2022-12-05 US NPS 11.29.22 TCP FIRST DRAFT

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have included some of the voices, documenting facets of traditional and customary practices of Native Hawaiians as they recorded them from the 1820s to the 1980s. Logically, any rendering of Hawaiian cultural subject matter, requires that the original Hawaiian voices (through countless historical narratives) recorded in the Hawaiian language be made a part of such a study. For this reason, we have included a number of original Hawaiian texts as first recorded in the 'Nebo makuahine (mother language). All translations and/or summaries of Hawaiian texts were prepared by Kepa Maly, unless otherwise indicated. Because of the broad scope of the narratives, the Hawaiian texts are not all translated in their entirety. Instead, we have endeavored to translate selected sections of the narratives that provide us with history of the biocuttural landscape which contributes to the wahi pana (storied and sacred landscape) within the boundaries of the national park. The larger collection of Hawaiian texts will help those interested in more background locate additional important narratives as culturally based management and education programs are developed. The first-hand accounts also describe radical changes in the Hawaiian world and lifeways over the last 200-plus years. Secondary to the voices of kupuna (Hawaiian ancestors and elders), we have included selected narratives written by non-native observers—many of whom were intolerant of Hawaiians and their beliefs and practices. Even these accounts—written by those who established a governance of colonialism over the Hawaiian Nation—offer us important insights into traditional and customary practices which were observed, and the nature of the living landscape. While the focus of this study are `aina within the boundaries of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, no discussion of this landscape and Pele Honuamea may be told without discussing places, practices, and traditions across, above and below the Hawaiian Islands, and beyond the archipelago, as all are related. It is also important to recognize that the relationship between Hawaiians, their environment and the creative forces of nature is more than a manmade landscape or a set of customs and practices. The relationship is also a genealogical one. The god-ancestors from who Pele and the myriad gods which make the living landscape descend, represent the generations of ancestors from whom the Hawaiians descend. At the start of this ethnographic journey, we share that we two (Cnaona and Kepa) are simply students of history, who have traveled along a path set for us by our kupuna and kumu, Like a lei maker who travels into the forest, asking first for permission to enter, then to be guided to and carefully collect cherished foliage, and then to be inspired to create an adornment that 4 There are many ways to interpret the meaning of'colonialism." Among them, Merriam Webster includes: "domination of a people or area by a foreign state or nation: the practice of extending and maintaining a nation's political and economic control over another people or area" (https:Clrwvwmmerriam-webster.comldictionarvico[onialisrn; April 10, 2022). This definition just scratches the surface, and falls far short of the impacts of colonialism on Native Hawaiians. When looking further into colonialism as practiced by the A.S.C.F.M. and their descendants, it becomes clear that their world-view and attitude impacted the lives of every Hawaiian. It was the practice across the islands, whenever possible,to steadily and forcibly remove Hawaiians from their dispersed areas of residence to centralized communities. In the first 100 years of colonization. nearly 911Qt''s of the Native Population died. The next step was the demonization of traditional belief and practice systems,then altering the customary land use, and turning the native population towards the Christian faith,which colonizers used as a justification to exterminate other faiths, enslave natives, and exploit resources from the mountain tops to the ocean depths. (See https:llen.wikipedia.orglwikif Christianity_and colonialism;April 10, 2022). Draft-Efhnohistorical Study of`Aina within Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park Kumu Pono Associates LLC(working draft ver.Novemer 14,2022) iii