old Government Road. The road was observed running immediately mauka of Ka`ie`ie Heiau(south of the project area)enters the project area from the south.The road heads roughly north to south,inland toward SIHP#-3522"Ninole School."The road was observed to be mechanically graded and is constructed through a rough `a`d flow. The road generally measures 3.5-4 in wide, is relatively level, and paved with water rounded pebbles and cobbles [Figure 161]. There are low 30-50 cm high boulder berms along the edges of the road. The road continues north between SIHP#-3522"Ninole School" and SIHP#-24897 Feature A enclosure,then curves west and progresses down along the edge of the `a`d flow, sloping down into Ninole Cove. Along the upslope edge of the road,the edge of the `a`d flow is faced with a loosely stacked boulder and cobble retaining wall,5-7 courses high,with a maximum height of 1.5 in.The road continues between SIHP #-3519 enclosure and SIHP#-3520 enclosure down into Ninole Cove,where it was lost in dense vegetation.No evidence of the road was observed inland of Ninole Cove. The observed portion of SIHP#-3524 is intact and in good to excellent condition.The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow and bluff area is undisturbed. SIHP # -3524 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -3524 is assessed as significant under Criteria A(associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history) and D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 3524 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 3524 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 3524 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). The site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria a and d,and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 164 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork r ^'K�'g"1paiYl rz s 3� i. e a l 4 Y1 Figure 161. Section of the Old Government Road(Site 3524)located within the current project area next to the Ninole School,oblique aerial view to the north. SIHP Site 50-10-68-24897(component of Site 4368) Site 24897 is a component site of the Koloa—Ninole complex(Site 4368). It consists of three agricultural features(an enclosure, a stepping stone trail, and a U-shaped enclosure) located within the western portion of Site 4368 (see Figures 89 and 146). Site 24897 was initially identified by PHRI(Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986)and designated site T-108.Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:27 and 32)described Site T-108 as follows: Located on the `a`d bluff overlooking Puhau,this complex is comprised of three major features. A 1.0 m wide trail crosses the area and appears as a roughly leveled surface oriented across an irregular and very rough surface. Another feature is an enclosure measuring approximately 14.0 by 10.0 m, with crudely stacked `a`d boulder walls. The wall incorporates existing bedrock outcrops, and is generally 0.8 m high and 0.9 m wide with a paved level interior.The remaining feature is a U-shaped wall with dimensions of 4.5 by 2.7 m. The wall measures 0.7 m high and is crudely constructed of boulders.There is sparse midden within the feature. In addition to the three main features, it appears there may be crude terraces on the `a`d. The approximate limits of the complex are shown on figure 2, and some of the features included in this site designation may actually be southwest of the project boundary. This site is within the limits of the Ninole Complex (4368), though it was not identified and included as a component of the complex. Tulchin et al. (2006: 136-140)later documented Site 24897 as follows: SIHP # -24897 Feature A consists of a large enclosure located on a relatively level `a`d bedrock surface, approximately about 16 m west of SIHP —3524 old government road. The enclosure is roughly oval shaped, measuring 16 m by 10 m wide [Figure 162]. The enclosure walls measured a maximum height of 1.2 m and 0.9 m in width and incorporate natural `a`d bedrock outcrops in the construction.The north and west walls of the enclosure are the most substantial and are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,in abi-faced manner,3-4 courses high and 3-4 courses wide. The south and east walls are less defined and are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 1-2 courses high and 1 course wide. The interior of the enclosure was cleared and level. Feature A is in good condition with very little collapse observed.No cultural material was observed within or in the vicinity of the enclosure. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 165 4. Fieldwork SIHP#-24897 Feature B consists of a stepping stone trail that runs roughly cast/west from Feature A, past Feature C, and continuing to the west outside the project area [see Figure 162]. The approximately 1 m wide trail is constructed through rough `a`d and consists of `a`d boulders and cobbles used to fill crevices and arranged with relatively flat surfaces of the stones facing up. An additional portion of the trail runs north from Feature A and intersects with SIHP # -3524 old government road. This portion of the trail is constructed on relatively level terrain and consists of an approximately 1 m wide cleared surface with light waterworn pebble paving. Feature B is undisturbed and in excellent condition. y -uwm swPe o..eaon ® 0 2.5 5 METERS p easa¢ 00.Fa q /. (X)­h m m ®-Level Area •'� 0 Feature B Betlrockwluap--� -waie�a O.I caeews Trail i. GPS Galum Pmnt f' A Young'A'a Flow SIHP#50-10-68-24897 f Feature B •�I', Trail F lo��pq a Feature A : abp�a Enclosure D_cnnsmwe Rey :\ 9 Young'A'A Flow e foO l `0, Figure 162.Plan view of Site 24897 Features A and B (Tulchin et al. 2006:137). SIHP # -24897 Feature C consists of a u-shaped enclosure located at the crest of the `a`d bluff overlooking Ninole Cove. The enclosure measures 3.3 m by 2.5 m wide and is oriented with the open end facing north[Figure 163]. The position of the enclosure offers commanding views of the surrounding area. The enclosure walls are poorly constructed of loosely stacked `a`d boulders and cobbles, 1-2 courses high and 1-3 courses wide. The walls also incorporate bedrock outcrops. The interior of the enclosure measures approximately 2 m by 2 m wide and is roughly leveled and cleared.Feature C is in good condition with little collapse observed.No cultural material was within or in the vicinity of the enclosure. SIHP # -24897 Feature A enclosure is interpreted to a historic animal pen, associated with the historic habitation and agricultural activities of the Koloa-Ninole complex. Feature B trail is interpreted to be a foot trail providing pedestrian access through the very rough `a`d terrain, originating at the old government road(SIHP#-3524)and heading west outside the current project area.Feature C U-shaped enclosure is interpreted to be a temporary shelter,possibly functioning as a vantage point associated with Ninole fishpond activities down slope. The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow area is undisturbed and the features of SIHP#-24897 are in good to excellent condition. SIHP#-24897 maintains integrity of location,design,setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association. SIHP#-24897 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. 166 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork r ow�sbw ®0 1 zr.,—IF A o.�..a 6 eo-F— \ Lew/wa _,.cas wwm Pan w �Cf Feature C t.. USnapeE Enclosure Y-V A-aF— :,apm og1q� f r T-108 r r Q�Qa f�Q0a o Q Q F�atureB C) p 1 © a� 4 Figure 163.Plan view of Site 24897 Features B and C(Tulchin et al.2006:139). Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended Site 24897 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24897 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. This site was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). It retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. SIHP Site 50-10-68-24898 (component of Site 4368) Site 24898 is a component site of the Koloa-Nmole Complex (Site 4368). It consists of nine features (Figure 164) located in the northwest portion of Site 4368 (see Figure 89, and 146). The features include two platforms (Features A and B) and seven terraces (Features C through I). The complex, interpreted as a Precontact burial complex, was initially identified by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986) and designated Site T-111. Rosendahl and Rosendahl (1986:35)described the complex as a"series of platforms and terraces located on a bluff overlooking the golf course driving range...and are in good condition." Tulchin et al. (2006:136-140)further described Site 2498 as follows: SIHP#-24898 Feature A consists of a rectangular platform located on a relatively level `a`d bedrock surface. The low platform measured 3.3 m by 2.2 m wide, and 10 cm in height. The platform is constructed with a perimeter of small boulders, 20-30 cm diameter, 1 course high, with a level, cobble-paved interior. An approximately 50 cm by 50 cm wide and 50 cm deep excavated depression was observed in the eastern portion of the platform. The depression has the appearance of an archaeological test excavation, though none was reported in the previous description of the feature by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986). SIHP#-24898 Feature B consists of a rectangular platform located on a relatively level `a`d bedrock surface. The platform measured 3.0 m by 2.0 m wide, with a maximum height of 85 cm. The platform is constructed with a perimeter of boulders,stacked 1-3 courses high,with a level,cobble- paved interior. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 167 4. Fieldwork ► _ A f SIHP#50-1 D-68-24898 Bunal00111plex rr ro ♦ n \ 3 r � LLJ tf0 m,2"'7'hl tr Y t GJ \ \ \ \ \7 \ Irk j 4X r rr (00) \\ 7 a } \ �y \ vl iu � \' © RO err y fit: �a ilor � r JP I p fl..dr 0 2.5 5 METERS ,aaa� L. FearuPe a^snnaaan Figure 164.Plan view of Site 24898(Tulchin et al.2006:142). SIHP#-24898 Feature C consists of a terrace and a platform constructed against opposite ends of an `a`d bedrock outcrop. The terrace is located against the eastern edge of the outcrop, within a natural depression [Figure 167]. The terrace measured 1.2 in by 2.5 wide,with a maximum height of 90 cm. The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the northern and eastern edges, 2-3 courses high, and a level, cobble-paved interior. The adjacent platform is constructed against the western edge of the bedrock outcrop [Figure 168]. The platform measures 4.0 in by 2.5 in wide, with a maximum height of 80 cm. The platform is constructed with a perimeter of loosely stacked boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high,with a level, cobble-paved interior. An approximately 20 cm diameter accretionary lava ball was located on the surface of the eastern portion of the platform. An approximately 50 cm by 50 cm wide and 40 cm deep excavated depression was observed in the center portion of the platform. The depression has the appearance of an archaeological test excavation, though none was reported in the previous description of the feature by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986). SIHP#-24898 Feature D consists of a poorly defined 2-tiered terrace located near the edge of the steep sloping western face of Ninole Gulch.The upper tier of the terrace measured approximately 3 in by 5 in wide,with a maximum height of 40 cm. The terrace is constructed with a poorly defined retaining wall along the eastern edge,incorporating natural bedrock outcrops,with a relatively level cobble-paved interior[Figure 169]. The lower tier of the terrace consists of a cleared and relatively level area with minimal modifications. 168 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii - , { " 7-1 r w ? r; Ems' IF xx d ��:• t ��� �,� ti ham,a t Ale �( � t zz .;. a w n Y •• 4. Fieldwork 29 I r •'► .dui 0 � Z� �• Y R�. •.f' _ Figure 167. Site 24898 Feature C,lower terrace,view to the west(Tulchin et al.2006:144). 4 F � Tk j ,.. _ � ea•, � y i t -r Ir r �n Figure 168. Site 24898 Feature C,upper platform,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:144). 170 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork r . r _ •c,.. r Figure 169. Site 24898 Feature D,view to the south(Tulchin et al. 2006:146). SIHP # -24898 Feature E consists of a crude terrace located on a relatively level `a`d bedrock surface. The terrace measured approximately 2.3 m by 3.5 m wide, with a maximum height of 60 cm. The terrace may extend to the north,but was obscured by dense cover of Christmas berry. The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the southern and eastern edges, 1-2 courses high,with a level,cobble-paved interior[Figure 170]. The eastern edge of the terrace abuts a filled depression, measuring approximately 70 cm deep. The terrace is also adjacent to an area of naturally red colored bedrock. SIHP # -24898 Feature F consists of a terrace located near the edge of the steep sloping western face of Ninole Gulch. The terrace measured approximately 4 m by 2.5 m wide, with a maximum height of 70 cm.The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the northern and eastern edges, 1-2 courses high, with a level, cobble-paved interior [Figure 171]. The terrace may extend to the west,but was obscured by dense cover of Christmas berry. SIHP#-24898 Feature G consists of a terrace located within a low area between bedrock outcrops. The terrace measured 4.5 m by 1.5 m wide, with a maximum height of 50 cm. The terrace is constructed with a loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the eastern edge, 2-3 courses high,with a level cobble-paved interior [Figure 172]. The northern edge of the terrace is adjacent to an approximately 50 cm deep natural depression. SIHP#-24898 Feature H consists of a terrace located along the southern face of a rough `a`d ridge. The terrace measured approximately 6 m by 2 m wide,with a maximum height of 1.5 m.The terrace was constructed well-faced,stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall along the southern and eastern edges, 4-5 courses high,with a level, cobble-paved interior [Figure 173]. Two depressions were observed in the surface of the terrace,one approximately 30 cm in diameter,and the other 1 m by 0.4 m wide.The depressions appeared to have been the result of settling within the interior of the terrace. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 171 4. Fieldwork a ' 0 + Y • � q �a a , "r Figure 170. Site 24898 Feature E,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al. 2006:146). 4 V .�� Ff a ',•`� t�'.'�� W+�H A.x,.9'd,�i ,�, � y �� J � 4" .'.c 5 x:. IMF'�: � Y "��" ��;• y K "•5�4`w-+''� %"-Ax `r} r. ° aim ` ., .`� ��'sew •�,y "��' m t�„ +�"` ` � a��� re t,,4� �. r ':*n;M ' r. �'K,Y.e 'r. �. --.. �+L r"• ' ~:•+'t r�'y. w XR w S� P Figure 171. Site 24898 Feature F,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:147). 172 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork „p q y Ada Figure 172. Site 24898 Feature G,view to the south(Tulchin et al. 2006:147). h ,Y R'f x a a T Ai q C n Figure 173. Site 24898 Feature H,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:148). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 173 4. Fieldwork SIHP # -24898 Feature I consists of a terrace located near the near the edge of the steep sloping western face of Ninole Gulch. The terrace measured 1.9 m by 1.5 m wide,with a maximum height of 40 cm. The terrace is constructed with a semi-circular,loosely stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall, 1-2 courses high, with a level, cobble-paved interior [Figure 174]. An additional small cobble-paved area was observed approximately 2 m southwest of the terrace. i 4 r. wti-A' A. �Ne 1 Figure 174. Site 24898 Feature I,view to the southwest(Tulchin et al.2006:148). SIHP # -24898 is interpreted to be a pre-contact native Hawaiian burial complex. The size, construction methods,and locations of the nine component features of the complex in rough terrain and near the edge of a bluff,are typical of traditional Hawaiian burial features.No surface cultural material was observed on any of the features or in the immediate vicinity.Due to the high probability of encountering human remains, no subsurface testing was undertaken within any of the platforms or terraces. The surrounding rough `a`d lava flow area is undisturbed and the features of SIHP#- 24898 are in excellent condition. SIHP # - 24898 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -24898 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended Site 24898 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24898 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared.Site 24898 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24898 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d(Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 24898 is located in an area where no development activities are planned. Site 24898 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 174 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-07361 Site 7361,referred to as the Punalu`u Harbor Complex(Figures 175 and 176), encompasses Historic Period features located in the eastern portion of the project area,adjacent to Punalu`u Bay(see Figure 89). Site 7361 consists of eight features (Table 12)including the Punalu`u Harbor wharf(Feature A) and harbor infrastructure (Features B through H) related to shipping activities at Punalu`u Harbor. Features B through H were previously identified by the B.P. Bishop Museum(Hansen n.d.) and designated Sites 138-14 through 138-16 and 138-33,but due to the interconnected nature of the features, the components of the Punalu`u Harbor Complex were included as features of a single site designation(i.e. SIHP#-7361 Features A-H;see Figure 176 and Table 12)during the Statewide Inventory of Historic Sites survey in the 1970's.Features B through E were also identified by Crozier and Barrera(1974)and described by Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:16). e'-50-10-68-07361 A. Figure 175. Site 7361,oblique aerial view to the east. The following description of Site 7361 is extracted from Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:15, 16,and 35): This site identifies remnants of the most recent wharf to occupy the northeast side of Punalu`u Harbor. An existing cement pillar has the inscribed"Built-1916 by KISHII" on it,and according to Ineneo Hanoa the structure was severely damaged during the 1940s when the military forces occupied the area and shot down the walls (I. Hanoa. pers. comm.). The site appears to have undergone further deterioration as a result of high seas. The existing structural remnants include portions of a large cement platform and cement pilings. [The] sites ... comprise a complex of features located immediately north of the wharf(Site 7361) along the northern boundary of the project area.The sites appear to be associated with historic period shipping activities. These sites have remained intact due to their protected location inland of Punalu`u Harbor and east of the railroad bed(Site T-107),and due to the dense vegetation that discourages pedestrian travel. The sites are situated within this narrow stretch of land. and document historic period activities at Punalu`u Harbor. This area was mapped and briefly described by Hansen(Ms.)in 1971. and a map of the sites was included in the Crozier and Barrera(1974:Fig.4)report.For the most part,the sites are in fair to good condition. Dense vegetation covers the area. obscuring the archaeological sites and minimizing the destruction of the features.Additional minor features such as terraces and walls were also noted throughout the area. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 175 4. Fieldwork Table 12.Features of SIHP Site 50-10-68-07361 described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Previous site designation Features of Site 7361 Formal Type A Wharf B8-14 B Three terraces C Square stone-lined depression D Wall and low terraces E Paved well B 8-15 F Terrace B 8-16 G Enclosure B8-33 H Multi-level platform t .9 7361�•, t i 7361 knalu u Harbor Complex(7361) r 4 -''r • Probable Burials 0 20 40 60 Mettera N S .J site complexps ....., ...... ■a 100 200 aaa Feet colr Course ©Protect Area Boundary Figure 176.Portion of USGS Topographic Map,Punalu`u Quad. (1995), showing the locations of historic properties within the Punalu`u Harbor Complex(Site 7361). Tulchin et al. (2006: 149-165)further described the features of Site 7361 as follows: SIHP # -7361 Feature A consists of the wharf area at the eastern edge of Punalu`u Harbor [see Figure 176]. The primary sub-features of the Feature A wharf area are two symmetrical concrete platforms (sub-features 1-2) [Figure 177]. The platforms measure approximately 42.5 m by 9.5 m wide, 1.0-1.3 m in height, and are spaced 3.4 m apart [Figures 178 and 179]. The area between the platforms is concrete paved.Platforms appear to have been constructed by stacking and piling large boulders, with a level surface of smaller boulders and cobbles, and lined with 3-5 cm of mortar cement. A 50 cm wide channel runs lengthwise through the center of each of the platforms. The sub-feature 1 and 2 platforms are understood to be warehouse foundations, with the paved area between the platforms serving as the train docking area.There is significant damage to the southeast corner of the platforms due to erosion and high surf. 176 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Additional information on the construction of SIHP # -7361 is provided by Kelly (1980) in describing Kane`ele`ele Heiau,immediately east of the Punalu`u Harbor wharf: "East of an adjoining Punalu`u wharf and warehouses, which are probably built on the heiau premises. Puehu bears 12297, 4532 ft. This heiau probably extended to near the edge of the cliff bordering Punalu`u Bay, and its western boundary was destroyed when the face of the cliff was graded for the wharf and the first warehouse built before 1906. Since that date another and larger warehouse has been erected, and the man in charge of the work has informed me that he had dug into a high bank of artificially laid stones, and during the work came across a pit about 10 ft. deep and"full of bones". The site of the bone-pit is now occupied by the concrete base of the warehouse engine, at the southeast corner of the building, a mark which will no doubt remain for some time." (Kelly 1980:75) No evidence of a "bone-pit' was observed in the vicinity of SIHP # -7361. However, local informants pointed out a small cave(SIHP#-24914)near the southeastern corner of the warehouse platform which they indicated to be possible locale for the interment of the remains of human sacrifices offered at Kane`ele`ele Heiau. SIHP # -7361 Feature A Sub-feature 3 consisted of additional remnant wharf appurtenances immediately west of the platforms [see Figure 177]. A 2 m by 2 m wide, 1.0 m high cement anchor block has an inscription that reads "BUILT-1916 by K.ISHII" [Figure 180]. Five remnant cement pillars, 1.3 m in diameter, extend from land southeast into Punalu`u Harbor [Figure 181]. An additional 2.8 m by 2.2 m wide concrete slab and a 1.0 m by 1.0 m concrete slab with two eye bolts set in it were located in the area. In addition, a stack stone retaining wall was constructed along the edge of the shoreline in the vicinity of the wharf. "SHIP#-7361 Features B-E generally consist of an activity area associated with the Punalu`u harbor shipping activities,located approximately 50 m north of the Feature A wharf[see Figure 176]. The features are situated within a large natural depression, south of Feature F. SIHP#-7361 Feature B consists of three large terraces constructed along the southern slope of the depression[Figure 182].The terraces extend along the entire southern slope of the depression,from the base,up to the top surface. The retaining walls of the terraces are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 5-8 courses, and incorporated large bedrock outcrops [Figure 183]. The terraces are substantial constructions and are well-faced. The lowest of the terrace retaining walls measures 0.4 to 1.8 m in height and retains an approximately 7 m wide, level soil surface above. The middle terrace retaining wall measures 0.3 to 2.3 m in height and also retains an approximately 7 m wide, level soil surface above. The upper terrace retaining wall measures 1.6 m in height, and is level with the outer edge of the depression. The upper terrace consists of level `a`d cobbles and is at the same elevation as Kane`ele`ele Heiau to the southeast. The function of the terraces is unclear. However, the substantial construction may indicate usage as a portion of the railroad foundation,or other vehicular access. SIHP#-7361 Feature C consists of a square stone-lined depression.The depression is located within the southwestern portion of the lower Feature B terrace [see Figure 182]. The depression measures 2.1 m by 2.4 m with, with a depth of 80 cm. The depression is lined with loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles and is well-faced [Figure 184]. Ash and crushed limestone cobble at the base of the depression indicates it was likely a fire pit used in the manufacture of lime for mortar. SIHP # -7361 Feature D consists of a wall and low terraces located in the western portion of the depression [see Figure 182]. A stone wall constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 3-4 courses high, extends up the western slope of the depression. The wall is well-faced and measures 5.2 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 60 cm in height. Also along the western edge of the depression are low terraces.The terraces are generally constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobble retaining walls, 2-4 courses high,which retail level soil areas above [Figure 185]. The upper terrace is at the same elevation as the Feature A wharf, and consists of a retaining wall constructed along the outer rim of the depression. The lower terrace is constructed midway down the slope into the depression, and consists of an approximately 5.7 m by 2.8 m level soil area. Scattered historic refuse including midden and ceramic fragments were observed in the vicinity of Feature D.The Feature D terrace area may represent a habitation component of the Punalu`u Harbor Complex. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 177 4. Fieldwork w Down Slape Di,el.li,:rry a 5 10 METERS � Basalt 00-Facing ;xJ Haight inm SIHP# 50-10-68-7361 Coitapse Punaluu Harbor Complex ®-Level Pavement GPS OaWm Pnmt ■ -Property Line Stake .Srb•foalum.Des:ignalron FF'BtUrt'101 INI1EIt1 1 E \ - aotts i:rock vri - Olean 3 r ` SIHP#50-10-68-34914 Cc+ante ` tii t t O ram` o n m o Py,on ,\ o n t 1 1 ,Gain Ty ocean. 1p m Figure 177.Plan view Site 7361 Feature A wharf(Tulchin et al. 2006:152). 178 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Y�6 A F«" P Figure 178. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature I cement foundation,view to the southeast (Tulchin et al. 2006:153). r 10 4 Y w. MIMS R� Figure 179. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 1 cement foundation profile,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al.2006:153). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 179 4. Fieldwork i Figure 180. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 3 cement block with inscription,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al.2006:154). F Figure 181. Site 7361 Feature A wharf, Subfeature 3 cement pillars,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:154). 180 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 0 5 10 METERS y D-aw 0 -9asalt 00.r—rq (x) Megrat m m [XI Depth'n m fir, y � •-- Cn�sapse 9ed—k Outcrop E�y —•—� - - vir-Leveiarea GPS Datum Pant .+° Feature E $IHP#50-10-68-7361 Punaluu Harbor Complex A Feature D ` Walls 6 Terraces Feature B TeQam one es. Feature G Fire Pit Figure 182.Plan view of Site 7361 Features B-E(Tulchin et al. 2006:156). It t � � �c7 - k 4� V t =+�' mat"��• ,�. rs y ,� `�-��r�'r.i� er�r�.•�' � ^� r-. `,�w. Figure 183. Site 7361 Feature B,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:157). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 181 . r • sift ski►,{. � .r- ; .sue; `� 4 Its , _ a Aw �. I . , , tM�� it { 4 �.„�_ � -^:..Y- ..'X�•_' ... k tTC M p YyK,K+��'nr:.'-.d�.{r�. .-/ ..�✓ � �r� �E.4,�°Nr .y�.f_v/ 1—..J.� _. •J e+i+ • t P 1. V 4!'J..7`. r 1000 r L / n t 4. Fieldwork SIHP #-7361 Feature E consists of a paved well, located in the eastern portion of the base of the depression[see Figure 182].The well has interior diameter of 90 cm and was 80 cm deep at time of survey. However,the well is filled with debris and leaf litter and is likely much deeper. The edges of the well are lined with stone and mortar construction,with mortar along the top surface [Figure 186]. A rectangular mortar foundation measuring 50 cm by 60 cm wide is located adjacent to the southern edge of the well. The foundation had 4 metal bolts projecting up, likely for mounting a pump mechanism for extracting water from the well,though no evidence of a pump was observed. A low section was constructed around the rim of the well,50 cm lower than the top surface,possibly to channel water out of the well. A low stone and mortar wall measuring 1.5 m long, 60 cm wide, and 50 cm tall projects out from the well, at the edge of the low portion of the rim of the well. The wall may also function in channeling water coming out of the well. Immediately southeast of the well is an area partially enclosed by a low wall constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 1-2 courses high, measuring 40 cm high and 50 cm wide. The area enclosed by the low wall may have been deeper,but may have been filled by sedimentation.The area enclosed may have served as a detention basin for water pumped out of the well. A low wall constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders,2-3 courses high, extends from the well area northwest to the base of the slope of the depression. The wall is mostly collapsed, measuring 60 cm wide, 80 cm high, and. The wall then proceeds up the steep sloping edge of the depression, out to the top surface and into the vicinity of Features F and H. The wall may have functioned as a support for a pipe going from the well to the Feature H water tanks. SIHP#-7361 Feature F consists of a large terrace previously designated site 50-HA-B8-15. SIHP #-7361 Feature F [Figure 187] is located in the northern portion of the Punalu`u Harbor Complex [see Figure 176]. The terrace is situated along the edge of a lava flow, north of the Feature D depression area,and immediately east of the SIHP#-24915 railroad berm. The Feature F terrace is constructed with a stacked basalt boulder and cobble retaining wall, 2-6 courses high, along the south and west,down slope edges of the terrace [Figure 188].The terrain down slope of the Feature F terrace retaining wall drops steeply away to the depression to the south and the railroad berm to the west.The retaining wall generally utilizes stones ranging from 10-50 cm in diameter and is well- faced. v , „.� 1 �� •-. M+ram % A ry. w ` - ,1 l.r .. g ¢ a r Figure 186. Site 7361 Feature E,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:158). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 183 4. Fieldwork The top surface of the retaining wall is generally level with soil surface upslope. However, the northern and eastern portions of the retaining wall consist of free-standing,bi-faced and core-filled walls, 40-70 cm high and 20-90 cm wide. The down slope portions of the retaining wall measure from 0.6-1.0 m in height along the southern side,and 0.7-1.1 m along the western side. The Feature F terrace retaining wall retains a level soil area upslope, measuring approximately 35 m by 25 m wide. The Feature H platform complex is adjacent to the northeastern portion of the Feature F terrace, and was likely constructed on the level terrace area. Portions of the Feature F terrace retaining wall have been modified in modern times with the addition of barbed-wire fencing. Historic bottle fragments were observed on the surface of the northwestern portion of the terrace. SIHP#-7361 Feature G consists of an enclosure [see Figure 187] located in the northeast portion of the Punalu`u Harbor Complex,previously designated site 50-HA-B8-16 [see Figure 176]. The Feature G enclosure is adjacent to and utilizes the northeastern portion of Feature H platform as the western wall of the enclosure [see Figure 187]. The Feature G enclosure is roughly rectangular, measuring approximately 10 m by 9 m wide. The enclosure walls are constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,4-6 courses high,in abi-faced,core-filled manner[Figure 189]. The enclosure walls generally range from 0.6-1.5 m in height,0.8 m wide,and are well-faced. The southern wall of the enclosure is more substantial than the other walls,measuring up to 2.5 m wide and is mounded, rather than faced on the down slope side. An approximately x m wide entrance to the enclosure is located between the southern enclosure wall and the eastern edge of the Feature H platform.The interior of the enclosure consists of cleared and level soil.The enclosure is interpreted to function as an animal pen. An additional small enclosure, consisting of a semi-circular wall constructed against the northern wall of the main enclosure,borders an area 3.5 m by 1.1 m wide. The smaller enclosure may function as a storage area. SIHP#-7361 Feature H [see Figure 187] consists of a large platform located in the northern portion of the Punalu`u Harbor Complex,previously designated site 50-HA-B8-33 [see Figure 176]. SIHP # -7361 Feature H consists of a large, multi-level platform area. The platform appears to be constructed on an artificially leveled terrace area created by the Feature F terrace. The Feature H platform is generally constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, measuring 31 m by 19 m wide [Figure 190]. The main sub-features of the Feature H platform complex are the two smaller platforms(sub-features 1-2)that are constructed on the southern end of the main Feature H platform. Sub-feature 1 consists of a rectangular platform constructed at the southeast corner of the main Feature H platform. The sub-feature 1 platform measures 3.5 m by 4.5 m wide, 2.4 m in height above the ground surface, and 1.2 m above the Feature H platform. The sub-feature 1 platform is constructed of stacked basalt boulders, 10-11 courses high,and is well-faced.The top surface of the sub-feature 1 platform is level, cobble-paved, with two parallel stone and mortar walls, measuring 4 m long, 50 cm wide, and 60 cm high [Figure 191]. The northeast portion of sub-feature 1 has collapsed. The walls have been previously described as supports for a water tank (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986). Sub-feature 2 is located along the southern edge of the main Feature H platform,to the west of and parallel to sub-feature 1. Sub-feature 2 is constructed at a lower level of the Feature H platform than sub-feature 1. Sub-feature 2 consists of a rectangular platform constructed of stacked boulders 5-6 courses high. Sub-feature 2 measures 3 m by 4 m wide, with a height of 1.3 m above the lower Feature H platform surface, and 65 cm above the platform surface between sub-features 1 and 2. The top surface of the sub-feature 2 platform is level, cobble-paved. Sub-feature 2 does not have stone and mortar foundations on its top surface.However,evidence of metal foundation supports is visible,but all that remains are two parallel rows of rusty debris. Sub-features 1 and 2 are interpreted to be foundations for water tanks as previously described. 184 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork a a o O �7�0 0 4U/agq. O/00 po QO �tP A ,mot r.r 09" ,OS1 �O •�. �[ �' ♦ .1F.'� eel; �r� tl•. 'A e ` J r Feature H Platform Complex o s �. 4 r t r �t of / Feature F / Terrace / r f� "O r -Down Skme Dirwkon o Basalt C?ry-Facsng H"ht rn in (xI Depth m m SIHP# 50-10-68-7361 collapse A Pllf1,9!UU Harhor Complex [3e3ruckOmcop 4q`� ®•Level Area • -GPS aamm Pant P,ojw ine f�rQ®METERS [x� y Slake Desiga tan Figure 187.Plan view of Site 7361 Features F through H(Tulchin et al. 2006:160). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 185 4. Fieldwork V V x f fi, w + r' Figure 188. Site 7361 Feature F,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:161). yr�"7.- 'r tit er, 41 ,' t- 9 Figure 189. Site 7361 Feature G,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al.2006:161). 186 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork x � .k ! T 4 g4 NT dy l d-e-•�,�y may. r �y, .. , Figure 190. Site 7361 Feature H northern portion of platform,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:163). Sub-features 3 and 4 are also on raised platform areas constructed on top of the main Feature H platform. Sub-feature 3 measures 3.5 m by 4.5 m wide and is 40 cm in height above the Feature H platform. Sub-feature 4 measures 3.5 m by 4.5 m wide and is 1.5 m in height above the ground surface. Features 3 and 4 are located in the central portion of the Feature H platform. These sub- features have some faced areas, but are generally constructed of sloping mound type walls, with relatively level,cobble paved top surfaces. The function of sub-features 3 and 4 is indeterminate. Sub-features 5 and 6 are rectangular enclosures constructed along the western edge of the Feature H platform. Sub-feature 5 has interior dimensions of 1.3 m by 2 m wide,with an interior wall height of 70 cm, and exterior height of 50 cm. Sub-feature 6 has interior dimensions of 2 m by 2 m,with an interior height of 95 cm,and exterior height of 70 cm. Sub-features 5 and 6 possibly function as storage areas. Sub-feature 7 consists of a rectangular pit to the west of sub-feature 6. The pit measures 1.5 m by 1.5 m wide and 30 cm deep[Figure 192].The pit is excavated into the basalt boulder and cobble fill associated with the Feature F terrace. The sub-feature 7 pit is of indeterminate function. SIHP # -7361 Features A-H represent infrastructure related to shipping activities at Punalu`u Harbor. SIHP # -7361 is largely undisturbed, with exception of the Feature A wharf, which has suffered damage from military activities, as well as natural erosion by high surf. The eight component features of the SIHP # -7361 Punalu`u Harbor Complex are generally in good to fair condition. Much of the walls and other stacked stone structures are intact, with partially collapsed portions observed. SIHP # -7361 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -7361 is assessed as significant under Criteria A (associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history) and D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 187 4. Fieldwork �R 5. +A Figure 191. Site 7361 Feature H Subfeature 1,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:163). x ya G _ r '+ 4� s fi r f4M Figure 192. Site 7361 Feature H Subfeature 7,view to the east(Tulchin et al. 2006:163). 188 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended Site 7361 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09;see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time. Since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared several features of Site 7361 located on Kamehameha Schools' Land to the east of the current project area were documented by Brandt et al. (2019). Six of the features described by Tulchin et al. (2006) at the inland eastern extent of the complex (Features B, C, D, E, F, and G), are situated outside, or partially outside the boundaries of the current project area. Also, in 2017, damage occurred to Feature A of the site when a tour boat operator, without permits and without the permission of the land owner, began widening the boat ramp with an excavator to accommodate lava boat tours (Hawaii Tribune Herald 2017). The State Land Board fined the operator $42,165 for damage to the feature. Site 7361 was revisited during the current fieldwork, and given the damage that has occurred (Figure 193), was found to be in slightly worse condition than reported by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 7361 still retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, however, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 1 .. M Figure 193. Site 7361,damaged portion of Feature A,view to the south. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24901 Site 24901 is a Precontact habitation complex located in the northeastern portion of the project area, makai of the highway and is situated on top of a bedrock outcrop within the golf course area(see Figure 89). The site consists of two platforms(Features A and D),a wall(Feature B),and a C-shaped enclosure(Feature C)(Figure 194).The complex was previously identified by Crozier and Barrera(1974:17)and given the site designation B-8-7. They described the site as: Situated on a small bluff 70 meters W of the Punalu`u access road is a small habitation complex consisting of several platforms and two enclosures[see Figure 194].An area in the center of the site has been bulldozed,as has the entire perimeter,destroying portions of the platforms. Once again no waterworn stones were used in construction and no `di`di or coral was observed on the surface.Wall heights average 70 to 80 cm with varying Widths from 1 to 1.5 meters.The size of the site indicates that it was probably inhabited by one or two families but bulldozer destruction prohibits a more accurate hypothesis Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 189 4. Fieldwork B U L L b Feature A PLATFORM S J1"rJ•"U0 1 r Feature Cy �NO O ENCL05l),E � v Feature B WALL 619. O �i Test Unit 1 a q ENC. 0 Feature E y�T.�I ��n 00 SITE B3-7 c� ci 't<.,' t�} �%. rPR;f r`16ai' MAY 1977 �00<3 PLATFORM Feature a s one �„ � B U L Figure 194.Plan view of Site 24901 from Crozier and Barrera(1974:18) (in Tulchin et al. 2006:167). Later Rosendahl and Rosendahl(1986:15)provided the following updated description of Site 24901: This site, in the middle of the Sea Mountain at Punalu`u Golf Course sixth fairway, has been preserved. The site periphery appears to have been bulldozed during golf course construction, although the interior portion remains intact. The features are located on an uplifted pahoehoe outcrop,and include a minimum of two crude platforms and two enclosures.The platforms measure approximately 2.0 to 3.5 m on a side and 0.5 to 0.8 m high. The enclosures incorporate existing large boulders and have overall measurements of 2.5 to 3.0 m on a side.The enclosure walls average 0.7 to 0.8 m high and 1.0 to 1.5 m wide. It appears the dense vegetation cover obscures additional features. The most updated description of Site 24901 is from Tulchin et al. (2006:166-167)who described the site as follows: SIHP#-24901 consisted of two crude platforms and two enclosures,covering an area approximately 25 m by 15 m wide.The map of SIHP#-24901 by Crozier and Barrera(1974) [see Figure 194]was field checked and found to be accurate,therefore the site was not remapped during the current study. Wall heights and feature designations were added to the previous map. Feature A consists of a crude platform, located in the northern portion of SIHP # -24901, is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, utilizing natural bedrock outcrops [see Figure 194]. The down slope portion of the terrace is stacked 2-4 courses high,with a maximum height of 1.2 m. The surface of the platform is cobble-paved and level with the top of the bluff. Feature B, a low wall, extends southeast from the platform, measuring approximately 11 m long. The wall is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 1-2 courses high,with an average height of 70-80 cm. The wall also utilizes the bedrock outcrops into the construction. 190 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Feature C, a C-shaped enclosure, was located 7.5 m southeast of the Feature A platform, and incorporates a portion of the Feature B wall.The enclosure is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 2-4 courses high, with a maximum height of 85 cm [Figure 195]. The interior of the enclosure is faced, with a height of 80 cm. The interior of the enclosure measured 3.6 m by 1.5 m wide. The interior surface of the enclosure was level soil with limited water rounded cobbles observed. Feature D, another crude platform, was located in the southern portion of SIHP # -24901. The platform was constructed of piled basalt boulders and cobbles, with little facing observed. The stones were placed against the bedrock outcrop, creating a level soil and stone paved surface, measuring approximately 10.5 by 3.6 m wide. A 1 m by 1 m test excavation was made within the Feature D platform, revealing a relatively shallow soil surface over bedrock. No cultural material was observed. Feature E consisted of a C-shaped enclosure adjacent to the Feature D platform. The enclosure is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,3-4 courses high,with a maximum height of 80 cm. The interior of the enclosure measured 4.7 m by 2.7 m wide. SHIP#-24901 is interpreted to be a pre-contact habitation complex.Portions of the complex have been disturbed by land clearing activities associated with golf course construction. However, the identified features of the complex are intact and in good condition with little collapse observed. Additional features were likely located in the immediate area, but have been lost. No cultural material was observed on the surface, or during subsurface testing conducted at SIHP # -24901. SIHP # -24901 maintains integrity of location, materials, and workmanship. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area,as well as within the site complex, SIHP-24901 does not have integrity of design, setting, feeling, or association. SIHP # -24901 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. (Tulchin et al.2006:165-169) Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended Site 24901 for preservation. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24901 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared.Site 24901 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). The site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. . 4. Owl 1 M Figure 195.Location of Site 24901,oblique aerial view to the northwest. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 191 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24902 Site 24902 is an L-shaped wall located in the northwestern portion of the project area, makai of the highway (Figure 89). The wall, designated Site 50-HA-139-109 by Barrera and Hommon (1972:15), was described as a possible enclosure remnant near the bank of a gulch. A more detailed description of Site 24902 is provided by Tulchin et al. (2006:169-171): The wall is situated within Ninole Gulch,at the edge of the western stream bank.In this area,Ninole Gulch is relatively wide and deep, with nearly vertical stream banks and steep sloping side walls. The side walls were very rocky and prone to erosion. Rockfall disturbance from land clearing activities associated with golf course construction outside the gulch was evident. SIHP#-24902 is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,2-4 courses high.The L-shaped wall was oriented with the long axis along the contour,parallel to the Ninole Stream channel, and the short axis oriented upslope/down slope [Figure 196]. The long axis of the wall measured 5 m long, 1.2 m wide,and 0.6 m in height. The long axis is constructed against the sloping hillside,and is faced on the down slope side. The short axis of the wall measured 3 m long, 2 m wide, and with a maximum height of 1.3 m. It appeared that the wall continued further toward the Ninole Stream channel,but has been lost due to erosion of the stream bank.The short axis is faced on the southeast side and sloping on the northwest side. The area inside the L is level rocky soil up to the eroding stream bank.Because of the angular orientation of the wall,it is possible that the feature may have been a rectangular enclosure,with the remainder of the enclosure having been lost due to erosion of the stream bank.No cultural material was observed in the vicinity of SIHP#-24902. 0 05 1 METERS 4 \s� 4iC6 SIHP#50-10-88-24902 �`.� 4 Wall - , 1 J N 1 \ �p t � O 1 1 1 1 0 7 -- y Dl S ope o re han p Basalt pp-Paang _ — I1-Heght m m Edge Of S." Collapse ®-level SM Area — �-Bedro Ji Ou1nop -GPS 6atum P"" Figure 196.Plan view of Site 24902 (Tulchin et al. 2006:170). 192 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP#-24902 is interpreted to be a pre-contact wall,possibly the remaining portion of an enclosure. Due to the deteriorated state of the feature, the function of SIHP #-24902 is unclear. The wall is generally in poor condition, with areas of collapse, natural erosional disturbance, and rockfall disturbance from land clearing activities upslope. The intact portion of SIHP # -24902 maintains integrity of location, materials, and workmanship. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area(i.e. golf course construction), and deteriorated state of the wall, SIHP# -24902 does not have integrity of design, setting, feeling, or association. SIHP # -24902 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended no further work for Site 24902. SHPD disagreed with this treatment recommendation, however, and asked that the site be considered for preservation (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A). No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24902 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24902 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 197)and although covered in thick vegetation was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24902 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. �• 1 d P. '.r i r.6 e c1, c Figure 197.Location of Site 24902,view to the west. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 193 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24903 Site 24903 is an enclosure situated at the top edge of a bedrock bluff, immediately east of the Colony One Condominium's pool/hot tub area and is not located within the current project area(see Figure 89 and 198). Site 24903 was previously designated Site 50-HA-B9-121 and described by Barrera and Hommon(1972:16)as: Medium-sized open-ended enclosure in poor to fair condition. This probable house site contains a low terrace at the closed end. The open end of the enclosure is at the cliff edge,facing the ocean. This site has been recommended for preservation. Figure 198. Site 24903,oblique aerial view to the northwest. Tulchin et al. (2006:172-173)provide a more thorough description of the site as follows: SIHP#-24903 is enclosed on three sides,with the open end of the enclosure at the edge of the bluff, overlooking the ocean (Figure 199). The enclosure measures 13.5 m by 7.5 m wide, with walls constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,2-3 courses high. The walls measure 70 cm wide,70 cm high and are faced on both the interior and exterior surfaces. The walls are in good to fair condition with only the eastern wall having been disturbed by landscaping activities. The interior of the enclosure has a level terrace on the mauka end, with a 30 cm high retaining wall running across the center of the enclosure. The linear retaining is constructed of mounded basalt cobbles and small boulders, and extends from wall to wall, along the contour of the slope. The mauka half of the interior of the enclosure is level,rocky soil(possibly paved with basalt cobbles) with many bedrock outcrops. The makai half is gently sloping, with a surface of basalt cobbles, pebbles, and bedrock outcrops. 2 coral cobbles, a few water rounded cobbles, and sparse marine shell midden were observed on the surface of the interior of the enclosure. Two rectangular mounds are located in the center of the mauka portion of the enclosure.The mounds were constructed of mounded basalt cobbles and small boulders,20 cm in height.The mounds were parallel to each other, spaced 45 cm apart, and oriented parallel to the short axis of the enclosure. The makai mound measured 2.8 x 1.1 m and the mauka mound measured 3.9 x 8 m. The mounds appear to be probable burials. 194 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 0 1.5 3 METERS r -Down Slope Direction p -Basalt 00-Facing (x) -Height in m c I-Coral Cobble �-Level Area A. -GPS Datum Point ��-Bedrock Outcrop �-Waterworn Cobbles 0� ` SIHP# 50-10-68-24903 r o Enclosure \ (0\) _ r Ed9eo i D Fa9e Figure 199. Site 24903 plan view(Tulchin et al. 2006:173). SIHP # -24903 is interpreted to be a pre-contact habitation enclosure, with an additional burial function. The enclosure and interior terrace and mound features are intact and in good condition. SIHP#-24903 maintains integrity of location,design,materials,workmanship.Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area,the enclosure does not have integrity of setting,feeling, or association. SIHP#-24903 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Site 24903 is located within TMK: (3) 9-5-019:032, outside of the current project area, where no development activities for the current project are planned.Although Site 24903 is not located within the current project area,a visit to the site was made during the current study to observe its current condition. Site 24903 (Figure 200)was found to be in similar, or even better condition than what was described by Tulchin et al. (2006:172). The site is well maintained, has signs indicating that it is a Hawaiian burial, and seems to receive regular offerings from guests or residents of the condominium complex.It is unknown if a formal burial treatment plan(BTP)has ever been prepared for the site,however. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 195 4. Fieldwork V kw. � 7 Figure 200. Site 24903,view to the southeast. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24905 Site 24905 consists of a linear stone wall segment located in the central portion of the project area, makai of the highway (see Figure 89). The wall was previously designated Site T-104 and described by PHRI (Rosendahl & Rosendahl 1986:27)as partially collapsed and standing"four to six courses high, and constructed primarily of small boulders and large cobbles."A more thorough description of the site is provided by Tulchin et al. (2006:175): SIHP # -24905 is a mauka-makai trending wall, extending approximately 190 m long. Both the mauka and makai ends of the wall have been truncated by land clearing activities in the area. SIHP #-24905 is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,7-8 courses high,in a bi-faced,core- filled manner[Figure 201].The wall measured a maximum of 1.3 m high and 0.8 m wide. SIHP#- 24905 is situated on a relatively rough surface with undulating bedrock outcrops as well as level soil areas. The wall incorporates large bedrock outcrops and was observed to be constructed down into and through natural depressions. SIHP#-24905 is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall,functioning in restricting the movement of cattle. The wall has not been modified with the addition of barbed wire fencing, as observed in other stone walls identified within the project area. SIHP#-24907 has been disturbed with the ends of the wall being truncated, as well as sections of the wall damaged by land clearing activities in the vicinity. However, much of the wall is intact and in good condition, with limited areas of collapse. The surrounding area has been heavily disturbed by land clearing activities. The intact portion of SIHP#-24905 maintains integrity of location,design,materials,and workmanship. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area,and discontinued use of the area for ranching purposes, the wall does not have integrity of feeling or association. SIHP # -24905 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended preservation for Site 24905 with allowances for breaches of the wall. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388,Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24905 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24905 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), although it is currently covered in dense matting of vines (Figure 202). Site 24905 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d,and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 196 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork 9 ,. ., � 1. t • � 8., l - d�• „fig�'41 �1 � :.� � M1.? �... �:�. a. M •� l 1 w�__ 1 s. _ r}r, Figure 201. Site 24905,view to the east(Tulchin et al.2006:176). djti sb '.R9 I r 1. yr ' Figure 202. Site 24905,view to the east. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 197 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24906 Site 24906 consists of a linear stone wall segment located in the central portion of the project area, makai of the highway (see Figure 89). The wall runs parallel to, and approximately 19 meters northeast of, the makai portion of Site 4360 wall. The wall was previously designated Site T-109 and described by PHRI (Rosendahl & Rosendahl 1986:32) as constructed of small to large boulders, core-filled, and in deteriorated condition. A more thorough description of the site is provided by Tulchin et al. (2006:176-177): SIHP#-24906 is a mauka-makai trending wall,extending approximately 240 m in length.Both the mauka and makai ends of the wall have been truncated by land clearing activities and golf course construction in the area. SIHP#-24906 is constructed of stacked basalt boulders,and large cobbles, 4-6 courses high. The wall measured a maximum of 1.0 m high and 0.9 m wide. SIHP#-24906 is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall,functioning in restricting the movement of cattle,as well as demarcating an ahupua`a boundary. The wall has not been modified with the addition of barbed wire fencing, as observed in other stone walls identified within the project area. The construction methods and generally deteriorated condition of the wall suggest SIHP#-24906 is of greater antiquity than the SIHP#-4360 wall that parallels it to the southwest. SIHP # -24906 may represent an earlier alignment of the Punalu`u-Wailau ahupua`a boundary, which was later replaced by the SIHP#-4360 wall. SIHP#-24906 has been disturbed with the ends of the wall being truncated,as well as sections of the wall damaged by land clearing activities in the vicinity. The wall is generally in poor condition,with many areas of collapse.However,portions of the wall area do remain intact,primarily the makai portion. The surrounding area has been heavily disturbed by land clearing activities. The intact portion of SIHP # -24906 maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area, and discontinued use of the area for ranching purposes, the wall does not have integrity of feeling or association. SIHP#-24906 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24906. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09;see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24906 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24906 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 203)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24906 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. R- it re +y L I� y ti Y S Figure 203. Site 24906,view to the east. 198 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24907 Site 24907 consists of an approximately 550 meter long stone wall located along the northeastern boundary of the project area, mauka of the highway (see Figures 89 and 204). The wall trends mauka-makai and originates at the northeastern corner of the project area, at the intersection of the project area boundary and the old Mamalahoa Road (the Old Government Road to Hllea) and terminates near a residential subdivision to the southeast. Site 24907 was previously identified by Tulchin et al. (2006:54)who described the site as follows: SIHP#-24907 is constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,3-5 courses high[Figure 205]. The wall measured a maximum of 0.8 m in height and 1.0 m wide. Metal posts and barbed wire fencing were also incorporated into the wall construction. Several gated breaks in the wall were observed along the wall at intersections with ranch roads. SIHP # -24907 is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall. The wall functions in restricting the movement of cattle, as well as demarcating the property line. The wall has been modified in the modern era with the addition of barbed wire fencing, associated with the continued usage of this portion of the project area as pasture for grazing cattle. SIHP # -24907 is relatively intact and in good condition, with limited areas of collapse. As SIHP # -24907 was constructed during the historic ranching era and the surrounding area continues to be used for ranching purposes, the wall continues to be used for the purpose in which it was originally constructed. SIHP#-24907 maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. SIHP # -24907 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006)recommended preservation for Site 24907. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09;see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24907 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24907 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 206)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24907 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Site 24907 }e 24909 Y Old MainalahoaRoad Figure 204.Mauka portion of project area showing the approximate locations of Sites 24907 through 24910,oblique aerial view to the southeast. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 199 4. Fieldwork �a ti ..� YA2.vr �.c {� VAP:r d S� � 66 �✓, -d i�• Figure 205. Site 24907,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al. 2006:55). r• i w pp �T �y _ _ J �1 Figure 206. Site 24907,view to the north. 200 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24908 Site 24908 consists of an enclosure remnant located in the northeastern portion of the project area, mauka of the highway (see Figures 89 and 204). The site was initially identified by Tulchin et al. (2006:55-57)who described the enclosure as located within an area that was heavily disturbed by grubbing and ranching activities. Tulchin et al. (2006:55-57)describe Site 24908 as follows: SIHP#-24908 is composed of low walls constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 2-3 courses high The western and northern walls are oriented at a right angle, indicating the structure was likely a rectangular enclosure, measuring approximately 9 m by I I m [Figure 207]. However, the entire extent of the enclosure cannot be determined due to the heavy disturbance of the site.At present,only the northern and western walls of the enclosure remain.The south and east walls have been totally destroyed by bulldozing associated with the construction of a ranch road (non-paved)that runs along the eastern edge of the enclosure area. r -Gown Slope our p -Basalt 1 00 Faotng ^ r Collapse Bulldozer 1 �- e OSodAreo Push .,PS CaWm Pail O !! r 1 r SIHP#50-10-68-24908 r Enclosure ! r 1 r o l�o� � �- ,, 1 1 Test ! 1 Unit 1 , ! J j p !1 r !! r r r Q O ! b 1 o f�j r b r r � r r m 1 r 1 ! r 1 r 1 r Bulldozer 1 Push 0 r r 1 r 1 1 ! ! r 1 ! Oo 1 f 1 1 1 1 Figure 207.Plan view of Site 24908(Tulchin et al. 2006:56). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 201 4. Fieldwork The enclosure walls generally measure 80 cm wide and 40-50 cm in height.Portions of the western wall are well-faced. The ends of each of the walls have been truncated by bulldozing. In addition, bulldozer push piles are located at the wall ends,likely composed of the stones of the former eastern and southern walls of the enclosure.The undisturbed interior portion of the enclosure was level and appeared to have been cleared of surface stones.No cultural material was observed within or in the immediate vicinity of the enclosure. A Ixl meter test excavation was made within the undisturbed interior portion of the enclosure.No cultural material was recovered from the test excavation. Tulchin et al. (2006:232)also describe the subsurface testing that was conducted at Site 24908 as follows: A 1 m by 1 m archaeological test unit was excavated in the level soil area within the interior of the SIHP#-24908 enclosure to better determine the age and function of the feature(see Figure 17).The test excavation was in the area least affected by land clearing activities,thought to have the highest likelihood of containing intact cultural material[Figure 208].The surface of the test excavation was overgrown with exotic grasses. Removal of these grasses revealed soil which became increasing rocky,though most of the rocks seemed to be natural. A total of three distinct sediment strata were observed through the excavation of Test Unit 1(Figure 161). Stratum I consisted of a silt loam sediment primarily composed of leaf litter and humus accumulated within the interior of the enclosure.Portions of Stratum I were charcoal stained,likely from modern fires in the area. Strata 11 and III consisted of a very loose silt loam sediments, dark reddish brown and brown respectively, differing primarily in color. No cultural material was observed. Strata Depth (crnhd) Strat un 1 0-9 5YR 25'2 dark reddish broom silt loam w/leaf litter and humus accumulated ix ithin the interior of the enclosure:stntctureless; dry_loose consistency;non-plastic;no cementation;terrestrial origin,no cultural material observed:Lower Boundary(1,B)is abrupt,smooth- Stratum II 9-28 5YR 2.5i2 dark reddish brawn silt loam,structureless;dry,loose consistency;non-plastic;no cementation;terrestrial origin;no cultural material observed,Lower Boundary(LB)is abrupt, w,atiry. Stratum III 28-BOE 7.5YR 4i4 brou-n silt loam struchureless;dry,loose consistency; non-plastic;no cementation:terrestrial origin;no cultural material observed_ 1000 TN 0 10 20 CENTIMETERS Sir.1 wf heav}'charcoal staining Sir.1 ------------ Sir.11 20— 5tr.111 _7 4p Bedrock Figure 208. Site 24908,Test Unit 1,stratigraphic profile,east wall(Tulchin et al. 2006:234). 202 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork In conclusion Tulchin et al. (2006:55-57)write: SIHP#-24908 is interpreted to be a pre-contact,traditional Hawaiian habitation site.The enclosure likely functioned as a temporary shelter associated with agricultural pursuits in the area. SIHP#- 24908 is in poor condition, with the destruction of half the enclosure and significant collapse observed within the remaining walls. Due to the disturbance of the enclosure and extensive land modification in the surrounding area, SIHP#-24908 does not have integrity of setting, feeling, or association. However,the intact portion of the enclosure maintains integrity of location, materials and workmanship. SIHP#-24908 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended no further work for Site 24908. SHPD disagreed with this treatment recommendation, however, and asked that the site be considered for preservation (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A). No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24908 since the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS was prepared. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24908 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared,but the site was revisited during the current fieldwork (Figure 209)and was found to be in similar remnant condition as what described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24908 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 47 P. i ' r.4 �'t A`, ��r•y�,wa:,,''�p��'�`�K' r� ,. :��` "e�f m � ' 5 �'�g�o- ��k�'t.,;:._9F it a ,sue: � s 9 'q Figure 209. Site 24908,view to the northwest. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24909 Site 24909 consists of a portion of the Old Government Road(Feature A),as well as an associated stone wall(Feature B),located along the mauka(northern)boundary of the project area,mauka of the highway(see Figures 89 and 204). The road is located within an adjacent right-of-way owned by the State of Hawaii and is therefore not within the boundaries of current project area. However, the associated stone wall is within the project area boundaries (Figure 210). The site was previously identified by Tulchin et al. (2006:58-61)and described as follows: Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 203 4. Fieldwork The portion of SIHP # -24909 Feature A road adjacent to the project area boundary is relatively level, constructed along the contour of the gently to moderately sloping hillside. In general, the upslope portion of the road is nearly level with the ground surface. The down slope portion of the road is raised and is constructed with a stacked basalt boulder foundation[Figure 211].In low areas, such as drainage gullies, the road foundation was raised a maximum height of 3.8 in above the ground surface to keep the roadway level. The road foundation was constructed with a trapezoidal cross-section,with a wide base and narrower top surface and sloping side walls. The top surface of the roadway measured 7.2 in wide,with 3.2 in wide asphalt paving. The road foundation was very well constructed,with well-faced side walls and no collapse observed. At the intersection of SIHP#-24909 Feature A road and Ninole Gulch,the former bridge crossing the gulch has been totally destroyed.No evidence of the bridge was observed.The bridge was likely of wood construction and was washed away during a flood event. Concrete bridge foundation remnants still exist along the edges of the gulch[Figure 212]. The foundations are relatively intact, though current undercutting by erosion may cause collapse of the foundations in the future. SIHP#-24909 Feature B consists of a single,stone wall located immediately down slope of a raised portion of the old government road(i.e.Feature A).The semi-circular wall is situated within a small drainage gully,with the ends of the wall facing upslope toward the Feature A road,and the apex of the curved wall facing down slope at the base of the drainage gully. The wall is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles, 3-6 courses high, in a bi-faced, core-filled manner [Figure 213]. It measures approximately 18 in long,0.8-1.0 in wide,with a maximum height of 1.1 in.The ends of the wall appear to have been disturbed by bulldozing associated with the construction of a ranch road that runs along the property line,immediately upslope of Feature B. The Feature B wall stretches across the deepest, most sloping portion of the drainage gully and is interpreted to function in trapping water and sediment at the base of the gully and thereby preventing erosion down slope of,and possible damage to,the Feature A road. SIHP#-24909 Feature A is a portion of the Old Government Main Road otherwise known as the old Mamalahoa Highway or Ka`u Belt Road. Prior to the construction of the modern Hawaii Belt Road throughKa`u District circa the 1960s,the old Mamalahoa Hwy.was the primary transportation corridor for traveling around the southern portion of Hawaii Island between Kona and Hilo. The construction of the old Mamalahoa Hwy. was part of a significant historical trend that greatly facilitated infra-island travel and communication and represents a broad historic pattern of travel and communication improvement in the State of Hawaii. These improvements also lead to increased development of previously rural areas. SIHP # -24909 is largely intact and in good to excellent condition, with the exception of the destroyed bridge over Ninole Gulch. Other than possible maintenance of the road surface (i.e. re- paving),the road does not appear to have been modified from the time of its construction,allowing SIHP # -24909 to maintain integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. The surrounding area remains undeveloped and rural, allowing SIHP#-24909 to maintain integrity of setting, feeling, and association. SIHP # -24909 is assessed as significant under Criteria A (associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history) and D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24909, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24909 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24909 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 214)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Only Feature B of the site is located within the current project area,but the site overall retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria a and d,and Feature B is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 204 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork r ® Taee Fac- 011 ng 0ap \\ • olaapse Level Pavemeni Barbed-Wire Fen&L -GPS Datum Paint ` I 1 r 1 / r r r J 1 1 r { rr r 1J Y r y5 r r f r J SO F-•'� J 4s r f r � � / r r 1 T Figure 210.Plan view of Site 24909(Tulchin et al.2006:60). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 205 4. Fieldwork .y l r� k= P f • ' � .`. .ram � e .i y1 Figure 211. Site 24909 Feature A,view to the west(Tulchin et al. 2006:59). 9V a : "(. n i(igure' F 212. Site 24909 Feature A,Old Mamalahoa Road bridge foundation at Ninole Gulch crossing,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:59). 206 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 3 �F t\x , Yr J � f r rG r Ilk Sr 15 s ¢¢ � s 6 `A Ok— .10�harrrygpF l4C t V p 4:f 1 rld � V ../fir r �,F A.ta s ' ,f�ii�°i�° ��E �r� � � �alx : �S y Y � � •� 4� 1n iC 1� :.�\ x�q1 'f h 3 i A 4 >1y 1 ♦ i 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24910 Site 24910 consists of a mound located in the northern portion of the project area,mauka of the highway(see Figures 89 and 204). Tulchin et al. (2006:62 and 63)previously identified the site and described it as follows: SIHP#-24910 is constructed of mounded basalt boulders and cobble,2-3 courses high,with larger stones around the perimeter and smaller stones filling the interior of the structure. The mound is linear shaped,measuring 2.9 m long and 1.0 m wide,with a maximum height of 25 cm[Figures 215 and 216]. The western portion of the mound is more formally constructed with stacking and rough facing observed. The stones are loosely piled on the eastern portion of the mound. No cultural material was observed on or in the immediate vicinity of SIHP#-24910. SIHP # -24910 is interpreted to be a pre-contact agricultural planting mound. The mound likely functioned as a planting bed for crops such as sweet potatoes, gourds, or ka. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area, SIHP#-24910 does not have integrity of setting,feeling, or association. However, the mound itself was undisturbed and maintains integrity of location, materials, and workmanship. SIHP # -24910 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. ................................... t 2 meters v -Downslope Direct, p Basalt Ob-Facing (X) -Height in m -GPS Datum Point r SIHP#50-10-68-24910 000 Mound r ° 0 00 O Oo 00o 0 r ° o J 0 Oc o 0 r Figure 215.Plan view of Site 24910 (Tulchin et al. 2006:63). 208 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended no further work for Site 24910. SHPD disagreed with this treatment recommendation, however, and asked that the site be considered for preservation (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A). No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24910 since the Tulchin et al. (2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24910 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), albeit covered in thicker vegetation (Figure 217). The site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d,and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. x ti Figure 216. Site 24910,view to the southeast(Tulchin et al.2006:62). si eq i ti Y A .,,y % h i 5 _ l Figure 217. Site 24910,view to the northwest. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 209 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24911 Site 24911 was originally documented as a linear stone wall located near the western edge of the project area,makai of the highway(see Figure 89),and was described by Tulchin et al. (2006:177)as follows: The wall is constructed across the base of a gulch,with each end of the wall intersecting with and incorporating large talus boulders against edges of the gulch [Figure 218]. The gulch is deep and narrow, with nearly vertical side walls, and is at the edge of a young `a`d lava flow. The wall is constructed of loosely stacked basalt boulders and cobbles,3-4 courses high.The stones used in the wall construction averaged 15-30 cm in diameter, with the base of the wall consisting of larger stones, up to 60 cm in diameter. The wall measured 4.1 m long and 0.8 m wide, with a maximum height of 1.1 m. SIHP # -24911 is interpreted to be a historic ranch-related cattle wall. The wall functions in restricting cattle from traveling up the narrow gulch. SIHP#-24911 is intact and in good condition, with limited collapse.The wall is undisturbed and maintains integrity of location,design,materials, and workmanship.The area immediately down slope of the wall has been bulldozed,associated with the construction of the nearby wastewater treatment plant.Due to the disturbance of the surrounding area, SIHP # -24911 does not have integrity of setting, feeling, or association. SIHP # -24907 is assessed as significant under Criterion D (have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. 0 1 2 MFTERS ® y -Down Slope Direction C7O-Facing -Collapse (x) Height in m -Bedrock Outcrop -GPS Datum Point 1 � Y _1 \ i \ i 1 Y / r r� T _1 —1 d ! / ~ `I A 1 SIHP#50-10-68-24911 -1 Wall -1 Y ^1 Figure 218.Plan view of Site 24911 (Tulchin et al. 2006:178). 210 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork During the current study it was discovered that the wall,while it may have been used to restrict the movement of cattle during the late Historic Period, actually blocks entrance to a nicely constructed trail that extends west from the boundary of the resort property, across State-owned land in Ninole Ahupua`a, all the way to Mamalahoa Highway (see Figure 89). This trail is likely the trail shown on Hawaii Registered Map No. 1455,prepared by Monsarrat in 1887,as extending from the coast of Ninole inland to Hllea(see Figure 25).No evidence of the trail was present within the current project area,only the wall,and it is likely that the makai portion of the trail was destroyed during the early 1970s by development activities. Tulchin et al. (2006) assessed the wall as significant under Criterion d and recommended it for preservation.The wall was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 219)and found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006).The site,however,as a portion of a trail shown on an 1887 map, is now considered additionally significant under Criterion e for its important traditional cultural value to the Native Hawaiian people. Site 24911 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. y F 7 )}T e.. M R 'fir' ,t• - \ n. i Figure 219. Site 24911,view to the west. SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24912 Site 24912 is a small terrace located in the northwestern portion of the project area,makai of the highway(see Figure 89). Tulchin et al. (2006:179-180)initially identified the site and described it as follows: The terrace is situated at the base of a natural depression measuring approximately 5 m in diameter and 0.9 m deep. The surrounding area outside of the depression appeared to have been graded. However,the interior of the depression was undisturbed. SIHP#-24912 is a semi-circular terrace constructed against the northwestern edge of the depression [Figure 220]. The terrace is constructed with a perimeter of loosely stacked `a`d basalt cobbles and small boulders, 1-2 courses high [Figure 221]. SIHP#-24912 measures 2 m long and 1.5 m wide, with a maximum height of 35 cm. The interior of the terrace is paved with reddish `a`d cobbles, with an approximately 40 cm diameter accretionary lava ball in the center.No cultural material was observed on the surface of the terrace or in the immediate vicinity. SIHP#-24912 is interpreted to be a pre-contact native Hawaiian burial.This interpretation is based on size of the terrace, location within a natural depression, selection for reddish `a`d cobbles for Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 211 4. Fieldwork paving, and the positioning of a round lava accretion boulder in the center of the terrace. SIHP#- 24912 is undisturbed and maintains integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship, and feeling. Due to the extensive land modification in the surrounding area, the terrace does not have integrity of setting or association. SIHP#-24912 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded, or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property —these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity) of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24912, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24912 since the Tulchin et al. (2006) draft AIS was prepared. The site was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006), although covered in a thick mat of vines (Figure 222). Site 24912 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria d and e,and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. 0 0�5 1 METERS ® r -Down S Dfrag on IxM -Heighl in m Ix] Depth in m •Bedrock QuMiop •Lava Ball Paved Area -GPS Datum Point SIHP#50-10-68.24912 Terrace Q p0 D 0� 0 o ° o M - a vo/X/II0;4 o Q o O O ° rr 0�p f0.9] °. ^/1� Q V (o.z) aQ d i 0 0 ab© ) D A Figure 220. Site 24912 plan view(Tulchin et al. 2006:181). 212 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork t. ".. ` Y AL sF 9 .��f �mar ,�, •- �, � Figure 221. Site 24912,view to the north(Tulchin et al. 2006:180). Y m. a A ° w. """�555eee WIN w b � " = 3� � Il12 I f �4 E n_ Figure 222. Site 24912,view to the north. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 213 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24913 Site 24913 consists of a well located in the southeastern portion of the project area,makai of the highway(see Figure 89). Tulchin et al. (2006:182)identified the well and described it as follows: The well is situated on the flat coastal plain, approximately 150 m from the shoreline. SIHP # - 24913 is a circular construction, excavated in a level soil area with low pdhoehoe ridges in the surrounding area. The interior of the well is lined with mortared basalt boulders and cobbles,with 4 courses visible at present. The well measured 85 cm deep at the time of the inventory survey. However, due to heavy sedimentation, the well may be significantly deeper than the present measured depth. The interior of the well measures 1.3 m in diameter, with an exterior diameter of 1.9 M. SIHP # -24913 is interpreted to be a historic well, associated with historic habitation in the immediate area. The well draws fresh water from the shallow water table in the area, evidenced by the abundant springs and ponds in the vicinity. No cultural material or evidence of historic house sites was observed in the immediate vicinity of the well.However,the well may be associated with historic habitation at the Wailau Complex(SIHP#-4310),which is approximately 45 m northwest of SIHP#-24913. SIHP#-24913 is undisturbed,in excellent condition,and maintains integrity of location, design, materials, and workmanship. Due to the disturbed nature of the surrounding area (i.e.tsunami damage),and lack of continued habitation in the vicinity,SIHP#-24913 does not have integrity of setting,feeling,or association. SIHP#-24913 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history)of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended no further work for Site 24913, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. No additional historic preservation work has been conducted at Site 24913 since the Tulchin et al.(2006)draft AIS was prepared. Site 24913 was revisited during the current fieldwork (Figure 223) and found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). The site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d,but is now recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. Figure 223. Site 24913 well,view to the west. 214 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24914 Site 24914 consists of a small cave located in the eastern portion of the project area,makai of the highway(see Figure 89).Tulchin et al. (2006:182-183)identified the cave and described it as follows: The cave is situated within the `a`d bluff immediately east of the Punalu`u Harbor wharf ruins(SIHP #-7361). Kane`ele`ele Heiau is located on the top of the bluff, to the east of SIHP #-24914. The entrance of SIHP#-24914 measures 0.3 m wide by 0.4 m high.The entrance area to the cave appears to have been built up with mounded basalt stones and soil to within 1 m of the ceiling of the cave entrance . The mounded area allows for easier small, measuring approximately 2 m deep, with a maximum ceiling height of 1 m. No clear modifications were observed within the interior of the cave.A highly decomposed, 1 mm long bone fragment of unidentifiable origin was observed within the cave.No additional cultural material was observed. SIHP#-24914 was pointed out to the CSH field crew by local informants and identified as a possible locale for the interment of the remains of human sacrifices offered at the nearby Kane`ele`ele Heiau. No clear evidence of the cave functioning as a major interment site was observed.However,due to the possibility of the cave containing human remains and community concern that the cave was associated with sacrifices at Kane`ele`ele Heiau,the cave was documented as a significant historic property. SIHP # -24914 was undisturbed and maintains integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship. The cave also has integrity of feeling and association because of the relationship of the cave with Kane`ele`ele Heiau. However, due to the construction of the Punalu`u Harbor wharf (SIHP#-7361),the cave does not have integrity of setting. SIHP#-24914 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E (have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24914. SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A), although they did not accept the report at that time. Site 24914 was documented most recently by Brandt et al. (2019),and was revisited during the current fieldwork and found to be in similar condition to what was previously described(Figure 224). Site 24914 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criterion d(Tulchin et al. 2006). Site 24914 is located in an area where no development activities are planned. Site 24914 is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. y � w Figure 224. Site 24914 cave,view to the west. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 215 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24915 Site 24915 consists of five Historic Period features: 4 railroad berms (Features A through D) and an associated retaining wall (Feature E) located in the northeastern portion of the project area, makai of the highway (see Figure 89).Features A and B were originally identified by PHRI(Rosendahl and Rosendah11986:27),designated Site T-107, and described as: Two segments of this feature are present within the northeast portion of the project area. A 50.0 m segment adjacent to the sixth fairway,measures approximately 7.2 m wide and 2.0 m high,and is a well-faced bed with a level surface.The roadway leading to the east side of Punalu`u Harbor appears to be the continuation of this railroad bed. It is the same width,though substantially more elevated as it crosses a gulch justbefore entering the Punalu`u Harbor area.Hansen(1974b)includes a sketch map of Punalu`u showing the course of the railroad, which originates at the harbor and continues inland, with a gentle curve to the northeast and another to the southwest (the inland railroad bed segment),and then continues on a straight northerly route toward Pahala.The railroad bed is in good condition. Tulchin et al. (2006:182 and 183)provide a more thorough description of the site: SIHP#-24915 Feature A consists of an approximately 550 m long segment of railroad berm). The berm begins at the Punalu`u Harbor wharf(SIHP#-7361 Feature A)and progresses north along the base of an `a`d bluff. In this portion,the edge of the `a`d flow has been graded and the railroad bed is constructed with a retaining wall along the western, down slope edge. The berm then curves to the west and traverses a low gully area.In this portion,the railroad berm is freestanding,elevated a maximum height of approximately 3 m.At the intersection with Punalu`u Rd.,the railroad berm has been truncated by road and golf course construction. In general, the Feature A railroad berm is constructed of stacked basalt boulders with well-faced side walls. The berm is trapezoidal shaped, with a wide base and narrower surface,with sloping side walls.The top surface of the berm measures approximately 7 m wide and is level and paved with basalt gravel.The Feature A railroad currently serves as a vehicular access road from Punalu`u Road to the Punalu`u Harbor boat ramp. SIHP#24915 Feature B consists of a northeastern extension of the Feature A railroad berm.Feature B is located approximately 250 m northwest of Feature A and is bordered to the west and south by the Sea Mountain Golf Course. Feature B is an approximately 28 m long, roughly linear segment constructed along the base of a bluff. The berm has a retaining wall along the southwestern, down slope side, constructed of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles. The berm is well-faced, measuring approximately 6 m wide, and 1.5-2.4 m in height. The northern end of the Feature B railroad berm has been truncated by land clearing activities, and the southern end truncated by golf course construction. SIHP#-24915 Feature C is also consists of an additional extension of the Feature A railroad berm. Feature C is located approximately 440 m west of Feature A and is bordered to the north and east by the Sea Mountain Golf Course,and to the south by the SIHP#24904 wall.Feature C is roughly parallel to Feature B and 230 m to the southwest.The Feature C railroad berm is the most substantial of the observed railroad berm constructions, and consists of an approximately 40 m long, roughly linear segment of railroad berm. The ends of the berm are truncated by golf course construction. The berm segment transverses a low-lying area,where the berm is raised to a maximum of 3.3 m above the ground level.The truncated ends of the berm are level with the ground surface.The berm is constructed of stacked basalt boulders with large boulders, 50-60 cm in diameter,at the base and smaller boulders, 20-30 cm diameter, at the top of the construction [Figure 225]. The berm is trapezoidal shaped,with a wide base and narrower surface,with sloping side walls. The top surface of the berm is measures 4.2 m wide and is level and paved with basalt cobbles. Feature C is interpreted to be an alternative,perhaps later,route of the railroad line than that taken from Feature A to B.The route from Feature A to Feature C,by increasing the length of the curve before heading upslope would decrease the grade required for the railroad to progress inland and north toward Pahala from Punalu`u Harbor. SIHP#24915 includes segments of a railroad berm and an associated retaining wall. The railroad was constructed by the Hawaiian Agricultural Company(a.k.a.the Pahala Plantation)and extended from the landing at Punalu`u Harbor to the sugar mill at Pahala, a distance of approximately five miles(Conde and Best 1973:29). It was the first railroad to be constructed in the Hawaiian Islands, 216 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork with initial construction circa 1878 and a completed track by 1880. The railroad line was realigned circa 1897 and again in 1902-03 (Conde and Best 1973:30). The Pahala to Punalu`u railroad was abandoned in 1929. The observed segments of SIHP # -24915 railroad berm are generally intact and in excellent condition. The berms are very well built, with no collapse observed. A section of the Feature E retaining wall has collapsed, but portions remain intact and in good condition. SIHP # -24915 maintains integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Despite the extensive land modification in the vicinity of Features B and C, the Feature A portion of the railroad and the adjacent, and associated Punalu`u Harbor Complex contribute to the integrity of setting. SIHP#-24915 is assessed as significant under Criterion A(associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history), Criterion C (embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, represents the work of a master,or possess high artistic value),and Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places. Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24915, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.: 0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time. Site 24915 was revisited during the current fieldwork and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). Site 24915 retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria a, c, and d, and is recommended for preservation as part of the implementation of the current project. i W , Tbi� t a , , 1- wd WAl v p Figure 225. Site 24915 Feature C,view to the northeast(Tulchin et al.2006:185). Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 217 4. Fieldwork SIHP SITE 50-10-68-24916 Site 24916 consists of a single petroglyph located in the southeastern portion of the project area at the coast(see Figure 89). The petroglyph was previously identified by PHRI (Rosendahl and Rosendahl 1986:27), designated Site T-101, and described as"an isolated petroglyph consisting of three concentric circles...located south of a pond on reddish- colored pahoehoe."The site was further described by Tulchin et al. (2006:188-190)as follows: The petroglyph is situated on a coastal pahoehoe flow,approximately 25 m from the shoreline. SIHP #-24916 includes of three concentric circles pecked into a smooth pahoehoe surface [Figures 226 and 227]. The outer circle measures 18 cm diameter,with the middle and center circles measuring 11 cm and 5 cm in diameter respectively. The petroglyph was observed to have undergone considerable natural weathering.No additional petroglyphs or cultural material was observed in the vicinity of SIHP#-24916. SIHP # -24916 is interpreted to be an example of pre-contact native Hawaiian rock art. The true function of the petroglyph is unclear. The petroglyph and the surrounding area are undisturbed. SIHP#-24916 maintains integrity of location,design,setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association. SIHP#-24916 is assessed as significant under Criterion D(have yielded,or is likely to yield information important for research on prehistory or history) of the Hawaii and National Registers of Historic Places and Criterion E(have an important value to the native Hawaiian people due to associations with cultural practices once carried out at the property—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity)of the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. : w �5 V, 7W •, k,e.,k.. .. tit.� ryt w M1 Figure 226.Overview of Site 24916(Tulchin et al. 2006:189). Tulchin et al. (2006) recommended preservation for Site 24916, and SHPD agreed with the significance evaluation and treatment recommendation presented for the site in the 2006 draft AIS report (Log No.: 2007.0388, Doc No.:0702MK09; see Appendix A),although they did not accept the report at that time.. Site 24916 was revisited during the current fieldwork(Figure 228)and was found to be in similar condition to that described by Tulchin et al. (2006). A papamu(Figure 229) was also identified pecked into bedrock to the west of this site along the coast(see Figure 89). Both the petroglyph and papamu retain sufficient integrity in all categories to be assessed as significant under Criteria d and e. They are both located in the coastal management area that will be created as a result of the proposed project,and are recommended for preservation as part of the project implementation. 218 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 4. Fieldwork SIHP # 50-10-68-24916 Petroglyph r. $ ; 7? *0 0 2.5 5 CENTIMETERS Figure 227.Plan view of Site 24916(Tulchin et al. 2006:189). MOW y , Figure 228. Site 24916,petroglyph,view to the north. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nrnole,Ka`u,Hawaii 219 �n v ZOO mt� IF ipj- ;0,11 W-1 yC Al 5. Significance Evaluations and Treatment Recommendations 5. SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATIONS AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS The recorded archaeological sites are assessed for their significance based on criteria established and promoted by the DLNR-SHPD and contained in the Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-284-6. For a resource to be considered significant it must possess integrity of location,design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling, and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; b Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; c Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master;or possess high artistic value; d Have yielded,or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history; e Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. The significance and recommended treatments for the 30 sites within the current project area are presented in Table 13 and discussed below. The locations of the identified sites, relative to the proposed development activities, are depicted in Figure 230 All 30 of the sites documented within the current project area are assessed as significant under Criterion d for the information they have yielded regarding the history of the coastal region of Ninole,Wailau,and Punalu`u Ahupua`a. Eleven of the sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion e for their important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people,due to their associations with art,ceremony,and/or burial practices(Sites 50-10- 68-03512, -03513, -04309, -04368, -07361, -24898, -24899, -24900, -24912, -24914, and -24916). Four sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion c because they embody distinctive characteristics of a type,period, and/or method of construction (Sites 50-10-68-03512, -03522, -04368, and -24915). Three sites are additionally assessed as significant under Criterion a because of their association with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history(Sites 50-10-68-03512,-04368,-24915). All of the sites documented within he project area are recommended for preservation.A preservation plan meeting the standards of HAR§13-277-3,and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-03512,-03513,-03519,-03520,-03521,-03522,-03524,-04310,-04330,-04360,-04368,-07361, -24897, -24901, -24902, -24905, -24906, -24907, -24908, -24910, -24911, -24912, -24913, -24914, -24915, and - 24916 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. A burial treatment plan meeting the standards of HAR § 13-300-33, and specifying the interim protection measures and long-term preservation measures for Sites 50-10-68-04309, -24898, -24899, and-24900 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. Additionally,archaeological monitoring is recommended for all initial ground disturbing activities within the area of direct impacts for the proposed project.An archaeological monitoring plan meeting the standards of HAR§ 13-279 should be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for review and acceptance prior to project implementation. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 221 5. Significance Evaluations and Treatment Recommendations Table 13. Site significance and treatment recommendations. SIHP# Site Type Significance Recommended Treatment (50-10-68) 03512 Lampao Heiau a,c,d,e Preservation 03513 Petroglyphs d,e Preservation 03519 Animal Pen d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03520 Historic Habitation Enclosures d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03521 Trail d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03522 Ninole School c,d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 03524 Makai Government Road a,d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 04309 Burial Bluff Complex d,e Burial Preservation 04310 Wailau Complex d Preservation 04360 Walls d Preservation 04368 Koloa-Ninole Complex a,c,d,e Preservation 07361 Punalu`u Harbor Complex d,e Preservation 24897 Enclosure/Trail d Preservation as a component of Site 4368 24898 Precontact Burial Complex d,e Burial preservation as a component of Site 4368 24899 Historic Burial Complex d,e Preservation as a component of Site 4309 24900 Precontact Burial/Ceremonial d,e Preservation as a component of Site 4309 Complex 24901 Habitation complex d Preservation 24902 Wall d Preservation 24905 Ranching Wall d Preservation 24906 Ranching Wall d Preservation 24907 Boundary/Ranching Wall d Preservation 24908 Enclosure d Preservation 24909 Mauka Government Road a,d Preservation of Feature B (Feat. A outside of PA) 24910 Agricultural Mound d Preservation 24911 Wall and Trail d Preservation 24912 Probable Burial Terrace d,e Burial Preservation 24913 Well d Preservation 24914 Possible Burial Cave d,e Preservation as a component of Site 7361 24915 Railroad Berms a,c d Preservation 24916 Petroglyph and pdpamu d,e Preservation 222 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 5. Significance Evaluations and Treatment Recommendations �• 24909 + �� "„ �°� ° Area of Detail e, 24907 24910 24908 R * �.. 0 200 Km 24907 �f Preservation site/feature M • M Burial preservation site ' rM Site not relocated :- ;�. Q Site outside of project area Trail Project area • 0 100 200 I 0 Meters F III I� z' 24902 '- 5 C 24912 24905 M.,� 24195 B 3515 4360 24901 24906 24911 F • r ;r� 4360, al 3512 4330 x*r 249,03 24900 4309 249151E 249t51D 24898 3520 4310 7361 3519 3521 43b8 O 24914 Pa 24913 3513 �.7370 24897 24916 ' 3524 3522 Figure 230.Overlay of the site locations on the proposed development plan. Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 223 6. Determination of Effect 6. DETERMINATION OF EFFECT The proposed project would involve re-development activities within a roughly 142-acre portion of the roughly 433- acre project area. Thirty significant historic properties are located within the project area,but none are within the area of direct impacts for the proposed development. All 30 of these significant historic properties are recommended for preservation, and they will be avoided by construction activities. A preservation plan will be prepared for 26 of the sites and a burial treatment plan will be prepared for 4 of the sites. Archaeological monitoring will also occur during ground disturbing activities within the area of direct affects. As such, pursuant to HAR §13-284 the recommended determination of effect for the proposed project is"Effect,with agreed upon mitigation commitments." 224 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii References Cited REFERENCES CITED Allen,M. S. and P.McAnany 1994 Environmental Variability and Traditional Hawaiian Land Use Patterns:Manuka's Cultural Islands in Seas of Lava.Asian Perspectives 33 (1):19-55. Armstrong,J. 2008 Punahm Development Pau-Time Runs Out on Deal to Buy Land for Hotel, Homes.Hilo Tribune- Herald[Hilo,Hawaii]. 24 May 2008. Athens,J. S.,T.Rieth,and T. S.Dye 2014 A Paleoenvironmental and Archaeological Model-Based Age Estimate for the Colonization of Hawaii.American Antiquity 79(1):144-155. 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Menzies,A. 1920 Hawaii Nei, 128 Years Ago.Honolulu,T.H.,Honolulu. 230 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii References Cited Moniz Nakamura,J. 2003 Keonehelele-The Falling Sands:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Archaeological Inventory of the Footprints National Register Site. Revised 2003. Prepared for National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Mulrooney,M.,K.Esh,M.McCoy, S.Bickler,and Y. Sinoto 2014 New Dates from Old Samples:A Revised Radiocarbon Chronology for the Wai`ahukini Rockshelter Site (1-18), Ka`u District, Hawaii Island. In Papers in Honor of Dr. Yosihiko Sinoto, pp. 17-26. Edited by W. K. McElroy and E. Komori. SHA Special Publication 4. Society of Hawaiian Archaeology,Honolulu. Oliver,D. 1961 The Pacific Islands.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Orr,M. 2006 Cultural Impact Study Punahm Development Project, Ahupua`a of Punalu`u, Wailau and Ninole, District of Ka`n, Island of Hawai'i. 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Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Ninole,Ka`u,Hawaii 233 Appendix A APPENDIX A 'PCTRRT.YOVNO / UNDALMLE ,f Oi,,,k bones Ol uem�iOm mtuue...:Arn 00MNOROMAWAR �' • P1g. 1�/ iV/046610NONMA18ggfJ9lntalGNMp@It RDDBRT 7L,KUVDA O®IINODl.OM4- Vd�YwW p eunuvoriaNvivnncm ,p M�rwV ON nA�nO,idlOVMi Y/JWLLn? • .um roNru.Axoe z 5,.: �'Qe.t.Y,,.F�Y1P• caNeav�noN um nmowcn onaa.�mrt • n+awmn+o POR+81RYN0 A'RDIDC 811MPN:iRL9lvATON f: STATE OF HAWAIItAM NAROO AW616IANO PtlO VR Ca1W gRgN DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES 9rAU PAM STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD,ROOMS 55 KAPOLEr,HAWAa 96707 February 26,2007 Dr,Hallett H.Halnmatt,Ph,D, LOG NO:2007.0388 Cultural Surveys Hawaii DOC NO:0702MK09 P,O.Box 1114 Archaeology Kailua,Hawaii 96734 Dear Dr.Hammatt: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic.Preservation Review— Archaeological Inventory Survey of the 436 acre Sea Mountain at Punaluu Resort Punaluu,Wailau,and Ninole Ahupusa,Kau District,Island of Hawaii TMK:(3)9-5-019:011,015,024,026,030&031;9-6-001:001-003,006,011-013;9-6- 002:008 037&038,053 Thank you for the opportunity to review this report which our staff received in 2006(Tulchin et al.,2006, Archaeological Inventory Survey of the approximately. 430 Acre Sea Mountain at Punaluu Resort, Punaluu, Wailau,and Ninole Ahupuaa,Kau District,Island of Hawaii,TMK'[319-5-019:011;015, 024, 026, 030-031;9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013;9-6-002:008, 037-038, 053...Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc.,ins), We are concurrently providing comments on the draft EIS(LOG NO:2007.0389/DOC NO: 0702MK10), The background section acceptably establishes the ahupuaa settlement pattern and predicts the likely site pattern in.the project area,The historical information provided summarizes the history of the post-Contact period land uses: The summary of previous archaeological work in the area provides a baseline for the current work.It is clear from the background section that although previous studies have contributed to documenting the prehistory and history of the region;much of information was lost during.development and other activities on the subject parcels;The depth of history within the project area is great,and the loss of sites previously documented,does not lessen the significance and integrity of the sites/features that remain. The survey has adequately covered the project area documenting 32 historic properties. Of this number, 14 were previously documented to some level. The 32 sites include 17 sites that are-clearly historic in nature, 14 sites that represent pre-Contact activities,and one site(a wall)which was indeterminate of age. Of the 14 precontact historic.properties,five of these are complexes with primary burial functions,three represent permanent habitations. Two sites are rock art sites, one is an heiau site and two are indeterminate of functions.In the `Summary and Interpretation Section' we note that SHIP-24915 has been.included with(he precontact sites,although the site consists of railroad berms.Please clarify in the revised report. 234 Addendum AIS:Punaluu Black Sands Project,Punaluu,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii Appendix A Dr.Hallett H.Hammatt Page 2 We concur that all of the precontact sites are significant under Criterion"D"for information content.We also believe that the majority of the pre-Contact sites are significant under Criterion"E",for traditional cultural value,given their importance to the existing community in Kau,We agree that the"primarily or exclusively post Contact sites are also significant under Criterion"D"with at least four of these, SH P 3522 (Ninole School), 3524 (government road); 7361 (Punahm Harbor Wharf), and 24915 (railroad berms)are also significant under multiple criteria as specified in the report: We concur that all of the sites should be preserved.We note that three precontact_sites(SUP 24902=wall, -24908-enclosure,and 24910-mound)are not slated for preservation.They are located within a corner of the mauka parcel,and we believe it is possible to preserve the enclosure and mound as well, We cannot at this time further evaluate mitigation commitments specific to the preservation,Neither the archaeological inventory survey report nor the EIS(concurrently under review)have acceptable copies of an overlay indicating the location of the sites within the proposed development. Both documents have proposed development maps, as well as site location maps,-but-a map merging the two would. be beneficial prior to evaluating specific preservation possibilities.Based on preliminary overlays,it appears that several of these sites,including Lanipao heiau(SEHP 3512)and habitation site(SIHP 24901)will be surrounded by development/construction under the proposed plans. We would like the opportunity to evaluate the proposal in tandem with site location.Please provide said overlay in the final report. We will await a revised report including the above two requested revisions, As always, if you disagree with our comments or have questions,please contact Dr.Melissa Kirkendall at(808)243-5.169 as soon as possible to resolve these concerns. Aloha, Cteeanie hinen Administrator Historic Preservation Division MK:kf c: Keola Lindsay,SHPD Cultural Historian PEAR o 12007 Addendum AIS:Punalu`u Black Sands Project,Punalu`u,Wailau,Nmole,Ka`u,Hawaii 235 Botanical Survey and Vertebrate Fauna Assessment Update Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties Ka'a District, Island of Hawaii Prepared for: Black Sand Beach LLC By Ron Terry, Ph.D. and Patrick J. Hart, Ph.D. Geometrician Associates, LLC April 2022 Introduction This biological survey update was conducted on an approximately 440-acre group of properties (collectively, "the property") situated between the shoreline and State Highway (SH) 11, and also mauka of SH 11, in the vicinity of Punalu`u and Ninole in the Ka`u District(Figure 1). It is comprised of the following Tax Map Keys: TMKs (3) 9-6-001:001, 002, 003, 006, 011, 012, and 013 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041, and 053 9-5-019: 011, 012, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, and 035 Nearly the entire property has experienced various types of ground disturbance or at least activities that totally modify the vegetation. The exceptions are on the south and north margins nearer the coast, where the rugged, geologically recent `a`a lava was left untouched. Major land uses through the last 150 years have included agriculture, intensive grazing, a golf course and related infrastructure, a resort- style restaurant from the 1970s and associated facilities, and informal shoreline recreation. With the exception of areas near the shoreline, the property lies within the State Land Use Urban District, although urban uses are currently very restricted. Much of the land is in brush or is used for grazing. The resort uses were discontinued many decades ago and the buildings now lie in ruins. The golf course was closed in 2019, although the owners have continued to mow the fairways. This survey is intended to update and supplement surveys conducted in 2005-2006 (Hart 2006) for the same properties. Some of the text of the report is reproduced and cited within this report, where applicable. The entire report is available as Appendix C of the 2006 Draft EIS for Sea Mountain at hlt 2s://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ep2/EA EIS Libraly/2006-10-08-HA-DEIS-Sea-Mountain-Punaluu- Appendices.pdf. The objectives of the botanical component of this survey update were to revisit selected areas within all zones of the property and 1) describe the vegetation; 2) list all species encountered; and 3) determine whether there were any threatened or endangered (T&E) (hllps://www.fws.gov/endan_eg red/) or rare plant species and identify their locations if so. The area was surveyed by Ron Terry, Patrick Hart, and others on six different days in January and February 2022. Plant species were identified in the field and, as necessary, collected and keyed out in the laboratory. EXHIBIT E The scope of work also included a faunal survey update focused on birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians observed during the botanical survey. We also assessed of the general value of the habitat for native birds and the Hawaiian hoary bat. Coastal aquatic flora and fauna were not included in the scope of work. Also generally not included was assessment of invertebrates, with some exceptions. The property was searched for the principal plant species in the area known to support the larvae,pupae and eggs of the endangered Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburnii). In addition, we addressed the general habitat value for endangered insects that inhabit shoreline areas. Vegetation Type and Influences Geologically, the property consists of 3,000 to 5,000 year old lava flows from Mauna Loa Volcano, flanked by 1,500 to 3,000-year old lava flows, which intrude substantially into the southwest corner of the property (Wolfe and Morris 1996). The older lava flows are more weathered and contain true soil, consisting of ashy or cobbly silt loams. The newer areas exhibit mainly rugged `a`a lava, with soil found only in cracks (USDA: https://websoiIsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoiISurvey.aspx). Average annual rainfall on the property varies from about 37 inches near the coast to 45 inches above SH 11, where the elevation rises to 350 feet above mean sea level (Giambelluca et al 2013). Based on the climate and geology, the pre-human vegetation of the area would likely have corresponded roughly to the categories of lowland dry forest/shrubland or lowland mesic forest/ shrubland discussed in Gagne and Cuddihy (1990). The gradient from makai to mauka positively correlates with cloudiness and humidity, generating a slightly more mesic environment in the upland locations. The only drainage feature is a long intermittent stream, Ninole Gulch, that snakes through the southern part of the property. It is shaded with larger trees and is slightly more mesic than other parts of the property. Due to the extensive disturbance on the property, the original vegetation can only be surmised. Adjacent undisturbed areas have a younger substrate and may not reflect the pre-disturbance vegetation on the property. Studies at nearby Kawa, which has substrate of similar ages,provide some guidance. Although disturbance also occurred there, native plants still abound in many areas. The following reports prepared for Kawa or nearby or similar areas were consulted to gain an understanding of flora and fauna previously documented in the area for identification purposes and also for landscaping and restoration recommendations. • Honu`apo Park Preliminary Draft Resources Management Plan (Townscape Hawai`i for Hawaii County Finance Department 2009). • Ka`u Coast, Island ofHawai`i Reconnaissance Survey(National Park Service 2006). • Mamalahoa Highway Drainage Improvements at Kawa Flats Final Environmental Assessment (Geometrician Associates for Hawaii Department of Transportation, 2011). • Report to the Twenty-Fourth Legislature, 2007 Regular Session,from The South Kona-Ka`u Coastal Conservation Task Force (2006) and Kawa Bay Acquisition and Habitat Restoration Project(2007) (Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources). • Flora and Fauna Survey, Lands of Kawa. Kau, Island of Hawai`i, 2014, Geometrician Associates for Hawaii County Parks and Recreation Department. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 2 These studies found several vegetation zones that varied primarily because of association with the shoreline and groundwater, but also with substrate age and history of disturbance. The following types were noted in the area around Kawa and similar sites: • Scattered to sparse canopy to nearly barren `a`a flows. This type contains a number of natives trees and shrubs,particularly `ohi`a(Metrosideros polymorpha) and naio (Myoporum sandwicense), and also a large variety of alien shrubs such as Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) and sourbush (Pluchea carolinensis). The canopy percent tends to increase in density from the shore inland. • Non-native shrubland. Developed on older substrates, this type is dominated by koa haole and Christmas berry, with some emergent Java plum (Syzygium cumini) and understories and inclusions of guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus). The native shrub alahe`e (Psydrax odorata) can thrive here. • Coastal strand. The vegetation here depends on substrate. If sand is present, natives such as `ilima(Sida fallax) and `akulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum) are common. In rocky areas, naupaka(Scaevola taccada) dominates. The coastal strand type is often not present on the younger `a`a flows, where the shoreline usually ends in low cliffs. This type transitions inland to non-native shrubland, sometimes with unique assemblages. • Marsh. Low coastal areas may support marsh vegetation with a variety of native and non-native grasses and sedges adapted to wet conditions. • Gulch. Streams often have a unique vegetation type of java plum trees and various other non- native elements, but rarely support native vegetation. At the mouths of streams there are often brackish ponds that provides excellent native insect habitat. The following native plant species have been found in similar but less disturbed environments in non- shoreline areas of windward coastal Ka`u: • Argemone glauca, or puakala, is a native prickly poppy. • Caesalpinia bonduc, or kakalaioa, is a thorny, viny shrub now usually considered a Polynesian introduction rather than native. It was used traditionally for medicine and is still considered by some authors as indigenous. It is found mixed in the alien shrub vegetation. • Capparis sandwichiana, or maiapilo, is an aromatic, attractive, endemic shrub in the Caper family that was also used medicinally. It is unusual in its ability to maintain lush growth in extremely harsh conditions on bare lava. • Cocculus orbiculatus, or huehue, is an indigenous vine that is very common in dry and mesic forests. • Cordia subcordata, or kou, a tree that grows both in shoreline and slightly more mauka areas. • Dodonea viscosa, or `a`ali`i, is a dominant shrub in many dry to dry mesic environments throughout Hawaii. • Doryopteris decora, or `iwa`iwa, is an endemic fern often found in dry areas. • Fimbristylis cymosa, or mau`u `aki`aki, is an indigenous sedge common in all coastal areas of Hawai`i. • Heteropogon contortus, orpili grass, is indigenous and common in some areas of Hawaii but sparsely present in lava flow areas at Kawa. • Hibiscus tiliaceus, or hau, is either indigenous or a Polynesian introduction that forms thickets in wet areas and was an important source of cordage. • Ipomoea indica, or koali or morning glory, is a common indigenous vine. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 3 • Metrosideros polymorpha, or `ohi`a, is an endemic that can be the dominant tree from sea level to 8,000 feet in elevation, in hyper-wet to and conditions. It is prominent at Kawa in the sparser lava flows. • Myoporum sandwicense, or naio, is an endemic shrub found more commonly at higher elevations as a small tree. It is associated with `ohi`a at Kawa. • Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or `ulei, is an indigenous shrub common in many dry and mesic forests in Hawaii. • Peperomia leptostachya, or `ala `ala wai nui, is an attractive, sprawling, indigenous herb found in low numbers at Kawa in shadier patches on lava flows. • Plectranthus parviorus, also called `ala `ala wai nui or spurflower, is an indigenous herb similar to Peperomia in its distribution but is more sun-tolerant. • Plumbago zeylanica, or ilie`e, is a viny, indigenous herb also most common in vegetated lava flows. • Psilotum nudum, or moa, is an indigenous fern ally that resembles a tiny whisk broom and grows on the sides of rocks and other plants. • Psydrax odorata, or alahe`e, is an indigenous shrub in the coffee family with shiny green leaves and a whitish trunk, notable for thriving in the midst of the alien shrub vegetation at Kawa. • Waltheria indica, or `uhaloa, is an indigenous herb that is extremely common around Hawaii. In addition, numerous native plants in windward Ka`u are associated specifically with the shoreline and coastal wetlands. Many had uses in lei-making, weaving, wood carving, herbal medicine or other purposes. Briefly, these include ilima(Sida fallax), `aki `aki (Sporobolus virginicus), koali (Ipomoea indica), pohuehue (Ipomoea pes-caprae),pa`u o Hi`iaka(Iacquemontia ovalifolia), ohelo kai (Lycium sandwicense), naupaka(Scaevola taccada), `ahu`awa(Mariscus javanicus), makaloa(Cyperus laevigatus), Cyperus polystachyos, mau`u (Fimbristylis cymosa), `aki `aki (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), kaluha(Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp.paludosus), kauna`oa kahakai (Cuscuta sandwichiana), nena(Heliotropium currasavicum), nanea(Vigna marina), `ae`ae (Bacopa monnieri), `akulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum), nehe (Melanthera integrifolia) and milo (Thespesia populnea). The information on nearby flora and vegetation types provided a guide for our surveyors concerning botanical resources that might remain on the property, even with the extensive level of disturbance. Findings Current Vegetation and Flora Our survey determined that several vegetation types are present on the property, as shown on the map in Figure 2: former golf course; guinea grass; koa haole forest; pasture; mixed alien forest; gulch; resort remnants; recent `a`a margins; and coastal. Except for the coastal zone, all types are heavily influenced by recent or ongoing human activity and would likely transition to different compositions if left alone for several decades. Although the map may appear to depict discrete zones, in many areas the types are mixed together at various scales. In some areas, small,nearly monotypic stands of various non-native species are present that do not fit neatly into any vegetation type are also present. Although each type is quite variable, the following descriptions and referenced photos in Figure 3a-y provide their general characteristics: Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 4 • Former Golf Course: This type consists of the original turf grass Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), along with grasses and herbs that have started to dominate since cessation of intensive turf management, especially sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), guinea grass, Calyptocarpus vialis, lovegrass (Eragrostis pectinacea) and Glenwood grass (Sacciolepis indica). These former fairways and greens are managed by mowing. Areas that are mowed regularly but with less frequency are dominated by sourgrass. Without periodic mowing, all areas eventually would revert to a dense savanna dominated by guinea grass. The former golf course also includes an extremely diverse array of ornamental shrubs and trees that were formerly part of golf course landscaping and are still being maintained(Figures 3a-b). Most notable are monkeypod(Samanea saman), rubber tree (Ficus elastica) and Cook pines (Araucania columnaris), but dozens of mature landscaping specimens are present. • Guinea Grass: This zone is present in the center of the property, surrounded by former golf course and interfingering with koa haole and mixed alien forest. It is also found in other isolated areas (Figures 3c-d). This type is likely to transition to koa haole forest or mixed alien forest over time. On the margins with the koa haole forest, the natives puakala and alahe`e are sparingly present. • Koa Haole Forest: This is found in various parts of the property. Although dominated by 8-15 foot tall koa haole shrubs, many other alien species are also prominent, including guinea grass and sourgrass, the vines glycine (Neonotonia wightii) and Passiflora suberosa, and autograph tree (Clusia rosea) (Figures 3e-f). It is the only type aside from coastal vegetation that features numerous if dispersed natives, including a`ali`i, `uhaloa, `ilima, huehue, koali, `ala `ala wai nui, and especially alahe`e. Unlike many nearby areas, no `ohi`a appears to be present. This zone experiences periodic wildfire that can reset the vegetation type to guinea grass. • Pasture: This type is dominated by pasture grasses, and shrubby vegetation that survives trampling and browsing by cows, including mainly aliens such as Christmas berry, lantana, stylosanthes, koa haole, kiawe (Prosopis pallida), and opiuma(Pithecellobium dulce), but also the native alahe`e (Figures 3g-h). • Mixed Alien Forest: This type is present at the margins of the roads, former golf course, the gulch and the coastal zones (Figures 3i j). In addition to koa haole, there is Christmas berry, coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), Formosan koa(Acacia confusa), Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), autograph tree, kou, kukui, opiuma, Melaleuca quinquenervia, false kamani, and sword ferns (Nephrolepis multiflora). Golf course and other intentional plantings have left unusual alien species in the forest, including an undetermined species of ficus that does not appear to have been previously identified in published floras of Hawaii (Figure 3j), carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), and spineless yucca (Yucca elephantipes) among many others. Native species are few. • Gulch: Ninole Gulch is dominated by large trees watered by intermittent stream flow (Figures 3k-1). These include java plum, African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata), kukui, Formosan koa, and common guava(Psidium guajava). • Resort Remnants: In the area around the former restaurant and golf course clubhouse the vegetation is dominated by a thick forest of resort plantings of diverse species that have gone wild as well as invasive species (Figures 3m-n). These include Chinese banyan, false kamani, opiuma, kou, coconut palm, and monkeypod. • Recent `A`a Margins (Figures 3o-p): Small slivers of land on the north and south margins of the property within 2,000 feet of the shoreline have more recent `a`a lava that is sparsely to moderately vegetated,primarily with Christmas berry, with much lesser cover by koa haole, Hyptis pectinata, and autograph tree. Natives such as `ilima, `uhaloa and the native `iwa`iwa or lance fern are also sparingly found here. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 5 • Coastal: This zone is ecologically rich and important and is one of the reasons Punalu`u has been intensively utilized and celebrated throughout history (Figures 3q-y). Much of this zone lies makai of the actual property boundaries, but could be affected by activities on the property. Shoreline strand vegetation in uplifted areas, as well as marsh or woody wetlands vegetation at lower elevations, interfinger with a complex group of spring-fed ponds that connect to the sea. Many native species are present, including the endangered palm Pritchardia maideniana or loulu, which may be either natural, wild remnants, or specimens planted in historical times. Naupaka dominates the strand vegetation, especially on very rocky substrates, and the natives `ilima, akulikuli,pohuehue, `ae`ae, nanea,pa`u o Hi`iaka, naio, and mau`u `aki`aki are also present. The non-native grass seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) and vine wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata) are extremely common, as well as tree heliotrope (Tournefourtia argentea). The marshes contain these elements on the fringes as well as coconut palms and milo, but in the true wetlands, the dominant species are California grass (Urochloa mutica) and several native sedges (Cyperus spp.)including makaloa, as well as Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani). Very limited areas of wetlands and their fringes are dominated instead by woody vegetation, including hau and button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus). The large pond behind the Punalu`u black sand beach has been overtaken by the non-native water plants water lily (Nymphaea lotus) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The vegetative cover on the property as a whole can be said to be composed of mostly alien species. Many would be classified as invasive,particularly Christmas berry, koa haole, guinea grass, seashore paspalum, Formosan koa, ironwood(Casuarina equisetifolia), autograph tree, Chinese banyan, glycine, huehue haole,java plum, and African tulip tree. All plant species found on the property during the survey are listed in Table 1. Of the 183 species detected, three are endemic (found only in the Hawaiian Islands) and 26 are indigenous (native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere). The remaining plants are non-native, with six of them Polynesian introductions. Threatened and Endangered Plant Species, Critical Habitat, and Rare Species Only one plant species listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was found on the property: loulu, or Pritchardia maideniana. As shown in Table 2, Figure 2, and Figures 3z-bb, it was found in multiple locations on the property. Most of the individual palm trees were conclusively identified. Several specimens exhibited characteristics that were slightly atypical for P. maideniana, and/or were either too tall or obscured by other palms to observe floral and vegetative parts, and/or were not flowering or fruiting. We do not know whether any or all of the loulu were planted intentionally. We presume that most or all of the loulu on or near the golf course were planted. Some or all of the loulu nearer the shore may be natural. The loulu was highly valued by early Hawaiians for thatching, weaving, and eating, and they were undoubtedly encouraged to grow and also planted, cared for and modified—some historic-era loulu in Kona exhibit carved steps that allow easy climbing. Because there is no official record or documentation of planting any of the loulu, they would likely be treated the same as wild individuals under federal endangered species statutes and would be protected even on private property under State laws. It is our understanding that all loulu will be preserved and protected. Aside from Pritchardia maideniana, several endangered or rare plants are known from nearby areas and were sought in the current survey. An endangered plant that was present sparingly in the coastal Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 6 flats as recently as 45 years ago, and which is still present farther north within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, is ohai (Sesbania tomentosa). The extreme disturbance of the property likely precluded finding any wild ohai, and none was found. Previous surveys in the area just south of Punalu`u (Geometrician 2014) found nine patches of the rare plant maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana) in relatively young `a`a lava makai of the jeep road between Ninole and Kawa Bay. While not listed as an endangered species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)ranks maiapilo is listed as "Vulnerable" (just below Endangered) (https://www.iucnredlist.org/). No maiapilo was found within the limited areas with young, unweathered `a`a on the margins of the property. Given the current context of the property and the findings of the survey, it is unlikely that a readily noticeable rare or endangered plant species aside from loulu would be found on the property. An online mapping tool provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (http://ecos.fws. og v/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html) indicates that no designated critical habitat for endangered plant(or animal) species is located in the property or within at least seven miles of it (Figure 3). All plant critical habitat units in the general area are far mauka and are related to picture wing flies (Drosophila spp.) or the Ka`u silversword. Fauna and Habitat Bird surveys were conducted in both 2005 and 2022, with the objective of documenting all bird species, including landbirds, shorebirds, waterbirds, and seabirds, found within the property. The 2005 surveys were mainly conducted from 06:00 to 11:00 hrs., and from 15:00 to 18:30 hrs., on October 15- 16, 2005. Transects were established approximately every 200 meters, and birds were surveyed using the line-transect method, in which the observer walks along the transect and notes each bird detected. Birds were identified by calls, songs, and visual observations. In addition, surveys were conducted for night-flying seabirds during the first 45 minutes after sunset on six nights during September and October 2005. In 2022, bird sightings, songs and calls were noted during various morning hours on six different days in January and February (no late day surveys). Surveys were conducted along transects that sampled all areas and habitat types on the property. It is noteworthy that the 2005 and 2022 surveys found basically the same suite of birds, with the addition of several species in 2022. During the surveys we observed 18 bird species, all but four of them common non-natives (see Table 3). The most common birds in most vegetation zone were warbling white-eyes (Zosterops japonicus), nutmeg mannikins (Lonchura punctulata) and northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). On the golf course and near residential areas, the most common non-native birds were saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola), zebra doves (Geopelia striata), and yellow-fronted canaries (Serinus mozambicus). Flocks of indigenous pacific golden-plovers or kolea(Pluvialis fulva)were seen foraging in the grass on the golf courses and also near the shoreline. This common migratory shorebird is usually present in Hawaii from August through April and spends its summers foraging and breeding in Alaska. The shorebird wandering tattler or `ulili (Heteroscelus incanus)was seen feeding and resting near tidepools. Several native Hawaiian waterbirds were detected. The black-crowned night-heron or `auku`u (Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli)was observed foraging near the golf course ponds. The threatened Hawaiian goose or nene (Branta sandvicensis)was not observed in the 2005 but seen during all surveys in 2022 that involved the golf course, where they have taken up residence around the ponds. For many years, the largest population of nene on Hawaii were within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park(USFWS 2004), at locations north and mauka of Punalu`u. Historically, flocks moved between high-elevation feeding habitats and lowland nesting areas. Nene have now become very Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 7 common on many Hawaiian islands and can be found at elevations ranging from sea level to sub-alpine areas above 7,000 feet. Nests consist of a shallow scrape lined with plant material and down. Breeding pairs usually return to the previous year's nest site, typically in dense vegetation. Nene have an extended breeding season, and nesting may occur in all months except May, June, and July. Given the habitat, it is highly possible that nene will nest in this area. Longer observations on many days in different seasons would undoubtedly reveal additional bird species. Although most would likely be non-native, several native raptors might be present, and the shoreline may also be visited by a number of migratory birds. Native birds not observed in our surveys but likely to be least occasionally present are discussed below. No individuals of the formerly federally-listed endangered Hawaiian hawk(Buteo solitarius)were seen during any of the surveys. Although they probably forage in the area,the cover type is fairly unlikely to support hawk nests. Gorresen et al (2008) estimated hawk population size based on a 2007 round- the-island survey. While the surveys were conducted on just a sample of Hawaiian forest sites— including at points near the property, which did not record any hawks— there were many sightings in forested areas of Ka`u, especially a few miles mauka. This wide-ranging raptor nests in large trees and can be vulnerable to disturbance during the nesting season from March through September. Although non-native barn owls (Tyto alba)were observed in the 2005 evening surveys, no Hawaiian short-eared owls or pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis)were detected. Despite the relatively poor habitat for pueo, it is likely to occasionally be present. Shorebirds that probably make use of the property and areas makai but were not seen during the surveys include the ruddy turnstone or `akekeke (Arenaria interpres), bristle-thighed curlew (Numenius tahitiensis), sanderling (Calidris alba), and various other sandpipers. Other native waterbirds that may make use of the various ponds along the shoreline include the endangered black- necked stilt or ae`o (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) and the endangered Hawaiian coot or `alae ke`oke`o (Fulica alae). According to the Kdwd Bay Acquisition and Habitat Restoration Project (Hawai`i DLNR-DOFAW 2007), the Hawaiian coot has been recorded from Punalu`u. No seabirds were detected through the two months of visual and listening surveys. Seabirds such as black noddies or noio (Anous minutus melanogenys), white-tailed tropicbirds or koa`e kea(Phaethon lepturus dorotheae), frigate birds or `iwa(Fregata minor palmerstoni), shearwaters (Puff nus sp.), Bulwer's petrels or `ou (Bulweria bulwerii), and boobies (Sula sp.) are all likely to make use of the airspace over the makai portion of the property, as they are often seen flying in nearby areas. Although they are very difficult to detect, the Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), the Hawaiian sub-species of Newell's shearwater(Pufnus auricularis newelli), and the band-rumped storm-petrel (Oceanodroma castro) have frequently been recorded by instruments overflying various areas on the Island of Hawaii at night between late April and the middle of December each year. The Hawaiian petrel and band-rumped storm-petrel are listed as endangered, and Newell's shearwater as threatened, under both federal and State of Hawaii endangered species statutes. These seabirds hunt over the ocean during the day and fly to higher elevations at night to roost and nest. The Hawaiian petrel and the band-romped storm petrel are known to nest at elevations well above 5,000 feet on the Big Island, nowhere near the property. During the breeding season from April through November, Newell's shearwaters burrow under ferns on forested mountain slopes. These burrows are used year after year and usually by the same pair of birds. Although capable of climbing shrubs and trees before taking flight, the birds need an open downhill flight path through which they can become airborne. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 8 Once abundant on all the main Hawaiian Islands, most Newell's shearwaters today are found in the steep terrain between 500 to 2,300 feet on Kauai (Banko 1980; Day et al 2003). Hawaiian petrels presently nest on the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa(Banko 1991, Hu 2001), in an area far mauka and to the north of Punalu`u. There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the property for any of these pelagic seabird species, and there is a high density of mammalian predators such as cats, rats, and mongooses. Nevertheless, these seabirds may overfly the property. The primary cause of mortality in all the T&E seabird species in Hawaii is thought to be predation by alien mammals at the nesting colonies. Collision with man-made structures is another significant cause. Night-flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. Disoriented seabirds may collide with manmade structures and, if not killed outright, become easy targets of predatory mammals. The property contains tall shrubs and trees and is suitable habitat for the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat(Lasiurus cinereus semotus), Hawai`i's only native land mammal. The solitary bat is found in most areas on the island of Hawaii and has been observed in many varieties of tall shrubs and trees (Hawai`i DLNR 2005; Bonaccorso 2010). Bats would be likely to forage for flying insects over the property on a seasonal basis and find some of the larger shrubs and trees suitable nesting habitat. According to the Hawaii DLNR(2005), "...the species is rarely observed using lava tubes, cracks in rocks, or man-made structures for roosting." Hawaiian hoary bats are vulnerable to disturbance during the summer pupping season. The 2005 survey was conducted during an era when biologists were seeking to determine the parts of the island that might have bat populations. The many surveys that resulted, including the efforts at Punalu`u, conclusively demonstrated that bats are present on the island in forested and non-forested areas; in dry, mesic and wet areas; in conservation, agricultural and urban zones; and at low, high and medium elevations (Hawai`i DLNR 2015). Key breeding habitat is found in the warmer temperatures ranges below 4,200 feet in elevation (Bonaccorso et al 2015). Details of the Punalu`u survey are contained in the Hart(2006), but in summary, it was conducted during six separate visits between September 4 to October 21, 2005. Eight survey sites spaced an average of 475 meters apart were used. Bat echolocation calls were sampled during 15-minute periods for several hours starting at sunset, using a heterodyne Pettersson D-100 Bat Detector set at a frequency of 30 KHz. The Hawaiian hoary bat was detected numerous times commuting through or searching for prey at seven of the eight sites on the property. The research confirmed conclusions from surveys at other sites that hoary bats forage preferentially in openings and over forest and riparian habitats because these areas support higher densities of flying insects. The site with the most consistent bat presence lay along a drainage with large Ficus trees and openings (golf lawns). The heterogeneous structure of the vegetation appeared to provide high quality foraging habitat. Another important site was near the abandoned restaurant and visitor center, where large, mixed, stand of introduced trees may have contained bat roosts. As for non-native mammals, we observed numerous small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus), several feral cats (Felis catus), and abundant sign of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) during our survey. Various other mammals would also be expected on the property, including mice (Mus spp.), rats (Rattus spp.), and perhaps feral goats (Capra hircus). None of these alien mammals have conservation value and all are deleterious to native flora and fauna. No land reptiles or amphibians were observed apart from several geckoes that were not identified to species. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 9 The survey did not cover invertebrates. Most T&E invertebrates in Hawaii are associated with predominantly native vegetation in sensitive environments. The coastal area, including the small estuary at Ninole Springs, is potentially habitat for the endangered damselfly Megalagrion xanthomelas. The shoreline vegetation zone, particularly the areas with sand surrounding the pahoehoe rocks behind the shoreline, could support the endangered yellow-faced bee Hylaeus anthracinus. We understand that these zones will not be disturbed and will have a large buffer from any development. In the areas of the property that might experience disturbance, the only T&E invertebrate that appeared at the outset of the survey to have some potential to be present was Blackburn's sphinx moth (Manduca blackburnii). It is found at various locations throughout West Hawaii but is not known to be present in coastal Ka`u. The adult moth feeds on nectar from native plants including beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ilie`e (Plumbago zeylanica), and maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana). Moth larvae that naturally feed upon the native aiea(Nothocestrum spp.)have adapted to feeding on non- native tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), which occupies disturbed areas such as open fields and roadway margins. There is no aiea in the vicinity. Tree tobacco is extremely common in dry parts of Kona and South Kohala, but it does not appear to have taken hold yet in Ka`u. No tree tobacco was observed, and the property as-is appears to be highly unlikely habitat for either it or Blackburn's sphinx moth. This survey also did not include marine biota, but it should be noted that Punalu`u is a well-known resting spot for threatened Central North Pacific distinct population segment of green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), or honu. Nearby Kawa is also a well-documented nesting area for the endangered hawksbill turtle or honu `ea(Eretmochelys imbricata), which also sometimes nests at Punalu`u(Gaos et al 2021). Our team has seen endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi)resting on the beach in various locations in the area, and it is presumed this occurs at Punalu`u as well. The presence of these species helps emphasize the sensitivity of the shoreline area. Biological Impacts and Recommended Mitigation Measures Botanical Impacts and Mitigation Measures As most of the property has been heavily disturbed in the past, and the only rare, threatened or endangered species—loulu—can readily be protected, further limited and sensitive development away from the coastal area is not likely to cause any significant botanical impacts. The following botany- specific mitigation measures are recommended: • The property contains numerous invasive species that are present island-wide and which would be difficult to eradicate or even control. However, any new development should endeavor to avoid introducing new invasive species. We recommend coordination with the Big Island Invasive Species Council (BIISC)to vet landscaping to exclude any invasive species. A landscaping plan that emphasized native and Polynesian-introduced species would help reduce risks. • Various portions of the property could provide suitable areas for outplanting of appropriate rare, threatened and endangered plants. Even though Ninole Gulch does not currently contain many native plant species, it should be preserved as potential habitat for any future native plant restoration efforts on the project site. Restoration efforts should be coordinated with the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, as well as other potential partners, as they may be willing and available, such as the Hawaii Wildlife Fund. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 10 • Development on the urban-wildland interface can increase the likelihood of wildfire,putting lives and property at risk and also causing vegetation damage that can have myriad effects. Remnant native patches within non-native vegetation types can be extirpated; burned terrain may lead to erosion and sedimentation that damages shoreline ecosystems and wildlife habitat; and individual endangered plants can be lost. Two loulu across the street from the Colony 1 condominiums at Sea Mountain already bear the scars of wildfire (Figure 3bb), which periodically sweeps over parts of the property,particularly the guinea grass and koa haole vegetation types. It is recommended that the developers consult with the Department of Land and Natural Resources or the Hawaii Wildfire Management Organization to discuss measures that could reduce the potential for wildfire and minimize effects when fires do occur. -bauna Impacts and Mitigation Measures Further limited and sensitive development away from the coastal area is not likely to cause any significant effect to native birds, with the mitigation specified below. We offer the following recommendations to reduce the spread of invasive animals and avoid or minimize impacts to State- listed endangered Hawaiian hawks, and federally-listed threatened or endangered seabirds, Hawaiian geese, Hawaiian waterbirds, and the Hawaiian hoary bat. • To minimize impacts to Hawaiian hawks, the developers should avoid earthmoving within 100 meters of tall trees or any tree cutting during the breeding season for Hawaiian hawks (March through the end of September). If this time period cannot be avoided, arrange for a hawk nest search to be conducted by a qualified biologist. If hawk nests are present on or near the project site, all land clearing activity should cease until the expiration of the breeding season. • To minimize impacts to the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, we recommend that trees taller than 15 feet not be removed or trimmed during the bat birthing and pup rearing season (June 1 through September 15). • To avoid potential seabird downing through interaction with outdoor lighting, no construction or unshielded equipment lighting should be used after dark between the months of April and October. All permanent lighting should be kept to minimum necessary levels, with shielded lights so as to lower the ambient glare, in conformance with the Hawaii County Outdoor Lighting Ordinance (Hawai`i County Code Chapter 9, Article 14). Furthermore, all exterior lighting should ideally consist of blue-deficient lighting such as filtered LED lights or amber LED lights, with a Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 2700 Kelvin or lower(as feasible, with available commercial lighting). This will not only reduce the risk that T&E seabirds may be attracted to and then disoriented by lighting, but will also assist in protecting dark skies. • To avoid impacts to the Hawaiian goose or nene, if construction work occurs during breeding season (September through April) on the former golf course in the vicinity of ponds, or any other area in which these birds are known to congregate, a trained biologist should conduct a survey for nests in and around the area of effect. Additional surveys should be conducted if there is a work stoppage of three or more days. If a Hawaiian goose nest is discovered within a 150-foot radius of the project site, work should stop and the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) should be contacted for further guidance. All staff should be informed of the presence of geese, and reduced speed limits implemented. Regardless of season, staff should be informed that if a Hawaiian goose is observed foraging or loafing in the project area, they should not approach or feed the animal. On a long-term basis, education through signs and website materials is critical to minimize harassment or feeding of nene by visitors. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 11 • To avoid impacts to Hawaiian waterbirds, water quality best management practices regarding sedimentation and erosion in aquatic environments should be incorporated into all project design. If construction work occurs in the vicinity of golf course ponds or within 100 feet of any shoreline, estuarine or anchialine pond, a pre-construction nest search should be undertaken in the area of effect. If Hawaiian waterbirds are observed to be present,project personnel and contractors should be informed about the presence of endangered species on-site and associated measures that may need to be taken/implemented. If a nest or active brood is found in an area potentially affected by construction, the USFWS should be contacted within 24 hours for further guidance. A 100-foot buffer should be established and maintained around all active nests and/or broods until the chicks/ducklings have fledged. No potentially disruptive activities or habitat alteration should occur within this buffer. • Landclearing and the movement of products such as scrap wood, rock fill and building materials can spread of invasive species,particularly little fire ants and coqui frogs. All imported landscaping materials and fill should be subject to a protocol of inspection—and treatment if necessary —to increase biosecurity, a measure for which future homeowners, resort visitors and the general public will be grateful. General Ecological Impacts and Mitigation Measures The ecologically valuable coastal areas could be highly sensitive to direct and indirect effects of development. In order to prevent this, we recommend that development avoid disturbance of shoreline areas to the greatest degree practical,particularly where there are substantial numbers of native plants and/or sensitive water resources. Standard Best Management Practices (BMPs) are expected to be required as part of grading plans developed for grading permits and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. These measures can be very effective in reducing erosion and sedimentation and other forms of pollution. They are highly site- and project-specific, but typical BMPs include the following: • Minimization of soil loss and erosion by revegetation and stabilization of slopes and disturbed areas of soil,possibly using hydromulch, geotextiles, or binding substances, as soon as possible after working; • Minimization of sediment loss by emplacement of structural controls possibly including silt fences, gravel bags, sediment ponds, check dams, and other barriers, in order to retard and prevent the loss of sediment from the site; • Minimizing disturbance of soil during periods of heavy rain; • Phasing of large projects in order to disturb a minimum necessary area of soil at a particular time; • Application of protective covers to soil and material stockpiles; • Construction and use of a stabilized construction vehicle entrances; • Use of drip pans beneath vehicles not in use in order to trap vehicle fluids; • Routine maintenance of BMPs by adequately trained personnel; and • Cleanup of significant leaks or spills and disposal at an approved site, if they occur. We also recommend design measures to be implemented throughout the property to avoid or minimize impacts to water resources and the flora and fauna that depend on them. The measures are based on Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 12 Low Impact Design (LID) Guidelines (Hawai`i CZM Program 2006). While not all design guidelines are appropriate to any given site, one principle that connects all LID practices is sustainability: LID is defined as a more sustainable land development pattern than the conventional method currently used in most areas. It incorporates a suite of landscaping and design techniques known as "Better Site Design"that attempt to maintain the natural, pre-development hydrology of a site and the surrounding watershed. An important LID principle is the idea that stormwater is not merely a waste product to be disposed of, but rather that rainwater is a resource. LID also integrates a range of structural best management practices (BMPs) for road design and stormwater and wastewater management systems that minimize environmental impacts (Hawai`i CZM Program 2006: 1-2). These guidelines seek to prevent environmental impacts rather than having to mitigate for them; minimize the use of regional stormwater conveyance systems; preserve natural areas; reduce impact on watershed hydrology; utilize less complex, non-structural methods to lower cost and maintenance; and create a multifunctional landscape. The measures are also consistent with the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)requirements and strategies needed to obtain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. They also comply with requirements and strategies needed to obtain certification in the Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES)program, which was developed, in part, by the American Society of Landscape Architects. These measures would act to reduce the quantity of hardscape, increase the infiltration capacity of the open areas, and reduce erosion and sedimentation. DESIGN CONCEPT 91 - Limit site disturbance: This design measure has a simple and straightforward rationale: the less area that is disturbed during site development and construction, the less potential there will be for increased erosion and sediment loss. This concept is most important for areas near the shoreline at Punalu`u. To ensure limited site disturbance: 1. As the property is developed, the architect should identify a proposed Building Envelope. All site improvements should fall within the limits of the proposed Building Envelope. Site improvements include, but are not limited to, built structures, private outdoor spaces, grading, drainage, fencing, and retaining walls. Certain site improvements, such as utility connections, may fall outside of the Building Envelope. Building Envelopes should respond to natural features, such as topography and vegetation. 2. Clearing and grading of the site should be done in such a way that existing, mature vegetation above and/or below an excavated area is preserved. Vegetated buffers above construction sites aid in the prevention of high-volume sheet flow across cut/fill areas. Vegetated buffers below construction sites help to filter and trap sediment before it can travel to existing waterways. 3. To ensure that significant natural characteristics such as landforms, vegetation, scenic qualities and open space are preserved, significant portions of the property should be reserved as "Natural Areas."No development will be allowed within the Natural Areas. 4. Naturally vegetated buffers at least 50 feet in width on both sides of Ninole Gulch should be delineated and preserved in a formal landscape plan. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 13 For areas within the Building Envelope, the following design concepts should be implemented: DESIGN CONCEPT 92 - Take a less engineered approach to site grading: Minimizing the amount of disturbed area is an important consideration in terms of reducing erosion. The unique physical characteristics of a site are also important and should be acknowledged and expressed in the site design and grading. Grading methods that strike a balance between the two and are not entirely focused on the efficiency of space are preferred. The following should be required to be considered in the development of each individual element: 1. The grading plan developed by a Civil Engineer in consultation with a Landscape Architect must keep aesthetics in mind and focus on the sense of place. All cut and fill slopes, retaining walls and other site features must be designed to blend into, and reflect the natural characteristic of the site and the surrounding area. Avoid grading that has static, engineered slopes that look unnatural and do not blend in with the surrounding topography. Encourage grading that has natural, undulating slopes that mimic the adjacent landforms and incorporates its natural features. 2. Foundations and exterior spaces should step down with, or be set into, the natural topography wherever practical. 3. Site grading must be adjusted to retain existing vegetation and trees, wherever possible. DESIGN CONCEPT 93 - Maximize percolation/Minimize runoff: Impervious surfaces such as roofs, driveway and parking areas,patios,pool decks and walkways reduce the absorption of rainwater into the ground and increase surface runoff. The following should be considered during development of each element to maximize percolation and minimize runoff: 1. Impervious surfaces should be reduced to the smallest area possible. All other areas should be maintained as landscaped area and covered with planting,porous stone ground cover or mulch. Wherever possible, all existing vegetated areas will be retained. 2. Utilize porous materials for driveways,parking areas, and outdoor spaces where possible. Rainwater from non-porous or semi-porous surfaces should be directed onto landscaped areas. Roof runoff can be captured in gutters and either directed to a cistern and stored for irrigation or directed to a landscaped area with the potential to absorb up to two inches of roof runoff, reducing the volume of site runoff even in moderately large storms. 3. Existing vegetated areas and proposed landscaped areas reduce the velocity of storm water runoff and prevent erosion. Landscaped areas allow runoff to percolate into the soil, which promotes groundwater recharge, filters sediment and other pollutants, and helps to prevent flooding. 4. Install grassed swales or drainage trenches, as needed, to direct and transmit excess surface flow to detention basins to collect and slow down runoff from impervious surfaces. 5. Proper design and monitoring of landscape irrigation are important considerations in controlling erosion and sedimentation, as well as minimizing water use. The following should be considered when designing and maintaining an irrigation system: a) Utilize low-flow/low application rate irrigation heads and drip irrigation that will not apply water faster than it can be absorbed by the soil. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 14 b) Separate irrigation valves/zones by plant type (combine plants with similar watering requirements), microclimate (i.e. sunny areas vs. shady areas), and physical site differences (i.e. slope areas vs. flat areas). c) Install a flow sensor which will shut off the irrigation system in the event of a sudden pressure loss due to a broken head, ruptured mainline or lateral line, or defective valve. DESIGN CONCEPT 94—Alternative approaches to slope retention/stabilization: To the extent possible, site disturbance/grading should be limited in order to minimize erosion and sediment loss. Proposed development can be designed to fit the natural contours, where possible. The use of retaining walls and graded slopes may be required in order to build on hilly terrain. Retaining walls can be effective in controlling erosion because they break-up and slow down the rate of surface flow on a slope. Where retaining walls and graded slopes are utilized, the following should be considered as alternate approaches to slope retention and stabilization in a plan designed by an Architect/Engineer in consultation with a Landscape Architect: 1. Existing vegetation should be retained wherever possible. When existing trees will be saved, the ground surface and flow of water will not be altered within an area that extends out 1-1/2 times the diameter of the drip line of the tree. Appropriate walls should be constructed to maintain existing grades. 2. All exposed slopes should be stabilized to prevent erosion and sedimentation. The following are options to consider instead of(or in addition to)planting; geotextile mats, erosion control blankets, temporary/permanent seeding, reinforced mats, bonded fiber matrices, and stone blankets. 3. Where possible, keep drainage as a natural, sheet surface flow. Runoff should be directed into grassed or vegetated swales, detention basins, landscaped areas, storm drains or other areas located downstream that are not prone to erosion. 4. All areas of exposed soil should be vegetated or covered with a stable layer of mulch as soon as the site grading is completed. All slope areas should be planted with trees, shrubs, and ground covers that are both appropriate for the area and are known to be effective for erosion control. The existing native plants found in the area and discussed in this report may be utilized. Report Limitations No biological survey of a large area can claim to have detected every species present. Some plant species are cryptic in juvenile or even mature stages of their life cycle. Dry conditions can render almost undetectable plants that an extended period of rainfall may later invigorate and make obvious. Thick brush can obscure even large, healthy specimens. Birds utilize different patches of habitat during different times of the day and seasons, and only long-term study can determine the exact species composition. Although this survey was conducted in accordance with accepted practice, the findings of this survey should be interpreted with proper caution; in particular, there is no warranty as to the absence of any particular species. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 15 Literature Cited or Consulted Banko, W.E. 1980. "Population Histories—Species Accounts Seabirds: Newell's Shearwater(`A`o)." Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report#5A. Banko, W.E., P.C. Banko, and R.E. David.1991. "Specimens and Probable Breeding Activity of the Band-Rumped Storm-Petrel on Hawai`i." Wilson Bulletin 103: 650-655. Bonaccorso, F.J. 2010. "Ope'ape'a: understanding the puzzles of Hawaii's only bat."Bat Conservation International 2 8(4):10-12. Bonaccorso, F.J., C.M. Todd, A.C. Miles, and P.M. Gorresen. 2015. "Foraging range movements of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Journal of Mammalogy 96(1):64-71. 2015 Cuddihy, L.W., and C.P. Stone, 1990.Alteration ofnative Hawaiian vegetation: effects ofhumans, their activities and introductions. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Daly, H.V., and K.N. Magnacca. 2003. Insects ofHawaii, vol. 17:Hawaiian Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Day, R.H., B. Cooper, and T.C. Telfer. 2003.Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters (Puffinus auricularis newelli) on Kauai, Hawaii. The Auk 120: 669-679. Gagne, W., and L. Cuddihy. 1990. "Vegetation,"pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds.,Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press. Gaos A.R., Kurpita L., Bernard H., Sundquist L., King C.S., Browning J.H., Naboa E., Kelly I.K., Downs K., Eguchi T., Balazs G., Van Houtan K., Johnson D., Jones T.T. and Martin S.L. 2021. "Hawksbill Nesting in Hawaii: 30-Year Dataset Reveals Recent Positive Trend for a Small, Yet Vital Population."Front. Mar. Sci. 8:770424. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.770424 Geometrician Associates. 2014.Flora and Fauna Survey, Lands of Kdwd. Ka`u, Island of Hawai`i. Prep. for Hawaii County Parks and Recreation Department. Hilo, Hawaii. Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte. 2013. Online Rainfall Atlas ofHawai`i. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, doi: 10.1 175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1. Gorresen, P.M., Camp, R.J., Klavitter, J.L. and T.K. Pratt. 2008.Abundance, Distribution and Population Trend of the Hawaiian Hawk: 1998-2007. Technical Report HCSU-009, Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit. Hart, P.J. 2006. "Biological Assessment, Sea Mountain at Punalu`u" Appendix C in Sea Mountain at Punalu`u Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Prep. by Group 70 International, Inc for Sea Mountain Five, LLC. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 16 Hawaii CZM Program. 2006. Low Impact Development:A Practitioner's Guide. Prepared by Horsley Witten Group for Hawaii CZM Pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA03NOS4190082. Honolulu. Available at: http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/czm/initiative/lid/lid guide_2006.pdf(Accessed February 2022) Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). 2005.Fact Sheet. `Ope`ape`a or Hawaiian Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus semotus. dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/files/2013/09/Fact-sheet-hawaiian-hoary-bat.pdf. Prep. by Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Honolulu. . 2006. Report to the Twenty-Fourth Legislature, 2007 Regular Session,from The South Kona- Ka`u Coastal Conservation Task Force. 2007. Kdwd Bay Acquisition and Habitat Restoration Project. 2015. Hawai`i's State Wildlife Action Plan. Hodel, D.R. 2012. Loulu: The Hawaiian Palm.: Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Hu, D., C. Glidden, J.S. Lippert, L. Schnell, J.S. MacIvor, and J. Meisler. 2001. "Habitat use and limiting factors in a population of Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrels on Mauna Loa, Hawai`i." Studies in Avian Biology 22: 234-242. Mitchell, C., C. Ogura, D.W. Meadows, A. Kane, L. Strommer, S. Fretz, D. Leonard, and A. McClung. 2005. Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources. National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific Populations of the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. Neal, M.C. 1965. "In Gardens of Hawaii."B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. PBR Hawaii. 1988.Punalu`u Resort, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Polhemus, D. 1996. "The orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly, Megalagrion xanthomelas (Odonata: Coenagrionidae): Clarifying the current range of a threatened species."Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 45: 30-53. Staples, G.W., and D.R. Herbst. 2005.A tropical garden flora:plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Townscape Hawai`i. 2009. Honu`apo Park Preliminary Draft Resources Management Plan. Prep. for Hawaii County Finance Department, Hilo, HI. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 17 U.S. Department of the Interior(USDOI), National Park Service. 2006. Ka`u Coast, Island ofHawai`i Reconnaissance Survey. August, 2007. Draft Comprehensive Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Nene or Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1973. Soil Survey oflsland ofHawai`i, State ofHawai`i. Washington: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. University of Hawaii at Hilo, Dept. of Geography. 1998.Atlas ofHawai`i. 3rd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wagner, W.L, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants ofHawai`i. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island ofHawai'i. USGS Misc Investigations Series Map i-2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 18 w � - e wr` � z� r i� r+ �' yyV e r it �I 5 1741 _ _ h 4 t r 'ure 2. Ve'etation Zones1 Loulu Locations GIC Base Map C Google Earth L W co a t t n � c 4 11 � i7 y LC t _ - z r M GC=Former, !i �' i i �=Resort Remains K=�C©a Hac��e Shra6 Biological Survey PunPuna Black / Beach LLC Properties, Page 20 M ure 3. Pro er Photos rA✓- y iy u YF a. k'n iStj�.3 •.. .� . •. b�d ,.. � yam,. Rom. 3a. Former golf course and pond,regularly mown portion ♦ 3b. Former golf course, less frequently mown t tfLX� WOO mw 1d'f3"�'r� � rtmd �`� 3 r1� -t . {�,. Y: � - � � ➢v'� �' i�K�`�^�� >..'���:'n`'} r e �,-t � � �� ti `4�f fi� ,._,,.,.� rw.,.sJ.Y ar_,.".�e4 s �4�':.`. •,. `. � '^. `'dAS 1 ' Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 21 Figure 3. Property Vegetation Photos ti �0{yI VI LR g �. .. '•X' `ill Y\ � �, 3c. Guinea grass zone interfingering with koa haole ♦3d. Guinea grass zone on edge of golf course. t , # Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 22 '!" —FI . SKI d..3 . J �1 i I fe rl lot 011a' fi to N. op .}� +. v,' a ,i,ir }• AV r • Figure 3. Property Vegetation Photos t t gi r� � �� S�/ ��" '��� u.�"k�°' A¢.� n h• d" 8y�r # � r � ' 3g.Pasture with guinea grass, lantana, and various shrubs and trees ♦ 3h. Several alahe`e (and lar e monke od) in pasture a.: a Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 24 mW t AL ViTlw LWOMW min k.4 �Xa�� ' w Ste'• 'K�', y k�r r L. rn N a fik, t-� \ � i` ,. yi,. ¥:poi. n ,}•'. t"�}:F. �tl A ilia 7 A " cAW ;r XO��r x ,VA 11 rN �` r ws ` A .l_ jej�or '� y K 1 ' l r n r x - r aOV �a , r Y4. Jq�9�j f • �'� � r ia,�"�'x�R:c,w--_.. �!i�e1. .., , � L '�,f aIy �y� �- �� i,�y� s � rfi� wr r y ff ' t . a - " S 50' Ax aVh Y paq .S, vy�, �,�3k" ii M1 � 2 Ar ell 1. r. e v Y y t dlu' s Fi ure 3. Pro er Ve etation Photos �M,r r 4 3q.Northern half of shoreline ♦ 3r. Southern half of shoreline Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 29 rt r IT Ad y 4 1 w nL ' IMM • 1. 1 d 0 R ( d t k l•"• M �a Figure 3. Property Vegetation Photos PH A �� � � � �:•� '� 1 ''�.+ "q5 it�.�if .l � ri [r�(�,a�tfi�' �6�`'.q� �v c�Q7 �>t 7' /q$ T '�' "� W,,Mi f�� •, �r � � /�jpI 1 ,S�YI `�., �,l�.,a 7 �♦r��� Syr Vr�, .� �' KX 3u. Marshy wetland (Schoenoplectus) ♦ 3v. Woody wetland(button mangrove and milo) VE 4 d' 1 5 O,9�R' ar ' +,. 4 it3b• 5 f f`� a ' ^tt �M� a r AR , �r4 'o k' +,�g V1 a , �✓1f f I.�. � '. t-''� l' �� .� ,.. / c '9i�5�e •Y s vw���` �, �.yrr.T ��;,m�. �� ', ^Y� r~ �yq �� ,:ice .i �,a �,�efi -•�' �R` `.�,may,r^` ,� -,e�.� / Y'f S"""f� y ry�(�''fir f= !f •► � � + t'tr$4 �' ,�:y�r� Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 31 Figure 3. Property Vegetation Photos i 3w. Wave-affected shallow tidepools ♦ 3x. Tourists viewing turtles A �. r c, _ i}4 � 4 _ Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 32 • alliffills life 1 •1 1Ao, / ' • � y i x A J� p ' r I '1 �y '� _yP a�t1 � �Y r�. it C y �r � '' �.. �• ��• -'" J�'Wy_,j •����p VY +�t�li Jr �♦♦�� � 4 r s ' .....ter«. .�� er�'+�� ••;9`�� ��� ;wr �7' �� d _y Oon AW J ;sapa ,r r w � f Figure 3. Critical Habitat in Region Ka'u Silversord Uni0'* Picture-wing Fly Units Res@ ive Property 0 1 2mi Naa ke hu Source: USFWS,https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/critical-habitat.html Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 35 Table 1. Plant Species Identified in Survey Area Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Abutilon grandifolium Malvaceae Hairy abutilon Herb A Acacia confusa Fabaceae Formosan koa Tree A Acaciafarnesiana Fabaceae Klu Shrub A Adiantum hispidulum Pteridaceae Rough maidenhair Fern A Agave sisalana Asparagaceae Agave Shrub A Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae Siris tree Tree A Aleurites moluccana Euphorbiaceae Kukui Tree A Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Spiny amaranth Herb A Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae Mexican creeper Vine A Araucaria columnaris Araucanaceae Cook pine Tree A Argemone glauca Papaveraceae Pua kala Herb E Bacopa monnieri Plantaginaceae Bacopa,Aeae Herb I Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Philippine violet Shrub A Bidens cynapiifolia Asteraceae Blue bidens Herb A Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Beggar's tick Herb A Boerhavia coccinea Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia Herb A Bothriochloa pertusa Poaceae Pitted beardgrass Grass A Bougainvillea sp. Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea Shrub A Buddleia asiatica Scrophulariaceae Buddleia Shrub A Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fabaceae Poinciana Tree A Callistemon sp. Myrtaceae Bottle brush Tree A Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae Kamani Tree PI Calyptocarpus vialis Asteraceae Calyptocarpus Herb A Canavalia cathartica Fabaceae Maunaloa Vine A Carica papaya Caricaceae Papaya Tree A Carissa macrocarpa Apocynaceae Natal plum Shrub A Cassia fistula Fabaceae Golden shower tree Tree A Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarmaceae Ironwood Tree A Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Madagascar Periwinkle Shrub A Cenchrusechinatus Poaceae Sandbur Grass A Ceratonia siliqua Fabaceae Carob Tree A Chamaecrista nictitans Fabaceae Partridge pea Herb A Chloris barbata Poaceae Swollen fingergrass Grass A Chrysophyllum cainito Sapotaceae Star apple Tree A Clusia rosea Clusiaceae Autograph tree Tree A Coccoloba uvifera Polygonaceae Sea grape Tree A Cocculus orbiculatus Menispermaceae Huehue Vine I Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 36 Table 1,continued Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Cocos nucifera Aracariaceae Coconut Tree PI Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae Croton Shrub A Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Hairy honohono Herb A Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae Honohono Herb A Conocarpus erectus Combretaceae Button mangrove Shrub A Cordia subcordata Boraginaceae Kou Tree I Cordyline fruticosa Asparagaceae Ti Shrub PI Crassocephalum Asteraceae Crassocephalum Herb A cre idioides Crotalaria spp. Fabaceae Rattlebox Herb A Cycas revoluta Cycadaceae Sago palm Shrub A Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Bermuda grass Grass A Cyperus laevigatus Cyperaceae Makaloa Sedge I Cyperus polystachyos Cyperaceae Pycreus Sedge I Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae Beach wiregrass Grass A Delonix regia Fabaceae Royal poinciana Tree A Desmodium incanum Fabaceae Desmodium Vine A Desmodium intortum Fabaceae Desmodium Vine A Digitaria insularis Poaceae Sourgrass Grass A Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscoreaceae Five-leaf yam Vine PI Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae `A`ali`i Shrub I Doryopteris decipiens Pteridaceae `Iwa`iwa Fern E Dracaena draco Asparagaceae Dragon tree Tree A Dracaena fragrans Asparagaceae Corn plant Tree A Dracaena marginata Asparagaceae Money tree Tree A Dypsis decaryi Arecaceae Triangle palm Tree A Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae Water hyacinth Herb A Eleusine indica Poaceae Goosegrass Grass A Emilia fosbergii Asteraceae Pualele Herb A Epipremnum aureum Areaceae Pothos Vine A Eragrostis pectinacea Poaceae Carolina lovegrass Grass A Erythrina variegata Fabaceae Wiliwili haole Tree A Eucalyptus saligna Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Tree A Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Kaliko Shrub A Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Garden spurge Herb A Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Pencil tree Shrub A Ficus benjamina Moraceae Weeping fig Tree A Ficus elastica Moraceae Rubber tree Tree A Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 37 Table 1,continued Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Ficus microcarpa Moraceae Chinese banyan Tree A Ficus sp.' Moraceae Ficus Tree A Fimbristylis cymosa Cyperaceae Mau`u `aki`aki Herb I Grevillea robusta Proteaceae Silver oak Tree A Heliotropium currasavicum Boraginaceae Nena Herb I Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Hibiscus Shrub A Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae Han Tree I or PI? Hylocereus undatus Cactaceae Night blooming cereus Shrub A Hyptis pectinata Lamiaceae Comb hptis Shrub A Indigofera suffruticosa Fabaceae Indigo Shrub A Ipomoea cairica Convolvulaceae Ivy-leaf morning glory Vine A Ipomoea indica Convolvulaceae Morning glory Vine I Ipomoea obscura Convolvulaceae Morning glory Vine A Ipomoea pes-caprae Convolvulaceae Beach morning glory Vine I Ipomoea triloba Convolvulaceae Little bell Vine A Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Ixora Shrub A Jacquemontia ovalifolia Convolvulaceae Pa`u o Hi`iaka Vine I Jatropha integerrima Euphorbiaceae Peregrina Tree A Jatropha podagrica Euphorbiaceae Buddha-belly Shrub A Justicia betonica Acanthaceae White shrimp plant Shrub A Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Air plant Shrub A Kalanchoe tubiflora Crassulaceae Chandelier plant Herb A Lantana camara Verbenaceae Lantana Shrub A Leonotis nepetifolia Lamiaceae Lion's ear Herb A Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae Haole koa Tree A Livistona chinensis Arecaceae Chinese fan palm Tree A Lycium sandwicense Solanaceae `Ohelo kai Herb I Macroptilium lathyroides Fabaceae Cow pea Shrub A Malvastrum Malvaceae False mallow Herb A coromandelianum Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Tree A Megathyrsus maximus Poaceae Guinea grass Grass A Melaleuca quinquenervia Myrtaceae Paperbark tree Tree A Melia azedarach Meliaceae Chinaberry Tree A Melinus minutiflora Poaceae Molasses grass Grass A Melinis repens Poaceae Natal red top Grass A Merremia tuberosa Convolvulaceae Wood rose Vine A Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Sensitive plant Herb A Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 38 Table 1,continued Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Bitter gourd Vine A Monstera deliciosa Araceae Monstera Vine A Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae Nom Tree PI Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Mock orange Shrub A Nasturtium microphyllum Brassicaceae Nasturtium Vine A Neonotonia wightii Fabaceae Glycine Herb A Nephrolepis mult flora Lomariopsidaceae Sword fern Fern A Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Oleander Tree A Nymphaea lotus Nymphaeaceae Water lily Herb A Ochna thomasiana Ochnaceae Mickey Mouse plant Shrub A Olea europea Oleaceae Olive Tree A Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Creeping wood sorrel Herb A Pandanus tectorius Pandanaceae Hala Tree I Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae False ragweed Herb A Paspalum vaginatum Poaceae Seashore paspalum Grass A Pass flora edulis Passifloraceae Lilikoi Vine A Pass flora suberosa Passifloraceae Huehue haole Vine A Peperomia leptostachya Piperaceae Peperomia Herb I Philodendron cordatum Araceae Heartleaf philodendron Vine A Phlebodium aureum Polypodiaceae Hare's foot fern Fern A Phoenix roebelinii Arecaceae Dwarf date palm Shrub A Phoenix sp. Arecaceae Date palm Shrub A Phymatosorus grossus Polypodiaceae Maile scented fern, Fern A lau`ae Pithecellobium dulce Fabaceae Opiuma Tree A Pityrogramma calomelanos Pteridaceae Silver Fern Fern A Plantago major Plantaginaceae Common plantain Herb A Pluchea carolinensis Asteraceae Sourbush Shrub A Plumbago auriculata Plumbaginaceae Leadwort Shrub A Plumeria sp. Apocynaceae Plumeria Shrub A Polyscias fruticosa Araliaceae Parsley panax Tree A Portulaca lutea Portulacaceae Ihi Herb I Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Pigweed Herb A Portulaca pilosa Portulacaceae Akulikuli Herb A Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 39 Table 1, continued Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Pritchardia maideniana Arecaceae Loulu Tree End Pritchardia pacifzca Arecaceae Fiji fan palm Tree A Pritchardia thurstonii Arecaceae Thurston's fan palm Tree A Prosopis pallida Fabaceae Kiawe Tree A Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Common guava Tree A Psilotum nudum Psilotaceae Moa Fem I all Psydrax odorata Rubiaceae Alahe'e Tree I Ptychosperma elegans Arecaceae Solitaire palm Tree A Pyrostegia venusta Bignoniaceae Huapala Vine A Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor bean Shrub A Rivina humilis Phytolaccaceae Pokeweed Shrub A Rumex crispus Polygonaceae Curly dock Herb A Sacciolepis indica Poaceae Glenwood grass Grass A Samanea saman Fabaceae Monkeypod Tree A Scaevola taccada Goodemaceae Naupaka kahakai Shrub I Schefflera actinophylla Araliaceae Octopus tree Tree A Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Christmas-berry Shrub A Schoenoplectus Cyperaceae `Aka `akai Sedge I tabernaemonti Senna occidentalis Fabaceae Coffee senna Herb A Sesuvium portulacastrum Aizoaceae Akulikuli Herb I Sida fallax Malvaceae `Ilima Shrub I Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Broom weed Herb A Solanum americanum Solanaceae Popolo Shrub I Solanum linnaeanum Solanaceae Sodom apple Shrub A Solanum torvum Solanaceae Turkeyberry Herb A Sophora tomentosa Fabaceae Yellow necklace pod Shrub A Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae African tulip tree Tree A Spermacoce assurgens Rubiaceae Buttonweed Herb A Sphagneticola trilobata Asteraceae Wedelia Shrub A Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae Jamaican vervain Shrub A Strelitzia reginae Strelitziaceae Bird of paradise Herb A Stylosanthes viscosa Fabaceae Stylosanthes Herb A Syagrus romanzoffiana Arecaceae Queen palm Tree A Synedrella nod flora Asteraceae Nodeweed Herb A Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Java plum Tree A Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae Rose apple Tree PI Terminalia catappa Combretaceae False kamani Tree A Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Milo Tree I Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 40 Table 1,continued Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Status Form Thevetia peruviana Apocynaceae Be-still tree Tree A Tradescantia spathacea Commelinaceae Oyster plant Herb A Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Gunpowder tree Tree A Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Coat buttons Herb A Triumfetta semitriloba Tiliaceae Sacramento burr Herb A Urochloa mutica Poaceae California grass Grass A Waltheria indica Malvaceae `Uhaloa Herb I Yucca elephantipes Asparagaceae Spineless yucca Shrub A *A=alien;I=indigenous;E=endemic;PI=Polynesian introduction Includes species recorded in 2006 Hart survey but not observed in 2022. 'Unknown ficus not listed in Wagner et al 1990,Neal 1965,or Staples and Herbst 2005. Some non-native ornamental palms not identified to genus. Table 2. Pritchardia Trees Identified in 2006 and 2022 On/Near Property Location Species Found Number of UTM(mE/mN)* Trees Golf Course Parking Lot P. maideniana 2 235840 2117092 Golf Course Parking Lot P. thurstonial 5 235857 2117082 Golf Course Parking Lot Livistona chinensisl 1 235823 2117091 Main Beach Pond Front P. maideniana 2 3 236643 2117838 Main Beach Pond Side P. maideniana 2 1 236636 2117871 Main Beach Pond Side P. maideniana 2 1 236650 2117882 Punalu`u Road P. maideniana3 6 236508 2117933 Punalu`u Road P. maideniana3 1 236507 2117945 Restaurant Parking Lot P. maideniana3 3 236525 2117987 Restaurant Parking Lot P. maideniana3 3 236499 2117982 Golf Course P. maideniana 5 235970 2118102 Tennis Court P. maideniana 2 235932 2117570 Aspen Maintenance Shed P. maideniana 1 235427 2117564 *NAD 87 UTM Zone 4 ' Species labeled P. maideniana in 2006.Re-evaluated in 2022. 2 Presumed,based on assessment of specimens that is uncertain because of absence/lack of access to fruit,flowers or leaves,or presence of intermediate characteristics. Shortest palm at main beach,pond side may be Fiji fan palm or hybrid. s Possibly off-property Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 41 Table 3 Bird Species Identified on Property Scientific Name Common Name Status Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Alien Resident Branta sandvicensis* Hawaiian Goose (Nene) Endemic Resident Caidina moschata Muscovy Duck Alien Resident Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal Alien Resident Car odacus mexicanus House Finch Alien Resident Gallus domesticus Domestic Chicken Alien Resident Geo elia striata Zebra Dove Alien Resident Heteroscelus incanus Wandering Tattler `Ulili Migratory Indigenous Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin Alien Resident N cticorax n cticorax hoactli Black-Crowned Night-Heron Indigenous Resident Paroaria ca itata Yellow-Billed Cardinal Alien Resident Passer domesticus House Sparrow Alien Resident Pluvialis ulva Pacific Golden-Plover Kolea Migratory Indigenous Serinus mozambicus Yellow-Fronted Canary Alien Resident Sicalis aveola Saffron Finch Alien Resident Stre to elia chinensis Spotted Dove Alien Resident T to alba Common Barn Owl Alien Resident Zostero s a onicus I Japanese White-Eye Alien Resident Includes species recorded in 2006 Hart survey but not observed in 2022 *Listed threatened species Biological Survey Punalu`u Black Sand Beach LLC Properties, Page 42 DECEMBER 142023//////// NINOLE-PUNALUU - SUPPLEMENTAL ZONE MAP KAU DISTRICT-SECTION 25-9-28 o. ZONE DEFINITION icultunl DiA,ia(.in—b.ildim s eof 20 acres CKIO Village Commercial Distra(min um landareaof 10,000 uare feet r ed fare h bu Id'n site MultpleFam ly Rai de I D'trio(raga red IaM ar® of 2,000 square fea for exh dwelli,..it or for exh en 1—it Multpl—ily Residerrcial District(required land ar® of 2,500 are fea for exh dwelli unit or for exh MultpleFamily Residerrcial District(required land ar® of 3,000 are fea for exh dwelli unit or for exh R.ft+H tel District(required land a square feet for®ch dwelling unit or for®ch separate ,table unit or other similar rentable unitsjs 500' 1,000' I I DECEMBER 142023//////// ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY *see full report for complete inventory - Preservation Site/Feature - Burial Preservation Site Site not relocated Site outside of project area --- Trail - Not in project area Vul koory pazrorm eon« mn ar , A91--k— eye Mqi wem noumn..ak k.me. bce.a a 11 wem no�—mn.yak b.—. onrosMO S00' 1,000' I I DECEMBER 142023//////// Punalu'u Village SITE PLAN - DESIGN CONCEPT OOW Punalu'u Village Resmra' .Old Resau nt Grounds-Reb are Landscape Hales,Lu'aurinformation Cenrer © Open Markel,Res and Inform Cenmr •Across the Road-Fish Market&Resrauran5 Open Marker,Pudic Retrooms OColom Two Cantos•63 Condo Units Village&Wellness Cenmr •Sports Cenmr Ten..s Courts,Gym,Swimming Pool&Pro shop •V Ilage Cenrer-Bakery/Rerauanr,K'u Coffee Show •Wellness Cenrer&Accommodations-Facilitie t/-130 Ren¢I Units for Overnght Stay OASRpen Retreatng Aspen Immure •Retreat 30 Units OResmre Exisline GOH Facilities Re tore ae exeti ring Gdf Cou se&Driving Range •Remrng Gdf Clubhouse OC.".- on Management Areas •Area#I t/- 2 Acres •Esablish Punaluu Coa 1—Managemenr Area •Preserve the beauty d the Coastline - •Protect Marine life H.IE.s •Protecr Na rural Resource •Protecr Gathering&Fishing Rigs •Provide Education&Recreazional Opportu,— OProposed Reeadished Fire Break OCompou S—k Pile 500' 1,000' BER 14 2023 w'. Punalu'u Village • OOld Punalu'u Vil Restoration / • Y • • .Old Resaurant G G..rounds-Restore Landscape/ Hales,L.'-,Inform....Center Openark Met,Restauram and Information / OCn •Across the Road Fsh Mark.&Resraurant it Open Marker,P.M- Rutrooms OC.Io Two Condos•63 C-,b Units • •fie � OVdUge&Wellness Cemer •Sports Center Teri s Courts,Gym Sw mm.g47 Pool&Pro shop •vdla Center Bakery/Rutauam,Kau Coffee SY w yam_ 'T've¢f3e>""�d7� .•�'f Showroom •WelI.—Center&Accommodations Fu Ftes • • • 6 — t +/-130 Renal Unia for Overri ht Syta ©Aspen Retreat Y yi _.-i • •Restore existng Aspen Insttute .e' Q[�'/ •Reme.30 Uri is ORestore Ex d GOH F I'es T Retore e -g Gdf Co se&Driving •lk t exntng Gdf Clubhouse f - z•y: ,\4- U,.,' OC.nservazwn Manaeement •Area#I+/2962 Acres •Estabfsh P...V.C.esd-ne Management Area Q(} - •Preserve the beauty d the C..,-ne /\6 •Protect Mare I fe Hab.. •Protect M..0 I R es otec / •Prt Gathe-g&F hing Rigs ' •Prov de Edu &R reazional Opp.rtu.itiu - ti A . pi/SITE PLAN - SCALE I" = 200' SO' 2SO? SW DEC e� VILLAGE& WELLNESS CENTER u e,, r iq�rr � O a s- t • Y �`� .z •• • t i ) a � E�, ���,4.i g(Ittf ilry, a _•�/ W rnri�rni �' � C i a I�,� C 4 SITE PLAN 25' 100' 250' DECEMBER,112023 lO MAIN ENTRY&TOUR BUS DROP-OFF/PICK-UP AREA 2O E�i$TING PARKING LOT TO REMAIN 30 ARTISAN GARDEN HALE'S FOR ART DISPLAYS AND/OR RELAXATION ®EXISTING ART&CULTURAL MUSEUM PAVILION TO BE RENOVATED 23 OMULTI-PURPOSE EVENT LAWN/LUAU AREA FOR SPECIAL PRIVATE& • >" COMMUNITY EVENTS ©VISITOR WELCOME CENTER-RENOVATE FORMER RESTAURANT HALES O O EXISTING NATURAL ANCHIALINE PONDS TO BE RESTOREI (REMOVE INVASIVE SPECIES)&PROTECTED1, ` - ' �� // ,,/,f,✓/ 9 13 ®EXISTING COCONUT GROVE W/PICNIC TABLE SEATING 16 i 23 90 EVENT GARDENS SERVICE ACCESS Sl l\I 16 10 NATIVE HAWAIIAN DISPLAY GARDENS a II WEDDING CEREMONY AREA @ PERFORMANCE AREA 'ir' 4 �t.•. � 10 �4 21i ^, DRYLAND LO'I �j `�: t 21 8� Yj1�. 17 r t of i> EXISTING 13 CONCESSION STAND BEACH CLUB CAFE I S 17 n�! u �� 16 EXISTING WATER FEATURE&POND TO BE RESTORED {I, — 6 17 EXISTING BRIDGE CROSSINGS TO BE REPAIRED ' `�' 20 , ..., \ 18 ADA ACCESSIBLE RAMPS ' 12 � � g ��V` 22/1 19 IMU PREP AREA 7 _J 1 20 EXISTING LOULU PALM GROVE&ROCK OUTCROP TO REMAIN I5 '., • B 21 PERFORMANCE GRASS STAGE ,��•' ,t "� 1'`-JJ+�Y,,.� J 9 � 22 EXISTING SPECIMEN TREES TO REMAIN 23 EXISTING VEGETATION TO REMAIN T �� 24 PUBLIC RESTROOM,OPEN MARKET,FISH MARKET AND SEAFOOD a RESTAURANT ..�... .. PROPOSED VILLAGE RESTORATION 10, so' l oo' I I I oECEMBExiazoz3 9 r' ry( Y til .r P OSED OPE MARKETAND NT 10' so' ioa i i i DECEMBER 142023 4 i 41 F , I fl tt I i 4 PROPOSED _ COLONY 2 10' 50' 100' I I I DECEMBER tl 2023 r JA EXISTING STREAM EXISTING ASPEN I VK \ �v TO BE 'xt1 30 RETREAT UNITS PROPOSE6 ASPEN INSTITUTE 10' so' ioa i i i DECEMBER 142023 CONCEPT IMAGES h LWELLNESS CENTER 40, ASPEN CENTER RETREAT WELLNESS CENTER A�E i� RENTAL UNITS x is as Y r ' DECEMBER 142023//////// NINOLE-PUNALUU - SUPPLEMENTAL ZONE MAP KAU DISTRICT-SECTION 25-9-28 o. ZONE DEFINITION cultural Dirties m mb.ildm si.of 20 xres CKIO Village Commercial Distra(min um landxeaof 10,000 uxe feet r ed f e h bu Id'n site MultpleFam ly Rai de I D'trio(raga red IaM ar® of 2,000 square fees for exh dwelling unit or for exh en able Multpi—pi Resid 141 District(required land.— of 2,500 are fees for exh dwellin unit or for exh Multple4.ily Residerrcial District(required Iand ar® P of 3,000 are fees for exh dwellin unit or for exh Planning Dept. R.ft+H el Dhtr a( q' d Iand a of I,500 n square feet for®ch dw If g u.it or for®ch separate Exhibit 3 .table un t or othe fl entable u.is 500' 1,000' 1 1 DECEMBER 142023//////// ARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY *see full report for complete inventory - Preservation Site/Feature - Burial Preservation Site Site not relocated Site outside of project area --- Trail - Not in project area Vul koory pazrorm eon« mn ar , A91--k— eye Mqi wem noumn..ak k.me. bce.a a 11 wem no�—mn.yak b.—. onrosMO S00' 1,000' I I DECEMBER 142023//////// Punalu'u Village SITE PLAN - DESIGN CONCEPT OOW Punalu'u Village Resmra' .Old Resau nt Grounds-Reb are Landscape Hales,Lu'aurinformation Cenrer © Open Markel,Res and Inform Cenmr •Across the Road-Fish Market&Resrauran5 Open Marker,Pudic Retrooms OColom Two Cantos•63 Condo Units Village&Wellness Cenmr •Sports Cenmr Ten..s Courts,Gym,Swimming Pool&Pro shop •V Ilage Cenrer-Bakery/Rerauanr,K'u Coffee Show •Wellness Cenrer&Accommodations-Facilitie t/-130 Ren¢I Units for Overnght Stay OASRpen Retreatng Aspen Immure •Retreat 30 Units OResmre Exisline GOH Facilities Re tore ae exeti ring Gdf Cou se&Driving Range •Remrng Gdf Clubhouse OC.".- on Management Areas •Area#I t/- 2 Acres •Esablish Punaluu Coa 1—Managemenr Area •Preserve the beauty d the Coastline - •Protect Marine life H.IE.s •Protecr Na rural Resource •Protecr Gathering&Fishing Rigs •Provide Education&Recreazional Opportu,— OProposed Reeadished Fire Break OCompou S—k Pile 500' 1,000' BER 14 2023 w'. Punalu'u Village • OOld Punalu'u Vil Restoration / • Y • • .Old Resaurant G G..rounds-Restore Landscape/ Hales,L.'-,Inform....Center Openark Met,Restauram and Information / OCn •Across the Road Fsh Mark.&Resraurant it Open Marker,P.M- Rutrooms OC.Io Two Condos•63 C-,b Units • •fie � OVdUge&Wellness Cemer •Sports Center Teri s Courts,Gym Sw mm.g47 Pool&Pro shop •vdla Center Bakery/Rutauam,Kau Coffee SY w yam_ 'T've¢f3e>""�d7� .•�'f Showroom •WelI.—Center&Accommodations Fu Ftes • • • 6 — t +/-130 Renal Unia for Overri ht Syta ©Aspen Retreat Y yi _.-i • •Restore existng Aspen Insttute .e' Q[�'/ •Reme.30 Uri is ORestore Ex d GOH F I'es T Retore e -g Gdf Co se&Driving •lk t exntng Gdf Clubhouse f - z•y: ,\4- U,.,' OC.nservazwn Manaeement •Area#I+/2962 Acres •Estabfsh P...V.C.esd-ne Management Area Q(} - •Preserve the beauty d the C..,-ne /\6 •Protect Mare I fe Hab.. •Protect M..0 I R es otec / •Prt Gathe-g&F hing Rigs ' •Prov de Edu &R reazional Opp.rtu.itiu - ti A . pi/SITE PLAN - SCALE I" = 200' SO' 2SO? SW DEC e� VILLAGE& WELLNESS CENTER u e,, r iq�rr � O a s- t • Y �`� .z •• • t i ) a � E�, ���,4.i g(Ittf ilry, a _•�/ W rnri�rni �' � C i a I�,� C 4 SITE PLAN 25' 100' 250' DECEMBER,112023 lO MAIN ENTRY&TOUR BUS DROP-OFF/PICK-UP AREA 2O E�i$TING PARKING LOT TO REMAIN 30 ARTISAN GARDEN HALE'S FOR ART DISPLAYS AND/OR RELAXATION ®EXISTING ART&CULTURAL MUSEUM PAVILION TO BE RENOVATED 23 OMULTI-PURPOSE EVENT LAWN/LUAU AREA FOR SPECIAL PRIVATE& • >" COMMUNITY EVENTS ©VISITOR WELCOME CENTER-RENOVATE FORMER RESTAURANT HALES O O EXISTING NATURAL ANCHIALINE PONDS TO BE RESTOREI (REMOVE INVASIVE SPECIES)&PROTECTED1, ` - ' �� // ,,/,f,✓/ 9 13 ®EXISTING COCONUT GROVE W/PICNIC TABLE SEATING 16 i 23 90 EVENT GARDENS SERVICE ACCESS Sl l\I 16 10 NATIVE HAWAIIAN DISPLAY GARDENS a II WEDDING CEREMONY AREA @ PERFORMANCE AREA 'ir' 4 �t.•. � 10 �4 21i ^, DRYLAND LO'I �j `�: t 21 8� Yj1�. 17 r t of i> EXISTING 13 CONCESSION STAND BEACH CLUB CAFE I S 17 n�! u �� 16 EXISTING WATER FEATURE&POND TO BE RESTORED {I, — 6 17 EXISTING BRIDGE CROSSINGS TO BE REPAIRED ' `�' 20 , ..., \ 18 ADA ACCESSIBLE RAMPS ' 12 � � g ��V` 22/1 19 IMU PREP AREA 7 _J 1 20 EXISTING LOULU PALM GROVE&ROCK OUTCROP TO REMAIN I5 '., • B 21 PERFORMANCE GRASS STAGE ,��•' ,t "� 1'`-JJ+�Y,,.� J 9 � 22 EXISTING SPECIMEN TREES TO REMAIN 23 EXISTING VEGETATION TO REMAIN T �� 24 PUBLIC RESTROOM,OPEN MARKET,FISH MARKET AND SEAFOOD a RESTAURANT ..�... .. PROPOSED VILLAGE RESTORATION 10, so' l oo' I I I oECEMBExiazoz3 9 r' ry( Y til .r P OSED OPE MARKETAND NT 10' so' ioa i i i DECEMBER 142023 4 i 41 F , I fl tt I i 4 PROPOSED _ COLONY 2 10' 50' 100' I I I DECEMBER tl 2023 r JA EXISTING STREAM EXISTING ASPEN I VK \ �v TO BE 'xt1 30 RETREAT UNITS PROPOSE6 ASPEN INSTITUTE 10' so' ioa i i i DECEMBER 142023 CONCEPT IMAGES h LWELLNESS CENTER 40, ASPEN CENTER RETREAT WELLNESS CENTER A�E i� RENTAL UNITS x is as Y r ' Roy, Alex From: Daryn Arai <Daryn.Arai@outlook.com> Sent: Friday, December 29, 2023 11:28 AM To: Roy,Alex Subject: PL-SMA-2023-000046 (95-810 NINOLE LOOP RD HI) - Statement of Compliance with HRS Chapter 343 Aloha Mr. Roy. Please accept this email as expressing our position that an environmental assessment is not required to support the above-referenced application as the proposed project does not involve any of the specific actions identified in HRS Section 343-5 that would require the preparation of a such a document, as expressed in the matrix below: APPLICABLE ACTIONS DEFINED BY HRS 343-5 RESPONSE use of state or county lands, including construction Proposed project does not affect any State or County-owned Lands, within R.O.W. including public rights-of-ways. ALL primary roadway systems servicing the proposed project are existing,with the majority of it privately-owned and maintained. use of state or county funds No government funds are being sought to support the proposed project. use within conservation district No improvements or uses are proposed within the State Land Use Conservation District. use within shoreline setback No uses or improvements are proposed within the 40-foot shoreline setback area. ALL proposed project elements will be situated along the mauka side of Ninole Loop Road, in excess of 150 feet from the shoreline. use within historic site on National or Hawaii register The proposed project does not involve Lands or sites that are Listed on the National or Hawaii Registers of Historic Places. reclassification of conservation land Conservation District boundary is situated along the coastal portion of the project area,at its furthest extent extending to the makai side of Ninole Loop Road. No reclassification of Conservation Lands is proposed as all project components are situated outside of the Conservation area. building of certain helicopter facilities No helicopter facilities are proposed. amendment to county GP or CDP not initiated by No amendment to the General Plan LUPAG map designation for the county project area is proposed or necessary to accommodate the proposed project. construction of new WWTP serving more than 49 Proposed project will utilize existing wastewater treatment system residences owned and operated by the Applicant. System has a design capacity of 100,000gpd, more than adequate to support the proposed project. 1 Planning Depi. Exhibit 4 construction of new fossil-fuel power plant greater Proposed project will connect to the H ELCO electrical grid for all of than 5MW its electrical needs. No new fossil-fuel power plant will be constructed. expansion of existing fossil-fuel power plant by more Proposed project will connect to the H ELCO electrical grid for all of than 5MW its electrical needs as there is no fossil-fuel power plant located within the project site or immediately surrounding area. new landfill Proposed project does not include the construction of a new landfill. The proposed project will rely on commercial waste- hauling services for its disposal needs. new waste-to-energy facility Proposed project does not include the construction of a waste-to- energy facility. new oil refinery Proposed project does not include the construction of a new oil refinery. We hope that you concur with our understanding of the State's Environmental Impact Statement requirements and that the subject SMA Use Permit Application is deemed acceptable. Should you require any additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me via email or by phone. Mahalo and wishing you a Happy New Year! Daryn Daryn Arai Mobile: (808) 895-3218 2 DeVera, Ashley From: Matsumoto, Robyn Sent: Monday, January 29, 2024 10:33 AM To: Planning Internet Mail Subject: FW: Request for Comments on App. No. PL-SMA-2023-046 for Black Sand Beach LLC on TMK: (3) 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; and 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041 and 053. Attachments: 2024-01-29_PL-SMA-2023-000046.pdf Importance: High Please see comments attached. Thanks Sincerely, MS Ra yw MatWh*t0to; P.E. Department of Public Works Engineering Division From: Dacayanan, Melissa <Melissa.Dacayanan@hawaiicounty.gov> Sent:Tuesday,January 2, 2024 1:28 PM To: DPW Eng<dpweng@hawaiicounty.gov>; Wilson, Kelly<Kelly.Wilson@hawaiicounty.gov>; DPW Traffic <dpwtrf@hawaiicounty.gov>; DWS<dwsengineeringreview@hawaiidws.org>; cohdem <cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov>; HCPDONE <HCPDONE@hawaiicounty.gov>; Fire Admin <fire@hawaiicounty.gov>; Civil Defense <civild@hawaiicounty.gov>; Parks and Recreation external email <cohparks@hawaiicounty.gov>; DOT.LandUse@hawaii.gov; State Office of Planning<dbedt.stateplanning@hawaii.gov>; State- DLNR <dlnr@hawaii.gov>;Surprenant, April <April.Surprenant@hawaiicounty.gov>; Morrison, Bethany <Bethany.Morrison@ hawaiicounty.gov>; Kato, Norren<Norren.Kato@hawaiicounty.gov>; Santiago, Hans <Hans.Santiago@hawaiicounty.gov>; USFWS<pifwo_admin@fws.gov>;Chintan Poudel -DOH Wastewater <Chintan.Poudel@doh.hawaii.gov>; Honda, Eric<Eric.Honda @doh.hawaii.gov>; DOH -Wastewater Branch <doh.wwb@doh.hawaii.gov>; DOH-Epic<michael.une@doh.hawaii.gov> Cc: Roy, Alex<Alex.Roy@hawaiicounty.gov> Subject: Request for Comments on App. No. PL-SMA-2023-046 for Black Sand Beach LLC on TMK: (3) 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; and 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041 and 053. Importance: High Good morning, Please see the attached memo requesting your review and comments on the subject application. Link to review the application on the County's web-based EPIC system can be found below: • Black Sand Beach, LLC Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA- 2023-046) We kindly ask that you submit your comments to plan ning62�hawaiicounty.gov no later than February 1, 2024. Planning Dep k Exhibit.. 5 Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Planner Alex Roy (cc'd herein) at (808) 961-8140. Thank you. McC�ya�Dacaya-r�.a�-Sa-Gvad� Windward&Leeward Planning Commission County of Hawaii, Planning Department ioi Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hitio, Hatiwai'i 9672o .Main: (8o8) 961-8288 Direct (8o8) 961-8156 Email.•melissa.dacayananC& awaiicountN.gov County of Hawai'i Zoning& Subdivision Code Update Project Website: COHcodeupdate.com 2 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: January 29, 2024 IffeaMIN449 fL TO: Planning Director FROM: Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2023-000046) Applicant: Black Sand Beach LLC Request: Development of a Residential and Commercial Community Consisting of Approximately 225 Residential and Short Stay Units, Village and Wellness Center, Retail Uses, Rehabilitation of Golf Courses, and Dedication of a Portion of Coastline as a Conservation Area TM K: 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041, and 053 We have reviewed the subject request and provide the following comments: 1. The subject parcels are in areas designated as Flood Zone X, AE, and VE on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). • Flood Zone X is an area determined to be outside the 500-year floodplain. • Flood Zone AE is the Special Flood Hazard Area inundated by the 100-year flood (1% chance of occurring in any given year) with Base Flood Elevations determined. • Flood Zone VE is the Special Flood Hazard Area inundated by the 100-year coastal flood (1% chance of occurring in any given year) with velocity hazard (wave action) with Base Flood Elevations determined. 2. All construction within Flood Zones AE and VE shall comply with Chapter 27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawaii County Code (HCC). 3. All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment Control, of the HCC and Chapter 27. 4. All development-generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and not directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage plan may be required by the Plan Approval process in accordance with Section 25-2-72(3) of the HCC and shall be constructed meeting the approval of the Department of Public Works, Engineering Division. County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 5. Ninole Loop Road and Government Beach Road that connect together are both County streets. Construction within these right-of-ways shall comply with HCC, Chapter 22, County Streets. Questions may be referred to Robyn Matsumoto at 961-8924. County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Mitchell D.Roth '�'L� '� Ramzi I.Mansour Mayor +i ;+ Director Lee Lord �: ;�� Brenda Iokepa-Moses Managing Director ►. � Deputy Director County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 345 Kekuanao`a Street,Suite 41 •Hilo,Hawaii 96720• cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov Ph; (808)961-8083•Fax; (808) 961-8086 MEMORANDUM TO: Zendo Kern, Director Planning Department } FROM: Ramzi I. Mansour, Direcci" 0. 1 ' Department of Environmental Management DATE: January 12, 2024 SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2023-000046) Applicant: Black Sand Beach LLC Request: Development of a Residential and Commercial Community Consisting of Approximately 225 Residential and Short Stay Units,Village and Wellness Center, Retail Uses, Rehabilitation of Golf Courses, and Dedication of a Portion of Coastline as a Conservation Area Tax Map Key: (3) 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041, and 053, Ka`u, Hawaii The Solid Waste Division has reviewed the subject application and provides the following comments (contact the Solid Waste Division for details): • Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organizations may not use transfer stations for disposal. • Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. • Ample room should be provided for rubbish and recycling. • Green waste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility, or other suitable diversion programs. • Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. • Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. The Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject application and provides the following comments (contact the Wastewater Division for details): • No County sewer system in area. Applicant shall follow Hawaii Department of Health, and all other applicable federal, state, and county regulations. County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Manning Dept. Exhibit 6 JNtY,'f ' yi'�'� Ramzi I.Mansour Mitchell D.Roth Director Mayor Deanna S.Sako Brenda Iokepa-Moses Managing Director Deputy Director County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 345 Kekuanao`a Street,Suite 41 -Hilo,Hawai'i 96720 -cohdem@hawaiicounty.gov Ph: (808)961-8083 -Fax: (808)961-8086 January 12, 2024 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Guidelines INTENT AND PURPOSE This is to establish guidelines for reviewing Solid Waste Management Plans, for which special conditions are placed on developments. The Solid Waste Management Plan will be used to: (1) promote and implement recycling and recycling programs; (2) predict the waste generated by the proposed development to anticipate the impacts on County Solid Waste Management Facilities; and(3) predict the additional vehicular traffic being generated because of waste and recycling transfers. A State of Hawaii licensed engineer or architect shall prepare a suitable Solid Waste Management Plan for review by the Department of Environmental Management. REPORT The Solid Waste Management Plan will contain the following: 1. Description of the project and the potential waste that may be generated: e.g., analysis of anticipated waste volume and composition. This includes waste generated during the construction and operation or maintenance phases. Waste types shall include (but not be limited to): A. Organics (including food waste and green wastes); B. Construction and Demolition materials; C. Paper(including cardboard); D. Metal (including ferrous and non-ferrous metals); E. Plastic; F. Special (including ash, sludge, treated medical waste, bulky items, tires),- G. Hazardous (including paint, vehicle fluids, oil, batteries); and H. Glass. 2. Indicate onsite source separation by waste type, e.g., source separation bins for glass, metal,plastic, cardboard, aluminum, et cetera. Provide ample and equal space for rubbish and recycling. 3. Identification and location of the proposed waste reduction, waste re-use, recycling facility or disposal site and associated transportation methods for the various components Hawai`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 2024 Solid Waste Management Plan Guidelines Page 2 of 2 of the development's waste management system, including the number of vehicle movements and associated routes that will be used to transport the waste and recycled materials. 4. The report will include identification of any impacts to County-operated waste management facilities, and the appropriate mitigation measures that will be implemented by the development to minimize these impacts. 5. Analysis will be based on the highest potential use or zoning of the development. REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS 1. A Solid Waste Management Plan will be prepared for all developments including but not limited to projects that are required to perform an environmental assessment, environmental impact statement, or to receive a special use permit, as defined under the policies of the Department of Environmental Management. 2. The Department of Environmental Management will require the developer to provide or resolve all recommendations and mitigation measures as outlined in the solid waste management plan,besides any conditions placed on the applicant herein. 3. A State of Hawaii licensed engineer or architect will draft and certify in writing the Solid Waste Management Plan as complying with applicable Federal, State, and County of Hawaii Solid Waste laws,regulations, and administrative rules. Should you require additional information,please contact the Solid Waste Division at swd@hawaiicounty.gov or at(808) 961-8270. Ram ' . Mansour DIRECTOR DeVera, Ashley From: Honda, Eric T. <Eric.Honda@doh.hawaii.gov> Sent: Friday, January 5, 2024 1:25 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Subject: PL-SMA-2023-000046 Attachments: PL-SMA-2023-000046.pdf Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief Hawaii District Health Office (808) 933-0917 Eric.honda@doh.hawaii.gov i JOSH GREEN, M.D. of KENNETH S. FINK, M.D,MGA, MPH 9 GOVERNOR OF HAWAII E............r. 9 "'may DIRECTOR OF HEALTH KE KIA'AINA0 KA MOKU'AINA0 HAWAI'I yt'� 33aa KA LUNA HO'OKELE aQ.'^.........•.'o`' Planning Dept. e�'o.utarao'�' Exhibit 7 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HI LO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: January 5, 2024 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2023-000046) Applicant: Black Sand Beach LLC Request: Development of a Residential and Commercial Community Consisting of Approximately 225 Residential and Short Stay Units, Village and Wellness Center, Retail Uses, Rehabilitation of Golf Courses, and Dedication of a Portion of Coastline as a Conservation Area Tax Map Key: (3) 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001- 003, 006, 011-013, 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041, and 053, Ka`u, Hawaii In most cases,the District Health Office will no longer provide individual comments to agencies or project owners to expedite the land use review and process. Agencies,project owners, and their agents should apply Department of Health "Standard Comments" regarding land use to their standard project comments in their submittal. Standard comments can be found on the Land Use Planning Review section of the Department of Health website: https:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Contact information for each Branch/Office is available on that website. Note: Agencies and proiect owners are responsible for adhering to all applicable standard comments and obtaining proper and necessary permits before the commencement of any work. General summary comments have been included for your convenience. However, these comments are not all-inclusive and do not substitute for review of and compliance with all applicable standard comments for the various DOH individual programs. Clean Air Branch Zendo Kern January 5, 2024 Page 2 of 4 1. All project activities shall comply with the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-59 and 11-60.1. 2. Control of Fugitive Dust: You must reasonably control the generation of all airborne, visible fugitive dust and comply with the fugitive dust provisions of HAR §11-60.1-33. Note that activities that occur near existing residences, businesses,public areas, and major thoroughfares exacerbate potential dust concerns. It is recommended that a dust control management plan be developed which identifies and mitigates all activities that may generate airborne and visible fugitive dust and that buffer zones be established wherever possible. 3. Standard comments for the Clean Air Branch are at: https://health.hawaii._gov/ep/epo/landuse/ Clean Water Branch 1. All project activities shall comply with the HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55. 1. The following Clean Water Branch website contains information for agencies and/or project owners who are seeking comments regarding environmental compliance for their projects with HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55: hLtps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/cwb/clean-water-branch-home- page/cwb- standard-comments/. Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office 1. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment(ESA) and Phase 11 Site Investigation should be conducted for projects wherever current or former activities on site may have resulted in releases of hazardous substances, including oil or chemicals. Areas of concern include current and former industrial areas, harbors, airports, and formerly and currently zoned agricultural lands used for growing sugar, pineapple or other agricultural products. 2. Standard comments for the Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office are at: h=s://health.hawaii.gov/epo/Ianduse/. Indoor and Radiological Health Branch 1. Project activities shall comply with HAR Chapters 11-39, 11-45, 11-46, 11-501, 11- 502, 11-503, and 11-504. 2. Construction/Demolition Involving Asbestos: If the proposed project includes renovation/demolition activities that may involve asbestos, the applicant should contact the Asbestos and Lead Section of the Branch at hllps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/irhb/asbestos/. Safe Drinking Water Branch 1. Agencies and/or project owners are responsible for ensuring environmental compliance for their projects in the areas of 1)Public Water Systems; 2) Zendo Kern January 5, 2024 Page 3 of 4 Underground Injection Control; and 3) Groundwater and Source Water Protection in accordance with HAR Chapters 11-19, 11-20, 11-21, 11-23, 11-23A, and 11- 25. They may be responsible for fulfilling additional requirements related to the Safe Drinking Water program: hgps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/sdwb/. 2. Standard comments for the Safe Drinking Water Branch can be found at: https:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Solid &Hazardous Waste Branch 1. Hazardous Waste Program - The state regulations for hazardous waste and used oil are in HAR Chapters 11-260.1 to 11-279.1. These rules apply to the identification, handling, transportation, storage, and disposal of regulated hazardous waste and used oil. 2. Solid Waste Programs - The laws and regulations are contained in HRS Chapters 339D, 342G, 342H, and 342I, and HAR Chapters 11-58.1 and 11-282. Generators and handlers of solid waste shall ensure proper recycling or disposal at DOH-permitted solid waste management facilities. If possible,waste prevention, reuse, and recycling are preferred options over disposal. The Office of Solid Waste Management also oversees the electronic device recycling and recovery law, the glass advanced disposal fee program, and the deposit beverage container program. 3. Underground Storage Tank Program —The state regulations for underground storage tanks are in HAR Chapter 11-280.1. These rules apply to the design, operation, closure, and release response requirements for underground storage tank systems, including unknown underground tanks identified during construction. 4. Standard comments for the Solid& Hazardous Waste Branch can be found at: hilps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Wastewater Branch For comments,please email the Wastewater Branch at.doh.wwbgdoh.hawaii.gov. Sanitation/Local DOH Comments: 1. Noise may be generated during demolition and/or construction. The applicable maximum permissible sound levels, as stated in Title 11, HAR, Chapter 11-46, "Community Noise Control," shall not be exceeded unless a noise permit is obtained from the Department of Health. 2. According to HAR §11-26-35, No person, firm, or corporation shall demolish or clear any structure,place, or vacant lot without first ascertaining the presence or absence of rodents that may endanger public health by dispersal from such premises. Should any such inspection reveal the presence of rodents, the rodents shall be eradicated before demolishing or clearing the structure, site, or vacant lot. Zendo Kern January 5, 2024 Page 4 of 4 A demolition or land clearing permit is required prior to demolition or clearing. Other 1. CDC - Healthy Places - Healthy Community Design Checklist Toolkit recommends that state and county planning departments, developers,planners, engineers, and other interested parties apply these principles when planning or reviewing new developments or redevelopment projects. 2. If new information is found or changes are made to your submittal, DOH reserves the right to implement appropriate environmental health restrictions as required. Should there be any questions on this matter,please contact the Department of Health, Hawaii District Health Office, at(808) 933-0917. DeVera, Ashley From: Li, Shichao <shichao.li@hawaii.gov> Sent: Wednesday, January 31, 2024 8:32 AM To: Planning Internet Mail; Roy, Alex Subject: comments on SMA Use Permit Application (PL_SMA-2023-0000046) Attachments: OPSD-Hawaii-Kau-SMA.pdf Aloha Alex: Attached is the comment letter from the State Office of Planning and Sustainable Development on the subject SMA Use Permit Application, per the review request from your Department. Thank you! OFFICE OF PLANNING& SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STATE OF HAWALI Shichao Li,Planner State of Hawaii Office of Planning and Sustainable Development 235 S.Beretania Street,6"'Floor P.O.Box 2359,Honolulu,HI 96804 (808)587-2841 planning.hawaii.gov i �P ;95g"°� STATE OF HAWAI`I JOSH GREEN, % . OFFICE OF PLANNING SYLVIALUKE o LT.GOVERNOR MARYALICE EVANS oo , & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTERIM DIRECTOR y >.. 235 South Beretania Street,6th Floor,Honolulu,Hawaii 96813 Telephone: (808)587-2846 .'�" Mailing Address: P.O.Box 2359,Honolulu,Hawaii 96804 Fax: (808)587-2824 Web: https:Hplanning.hawaii.gov/ Coastal zone DTS202401031528NA Management Program January 30, 2024 Environmental Review Mr. Zendo Kern Director Program Department of Planning Land Use Commission County of Hawaii East Hawaii Office Land Use Division 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Special Plans Branch Hilo, Hawaii 96720 State Transit-Oriented Attn: Alex Roy Development Statewide Geographic Dear Mr. Kern: Information System Statewide Subject: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2023- Sustainability Branch 000046) for Development of a Residential and Commercial Community Consisting of Approximately 225 Residential and Short Stay Units, Village and Wellness Center, Retail Uses, Rehabilitation of Golf Courses, and Dedication of a Portion of Coastline as a Conservation Area, Ka`u, Hawaii; Tax Map Key: (3)9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001: 001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041 and 053 Thank you for the opportunity to provide comments on the Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2023-000046), transmitted via memorandum dated January 2, 2024, to develop a residential and commercial community at Punalu`u, Ka`u, Hawaii. According to the subject SMA Use Permit Application, Black Sand Beach LLC proposes Punalu`u Village to rehabilitate and revitalize an area that has been part of the former Sea Mountain and Punalu`u resort complex for over 40 years. The proposed residential and commercial community consists of approximately 225 residential and short-stay units, a village and wellness center, retail facilities, rehabilitation of the existing golf course, and the dedication of approximately 29.52 acres as a conservation area along the project site's coastline. The project site is a collection of 20 individual parcels that comprise approximately 434 acres of land. All improvements will occur on urban-designated lands, and the project is designed within the existing zoning pattern approved by the County Council in 1988. Planning Dept. Exhibit 8 Mr. Zendo Kern January 30, 2024 Page 2 The applicant anticipates the following schedules: o Two years from SMA approval for Architectural & Engineering design (A&E); o Three years from completion of A&E for applying and securing construction-related permits; and o Five years after construction-related permits to complete construction. The project cost would range between $200 to $350 million in 2023 dollars. The Office of Planning and Sustainable Development(OPSD) has reviewed the subject SMA Use Permit Application, and has the following comments to offer: 1. OPSD suggests that Figure 1 —Location Map add the regional location of the project site on the Island of Hawaii. In addition, the subject SMA Use Permit Application should provide a map with all individual parcels involved in the proposed Punalu`u Village in relation to the county designated SMA. 2. The subject SMA Use Permit Application should provide a map with the estimated distance of the nearest proposed structures and construction activities measured from the shoreline given that the applicant is requesting for a certified shoreline to be waived for the proposed development. Figure 13 — Sea Level Rise Exposure Area at 3.2 Feet needs to be revised by adding the subject parcels and the proposed project area with a larger scale map to illustrate and assess the potential impacts (e.g.,passive flooding) of 3.2-ft sea level rise. 3. OPSD suggests that the Application provide the maximum height of 2-1/2 story complex, 2-1/2 story wellness center, and 1-story of the remainder of village center, respectively. In addition, the applicant should provide site-specific mitigation measures to minimize the alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline, and ensure new developments are compatible with their visual environment. 4. OPSD concurs that preservation and burial treatment plans should be prepared for identified archaeological features. Should any archaeological or cultural resources, or burials be discovered during ground excavation, all construction work shall be ceased immediately. Subsequent work shall proceed only upon an archaeological clearance from the State Historic Preservation Division, Department of Lands and Natural Resources. 5. All exterior lighting and lamp posts associated with the proposed development shall be cut-off luminaries to provide the necessary shielding to mitigate potential light pollution in the coastal areas, and lessen possible seabird strikes. No artificial light, Mr. Zendo Kern January 30, 2024 Page 3 except as provided in Hawaii Revised Statutes §§ 205A-30.5(b) and 205A-71(b), shall be directed to travel across the property boundaries toward the shoreline and ocean. If you respond to this comment letter,please include DTS202401031528NA in the subject line. For any questions regarding this letter,please contact Shichao Li of our office at(808) 587- 2841 or by email at shichao.li@hawaii.gov. Sincerely, MnA�kU- &CL(,S Mary Alice Evans Interim Director DeVera, Ashley From: Lee, Jenny S <jenny.s.lee@hawaii.gov> Sent: Tuesday, February 20, 2024 2:08 PM To: Planning Internet Mail Cc: Roy, Alex; Kay, Christian; Thirugnanam, Jeyan Subject: HDOT Response letter for SMA Permit for Punaluu Village PL2024-002 Attachments: STP 00378.24 HWY-PL 24-2.35306 Punaluu Village 2024-002 (part 1) - signed.pdf Hello, Please find the attached response letter for your handling and records. Jenny Lee Planner Highways Division State Department of Transportation Tel: 587-1842 i JOSH GREEN,M.D. _ EDWIN H.SNIFFEN GOVERNOR : ;s`.os �% '+ DIRECTOR KE KIA'AINA KA LUNA HO'OKELE Deputy Directors `_ Y Na Hope Luna Ho'okele DREANALEE K.KALILI TAMMY L.LEE ROBIN K.SHISHIDO STATE OF HAWAVI KA MOKU`AINA`O HAWAVI IN REPLY REFER TO: DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION I KA`OIHANA ALAKAU 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET STP 00378.24 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 HWY-PL 24-2.35306 February 20, 2024 Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Attention: Alex Roy Dear Mr. Kern: Subject: Request for Comment for Special Management Area Permit(PL-SMA-2023-000046) Punaluu, Kau, Hawaii Tax Map Key No. (3) 9-5-019: 011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001: 001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002: 008, 037, 038, 041, and 053 Thank you for your letter requesting our comments on the subject application. The Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT)has the following comments: 1. The application referenced the 1988 Final Environmental Impact Statement(FEIS). The 1988 Traffic Assessment(TA)within the FEIS is 34 years old. We advise the applicant to provide an updated TA to identify any direct or regional impacts to Mamalahoa Highway. The TA should be submitted and accepted by the HDOT before construction permits are issued. 2. The applicant should obtain easements from the HDOT for the current private water and sewer lines that cross Mamalahoa Highway for this development. If you have any questions,please contact Jeyan Thirugnanam, Land Use Planning Engineer, Planning Branch at(808) 587-6366 or by email at jeyan.thirugnanam@hawaii.gov. Please reference file review number PL 2024-002. Sincerely, EDWIN H. SNIFFEN Director of Transportation Planning Reps. Exhibit 9 Araujo, Jaclyn From: Foster Hair Design <book@fosterhair.com> Sent: Wednesday, February 7, 2024 6:46 PM To: Planning Internet Mail; WPCtestimony Subject: Black Sand Beach, LLC SMA Permit opposition (PL-SMA-2023-000046) Aloha Windward Planning Commission, We are writing as Ka'u residents, business owners and active community members, and we strongly oppose the Punalu'u Village development proposed by Black Sand Beach, LLC. We urge you to deny the group's request for a Special Management Area permit. Simply put, this is not the development Ka'u needs. Ka'u needs dentists, pediatricians, kupuna care, grocery stores, small engine repair, diesel mechanics, education facilities, lawn &garden businesses, etc. We do not need condo development, luxury facilities and restaurants that cater to wealthy visitors and new arrivals who are bored living in rural Hawaii. Ms. Eva Liu and company have many opportunities to improve existing spaces instead of creating new ones. Naalehu has a large commercial space where the grocery used to be;that space is largely vacant and could be renovated into a fish market or co-op.The tennis courts in Naalehu are rundown and rarely used. Why not help revamp that area?Outdoor markets already exist in Naalehu and Waiohinu — why not bolster and expand those to five or six days a week instead of creating competing market spaces? The Punalu'u Village development, in the long run, will mostly provide low-paying service industry jobs that are already difficult to fill in Ka'u.The proposed development will significantly benefit land owner Eva Liu, architect Norman Quon and planning consultant Daryn Arai, as well as short-term profits for real estate brokers, construction companies and land developers.This area is already seeing profound development that should create significant property tax revenue. Contractors are booked months out. Heavy equipment operators have no shortage of work. Very few people are sitting on their hands unless they want to. Existing small businesses in Ka'u (including our own and all of our neighbors) are very busy and do not need an influx of people and wealth to keep our doors open. Ka'u is home to some of the poorest communities in the state. We need services, schools, medical professionals, day care, pre-k, repair shops, meat processors, dairies,veterinarians, farm services. Even a fishing supply store or arcade. We don't need more condos and golf courses and event spaces. Many existing businesses cannot keep positions filled and have to import workers from the mainland or overseas(who then struggle to find housing). Why perpetuate this problem? Furthermore, we do not believe this scaled back Punaluu Village development will be as small a footprint as advertised. History shows that development leads to more development.There is no going back once it begins. If anything, we should talk about increasing land protection and reducing large-scale development.This project will change the fabric of one of Hawaii's most remote, natural and spectacular areas. Ka'u does not need this. Hawaii County does not need this. No one needs this except the people who expect to profit handsomely from it. We respectfully ask you to reject this project's SMA permit. Our communities will be stronger without it. With kindness and consideration, Planning De 1 ; Xhibit 10 Drew& Kady Foster, Ocean View residents, 808-498-0973 Foster Hair Design, Naalehu business, 808-895-2151 2 From: kristi kranz To: WPCtestimonv Subject: Punalu'u development proposal Date: Sunday,February 18,2024 8:34:51 PM Aloha County Council members I'm writing to ask that you do not approve the proposed development at Punalu'u.......As a resident of Hawaii for 40 years, I've seen too many developers come to our Islands looking to exploit these beautiful lands for their own interests, and not enough developers interested in protecting Hawaii Nei and the communities that make Hawaii Island unique and special. In researching this proposal, it seems to me land owner Eva Liu is being less than transparent to the community about her involvement with the developers, and in fact seems to be working with them hand in hand. Punalu'u is a sacred land to native Hawaiians, with its 4 Heiau and its' historical and archaeological sites, as well as sacred burial grounds. It is also home to endangered native plants and animals, including bats, turtles, and monk seals. A development like this will impact the fragile environment permanently and negatively. This sacred land should be preserved for eternity, the coastal areas protected by Hawaii, not handed over to non-native developers with little knowledge or concern for those who have occupied the land and seas for centuries, and whose motives are obviously to make a monetary profit from destroying what is. It is my opinion that there needs to be more stewardship for this Island, and all our Islands, more concern for communities that depend on their environment to lead happy and productive lives. What is done cannot be undone easily, and a development of this size will have a huge negative impact on Punalu'u . The future of Punalu'u lies in your hands and we are counting on you to do the right thing, which is to say NO to this proposal and protect the land from development. Thank you for your consideration Sincerely Kristi Kranz Planning Dept. Exhibit 11 From: Mom San Miguel To: WPCtestimonv Subject: Fwd: punalu'u development Date: Sunday,February 18,2024 5:32:43 PM Sent from my iPad To: counciltestimony@hawaii county.go Subject: punalu'u development Hello council members! I am writing in opposition to the proposed development, by Eva Liu, for the Punalu'u area. My reasons are as follows: 1)the environmental impacts would be enormous, and are not clearly addressed . Upkeep of grounds around the project do not appear to have any stipulations regarding the use of herbicides, which are commonly used in other ocean side developments on the island. Increased noise from people and vehicles is going to disturb the honu as they gather in the spot they've chosen. Tour buses, which are required to leave the diesel engines running in order to keep the AC going while some of the riders choose to remain seated on the bus during tour stops, will be gassing out the entire area with diesel fumes. Tourists are notably insensitive to the damage they cause by gathering natural elements (like rocks) as souvenirs, leaving trash, and poisoning the water with toxic sunscreens. These are just a few examples. 2)the size and scope of the proposed development seems geared more towards attracting tourism and making use by residents more difficult. Any economic benefits to local residents would be based on low paying jobs - working the gift store, mowing lawns, etc. , without any true long term opportunities for career development. As a tourist destination, the site would normally involve input and regulation by state and county agencies overseeing things like traffic control, hours of operation, gates, lighting,parking fees, and so on. All of which would make the natural beauty difficult for area residents to access. Educational opportunities, while somewhat addressed as part of a package for guests, are not designed with any real, in-depth education, training, research, and involvement for the future environmental or cultural concerns. 3). The entire area was once impacted by earthquakes and eruptions, and recent geological studies don't do anything to encourage us to develop the area. If an Planning Dept. Exhibit serious quake, or lava flow - either of which seems possible - occur and the development is damaged, the cost of development and/or restoration of said development, would end up being at least partially born by the state and/or county, resulting to increased taxes for area residents. The increase in taxes will, over time, continue, but not even come close to being offset by income from low paying jobs, either at the site itself, or within the towns nearby. In summary, this sounds like just another developer wanting to turn the area into a money maker and tax write off, creating an opening for more, and bigger, development in the future. Presented as being "culturally and environmentally sensitive", does not make it so. Respectfully submitted 2/17/24 Teresa San Miguel Kea'au From: James Sooi To: W PCtesti mono Subject: OPPOSE Black Sands Beach LLC/Punalu"u (Ninole/Wailau) Ka"u Shoreline Management Area Permit/SMA Date: Monday, February 19,2024 3:44:11 PM I OPPOSE Black Sands Beach LLC/ Punalu'u (Ninole/Wailau) Ka'u Shoreline Management Area Permit/SMA . We don't need more development or more tourists. The jobs end up going to nonresidents. The road down there is already too crowded. Why destroy what beauty we have. My family has lived in Hawaii over a century for 4 generations. James Sogi Planning Dapi. Exkibit 13 From: Kiara Lorenzo To: WPCtestimonv Subject: Applicant Black Sands Beach LLC Date: Monday,February 19,2024 4:52:41 PM My aloha to you Planning commission, O wau Kiara Kelelukaana Lorenzo- Rodrigues, from the Makuakane Kanaka Oiwi linage, that have lived in these scared land for generations upon generations. I am a lineal moko (decendant) of Ka'u with great ties to Punalu'u Bay. Today I have to oppose the asking of Special Management Area Permits that would allow for commercial and residential use for many reasons but not just limited to the continued degradation of the ocean and the native inhabitants of such waters and land .The influx of tourist in areas that are very sacred to the Kanaka Oiwi which consist of heiau sites, Iwi Kupuna, burial caves as well as the great spiritual mana that oozes from these hills. Furthermore the proposed gentrification of costal areas where cultural practice still consist. Many of our local community both Kanaka Oiwi and other nations that have made the great voyage over these seas in hopes of a better future for their offspring come to this wahi to fill their coolers the way their ancestry taught them to. With the building of 225 units and with a great lack of cultural knowledge within the EIS it is a great fear for the people that chemicals and pesticides would be again filling Punalu'u bay. Bioaccumulating in our limu, fish, opihi, a'ama crabs,puhi, but most of all our scared aumakua the honu. Studies have been conducted to address the concert of multiple tumors that were found in Honu in Punalu'u Bay. It was found that the run off from the 18 hole golf course was the cause of such diagnosis. As many know the mo'olelo that is shared of the great Honu Po'o Kea whose head was the color of snow that came upon these scared black sands, is dug her nest and laid her eggs. These eggs were no ordinary eggs they were said to be the dark color or Kauila wood, her mate Honu'ea who had been waiting in the shoreline made his way to Honu Po'o Kea as she covered her nest and together dug the punawai that would bubble life forever more for their descendants. Soon after the hatching of these eggs commenced. Born was Kauila who lived at the punawai her parents dug know to the village people as Ka wai hu I Kauila(the rising waters of Kauila) it was here she would tend for the bay and the keiki that enjoyed there shores and much as she. Here is just one mo'olelo. In my ohana we have mo'okuauhau mo'olelo that comes from my 3rd great grandmother. She tells us of our great grandfather born Ranapakanui Kapunohohuuikamoana in about 1774, He was Ali'i Nui and Kahuna Nui of Ka Lae. His heiau Ahukini was dedicated to Fishing for the akua Kanaloa. In this Mo'olelo we were told of the ana(cave systems)that his keiki had used to hide in to spare their lives after a trespassing had happened. So this land has a great personal meaning to me, if not for the ana(cave systems) that saved my kupunas life I would cease to exist. As a wahine maoli who has keiki it is at the utmos importance that this wahi is preserved and it's wai runs cleans because it was the very source that gave my ancestors life. Till today we continue the kuleana we have to our kupuna who have kanu(buried themselves) into these lands so we can carry on their essence. Planning Qepi. Exhibit 14 Ultimately you have many ohana that stem from the old villages that were established at this bay living in peace with the lands. We can't continue to allow tourism to erase our culture. I feel it's a drop off to not open this conversation to the descendants that no longer live in kau but hold deep mana for her. We have so many who come to practice our culture here not only in lawai'a practices but hula Halau come to offer their dance cultural practioners come to gather herbs for rituals, they come to hi'uwai in these waters to cleanse. Many many practices in place must be protected. Lastly this land was all ready hit by a tsunami that ruined the original hotel that sat on the scared Loko i'a many kanaka Oiwi would tell you spiritually this project would never prosper due to the blatant disrespect of the Akua who kia'i (steward)these ahupuaa. You have a tsunami zone as well as an earthquake zone. The great crack being a few miles away. It's also in a lava zone as well as a huge fire zone due to droughts that have been here. At the Department of Hawaiian Homes meetings we have beneficiary who live within the same wahi. They have their homesteads and farm lots near the development, who would be subjected to the high amount of visitors that subsequently rise prices from the gas station to our groceries and local restaurants. Moreover the native tenants have expressed concerns about the limited water they have an a need to place more fire hydrants to combat fires that spread so quickly due to both high winds and dry grass that fills these lands. Not only are emergency personnel limited what would happen if any emergency evaluation would occur? How could we safely have the local populations as well as any visitors in the areas removed in a timely manner? What of the suage facilities, in the event of flash flooding would the system overflow into the bay? These are again just some of the great concerns we need to address before any permits are to be issued. With the concerning lack of Ka Pa'akai analysis, and a EIS that lacks so much cultural and logistical understanding I ask that the commission ensure the public can have a updated study before any work beings, I also would like to ask what cultural consultants have been working with the developer on behalf of the Kanaka oiwi in this project? Mahalo for your time. From: mak221Ccbaol.com To: W PCtesti mono Subject: Testimony STRONGLY AGAINST Black Sands Beach resort Date: Monday, February 19,2024 2:56:50 PM Aloha honorable councilmembers: This is obviously a unique area, and should be made into a public park, which Puna sorely needs. Mahalo!! Mark Koppel Umauma Planning Crept. Exhibit 15 From: Yocum Account To: WPCtestimonv Subject: In favor of proposed development Date: Tuesday,February 20,2024 9:56:44 AM Aloha, My wife and I are residents of the Colony I condos located in the development area. We are both in favor of these developments. I understand peoples' concern about development in that area, but lack of management has lead to collapsing structures, abandoned vehicles, and economic issues in the area. We look forward to this area getting cleaned up. We look forward to this place providing local jobs. We look forward to having markets near our home. Sincerely, Nathan Yocum Amy Yocum Planning Dept. Exhibit 16 From: Anoelioue Kalani Axelrode To: WPCtestimonv Subject: No Development @ Punalu'u Date: Tuesday,February 20,2024 8:51:50 PM Aloha kakou, Please do not build this resort and approve its permits. We are living through and environmental and ecological disaster this will only further worsen the situation of our people on these islands with finite resources. Support the land and people in genuine, sustainable ways that align with the principle that the earth is our family. Me Ka mahalo, Angelique Kalani Axelrode Planning Dept. Exhibit 17 GLEN M. WINTERBOTTOM POST OFFICE BOX 109 NAALEHU, HAWAII 96772 PHONE NO. (808) 929-9060 gwinterbottom@msn.com February 20, 2024 Windward Planning Commission County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Submitted via WPCtestimonyPhawaiicounty.gov. WRITTEN TESTIMONY REGARDING THE SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION OF BLACK SAND BEACH, LLC Scheduled hearing date: March 7, 2024 Mahalo for an opportunity to comment as an individual with serious concerns about the above permit application. I was actively involved in preservation efforts down at Punalu'u and NInole for a number of years back in the late 1980's and early 1990's, so I do have some general if somewhat dated knowledge of the area and issues involved. I also self-published a modest volume back then entitled Prosperity Through Preservation In The Great And Majestic District Of Ka'u, which suggested some possible alternatives to resort development in the subject sensitive SMA. Additionally, my great-aunt Trinidad Marcos was a government school teacher at Ninole in the proposed project area for a year and a half starting in September of 1898, before transferring to Kona schools, and her younger sister Winifred similarly taught school at nearby Pahala for a time after the turn of the century, until marrying there in late 1905. NEED FOR SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT It's indisputable that Chapter 343, HRS, requires the preparation of an EIS for any "action" (defined by the statute as either a "project" OR A `PROGRAM") that "Propose[s] any use within a shoreline area as defined in section 205A-41." Since the world-renown but tiny black sand beach and adjacent shoreline at the foot of the proposed project area are being marketed as integral and de facto resort amenities (hence the name of the applicant), and these extremely fragile resources would obviously be significantly impacted by untold thousands of prospective resort residents and guests using them over time, preparation of an EIS is clearly required in this instance, even though no actual construction within the shoreline area is contemplated. A Final EIS was accepted in 1988 for the once-planned Punalu'u Resort on the same site, but the current proposal has completely different parameters, ownership and timelines, so a supplemental EIS is required by§11-200-26, HAR,which holds that: "If there is any change in any of these characteristics ["size, scope, intensity, use, location or timing, among other things"] which may have a significant effect, the original statement...shall no longer be valid because an essentially different action would be under consideration and a supplemental statement shall be prepared and reviewed as provided by this chapter." The applicant readily admits that the outdated infrastructure including sewage treatment facilities put in place by previous owners, some of it over half a century old, has deteriorated greatly in past years from a lack of maintenance, and this is a particularly significant change that 1 Planning Dep . Exhibit._- 18__. needs to be addressed via a supplemental EIS given the immediate downslope proximity of prized nearshore waters, and anchialine and other shoreline ponds. It's very likely that best- practice technologies and government regulations have evolved considerably over that extensive time period, so it's critically important that the supplemental document includes a full investigation of this highly involved issue by a reputable specialist engineering firm. Financial feasibility and long-term stability of the proposed project are other important interrelated elements that could very well have been dramatically altered with the property's new ownership and direction, as is further discussed below. Thus, an unbiased and up-to-date project marketing assessment by a legitimate provider of such services is lawfully required before proceeding any further with the subject application. It's also imperative that a future SEIS includes professional sight plane analyses of project area view planes with and without the newly proposed development, given the likelihood that unique and currently unspoiled scenic views within the SMA could be blocked or degraded by such construction. An additional significant change is that many, if not most, of those commenting on the last approved FEIS in 1988 have either died or moved away from Ka'u district in the ensuing three- and-a-half decades, so current residents and relevant officials should certainly deserve an equal opportunity to address this new proposal in detail via a SEIS. The applicant's ad hoc and almost certainly skewed community outreach activities are simply no substitute for the cohesive and standardized formal EIS process. It's notable that most of the participants in the "Cultural Impact Assessment Update" appended to the current permit application (with its repugnant and misleading "dedication" to the late Pele Hanoa, who spent the later years of her life vehemently opposing resort development at Punalu'u) appear to have been vocal project supporters. Requiring preparation of an SEIS would also comport with §§205A-2(c)(7)(C), HRS, a Coastal Zone Management policy directive that reads: "Communicate the potential short and long-term impacts of significant coastal development early in their life cycle and in terms understandable to the public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process." It's claimed at the beginning of the SMA permit application that the prospective developers are deeply committed to, "first understanding the importance of these lands and the surrounding communities, and the people who live within," so they should have absolutely no objections to preparing a proper SEIS for public and governmental review and comment if this pledge is sincere. Since they've stated an intention to sink up to $350 million into their proposed resort,the additional cost of preparing such a document would be almost negligible. POSSIBLE "BAIT AND SWITCH"AND/OR MONEY LAUNDERING SCHEME? The almost cartoonish "back of the napkin" proposal set forth in the subject application, which is estimated to cost anywhere between $200 and $350 million in current dollars to construct, badly strains credibility in the area of project feasibility and just isn't supported by basic sixth-grade arithmetic. Given that expected expenditure range, the prospective developers would have to sell their "80 cottages," "50 bungalows," and an unspecified number of "1 and 2- bedroom units" in 63 "duplex and four-plex" condominium buildings for roughly $600,000 to $1,000,000 each just to theoretically BREAK EVEN, despite the mostly modest-sized units being located at least 60 miles away from any white sand swimming beaches, or intensive resort activities like deep-sea fishing, scuba diving, cruises and shopping opportunities. 2 It seems highly improbable that anyone would consider parting with that kind of money (at an unlikely minimum), when for similar sums they could easily purchase a residence along the famed Kona coast with all its myriad beaches, hotels, golf courses, nightlife and other above- mentioned resort amenities. While it's possible that applicant principals are financially illiterate fools or have absolutely no interest in turning a profit for some offbeat reason, a more likely explanation is that they just want to get their proverbial "foot in the door" at this time, so as to facilitate either "flipping" the property to someone else for a quick return, or pursuing a much more intensive—but currently undisclosed—development program at Punalu'u at some point in the future. It seems highly illogical that they actually intend to leave large swaths of their property languishing in fire-prone weeds and brush in perpetuity, and relevant State statutes and regulations unambiguously require that all CUMULATIVE project impacts be revealed through the EIS process before any approvals are granted. A more sinister scenario would have the applicants providing wealthy offshore clients from China with a lucrative money laundering service, as has notoriously occurred in Vancouver, B. C. and elsewhere, to the great detriment of long-time residents of that once-beautiful region of Canada. In any case, the totally ignored twin subjects of project financial feasibility and stability are yet another important area that legally demands a detailed professional evaluation in a SEIS. It's notable that almost nothing is currently known about the shadowy project principals' personal backgrounds, financial wherewithal or resort development track record...assuming they even have one. None of their other varied business ventures in Ka'u District appear to have been successful to date, so far more transparency is needed in this regard as well. Although applicant Black Sand Beaches' CEO and owner is listed as "Eva Liu," her legal name is reportedly Xiaoyuan Liu. Given strong bipartisan national concern about deteriorating U.S.-China relations today, Big Island residents and governmental officials have every right, and perhaps even a civic duty, to determine concretely if this proposed project would be financed and/or marketed to any extent by or to offshore Chinese nationals. The profound opacity shrouding this venture and its promoters to date is both troubling and clearly not in the public interest. SERIOUS INCOMPATIBILITY WITH STATUTORY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES Section 20SA-2, HRS, spells out in considerable detail the State's objectives and policies for this laudable program, and the cookie cutter "tourist trap" resort vaguely proposed for Punalu'u contravenes both the letter and spirit of a number of them: Subsection (b)(2)(A) relating to "Historic Resources" references unambiguously the important objective to, "Protect, preserve, and, where desirable, restore those natural and manmade historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture." The historical and pre-contact significance of the Punalu'u/Ninole region in native Hawaiian culture was succinctly, if ungrammatically, summed up in a developer's 2006 archeological study as follows: "The lands of Punalu'u, Wailau and Ninole attest to the many ali'i nui and kahuna who lived and worked in the area by the heiau (Punalu'u Nui, Lanipao, Ka'ie'ie, Mokini and nearby Kohaikalani and Imakakoloa), and the vast number of shrines, complex habitation sites and petroglyphs." 3 While two of the surviving trio of incredibly significant pre-contact heiau at Punalu'u and Ninole occupy commanding positions slightly outside both ends of the planned project area's coastal plain, a significant resort-generated increase in visitation would in all likelihood contribute to their further degradation, along with the third heiau located midway on the bluff within the SMA. Even more importantly, the absolutely unique historic context of all three interrelated prehistoric sites will simply be eviscerated by the proposed Disneylandish development to be sandwiched in between them. "Scenic and open space resources" is the concern of §§(b)(3)(A), which reads: "Protect, preserve, and, where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources." Besides destroying the historic context of the heiau and later historic plantation-era remnants in the coastal area, the scenic vistas between them would be permanently degraded by the construction of large numbers of entirely incompatible modern structures envisioned as part of the proposed resort. Black Sand Beaches' own SMA Use Permit Application for their so-called "Punalu'u Village" project features rather cynically on its cover a lovely aerial view looking inland of iconic Pu'u Makanau in the distance, which looms over the Punalu'u/Ninole area from across Highway 11. While some prospective resort residents would doubtlessly enjoy spectacular vistas of this massive outcropping and adjacent na pu'u Kaiholena and Enuhe, Hawaii's extremely rare answer to the mesas and buttes of the American Southwest, the currently unobstructed views of these extraordinary natural features from the shoreline will likely be completely blocked or significantly degraded by construction of multi-story buildings in the "Village and Wellness Center"slated to occupy the intervening bluff. Subsection (b)(4)(A) concerns "Coastal Ecosystems" and sets forth the objective to, "Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption and minimize adverse impacts of all coastal ecosystems," while §§(b)(10)(A) similarly urges: "Promote the protection, use and development of marine and coastal resources to assure their sustainability." Significant numbers of additional resort residents and visitors tramping all over the coastal plain from Punalu'u beach to Ninole Cove would invariably inflict some amount of damage on the fragile shoreside resources it contains, no matter what efforts were made to protect them by either the County and/or developers. Continued percolation of golf course fertilizers and treated resort sewage, and untreated waste following any breakdowns of the currently decrepit system, into the heavily used nearshore waters present an even greater threat to coastal ecosystems, as area residents and users have repeatedly highlighted and warned about over past decades. As noted previously, a comprehensive engineering study of all aspects of this crucial issue at the proposed resort clearly needs to be incorporated into a SEIS for careful review by relevant stakeholders and oversight officials. CONCLUSION In hindsight, the redesignation decades ago during the massive post-Statehood construction boom of the extremely fragile and uniquely historic Punalu'u/Ninole area in Ka'u District—a veritable three-dimensional "tapestry of the ages"—for intensive tourism-related development was an incredibly short-sighted blunder that should never have been allowed to happen. Although the property regrettably retains those zoning and land use changes today, they in no way provide current applicant Black Sand Beach, LLC with any legal right whatsoever to 4 develop an intrusive tourist resort there, absent a convincing showing that their proposed project, "will not have any substantial adverse environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public interests. Such adverse effects shall include,but not be limited to,the potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse effect, and the elimination of planning options[.]" (§§205A-26(2) (A), HRS.) Furthermore, "No development shall be approved unless the authority has first found [...] [t]hat the development is consistent with the objectives, policies, and special management area guidelines of this chapter and any guidelines enacted by the legislature...." (§§205A-26(2)(B), HRS.) Based on the foregoing discussion, it does not appear that the prospective developers have met the substantial burden imposed upon them by these unambiguous statutes to date. Providing increased employment opportunities in this isolated district is certainly a worthy and legitimate goal that few would find fault with in general. But sacrificing the integrity and future prospects of the incomparable Punalu'u/Ninole Special Management Area in exchange for a relatively small number of anticipated service jobs at a highly questionable project that could easily stall or fail, as have all previous such attempts, would not likely constitute a positive long- term tradeoff for either the State, County or Ka'u residents. The applicant has ludicrously stated that its goal is, "building a future for these lands in a collaborative manner so that it benefits the entire community with an emphasis on preserving what makes Punalu'u so special." They may or may not actually believe such farcical and self- serving shibai, but constructing a tacky, sub-mediocre condominium resort in the midst of such a fragile and historic area will in reality forever decimate the very attributes that make it "so special," an abject squandering of irreplaceable community assets that will surely come to be regretted by residents for as long as human beings continue to populate this district. Former Hawaii County Mayor Harry Kim reportedly stated regarding this area back in September of 2007, "that he would like to see one beach on the island remain free of resorts," around the time that the Hawaii County Council voted narrowly to authorize him to purchase 150 coastal acres there. Although that acquisition never took place, it remains a possibility that the Office of Hawaiian Affairs and/or adjoining landowner Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate could eventually obtain the project area for some uplifting educational and cultural endeavor that would create a significant number of better paying and steadier jobs, while at the same time preserving the area's exceptional historic, cultural and scenic resources, and their interrelated context, for all time. At the very least, I would urge Commissioners to require shadowy applicant Black Sand Beach, LLC to prepare and have officially accepted a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement before taking any further action on this matter. It's long overdue for the prospective developers to belatedly lift the shroud of mystery that currently surrounds their backgrounds, motives and ultimate plans for Punalu'u, and lay all their cards on the table for untainted review by Hawaii residents and relevant government officials alike. With regards, O& GLEN M.WINTERBOTTOM 5 From: Beatrice Easley To: W PCtesti mono Subject: Do Not Approve SMA Use Permit Date: Wednesday,February 21,2024 5:23:23 PM Aloha, I would like to write in about the proposal of the developments ahead and I,a Maui resident,oppose this project and am requesting that you do not grant the SMA Permit for permission to proceed with developments in the Punalu'u Village. Mahalo, Beatrice Easley Planning Dept. Exhibit _1 9 From: Chelsaelynn Kobzi To: WPCtestinnonv Subject: NO DEVELOPMENT AT PUNALUU Date: Wednesday,February 21,2024 11:27:32 AM Aloha! O Chelsae kou inoa. No Pahala mai au. Noho au ma Kahuku ahupua'a, home o Ulumano Ka Makani. Hello, my name is Chelsae. I was raised in Pahala. I currently live in Kahuku, Oceanview, home of the strong southeast winds. `O ka'u Ka'U, Mai ke kualono a kahakai, OLA! `O ka'u Ka'U, I ka uhi lena mai ka ha a Pele, OLA! `O ka'u Ka'U, O ka iho ho honua, o ka honua, OLA! `O ka'u Ka'U, Kilakila Kaiholena o ke kumu o kou. Ka'u you are mine, from the vast mountain ridges to the coastal shores Ka'u you are mine, where Pele breathes Ka'u you are mine, My safe place, my sanctuary, my refuge Ka'u you are mine, The Majestic mountain of Ka'iholena is my roots, my source. I am writing this letter on behalf of my whole family, including those who are no longer here on Earth. We DO NOT support the development at Punalu'u. This will detrimentally affect our way of life as well as all of marine life and the special ecosystems here. Anything that happens on land will eventually affect the Ocean. It will affect the water quality which will have an impact on marine animals, especially the Green Sea Turtle which Punalu'u is famous for. With development, comes increased nutrients and bacteria in our ocean. This can cause algae blooms, and the growth of invasive algae, disrupting our turtles and fish's food source and diet. And with that, will also affect our Hawaiian way of life. We depend on these coastlines for food as well as it being a living classroom for all generations. A glimpse of Old Hawaii and how our ancestors once lived. This development will affect 3 different ahupua'a. Wailau being the most detrimental. Wailau means many waters, and it's because of this ahupua'a that Punalu'u Beach is rich in fresh underground springs. Water IS LIFE and we have every right to cherish it. Ahupua'a runs from the mountain tops to the ocean. There was a perfect balance in sharing resources. We still practice this balance. Kilo or observing is very important to Hawaiian people. With this development, it will affect our view of the BEAUTIFUL Ninole Hills that we can see from this coast. These mountains are highly important and sacred to us, for it being older than Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. We have legends about these beautiful mountains. Increased human traffic will discourage our turtle friends from feeding, nesting and thermo regulating while basking in the sun. An increase in people swimming will affect their eating habits and there will simply be no more room for them to feel welcomed. Punalu'u beach has a lot of history. It has cultural significance to us people. It is a living classroom for our keiki to reconnect to our ancient ways of living. We still depend on this shoreline to feed our families and to heal our souls. We must protect our sacred Heiaus. WE MUST protect our sacred birthing stones and ancient artifacts such as the Konane board and petroglyphs, we must protect our endangered friends such as the whales, the nene, and the turtles. Even down to a specific type of coral or seaweed that is important to the balance of the ecosystem. We must protect our watersheds. We must Planning Dept. Exhibit ____ 20 recover Ninole ponds which are disappearing to run off from heavy rains and invasive golf course grass. This development does NOT benefit the people of Ka'u. It is not worth sacrificing such a sacred space to cater to TOURISM and MONEY. This is KULEANA lands belonging to the HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. Punalu'u is our HOME. we are being pushed out and priced out. My children will not be able to afford to live in their HOMELAND. This will affect the cost of houses,property taxes, cost of living. AND OUR RESOURCES. Ka'u is not equipped to handle a huge influx in traffic. This is a Flood zone area which isn't so smart. We are already struggling to keep our place here. Inflation has caused homelessness. THERE IS NO COMPROMISE! THE PEOPLE SAY NO!!! Mahalo, Chelsae Lynn Kobzi P.O. BOX 377281 Oceanview HI 96737 chelsaelynnkobzi(a�gmail.com 808-987-3999 Daryn Arai Land Use Planning Consultant February 14, 2024 Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Director Kern: Subject: Response to Agencies' comments regarding SMA Use Permit Application PL-SMA-2023-000046 Applicant: Black Sand Beach LLC TMK: 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041 & 053 Ninole, Wailau, Punalu`u, Ka`u, Hawaii Thank you for providing the Applicant with comments received to date from the various reviewing agencies regarding the subject application, to which we provide the following responses for your consideration. Office of Planning and Sustainable Development (letter dated January 30, 2024) The Applicant acknowledges and agrees to comments offered by the Office of Planning and Sustainable Development to: 1. OPSD suggests additional maps supplementing Figure 1-Location Map to identify the regional location of the project site on the Island of Hawaii. We provide that map on the following page. 2. In addition, OPSD requested a map with all individual parcels involved in the proposed Punalu`u Village in relation to the county designated SMA. The SMA is defined by the Mamalahoa Highway (State Route 11), everything makai of the highway being within the SMA and everything mauka being outside of the SMA. We outlined the entire 434-acre project site on most of the land use map figures within the application to avoid the clutter of highlighting individual lots. However, attached to this response is a perimeter boundary survey of the project site with all parcels individually noted, with the understanding that the SMA boundary extends to the makai side of the Mamalahoa Highway(State Route 11). Therefore, TMK: 9-5-019:024, consisting of 108.8 acres and located on the mauka side of the Mamalahoa Highway, is situated outside of the SMA area. P.O.BOX 4501,HILO HAWAII 96720 PHONE:(808)895-3218 EMAIL:DARYN ARAI@OUnOOK.COM Planning Dept. Exhibit 21 Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 2 of 5 February 14, 2024 Haw Mahukona North Kohala Distr i(t !.. y ASYani t691 °� ° Honoka'a a Kawaihae Waimea.; R` Pa'audo Laupahoehoe Punka .. _ .a.vawm we South Kohala Waikoloa District Ninole r Hakalau North Hdo Hannakua Dlstmt ' District Honnmu r, " '� 'lN.1 ¢ores[ • ''. Mauna Kg9 di r. of PEpe'Ekeol� .. WildNlfe kafuge � atfelkMl ? Ham ula-uppe. tnnva Icairnlir." await '- K4W* Nome nd South Hilo . HIIQ. ` District North Kona. a .M°'7- Katlua-Kona District HdIMIPg ' /"Kea'au Ha all Keauhou Mt ViEwiainVe ' '� FIaWJIJn AS"t^; cal"""crack Pahoa.;p Kapoho Kealakekua PMi'lli4na .LeilariEsra District Honaunau Bung tog Volcano Kalapana South Kona y District Kau ONstnct '" pahocna. �' - X-1 Area Nau Rrservr Pah,la_ Miloli'i ' «` �Oceari View"'— Ria�' 4�awaiian IXemr PROJECT SITE vr.,aJn<nes alehu r j� J Narb.1r, 3. Regarding a map with the estimated distance of the nearest proposed structures and construction activities measured from the shoreline, that would be somewhat difficult given the overall scale of the project site. In Section II of the application, we did reference all of the proposed improvements will be located on the mauka side of Ninole Loop Road and the existing golf course entrance and parking lot. We acknowledged that Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 3 of 5 February 14, 2024 restoration of the former Punalu`u Restaurant site may be very difficult given the coastal flooding and anchialine pond in the area. However, we measure a minimum distance of 200 feet from the shoreline for any proposed activities, the closest being the renovation of the existing golf clubhouse, the open market, and restoration of the former Punalu`u Restaurant complex. 4. Regarding a map that better depicts a Sea Level Rise Exposure Area of 3.2 feet, please see the exhibit attached to this response that overlays the exposure area outlined in blue over the concept master plan. The overlay shows that with the exception of the former Punalu`u Restaurant area, the remainder of the proposed project will not be directly impacted by a 3.2-ft sea level rise. As previously mentioned, the former Punalu`u Restaurant area will be cleaned up, and if possible, the existing structures rehabilitated for non-habitable types of uses, such as exhibits, landscaped grounds, luau area, etc. 5. OPSD suggests that the Applicant provide site-specific mitigation measures to minimize the alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline, and ensure new developments are compatible with their visual environment. The maximum 2-1/2-stories height limit for structures throughout most of the project site was directly influenced by discussions with community members, especially those that have lineal descendancy on these lands. 6. As mentioned by OPSD, the Applicant concurs that preservation and burial treatment plans should be prepared for identified archaeological features. The Applicant agrees that should any archaeological or cultural resources, or burials be discovered during ground excavation, all construction work shall be ceased immediately and that subsequent work shall proceed only upon an archaeological clearance from the State Historic Preservation Division, Department of Lands and Natural Resources. 7. Applicant concurs that all exterior lighting and lamp posts associated with the proposed development shall be cut-off luminaries to provide the necessary shielding to mitigate potential light pollution in the coastal areas, and lessen possible seabird strikes. The Applicant will ensure that no artificial light, except as provided in Hawaii Revised Statutes §205A-30.5(b) and 205A-71(b), shall be directed to travel across the property boundaries toward the shoreline and ocean. Department of Health (memo dated January 5, 2024) The Applicant acknowledges the Department of Health no longer provides individual comments to agencies or project owners to expedite the land use review process. This being said, the Applicant anticipates that this project will not present any environmental health concerns with regulatory implications. Wastewater disposal for each proposed lot Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 4 of 5 February 14, 2024 will be accommodated by the existing, privately operated wastewater treatment system that is maintained in compliance with State Department of Health regulations. The Applicant understands that any land disturbance activities must comply with applicable requirements of Chapter 10 of the Hawaii County Code regarding Erosion and Sedimentation Control and the State's Water Quality Standards under Chapter 11, Hawaii Administrative Rules. The proposed project is presented as an opportunity to manage these important lands. The proposed residential and commercial activities will not introduce activities that are known for the release of hazardous substances into the environment. Nor is the Applicant aware of any past activities upon the land that may have introduced chemicals or other hazardous materials onto the land. Demolition of structures, or portions thereof, is proposed, such as the former Punalu`u Restaurant and the former gold clubhouse complex. The Applicant understands the concern regarding the exposure and release of asbestos into the environment, and will consult with experts and take necessary mitigating measures to ensure that any demolition activities adhere to acceptable industry and government standards regarding the handling and disposal of asbestos. All construction activities related to the proposed development of this project will be transported to the West Hawaii Sanitary Landfill for proper disposal. The project site is situated within proximity to a public water well and does reside below the Underground Injection Control line. The existing potable water wells are located within the project site and situated just below the highway. Aside from the restoration of the existing golf course, no new activities or uses will be established within close proximity to these wells, thereby ensuring that groundwater resources or this potable water system will not be compromised. Department of Public Works (memo dated January 29, 2024) As recommended, the development of the proposed project will be coordinated with DPW as part of the grading, drainage and building review processes to ensure that all development-generated runoff be disposed of on-site and not directed toward any adjacent properties or the ocean. The Applicant acknowledges that the majority of the project site is located within an area designated as Zone X (outside of the 500-year floodplain)by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). There are smaller areas near the coastal sections of the project site that are subject to a 100-year frequency flooding event (Flood Zones AE and VE). The Applicant will coordinate with DPW to ensure that all earthwork and grading Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 5 of 5 February 14, 2024 conform to Hawaii County Code (HCC) Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation Control and with Chapter 27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawaii County Code (HCC). The DPW noted that Ninole Loop Road and Government Beach Road that connect together are both County streets, and that construction within these right-of-ways shall comply with HCC, Chapter 22, County Streets. This section of Ninole Loop Road (private) forms the shoulders along Government Beach Road(County), an unusual situation. Regardless, the Applicant understands that any construction within this private/public roadway segment will conform to County standards. Department of Environmental Management(memo dated January 12, 2024) The Applicant understands that solid waste generated by the proposed project must utilize commercial waste haulers to dispose of waste at the West Hawaii Landfill and that use of transfer stations is prohibited. The Applicant will do its best to identify a responsible reuse within the project site or elsewhere for any aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste. The Applicant current does process its own greenwaste on-site. However, if necessary, the Applicant will transport green waste to the green waste sites located at the West Hawaii Organics Facility and East Hawaii Organics Facility, or other suitable diversion programs. The existing wastewater treatment system owed and maintained by the Applicant will be used to support the wastewater treatment needs of the proposed project. The Applicant will ensure that this facility complies with State Department of Health standards as well as any other applicable federal, state and county wastewater disposal regulations. Police Department(memo dated January 11, 2024) The Applicant acknowledges the response from the Police Department that it does not have any comments or concerns regarding the proposed project. We hope that we have adequately responded to comments offered by the respective agencies. Please feel free to contact me should there be any questions or need for additional information. Sincerely, Daryn Arai Land Use Planning Consultant copy via email: Black Sands Beach LLC �t6a (�4 ® `M I a WN M_ eyt14 r E � r EXTENT OF THE = SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA 41 s s r +eL " _ e� os2 a . ' <y V o r o N w f W o_ V • J 6,1 C LV A r�� �• '' �"' fin'��� r ' �. w o \ r r n J '� L Z l9'w IL 0 0 00 0 0 0 Daryn Arai Land Use Planning Consultant February 26, 2024 Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Director Kern: Subject: Response to Public Comments regarding SMA Use Permit Application PL-SMA-2023-000046 Applicant: Black Sand Beach LLC TMK: 9-5-019:011, 015, 024, 026, 030, 031, 033, 035; 9-6-001:001-003, 006, 011-013; 9-6-002:008, 037, 038, 041 & 053 Ninole, Wailau, Punalu`u, Ka`u, Hawaii Thank you for providing the Applicant with comments received from community members and the general public regarding the subject application, to which we provide the following responses for your consideration. The Applicant, Black Sand Beach LLC (BSB), has reviewed each and every comment received by the Planning Department, which will be provided to the Windward Planning Commission along with this response. The Applicant will attempt to respond to the areas of general concerns as best as could be interpreted. But the Applicant does wish to properly set the table. Land use regulations and policy documents, like the State Land Use Law, the County's General Plan and Ka`u Community Development Plan all identify the project area as being the focus of urban resort-type development, affirmed by the project site maintaining its residential, resort and commercial land use designations for over 50 years. As you well aware, the purpose of the SMA proceedings before the Windward Planning Commission is to guide and regulate proposed uses within the coastal zone management area to ensure that it will not have any significant adverse environmental and ecological effect, except as any adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety or compelling public interests. In summary, these proceedings must balance the need to protect the coastal environmental with the other compelling interests, such as the health, safety and welfare of the community, which includes both BSB and residents of Ka`u. P.O.BOX 4501,HILO HAWAII 96720 Planning Dept. r�r7 PHONE: (808)895-3218 EMAIL:DARYN ARAI@OUTLOOK.COM Exhibit 22 Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 2 of 5 February 26, 2024 The comments that we have received appear to be primarily concentrated around certain areas of concerns, that we are identifying below along with the Applicant's response. • Sacredness of these lands Absolutely! BSB is aware of the importance of these lands to the community, and is also aware that it has just a temporary residency here. And as its temporary caretaker, BSB understands that the legacy that it leaves should make the right mark on these lands for future generations. That is why BSB has spent the last three years living part-time within the project site, being a part of this community and reaching out to those who are willing to share their knowledge and emotions about this special place. Sacredness of a place doesn't necessarily mean "don't touch". We understand that our outreach over the years makes it clear that we will never make everyone happy with our actions. The best we can offer is that the current development concept reflects the best balance between the interests of the broader community and those of the Applicant, as we collectively need to create an environment upon which all can thrive, while respecting the importance of this area. • History and significance of Punalu`u. Tourism will erase culture. Our discussion with many has taught us that the history and culture of an area is not static. It builds upon each successive layer as generations come and go. BSB wishes to create a community where the history of this special place and the culture cultivated within can be promoted and nurtured. Sharing and experiencing the history and culture of this area should occur upon the land, not within the texts of a book or newspaper article or simply told to you. BSB wishes to create such a community where history and culture lives. • Pollution from project will adversely pact coastal area and its biology. If this project is allowed to proceed forward, the Applicant will adhere to all regulatory requirements regarding the application of pesticides and herbicides, managing where vehicles travel and park, excessive vegetation is managed for invasives and potential wildfires, maintaining infrastructural systems such as sewer and drainage, among many other responsibilities. BSB is currently working to manage the ill-effects of decades of neglect and lack of effective on-site management. Rubbish improperly dumped throughout the property and within the coastal area. Vehicles parked on the black sand beach,possibly leaking petroleum-based fluids. Un-managed vegetation creating opportunities for wildfires that not only threaten existing communities, but also destroy native plant species. The adverse effects of not allowing any reasonable use of these lands will take away the resources needed to manage Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 3 of 5 February 26, 2024 the 474 acres that comprise the project area and will arguably create a more detrimental situation by not being able to manage the coastal area, manage vegetative overgrowth, manage how areas throughout the project site are used, and the constant upkeep and improvement to the sewer system that protects the coastal waters. One must look at the big picture, the cause and effect of every action, or in-action. BSB can be a responsible landowner and project manager, working with the community and government agencies to property care of these lands. To do or allow nothing is not an option as people will continue to come to Punalu`u, the infrastructure systems will continue to degrade, and the land will continue to be subject to invasive growth/overgrowth that harms the overall biology of the area as well as create a fire hazard. • Project area subject to natural hazards, such as tsunami, flooding, earthquakes and wildfires. The entire island of Hawaii is subject to these natural hazards. Punalu`u has experienced all four of these hazards. The concept development plan focuses new facilities in areas outside of known floodways and away from the coastal area, minimizing the exposure to potential storm flooding and tsunami inundation. All structures will be built to County building code requirements, which includes design provisions for seismic and wind forces. • Ka`u does not need a project like Punalu`u Village. It needs other community services, like medical, grocery stores, educational facilities, etc. The need for more personal services, educational and medical facilities is absolutely true! And BSB has spoken to community leaders regarding opportunities to enhance these services. But without a continuously thriving community, there appears to be less incentive on improving existing level of services. Punalu`u Village can bring some additional services within this community, like a small convenience store, urgent-care type medical facility, educational opportunities especially around resource protection and cultural practices. If Punalu`u Village is allowed to thrive, it will definitely have a positive effect on surrounding communities as people then explore the nearby communities like Pahala and Na`alehu. Punalu`u Village wishes to be like an incubator, creating a nurturing environment for educators, craftspeople and entrepreneurs so that they can then reach out to surrounding communities or districts. • Punalu`u Village will only cater to tourism and money, and prevent use of coastline by locals. Only l�pay ing jobs will be available to locals. Punalu`u Village will cater to both residents and visitors alike. This project is not interested in catering to any one group or the other. It wishes to create an environment where everyone, both resident and visitor, are able to learn about and enjoy what makes this place so special, while managing activities so that its effects upon the land is minimized. Without the Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 4 of 5 February 26, 2024 proposed Punalu`u Village, the black sand beach will remain significantly impacted by visitors to the beach and the County beach park facility. Punalu`u Village wishes to be a community where there is a collective effort to manage the entire project area owned by BSB. As it currently stands, there is no collective effort to manage this area, and interests are likely unheard and segregated. They say it takes a village to raise a child. Well, we would like to say that it will take the community of Ka`u to help us nurture these lands into something that we can all embrace and be proud of. A place that respects the history and culture of this area. Showcases its beauty and ecological diversity and importance. Managing the entire property and its coastline so that people can enjoy and responsibly benefit from all of its available resources. There is an unfounded perception that only low-paying jobs will be created by this project. BSB has sought out skilled craftspeople, technicians and managers to help in its journey to fix what was broken and pursue the right paths towards making this a better place. Finding these individuals within Ka`u has been difficult, but BSB is committed towards finding needed resources within Ka`u before exploring elsewhere. We feel confident that Punalu`u Village will provide rewarding opportunities for local residents willing to help create this community and share in its vision. • Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) Required The Planning Department, in accepting the SMA Use Permit application for Punalu`u Village, concurs that this project does not require the preparation of a Hawaii Revised Statute, Chapter 343-compliant environmental review. There is a suggestion that because this project will create an impact upon lands within the shoreline, that this fact alone warrants the preparation of an EIS or supplemental EIS since "use within the shoreline area" is a qualifying action for compliance with the EIS requirements. This is too convenient an argument as any use upstream of the shoreline could have an effect upon the shoreline area, which means that anything done anywhere on Hawaii Island requires the preparation of an EIS. Also try to explain this EIS requirement to all of the kuleana owners within Punalu`u. Whether and EIS is required or not for any proposed action is defined by state statute as recited earlier. Relevant"triggers", among others, include (1)the use of conservation lands, (2)use within a shoreline area, and (3), the construction of a wastewater treatment plan serving 50 or more single-family dwellings or the equivalent. However, these relevant triggers are not applicable because: o The Applicant is not developing or using lands within the conservation or shoreline areas. In fact, the Applicant, as part of its proposal, is seeking to place these conservation and shoreline areas, approximately 30-acres worth, into a conservation Mr. Zendo Kern, Planning Director Page 5 of 5 February 26, 2024 area to ensure its continued protection and management in perpetuity. A shoreline management plan is envisioned that will include input from the community and other interested organizations, to bring a collective effort towards the protection and management of these coastal resources. o The proposed Punalu`u Village, along with current kuleana residents and residents of Colony One and Kalana Golf Estates are or could be supported by the existing wastewater treatment facilities that has sufficient design capacity to support the proposed Punalu`u Village project. Anew wastewater treatment facility is not proposed. If allowed to proceed forward, the Applicant must comply with State Department of Health standards regarding the disposal and treatment of all wastewater generated by the proposed development, including the existing residential communities and beach park facilities. We are hopeful that allowing this project to move forward could also provide an opportunity for the County to hook up the beach park restrooms to the Applicant's sewer systems, thereby eliminating the septic systems currently supporting the beach park facilities. This is the type of"win-win" opportunities that we will continually explore. Punalu`u is a living, active community that it wishes to sustain and enhance through its proposed Punalu`u Village community. BSB seriously takes its role as the steward serving the current residents of Colony One and Kalana Golf Estates, the existing Kuleana landowners and the County's Black Sands Beach Park in providing water, sewer, road system maintenance, landscaping as well as property management services. However, the task of maintaining these vital services is becoming more challenging in striking the delicate equilibrium between fulfilling the community's needs and managing the associated financial burdens. Please feel free to contact me should there be any questions or need for additional information. Sincerely, Daryn Arai Land Use Planning Consultant copy via email: Black Sands Beach LLC