The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink AboutPD Background Report Ackerman Ranch (PL-SPP-2023-056) BAckermanRanchSPP.crk.3.20.24 COUNTY OF IIAWAI`I PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT ACKERMAN RANCH INC SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION NO. (PL-SPP-2023-000056) ACKERMAN RANCH INC submitted an application for a Special Permit to establish and operate an event venue to host weddings and other similar gatherings on an approximately 4-acre portion of two properties totaling 195.91 acres in the State Land Use Agricultural District. The subject properties are located on the west(makai) side of Ali`i Drive, approximately 2,000 feet north of its intersection with Haleki`i Street, Por. Honuaino 3rd Kanaueue 1st-2nd, North Kona, Hawaii, TMKs: (3) 7-9-012:004 (por.) and :031 (por.). APPLICANT'S REQUEST 1. Request: Ackerman Ranch Inc applied for a Special Permit to establish and operate an event venue to host weddings and other similar gatherings on an approximately 4-acre, fenced portion of two properties totaling 195.91 acres in the State Land Use Agricultural District(hereinafter"permit area"). The proposed project consists of the following components: ■ Events would include weddings, vow renewals, funerals, birthdays, graduations and other community and charity events. ■ The applicant proposes a maximum of 12 events per month (144 per year) with a maximum of 200 guests per event, although most events would consist of 5 0-100 guests. ■ Events will be held between the hours of 9:00 am and 10:00 pm on weekdays and between 9:00 am and 11:00 pm on Fridays and Saturdays. No overnight accommodation is proposed. ■ An approximately 1-to-2-acre area will be graded/grubbed to establish access roads, a parking area, walkways, and a level venue area. ■ A 25' x 50' (1,250 square foot) open air pavilion will be constructed for guest use. ■ An approximately 3-acre gravel parking area will be provided to accommodate at least 80 vehicles. ADA stalls will also be provided. ■ The access drive,parking area, and venue area will be fully fenced with a gated entrance. 1 ■ Food for events will be provided by the guests or provided by caterers or food trucks. ■ Alcohol will be permitted at events but provided by guests. Alcohol will not be sold at events. ■ Guests will be required to rent portable bathrooms for all events through local rental companies. ■ Guests will rent generators for all lighting and electricity needs. ■ Amplified sound will be permitted at events. Sound levels will not exceed Department of Health noise standards for residential properties and will not exceed 55 decibels during the day and 45 decibels during the night at any property boundary. ■ The applicant expects to have 2-3 maintenance workers responsible for upkeep of the event space. 2. Reasons for Request: The applicant believes there is a lack of gathering places for families and community members to come together for celebrations such as weddings, funerals, birthdays, graduation parties, etc. Recognizing this need, the applicant envisions the creation of a low-impact event venue area, designed to accommodate up to 200 guests. The goal is to provide a natural, yet elegant backdrop where individuals can gather and commemorate special occasions. Situated amid a nearly 200-acre cattle ranch, and with the closest dwelling more than 1,300 feet away, the venue provides a private and serene atmosphere with a low impact to neighboring properties and the existing agricultural use of the land. Beyond the broader community benefit, the Ackerman family, boasting a long-established legacy in the ranching and cattle industry, seeks to bring diversity into their business by offering a small portion of their properties as an event space. Their envisioned diversification endeavors to maintain the integrity of the land, ensuring that any changes are minimally intrusive and do not affect the cattle ranching operations on the remainder of the parcels. Thus, the project proposes to have a minimal impact on the land, while at the same providing a needed service and bolstering support of other local businesses (i.e., catering companies, rental supply companies, etc.). 3. Construction Timetable/Estimated Cost: The applicant plans to begin to prepare the property to host events as soon as the Special Permit is approved and estimates it will take approximately 6 months to complete all land work, construct the gravel driveway/parking lot and construct the pavilion. The estimated cost of the proposed improvements is $50,000. 2 4. Landowner: Ackerman Ranch Inc. 5. Supportive Information: The applicants have submitted the attached in support of the request: (Planning Department Exhibit 1 —Special Permit Application received dated November 2,2023 and Planning Department Exhibit 2-Additional information received on February 2,2024) STATE & COUNTY PLANS 6. State Land Use District: Agricultural. 7. County Zoning: Agricultural 1-Acre (A-la) for Parcel 004 and Agricultural 5-Acre (A-5a) for Parcel 031. The Agricultural zoning district provides for agricultural and very low-density agriculturally based residential use, encompassing rural areas of good to marginal agricultural and grazing land, forest land, game habitats, and areas where urbanization is not found to be appropriate. 8. General Plan LUPAG Map Designation: Most of the permit area is designated as Orchard, which are those agricultural lands which though rocky in character and content support productive macadamia nuts,papaya, citrus and other similar agricultural products. A small portion of the permit area is designated as Extensive Agriculture, which are lands not classified as Important Agricultural Land. Includes lands that are not capable of producing sustained, high agricultural yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, machine tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses such as grazing and pasture may be included in the Extensive Agriculture category. 9. Kona Community Development Plan (KCDP): The Kona CDP, adopted by the Hawaii County Council by Ordinance No. 08-131 on September 25, 2008, identifies the preferred land use pattern for the Kona districts. The subject property is located outside of the Kona Urban Area and outside of any Rural Town Areas. 10. Special Management Area (SMA): The permit area is not located within the County's Special Management Area(SMA) and is situated approximately 1 mile from the nearest coastline. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA 11. Subject Property and Permit Area: The subject parcels total over 195 acres of land, consisting of and land,primarily designated for cattle grazing. The 4-acre special permit area is currently vacant of any structures or improvements, and all proposed special 3 permit components are outside existing mapped drainage easements. The special permit area slopes slightly uphill in an easterly direction from approximately 580 feet elevation to approximately 650 feet elevation and there are no perceptible topographic or geologic constraints. 12. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Surrounding properties to the north are zoned A-5a, properties to the south and east are zoned A-5a and A-la and properties to the west are zoned A-la. The Mamalahoa Bypass Road (Ali`i Drive)runs adjacent to the parcels on the mauka(east) side. The properties to the northwest and just east of the Mamalahoa Bypass are also owned by the Ackerman Ranch. The properties directly to the north are ranch lands as well, owned by the Palika Ranch Family Limited Partnership. The properties to the west and south of the subject site are part of the Haleki`i-Onouli subdivision and include a variety of Hokuli`a Community Services such as a wastewater treatment plant, municipal water facilities, maintenance facilities and golf facilities as well as several large vacant parcels. A bit further south is the Hokuli`a Phase 1 Subdivision consisting of several approximately 1-to-2-acre parcels. These parcels contain a mixture of vacant land and farm dwellings, with the nearest dwelling sited more than 1,300 feet from the permit area. 13. USDA Soil Survey Report: Soils in the permit area are classified as Wai`aha medial silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. 14. Land Study Bureau Soil Rating: The permit area is largely designated as "D" or"Poor" and a small portion is designated as "C" or fair for agricultural productivity. 15. Agricultural Lands of Significance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH): The permit area is classified as "Other" important agricultural land, which are lands of statewide or local importance for the production of food, feed, fiber, and forage crops. These lands can be farmed satisfactorily by applying greater inputs of fertilizer and other soil amendments, drainage improvements, erosion control practices, flood protection and produce fair to good crop yields when managed properly. 16. Flood Zone: The permit area is situated within Zone X, determined by FEMA to be an area of minimal flood hazard. According to the Department of Public Works, Engineering Division the northern portion of Parcel 004 (but not including the proposed permit area) has an area situated with Zone A by FEMA. Any work to be done in this area shall comply with Chapter 27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawai`i County Code. 4 17. Floral/Fauna Resources: No professional survey was conducted of the floral and faunal resources of the site; however, the applicant does not believe that rare or endangered floral or faunal resources are likely to be found within or proximate to the permit area as this area has been grazed extensively for many years. Vegetation in the area is mostly dominated by non-native plants,predominantly Guinea grass, haole koa and kiawe. Faunal resources include introduced bird species (such as dove, Japanese White-eye, house finch, myna) and domestic animals such as cats, dogs, goats and chickens and other animals like rats and feral pigs may also be present in the area. These are all common and not endangered. There are no known threatened or endangered species or critical habitat on the subject site. 18. Archaeological/Historical/Cultural Resources: The subject properties were previously sold to 1250 Oceanside Partners, the former developer of the 116kuli`a project, however, the properties were subsequently returned to Ackerman Ranch ownership in 2015. While the subject properties did not ultimately become part of the 116kuli`a Development, they were part of the overall 116kuli`a historic preservation compliance work related to Rezone Ordinance (REZ 98-6). The entire 1,540-acre 116kuli`a project area(including the subject parcels)was subjected to an archaeological inventory survey (AIS)by Hammatt et. al. (1997). Subsequently, two addendum AIS's were prepared to test possible burial sites identified in the Hammatt et. al. (1997) AIS: the addendum AIS by Collin/Hammatt (1999) and the addendum AIS by McGerty and Dega(2014). Based on the recommendations of these surveys, an integrated archaeological mitigation plan (IAMP) was prepared by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). This plan included data recovery, preservation, and archaeological monitoring components. The Data Recovery Plan (DRC) component was accepted by SHPD in 1999; and the Monitoring and Preservation Plan components were accepted with conditions. In addition to the IAMP, a Burial Treatment Plan (BTP) was prepared for the 116kuli`a development by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). The Hammatt et. al. (1997) AIS identified four individual historic properties in the vicinity of the permit area: a historic era railroad bed(SIHP 50-10-37- 7214/10302), and Ahupua`a boundary walls (16789, 16790 and 16791). All four sites were recommended for preservation in the AIS. The Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008) preservation plan established a 20 ft. buffer for the railroad bed (7214/10302) and 5 ft. buffers for the boundary walls (16789, 16790 and 16791). Ahupua`a Wall sites 16789 5 and 16790 are well outside of the permit area, but site 16791 is just over 20 feet from the proposed permit area at its closet point and portions of Site 7214 are within the permit area. An orange plastic construction fence will be in place at the 20 ft. buffer of the railroad berm (SIHP 7214/10302) across the entire length of the project area pursuant to the Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008)preservation plan. Three potential breaches to the railroad bed will be required for the proposed driveways and the foot path. All breaches will occur in accordance with the provisions for breaching linear preservation sites established in the approved IAMP and preservation plan (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999 and Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2008). There is no evidence of any traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site. 19. Public Access: There is no known public access to the mountains or the shoreline that runs through the permit area. Public Facilities,Utilities and Services 20. Access and Parking: The subject site is located on the west side of the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway (Ali`i Drive), a County owned and maintained roadway with a 60-to- 80-foot-wide pavement within a 180-to-200-foot right-of-way in the vicinity of the permit area. Access to the property is approximately 0.7 miles north of the intersection of Mamalahoa Bypass Highway and Haleki`i Street. Turning lanes to and from the site are provided for both the northbound and southbound directions and a stop sign is posted for traffic exiting the property. Once off the main highway, guests and vendors will access the parking area via a 0.2 mile long, 20-foot wide,private gravel driveway. This driveway will run roughly parallel to the highway and be completely fenced in. A proposed gravel parking area will have capacity for approximately 80 vehicles and a turnaround area for emergency vehicles. A gate will be provided for emergency access from the Mamalahoa Bypass Road directly into the gravel parking lot. According to the Department of Public Works, Engineering Division, any construction within the County right-of-way shall comply with the requirements of HCC, Chapter 22, County Streets, and the proposed main and emergency access points shall have adequate site distance and if necessary, establish sight distance easements. 21. Traffic Impacts: According to the applicant, traffic on Mamalahoa Bypass Highway is generally low to moderate in volume. The proposed use would not generate a significant increase in traffic to the subject site as no more than 12 events are planned per month and 6 those events are unlikely to result in additional traffic during peak hours. The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Manual (10tn edition) does not include a land use category for event venues; however, the applicant anticipates a maximum of 60 vehicles per event, with most events requiring far fewer vehicles. This stretch of the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway is not near neighborhoods, houses, schools, or commercial buildings. Due to most weddings and events being held in the evenings and on weekends, there should be little impact on the current traffic in the area. Since the event venue would open at 9AM at the earliest, the requested use will not interfere with morning school and work traffic. Event organizers for setup and tear-down would arrive before and depart after the event guests. Carpooling and shuttles will also be encouraged to further reduce traffic impacts due to events. 22. Water: The subject property is not currently served by County water. The applicant proposes to install a 10,000-gallon catchment tank near the proposed gazebo for the purpose of providing water for fire suppression. Rainwater from the pavilion roof will be captured and stored in the tank. The applicant will not begin hosting any events until the tank is full and will regularly monitor the water levels to ensure that the tank remains full. Water from the tank will only be used for fire suppression purposes and thus once full, the tank level should remain consistent. If rainwater alone is not sufficient to keep the tank full, the applicant will have water trucked in as necessary. 23. Wastewater: The property is not currently serviced by the County sewer system. The applicant is proposing to require event users to rent portable bathrooms for each event, however, based on staff consultation with the Department of Public Works, Building Division, construction of permanent bathroom facilities will be required pursuant to the Building and Plumbing Codes. The preceding will also require the applicant to install an individual wastewater system meeting with the requirements of the State Department of Health. 24. Other Essential Utilities and Services: There is no electrical service to the property, thus event organizers will be required to rent/provide generators for the event. Police, fire, and medical services are located nearby in Kailua-Kona and Kealakekua. 7 AGENCY COMMENTS 25. Department of Public Works,Engineering Division: (Planning Department Exhibit 3 —March 20,2024 Memo) 26. State Department of Health (Planning Department Exhibit 4—February 22,2024 Memo) AGENCIES—NO COMMENT/CONCERN 27. Police Department. AGENCIES—NO RESPONSE 28. Department of Public Works, Traffic Division, Department of Water Supply, Department of Environmental Management, Fire Department, State Land Use Commission, Office of Planning and Sustainable Development, State Department of Agriculture, & State Department of Land and Natural Resources. PUBLIC COMMENTS 29. None as of this writing. 8 LA N❑"* ; 194 Wiwoole St. Hilo, HI 96720 PLANNING t* (808) 333-3393 HAWA11 LLC info@landplanninghawaii.com November 2, 2023 Mr. Jeffrey Darrow, Deputy Director Planning Department COUNTY OF HAWAII 101 Pauahi Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Darrow: Subject: Submission of Special Permit Application Applicant: Ackerman Ranch Inc. Hokukano,North Kona,Hawaii, TMKs: (3) 7-9-012:004 & 031 Electronically transmitted here within for your review and processing is an application requesting a special permit for the above referenced applicant to allow the operation of an event venue to host weddings and other similar gatherings on a designated approximately 4-acre portion of land within the combined 195.91-acre parcels. The project area is located on the upper portion of the parcels, along the west side of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass, about 0.4 miles north of its intersection with Haleki`i Street The transmittal includes a) the application form; b) a letter of authorization allowing our office to file the application on the landowner's behalf, c) a list of surrounding property owners within five hundred (500) feet of the subject parcels; and d)background & environmental report, which includes the location and proposed site plan. A payment of$500.00 for the County filing fee will be paid via electronic check. We trust that everything is in order for your acceptance and processing of this application. If not or if there are questions relating to this matter,please feel free to direct them to me. Thank you very much. Sincerely, JOHN PIPAN Planning Administrator Planning Dept. Exhibit,,1 SPECIAL PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAI`I PLANNING COMMISSION (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT(S): Ackerman Ranch Inc. --F APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE:_ CC a C �e�� DATE: IV/ 3? 3 ADDRESS: P.O. Box 555, K lakekua, HI 96750 r LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST(if not owner): PHONE: (Bus.) (Res.) 808-938-5131 (Email) e.aekermanranch@gmail.com REQUEST: Special Permit to allow the operation of an event venue to host weddings and other similar gatherings on a designated approximately 4-acre portion of land within their combined 195.91- acre parcels TAX MAP KEY:(3)7-9-012:004& (3)7-9-012:031 ZONING: A-1 a and A-5a SIZE OF PROPERTY/AREA OF REQUESTED USE: 193.77&2.41 acres f 4 acres LANDOWNER(S): FEE SIMPLE LANDOWNER(S) WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION (may be provided by letter with the below statement included): DATE: DATE: Note: The above written authorization of the landowner(s)gives permission for the applicant/petitioner to file the application/ petition and acknowledges that the landowner(s)and their successors are bound by the Special Permit and its conditions. AGENT: Land Planning Hawaii LLC AGENT ADDRESS: 194 Wiwoole Street, Hilo, HI 96720 PHONE: (Bus.) 808-333-3393 (Res.) (Email) info@landplanninghawaii.com Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Agent COPIES: Applicant TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: As landowner of the parcels identified by TMK: (3)7-9-012:004&(3)7-9-012:031,1 hereby consent and authorize Land Planning Hawaii LLC to file and process a Special Permit Application on my behalf. ACKERMAN RANCH INC. BY: V,13 �2'3 �F, Signature Date f, Print Name Title COUNTY BACKGROUND & ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT COUNTY SPECIAL PERMIT REQUEST ACKERMAN RANCH INC HOKUKANO, NORTH KONA, HAWAI`I TMKs: (3) 7-9-012: 004 & 7-9-012: 031 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................4 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION..............................................................................................6 3A. Project Concept and Components..............................................................................6 3B. Project Location.........................................................................................................8 3C. Institutional Considerations.......................................................................................9 StateLand Use...........................................................................................................9 County Zoning and General Plan..............................................................................9 Kona Community Development Plan......................................................................15 3D. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses ....................................................................16 3E. Flood Insurance Rate Map.......................................................................................16 3F. Archaeological Resources........................................................................................16 3G. Floral and Faunal Resources....................................................................................20 3H. Valued Cultural Resources ......................................................................................20 3I. Public Access...........................................................................................................21 3J. Description of Access..............................................................................................21 3K. Traffic Impacts.........................................................................................................21 3L. Availability of Utilities............................................................................................21 III. REGULATORY ANALYSIS ........................................................................................22 4A. Coastal Zone Management.....................................................................................22 4B. Impacts to Surrounding Properties ..........................................................................22 4C. Impacts to Public Agencies......................................................................................23 4D. Unusual Conditions..................................................................................................23 4E. Land Suitability for Permitted Uses.........................................................................23 4F. Land Character and Present Use..............................................................................24 4G. Relationship to General Plan ...................................................................................24 4H. Unusual and Reasonable Use...................................................................................24 2 FIGURES Figure1: Location Map............................................................................................................5 Figure2: Site Plan....................................................................................................................7 Figure 3: State Land Use Designation Map ...........................................................................10 Figure 4: Land Study Bureau Rating Productivity Rating .....................................................11 Figure5: County Zoning Map................................................................................................12 Figure6: LUPAG Map...........................................................................................................13 Figure7: FIRM Map ..............................................................................................................17 Figure 8: Archaeological Sites in Vicinity............................................................................. 18 Figure 9: Sites Identified in Block Sweep of Priority Area 6 ............................................... 19 3 I. INTRODUCTION Ackerman Ranch Inc ("applicant")is requesting a special permit to allow the operation of an event venue to host weddings and other similar gatherings on a designated approximately 4-acre portion of land within their larger 193.77-acre parcel identified by TMK: (3) 7-9- 012:004 and 2.14-acre parcel identified by TMK: (3) 7-9-012:031. The project area is located on the upper portion of the parcels, along the west side of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass, about 0.4 miles north of its intersection with Haleki`i Street(Figure 1). Both parcels are located within the State Land Use Agricultural District. Parcel 004 is zoned Agriculture-1 acres (A-la), and Parcel 031 is zoned Agricutural-5 acres (A-5a). The properties are currently used for cattle grazing. If approved, the applicant plans to host weddings and other events for up to 200 guests on an approximately 4-acre portion of the properties. The applicant believes there is a lack of gathering places for families and community members to come together for celebrations such as weddings, funerals, birthdays, graduation parties, etc. Recognizing this need, the applicant envisions the creation of a low-impact event venue area, designed to accommodate up to 200 guests. The goal is to provide a natural, yet elegant backdrop where individuals can gather and commemorate special occasions. Situated in the midst of a nearly 200-acre cattle ranch, and with the closest dwelling more than 1,300 feet away, the venue provides a private and serene atmosphere with a low impact to neighboring properties and the existing agricultural use of the land. Beyond the broader community benefit, the Ackerman family, boasting a long-established legacy in the ranching and cattle industry, seeks to bring diversity into their business by offering a small portion of their properties as an event space. Their envisioned diversification endeavors to maintain the integrity of the land, ensuring that any changes are minimally intrusive and do not affect the cattle ranching operations on the remainder of the parcels. Thus, the project proposes to have a minimal impact on the land, while at the same providing a needed service and bolstering support of other local businesses (i.e., catering companies, rental supply companies, etc.). As the subject parcel is designated Agricultural by the State Land Use Commission, a Special Permit is required to allow the requested use. A similar Special Permit Application (SPP 15-000177)was approved for an event venue approximately 2 miles away on a ranch on April 13, 2015. As this request is very similar in nature, its approval would be in keeping with other such land uses. 4 7 9 a 4 L_7"'zu.ee A INSfT A' o e- sl ro<.RA/,vAe/v eeAcw / N N O � N U A c.n N A ,cc 14 C N rr a c 0 GRANT e Ip o N R A SUBJECT"° ig f _ PROPERTIES „ K G "© Gr.016E O A: rel.ol °. .' T ?t�,aa - _ wn S A A A N J\ Al T ;I O .3�- K Al— 'G<nNT se+ t ,._v g. ,1.✓...r�Z9;. �F: ,�.. n A •� 0 Ll N b A A _ I 501H c r AON°eyV7Y 11 "sm N ^ w ecs l A �f S 6 E / I / TnIRD vI51oN A Z cNE _Q NI / DI � e G R N / ADVANCE SHEET N7 5� TBT ZONE sf C. PLAT \ GR •yT i is R A"T 7 9 12 f �_ A SUBJECT TO CHANGE CONTAINING PARCELS POR.HONUA/NO 3Aa KANAUEUE /='PMO N.KONA,HAW. -- SCALE:lin.=Sao ff. ..To FIGURE 1 IL PROJECT DESCRIPTION The subject property is located along the west side of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass, about 0.4 miles north of its intersection with Haleki`i Street. 3A. Proiect Concept and Components As noted above, the applicant wishes to establish an event venue on an approximately 4-acre portion of the subject parcels. Parcel 31 consists of 2.14 acres with approximately 750 feet of roadway frontage and Parcel 40 consists of 193.77 acres. Both parcels are primarily used for cattle ranching. The venue will be open by reservation on weekdays from 9:00 am to 10:00 pm, and 9:00 am to 11:00 pm on Friday and Saturdays. Events would include weddings, vow renewals, funerals, graduations and other community and charity events and would be held for a maximum of 200 guests. The events will take place on a small portion of the ranch just makai of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass and will thus not impact the ongoing cattle ranching activities. The applicant proposes to construct a 25' x 50' open air pavilion for guest use. Guests will have the option of hiring a catering service to provide food for the events and portable bathrooms will be provided by a local rental company. Access to the property will be from the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass, approximately 0.7 miles north of the intersection of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass and Haleki`i Street, with turning lanes provided to and from the site. A parking area will be provided to accommodate at least 80 vehicles and will include ADA compliant parking. A conceptual plan of the project area is attached as Figure 2. The following elements are requested as part of the Special Permit: • Events will be held between the hours of 9:00 am and 10:00 pm on weekdays and between 9:00 am and 11:00 pm on Fridays and Saturdays. • The applicant proposes a maximum of 12 events per month with a maximum of 200 guests, although most events would consist of 50-100 guests. • An approximately 1-2 acre area will be graded/grubbed to establish access roads, a parking area, walkways, and a level venue area. • The access drive, parking area, and venue area will be fully fenced with a gated entrance. • A 25' x 50' open air pavilion will be constructed for guest use. • Food for events will be provided by the guests or provided by caterers or food trucks. • Alcohol will be permitted at events but provided by guests. Alcohol will not be sold at events. • An approximately 3/4 acre gravel parking area will be provided to accommodate at least 80 vehicles. ADA stalls will also be provided. • 2-3 maintenance workers will be responsible for upkeep of the event space. 6 AL u 0 tz < z Z < < < a. 7 GATE FOR EMERGENCY ACCESS MAMALAHOA BYPASS RD 80 PARKING SPACES ADA SPACES TMK(3) :0 1 FOOT PATH ----- -- ------- PORTABLE ------- ---------------- TOILETS ---- -------- 25'x 50' PROPOSED,, FENCED : PROPOSED ACCESS 4 ac SPECIAL PERMIT PAVILION AREA FENCE WATER TANK TMK(3)7-9-012 004 193.77 AC CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN C0NLCEPTlUAL SITE PLAN SCA E .= 5 0. A-00 75' 0 150' 300' • Guests will be required to rent portable bathrooms for all events through local rental companies. • Amplified sound will be permitted at events. Sound levels will not exceed Department of Health noise standards for residential properties and will not exceed 55 decibels during the day and 45 decibels during the night at any property boundary. • Guests will rent generators for all lighting and electricity needs. • No overnight accommodations are proposed. As guests will utilize portable bathrooms, with rented hand washing stations, County water is not proposed to be used on site. The applicant will comply with all fire safety requirements and proposes to install a 10,000-gallon catchment tank in the vicinity of the pavilion to provide a dedicated water source for fire safety. The applicant plans to begin to prepare the property to host events as soon as the Special Permit is approved and estimates it will take approximately 6 months to complete all land work, construct the gravel driveway/parking lot and construct the pavilion. The estimated cost of the proposed improvements is $50,000. Consolidation of the neighboring properties that the Special Permit area straddles is not proposed, and the applicant would prefer to not consolidate. Should a condition be required that would nullify the permit if either property were sold the applicant would find that acceptable. 3B. Proiect Location The subject parcels are located on the west side of the Mamalahoa Bypass Road, about 0.4 miles north of its intersection with Haleki`i Street. Access to the site will be from the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass, approximately 0.7 miles north of the intersection of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass and Haleki`i Street, with turning lanes provided to and from the site. The combined acreage of the subject parcels' totals over 195 acres of land. These parcels are only two of several parcels that make up the over 400-acre Ackerman Ranch. All proposed improvements to support the new event venue will be situated on a 4-acre portion of the properties that is more than 1,300 feet away from the closest single-family residence. The majority of the subject parcels consist of and land, primarily designated for cattle grazing. There are no structures present in the project area. The project area slopes slightly uphill in an easterly direction from approximately 580 feet elevation to approximately 650 feet elevation. There are no perceptible topographic or geologic constraints. All proposed special permit components are outside existing mapped drainage easements. 8 3C. Institutional Considerations State Land Use The subject site is designated State Land Use Agriculture (Figure 3), and the special permit will consist of approximately 4-acres of land. As such, no State Land Use Commission action is required. The County of Hawaii can process the special permit request. Based on the Land Study Bureau Overall Master Productivity Rating the project area is classified as D, or poor and C, or Fair(Figure 4). Under the Agriculture Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) classification system, the project area is classified as "other" (Figure 5). U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service has designated the soil type for the subject site as Waiaha medial silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. Special Management Area The subject properties are entirely outside of the Special Management area and the Special Permit project area is over 1 mile from the coast. County Zoning and General Plan The County zoning of Parcel 31 is Agriculture 5-acres (A-5a) and the County zoning of Parcel 004 is Agriculture 1-acre (A-la) (Figure 5). The County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map designates the parcels primarily as Orchards and partially as Extensive Agriculture (Figure 6). Relative to these designations, the General Plan allows consideration for a Special Permit on agriculture land where the requested use meets certain criteria as outlined in section 4 of the permit application and chapter 205 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes as amended. General Plan Discussion The Hawaii County General Plan serves as a guide for decision-makers in land use matters. The proposed project is conducive to the General Plan's guidelines as it conforms to the following goals, policies, and standards of the General Plan: Economic 2.2 Goals (a) Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments. 9 State Land Use Designation Map 1 Subject Properties \ ti i t1 1 10/30/2023,10:16:14AM 1:18,056 State Land Use Classifications(SLU) Rural Street Centerlines 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 mi Agricultural Urban Hawaii County District Boundary 0 0.33 0.65 1.3km Conservation 0 parcels(current boundary lines) Coastline FIGURE 3 GeoT ch ologie Ines°METINASA dUSGs EPA in S C n°u_ Bureau,USDA,Esn,NASA,NSA,USGS,County of Hawaii IT Department Web App Builder for ArcG IS The contents of this map were prepared for informational and planning purposes onlyand may not hd-been prepared for orbe suitable forlegal,engineering,or surveyi ng purposes. Land Study Bureau (LSB) Productivity Rating r Subject Properties _ �1 s" i 10/30/2023,10:20:27AM 1:18,056 Land Study Bureau Soil Type(LSB) D Street Centerlines 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 mi B E ®Hawaii County District Boundary 0 0.33 0.65 1.3 km HO C 0 Parcels(current boundary lines) Coastline Es,Community Maps Contributors,Esn,HERE,Gannln,SafC raph, B,r...hnologles, Inc, METI NSA USSS, EPA, f I Census Bureau,USDA,Esn,NASA,NGA,USGS,County of Hawaii IT Department FIGURE 4 web AppauuderferA,,G lS The contents ofthls map were prepared forinf—s ional and planning purposes only snd may nornave been prepared fororbe suitable forlegsl,engin—ing ors...yln9 Purposes. FIGURE 3 - ZONING MAP P000 = Boy L SUBJECT PROPERTIES r,. 8/11/2023, 10:46:OOAM 1:18,056 0 0.13 0.25 0.5 mi Hawaii County Zoning CN-10 RA-1a Md RS-7.5 FIGURE 5 1- - -T. ' ., I 0(road) CV-10 RS-10 0 Parcels(Current boundary lines) 0 0.23 0.45 0.9 km A-1a A441�14� Esri Community Maps Contributors, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, _CV-7.5 RS-15 Street Centerlines GeoTechnologies,Inc,METI/NASA,USGS,EPA,US Census Bureau,USDA, A-5a Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS The contents ofthis map were prepared for informational and planning purposes only and may not have been prepared for or be suitable for legal,engineering,or surveying purposes. LUPAG Map ti Subject Properties a w T .n 10/30/2023,10:26:46AM 1:18,056 Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide(LUPAG)-Open Area Parcels(current boundary lines) 0 0.2 0.4 0.8 mi Extensive Agriculture Orchards Street Centerlines 0 0.33 0.65 1.3kin ImportantAg.Lands Resort ®Hawaii County District Boundary Es,Community Maps Contributors,Esn,HERE,Gannln,SafeG rash, WillLow Density Urban B,r,as nologlas, ma, SA NASA, uses, ,ntyEPA f census Rural Coastline eu�aau,usoA,esn,NASA,NCA,uses,courny of Hauvall IT Department Medium Density Urban FIGURE 6 was AppeuudarfarA,,G lS The contents ofthls map were prapar d rorinf—aeonal and planning purposes onlvand may nornava bean prepared fororba swtabla forlagal,angin—ing,ors...ying purposes. (b) Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii. (c) Strive for diversity and stability in the economic system. (d) Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural, natural, and social environment. (e) Strive for an economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation. (f) Strive for diversification of the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. 2.3 Policies (c) Encourage the development of a visitor industry that is in harmony with the social,physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. (p) Identify the needs of the business community and take actions that are necessary to improve the business climate. Natural Beauty 7.2 Goals (c) Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. Recreation 12.2 Goals (a) Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors of the County (b) Maintain the natural beauty of recreation areas. (c) Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits. Land Use 14.1.2 Goals (a) Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County. 14 14.1.3 Policies (f) Encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment 14.2.2 Goals (a) Identify,protect and maintain important agriculture lands on the island of Hawaii. (b) Preserve the agricultural character of the island. (c) Preserve and enhance opportunities for the expansion of Hawaii's Agricultural Industry. 14.2.3 Policies (a) Implement new approaches to preserve important agricultural land. (r) Encourage, where appropriate, the establishment of visitor-related uses and facilities that directly promote the agriculture industry. (a) Encourage other compatible economic uses that complement existing agricultural and pastoral activities. Approval of the requested Special Permit would be in line with the aforementioned economic, natural beauty, recreation and land use goals and policies of the General Plan by utilizing a relatively small portion of the larger ranch to provide an event venue for tourists and residents alike to gather to celebrate special occasions or hold charity events. The applicant plans to make minimal improvements to the properties to create appropriate access, parking and event lawn and pavilion space. The remainder of the parcels will continue to be used for ranching. In so doing, the project aims to support and enhance the ranch operations by diversifying its use through the utilization of a small portion of the properties as an event space in a manner that will have minimal impact to the land. Kona Community Development Plan The Kona Community Development Plan (KCDP) attempts to further define the General Plan and serves as a guide for decision-makers. The KCDP designates the subject parcel as outside of the Kona Urban Area. The proposed Special Permit request is conducive to the following goals, objectives and policies outlined in the KCDP developed and adopted by the County Council on September 25, 2008, as Ordinance No. 08 131, as amended by Ordinance 19-091 effective September 18, 2019: Policy ECON-2.1:Explore and provide opportunities to support,promote or enhance Kona's agricultural industries. 15 The proposed event venue meets this criterion of the KCDP by proposing to use the land in a manner intended to showcase the natural beauty of Kona while creating new event hosting options for visitors and residents, employment opportunities for the community, and diversity in agricultural pursuits. Approval of the special permit request will allow the applicant to showcase its ranch while also diversifying its use in a manner that is sustainable and poses little impact to the land. Further, the request is not for a change of zone, which would allow many different possible uses. By seeking a Special Permit, the land will remain in agricultural zoning and the proposed operations will be limited to what is defined within the Special Permit request. Based on the above, it would seem logical to allow the proposed use on the subject property by way of a Special Permit. 3D. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses The County zoning of the project area is A-5a and A-la. Surrounding properties to the north are zoned A-5a, properties to the south and east are zoned A-5a and A-la and properties to the west are zoned A-Ia. The Mamalahoa Bypass Road runs adjacent to the parcels on the mauka (east) side. The properties to the northwest and just east of the Mamalahoa Bypass are also owned by the Ackerman Ranch. The properties directly to the north are ranch lands as well, owned by the Palika Ranch Family Limited Partnership. The properties to the west and south of the subject site are part of the Haleki`i-Onouli subdivision and include a variety of Hokuli`a Community Services such as a wastewater treatment plant, municipal water facilities, maintenance facilities and golf facilities as well as several large vacant parcels. A bit further south is the Hokuli`a Phase 1 Subdivision consisting of several approximately 1-2 acre parcels. These parcels contain a mixture of vacant land and single-family dwellings, with the nearest dwelling sited more than 1,300 feet from the project area. Thus, the project area is aptly located, relatively private and surrounded mostly by ranch land and with excellent access from the Mamaloahoa Bypass Road. 3E. Flood Insurance Rate Map The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) (Figure 7) designates the area of the proposed development to be in Zone X (areas outside of 500-year flood) and there are no drainage ways in the project area. 3F. Archaeological Resources The subject properties were part of the overall Hokuli`a historic preservation compliance work. The entire 1,540-acre Hokuli`a project area(including the subject parcel)was subjected to an Archaeological Inventory Survey (AIS)by Hammatt et. al. (1997). 16 t F .^ r• - 1 .�, i p ,� r Nr 964F f 0CI6*)p t , •�, =� BASEMAP: FIRM BASEMAP Flood Hazard Assessment Report www.hawaiinfip.org SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS (SFHAs) SUBJECT TO INUNDATION BY 1%ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD -The 1%annual chance flood (100- year),also know as the base flood, is the flood that has a 1%chance of :'•..`�-..,,,,,,-..r` `' being equaled or exceeded in any given year.SFHAs include Zone A,AE, -...:.. - AH, AO,V,and VE.The Base Flood Elevation (BFE) is the water surface elevation of the 1% annual chance flood. Mandatory flood insurance Property Information Notes: purchase applies in these zones: COUNTY: HAWAII (- Zone A:No BFE determined. TMK NO: (3)7-9-012:004 Zone AE:BFE determined. WATERSHED: WAIAHA PARCEL ADDRESS: ADDRESS NOT DETERMINED Zone AH:Flood depths of 1 to 3 feet(usually areas of ponding); KEALAKEKUA,HI 96750 BFE determined. Zone AO: Flood depths of 1 to 3 feet (usually sheet flow on Flood Hazard Information sloping terrain);average depths determined. FIRM INDEX DATE: SEPTEMBER 29,2017 Zone V:Coastal flood zone with velocity hazard(wave action); LETTER OF MAP CHANGE(S): NONE no BFE determined. FEMA FIRM PANEL: 1551660964F Zone VE:Coastal flood zone with velocity hazard(wave action); BFE determined. PANEL EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPTEMBER 29,2017 Zone AEF: Floodway areas in Zone AE. The floodway is the channel of stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without increasing the BFE. NON-SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREA-An area in a low-to-moderate risk THIS PROPERTY IS WITHIN ATSUNAMI EVACUTION ZONE: NO flood zone. No mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply, FOR MORE INFO,VISIT:http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/ but coverage is available in participating communities. THIS PROPERTY IS WITHIN A DAM EVACUATION ZONE: NO Zone XS(X shaded):Areas of 0.2%annual chance flood;areas of FOR MORE INFO,VISIT:http://dlnreng.hawaii.gov/dam/ 1%annual chance flood with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage areas less than 1 square mile; and areas protected by levees from 1%annual chance flood. Zone X:Areas determined to be outside the 0.2%annual chance 0 0.30 0.60 mi floodplain. Disclaimer:The Hawaii Department cf Land and Natural Resources(DLNR)assumes no responsibility arising from the use, accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of any information contained in this report. Viewers/Users are OTHER FLOOD AREAS responsible for verifying the accuracy of the information and agree to indemnify the DLNR,its officers,and employ- ees from any liability which may arise from its use of its data or information. Zone D: Unstudied areas where flood hazards are undeter- L, mined, but flooding is possible. No mandatory flood insurance If this map has been identified as'PRELIMINARY',please note that it is being provided for informational purposes purchase apply,but coverage is available in participating commu- and is not to be used for flood insurance rating.Contact your county floodplain manager for flood zone determina- nities. lions to be used for compliance with local floodplain management regulations. FIGURE T The Hammatt et. al. (1997) AIS identified four individual historic properties in the vicinity of the project area, a historic era railroad bed SHIP 50-10-37-7214/10302, as well as Ahupua`a boundary walls 16789, 16790 and 16791 (Figure 8). All four sites were recommended for preservation in the AIS. The subsequent Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008) preservation plan established a 20 ft. buffer for the railroad bed (7214/10302) and 5 ft. buffers for the boundary walls (16789, 16790 and 16791). It is noted that while the project area is in the vicinity of Sites 16789, 16790 and 16791, it does not overlap with them. Road Parking Area Walk rr Venue rT-155-4 Area /f 7214 1 24105 � 1 24117 24111 24118 �24104 • 667 Figure 8: Archaeological Sites in the Vicinity The AIS also indicated that the project area is within the Honuaino- Hokukano agricultural complex (SIHP 50-10-37-16357). SHIP 16357 was recommended for data recovery in the AIS and was subjected to data recovery through the Escott and Spear(2007) data recovery and no further work is required. 18 The block sweep of priority area 6 also identified five historic properties in the vicinity of the project area (Figure 9). These sites include, 50-10-37-24104 (permanent habitation), -24105 (permanent habitation and livestock control), -24111 (livestock control), -24117 (permanent habitation), and -24118 (permanent habitation). All five sites were recommended for no further work by report Haun and Henry 2017 and that recommendation was accepted by SHPD via correspondence LOG NO 2015.02379, DOCNO 1705SL19. -- - f._ ._ r - r "4 7 214/10302 Railroad grad r air, . !Y'` f - -_- _J -, -- 41,12 _ .. -2411I'a Figure 9: Sites Identified in Block Sweep of Priority Area 6 To ensure that no historical resources are affected by the proposed project, the following mitigation commitments will be made: • An archeological monitor will be present during project activities with the potential to impact historic properties pursuant to the Haun (2016) Archaeological Monitoring Plan. • An orange plastic construction fence will be in place at the 20 ft. buffer of the railroad berm (SHIP 7214/10302) across the entire length of the project area pursuant to the Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008)preservation plan. The ahupua`a boundary walls -16789, -16790 and -16791 will also be preserved with orange plastic fence established at the 5ft. buffer. Any breaches of the sites will be in accordance with the provisions for breaching linear preservation sites established in the approved preservation plan (Tomonari- Tuggle and Tuggle 2008). 19 • In the event of the inadvertent discovery of human skeletal remains project activities will be halted, SHPD will be notified, and the procedures of HAR 13-300-40 will be followed to ensure appropriate treatment. 3G. Floral and Faunal Resources Although there was no professional survey conducted of the floral and faunal resources of the site, the applicant does not believe that rare or endangered floral or faunal resources are likely to be found within or proximate to the subject site as this area has been grazed extensively for many years. Vegetation in the area is mostly dominated by non-native plants, predominantly Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), haole koa(Leucaena leucocephala), and kiawe (Prosopis pallida). Hence, the floral impacts, if at all, should be minimal. In addition, introduced bird species (such as dove, Japanese White-eye, house finch, myna) are common in this area. Domestic animals such as cats, dogs, goats and chickens and other animals like rats and feral pigs may also be present in the area. These are all common and not endangered. There are no known threatened or endangered species or critical habitat on the subject site. As such, it is unlikely that the development of the subject property would cause any adverse faunal impacts. 3H. Valued Cultural Resources In view of the recent Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina"decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed. Specifically, there must be a discussion of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and associated traditional and customary practices of this site. In this situation, the subject site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline. As such, fishing and/or coastal access is not an issue. It is not known whether the subject property or immediate surrounding area have ever been used for the gathering of plants by native Hawaiians. However, given the extensive grazing of the property, it would appear very unlikely that the site would serve such purpose today and/or in the recent past. As mentioned above, prior archaeological studies conducted within the project area in conjunction with the Hokuli`a Subdivision found archaeological sites within the vicinity of the project area. The site is a permanent habitation/livestock control complex (Site 24105). All sites have been property documented and appropriate mitigations will be implemented as outlined above to ensure that the project does not impact any historical resources. Based on the above, it does not appear that the project would have any potential adverse impact relating to the cultural and historical resources of this area. 20 3I. Public Access The project area is located approximately 1 mile from the shoreline. The property itself is privately owned by the Ackerman family and there is no public access provided through the subject parcels. The nearest shoreline public access to Keikiwaha Point shoreline is located through Ala Paao Place, which is approximately 1 mile west of the proposed venue site. As such, no public access will be affected by this request. 3J. Description of Access The subject site is located on the west side of the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway, a County owned and maintained roadway in good condition. Access to the property is approximately 0.7 miles north of the intersection of Mamalahoa Bypass Highway and Haleki`i Street. Turning lanes to and from the site are provided for both the north bound and south bound directions and a stop sign is posted for traffic exiting the property. Once off the main highway, guests and vendors will access the parking area via a 0.2 mile long, 20-foot wide, private gravel driveway. This driveway will run roughly parallel to the highway and be completely fenced in. The gravel parking area will have capacity for approximately 80 vehicles and a turnaround area for emergency vehicles. A gate will be provided for emergency access from the Mamalahoa Bypass Road into the gravel parking lot. 3K. Traffic Impacts Traffic on Mamalahoa Bypass Highway is generally low to moderate in volume. The proposed use would not generate a significant increase in traffic to the subject site as no more than 12 events are planned per month and those events are unlikely to result in additional traffic during peak hours. The Institute of Transportation Engineers Trip Generation Manual (loth edition) does not include a land use category for event venues. The applicant anticipates a maximum of 60 vehicles per event, with most events requiring far fewer vehicles. This stretch of the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway is not near neighborhoods, houses, schools, or commercial buildings. Due to most weddings and events being held on evenings and weekends, there should be little impact on the current traffic in the area. Since the event venue would open at 9AM at the earliest, the requested use will not interfere with morning school and work traffic. Event organizers for setup and tear-down would arrive before and depart after the event guests. Carpooling and shuttles will also be encouraged to further reduce traffic impacts due to events. 3L. Availability of Utilities The applicant proposes to minimize the impact of the events on the land by utilizing generators to serve any electrical needs as well as renting portable bathrooms for each event. A 10,000-gallon water catchment tank is proposed near the guest 21 pavilion to serve as a dedicated water supply for fire suppression. Further, the rented portable bathrooms, which will be dropped off at the site prior to events and removed after events, will eliminate the need for on-site wastewater treatment. Additionally, food and potable water will be supplied by the renters for each event. III. REGULATORY ANALYSIS 4A. Coastal Zone Management The proposed use is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Coastal Zone Management as the project area is over 1 mile from the shoreline and outside of the Special Management Area. There is no public access, scenic or open space resources on the subject site. 4B. Impacts to Surrounding Properties The desired use shall not adversely affect the surrounding properties. The larger Ackerman Ranch is spread out over several parcels and provides significant buffer from surrounding properties to the north, east and west. Directly south of the project area is a narrow Ackerman ranch parcel, followed by a 20+ acre undeveloped parcel. The nearest dwelling to the project area is over 1,300 feet away. Thus, any sound or visual impacts to surrounding properties should be negligible. Traffic impacts to surrounding properties should also be minimal. Event traffic would generally be spread out over time with different vendors and guests arriving in a staged fashion due to set up and break down of the event. Additionally, based on the proposed hours of operation, the requested use will not interfere with morning school and work traffic. Peak guest trip times will be mid-day and, in the evening, outside of normal peak traffic periods for school and work. Further, adequate access to the property can be achieved directly from the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway with both northbound and southbound turning lanes. Thus, traffic to and from events will not require the use of neighborhood streets. The applicant's proposed use is relatively quiet, especially in comparison to typical agricultural noise. Although the applicant does propose to have amplified sound, the sound should not be disruptive to neighboring properties. As the nearest neighboring residence is over 1,300 feet away from the proposed event venue, sound impacts to neighboring properties should be negligible. Further, all events will end by 11 pm. Lastly, visual impacts will be very minimal as there are few homes proximate to the subject site and the only permanent structure proposed is an open-air pavilion. Aside from the pavilion, the only other improvements (a gravel driveway, parking area and event space lawn)will not pose an impact to any view plane. The applicant will maintain the vegetation along the roadway in keeping with the character of the area to ensure that visual impacts from the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway are minimized and all patrons will park onsite in designated areas provided by the applicant. 22 4C. Impacts to Public Agencies The proposed project will not unreasonably burden public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewers, water, drainage, school improvements, and police and fire protection as none of these agencies will be required. The subject site is already accessible via the Mamalahoa Bypass Highway and no additional utilities will need to be provided by public agencies. Fire and Police Stations are both within 3 miles from the subject site. Further, as the applicant plans to rent portable bathrooms for each event, sewer is not necessary, and the water needs of the project will be minimal. 4D. Unusual Conditions Unusual conditions, trends, and needs have arisen since the district boundaries and regulations were established. The property and surrounding areas are designated for agricultural uses by both State and County land use laws. Through the issuance of a Special Permit, a community may establish various non-agricultural services that may not be available or allowed by zoning for its residents. Since the district boundaries were established, visitor numbers to Hawaii have increased and demand has increased for venues hosting special events. It is difficult to maintain success as a rancher in Hawaii. Transportation and labor costs are high, as are prices for agricultural land. Along with these hurdles come additional difficulties imposed by a changing climate and new invasive weeds and pests. Thus, the ability to diversify income streams is critical. Although an unusual use of agricultural land, the ability to utilize a small portion of the ranch to provide a venue for both visitors and residents to celebrate special occasions, would be reasonable as it would not detract from the agricultural potential of the land, would not have a negative impact on surrounding properties and would allow the applicant to diversify the use of the property by supplementing and showcasing its ranching activities. Furthermore, allowing a Special Permit to conduct a small, family-owned, and operated event venue on a working ranch will offer a unique recreational opportunity for residents in a beautiful setting while preserving the agricultural character of the land. 4E. Land Suitability for Permitted Uses The proposed Special Permit area consists of approximately 4 acres of moderately sloped land (10-20 percent)with Waiaha medial silt loam overlaying ash fields on pahoehoe lava flows. The soil is well drained with a high runoff class. It is not considered prime farmland. The addition of a special event venue will support the ranch operations. Likewise, the ranch serve will as a unique and attractive setting for weddings and other special events. 23 The proposed Special Permit area accounts for only a small fraction of the overall ranch. The remainder of the ranch will continue to be used in productive commercial agriculture. Allowing the operation of the proposed venue will not represent a significant reduction of the agricultural lands inventory of the County of Hawaii. In fact, granting the requested Special Permit will support the continued use of the land for agricultural pursuits. 4F. Land Character and Present Use The proposed use will not substantially alter or change the essential character of the land and the present use. The majority of the property will continue to be used as ranch land. The proposed project is intended to preserve the essential character of the ranch while also creating a space where the public can hold events. As mentioned above, the only alterations to the subject site will be the addition of necessary related improvements so that guests may hold events in this unique setting (i.e., construction of a gravel driveway and parking area, open air pavilion and event space lawn). Permitting the applicants to establish the event venue will allow them to maintain and showcase the essential character of their property for the recreational benefit of other residents and visitors. 4G. Relationship to General Plan The proposed use will not be contrary to the goals, polices, and standards of the General Plan and the Kona Community Development Plan. As discussed in Section 3C, the proposed use conforms to the General Plans economic, recreation, natural beauty and land use goals and policies. The proposed project will provide the applicant with the opportunity to serve the recreational needs of the community, providing a unique and scenic event venue for community members and visitors. 4H. Unusual and Reasonable Use The proposed request is for an unusual and reasonable use of the land, which would not be contrary to the objectives sought by the land use laws and regulations, which, for the Agriculture District, seek to preserve or keep the land of high agricultural potential in agriculture usage. The request is unusual in that it is not strictly agricultural in nature; the use would allow the applicant to hold special events on their ranch. The request is reasonable in that the applicant seeks to diversify its ranching operation by utilizing a small portion of the ranch to host occasional events with a minimal development footprint. The events will not only offset the costs of the ranch but will also support scores of other local small businesses (i.e., party rental suppliers, portable bathroom rental suppliers, caterers, etc.). 24 As noted earlier the project area is classified as a combination of D, or poor and C, or Fair under the Land Study Bureau Overall Master Productivity Rating. Under the Agriculture Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) classification system, the project area is classified as "other". The proposed project seeks to use only a small portion (approximately 4 acres) of the much larger ranch in a manner that will have minimal impact on the existing ranching activities or the agricultural potential of the land. In so doing, the applicant will be able to provide event and recreation options for the community and visitors while also supporting other local businesses. In conclusion, the proposed Special Permit request would provide the growing number of residents and tourists in the Kona area with additional recreational opportunities while showcasing an active Hawaiian ranch and providing a source of diversified income to the applicant. 25 LA N D"* ; 194 Wiwoole St. Hilo, HI 96720 PLANNING t* (808) 333-3393 HAWA11 LLC info@landplanninghawaii.com February 5, 2024 Mr. Jeffrey Darrow, Deputy Director Planning Department COUNTY OF HAWAII 101 Pauahi Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Darrow: Subject: Additional Information Pertaining to Special Permit Application (PL-SPP- 2023-000056 Applicant: Ackerman Ranch Inc. Hokukano,North Kona,Hawaii, TMKs: (3) 7-9-012:004 & 031 This letter is in response to a November 17, 2023, email requesting additional information pertaining to the subject Special Permit Application with regard to wastewater, fire suppression water and archaeological resources. Wastewater Additional consultation was conducted with the Department of Health to determine whether portable toilets would be allowed for the proposed open air pavilion. Department of Health staff stated that since there is no plumbing proposed for the pavilion they would not comment on the proposed use as there would be no wastewater generated by the structure. There is practical difficulty in installing an Individual Wastewater System for the proposed use since there is no County water available to the site. According to DWS no pipeline (for customer use)fronts the project area, so it is considered "out of bounds". In order to get County water to the site, a remote meter would need to be established and a pipeline built over considerable distance to supply potable water to the site required for hand washing. Despite the practical difficulty, the applicants would install an IWS if required by the Department of Health or the Planning Commission, in which case the IWS would be sited just makai of the pavilion and an additional 4,000 gallon potable water tank would be sited beside the proposed catchment water tank. Using the DOH wastewater generation rate for a"picnic park", the estimated water usage for the maximum number of event guests would require the potable water tank to be filled by tanker truck up to 3 times per month. Given that the majority of events would be much smaller than the maximum of 200 guests, we estimate the tank would likely need to be refilled only monthly. Planning Dept. Exhibit 2 Further, given the variable and potentially seasonal use of the event venue, a traditional IWS may not work as intended. For these reasons, it appears that portable toilets are the most logical and reasonable solution. Fire Suppression Water The applicant proposes to install a 10,000-gallon catchment tank near the proposed gazebo for the purpose of providing water for fire suppression. Rainwater from the pavilion roof will be captured and stored in the tank. The applicant will not begin hosting any events until the tank is full and will regularly monitor the water levels to ensure that the tank remains full. Water from the tank will only be used for fire suppression purposes and thus once full, the tank level should remain consistent. If rainwater alone is not sufficient to keep the tank full, the applicant will have water trucked in as necessary. Archaeological Resources Additional information and documentation was requested regarding the archaeological resources and studies that have been conducted in the area. To provide some additional context, the subject property was previously sold to 1250 Oceanside Partners, the former developer of the Hokuli'a project, and the parcel was included in the Hokuli'a Rezone Ordinance (REZ 98-6). Ackerman Ranch later foreclosed on the property, and it returned to Ackerman Ranch ownership in 2015. While the subject properties did not ultimately become part of the Hokuli'a Development, they were part of the overall Hokuli'a historic preservation compliance work. The entire 1,540-acre Hokuli'a project area (including the subject parcels)was subjected to an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) by Hammatt et. al. (1997). Subsequently, two addendum AIS were prepared to test possible burial sites identified in the Hammatt et. al. (1997) AIS: the addendum AIS by Collin/Hammatt(1999) and the addendum AIS by McGerty and Dega(2014). Based on the recommendations of these surveys, an integrated archaeological mitigation plan (IAMP)was prepared by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). This plan included data recovery,preservation and archaeological monitoring components. The Data Recovery Plan component was accepted by SHPD in 1999 (Log 24063, Doc 9909PM09); and the Monitoring and Preservation Plan components were accepted with conditions (Log 24094, Doc 9909PM16). In addition to the IAMP, a Burial Treatment Plan was prepared for the Hokuli'a development by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). This information is provided in a letter from SHPD dated September 3, 2015 (Log No. 2015.03047, Doc. No. 1509MV04) (Exhibit A). The Hammatt et. al. (1997) AIS identified four individual historic properties in the vicinity of the project area, a historic era railroad bed SIHP 50-10-37-7214/10302, as well as Ahupua'a boundary walls 16789, 16790 and 16791. The map depicting the archaeological sites which was submitted in the background report was zoomed in to the project area making sites 16789, 16790 and 16791 difficult to identify. Exhibit B, attached here, shows the entire archaeological resources map. The label for sites 7214, 16789, 1690 and 1691 are circled in red and highlighted in yellow for emphasis. All four sites were recommended for preservation in the AIS. The Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008)preservation plan (Exhibit Q established a 20 ft. buffer for the railroad bed (7214/10302) and 5 ft. buffers for the boundary walls (16789, 16790 and 16791). Exhibit D shows the archaeological resources map zoomed in to the Special Permit area with the conceptual Special Permit site plan overlaid. Sites 16789 and 16790 are well outside of the Special Permit area and not visible on the zoomed in map, site 16791 is just over 20 feet from the proposed Special Permit area at its closet point and portions of Site 7214 are within the Special Permit area. An orange plastic construction fence will be in place at the 20 ft. buffer of the railroad berm (SIHP 7214/10302) across the entire length of the project area pursuant to the Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008)preservation plan. Minimal breaches to the railroad bed will be required for the proposed driveway and the foot path as shown on Exhibit D. All breaches will be done in accordance with the provisions for breaching linear preservation sites established in the approved preservation plan (Tomonari- Tuggle and Tuggle 2008). Explanation of block sweep of Priority Area 6 As documented in the letter from SHPD dated September 3, 2015 (Log No. 2015.03047, Doc. No. 1509MV04) (Exhibit A), during the implementation of the Hokuli`a project, multiple previously undocumented archaeological sites were identified. Many of these sites were identified during archaeological monitoring of the golf course grading, which began as early as 1999. After the discovery of the undocumented historic properties, the monitoring component of the IAMP was amended in consultation with SHPD in 2001 to allow for the re-survey of the Hokuli`a development through sweeps of blocks of land (IA, 1B, and 2 through 7)based on development priorities by the developer and the re-survey field work for these parcels was carried out as part of the block sweep of priority area 6. The data recovery report for the Hokuli'a development area(Escott and Spear 2007)was accepted by SHPD in 2008 (Log 2008.2130, Doc. 0806MD20), and a preservation plan for non-burial sites within the Hokuli'a development was prepared by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2008) to replace the preservation component of the IAMP and was accepted by SHPD. Finally, the monitoring component of the IAMP was replaced with an amended archaeological monitoring plan (AMP) (Haun 2016) and accepted by SHPD via correspondence Log No. 2016.01422, Doc. No. 1605KM07 (Exhibit E). The block sweep of priority area 6 identified five historic properties in the vicinity of the project area. These sites include, 50-10-37-24104 (permanent habitation), -24105 (permanent habitation and livestock control), -24111 (livestock control), -24117 (permanent habitation), and -24118 (permanent habitation). All five sites were recommended for no further work in the Haun amended archaeological monitoring plan which was accepted by SHPD. An archaeological monitor will remain onsite during project activities with the potential to impact historic properties pursuant to the Haun (2016) AMP. The results of the archaeological monitoring will be presented in an archeological monitoring report. In the event of the inadvertent discovery of human skeletal remains project activities will be halted, SHPD will be notified, and the procedures of HAR 13-300-40 will be followed to ensure appropriate treatment. We believe that the historic preservation review process has been completed pursuant to HAR 13-284. Therefore, Ackerman Ranch requests that SHPD reach a determination of affect with agreed upon mitigation commitments for the Special Use Permit and subsequent grubbing/grading permit application for this project. We trust that everything is in order for your acceptance and processing of this application. If not, or if there are questions relating to this matter,please feel free to direct them to me. Thank you very much. Sincerely, JOHN PIPAN Planning Administrator SUZANNE D.CASE O�Fy?. cwuRPERsaN DAVID Y. A '( ..•• • 9 BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF HAR�GOVERNOR OF FIAII J,(P�'n {J 5 J e` COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT KEKOA KALUIHWA j -..� MST DEPUTY {d a^d N i W.ROY HARDY ACITNGDEPUTYDB CPOR-WATER � AQUATIC RF.couxcEs p ..�,... BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION © N BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES �'- COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS STATE OF HAWAII CONSERVAT ON AENGF EURCFS ENFORCEMENT N/ 11 ENGINEERING FORESTRY AND W LDLIFE ofW DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES BISTORCPRESERVATION STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION xaxoo AWE SLAND Dsax E COMMISSION 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD,ROOM 555 KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707 September 3,2015 A.D. Ackerman Log No. 2015.03047 PO BOX 715 Doc.No. 1509MV04 Kealakekua,HI 96750 Archaeology Duane Kanuha,Director County of Hawaii,Planning Department c/o nlanning&hawaiicoun ov Dear Sirs: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review— Mitigation Commitments for the Ackerman Ranch Properties Hokukano and Honuaino Ahupua`a,North Kona District,Island of Hawaii TMK: (3)7-9-012:004, :006,& :011 Thank you for your letter dated August 31,2015.This letter informs SHPD that Ackerman Ranch Inc.has recently concluded foreclosure proceedings against Oceanside 1250,the developer of Hokuli'a and that the title of the subject properties has returned to Ackerman Ranch. These properties were formerly a part of the Hokuli'a development project and were subject to the historic preservation review process.A review of our records indicates that the subject parcels were a portion of the 1,540 acre Hokuli'a project area that was subjected to an archaeological inventory survey(AIS)by Hammatt et.al.(1997)and addenda AIS by Collin and Hammatt(1999)and by McGerty and Dega(2014).Our records review also indicates that this project area falls within the boundaries of a large scale agricultural site(SIHP 50-10-37-16357).Based on the recommendations of these surveys,an integrated archaeological mitigation plan(IAMP)was prepared by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle(1999).The IAMP included data recovery,preservation and archaeological monitoring components.In 1999,SHPD accepted the Data Recovery Plan component(Log No.24063,Doc.No. 9909PM09)and the Monitoring and Preservation Plan components with conditions(Log No.24094,Doc.No. 9909PMI6).In addition to the IAMP,Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle(1999) prepared a Burial Treatment and Preservation Plan. During data recovery field work,multiple previously undocumented archaeological sites were identified within the Hokuli'a Project area,and the monitoring component of the IAMP was amended to allow for the re-survey of the Hokuli'a development through sweeps of blocks of land,based on development priorities by the then developer, 1250 Oceanside. SHPD reviewed and accepted this amended plan in 2001 (Log No.27475,Doc.No.0105RC20). This area is identified as priority area or"block"6.The sweeps of Block 6 identified 20 previously unrecorded historic properties(SIHP 24098-24117).Through the review of the brief site descriptions, SHPD requested that the burial site(24114)be preserved,and recommended additional testing at 12 sites which include 24099,24100, 24102,24103,24104,24105,24106,24107,24109,24110,24111,and 24116.Our records indicate the testing was carried out at 19 features of the 12 sites recommended for data recovery.During excavation,the possible burial sites 24103 and 24107 were confirmed to contain Hawaiian burial sites,and SHPD made the recommendation that the sites be preserved in accordance with a burial treatment plan submitted to SHPD and the HIBC(Log 2007.1712, Doc 0705MK26).The data recovery report for the Hokuli'a development area(Escott and Spear 2007)was accepted by SHPD in 2008(Log No.2008.2130,Doc.No.0806MD20),and a preservation plan for non-burial sites within the Hokuli'a development(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2008)has been accepted by SHPD.In addition,the Ala Loa trail(Site 50-10-37-21664)is located on this property. The Ala Loa trail has been determined to be the property of EXHIBIT A A.D. Ackerman August 12,2015 Page 2 the State of Hawaii and is subject to protection through the mitigation plan prepared by(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007). There are multiple Historic properties recorded in subject parcels with established mitigation commitments,such as preservation data salvage,and archaeological monitoring. However,Ackerman Ranch is no longer part of the Hokuli'a project,and has no intention to develop these parcels at the current time.SHPD believes that the approvals of the current mitigation documents identified above should be maintained for the subject parcels. However,because this project area is not part of the Hokuli'a project,and the historic properties will be passively preserved,Ackerman Ranch is not responsible for the active preservation measures identified in the aforementioned mitigation plans including but not limited to:vegetation removal,stabilization,and interpretation. In addition,The requirement for archaeological monitoring will only apply to projects that meet the definition of HRS 6E-2 and trigger SHPD review pursuant to HRS 6E-42.However,if Ackerman Ranch,or any other successor entity,seek to change the use of or develop these parcels the entity will be responsible for all of the conditions of the mitigation documents. Please contact Mike Vitousek at(808) 652-1510 or at Michael.VitousekkHawaii.gov if you have any questions or concerns regarding archaeological resources or this letter. Aloha, Michael Vitousek, Lead Archaeologist,Hawaii Island Section Historic Preservation Division lr,- 6 r J C4 N >4 N y SOUTH KONA E0 0 WATERCOURSE NO.2 111 a6 �SbUTH KONA l _ ,i WATERCOURSE „- / - SOUTH ONN01 �ATERGOURSEN.. // O 3 d � 4 .y f. o A....� 0 cm �.r - 1 �5 m c o � a®. •�„M I 7 r a � .,..,'T,,; 9 � '�� ''� �. � aka a N ' � J A ® en d , ay Wooly K dht ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES MAP WITH �_�° o,,,, ,.� ��•�� • , e, TMK AND OWNERSHIP w Kelnellu OWNERSHIP LEGEND: 1250 Oceanside,LCC 0 LEGEND: , "'" Front Nine,LLC I� - Burial Site :�r -- Hale Iwi Site — Sun Kona Properties II 0 Data Recovery Site N—, Sun Kona Properties 0 Data Salvage DuringMonitoring Shoreline Park 0 Preservation Site g Po �E.�.�..� Club �r�_„,»o«: The HCS Ke Iw,alii Preservation Site Easement P°�"' --- .ua.�Ea,.aaK PCSA 0 Hokukano Village Sites HCA 0 No Further Work County of Hawaii Block Site Test Private Lot Owner I 4 EXHIBIT B f 1 HOKULIA 4? ® 290 400 800 OVERALL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MAP MAP OF SHED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES & NORTH SCALE IN FEET AS OF MAY 26, 2021 ;4 H, 6 G55 (3)-1 - 60L� — Final Report — Preservation Plan for Non-Burial Sites at Hokuli`a, Districts of North and South Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK 7-9-12:4) afar :;+°►�lJ`M .ii VI;:4.�: r 1. F,�,- '�� *wr r x� , r � _J by M.J. Tomonari-Tuggle Lj and H. David Tuggle INTERNATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. OCTOBER 2008 EXHIBIT C IARII 200614 —Final Report— PRESERVATION PLAN FOR NON-BURIAL SITES AT HOKULI`A, DISTRICTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH KONA, ISLAND OF HAWAI`I (TMK 7-9-12:4) Prepared by: M.J. Tomonari-Tuggle, M.A. H. David Tuggle, Ph.D. l Prepared for: 1250 Oceanside Partners 78-6831 Ali'i Drive, Suite K-15 Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740 International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. 2081 Young Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96826 October 2008 Lj I iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ vi LISTOF TABLES......................................................................................................... vii I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 ProjectArea...................................................................................................... 1 Organizationof the Plan................................................................................... 2 II. BACKGROUND...................................................................................................... 3 Environment..................................................................................................... 3 CulturalGeography.......................................................................................... 4 Land Use and Settlement in Central Kona....................................................... 5 Settlement in the Pre-Contact Period..................................................... 6 Contact Period Settlement..................................................................... 7 The Hokuli`a Area at Mid-Century: the Mdhele................................... 10 TheModern Era..................................................................................... 11 Previous Archaeological Research at Hokuli`a................................................ 13 Preservation Planning at Hokuli`a.................................................................... 13 State of Hawaii Rules for Historic Preservation................................... 13 History of Preservation Planning at Hokuli`a........................................ 18 Archaeological Plans.................................................................. 19 Development Documents............................................................ 19 2006 Settlement Agreement........................................................ 20 Consultation...................................................................................................... 20 III. PRESERVATION SITES....................................................................................... 23 INVENTORY OF PRESERVATION SITES AND SHPD APPROVAL ....... 23 SiteDefinition.................................................................................................. 23 Site Boundary Identification............................................................................. 29 Site Types: Surface and Linear Sites, and Isolated Rock Art......................... 30 Management Categories: Conservation and Interpretation.............................. 31 Definitionof Buffers ........................................................................................ 31 IV. PRESERVATION PLAN....................................................................................... 33 ManagementApproach..................................................................................... 33 Management Strategies..................................................................................... 34 Strategy: Management Organization.................................................... 34 Strategy: Short-Term Management Actions to Deal with Construction Activities.................................................................... 35 Pre-design Meeting..................................................................... 35 Prior to Construction................................................................... 35 During Construction................................................................... 36 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Following Construction.............................................................. 36 Strategy: Long-Term Management Requirements............................... 36 Historic Preserve Area Responsibility........................................ 37 Historic Preserve Area Identification and Documentation......... 37 Historic Preserve area Datum Points and Buffers....................... 37 Landscaping and Irrigation Within Historic Preserve Areas...... 38 Preservation Signage.................................................................. 39 Design Specifically Related to Linear Sites................................ 39 Historic Preserve Area Maintenance.......................................... 40 Historic Preserve Area Monitoring............................................. 40 Historic Preserve Area Access.................................................... 41 Historic Preserve Area Education............................................... 42 Standard Operating Procedures........................................................................ 43 Curation............................................................................................................ 43 V. INTERPRETIVE CONCEPT PLAN....................................................................... 47 Target Audience for Interpretation................................................................... 47 Framework for Interpretation ........................................................................... 48 SiteSelection......................................................................................... 48 Presentation Methods ............................................................................ 48 Interpretive Theme ................................................................................ 49 SitePreparation...................................................................................... 50 Interpretation for the H6kUIi'a Community...................................................... 51 Homeowners Interpretation................................................................... 51 Golf Course Interpretation..................................................................... 55 Exhibits in Public Spaces....................................................................... 55 Interpretation for the Public.............................................................................. 55 Haleki'i Street Interpretation................................................................. 56 Old Government Road/Ala Loa Interpretation...................................... 60 Maintenance and Monitoring............................................................................ 61 Detailed Interpretive Plan for H6kuli'a............................................................ 62 VI. MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES................................................................ 65 Park and Cultural Sites Association................................................................. 65 1250 Oceanside Partners.................................................................................. 68 Hbkuli`a Community Association.................................................................... 68 SHPD................................................................................................................ 69 H6kuli'a Homeowners...................................................................................... 69 REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX A. FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS................................................... 79 APPENDIX B1. NON-BURIAL PRESERVATION SITES........................................ 87 APPENDIX B2. FINAL DETAILED SITE DRAWINGS(ON CD)........................... 129 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) APPENDIX C. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES..................................... 131 APPENDIX D. SCOPE-OF-WORK TO PREPARE A HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN(HPP).................................................... 139 APPENDIX E. SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION PROCESS: ACTIONS AND RESULTS.................................................................................. 141 vl LIST OF FIGURES 1. Hokuli'a Preservation Plan project area.................................................................. 81 2. Contact-era settlement of the Kona District, showing ahupua`a(smallest not shown), major temples, royal centers, and the Kona Field System..... 82 3. Preservation sites with stipulations for use in settlement agreement....................... 83 4. Non-burial preservation sites in the Hokuli'a development area............................ 84 5. Interpretive groupings for Hokuli'a homeowners interpretation............................. 85 6. Interpretive groupings for public interpretation...................................................... 86 vii LIST OF TABLES 1. Characteristics of the Kona Field System Zones..................................................... 9 2. Previous and On-going Archaeological Investigations at Hokuli`a........................ 14 3. Archaeological, Historic Preservation,and Cultural Resource Management Terms ..................................................... 16 4. Provisions of the 2006 Settlement Agreement Dealing with Cultural Resources............................................................................. 21 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the Hokuli`a Development Area......................... 24 6. Sites Designated for Conservation for Research and/or Cultural Value ................. 42 7. Interpretive Groupings for Hokuli`a Homeowners Interpretation........................... 52 8. Interpretive Groupings for General Public Interpretation ....................................... 57 9. Summary of Hokuli`a Preservation Program Responsibilities................................ 66 V 111 I. INTRODUCTION At the request of 1250 Oceanside Partners, International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. (IARII) has prepared an Historic Preservation Plan (HPP) for the Hokuli'a development in Kona on the island of Hawaii(Fig. 1). The HPP addresses archaeological sites that have been set aside for long-term preservation in the master-planned development. This plan meets the requirements of Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-277 entitled "Rules Governing Requirements for Archaeological Site Preservation and Development,"administered by the State Historic Preservation Division(SHPD),Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). The State rules for interpretation of sites (HAR §13-277-7) are addressed only in concept form in the present plan;a detailed interpretive plan for Hokuli`a will be prepared after the HPP, including the concept interpretive component, is accepted. The HPP expands on preservation and interpretation recommendations set forth in the 1999 Hokuli'a:An Integrated Archaeological Mitigation Plan (TAMP; Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b). The IAMP was prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners and accepted by the SHPD as the guiding framework for mitigation of adverse impacts on archaeological sites in the development area. The TAMP contains provisions for preservation that remain pertinent to sites and to site management at Hokfili`a. PROJECT AREA The 116kuli'a development is located in the modern judicial districts of North and South Kona on the leeward side of the island of Hawai'i. It covers about 625 ha(1,540 acres), rising from the coast to a maximum elevation of 375 m(1,230 ft)above sea level(asl).It has 3 km(1.9 miles)of coastline and extends inland about 3 km(1.9 miles). The HPP project area encompasses the development portion of the overall Hokuli'a area, which lies inland of the State conservation zone boundary(see Fig. 1). This development area is planned for agricultural lots, and members' Golf Course and related club facilities. The area not covered by the HPP(i.e., in the conservation zone)is planned for a public Shoreline Park that is being developed in phases. Preservation and interpretive planning for archaeological sites in the Shoreline Park is being carried out under separate contract with Pacific Consulting Services. Inc. (PCSI)(Major 2007). An archaeological survey conducted in 1991-1992 provided an initial inventory of 408 archaeological sites on the property, including the Shoreline Park area(Hammatt et al. 1997). Following completion of the [AMP in 1999 (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b), additional survey and monitoring of development activities were carried out, increasing the total site inventory. Data recovery of selected sites was also conducted. 2 In 2003 and 2004, documentation of preservation sites was carried out by PCSI in the Shoreline Park area and by IARI I in the development area. This work was interrupted by a hiatus due to the court case Kelly,et al. v. 1250 Oceanside Partners, and was resumed in 2006. ORGANIZATION OF THE PLAN The Hokuli`a Preservation Plan is organized in six sections: Sections I through III provide background information; and Sections IV through VI are the heart of the preservation plan, presenting concepts, guidelines, procedures, and recommendations for preservation, management, and interpretation. Section I is the introduction to the preservation project. Section II summarizes information on the natural, cultural, historical, and planning context of archaeological sites at Hokuli`a. Section III describes the sites that are addressed by the HPP. Section IV details preservation recommendations and outlines a preservation program. Section V addresses the development of an interpretive program for Hokuli'a. This is a conceptual interpretive plan that lays the foundation for interpretation. Specific design details, such as sign text and graphics,will be provided in a final Detailed Interpretive Plan for Hokuli`a (DIPH), which will be prepared following acceptance of the conceptual plan. Section VI details the various management tasks and roles that will provide for effective site preservation. Appendix A contains figures and illustrations that are referenced in the main text of the HPP. Appendix B 1 contains the final list of non-burial preservation sites for the development area,the description of boundaries and buffers,and figures showing the boundaries and buffers, as approved by SHPD. It also includes the acceptance letter from SHPD. Appendix B2 is provided on compact disk(CD). The appendix contains hi-resolution scanned images of the detailed drawings of the preservation sites (these drawings are the base maps for the page-size site figures included in Appendix B 1). Appendix C includes standard operating procedures for routine or repetitive activities that could potentially affect non-burial preservation sites. Appendix D summarizes the scope-of-work for the present HPP project. Appendix E summarizes the process and results of consultation for preservation planning. 3 II. BACKGROUND This section of the HPP provides background information on the natural, cultural, historical, and planning context for archaeological site management at Hdkuli'a. ENVIRONMENT The Hakuli'a project area lies on the western slope of Mauna Loa,just south of its boundary with Hualalai volcano. The general topography of the development area is a moderately steep,poorly dissected slope that rises from the coast to an elevation of about 375 m (1,230 ft) above sea level (asl) near Mdmalahoa Highway. The region is known physiographically as the Kona Lava Plain,where the substrate is Mauna Loa lavas with a shallow ash cover. Soils in the area are formed on the volcanic ash;those in lower elevations are shallow, well-drained silt loams in the Waiaha Series,and those in the upper elevations are well-drained silty clay loams in the Kainaliu Series (Sato et al. 1973). A dominant topographic feature of the landscape is the cinder cone called Pu`u Ohau, which stands 70 m (230 ft) above sea level. Centrally located along the H6kuli`a coast, the cinder cone was used in traditional times as a navigation landmark(Spear and Monahan 2004:6). North of the cinder cone is an arc-shaped,slightly raised coastal shelf(called Hokukano Flat by early 20th century archaeologist John Reinecke),the seaward terminus of a geologically recent pahoehoe lava flow. The pahoehoe flow emanates from a rift vent on the west flank of Mauna Loa and descends through the middle of the project area. The flow has been dated to the period between AD 450 to 1200 (Lockwood et al. 1988), well within the period of human settlement in the islands. Within the H&Cili'a project area, the flow is generally about 500 m (1,640 ft) wide. From about the 15 m (50 ft) elevation seaward, however, it broadens into the level to gently sloping,delta-like formation of Hokukano Flat. South of the pu'u and the lava flow,the coastline is marked by a sea cliff ranging from 15 to 30 m(50 to 100 ft)above sea level. Inland of the cliff is a relatively level, narrow coastal terrace. The inland side of the terrace is marked by a steep escarpment. The shoreline of H6kuli'a consists mostly of rocky cliffs with few protected inlets. The largest sheltered bay at 116kuli'a is Ndwawa Bay, located just south of Pu'u Ohau. Smaller embayments are Kainaliu Bay at the northern end of the H6kuli'a coast and Keawekdheka Bay at the southern end of the H6k5li'a area. Lying in the rain shadow of Mauna Loa, H6kuli'a falls in a semi-arid region. Average annual rainfall in the project area ranges from an estimated 960 to 1600 mm on a coastal-inland orientation,with annual mean coastal-inland range of 750 to 1500 mm(Giambelluca et al. 1986; 4 Juvik and Juvik 1998:57). Unlike most of Hawaii, the Kona region receives more rainfall in summer than in winter, a function of the topography of the Hualalai and Mauna Loa landforms (Burtchard 1996:11). There are no permanent surface drainages on the development area. However,Hammatt et al. (1997:222) identified two brackish water sources during the inventory survey: a historically constructed well at Nawawa Bay(no site number)and a subterranean pond within a lava tube inland of the Kainaliu embayment(Site 16683;this site was also used historically as a water source). Vegetation in the development area is dominated by non-native species. There are, however, examples of indigenous or Polynesian-introduced species, including Vilna (Sida fallax), noni (Morinda citrifolia), kukui (Aleurites moluccana), kamani (Calophyllum inophyllum),and ti(Cordyline terminus)(Spear and Monahan 2004:7). CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY The Hokuli`a area falls near the center of the traditional Hawaiian district of Kona (Fig. 2). At the time of European contact in 1778-79, Kona was one of six political districts of the island of Hawaii,all under the control of a single ruling chief,Kalaniopu`u. In the island's political history, Kona was traditionally the center of power for the chiefs and kings of the leeward side of the island. The economic basis for this power was the exploitation of the rich and easily accessible fishing grounds along the leeward coast,and the development of an intensified and expansive dryland agricultural complex made possible by the soil and rainfall of the slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa. Figure 2 illustrates this geographic focus on the agricultural region of Kona. The segmentation of the sub-units of the district(known as ahupua`a) in relation to the productive center of the field system can be seen by the location of the upper boundary line of most of the smaller ahupua`a in relation to the field complex. Each of the districts had a distinct geographic identity, generally centered on an agriculturally productive region and the associated dense human population. Boundaries lay in barren zones or at natural terrain breaks. Hawaiian traditions recognize these districts as original independent kingdoms that saw political consolidation first through nominal recognition of a high chief(ali`i nui),then with true concentration of power in the individual who held that position. When political centrality broke down, it was usually by district or combinations of districts. Within districts were sub-units called ahupua`a, a geographic equivalent of a socio- political group. In its ideal form, ahupua`a extended from the coast to the mountains, encompassing a wide range of environmental zones that allowed access to a variety of natural resources. The Hokuli`a development area crosses nine ahupua`a (extending from north to south): Honua`ino,Hokukano,Kanaueue,Haleki'i,Ke`eke`e,`Ilikahi,Kanakau,Kalukalu,and Onouli. During the mid-19th century,six of these ahupua`a(Honua`ino,Hokukano,Kanaueue, Ke`eke'e, Kanakau,and Onouli)were apparently further subdivided into numbered units(e.g., Hokukano 1 and 2, Kalukalu 1, 2, and 3; Onouli 1 was also called Onouli Nui). The boundaries of the ahupua`a followed prominent landmarks on the landscape. At their coastal extent,the northern three ahupua`a of Honua`ino,Hokukano,and Kanaueue crossed 5 the level pahoehoe plain called Hokukano Flat; Honua`ino and Hokukano faced onto Kainaliu Bay. The boundary of Kanaueue and Haleki`i bisected the cinder cone Pu`u Ohau. Ke`eke`e, `Ilikahi, and Kanakau converged on Nawawa Bay. Onouli encompassed the bay called Keawekaheka. Named heiau have been identified within the Hokuli`a area. John Stokes(Stokes and Dye 1991)describe Ho`opalahuli Heiau near Nanaiokauhi Point in Hokukano ahupua'a. John Reinecke(n.d.)notes a heiau just inland of Hokukano Village, which he says could be named either Ho`opalahuli or Pahukapu Heiau'; he also records Pali o Niu Heiau at Nawawa Bay. A 1951 Territorial survey map shows two named heiau near Nawawa Bay(Pali o Niu and Pu`ueo), but the source for the latter name is not given. Hammatt et al. (1997:193) suggest that Site 16786 (one of the sites covered by this HPP) is Ukanipo Heiau, although Stokes and Dye (1991:93) clearly locate this ceremonial structure in Lehu`ula ahupua'a to the north; the site, whether its name is known or not, is clearly a significant ceremonial structure. Numerous structures found during recent archaeological surveys and monitoring are interpreted to be heiau based on surface configuration and the presence of coral, which has ceremonial or sacred connotations. A distinctive cultural feature of the Hokuli`a landscape is the Kuakini Wall,a massive and continuous wall that traverses the development area along the approximate 75 in (250 ft) elevation. The wall dates to the early historic period and is associated by name with the high chief Kuakini, governor of the island from 1820 to 1844; Kuakini was the brother of Ka`ahumanu, Kamehameha's favorite wife and regent of the island kingdom following Kamehameha's death in 1819. LAND USE AND SETTLEMENT IN CENTRAL KONA This section summarizes the history of land use and settlement in the Hokuli`a area. Source material for this information comes from the State of Hawaii Archives, Survey Office, Bureau of Conveyances, and Historic Preservation Division, University of Hawaii Hamilton Graduate Library, B.P. Bishop Museum Archives, and the Kona Historical Society. The information is summarized from Hammatt et al.(1997),Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle(1999b), and Maly and Maly (2001). With some limitations'`, interpretations from data recovery work (Spear and Monahan 2004:I)are incorporated. This heiau,numbered Site 42 by Reinecke,is Site 1874(HT-15)at the edge of the Shoreline Park. Spear and Monahan(2004:1)provide a total of 92 radiocarbon dates for data recovery(and other)sites and propose chronological phases for settlement in the project area. However, the dates are problematic: the samples from which these dates are derived are largely from scattered charcoal in soil layers,not discrete features;and other than the obvious kukzri nut shell,the charcoal is not identified as to species(thus allowing the possibility that the wood was of a long-lived species that would result in a misleading date). Further,even if the samples came from good contexts and were species identified, stratigraphic and site formation analyses are muddied,so it is difficult to determine what is being dated (interpretations of site function are often taken de facto from the inventory survey). As a result,the dates generated from the data recovery work are not being used. 6 SETTLEMENT IN THE PRE-CONTACT PERIOD Archaeological research in the region suggests that permanent settlement occurred sometime in the AD 900-1200 range,with rapid population growth and agricultural expansion in the AD 1300- 1400 period(Gordy 1995, 2000; Burtchard 1996; Allen 2001). By tradition,the first political unification of the island probably occurred in the AD 1400s, with the residence of chiefs and kings along the Kona coast serving as a system feedback impetus for increasing intensification of inland agricultural complexes(cf., Earle 1978; Cordy 2000; Allen 2001). It is likely that settlement in the Hokuli`a project area,which falls near the center of the leeward Kona coast(see Fig. 2), followed this regional pattern. Initial settlement of the islands probably occurred in hospitable localities that provided access to resources that would have been familiar to Polynesian explorers in a new land. Likely, this was the windward side of the islands where a variety of marine and terrestrial environments offered water,wild foods and fertile areas for cultivation,and other basic materials for survival. The more arid, less fertile leeward coast was settled later, probably beginning around the 12th and 13th centuries,as the founding population grew and settlements expanded. These leeward settlements started out in coastal situations that mimicked the windward side (for example, at Kahalu`u Bay with its brackish and fresh water ponds),and then spread laterally along the coast. Upland areas with high rainfall were exploited initially for wild plant and animal resources. At Hokuli`a,early leeward residences probably clustered around Kainaliu and Nawawa Bays. Unlike most of the Hokuli`a shoreline,both embayments have breaks in the seacliffs that would have allowed canoe access to the ocean. Both locations have sources of fresh water(Site 16683 inland of Kainaliu Bay and the unnumbered historic well on the north side of Nawawa Bay). Spear and Monahan (2004:I:149) also note that both localities are in close proximity to Pu`u Ohau, a "very visible feature of the landscape providing a clear orienting landmark and excellent observation post." It is possible that the geologically recent pahoehoe lava flow that bisects the Hokuli`a project area (radiocarbon dated to AD 450 to 1200, see Lockwood et al. 1988) could have coincided with the period of earliest settlement at this location. If so,an active flow such as this would have implications for the distribution of early residences along this coastline. Even if the flow pre-dated early occupation, the relatively fresh lava rock would have been an imposing feature of the landscape. By the 15th century,the once isolated early leeward coastal settlements had spread along the Kona coast. Optimum inland locations were being cultivated. Hawaiian farmers elaborated their low intensity practice of shifting cultivation and small localized gardens into formalized, permanently defined fields. Field borders, stone mounds, and dry terraces combined with mulching increased productive yield. Farmers built field shelters for temporary protection from the elements; these shelters gradually evolved into permanent residences within developing agricultural fields. The coastal-inland pattern was the beginning of the ahupua`a system that was observed in the Contact period, "a self-sustaining and self-sufficient economic community" (Spear and Monahan 2004:1:127). 7 As expounded in Hawaiian traditions, the 16th and 17th centuries were a period of "successive wars and political machinations directed toward the expansion of political boundaries though force"(Tomonari-Tuggle 1985:19). Warfare was endemic and intense, with a cyclical pattern of conquest and island-wide integration followed by rebellion and usurpation(Spear and Monahan 2004:I:134). This period marks the first specific references to the Kona coast in the traditional literature. Kamakau(1961:19)writes that after`Umi-a-Liloa consolidated his power as ruling chief over the island, he"desired to dwell in Kona where the climate was warm." CONTACT PERIOD SETTLEMENT Population at the time of contact was concentrated along the coast, in beach and cove locations that in the late pre-contact era were also political and religious centers. Clusters of major temples and royal residences occurred between Kailua and Honaunau(see Fig.2).Two of the major centers were around the bays at Kealakekua and Keauhou,immediately south and north of the Hokuli`a project area, respectively. Indicative of their importance is the presence of Kalaniopu`u at these two places during and immediately after the time of western contact in 1779. Ruling chief of the island, Kalaniopu`u was residing at Kealakekua when Captain James Cook made first western landfall there. After Cook's death,Kalaniopu`u retreated to Kahalu`u and Keauhou "diverting himself with Hula performances" (Fornander 1969:200) and surfing (Kamakau 1961:105). A structure at the coast in the ahupua'a of Hokukano(Feature A in Site 16756, within the Shoreline Park of the Hokuli`a development) is referred to as the "sacred enclosure"of Kalaniopu`u(Major 2007),based on a reference by Ellis(1963:82,brackets added) in his 1822 account of travel on the Kona coast: We now travelled on to Hokukano,where we a passed a pahu tabu(sacred enclosure) which the natives told us was built by Taraiopu[Kalani6pu`u], ... king of the island at the time it was discovered by Captain Cook. For early western explorers,one of the most impressive sights on the Kona coast was the extensive complex of agricultural fields across the upland slopes. The combination of soils and rainfall in the Kona region created ideal conditions for Hawaiian dryland agriculture. Now called the Kona Field System,this complex is formally defined as an archaeological area of 5 by 29 km (3 by 18 miles)between Kailua and Kealakekua,although agricultural remains extend both north and south of these areas. The field system is generally typified in the archaeological literature as a uniform grid of mauka-makai walls (called kuaiwi), connected by cross-walls (e.g., Schilt 1984; Cordy 1995; Allen 2001). Cordy(2000:248)calls this intricate grid network the"formal portion of the field system,or the formal-walled area." Within this network are mounds and modified outcrops that could be the result of rock piling to create cleared soil areas or could themselves be planting features. Scattered within the field system are residential structures, usually platforms and enclosures. Trails connected coastal villages with the upland fields, although transportation routes were not always constructed(i.e.,would not leave evident physical remains). 8 Four basic zones in the field system extended from the coast to about 1,220 m(4,000 ft) asl in the upland Kona forests. These zones are generally defined by elevation and rainfall,with variations dependent on sediment and geologic base (see Burtchard 1996 for variations in Keauhou ahupua`a based on lava substrate). Table 1 describes the characteristics of the four zones, based on Kelly(1983), Schilt(1984), and Burtchard(1996). Recent archaeological work at Kealakekua suggests that the field system is less uniform (Tomonari-Tuggle 2006). Although the mauka-makai walls certainly extend from near the coast to the high uplands, they are not continuous. Rather, they are wall segments that follow a consistent alignment;the segments are interrupted by short gaps,and by elaborations of the wall segments into partial enclosures and platforms.The walls also cross a variety of terrain(ridges, gullies, gradual slopes) that affect their configuration; in some areas, they are well-developed retaining walls and in others,they are broad, mounded linear alignments integrated with rocky outcrops. Schilt(1984)and Burtchard(1996)pose that initial agricultural development began in the upper zones with higher rainfall between AD 1050 and 1400. Between AD 1400 and the mid-1600s,farming expanded into less optimum areas. Schilt(1984)suggests that it was during this period that use of the drier kula zone began, positing that erosion of soils from the upland fields into the kula zone facilitated this expansion; Athens (pers. comm.) suggests that an alternative possibility was the introduction of sweet potato as a cultivar. The upland area and the inland portion of the kula zone were fully developed by the late AD 1600s and 1700s. Tomonari-Tuggle(2006),on the other hand,defines the Kona Field System as aregional complex of the late pre-Contact and early 19th century landscape. She poses that what preceded the Kona Field System varied across the region,and that understanding agricultural evolution in the Kona region requires a conceptual and intellectual separation of early farming efforts from the Kona Field System landscape. Early iterations of leeward farming, evidenced by buried cultural deposits suggesting localized garden plots(sometimes walled),are not necessarily related to what are now surface constructs of the field system. During the 19th century, it is likely that some of the kuaiwi were reconstructed and re- used as boundary and/or ranch walls. Within the Hokuli`a project area,extensive remains of the Kona Field System show the great variation in field types by geological/sediment base and elevation. At a basic level, the project area incorporates the kola,kalu`ulu, and lower edge of the `apa`a zones. However,the expression of field areas on the central,geologically recent pahoehoe flow contrasts sharply with fields in the more well-developed soils to the north and south. On the pahoehoe flow, agricultural features are typified by rock piles and mounds and modified outcrops, with rough terracing in areas with some soil development(e.g., Site 16590 in Kanaueue ahupua`a). Table 1. Characteristics of the Kona Field System Zones(taken from Burtchard 1996:Table 2-4). Zone Elevation Rainfall General Description Site Types Crop Plants (ft asl) (inches/ (based on Cordy 1995:4) (based on Cordy 1995:19-20) ear Kula 0-500 20-40 generally dry,open land,with few trees and high site density along shore where most sweet potato (coast) considerable grass cover:limited soil permanent habitation and burials occur: gourd development;much exposed bedrock large heiau and fishing shrines along shore; paper mulberry outcrops;most intensive habitation zone shoreline trails,with trails heading inland; along the shoreline; scattered informal garden plots among and immediately behind the coastal houses Kalu`ulu 500-1000 40-55 more extensive soil development;well- high site density;few permanent breadfruit (seaward developed in farms at western contact habitation,some burials near permanent sweet potato slope) residences or in caves;formal walled paper mulberry fields;informal gardens in areas of new mountain apple lava flows and little soil;mauka-makai some dryland taro trails through field areas 'Apa'a 1000- 55-80 more extensive soil development;most high site density:few permanent dryland taro (upland 2500 intensively developed agricultural zone at habitation,some burials near permanent sweet potato slope) the time of western contact;prototypical residences or in caves,formal walled ti Kona Field System network of kuaiwi and fields;informal gardens in areas of new sugarcane cross-walls:most LCA awards to lava flows and little soil;mauka-makai commoners occur in this zone trails through field areas 'Ama'u 2500- >80 the lower edge of the upland forest;tree low site density:no permanent habitation, banana (upland 4000 fems and forest trees present informal fields in small clusters;temporary plantain Jungle) I I I habitation sites:no large heiau 10 To the south of the pahoehoe flow in the ahupua'a of Ke'eke'e,Kanakau,and Kalukalu are well-preserved examples of kuaiwi and associated cultivation features from 76 in(250 ft)asl to the inland project boundary; below this elevation,which roughly coincides with the Kuakini Wall, are mounds, terraces, and less distinct field walls (Spear and Monahan 2004:I:83-84). Preservation sites 10305 in upland Ke'eke'e and 16636 in lower Hokukano are examples of variations of the typical kuaiwi-cross-wall grid network. Within the field system at Hokuli'a are possibly five sites that may be ceremonial structures related to agricultural production. Site 16360 in Ke'eke'e and Site 16511 in Haleki`i are identified as ceremonial structures by Spear and Monahan(2004:I:Figure 40). Sites 16574 and 16663 in Haleki`i and Site 16679 in Honua'ino may also be ceremonial structures based on their construction style and prominent locations within agricultural complexes. hlterestingly, four of the five sites are located on the central pahoehoe flow. THE HOKULI`A AREA AT MID-CENTURY: THE MAHELE Nineteenth century records,particularly government land documents,offer a glimpse of the way in which land was used in the decades after western contact. At mid-century,all lands in Hawaii were divided among the Crown (for the occupant of the throne), the chiefs, and the government,with each party relinquishing rights to the other parties' claims. This process was called the Mahele. Including the king, there were 252 individuals who participated in the Mahele,including ten high chiefs,24 lesser chiefs,and 218 konohiki(land managers). The rights of natives who lived on and used land were protected through a separate process administered by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles (also called the Land Commission). Of the nine ahupua'a within the Hokuli'a area,five(Honua'ino,Hokukano,Kanaueue, Ke'eke'e,and Kalukalu)were taken by the Hawaiian government,three('llikahi, Kanakau,and Onouli3)were awarded to the high chiefess Keohokalole,and one(Haleki'i)was awarded to the American Board of Commission to Foreign Missions, the governing organization for the Protestant missionaries in Hawai'i4. Although Keohokalole surrendered all three of her land areas to the government in lieu of commutation(payment of the tax on the awarded lands),her genealogical source for the lands is important to note. In addition to the three ahupua'a within Hokuli'a,she received 50 lands on Maui, Hawai'i, and O'ahu, including the important places of Ka'awaloa and Kealakekua just Emerson's map of Kona(n.d.)shows Onouli 1 as land claimed by the Crown,and Onouli 2(south of the development area) as land given to Keohokalole. However, the discussion of Boundary Commission testimonies and certificates in Maly and Maly(2001)suggest that Onouli 1 was the land of Keohokalole. Maly and Maly(2001:Table 2,page 147)report that Cochran Forbes,missionary at Ka'awaloa and Kealakekua from 1832-1845, testified before the Land Commission that Haleki'i "was given by Kaahumanuto the Mission at the time Mr.Ely resided at Ka'awaloa[1824-1828]." The high chiefess Keohokalole said that the ahupua'a"was given to the Missionaries by my Grandfather,Naihe,in the year 1825." 11 south of Hokuli`a. Kame`eleihiwa (1992:230, brackets added) describes Keohokalole's genealogy: [She] was a descendant of the famous `I lineage of Hilo, Hawaii. She was a great- granddaughter of Keaweaheulu and Kame`eiamoku,two of Kamehameha's four Kona Uncles. She was regarded by the Kamehameha clan as an Ali'i Nui in honor of the great courage and loyalty proffered by her ancestors in their support of Kamehameha. Of the government lands,most were sold as large grants beginning around 1852. Many of the grants were purchased by foreigners soon after non-Hawaiians were allowed to own land in Hawaii. Other grants were bought by persons who also claimed and were awarded kuleana parcels by the Land Commission,including G.W.Kini,school teacher at Nawawa(Grant 1176). Government land records and missionary and government censuses from the first half of the century indicate that the coastal population clustered around Nawawa Bay and at the Hokukano shore, with a more localized cluster just north of Pu`u Ohau at what is now called Coconut Beach. In an 1846 visit, Chester Lyman(n.d.:142, brackets added) described his trip from Kealakekua to Kailua: it gave me an opportunity to pass...by the old crater[Pu`u Ohau]on the coast. The road which most of the way is a very fair one for horses,passes just in the rear of this hill...Just south of the hill is the village of Nawawa and on the north side of it is that of Hokukano. The village at Nawawa in 1865 included a school in a"good substantial wooden house, wanting better care,however,and white washing or painting ... It is a large school,numbering over 70 scholars and ought to be divided,could a female teacher be found to keep a girl's school" (School Inspector's Report,July 19 to September 1, 1865,quoted in Maly and Maly 2001:224). The school was near a Protestant church. Maly and Maly(2001:228)report that the last reference to a school at Nawawa was in 1883.' THE MODERN ERA Over the course of the 19th century,Hawaiian settlement in central Kona shifted from a traditional ahupua'a pattern of coastal village and inland fields to a western orientation toward commerce. By the turn-of-the-century, settlement had moved inland from the coast, focusing largely along the mountain road from Kailua to south Kona. The community of Kainaliu was in upland Honua`ino ahupua'a; Kealakekua was in upland Haleki`i ahupua'a. Commercial agriculture, primarily coffee and sugar, developed in the more fertile, wetter mountain area. Ranching and dairy farming were major industries of the region. Along the coast,the villages of Hokukano(north of Pu`u Ohau)and Nawawa(south of the cinder cone)remained as community centers. An 1891 map of Kona(Emerson 1891)shows Within the Hokuli`a area, other mid-19th century schools were located at Kainaliu (in Honua`ino ahupua'a),Hokukano,Kanaueue,Kanakau,and Onouli(Maly and Maly 2001:214,219,224). 12 three houses at what is now called Coconut Beach,identified by name: Kamakani;Kaelele;and Nanihonua;the same map shows Keliiwahanuku having a house at Nawawa Bay. However,by the early 20th century, the villages had been abandoned and the coast was frequented only by fishermen and keepers of a"bee ranch"in Hokukano village. Commercial sugar cultivation in this region began in the 1860s, in inland Kalukalu, Ke'eke`e,Kanaueue,and Onouli. The Onouli sugar operations were started by Judge C.F. Hart in the late 1850s. In 1869, the Hart sugar plantation included "cane, houses, buildings, mills, machinery, cattle, horses, mules, and property of every description" (Bureau of Conveyances, Release October 27, 1869,quoted in Hammatt et al. 1997:69) . In the early 1900s,the Kona Sugar Company constructed an 17.6 km(1 1 mile)railway line from Holualoa in north Kona to Keopuka in south Kona. The rail line roughly follows the 213 in(700 ft)elevation(now evidenced by the Site 10302 railroad berm). Sugar was cultivated in the area above the railway. When harvested,the cane was brought to the railway and shipped north for processing. The sugar company ceased operations in 1926. A longer lived commercial venture in the Hokoli'a area involved cattle. Cattle roamed inland Kona,probably from the time of the first introduction of bovines by George Vancouver in 1793. Kamehameha placed a kapu(ban)on Vancouver's imports,and wild cattle became a long- term problem throughout the islands. Early attempts at bullock hunting evolved into a formal cattle industry. In the second half of the 19th century, most of the lands within the Hokuli`a development area were consolidated under the ownership of Henry Nicholas Greenwell,who had initially purchased government land grants in Kanakau and Kalukalu in 1852,expanding on these lands with later purchases from other grantees. Greenwell ran both dairy farming and ranching operations, although dairying phased out after the turn-of-the-20th century. Ranching involved extensive land clearing.Maly and Maly(200I A-273,334)document the ranching practice of chain-dragging to remove prickly pear cactus (p5nini) and lantana to improve cattle pasture. Frank Silva, whose family has worked on the Greenwell ranches since the late 1800s, describes the process(in Maly and Maly 2001:A-334-335): The bulldozer kept the blade maybe two feet or so above the ground, so he just,you don't want to dig the ground up because not rock on the ground already. You don't want to destroy stone walls or stuff,they keep the blade above the ground just to knock down the lantana and the panini. The chains would come behind and just crush'em all to the ground. Those chains were big, big circular chains and had one more inside with heavy bars across,and one link was ninety pounds. Yeah,see this is the tractor. This chain would be attached behind here,maybe a ten foot piece of chain attached to this circle of chain and a big bar across attached to the tractor. They go like a big circle like this with the chains and another one in here like that. And 6 C.F.Hart moved to Kohala in 1877 to start Niulii Mill,initially milling native grown sugar cane and then branching out into field operations(Tomonari-Tuggle 1981:42). 13 some heavy bars in here with claws would grab the lantana and they'd crush all the lantana and panini. Ranching continued in the southern portion of the Hokuli'a area until the late 1990s. Limited grazing still occurs in the northern portion of the development area. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT HOKULI`A Inventory survey of the Hokuli'a project area was carried out in 1991-1992(Hammatt et al. 1997). A review of archaeological research prior to the inventory survey is provided in Hammatt et al. (1997:75-83, Figure 76), including work by Reinecke(n.d.), the State Historic Preservation Division, Kaschko(1984), Walker and Rosendahl(1990), and Rosendahl (1988a, 1988b, 1988c). Shortly after the inventory survey,excavation was conducted in selected sites to test for the presence of human remains (Colin and Hammatt 1999). In 1999, an integrated archaeological mitigation plan to guide data recovery, preservation,interpretation,and monitoring was prepared(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b). Since then,further archaeological work has included resurveys of most of the development area and monitoring during construction activity(Spear et al. 2002a, 2002b; Yeomans et al. 2002a, 2002b;Haun and Henry 2004a,2004b). Ogden Energy and Environmental Services carried out an inventory survey of the Mamalahoa Bypass Road corridor(Robins et al. 2001). In 2003 and 2004,site documentation of preservation sites in the Shoreline Park and in the inland development area was started. This work was completed in 2006 and 2007 after a hiatus due to the Kelly, et al. v. 1250 Oceanside Partners court case. Table 2 lists archaeological work that has been carried out in the Hokuli'a development area, with available references. PRESERVATION PLANNING AT HOKULI`A Preservation planning at Hokuli'a occurs in the context of State law and regulation,and existing and planned subdivision and infrastructure development. It operates in a framework of a specialized language;Table 3 lists and defines the cultural resource terms in the HPP that refer to archaeology, historic preservation, and site management STATE OF HAWAI`I RULES FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION The State of Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources has promulgated rules and regulations governing historic preservation,under authorization of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS)Chapter 6E. The introduction to Chapter 6E establishes the intent of historic preservation: Table 2. Previous and On-going Archaeological Investigations at Hokuli`a. Author Date of Title of Report Contractor* Ahupua`a Report Kaschko 1984 Pun Ehu F,states PHRI all Rosendahl 1988a Archaeological Field Inspection.South Kona Development Parcel PHRI Ke'eke`e 1-2 `llikahi Kanakau Rosendahl 1988b Archaeological Field Inspection,Ackerman Property Project Area PHRI Honua-ino 3-4 Hokukano 1-2 Rosendahl 1988e 1 Archaeological Field Inspection,Hokukano Village Project Area PHRI Hokukano 1-2 Burgett/Rosendahl 1991 Archaeological Inventory Survey:Hokukano Ranch Development:Lands of PHRI Kanaueue 1-2 Kanaueue 1.2:Kc'ckce 1,2:Kanakau I.2:and llaleki'i.Districts ofNorth and Ke`eke'e 1-2 South Kona,Island of I lawai'i Kanakau 1-2 1laleki`i CSH 1995 Old Government Road Archaeological Assessment CSH all Hammatt et al. 1997 Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing of a 1,540-acre CSH all Parcel Colin/)lammatt 1999 An Addendum Report to the Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited CSH all a Subsurface Testing of a 1.540-Acre Parcel McGerty/Dega 1999 [Draft]Testing of Possible Burial Features:An Addendum Report to the SCS all Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing of a 1,540-Acre Parcel Oceanside 1999b Mitigation and Management Plan for a Portion of the Old Government Road* IARII all Tomonari-Tuggle/ 1999a Interim Preservation Plan for Clearing and Grubbing of the Fairways,The Villages of IARII all Tuggle Fokukano Golf Course Tomonari-Tuggle/ 1999b Hokuli`a:An Integrated Archaeological Mitigation Plan IARII all Faggle Oceanside 2000 The Old Government Road 01250 all Robins et al. 2001 Archaeological Inventow Survey of the Proposed Mamalahoa Bypass Road Corridor Ogden all Yeomans et al. 2001 Archaeological Monitoring of the I lokuli`a Project Golf Courses SCS all Davis/Spear 2002 [Draft]Archaeology in a Fransitional-Period Village SCS Honua'ino Hokukano Spear/Yeomans/Calis 2002a Priority Area la—Hokuli'a,New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological SCS all Monitoring Table 2. Previous and On-going Archaeological Investigations at Hokuli`a(continued). Author Date of Title of Report Contractor* Ahupua`a report Spear/Yeomans/Calls 2002b Priority area 2—Hokuli`a,New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological SCS all Monitoring Wolforth 2002 Status Report on Cave Inspections,Caves In Phase III SCS Honua`ino 3-4 Hokukano 1-2 Yeomans/Calls/Spear 2002a Priority Area 3—Hokuli`a,New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological SCS all Monitoring Yeomans/Calls/Spear 2002b Priority Area 4—Hokuli`a,New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological SCS all Monitoring Haun/Henry 2004a Priority Area 6—Hokuli`a. New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Haun Honua`ino 3-4 Monitoring Hokukano 1-2 Haun/Henry 2004b [draft]Priority Area 7—Hokuli'a. New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Haun Kanaueue 1-2 Monitoring Haleki`i Ke`eke`e 1-2 Spear/Monahan 2004, [draft]A Data Recovery Report for Hokuli`a:A Study of a 1,540 Acre Parcel SCS all 2007 Major 2007 [draft]Shoreline Park Preservation Plan PCSI Hokukano Kanaueue Tomonari-Tuggle/ 2007 Mitigation Plan for the Ala Loa(Site 21664)in Hokuli`a IARII All Tuggle * CSH = Cultural Surveys Hawaii Haun = Haun and Associates IARII = International Archaeological Research Institute,Inc. 01250 = 1250 Oceanside Partners Ogden = Ogden Environmental and Energy Services,Inc. PCSI = Pacific Consulting Services,Inc. PHRI = Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc. SCS = Scientific Consultant Services,Inc. ** Extracted from IAMP(Appendix Q. 16 Table 3. Archaeological, Historic Preservation, and Cultural Resource Management Terms. Term Definition archaeological materials and associated documentation recovered from and associated with an archaeological collection investigation;a collection includes records produced during a project(e.g..field notes,maps) and resultant reports.also includes documents produced from an investigation with negative findings archaeological physical remains of past human activities;can include prehistoric structures and deposits as well site as remains dating from the 20th century(see Section III for details) boundary,site perimeter of a site or site complex,defined by analysis of structure clustering,distribution of surface and sub-surface artifacts and cultural debris (see Section III for details) buffer,site measured distance from the boundary of a site or site complex:intended as a transition and protection zone between the preserved site area and areas that can be developed conservation preservation designation:sites to be preserved in their present condition(or with necessary site stabilization);sites may be important for their scientific or research value and thus be preserved in anticipation of future advances in archaeological method and theory(resource banking)or may be preserved for their cultural value;conservation designation also assigned to sites that are exemplary representations of a site type cultural all categories of data and information that are part of or contribute to the human past:cultural resource resources include archaeological sites,historic buildings,traditional cultural and historical places,cultural traditions.traditional place names,ethnographic information,archaeological data obtained about sites.and archival records cultural the treatment of all categories of cultural resources,usually with emphasis on archaeological resource sites,including data recovery and preservation actions; a complete CRM program also includes management curation and archiving of archaeological collections,documents.and historical and ethnographic (CRM) materials curation process of ensuring storage.protection,and access to an archaeological collection historic area including a preservation site and protective buffers;also called"historic site easement' reserve area historic site alternative tern for"archaeological site" historic site alternative term for"historic preserve area."see"preservation easement" easement interpretation active form of preservation:involves public education about the past,and thus promotes respect for sensitive and significant archaeological sites_can involve a variety of methods(trails. brochures,exhibits,interpretive si nage) interpretation preservation designation:sites that offer potential for public education,appreciation,and site interpretation,may require stabilization to prevent damage from visitor use monitoring systematic,periodic review of site condition to ensure that preservation measures are effective preservation legal delineation of historic preserve area:easement boundary is the edge of the preservation easement buffer established for a preservation site:also called"historic site easement"in H6kuli'a Phase 1 subdivision CCRs preservation archaeological site designated for permanent protection under the rules and regulations of the site State of Hawaii significance characteristics that qualify a property for eligibility to or listing on the National Register of Historic Places(NRHP):significance is also defined in Hawai'i Administrative Rules(HAR) Chapter 13-275-6,using similar language to the Federal criteria:all sites set aside for reservation have been detennined-significant-by the SHPD SHPD State Historic Preservation Division,Department of Land and Natural Resources(DLNR): provides staff support to the SHPO(State Historic Preservation Officer;in Hawai'i,the position is held by the head of the DLNR 17 The Constitution of the State of Hawaii recognizes the value of conserving and developing the historic and cultural property within the State for the public good.The legislature declares that the historic and cultural heritage of the State is among its important assets and that the rapid social and economic developments of contemporary society threaten to destroy the remaining vestiges of this heritage. The legislature further declares that it is in the public interest to engage in a comprehensive program of historic preservation at all levels of government to promote the use and conservation of such property for the education,inspiration,pleasure,and enrichment of its citizens. In Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR)§13-275-284,the purpose and policy of historic preservation (that is, the management of significant archaeological sites and other historic properties)is also explicitly expressed: The purpose of this chapter is to promote the use and conservation of historic properties for the education,inspiration,pleasure,and enrichment of the citizens of Hawaii...The review process is designed to identify significant historic properties in project areas and then to develop and execute plans to handle impacts to the significant historic properties in the public interest. The process supports the policy of chapter 6E,HRS,to preserve, restore,and maintain historic properties for future generations. In the normal course of events,the significance of sites identified in an archaeological inventory survey and the mitigation categorization of each site are established through the SHPD review and acceptance of the inventory survey report,all within the framework of procedures set forth in HAR §13-275-284. Site significance is defined in §13-275-6 as(emphasis added): (b) To be significant, a historic property shall possess integrity of location, design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association and shall meet one or more of the folloiving criterion[sic]: (1)Criterion"a".Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; (2)Criterion"b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; (3)Criterion"c".Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction, represent the work of a master,or possess high artistic value; (4)Criterion"d".Have yielded,or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history;or (5)Criterion"e".Have an important value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out,at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs,events or oral accounts—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity.A group of sites can be collectively argued to be significant under any of the criteria. Sites determined to be significant are then categorized according to appropriate treatment in order to mitigate the potential impacts(effects,or adverse effects)from proposed or on-going actions. Preservation and data recovery are the primary mitigation categories. Although there 18 are no specified regulatory criteria or SHPD policy to guide the determination of appropriate mitigation actions for sites, the administrative rules do require a justification for the proposed mitigation classification. For archaeological sites designated for preservation,the intent of the rules and regulations is to provide "standards for preservation approaches to ensure proper preservation in the public's interest" (HAR §13-277-1). The rules cover required contents of preservation plans,definition of buffer zones,measures to protect sites during construction,long- term preservation measures, and requirements for interpretive materials. Through this process, a set of archaeological sites (non-burial) has been set aside for preservation. These preservation sites are identified in Section III and Appendix B 1,and the plan for preservation treatment is presented in the succeeding portions of this report. HISTORY OF PRESERVATION PLANNING AT HOKCU'A Archaeological sites identified in the inventory survey of the Hokuli`a development area were evaluated in the 1997 inventory report according to the State criteria for significance (Hammatt et al. 1997).7 By its review of the report, the SHPD accepted the evaluations of significance. The H&Mi`a inventory report then applied mitigation categories to all sites. The justification for the preservation category$ for sites in the development area is as follows (Hammatt et al. 1997:315-316; 319-320,brackets added): Considering the variability of the assessed significance per site and the different criteria utilized,it is important to preserve certain sites—those culturally significant and some of the best preserved examples of sites... [Preservation sites]include traditional Hawaiian culturally significant sites[including heiau] and excellent examples of inland habitation sites, and a few historic-era sites....Twenty examples of inland habitation sites are included ranging from single featured to multi-featured in a variety of terrain settings (i.e. soil-mantled terrain, outcrops and pahoehoe lava)...The historic-era sites include the Kuakini Wall(7276). Ala aupuni[Old Government Road](10290),railroad bed(10302).historic homesteads (i.e. 16415 and 16613),and a lava tube with a well function(16683). The preserve sites outside the shoreline park also reflect the two major developmental trends(i.e.traditional Hawaiian and historic)characteristic of sites within the project area. The preservation recommendations in the inventory report involved three types of preservation areas(Hammatt et al. 1997:316):[1]within the Shoreline Park(i.e.,the conservation zone); [2] in"a mauka/makai preserve in several sections(each ca. 100 feet wide)"intended to encompass the agricultural system and associated habitation sites;and[3] an additional 77 sites This list was subsequently modified as a result of a general review during the preparation of the IAMP (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b)and in subsequent archaeological work. 8 Lists of preservation sites for H6kuli'a originally included sites with burials;these have now been placed in a separate category of preservation. 19 throughout the rest of the project area. The concept of the maukalmakai agricultural preserve,in particular, was meant to retain a set of archaeological resources within a meaningful cultural context, i.e., an ahupua`a. The inventory survey evaluations and recommendations were the basis for subsequent preservation plans and protocols. Archaeological Plans Preservation planning at 1-16k0li`a began in 1999. In January, an interim preservation plan to address grubbing and clearing of the Golf Course fairways was prepared (Tomonari- Tuggle and Tuggle 1999a). This was followed later in the year by a comprehensive integrated archaeological mitigation plan for the entire development area(IAMP; Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b). The IAMP reviewed and revised the list of preservation sites,and expanded on the inventory survey recommendations,adding additional recommendations for preservation and guidelines for interpretation. Since completion of the IAMP,other plans have been completed or are in the process of completion: a more specific preservation/interpretive plan for the Old Government Road(Site 10290)(Oceanside 2000);a mitigation plan for the Ala Loa(Site 22164)(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007); and a preservation plan for sites in the Shoreline Park(Major 2007). Development Documents Provisions for preservation of archaeological sites have been incorporated in the Amended and Restated Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CCRs) for all phases of the subdivision (Oceanside 2006). The CCRs define historical sites in general and preservation sites in particular, provide general guidelines for preservation (e.g., Section 4.8), details the function of the PCSA(Section 6.4),and defines easements for historical sites(Section 11.11) The treatment of historic preserve areas is also referenced in Hokftli`a Design Guidelines (1-16k(ili`a 2003): The underlying philosophy for the community of Hokuli`a envisions the sensitive integration of a new golf course and residential neighborhoods within the existing culture,history and natural environment in a manner which is not only sensitive but also enriching and restorative. ... This vision will be insured through the utilization of comprehensive Conditions,Covenants and Restrictions as well as Design Guidelines. These are standards of design,established in part by the climate,terrain,environment, cultural and historic sites. They are intended to provide direction in the planning, design and construction of Residential Improvements which will ensure compatibility with the environment, and be protective and respectful of the rich heritage ... At Hokuli`a emphasis is directed towards developing in harmony with the land with sensitivity for the preservation of significant terrain features and the protection of historic sites. 20 2006 Settlement Agreement The 2006 Settlement Agreement in the case of Kelly,et al.v. 1250 Oceanside Partners includes provisions pertinent to the HPP: [1] establishment of agricultural preserves at Hokukano(Site 16636),Kanaueue(Site 16590),and Ke`eke`e(Site 10305);[2]treatment of the Ala Loa(Site 21664)and the Old Cart Road(Site 17189); [3]establishment of cultural preserves adjacent to Site 16663 and 10302(the Hokuli`a Cultural Area)and to Site 16579(the Pu`u Ohau Cultural Area); [4]curation of artifacts;and[5]development of educational materials regarding cultural resources. Table 4 summarizes the provisions and Figure 3 shows the locations of affected sites. CONSULTATION Per HAR §13-277-3, consultation on the draft HPP was carried out. The consultation process and results are detailed in Appendix E. 21 Table 4. Provisions of the 2006 Settlement Agreement Dealing with Cultural Resources. Section Title Provisions Affected Sites 6 Cultural sets up a Park and Cultural Sites Entity whose purposes include: all Resources [1]preservation,operation,and maintenance of the Shoreline Park and cultural.historical,and burial sites elsewhere within Hokuli`a; [2]development of educational materials and programs designed to encourage an understanding of and appreciation for the proper care for such resources; [3]appointment of a Cultural Liaison to work with the Hokuli`a descendants; [4]preservation,operation, and maintenance of the Ala Loa,the Old Cart Road,and the Canoe Landing at Nawawa Bay.* 10 Ala Loa trail to be conveyed to State of Hawaii;only pedestrian use to be 21664 (formerly permitted on the trail;the section of the trail from approximately called the the tee box on the second hole of the Golf Course to the southern Stepping development boundary to be restored;buffer of 1.5 m(5 ft)in Stone Trail) width to either side of the trail center line to be established:two interpretive areas adjacent to the trail to be accessible to public from Shoreline Park;trail to be maintained by PCSA;warning signs to be installed along the trail:certain trail crossings allowed 10.10 Old Cart states that the Old Cart Road(Site 17189)is owned by the State of 17189 Road Hawai'i and that the PCSA will be responsible for maintenance and preservation of the road as a public pedestrian access trail 14.1 Agricultural establishes and sets uses for three preserves to provide areas where 10305 14.2 Preserves traditional Native Hawaiian agricultural crops can be cultivated by 16590 Use of Hokuli`a residents and others:"The Ke`eke`e Agricultural 16636 Agricultural Preserve shall be an active agricultural preserve,with crops Preserves planted and cultivated. The Kanaueue Agricultural Preserve shall be a non-active preserve designed primarily for the preservation of remnants of the Kona Field System located therein. The Hokukano Agricultural Preserve shall be an active area,except as needed to protect and preserve remnants of the Kona Field System located there." 14.3 Cultural establishes two areas"where lineal and cultural descendants may 16663 Practice and engage in traditional cultural practices:"the Hokuli`a Cultural 10302 Preservation Area is NW of the intersection of Mamalahoa Bypass Road and 16579 Sites Haleki`i Street:the Pu'u Ohau Cultural Area is immediately inland of Pu'u Ohau,both preserves are approximately 2.4 ha(6 acres) 15 Artifacts and calls for creation and maintenance of a comprehensive inventory n/a Relics of Native Hawaiian artifacts and relics uncovered by 1250 Oceanside Partners or its agents on the Hokuli'a property.and a protocol for the care and disposition of the artifacts and relics 18 Educational stipulates that 1250 Oceanside Partners will produce a videotape n/a Materials and brochure"outlining the legal,practical and community Regarding considerations relating to the protection of cultural and historic Cultural resources;"this material will be made available to developers on Resources the island of Hawaii,purchasers of undeveloped lots at Hokuli'a. and machinery operators * This entity was formed in December 2006 as the non-profit Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA),of which 1250 Oceanside Partners and Hokuli'a homeowners are the primary members. ,Y) 23 III. PRESERVATION SITES The preservation sites at Hokuli`a are discussed in the following section,including the inventory of sites, site boundaries, site buffers, and preservation categories. INVENTORY OF PRESERVATION SITES AND SHPD APPROVAL There are 56 non-burial preservation sites in the Hokuli`a development area(inland of the State conservation zone). Of the 56 sites,54 sites had been agreed upon by Hokuli`a and the SHPD(SHPD letter to Hokuli`a,dated January 3,2007). Site 25848,a petroglyph complex,was added to the preservation list following additional survey (Haun 2007; site categorization approved by SHPD on May 29, 2007). Site 16683, a former burial preservation site at the northern edge of the Hokuli`a development area, was added to the non-burial preservation list following determination that it did not contain human remains (Haun 2007:5-6). The 56 sites include: • 35 sites designated for conservation,of which 3 are linear sites with sections to be interpreted as part of site cluster interpretations • 1 I sites proposed for incorporation into the interpretive program • 5 sites proposed for interpretation, with cultural use stipulated in the 2006 Settlement Agreement • 5 isolated rock art sites recommended for optional conservation,or removal for curation and/or display. Table 5 lists the 56 sites; Figure 4 shows site locations. Appendices B 1 and B2 present site summaries and the final determination of site boundaries and buffers as approved by SHPD (SHPD letter to 1250 Oceanside Partners,July 2,2007). SITE DEFINITION Archaeologists do not find sites. Archaeologists find material remains of human activity and then use a set of criteria to "create sites" as constructs for various purposes. To "create a site"is to recognize a pattern of material remains on the landscape,delineate that pattern with a defined boundary, and then assign some form of discrete identification (a site name, or more commonly today a site number). Thus, an archaeological site is a construct that refers to the location of the physical remains of identifiable human behavior. This location represents the landscape used and the material results of[1] an integrated set of related human activities (at a minimum) or [2] an integrated cultural system (at a maximum). Table 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the Hokuli'a Development Area. Site No. Formal Function Site Management Ahupua'a Development Location Comment Type Type Category* 07276 Kuakini boundary linear conservation multiple GC 7,8,9,10,14,15, 18: Wall interpretation Phase 3 North and South: ** Pavillion:Phase 2,Lot 14- 20: 10278 platform heiau surface interpretation Hokukano GC 5 10284 wall boundary/ linear conservation Hokukano Phase 2.Lot 14,17,32,33, some sections fall within other ag I Kanaucuc GC 2 preservation site boundaries 10290 Old transporta linear interpretation multiple GC 1,2,5,6,14,15,18: owned by the State of Hawai'i;see Govemment tion Pavilion:Phase I,Lot 214; provisions of Old Government Road Road Phase 2,Lot 31-50,94-97: Restoration Plan(Oceanside 2000) Phase 3 North and South and MOA w/Na Ala Hele 10296 platform/ habitation surface interpretation Halcki'i Phase 2,Lot 20 combine with 16786 as preserve terrace area complex 10302 berm railroad linear conservation multiple Phase I,1-3,8, 9,11,71-75. part of Settlement Agreement ry (7214) bed interpretation 138-143,194,196-200: Hokuli'a Cultural Area(about 6 A cultural use Hokuli'a Cultural Preserve acres) ** 10305 multi-feature agricultural surface interpretation Ke'eke'e Phase 3 East Settlement Agreement ag preserve complex cultural use (Ke'eke'e):2.5 acre minimum 16358 multi-feature habitation surface conservation Ke'eke'e Phase I.Lot 46.47 preserve with wiliwili tree coil lex 16360 platform heiau surface conservation Ke'eke'e Phase 1,Lot 107.108 complex 16361 papamu gameboard rock art conservation Ke'eke'e Phase 1,Lot 107 preserve in place with 5 ft buffer or o tional remove for curation or dis la. 16375 1 platform habitation surface conservation Ke'eke'e Phase I.Lot 114,115 16384 platform habitation surface interpretation Ke'eke'e Phase 3 South:Pu'u Ohau combine with 21664 Ala Loa as complex Cultural Preserve preserve area 16387 platform/ habitation surface interpretation Kanakau Pavilion:GC 18:Phase 3 combine with 16399 and 10290 terrace South OGR as preserve area complex Table 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the Hokuli`a Development Area(continued). Site No. Formal Function Site Management Ahupua`a Development Location Comment Type Type Category* 16395 pavement/ uncertain surface conservation Kanakau Pavilion;Phase 3 South designated a heiau in the inventory terrace survey;needs field investigation to complex establish nature of site 16399 platform habitation surface interpretation Kanakau Pavilion;Phase 3 South combine with 16387 and 10290 OGR as complex I preserve area 16406 platform/ habitation/ surface conservation `llikahi Phase 1,Lot 86,88,89 combine with 16407 as preserve area wall ag complex 16407 terrace habitation surface conservation `llikahi Phase I,Lot 86,88, 89 included in final preservation plan for 16406(letter dated 5-29-03) 16428 platform heiau surface conservation Kalukalu Phase 3 South - 16438 platform/ heiau surface conservation Kalukalu Phase 3 South terrace complex 16457 platform heiau surface interpretation Onouli GC 15:Phase 3 South N 16476 multi-feature habitation/ surface conservation Onouli Phase 1,Lot 247,248; - complex ag Road C 16511 enclosure/ heiau surface conservation Haleki`i Phase 1,Lot 65 platform complex 16574 platform habitation surface interpretation Haleki`i GC range:Phase 3 or heiau North 16579 pahoehoc unknown rock art interpretation Haleki'i Pu'u Ohau Cultural within Settlement Agreement Pu'u Ohau pecked areas cultural use Preserve Cultural Area(about 6 acres) 16590 multi-feature agriculture surface interpretation Kanaueue Phase 3 North Settlement Agreement ag preserve complex cultural use (Kanaueue);3.5 acre minimum;site number expanded from single feature in inventory Table 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the I Iokuli'a Development Area(continued). Site No. Formal Function Site Management Ahupua'a Development Location Comment Type T e Category* 16595 enclosure/ habitation/ surface conservation Kanaueue Phase 1.Lot 17. 18 platform animal pen complex 16613 multi-feature habitation surface conservation Kanaueue Phase 3 East complex (historic homestead) 16636 multi-feature agriculture surface interpretation Hokukano Phase 3 North Settlement Agreement ag preserve complex cultural use (Hokukano);3.5 acre minimum 16637 papamu gameboard rock art conservation Hokukano Phase 3 North preserve in place with 5 fit buffer or optional remove for curation or display 16663 platform habitation or surface interpretation Haleki'i Hokuli'a Cultural part of Settlement Agreement Hokuli'a shrine cultural use Preserve Cultural Area(about 6 acres) 16675 multi-feature habitation surface conservation Honua'ino Phase 3 North complex (historic) 16679 platform heiau surface conservation Honua'ino Phase 3 North N rn 16683 lava tube habitation lava conservation Honua'ino Phase 3 North added per 2007 determination that the water source tube lava tube did not contain burials(i.e.. moved from burial preservation to non- burial reservation) 16796 platform heiau surface interpretation Ke'eke'e GC 1,10 combine with 10296.7276 Kuakini Wall. and 16794 wall as preserve area 16787 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Honua'ino Phase 3 North north boundary of lokuli'a properq 16788 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Honua'ino Phase 3 North Honua'ino 3 and 4 boundary 16799 wall boundary/ag linear conservation I lonua'ino Phase 3 North Honua'ino 4 and Hokukano 1 boundary Hokukano 16790 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Hokukano Phase 3 North - 16791 wall boundary/ag linear conservation I Hokukano Phase 3 North Hokukano l and 2 boundary Table 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the Hokuli`a Development Area(continued). Site No. Formal Function Site Management Ahupua`a Development Location Comment Type Type Category* 16792 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Hokukano Phase 1,Lot 12-19,23_ possible Hokukano 2 and Kanaueue 1 Kanaueue Phase 3 East boundary 16793 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Kanaueue Phase 1,Lot 3,27,28, Kanaueuc and Haleki`i boundary Haleki`i 33,34,38,40,41,53, 54,60-63;Phases 313,4 16794 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Haleki`i Phase 1,Lot 44,45, 48, 1laleki`i and Ke'eke`e boundary;section interpretation Ke`eke`e 49,6T 107-109 preserved as part of 16786 preserve area 16795 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Ke`eke`e Phase I,Lot 68-70; possible Ke'eke'e 1 and 2 boundary llikahi Phase 3 East 16796 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Ke`eke`e Phase 1,Lot 75,85-91, Ke'eke`e and`Gllikahi boundary:section 'Ilikahi 99-101,114,115 preserved as part of 16406 and 16375 preserve areas 16797 wall boundary/ag linear conservation 'Ilikahi Phase I,Lot 75-77,84- `Ilikahi and Kanakau boundary Kanakau 86. 16798 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Kanakau Phase 1,Lot 126-128, Kanakau and Kalukalu boundary Kalukalu 130,131,133.139,140, 237-240:Phase 3 South 16799 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Kalukalu Phase 1,Lot 145,146, Kalukalu and Onouli boundary Onouli 149,150,156-159,169, 170,185,186,193,194, 219,220,228-231,244, 245:Phase 3 South 16800 wall boundary/ag linear conservation Onouli Phase 1,Lot 200,201, south boundary of Hokuli'a property 205,206,208-213,256- 259;Phase 3 South 17189 Cart Road transporta linear conservation multiple GC 16,17;Pu`u Ohau owned by the State of Hawaii(see tion interpretation Cultural Preserve; Section 10.10,Settlement Agreement) Phase 3 South 21664 Ala Loa transports linear conservation multiple GC 16,17,18:Phase 2, see provisions of Ala Loa Mitigation Plan lion interpretation Lot 31,34-50,92-97: (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007)and Phase 3 North MOA with Na Ala Hele Table 5. Non-Burial Preservation Sites in the Hokuli`a Development Area(continued). Site No. Formal Function Site Management Ahupua'a Development Location Comment Type Type Category* 21907 Ncall boundary linear conservation Hokuukano Phase 2,Lot 14 22656 petroglyphs art rock art conservation Haleki'i Phase 1,Lot 4,8 preserve in place with 5 ft buffer or (2) o tional remove for euration or display 22657 papamu gameboard rock art conservation Haleki'i Phase 1,Lot 39 preserve in place with 5 ft buffer or optional remove for curation or display 22999 terraced heiau surface conservation Hokukano Phase 2,Lot 6,7 latform 23611 lava shelter, habitation rock art conservation Kanaueue Phase 3 South petroglyphs 25848 petroglyphs art rock art conservation Hokukano Phase 2,Lot 86 NOTE:The initial list of sites from which this table was developed comes from the LAMP,specifically Tables 8 and 9(Tomonari- Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b:96-102).The initial list was reviewed and revised,based on subsequent work(including Block Surveys and monitoring),and an in-field analysis ofboundaries,potential buffers,site condition,and potential impacts from development. , This inventory of preservation sites and their boundaries and buffers have been approved by SHPD(SHPD letters to 1250 00 Oceanside,January 3,2007 and July 2,2007). In late 2006,mapping of Site 16683 resulted in a determination that the presumed burial lava tube did not contain human remains;the site was removed from the burial preservation list and added to the non-burial preservation list. * Under HAR§13-275-8(1)(A)and§13-277-3(I),mitigation in the form of preservation"may include avoidance and protection (conservation),stabilization,rehabilitation,restoration,reconstruction,interpretation,or appropriate cultural use."Excluding the conservation category,these categories are condensed under interpretation. ** Sections of these linear sites will be interpreted as part of the interpretation of other sites. 29 The traditional purpose that guides site identification(that is,determining what can be spatially identified as a site) is analytical or interpretive (although this objective is not always achieved). It reflects an understanding of the coherence and patterning of behavior that produced the material remains, and/or an understanding of the research potential of the material remains. A second purpose that guides site identification is cultural resource management. In other words,what is the most appropriate way to partition the material remains on the landscape that will be practical for the actions of historic preservation compliance. This purpose derives from the 1969 National Historic Preservation Act (and the mirror laws enacted by each state, including Hawaii)and the branch of archaeology it engendered,now known as cultural resource management(CRM). These considerations are employed in the following discussion of sites and site boundaries at Mkuli`a. SITE BOUNDARY IDENTIFICATION The boundaries of 1-16k0li`a development area preservation sites are based on two criteria:[I]the definition of"site"provided above and[2]fundamental archaeological guidelines that are applied in a manner that is intended to meet the purpose and policy of HRS Chapter 6E and the DLNR implementing rules and regulations. The core element (or elements) of the preservation sites is a structure (or structures), some form of rock art, or a lava tube. There are no independent cultural deposits or surface scatters. How the preservation sites are bounded thus depends on the nature of the structures,the associated activities, and the use of the landscape. The sites are divided into four general categories: • The structures are part of a larger activity area (these include habitation complexes and religious complexes);boundaries for these are determined by the activity area and the associated natural and cultural features that provide context. For those sites that are significant under criterion D (important for the information that they may contain),boundaries also include a sufficient area to exploit the research potential in a meaningful way. • The structures are largely coterminous with the activity (these include trails, roads, railroad beds, and agricultural complexes); boundaries for these are largely coterminous with the structures.9 • Those sites where there are a variety of possibilities for associated activity, depending on specific functions and related features (these include walls and rock art);boundaries for these must be determined on a case-by-case basis. 9 It is recognized that most agricultural sites, as identified in site reports, are only parts of larger agricultural complexes. However,because of the patterning of cultivation,these sites can generally be taken as acceptable units. 30 • Site 16683 is the only non-burial preservation lava tube site. It is defined by the physical characteristics of the lava tube. As part of the current preservation plan project, all non-linear preservation sites were mapped at a scale of]:100 or 1:200. These maps are included in Appendix B2 in scanned,hi- resolution, large size. Clustering of structures within a complex, presence of surface cultural materials,analysis of function,topographic features,and historical and modern disturbance(e.g., bulldozing) were analyzed to determine logical site boundaries. Thus, the detailed site maps represent all pertinent features within a site or site complex. It is important to note that not all features in a cluster are necessarily part of one site. For example,a habitation site complex may encompass structures that are components of an agricultural site. The lava tube Site 16683 was mapped by Wes Thomas and Associates at a scale of 1 inch=ten feet, with archaeological annotations by SCS and Haun and Associates. Site summary and boundary identification are in Appendix B 1,along with the reduced field maps that show boundaries and buffers. SITE TYPES: SURFACE AND LINEAR SITES, AND ISOLATED ROCK ART Preservation sites are divided into three formal types that are related to the type of potential impacts that could occur and the concomitant preservation treatment requirements to deal with those impacts: Surface(non-linear)sites are those sites that have structural components and/or surface artifacts and other cultural remains,as well as possible associated buried deposits. Preservation will require easements; in some cases, constructed protective measures such as walls or landscaping may be necessary. There are 27 surface sites that are designated for preservation. Linear sites are structures, such as walls, trails, and roads, that extend over long stretches across the project area. It will be impractical,as well as impossible,to preserve them in their entirety. However, the walls may be well-suited for reuse as residential lot boundary markers; trails and roads could be reinstituted as pedestrian paths, particularly as part of interpretive efforts. There are 21 linear sites,of which four are transportation features(roads and berms), 16 are ahuptia'a boundary/ranch walls,and one is an early 19th century wall associated with an important historical person (the Kuakini Wall). Based on their location and configuration, the ahupua'a boundary/ranch walls may be reconstructed/re-used agricultural kuaiwi. Isolated rock art include papamu,petroglyphs,and pecked areas that are not associated with other surface structures. There are six such sites. In addition to the three categories of preservation sites,one site(Site 16683)falls in the category of lava tube sites, which are lava tube cave systems that contain evidence of human activity. The lava tube contains interior constructed features and buried cultural deposits; a significant component of the cave is a fresh-water lake that fills a large section of an interior passage;an historic period well taps into this lake. This site was originally designated a burial 31 site,but detailed mapping in late 2006 showed that it did not contain any human remains. It was removed from the burial site category and placed in the non-burial preservation category. All requirements for preservation as a burial site are retained. MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES: CONSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION State historic preservation rules and regulations(HAR§13-275-8 and 13-277-3)divide preservation actions into categories: avoidance and protection (conservation), stabilization, rehabilitation,restoration,reconstruction,interpretation,or appropriate cultural use. At 116kuli`a, two primary preservation categories are applied, conservation and interpretation. • The conservation designation is given to sites that are to be preserved in their present condition (or with necessary stabilization to preclude further deterioration). • The interpretation designation is assigned to sites that offer special potential for public education and appreciation. As part of interpretation,it may be necessary to stabilize sites to preclude deterioration from visitor access. Sites could also be rehabilitated,restored,or reconstructed to enhance interpretation. In addition,a select number of sites are also designated for cultural use,that is,sites that will be restored and reused in a traditional manner. This applies to preservation sites stipulated in the 2006 Settlement Agreement for use as agricultural preserves(Sites 10305, 16590,and 16636) and within or immediately adjacent to cultural areas (Sites 10302 and 16663 in the H6kuli`a Cultural Area and Site 16579 in the Pu`u Ohau Cultural Area). DEFINITION OF BUFFERS Buffers area transition zone extending out from a site's boundary. Conservation sites of cultural value and as exceptional examples of a site type may require larger buffers to ensure sensitivity to the cultural and archaeological context. Buffer zones for interpretation sites recognize the surrounding landscape context of the site, including view planes and corridors. HAR §13-277-4 is a general statement on the creation of buffer zones for preservation sites: (a)Buffer zones shall ensure that the integrity10 and context of the historic property is preserved, in many cases including the visual integrity. (b)The size of a buffer zone shall be proposed by the person or agency on a site-by-site basis. Size will vary with the local terrain,eventual use ofthe site,surrounding land uses,the type of site,and the criterion for which a site is significant. (c)The manner in which a buffer zone will be treated with regards to demarcation,landscaping and other activities shall be proposed by the person or agency on a site-by-site basis.(d)Once approved,buffer zones shall be marked on overall project maps, and physical markers shall be placed in the ground delineating the buffers. 10 Integrity is described in HAR 13-275-6 b as "integrity of location, design, setting, materials, gty � § O bty g g> workmanship,feeling,and association." 32 Permanent buffer zones around preservation sites have been specified(and approved by SHPD) and are discussed and illustrated site-by-site in Appendix B 1. Features of a non- preservation site may occur within the buffer of a preservation site. These features will be preserved de facto as part of the preservation site, but they were not used to determine the site boundary or buffer. Terrain features such as steep slopes that could act as a natural buffer were considered in the final definition of buffer widths. The buffer zone around Site 16683, a lava tube site, is retained from its former categorization as a burial site. Linear structures such as Kuakini Wall, cattle/boundary walls,and trails and roads are protected by buffers determined on a case-by-case basis. The SHPD has previously approved buffers for the Kuakini Wall(Site 7276),the Old Government Road(Site 10290),and the railroad berm(Site 10302). The buffer for the Kuakini Wall is 10 feet from the base of the wall within the Golf Course and 20 feet from the base of the wall in residential/other areas(per SHPD letter to Amy Rice,Hok(ili`a,dated October 9,2000). The Old Government Road falls within a 10 feet wide corridor owned by the State of Hawai'i; in residential areas, buildings will be set back a minimum of 20 feet from corridor(per Hokuli`a letter to SHPD,dated September 12,2000). The buffer for the railroad berm is 20 feet(per SHPD letter to Amy Rice,Hok(li`a,dated October 9, 2000). Section 10.4 of the Settlement Agreement(2006)specifies a 5 foot buffer to either side of the center line of Ala Loa(Site 21664). Buffers for the isolated examples of rock art(papamu and petroglyphs in Sites 16361, 16637, 22656, and 22657)are a minimum 5 feet around the immediate rock impressions. Lot owners,however,will be allowed the discretion to remove the isolated rock art of these specified sites, subject to recordation by photography and curation and/or display by the PCSA preservation program(see below). ,3 IV. PRESERVATION PLAN The purpose of the 1-161culi`a Preservation Plan (HPP) is to ensure the protection of significant archaeological, historical, and cultural sites in the Mkuli`a development area, as representative examples of traditional and historical Hawaiian lifestyles. There are four primary and overlapping objectives to site preservation: • to preserve sites in anticipation of future advances in archaeological method and theory(also called resource banking). Sites with scientific or research value can address archaeological questions concerning the organization of cultures and people in the past; their value is based on formal characteristics, variability within the total resource set, their condition and integrity", and the kinds of archaeological data that are retrievable. Preservation of sites with research value ensures protection of sites for which there is presently insufficient time, personnel, financial support,or expertise to carry out adequate study. • to preserve sites that have cultural value, i.e., are important to a local community,ethnic group,or indigenous people as representing a shared cultural heritage. Sites with cultural value often have religious or mythological connections,or are associated with events or persons of historical significance. • to preserve sites that are exemplary representations of a site type. • to preserve sites that offer special potential for public education,appreciation, and interpretation. A site's interpretive value is measured by the characteristics of the site that can be used to inform the non-professional public about the past, as well as about how and why the past is studied. MANAGEMENT APPROACH The general management approach of this plan emphasizes a conservation strategy whereby preservation sites will be maintained in open space areas. Conservation will be complemented by an interpretive program that focuses on education to encourage stewardship by homeowners on whose property preservation sites are located and by members of the Mkuli`a Community Association in general. In addition, the 2006 Settlement Agreement specifically includes stipulations for five preservation site areas: Sites 10305, 16590, and 16636 are designated agricultural preserves with the intent of re-use for the cultivation of traditional Native Hawaiian agricultural crops; and Sites 10302, 16663, and 16579 fall within the boundaries of cultural areas where"lineal and cultural descendants may engage in traditional cultural practices" (Settlement Agreement 2006:20). " The integrity of a site includes environmental,aesthetic,cultural,and scientific qualities that contribute to its significance. 34 Interpretation for the general community will focus on sites that can be readily accessed by the public; i.e.,from Haleki•i Street,the Shoreline Park,and from State-owned trails such as the Old Government Road(Site 10290)and the Ala Loa(Site 21664). MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES The HPP defines three strategies to address site preservation: management organization; short-term actions to deal with construction-related activities; and long-term management requirements. The intent is for H&Iili`a to use a combination of these strategies for effective archaeological site management. Management organization involves the development of an organizational structure within which the functions of site preservation and management take place. The Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA), created as a result of the 2006 Settlement Agreement, is charged with the responsibility for historic preservation; 1250 Oceanside Partners,as one of the two entities of the PCSA,is presently functioning as the historic preservation manager through its Cultural Resources department. Short-term management actions specifically address the review and oversight of construction activities to ensure that sites are not adversely impacted. Long-term management requirements involve actions that will require on-going staff attention, such as implementation of the HPP, consultation,monitoring, and research. STRATEGY: MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION A preservation program has been developed within the 1250 Oceanside Partners organizational structure. This program, called the Hokuli'a Cultural Resources department, functions within the development division of the company and ensures the on-going implementation and use of the HPP until such time that the Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA)becomes fully operational.'2 This department maintains a communication network that provides for the early and easy dissemination of preservation information to 1250 Oceanside Partners development, maintenance, and sales teams, as well as to the Hokuli'a Community Association. The department acts as the liaison and point-of-contact with SHPD, Hokuli'a descendants, and other interested parties. The primary responsibilities of the Hokuli`a preservation program are to carry out overall implementation of the HPP, and to manage and maintain all historic preserve areas. Details of program responsibilities are presented in Chapter VI on "Management Responsibilities." '' In discussions in the HPP regarding site management,the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA) and 1250 Oceanside Partners are used interchangeably. 35 STRATEGY: SHORT-TERM MANAGEMENT ACTIONS TO DEAL WITH CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Short-term management actions are defined as actions to ensure that archaeological sites are not adversely affected during construction activities(HAR§13-277-5). Possible impacts that could occur during construction activities include: • disturbance from clearing,grubbing,and grading prior to construction • disturbance from construction of roads, facilities, and utilities; installation of landscaping • impact on site integrity by casual reconstruction of surface features • physical intrusion on site context from construction of adjacent roads and buildings • site deterioration,pothunting,and vandalism from improved access to site areas. The short-term protection measures are generally applicable to both 1250 Oceanside Partners as the primary developer and to individual owners who are building homes on lots that contain historic preserves. These protection measures apply to both conservation and interpretation sites, unless otherwise noted. Pre-design Meeting At the pre-design meeting specified in Section 5.2 of the Hokuli`a Design Guidelines (Hdkuli`a 2003), the lot owner and/or its architect will be apprised of requirements related to protection of historic preserves within their lot. Prior to Construction Prior to any construction activity, historic preserve areas will be marked off on the ground. At the pre-construction conference stipulated in Section 6.1 of the Hokuli'a Design Guidelines (116k(ili`a 2003), the builder and/or construction manager will be informed of the protocols for activity adjacent to the demarcated historic preserve areas. The boundaries and buffers of all non-burial preservation sites will be drawn to scale on all 116kuli`a development maps and on all Lot Information Plans(LIP)that are used for homesite development planning. Prior to any construction in the vicinity of a historic preserve area, 1250 Oceanside Partners will demarcate the historic preserve area on-the-ground with temporary fencing. In addition, prior to construction on individual homesites, lot owners will install a temporary chain-link fence at least six feet high to completely enclose the Building Envelope,as required by Section 6.5 of the Hokuli'a Design Guidelines(116kuli`a 2003). Hdkuli`a Cultural Resources staff will provide on-site pre-construction briefings of hired construction firms doing work in the vicinity of historic preserve areas. The briefings will include information on the historic preserves that are in the vicinity of the construction activity, 36 the nature of construction barriers, and protocols for dealing with inadvertent impacts to the historic preserve area and inadvertent discoveries of previously unknown archaeological sites (see Appendix Q. During Construction During construction in the vicinity of historic preserve areas, Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will make periodic checks to ensure that temporary fencing is maintained and that no impacts on preservation sites are occurring. If infringements are found, the Cultural Resources staff will take appropriate action by stopping construction activity; they might also request assistance from the SHPD to evaluate the extent of possible site disturbance or damage and the need for mitigation. Following Construction Following any construction activity adjacent to a historic preserve area, the Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will review any impacts on the preservation sites and submit a report to the SHPD for the file. They will also oversee removal of temporary fencing. Temporary fencing will be removed when: [1] adjacent construction is completed; [2] permanent buffer corner markers have been emplaced (see below); and [3] landscape fencing has been emplaced to identify the buffer edge(see below). STRATEGY: LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS Long-term impacts are defined as the offshoot of actions related to the use and occupation of the project area once it is developed. Possible long-term impacts on preservation sites include: • inadvertent damage caused by lack of information or misinformation on site significance and preservation requirements(e.g.,new residential construction or residential landscaping by property owner) • impact on site integrity from casual reconstruction of features • pothunting,collecting surface artifacts,digging for buried artifacts • vandalism and intentional damage to sites • littering • site deterioration from increased public access(e.g.,in park setting);erosion of trails from increased public use • site deterioration from natural causes(e.g.,erosion and high surf) • damage to petroglyphs and papamu from graffiti,general deterioration. 37 As with the short-term protection measures(above),the long-term protection measures are generally applicable to both 1250 Oceanside Partners as the primary developer (and ultimately to the Park and Cultural Sites Association) and to individual owners of lots that contain historic preserve areas(also called historic site easements). These protection measures apply to both conservation and interpretation sites, unless otherwise noted. Historic Preserve Area Responsibility Responsibility for design, landscaping,and maintenance within historic preserve areas will be held by 1250 Oceanside Partners until such time that the Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA) becomes fully operational. All proposed improvements on homesites, including areas immediately adjacent to historic preserve areas,will be reviewed by the Hokuli`a Design Review Committee(DRC), which follows established guidelines for design(Hokuli`a 2003). Details of preservation responsibilities are covered in Chapter V1, "Management Responsibilities." As stipulated in the Hokuli`a Design Guidelines (Hokuli`a 2003:15), individual lot owners are"responsible to the State of Hawai`i for any damage to Archeological Sites"on their lots. Historic Preserve Area Identification and Documentation Appendix B 1 presents a tabular summary of all non-burial preservation sites, and the boundary and buffer determinations presented in both text and figure format. The graphical information on boundaries and buffers will be transferred to all Hokuli`a development maps and will be shown as historic preserve areas (also called historic site easements)on all houselot Lot Information Plans (LIPs). Wherever possible, reservation sites will be referred to by culturally appropriate names rather than by site numbers.' The input of the Park and Cultural Sites Association Advisory Board and other interested community members will be solicited in the naming of sites. Historic Preserve Area Datum Points and Buffers A permanent datum point will be placed on each non-linear preservation site(consistent with the mapped position on the final detailed site maps in Appendices B 1 and 132). The corners of the buffer for each non-linear site will be established by engineering survey(per the SHPD approved buffers),establishing the"preservation easement"(see Table 3). 1' The use of names rather than numbers for preservation sites was a significant recommendation of the consultations for the draft HPP(see Appendix E). 38 These corners will be marked in a permanent manner consistent with the manner in which lot boundaries are marked at Hokuli`a(such as metal pins in concrete). Decorative landscape fencing will be placed along the buffer edge as soon as construction fencing is removed,and signs identifying the areas as preservation sites will be set in place(see section on Signage,below). Landscape fencing maybe of any height and design as long as it fulfills the purpose of enduring that the sites are readily identifiable as historic preserve areas. The landscape fencing will be of distinctive but discrete design that allows flexibility in demarcating different preserves. This can be changed over time as appropriate to be consistent with the surrounding landscaping and land use, within the constraints of the Hokuli`a design guidelines, and, if appropriate, landscaping may be used to replace the landscape fencing. However,the preservation site buffers will not be marked by stone walls. Modern stone walls detract from the traditional stone construction of the preserved site. Further, stone walls as boundaries are to be reserved for the burial sites Within homesite lots,the permanent markers will be in place prior to the survey required under"Preliminary Submittal"of the Hokuli`a Design Guidelines (Hokuli`a 2003). Design and placement of permanent markers will be the responsibility of the 01250 Cultural Resource department/PCSA. Landscaping and Irrigation Within Historic Preserve Areas Landscaping within historic preserve areas will use drought-tolerant vegetation. Wherever possible, native plants that would have been common to the area will be used. Information from archaeological investigations(i.e.,plant identifications),consultation with local plant specialists and cultural practitioners,and assistance from private and government agencies carrying out native re-planting14 can provide guidance on the species that should be considered in the landscaping. Exotic weeds and grasses throughout the historic preserve areas(including buffers)will be removed by hand,with low-impact machinery such as weed-whackers,or through herbicide treatment. Removal of vegetation will not involve any actions that could damage archaeological structures. If irrigation is required within a historic preserve area to help establish plant growth, installation will not involve any subsurface disturbance. Once plants have been established, irrigation lines may be removed. For areas adjacent to historic preserve areas,homeowners will be encouraged to design landscaping in a manner that is visually compatible with the historic preserve area. 14 Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park has had a program of native plant landscaping since 2002. Ina plant list dated January 2007,496 plants representing 42 species have been planted near the Visitor's Center Hale and in the south half of the park;of these,only 56 plants have not survived. The Amy B.H.Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden in Kealakekua is another resource. 39 Historic preserve area landscaping and irrigation will be the responsibility of the 01250 Cultural Resource department/PCSA. Preservation Signage Knowledge is an important mechanism for preservation. Sites at Hokuli`a are characterized by unmortared basalt rock construction that to a layman might appear to be natural or insignificant. Identification signs will help to convey the importance of protecting and respecting the sites. Wherever possible,sites will be identified by a culturally appropriate name rather than by site number. For conservation sites in areas that are accessible by the public (e.g., along roadways, within the Golf Course, adjacent to the Shoreline Park), discrete but informative signs will identify the site(by a culturally appropriate name,if possible),request respect for its significance (for research purposes,cultural value,or as a good example of a site type),and warn of State law regarding damage to historic properties. Signs will also include a contact phone number to report problems with site deterioration,maintenance needs,and vandalism. At least two signs will be posted on the perimeter of each site, in locations that are evaluated to be the most visible to passersby. For interpretation sites, similar information will be incorporated into interpretive sign text. Conservation and interpretation signage will be designed in a manner that identifies them as part of the Hokuli`a preservation program. Design Specifically Related to Linear Sites There are 21 linear sites,of which four are transportation features(roads and berms), 16 are ahupua`a/ranch walls,and one is an early 19th century wall (the Kuakini Wall). These sites traverse the Hokuli`a development area, crossing over properties that will ultimately fall under the control of different owners/managers. They require a different set of design considerations from surface complexes that occupy a defined localized area. Landscaping and maintenance. Responsibility for initial landscaping of buffer areas for linear sites will be the responsibility of 1250 Oceanside Partners. Maintenance of the sites and buffers will also be the responsibility of the developer(and ultimately,the PCSA). Adjacent development. Adjacent buildings, if any, will be designed in such a manner that they do not visually encroach on the linear structure (e.g., through building height limits, restrictions on building scale and color, use of vegetative screening). Design review will be carried out by the Hokuli`a Design Review Committee. Relation to otherpreservation sites. Wherever possible,linear sites will be incorporated into adjacent historic preserves. For example,the Ala Loa(Site 21664)runs along the seaward 40 side of Site 16384,a distance of 15 in between the centerline of the trail and the west edge of the main structure in the site; the two sites will be combined into one historic preserve area. Breaching. As noted in the LAMP,some of the linear sites,by virtue of their extent and distribution across the development area, will have to be breached for development purposes (e.g., roads, utility lines) (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b:104-105): Those sections of linear structures that will need to be breached will be examined by a professional archaeologist,who will consult with development planners in regard to the best locations to be impacted (in terms of structure condition and potential for data collection). Notes,drawings,and/or photographs of the sections that will be impacted will be made prior to construction. Following construction,exposed sections of walls will be recorded by drawing and/or photography with the specific intent of noting construction methods, prior construction phases, or evidence of underlying cultural materials. Breached walls will be stabilized to prevent further deterioration. It should be emphasized that the selection of locations to be breached is envisioned as an interactive decision-making process between the archaeological consultant and the development planners. Historic Preserve Area Maintenance Responsibility for maintenance of historic preserve areas falls to the Hokuli`a Community Association, as stipulated in the I—Mali`a Design Guidelines (Hokuli`a 2003). At present, this responsibility is held by 1250 Oceanside Partners and assigned to the Cultural Resources department. When it becomes fully operational, the Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA) will assume this responsibility. Cultural Resources staff will coordinate with landscaping/maintenance personnel to ensure that vegetation clearing and litter control are carried out on a regular basis. Within individual home lots,homeowners are encouraged to notify the Cultural Resources department of any additional maintenance needs within the preservation sites. Vegetation clearing and litter control for interpretation sites are covered in the section on "Maintenance and Monitoring"in the"Interpretive Concept Plan"chapter(see below). As noted above(in section on"Landscaping and irrigation in historic preserve areas"), exotic weeds and grasses throughout the historic preserve areas and buffers zones will be removed by hand,low-impact machinery such as weed-whackers,or through herbicide treatment. Archaeological structures will be kept free of noxious vegetation in similar fashion. Removal of vegetation will not involve any actions that could damage archaeological structures;care will be taken to ensure that vegetation removal does not disturb near-surface and buried cultural deposits that are known to exist based on the presence of surface cultural materials or the results of previous archaeological investigations. Historic Preserve Area Monitoring Historic preserve areas will be visited on a periodic basis by Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff to ensure that sites are not being damaged or disturbed,and to evaluate the effectiveness of 41 the preservation plan. During the first year after the HPP is accepted by the SHPD, visits will take place on a quarterly basis. After six months and at the end of the first year,SHPD staff will be requested to assist in inspections to ensure compliance with provisions of the HPP. Following the six-month and one-year review by SHPD,a report that summarizes the monitoring efforts and the resultant reviews will be prepared: when and how many visits were made to each site;results on the monitoring on a site-by-site basis; comments by SHPD staff; an evaluation of the monitoring process and the HPP effectiveness; and recommendations for changes to the preservation plan. Once established and operational,the PCSA will assume responsibility for monitoring and will make arrangements in written form with SHPD for future SHPD consultation.. Historic Preserve Area Access Table 6 lists the preservation sites that have been placed in the conservation category if they have potential to contribute to future research or if they are of cultural value(see Fig.4 for site locations). Both rationales may require future access by non-members of the Hokuli`a community(see discussion of research requests,below). Requests for access will be processed through the Cultural Liaison of the PCSA. Access will be limited to established operating hours. The table does not include the Kuakini Wall(7276),the railroad berm(10302),the Old Cart Road (17189). and the Ala Loa(21664) which will have sections accessible through the interpretive program. It also does not include conservation sites that are being preserved only as exemplary representations of site type(the complex of ranch/ahupua`a walls). Preservation sites in the conservation category will be made available for research by legitimate professionals, particularly if proposed studies can add to or edify the research questions presented in the IAMP(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b:40-58)or since revised in subsequent reports(e.g.,Spear and Monahan 2004). Research requests should be framed within a research design that clearly outlines the questions that will be addressed,the methods that will be used to investigate the questions, and the manner in which the results will be analyzed, interpreted,and reported. 1250 Oceanside Partners,through its Cultural Resources department and its functional responsibility of the PCSA, will notify SHPD of all requested research by legitimate professionals, as identified in this Historic Preservation Plan, prior to any research action taking place. All new research at Hokuli`a will be designed to contribute to the management of archaeological sites,by providing recommendations on continuing research avenues,interpretive opportunities,or other ideas for alternative management strategies.All data generated from new research will be shared with 01250. Review of requests for access to carry out cultural practices will be coordinated with the PCSA and the Cultural Resources department(see discussion under"Consultation,"below). 42 Historic Preserve Area Education Education and communication are key components of site preservation. People using or residing in areas adjacent to historic preserves may not be aware of the significance of the archaeological structures in the preserves and therefore may inadvertently cause harm. Table 6. Sites Designated for Conservation for Research and/or Cultural Value. Site No. Formal Type Function Purpose for Location Access 16360 platform complex heiau cultural Phase 1,Lot 107, 108 research 16375 platform habitation research Phase 1,Lot 114, 115 16395 pavement/terrace complex uncertain. cultural Pavilion,Phase 3 South ossible heiau research 16406platform/wall complex habitation/a research Phase 1,Lot 86,88,89 16407 terrace habitation research Phase 1,Lot 86,88,89 16428 platform heiau cultural Phase 3 South research 16438 platform/terrace complex heiau cultural Phase 3 South research 16476 multi-feature complex habitation/ag research Phase 1,Lots 247,248: Road C 16511 enclosure/platfonn complex heiau cultural Phase 1,Lot 65 research 16595 enclosure/platform complex habitation/ research Phase 1,Lot 17, 18 animal pen 16613 multi-feature complex habitation research Phase 3 East (historic) 16675 multi-feature complex habitation research Phase 3 North (historic) 16679 platform hciau cultural Phase 3 North research 16683 lava tube habitation research Phase 3 North water source 22999 terraced platform heiau cultural Phase 2, Lot 6, 7 research 23611 lava shelter,petroglyphs rock art research Phase 3 South Homeowner education can be an effective tool for site management. The concept proposed in the interpretive component of the HPP(in a following section,below)identifies the individual homesites that include historic preserves, and directs that information on the nature and significance of the sites(presented in an interesting and readable format)be provided to the lot owner. In this way, the owner gains an understanding of the archaeological structure and hopefully gains a sense of stewardship in caring for that structure. There are also numerous sites along the Golf Course. These sites will be marked with identification signs (see section on "Preservation Signage," above). Rules/guidelines for golf 43 play in the vicinity of historic preserves will be provided to players at the start of a round of play. Several of the sites along the Golf Course will be incorporated into the Golf Course Interpretation (see below). The Settlement Agreement(2006:9, 23-24) includes two provisions related to historic preserve area education: • Section 6.2.2: "development of educational materials and programs designed to encourage a deep understanding of and appreciation for the importance of the cultural resources ... and developing standards for the proper maintenance of and care for such resources. In particular, these efforts shall include the development of an educational package and acculturation program for the benefit of people new to Hawaii or to Kona. ... such materials[will be provided] to persons and entities that buy homes or homesites from Oceanside." • Section 18.1, Educational Material Regarding Cultural Resources: production and dissemination of an educational video and brochure that will be "available for viewing by developers on the Island of Hawaii, purchasers of undeveloped lots, and machinery operators, outlining the legal, practical and community considerations relating to the protection of cultural and historic resources." STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are guides to deal with routine or repetitive activities that could adversely affect non-burial preservation sites. They have been written in a format that can be extracted from this document and distributed to appropriate entities within 1250 Oceanside Partners, the PCSA, the Hokuli`a Design Review Committee, and/or the Hokuli`a Community Association. The procedures are presented in Appendix C of the HPP. SOP 1. Review of improvements within 25 feet of a historic preserve area buffer, including grading, grubbing, landscaping, and construction. SOP 2. In the event of inadvertent damage to archaeological site or discovery of previously unidentified buried archaeological deposit. SOP 3. In the event of inadvertent discovery of human remains. CURATION Curation is the process of ensuring storage,protection,and access to an archaeological collection. An archaeological collection is defined as the materials recovered from an archaeological investigation, as well as documentation associated with the investigation. Associated documentation may include,but is not limited to: site forms;draft and final reports; analysis records;administrative records;maps and other locational information documenting the investigative effort; photographic materials(e.g., prints,negatives, and slides); survey records; results of literature searches; and any background material or historical data gathered or 44 generated during the course of the investigation. The archaeological collection also includes documents produced from investigations with negative findings. Section 15 of the 2006 Settlement Agreement addresses the disposition of"Artifacts and Relics." It specifies that 1250 Oceanside Partners will create and maintain a computerized database containing the following information: description of artifact or relic;location where it was found;its present location;the date of removal,if it has been removed;and the identity of the person or entity believed to have removed it. The Agreement further stipulates that the PCSA shall take "possession of and store all such artifacts and relics now under the control of Oceanside ...and shall develop a protocol providing for the care and disposition of such artifacts and relics." Until such time that 1250 Oceanside Partners (or the PCSA) arranges for a central curation facility or alternatively, for disposition of artifacts and relics as called for in the 2006 Settlement Agreement, all materials will be held in a temporary storage facility arranged and maintained by 1250 Oceanside Partners(or the PCSA). Griset and Kodack(1999:Table 7)describe requirements for curation facilities that can be used in developing the temporary and permanent facilities. These requirements include the following features. At a minimum,the storage facility will provide appropriate environmental conditions: temperature range of 55-70 degrees and humidity of 30-50%, with minimal fluctuations. The storage area will be accessible,permit easy and safe movement of objects and staff, and be able to accommodate various materials and sizes of items. The archaeological collection will be protected from theft and damage from fire, water, and contaminants. Access to the collection will be made by formal requests through the PCSA. The collection will be stored in a manner that allows it to be retrieved and made available to appropriate parties (descendants and/or their designees, qualified archaeological and cultural researchers). Materials will not be removed from the facility except under exceptional circumstances to be reviewed and approved by the PCSA. 1250 Oceanside Partners (or the PCSA)will ensure that a staff person is assigned the responsibility of managing the collection. Management includes, but is not limited to, the following tasks: 1. Routinely monitor storage areas and objects for changes in environmental conditions (e.g., temperature/humidity levels, pest infestations), object condition, and security breach. Record any changes. 2. Routinely perform housekeeping activities(e.g.,pest control). 3. Maintain accurate records of collection locations. Records include accession records, catalogs, and inventory lists; collection condition records; loan information; inspection records; records on lost, deteriorated, damaged, or destroyed property; de-accession, transfer, repatriation, or discard records; and records documenting the physical location of materials. 45 4. Assist the PCSA Cultural Liaison in responding to and documenting requests for access. 5. Document actions taken at the time anyone accesses the collection. Much of the materials collected during archaeological investigations at Hokuli`a are presently held by archaeological contractors that carried out such work. Contractors will return these materials to 1250 Oceanside Partners in the following manner: 1. A cover letter will detail: [1] why, when, and how the collection was accumulated, e.g. the type of project and who conducted the work, and [2] the general location(s) from which the collection accrued, e.g. development phase area,site numbers. It will also generally describe the contents of the collection. 2. Materials collected during archaeological mitigation efforts will be curated in archival quality, acid-free boxes that are labeled with provenience,archaeological consultant responsible for the collection,and date of work. A unique identifying number will be assigned to each box, and to each item within the box. I Field maps and notes (or legible facsimiles of maps and notes) will be returned in archival quality, acid-free folders. A unique identifying number will be assigned to each folder,and to each document within the folder. 4. All photographs will be returned in archival quality, acid-free storage envelopes. A unique identifying number will be assigned to each storage envelope, and to each photograph within the envelope. 5. An inventory catalog for all collection boxes, document folders, and photograph envelopes will be provided. The catalog will list and describe the kind of object/document within each box, folder, or envelope, by a unique identifying accession number. A cross-index by reference to site number will also be provided. Materials collected from previous and on-going archaeological investigations that are presently held by 1250 Oceanside Partners will be inventoried in the same manner as described above. 46 47 V. INTERPRETIVE CONCEPT PLAN This section describes the interpretive component of the preservation plan for Hokuli'a. Interpretation of sites is an effective means for long-term management and preservation,through educating the public about the significance of sites,imparting an interest in history and place,and thus engendering a sense of stewardship and responsibility. While an objective of interpretation is to provide information, it should also arouse curiosity and inspire a desire to seek out more information from other sources. In this way, the visitor is drawn into an interplay with the interpretation. The concept plan presented in this chapter outlines the interpretive program that will be developed by 1250 Oceanside Partners and the Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA). Following acceptance of this concept by the SHPD, a Detailed Interpretive Plan for Hokuli'a (DIPH)that lays out the specifics of site-related interpretation(e.g.,sign text,trail layouts,design guidelines) will be prepared. Descendants and other interested parties will be consulted in the preparation of the DIPH. The major focus of historic site interpretation for the general public will be the Shoreline Park,the plan for which is being developed by Pacific Consulting Services, Inc.(PCSI)under a separate contract(Major 2007). TARGET AUDIENCE FOR INTERPRETATION The interpretive concept for development area preservation sites involves a combination of interpretive orientations directed toward two target groups: homeowners at Hokuli'a and the general community. The homeowners atHokuli`a are a critical target audience because the majority of the non-burial preservation sites fall within individual home lots. The main objective of interpreting these sites is to give homeowners an understanding of the significance of the archaeological resources at Hokuli'a and thereby a rationale for site preservation;that is,the interpretation will help to develop a sense of stewardship among the homeowners. Interpretation for the general community is an opportunity for 1250 Oceanside Partners and the PCSA to share the resources of Hokuli'a. The general community is defined as residents of and visitors to the Kona region; it also includes the direct stakeholders in Hokuli'a cultural resources (that is,the descendants as well as the homeowners). Sites that are accessible to the public(e.g.,along Haleki`i Street,the Old Government Road,the Ala Loa,and in the Shoreline Park)represent a variety of traditional Hawaiian activities in a range of environments. They can tell a story about Hawaiian lifeways, linking the coast (Shoreline Park) to the uplands (the development area preservation sites). 48 FRAMEWORK FOR INTERPRETATION Effective interpretation integrates a set of components: site selection; presentation mechanisms; interpretive theme; and site preparation. SITE SELECTION As noted in Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999b:61), "a site's interpretive value is measured by the characteristics of the site that can be used to inform the non-professional public about the past,as well as about how and why the past is studied." The primary criteria used for selection of sites for active interpretation(i.e.,in which people are invited to come up to or onto a site and are provided interpretive materials for that site)are as follows: • potential for interpretation(in the literature of public interpretation,the term "interpretability"is sometimes used),that is,is there anything meaningful to say about a site? is it of visual interest to a general audience? does it fit into a larger interpretive theme? • accessibility,that is,can the public readily gain access to the site? conversely, is the site stable enough to withstand the direct and potentially intensive impact of visitor traffic? • variability or representativeness, that is, does the site selection represent a good cross-section of those sites that can contribute to the interpretive theme or themes? is a particular site a good example of a site type that is relevant to the interpretive theme? • context, that is, is the surrounding area (e.g., natural features, view planes) sufficiently intact to provide a context for meaningful interpretation. Although an archaeological site is the physical entity that is being interpreted, it exists within a natural setting that offers other physical points of reference for interpretation. Together, the archaeological and natural elements combine to form a cultural universe that includes landforms,sea and sky,vegetation,winds, stars,and views. These form the basis for interpreting place names,concepts of wahi papa (sacred or special places), associated historical events, cultural legends,and ethnographic practices. Sites selected for active interpretation are organized in three groups,based on the means of access(i.e., literal routes of interpretation): sites along the Golf Course; sites along Haleki-i Street;and sites along the Old Government Road/Ala Loa. Golf Course sites will be accessible to only Hokuli`a community members,guests,and golfers. The Haleki•i Street and OGR/Ala Loa sites will be accessible to the general public. PRESENTATION METHODS Presentation methods are the means by which the story is told, with the objective of conveying information in an easily disseminated and absorbable manner, using a mix of text, drawings, and photographs. Methods include printed materials(such as books, brochures, and guidebooks),exhibits,trails and signage, and guides. 49 Interpretation at sites along Haleki`i Street and the Old Government Road will combine signage and self-guided trails. The Old Government Road itself will be restored to allow foot traffic through the Hokuli`a development area; the OGR Restoration Plan specifies signage (Oceanside 2000:6): Information and directional signage will be provided in an appropriate fashion and at appropriate locations to maintain the character of the area. All signs would be designed and fabricated in accordance with the signage program for Hokuli`a and the sign ordinance of the County of Hawaii. Signs will be fabricated of metal and porcelain with integrated text and graphics and will be placed into a natural stone base or standard. Signs will be placed at grade or on a standard at 18"to 24"above grade. Similar design is proposed for the Ala Loa(see Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007)and Old Cart Road. Interpretation of sites along the Golf Course will be by interpretive signs placed at the edge of sites along the fairways. Signage will be linked to an interpretive leaflet that will be distributed through the golf shop. Interpretation directed to homeowners and members of the Hokuli`a Community Association will be presented in the form of educational material that will be distributed as needed. Possible methods of information dissemination include printed material such as books/brochures given to homeowners, Hokuli'a community newsletters, and a link through a Hokuli'a community website if one is developed. The design of all interpretive materials will be coordinated with Shoreline Park interpretation to ensure consistency in design,appearance,and materials. This will help to create a readily identified image or identity for the Hokuli`a preservation/interpretation program. INTERPRETIVE THEME An interpretive theme provides a storyline that ties a set of sites together. The storyline is founded on the archaeological and ethnographic research, archival investigations, and oral histories. Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle(1991:12)note that"interpretive planning should be at the edge of understanding,perhaps even a little ahead of it,but it cannot far outrun it(and remain legitimate). So interpretation is always constrained by the state of knowledge." The interpretive themes for the Hokuli`a program are specific to the means of access: Haleki•i Street;the OGR/Ala Loa; and the Golf Course. • The Haleki`i Street interpretation will describe settlement and lifeways of traditional Hawaii,with an emphasis on subsistence activities(specifically the Kona Field System)and their relationship with ceremony and habitation. A sub- theme will be the historical/modern settlement of the Hokuli`a landscape. • The Old Government Road interpretation will have a storyline related to the evolution of transportation systems in Hawaii in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the impact on traditional lifeways. 50 • The Golf Course interpretation will parallel the Haleki`i Street interpretation, with an emphasis on the connection between ceremonial sites and subsistence activities (almost all interpretive sites along the Golf Course are heia:l or probable heiau). The individual preservation sites on homelots will be referenced to the overall cultural history and archaeology of the Hokuli`a development area. During consultation on the draft HPP in early 2007,community members suggested that [1]there may be insufficient data to adequately answer fundamental questions about traditional lifeways, [2] there are alternative interpretations of traditional lifeways, so telling one interpretation may ignore other valid interpretations,and[3]there are other,equally interesting stories to tell(e.g.,the Greenwell ranch story,20th century local use)(see Appendix E). These concerns will be addressed in preparation of the DIPH, particularly with an emphasis on continuing consultation with the interested community members. SITE PREPARATION Site preparation involves work to protect and maintain the integrity of the archaeological resource in anticipation of potential impacts from public access. A secondary objective is to establish the setting for interpretation. Site preparation can range from stabilization(showing the site as it would have existed when found by archaeologists)to restoration(showing the site as it would have existed just after it had been abandoned) or reconstruction (showing the site as it would have appeared when it was being used;includes replication of original superstructures).1' Appendix B 1 site table includes some interpretive requirements for site,including those in the home lots. Areas within interpretation sites that will be directly impacted by public access may require some stabilization (i.e.,securing or reinforcing archaeological structures to prevent deterioration due to public access and to ensure that visitors are not hurt or endangered by displaced stones). Some of the agricultural sites may be restored and replanted in native crop plants such as sweet potato and gourd(Section 14.2 of the 2006 Settlement Agreement stipulates that the Ke`eke`e area [Site 10305, approximately 2.5 acres] will be an active agricultural preserve and that the Hokukano area [Site 16636, 3.5 acres] will also be an active preserve "except as need to protect and preserved remnants of the Kona Field System located therein"). Should any modern structures be built for the interpretation,they will be designed in a manner that clearly distinguishes them from the archaeological site and will be located so as not to intrude on the site context. Details of all of these activities will be included in the final detailed interpretive plan. Community members may have special talents that can contribute to site preparation, particularly for the interpretive sites(e.g.,local farmers can assist in preparing agricultural sites for cultivation and may have knowledge of appropriate native plants to use). Whenever possible, local resources will be solicited. 'S Stabilization,restoration,and reconstruction are categories of preservation listed in HAR§13-275-8 and 13-277-3. 51 INTERPRETATION FOR THE HOKULI`A COMMUNITY Interpretation for the Hokuli`a community is intended to encourage a sense of stewardship among homeowners who have preservation sites on their property,and among other members of Hokuli`a community who will have access to sites that are not generally accessible to the public,primarily along the Golf Course and at the Pavilion. Table 7 lists the sites selected for interpretation for the Hokuli`a community, organized in two groups: those on home sites and those along the Golf Course. Figure 5 shows the locations of sites designated for this interpretation(note that the sites for homeowners' interpretation are conservation sites;these sites will be interpreted passively, that is, without encouraging direct access or visitation). HOMEOWNERS INTERPRETATION Non-burial preservation sites on individual home lots have been placed within preservation easements (also called historic site easements) that fall under the formal management of the developer in the short-term and the Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA)in the long-term. The importance of interpretation is in educating the homeowners of the significance of the sites and their place within the overall Hokuli`a cultural landscape, and encouraging homeowners to partner in the protection and preservation of sites on their lots. A key component of interpretation for the Hokuli`a community will be educational material on the history,archaeology,and cultural landscape of the project area. The purpose of this material is to provide a tangible context for the overall preservation effort. Its main distribution will be to homeowners and guests of the Hokuli`a community,but it can also be used for sales and marketing and for general public education. On-site interpretation(e.g., signs or trails) is not recommended for preservation sites on individual homelots. In concept, this material will summarize the history and archaeology of the Hokuli`a area, in the context of the overall cultural landscape of central Kona. It will describe the significance of the Hokuli`a area and sites within this regional setting. The material will also include a statement on the importance of preservation and stewardship, and the efforts that Hokuli`a has taken to develop an effective preservation program. It will encourage the readers to participate in preservation activities. The material could be illustrated with historical and contemporary photographs of the Hokuli`a(and general Kona)area,photographs and drawings of the archaeological sites, and illustrative drawings of site reconstructions; it could also include excerpts from oral history interviews with kupuna who lived in this area in the early 20th century. The primary target audience for this material will be lot owners and prospective buyers of lots at Hokuli`a. By virtue of owning the property on which preservation sites are located, these individuals are the likeliest group of stewards of the preservation sites, and deserve (and need)information on the rationale for protecting the resources. The interpretive material would comply with Section 18 of the Settlement Agreement,which calls for production of a video and brochure directed to, among others, "purchasers of undeveloped lots." All materials will be written and illustrated in a style for the layman, not professional archaeologists. Table 7. Interpretive Groupings for Hokuli'a Homeowners Interpretation. Interpretive Site no. Site Description Ahupua'a Development Location Interpretive Ideas Grouping Homeowners 10284 Wall Hokukano Phase 2,Lot 17 Ahupuaa boundary:living on a pahoehoe flow * Kanaueue 10302 Railroad berm Kanaueue Phase 1,Lot 1-3,8,10,71- Historic activity in Kona uplands:regional Haleki'i 75,138-145,195-200 perspective using view to coast 16360 Platform complex Ke-eke'e Phase 1,Lot 107 Ceremonial activity in uplands:living on a pahoehoe flow:regional perspective using view to coast 16361 Pa amu Ke-eke'e Phase 1,Lot 107 Traditional art and recreation 16375 Platform Ke'eke'e Phase 1.Lot 114. 115 Ceremonial activity in uplands:regional perspective using view to coast 16406 Platform/wall complex 'llikahi Phase 1,Lot 86,88,89 Traditional residence and agriculture in Kona uplands 16407 Terrace 'llikahi Phase 1,lot 86,88,89 Traditional residence and agriculture in Kona uplands 16428 Platform Kalukalu Phase 3 South Residential activity in lowlands v N 16438 Platform/terrace Kalukalu Phase 3 South Ceremonial activity in lowlands complex 16476 Multi-feature complex Onouli Phase 1,Lots 247,248 Traditional residence and agriculture in Kona uplands 16511 Enclosure/platform Haleki'i Phase 1,Lot 65 Living on a pahoehoe flow:regional perspective complex using view to coast 16595 Enclosure/platform Kanaueue Phase I.Lot 17,18 Traditional agriculture with emphasis on use of complex pahoehoe flow 16613 Multi-feature complex Kanaueue Phase 3 East Historic activity in Kona uplands:transition from traditional to commercial activiry 16637 Pa amu Hokukano Phase 3 North Traditional art and recreation 16675 Multi-feature complex I lonua'ino Phase 3 North Historic activity in Kona uplands 16679 Platform Honua`ino Phase 3 North Ceremonial activity in coastal settlement:tied to agriculture 16787- Walls multiple multiple Historic activity in Kona uplands,specifically 16800 ranching;use of walls as traditional boundaries, with transition to use as historic boundaries Table 7. Interpretive Groupings for Hokuli`a Homeowners Interpretation(continued). Interpretive Site no. Site Description Ahupua'a Development Location Interpretive Ideas Grouping 21907 Wall Hokukano Phase 2,Lot 14 Possible early version of Kuakini Wall; separation of coast from uplands 22656 Petro Iy2hs(2) Kanaueue Phase 1.Lots 4,8 Traditional art and recreation 22657 Pa amu Kanaueue Phase 1.Lot 39 Traditional art and recreation 22999 Terraced platform Hokukano Phase 2,Lot 6,7 Living on a pahoehoe flow:regional perspective using view to coast;possible use as a beacon/landmark on landscape 23611 Lava shelter, Kanakau Pavilion Traditional art etro I phs 25848 Petroglyphs Hokukano Phase 2 Traditional art Golf Course 07276 Kuakini wall multiple GC 7,8,10,14,18 Post-contact construction;separation of coast from uplands 10278 Platform shrine on Hokukano GC 5 Ceremonial activity on lava flow ahoehoe 10290 1 Old government road multiple GC 1,2,5,6,14,15,18 19th century transportation w 10296 Platform/terrace Ke'eke'e GC 1,10 Activity tied to major ceremonial center(16786); com lex regional perspective using view to coast 16387 Habitation complex near 'llikahi Pavilion;GC 18 Residential activity on escarpment behind coastal base of slope terrace;perspective using view to coast;linkage with OGR 16399 Habitation complex at Kanakau Pavilion Residential activity on escarpment behind coastal top of slope terrace;perspective using view to coast;linkage with OGR 16457 Multi-level heiau Onouli GC 15 Ceremonial activity related to agriculture platform 16574 Heiau platform Haleki'i Driving range Ceremonial activity related to agriculture 16786 Major heiau Ke`eke'e GC 1,10 Ceremonial focus on the natural landform above Pu`u Ohau and Nawawa Bay;central location in Haleki'i and Ke'eke'e ahupua`a;perspective using view to coast;subsidiary interpretation of Kuakini Wall and Site 16794 wall 17189 Section of cart road Kanakau GC 16,17 19th century transportation Kalukalu Table 7. Interpretive Groupings for Hokuli`a Homeowners Interpretation(continued). Interpretive Site Site Description Ahupua'a Development Location Interpretive Ideas Grouping No. 21664 Section of Ala Loa Halcki'i GC 16,17.18 Traditional transportation mode:transition to `llikahi 19th century transportation Kanakau Kalukalu * Sites listed under the Homeowners'Interpretive Grouping are largely conservation sites. Interpretation of these sites will be in the form of printed material,not directly involving any site preparation or invitation to access the sites. A 55 GOLF COURSE INTERPRETATION Several sites are accessible for viewing from the Golf Course. Interpretation of these sites will take advantage of a ready audience of golfers and has the potential to enhance the golfing experience. The concept for this interpretation is to provide golfers with written materials in the form of a leaflet that can be distributed with golf cards from the Golf Shop. The leaflet will include a brief background to the Hokuli`a cultural landscape, and a description of each interpretation site. Identification signs keyed to the brochure will be placed at each of the interpretation sites along the Golf Course. Protocols for golf play in the vicinity of preservation sites should be included in the rules of play(e.g.,what to do if a golf ball lands within a historic preserve,or lands in a location that would require standing on the Ala Loa). As called for in Section 10.7 of the 2006 Settlement Agreement,two types of warning signs will be installed on the Golf Course: • signs advising golfers that others may be present in the area in connection with the Ala Loa(Site 21664), "that their presence is to be respected and that care should be taken not to put such people at risk by virtue of golf play." • signs advising visitors to the Ala Loa and adjoining interpretive areas that golf is being played in the vicinity "and that they should be aware of the associated risks." There are no plans at this time to alter or redesign the golf course or the associated buildings. EXHIBITS IN PUBLIC SPACES In addition to the Homeowners' and Golf Course interpretation, archaeological interpretation can be developed in venues such as the present Pavilion and Golf Shop, where homeowners and their guests gather. Exhibits can range from simple photographs of archaeological sites,artifacts,and historical drawings and maps,to more elaborate presentations of graphics, artifact displays, models and reconstructions. INTERPRETATION FOR THE PUBLIC The general public target group consists of visitors to Hokuli`a,primarily people coming to the Shoreline Park with its heavy concentration of archaeological sites. The intent of interpretation in the main development area is appreciation for the history and archaeology of inland 1-16kuli`a(this interpretation will be tied into the Shoreline Park interpretation). Table 8 lists the sites that will be interpreted for the general public, organized by the grouping of sites to be interpreted together;Figure 6 shows their locations. There are two sets of sites proposed,each set based on a different mode of access. The first set of sites is adjacent to 56 Haleki`i Street and is accessible by driving and easy walking. The second set of sites will be accessible along the Old Government Road and/or the Ala Loa, which will be stabilized and restored as walking trails(Oceanside 2000; Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007). HALEKVI STREET INTERPRETATION Ten sites along Haleki`i Street are selected for interpretation. These include three heiau (Sites 16574, 16663,and 16786),three agricultural preserves(Sites 10305, 16590,and 16636),a platform (Site 10296) probably associated with the Site 16786 heiau, the Kuakini Wall (Site 7276),the Old Government Road(Site 10290),and the late 19th/early 20th century railroad berm (Site 10302). The interpretive theme for this grouping will be the traditional Hawaiian use of the land and associated life ways, with emphasis on traditional agricultural practices in the Kona region and supporting residential and ceremonial activities. A sub-set of interpretation will be the continuing use of the project area during the historic period(primarily ranching). The proposed interpretation will focus on mauka-makai variations in the Kona Field System that represent adaptive differences related to rainfall and elevation,soils,topography,and types of crops (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 1999b:123). It will include, where possible, reference to traditional Hawaiian crop environments (including the kula, kalu'ulu, and `apa'a zones),based on historical research and consultation with Hawaiian agricultural specialists. The three agricultural sites selected for interpretation (also stipulated in the 2006 Settlement Agreement as agricultural preserves) provide a representative cross-section of the Kona Field System within Hokuli`a. • Site 10305, located at an elevation of 287-290 in(940-950 ft) above sea level (asl), is an excellent example of a complex of agricultural features known as kuafuri(mauka-makai walls)and associated cross-slope walls. These types of features are often thought of as the classic component of the Kona Field System, and they represent the most intensive development of the dryland fields in the upland zone of good soils and adequate rainfall. The site is located j ust off the southern edge of the pahoehoe flow. The Settlement Agreement,which calls this the Ke`eke`e preserve,stipulates an approximate area of 1 ha(2.5 acres). • Site 16590 is a complex of agricultural features on the surface of the Site 16598 lava tube. This segment of the field system, which falls at about 108-125 in (350-410 ft)asl,is a complex of stones mounds,stone-filled outcrops,and small terraces. It is an excellent example of the lowland zone of the Kona Field System,representing effective agricultural adaptation to an area of low rainfall and poor soils on a pahoehoe flow surface. The Settlement Agreement,which calls this the Kanaueue preserve,stipulates an approximate area of 1.4 ha(3.5 acres). Table 8. Interpretive Groupings for General Public Interpretation. Interpretive Site Site description Ahupua`a Development Interpretive Ideas Grouping No. Location Haleki'i 07276 Kuakini Wall adjacent to Ke'eke'e GC I,10 Kuakini;historic separation of coast from uplands; Street heiau site 16786 modification of heiau in 19th century 10290 Old Government Road multiple Seaward of Road 7 19th century transportation 10296 Platform.below and NW of I lalcki'i Phase 2,Lot 20 Connection to site 16786 heiau site 16786 10302 Section of railroad berm Kanaueue Hokuli'a cultural 19th century transportation;historic activity in adjacent to 16663;adjacent to Haleki'i preserve uplands;regional perspective using view to coast Hokuli'a cultural area 10305 Ke'eke'e ag preserve mauka Ke'eke'e Phase 3 East Variations in traditional agriculture of Bypass Road;planned for active traditional agricultural use 16574 Heiau platform Haleki'i Driving ran e Ceremonial activity related to agriculture 16590 Kanaueue ag preserve,on Kanaueue Phase 3 North Variations in traditional agriculture surface of lava tube site 16589 v 16636 Hokukano ag preserve,on Hokukano Phase 3 North Variations in traditional agriculture makai side of Haleki'i Street and south of Road F;planned for active traditional agricultural use,except as needed for preservation of Kona Field System 16663 I leiau at Bypass Road Haleki'i Hokuli'a cultural Ceremonial activity related to upland agriculture; entrance_in Hokuli'a cultural preserve regional perspective using view to coast area 16786 Major heiau Ke'eke'e GC 1,10 Ceremonial focus on the natural landform above Pu'u Ohau and Nawawa Bay;central location in Haleki'i and Ke'eke'e ahupua'a;perspective using view to coast;subsidiary interpretation of Kuakini Wall and Site 16794 wall 16794 Wall Ke`eke`e GC L 10 Subsidia inte retation with Site 16786 Table 8. Interpretive Groupings for General Public Interpretation(continued). Interpretive Site Site description Ahupua'a Development Interpretive Ideas Grouping No. Location OGP/Ala 10290 Old Government Road multiple multiple 19th century transportation Loa 16384 Heiau split in two by Old Ke'eke'e Pu'u Ohau cultural Ceremonial activity near shore:impact of 19th Government Road and preserve century changes in settlement;contrast traditional adjacent to the Ala Loa; and historic transportation modes southeast of Pu'u Ohau 16579 Complex of pecked pahoehoe Haleki'i Pu'u Ohau cultural Convergence of trails;speculation on function of inland of Pu'u Ohau;the OGR preserve pecked areas and Ala Loa run along the inland side of this site;in Pu'u Ohau cultural area 17189 Section of Cart Road Haleki`i Pu'u Ohau cultural 19th century transportation preserve 21664 Section of Ala Loa multiple multiple Traditional transportation 16387 Habitation complex near base 'llikahi Phase 3 North Residential activity on escarpment behind coastal u of slope terrace;changes to traditional lifeways in the 19th D0 century:perspective using view to coast 16399 Habitation complex at top of Kanakau Pavilion Residential activity on escarpment behind coastal slope terrace;changes to traditional lifeways in the 19th century;perspective using view to coast 59 • Site 16636, located at 73-85 m (240-280 ft) asl, is a complex of agricultural enclosures and walls that represents variation in the Kona Field System related to unique topographic conditions,in this case an area of natural runoff providing more water and better soil than is usually found at low elevations. The site is located just off the northern edge of the pahoehoe flow. The Settlement Agreement,which calls this the Mkukano preserve,stipulates an approximate area of 1.4 ha(3.5 acres). In addition to the agricultural theme, an important interpretive focus will be on the ceremonial complex at and around Site 16786. This site is a major religious structure in the H6kuli'a area,and is clearly the most impressive site in Hokuli`a. Within this interpretive hub is a section of the Kuakini Wall (Site 7276), a smaller associated platform,the Site 21815 burial preserve, and Site 10296. Interpretation will center on the place of the heiau on the natural landform above Nawawd Bay and Pu'u Ohau, as well as its central location in Haleki'i and Ke`eke'e ahupua`a. Subsidiary interpretation of traditional ceremonial activities will be at the other two heiau(Sites 16574 and 16663). Although not related to traditional lifeways, the Kuakini Wall, the Old Government Road and Ala Loa,and the railroad berm are crossed by Haleki`i Street and can be interpreted as adjunct sites to the major theme. Interpretation of the sites along Haleki`i Street will be by self-guided trails with interpretive signs. Trails will be designed to take visitors through the three agricultural complexes. Interpretation at the three heiau sites will be limited to interpretive signs along the perimeter of the sites. Heiau Site 16663 is situated within the 1-16kuli`a Cultural Area specified in Section 14.3 of the Settlement Agreement (2006:20). Located at the intersection of the Bypass Road and Haleki'i Street,this is the entryway to the 1-16kuli`a development and,as such,is an ideal location for an introduction to the overall Haleki'i Street interpretive grouping. This location provides an expansive vista of the entire area that will allow an interpretive presentation of the traditional landscape and the significance of the Kona Field System,along with an overview of the cultural history and archaeology of the area. The introductory interpretation will also provide the guide to the interpretation sites that will be accessible between this upland point and the Shoreline Park. Alternatively,an introductory location could be at the uppermost boundary of the development area,above the Bypass Road;this would place the Ke`eke'e Agricultural Preserve(Site 10305)as the first site to be visited on the Haleki'i Street interpretive route. As noted above,interpretation of Site 16786 will be a central focus of the Haleki'i Street interpretation. An interpretive trail will circle the perimeter of the main heiau structure and will connect to the smaller adjacent platform and to overlooks of the burial complex to the southwest and Site 10296 to the northwest. The overlooks will be located to provide views to Pu-u Ohau and the coastline,thus offering an opportunity to tie the upland agricultural and heiau complexes to the larger shoreline settlement. 60 Interpretive requirements for Site 16786 include defining easy public access and parking, possibly from Haleki'i Street at or near Site 16574. Because of the importance of this heiau complex,the site should be accessible via a relatively short route of easy walking. Access from the Old Government Road interpretive area or from the existing Pavilion should also be considered, but as secondary points of access that would be in addition to the main easy access route. The Kuakini Wall at Site 16786 will need to be breached to provide access between the main structure and the subsidiary structures and overlooks. Signage at the breach will interpret the wall, its construction, and contrast with the historical context and use of the heiau. The primary venue for heiau interpretation will be a viewing platform similar to the existing wooden structure on the west side of the heiau. This elevated platform will allow an overview of the massive heiau and the Kuakini Wall. Smaller interpretive signs will be placed at the subsidiary platform and the two overlooks,as well as next to the Kuakini Wall (see below). The Haleki`i Street interpretative sites will require vehicle pull-off areas and/or parking at each interpretive point. Each of the pull-off areas should be designed with introductory signage and facilities for litter disposal. OLD GOVERNMENT ROAD/ALA LOA INTERPRETATION Interpretation along the Old Government Road (OGR) and Ala Loa will follow the guidelines of the existing OGR and Ala Loa plans (Oceanside 2000; Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007), as well as stipulations of the Settlement Agreement(2006:14-16). The OGR Mitigation and Management Plan(Oceanside 2000:12) states that: Oceanside 1250 proposes to enter into a cooperative agreement with the State to restore and maintain the portion of the OGR that crosses the Hokuli`a lands. Such an agreement would identify the participating parties,in this case the State and Oceanside and the Hokuli`a Community Association, establish a nexus for partnership and stewardship, identify specific responsibilities and tasks to be performed by Oceanside/Hokuli'a and the State,and would include general terms and conditions of the agreement. Any such agreement would be consistent with the OGR Mitigation and Management Plan. The agreement would be prepared in a dialogue between Oceanside, Na Ala Hele Staff,and the Deputy Attorney General for Na Ala Hele. Section 10 of the 2006 Settlement Agreement specifies treatment of the Ala Loa, including stipulations for interpretation. These include only pedestrian use of the trail,restoration of the trail section from approximately the tee box on the second hole of the Golf Course to the southern development boundary,establishment of two interpretive areas adjacent to the trail that will be accessible to the public from the Shoreline Park. A mitigation plan,including discussion of interpretation, has been completed(Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007). Sites along the OGR and Ala Loa selected for interpretation include three transportation sites (the OGR, the Ala Loa, and the Old Cart Road), two habitation sites (Sites 16387 and 16399),a possible heiau and adjacent surface midden/artifact scatter(Site 16384),and a complex of pecked areas on pahoehoe(Site 16579). The convergence of the OGR,Ala Loa,and Old Cart Road near Sites 16384 and 16579 offer the potential for a central focus for the interpretation. 61 Public access to the two habitation sites is limited to the Old Government Road, although they can also be accessed by Hokuli`a community members and guests from the Pavilion. The interpretive theme for this grouping focuses on the historical transformation of transportation and communications along this section of the Kona coast. In addition,the manner in which the historic trail bisects the Site 16384 platform but connects the Sites 16387 and 16399 habitation sites offers an opportunity to tell the story of changes to traditional lifeways in the 19th century. Access to this grouping of sites will be constrained until such time that the surrounding area is planned and developed. The HPP offers 1250 Oceanside Partners,the PCSA,Na Ala Hele Trails Program (Division of Fish and Wildlife, DLNR), and SHPD an opportunity to integrate various archaeological preservation,management,and maintenance plans and studies that have been separately developed over a period of years; these documents include Oceanside (1999, 2000) for the OGR and Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (2007) for the Ala Loa, as well as stipulations of the 2006 Settlement Agreement. Na Ala Hele's plans are to develop the OGR for recreational purposes,with the Ala Loa accessible for limited activity such as research and preservation. Further,because the OGR,Ala Loa,and OCR merge near Pu'u Ohau, 1250 Oceanside Partners,pursuant to the 2006 Settlement Agreement,will grant to the state a limited easement for apedestrian"connector"that will allow the public an opportunity to view all three trails/roads from the pedestrian"connector." To achieve these ends, 1250 Oceanside Partners has prepared preliminary quitclaim deeds, easements, and memoranda of agreement for the preservation, management, and maintenance of the three trails/roads, for Na Ala Hele and SHPD review and approval. These will be presented on or before October 2008. Upon final approval, 1250 Oceanside Partners, PCSA,Na Ala Hele, and SHPD will execute and record the same. An estimated timeline for implementation of the Old Government Road/Ala Loa access and interpretation is as follows: • Quitclaim deeds,easements,and MOA finalized by December 2008 • Easements to 1250 Oceanside Partners by December 2008 • Na Ala Hele and PCSA coordination and integration by June 2010 • Trail restoration by December 2013 • Public access by January 2014. MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING A priority of site interpretation is site preservation and protection. To ensure that interpreted sites are not damaged by public access,the impacts of the interpretive layout will be monitored on a periodic basis. Monitoring will involve inspection of the site for apparent unintentional damage or intentional vandalism,verification that visitors are staying on paths as intended, and condition of interpretive signs. 62 If damage is evident,corrective steps,such as rerouting paths or installing more effective barriers, will be taken to resolve the problem. Maintenance of interpretation sites involves upkeep of interpretive materials(cleaning and repairing signs and trails;updating sign and brochure texts as necessary),vegetation control, and litter control. Maintenance of an area(especially litter control)helps to minimize vandalism. Maintenance and monitoring schedules will be established in the detailed interpretive plan that will be prepared following acceptance of this concept plan by the SHPD(see below). DETAILED INTERPRETIVE PLAN FOR HOKULI'A Successful interpretation will build on the interpretive concept plan, which once accepted by the SHPD, will be followed by a Detailed Interpretive Plan for 116kuli`a(DIPH). The DIPH will lay out the specifics of site-related interpretation;i.e.,the specific projects for on- and near-site development and off-site design and production. Interpretation of sites requires the implementation of specific projects involving on-site preparation(e.g.,trails and signage),development of infrastructure to support public access(e.g., road pull-offs, paths to interpretive areas), and design and production of off-site exhibits and written materials. More importantly, site interpretation requires a long-term commitment to a program that maintains, modifies,and enhances the initial effort. The Detailed Interpretive Plan for 116kuli'a will build on the present concept plan and will expand(but not be limited to)the following components: • detailed description of the archaeological sites to be interpreted, placed in the context ofthe overall history and archaeology ofthe Hokfiili'a area;sites will be given culturally appropriate names(to replace site numbers),to be determined with the assistance of the PCSA Advisory Board and other interested parties. • detailed description of the objectives of the interpretation,the theme, and the means by which the objectives will be accomplished; wherever possible, interpretation will pose alternative stories that can challenge the visitor. • identification of specific interpretive projects(e.g.,interpretation of Site 16786 and associated features will require access to the site area, including parking, trails through and around the site, interpretive and identification signs, construction of overlooks and viewing platforms). • project design specifications for each interpretive project The DIPH will specify that,prior to any development of interpretive facilities(e.g.,trails,signs)within or adjacent to interpretation sites,all design plans for interpretation facilities will be reviewed by the SHPD, for evaluation of potential impact on the archaeological resources. • protocols for site development for interpretation(e.g.,requiring the presence of an archaeological monitor during any construction for interpretive purposes;no construction activity other than for interpretation purposes allowed within the historic preserves). 63 • further research needs such as excavation and oral histories to fully develop the interpretive story. • continuing community input on the interpretive program,using the PCSA as the entity through which such input will be solicited. • identification of community resources (e.g., local artists, farmers, botanists, landscape architects, cultural practitioners) who can assist in the preservation and interpretation programs. • identification of long-tern requirements for an interpretive program (e.g., staffing,periodic review and updating of interpretive materials,maintenance of infrastructure and sites,monitoring of site condition). As noted above,continuing input on the interpretive program from interested community members will be an important component of DIPH preparation. The 01250 cultural resources staff and/or the PCSA will begin compiling a reference list of local resources. 64 65 VI. MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES Preservation of archaeological sites,including materials collected during archaeological investigations, is a complex undertaking that requires an understanding of the responsibility, commitment,and coordination among various entities. The players involved in the preservation of archaeological sites at Hokuli`a include the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA), 1250 Oceanside Partners, the Hokuli`a Community Association, the SHPD, and individual homeowners of property in which preservation sites fall. The Na Ala Hele Statewide Trail and Access Program, Division of Forestry and Wildlife,DLNR,is also a partner in preservation and management of the Old Government Road (Site 10290),the Ala Loa(Site 21664), and the historic cart road(Site 17189). Table 9 outlines historic preservation responsibilities, organized by function. PARK AND CULTURAL SITES ASSOCIATION The Park and Cultural Sites Association (PCSA) was formed as a result of the 2006 Settlement Agreement. Its membership consists of 1250 Oceanside Partners and Hokuli`a lot owners, which are charged with appointing its Board of Directors. Its purposes are detailed in Section 6.2 of the Settlement Agreement(2006:9): • preservation, operation, and maintenance of the Shoreline Park and cultural, historical, and burial sites elsewhere within Hokuli`a, in a manner consistent with the provisions of preservation plans for the Shoreline Park and the project area. • development of educational materials and programs designed to encourage an understanding of and appreciation for such resources,and developing standards for the proper care of the resources • appointment of a Cultural Liaison to work with the H6kuli`a descendants as related to facilitating access to any area within Hokuli`a where is access is authorized(per Section 13.8 of the Settlement Agreement) • preservation,operation,and maintenance of the Ala Loa,the Old Cart Road,and the Canoe Landing at Ndwdwd Bay. The PCSA has the authority to delegate some or all of its responsibilities to others. Section 6.8 of the Settlement Agreement includes a provision for the formation of The Kuleana Foundation,which will seek a long-term agreement with the PCSA to manage and care for many, if not all, of the Hokuli`a cultural, historical,and burial resources. Table 9. Summary of Hokuli'a Preservation Program Responsibilities*. Function Management Action Management Timing Responsible Agent Coordinate With Program Implement the preservation program(including adequate Immediate and on-going 01250/PCSA SHPD Management staffing),and maintain the program on a long-term basis Implement the interpretive program(including adequate After completion of 01250/PCSA SHPD staffing)and maintain the program on a long-term basis detailed interpretive plan and on- oing Manage and coordinate temporary curation with archaeological Immediate and on-going 01250/PCSA SHPD firms until such time that a permanent facility is esmhlished (either through Hokuli`a,or by another regional emit,-)_ainy out an inventory of archaeological and cultural collections(e.g., videos of oral history interviews)ppresently held b 01250 Planning Prepare a detailed interpretive plan Upon SHPD acceptance 01250/PCSA SHPD ofIIPP Review effectiveness of HPP provisions(following site 6 months and 1 year after 01250/PCSA SHPD monitoring checks);evaluate effectiveness of preservation SHPD acceptance of provisions and recommend changes,if necessary I IPP o Provide information and expertise in planning for future phases On-going 01250/PCSA Internal 01250 ofHok0h'adevelopment or anizations Review and revise 2003 Design Guidelines to provide specific Immediate 01250 Internal 0 125 0 provisions for historic preserves:apply revised design organizations guidelines to CCRs for new residential phases Communi- Disseminate preservation information to all organizations On-going 01250/PCSA Internal 01250 cation within 1250 Oceanside to ensure comprehensive knowledge organizations about preservation sites and preservation requirements Act as liaison and point-of-contact with SHPD and other On-going PCSA cultural shpd interested parties liaison Interested parties Site Install permanent markers/signs along perimeter of all historic Immediate 01250/PCSA Management preserve areas General Design and install landscaping w/native plants;remove exotic On-going 01250/PCSA — weeds,grasses by hand,low-impact machinery such as weed- whackers..herbicide treatment,clear archaeological structures in similar fashion:install temporary irrigation if necessary to establish now plantings Table 9. Summary of Hokuli`a Preservation Program Responsibilities*(continued). Function Management Action Management Timing Responsible Agent Coordinate With Advise and assist homeowners if they elect to record,remove. On-going 01250/PCSA SHPD and curate isolated papamu and petroglyphs Homeowners Approve/coordinate access to historic preserve areas by non- On-going PCSA cultural SHPD members of the Hokuli`a community(for research and/or liaison Cultural consultants cultural practices) Monitor conditions in historic preserve areas on a periodic basis On-going 01250/PCSA SHPD (every four months) Homeowners Maintain historic preserve areas through upkeep of landscaping, On-going 01250/PCSA Homeowners vegetation control,litter control Site Review all plans for construction on individual homesites,using Design review(see Hokuli`a design Homeowners Management HPP,Hokuli`a design guidelines,CCRs Hokuli`a design review committee Architects During/After guidelines section 5.0) Builders Construction Demarcate historic preserve areas w/temporary fencing Prior to any construction 01250/PCSA, — o activity adjacent to homeowners reserve Include instructions to avoid historic preserve areas on all Prior to any construction 01250/PCSA, — construction plans and specifications activity adjacent to homeowners reserve Provide on-site pre-construction briefings of hired construction During pre-construction 01250/PCSA, Homeowners firms doing work in the vicinity of historic preserve areas conference(see homeowners Builders Hokuli`A design Contractors guidelines section 6.0 On houselots,install temporary chain-link fence at least six feet Prior to construction I lomeowners — high to completely enclose the building envelope activity in individual homelot Review impacts on historic preserves,submit report to SHPD After any construction 01250/PCSA SHPD for the file activity in or adjacent to historic preserve * "01250/PCSA"refers specifically to the Cultural Resources department. 68 The PCSA has established an Advisory Board consisting of approximately 20 members designated by 01250, the lot owners,the Protect Keopuka Ohana, other descendants, Hawaii County,kuleana owners,and other appropriate groups. The purpose of the Advisory Board is to provide advice and guidance to the PCSA related to: • plans,policies,and practices related to the improvement,operation,or use of the Shoreline Park • plans,policies,and practices related to the treatment of cultural,historical,and burial sites at Hokuli'a • the choice of any firm or individual retained by Oceanside to conduct archaeological work or to monitor construction work at H6kuli`a • the roles of and resources being devoted by the State and County in the management of cultural,historical,and burial sites at Hokuli'a. The PCSA will actively encourage community participation and input on all aspects of the H6kuli`a preservation and interpretation programs. In cooperation with the 01250 Cultural Resources staff, it will begin compiling a reference list of local resources. 1250 OCEANSIDE PARTNERS 1250 Oceanside Partners is the development organization for the Hokuli'a project. Through its role in the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA),it has effective management responsibility for all aspects of non-burial site preservation until such time that the Hokuli'a development is built-out. At that point, the Hokuli'a lot owners will assume full management authority. 1250 Oceanside Partners is responsible for setting up the Hokuli'a preservation program,maintaining it throughout the development process,and ensuring that it will continue once the development is complete. In cooperation with the PCSA, it will begin compiling a reference list of local resources. HOKULI'A COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION The Hokuli'a Community Association,consisting of owners of Hokuli'a properties,was formed in 1999(Oceanside 2006). Membership in the Association is automatic upon purchase of a homesite. At present, 1250 Oceanside Partners has the right to exercise control over the Association through appointment of the Board of Directors(Oceanside 2006:25). However,the lot owner members of the Hokuli'a Community Association will take on increasing responsibility for management as the lots are sold. At such time that the development is built-out, the lot owners,through the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA),will assume responsibility for the preservation and management of the non-burial preservation sites on communal properties, including historic site easements on individual home lots. 69 SHPD Staff of the SHPD have the responsibility of reviewing reports and historic preservation activities, as required by State of Hawaii law and regulation. They can, if requested by 1250 Oceanside Partners, Hokuli`a Homeowners Association, or the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA), assist with professional evaluation and quality assurance/control issues. HOKULI`A HOMEOWNERS The Hokuli`a project documents (CCRs and Design Review Guidelines) identify preservation sites on designated lots. In addition to such designation, the Hokuli`a project documents,as well as the 2006 Settlement Agreement,also identify specific obligations of the lot owner, 1250 Oceanside Partners, and the PCSA relative to the designated sites. Pursuant to Section 6.2.1 of the Settlement Agreement(2006:9),the PCSA,an entity that represents all lot owners within the Hokuli`a project, is charged with the responsibility for "preservation, operation, and maintenance of the ...cultural, historic and burial sites located within Hokuli`a," including the preservation sites designated on specific lots. Section 4 of the amended CCRs (dated December 2006) relating to Architecture and Landscaping addresses the lot owners' responsibility to the preservation sites as a formal and integral part of the Design Review process. Section 4.2 relating to Design Review states: • Therefore,each owner agrees that no activity within the scope of this article(as described in sec.4.1)shall be commenced on such owner's lot unless and until Declarant (Oceanside) or its designee has given its written approval for such activity." Section 4.8 relating to Historical Sites states: • The "Association and the PCSA shall be obligated to protect and preserve preservation sites as required by applicable DLNR regulations." • "Prior to undertaking improvements on the lot,the owner of the lot shall take into account any preservation site(s) on the lot when designing and constructing the lot." • "In the event that any preservation site exists on the lot, the owner shall avoid disruption of the site. Under no circumstances may any owner...damage,disrupt or destroy a preservation site;or remove material of any kind from a preservation site." • "Notwithstanding any other provision of the declaration,this section of the CCRs may not be amended or modified without the consent of the DLNR." Although not legally bound to maintain the preservation sites on their lots,the individual homeowners are encouraged to develop a sense of stewardship by virtue of their proximity to the sites. Individual homeowners will be provided a packet of information regarding the cultural history and landscape of Hokuli`a and a description of the particular site that is on their property (see Interpretive Concept Plan, above). 70 Section 1 1.1 1 of the subdivision CCRs (Oceanside 2006:62) discusses easements for historical sites, including the right of access to "perform traditional, cultural and/or religious practices." The section implores an environment of mutual respect between persons using the easements and homeowners,and states: "Owners should exercise caution to avoid disruption of Historical Sites and should take no action to prevent or hinder access to Historical Sites." 71 REFERENCES Allen,Melinda S. (editor) 2001 Gardens of Lono. Archaeological Investigations at the Amy B.H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Kealakekua, Hawai`i. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Burgett, BD. and P.H. Rosendahl 1991 Archaeological Inventory Survey: Hokukano Ranch Development: Lands of Kanaueue 1, 2; Keekee 1, 2; Kanakau 1, 2; and Halekii, Districts of North and South Kona, Island of Hawaii(TMK:8-1-1:2, 3, 6). Prepared for Tom Pace. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo. Burtchard, Greg C. 1996 Population and Land-Use on the Keauhou Coast. The Mauka Land Inventory Survey, Keauhou, North Kona, Hawai`i Island. Part I.• Narrative. Prepared for Kamehameha Investment Corporation. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. January. Colin, B.L.,and H.H. Hammatt 1999 An Addendum Report to the Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing of a 1,540Acre Parcel in the Ahupua`a of Honuaino, Hokukano,Kanaueue,Haleki`i,Ke`eke`e, `Ilikahi,Kanakau,Kalukalu, and Onouli, Districts of North and South Kona. Volumes I, II, and III. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Kailua. Cordy, Ross 1981 A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Islands. Academic Press,New York. 1995 Central Kona Archaeological Settlement Patterns. Ms.,State Historic Preservation Division, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief. The Ancient History of Hawai`i Island. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu. Cultural Surveys Hawaii 1995 Old Government Road Archaeological Assessment. Villages of Hokukano Project Area. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Kailua. Davis, B.D. and R.L. Spear 2002 [draft] Archaeology in a Transitional-Period Village, Coastal Honua`ino and Hokukano Ahupua a,South Kona, Island ofHawai`i(TMK 7-9-12:3). Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. 72 Earle, Timothy 1978 Economic and Social Organization of a Complex Kingdom:The Halele`a District, Kauai, Hawaii. Anthropological Papers ofthe Museum of Anthropology No.63. University of Michigan,Ann Arbor. Ellis, William T. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Narrative of a Tour of Hawaii, or Owhyhee; with Remarks on the History, Traditions, Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands. Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd., Honolulu. [reprint of the London 1827 edition and the Hawaii 1917 edition] Giambelluca, Thomas W., Michael A.Nullet, and Thomas A. Schroeder 1986 Rainfall Atlas ofHawai`i. Report R-76,Water Resources Research Center with the cooperation of the Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Honolulu. Grizet, Suzanne and Marc Kodack 1999 Guidelines for the Field Collection of Archaeological Materials and Standard Operating Procedures for Curating Department of Defense Archaeological Collections. Prepared for the Legacy Management Program Office. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections. Hammatt, H.H., D.F. Borthwick, B.L. Colin, I. Masterson,J.J. Robins, and H. Wong-Smith 1997 Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing ofa 1,540-Acre Parcel in the Ahupua`a of Honuaino, Hokukano, Kanaueue, Haleki`i, Ke`eke`e, 'Ilikahi, Kanakau, Kalukalu, and Onouli, Districts of North and South Kona. Volumes I, II, and III. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Kailua. August. Haun, Alan E. 2007 Letter to Byron Moku, 1250 Oceanside Partners,re:Archaeological Mapping of Six Lava Tube Sites, Hokuli`a Subdivision,North and South Kona Districts, Island of Hawaii. Haun&Associates, Keaau. Haun, Alan E. and Dave Henry 2004a Priority Area 6 — Hokuli`a. New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring,Lands of Honuaino 3-4 and Hokukano 1-2,North Kona District,Island of Hawai`i. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Haun and Associates, Keaau. 2004b Priority Area 7 Hokuli`a. New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring,Lands of Kanaueue1-2, Halekii, and Keekee 1-2, North Kona District, Island of Hawai`i. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Haun and Associates, Keaau. 73 Hokuli`a 2003 Hokuli`a Design Guidelines. Hommon, Robert J. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre-Contact Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona,Tucson. 4 , Juvik, S.P. and J.O. Juvik(eds.), with T.R.Paradise(chief cartographer) 1998 Atlas ofHawai`i. Third Edition. Department of Geography,University of Hawaii 11 at Hilo. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. li Kame`eleihiwa, L. 1992 Native Land and Foreign Desires; Pahea La E Pono Ai? Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. LJ Kaschko, Michael 1984 Pu'u Ehu Estates. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo, Hawaii. L_1 Kelly, Marion 1983 Na Mdla o Kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawai'i. Departmental Report Series 83-2. Prepared for State Department of Transportation. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. } Lockwood,J.P., P.W. Lipman, L.D. Petersen,and F.R. Warshauer 1988 Generalized Ages of Surface Lava Flows of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1908, U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Lyman, Chester n.d. The Journal of Chester S. Lyman (1846-1847). Typescript, Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library, Honolulu. Major, Maurice 2007 [revised draft] Historic Preservation Plan for Shoreline Park, Hokuli'a, Kona District, Island Of Hawaii, State Of Hawaii. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. Pacific Consulting Services, Inc., Honolulu. Maly, Kepa and Onaona Maly 2001 He Wahi Mo`olelo no na Aina, a me na Ala Hele I Hehi `ia, mai Keauhou a i Kealakekua, ma Kona, Hawai`i. A Historical Overview of the Lands and Trails Traveled, between Keauhou and Kealakekua, Kona, Hawai'i. Appendix A. Oral History Interviews. Prepared for Na Ala Hele Program Manager(Hawai`i Island), State Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Kumu Porto Associates, Hilo. f 74 McGerty, L. and M.F. Dega 1999 [draft] Testing of Possible Burial Features: An Addendum Report to the Archaeological Inventory Survey and Limited Subsurface Testing ofa 1,540-Acre Parcel in the Ahupua'a of Honuaino, Hokukano, Kanaueue, Haleki'i, Ke'eke'e, 'Ilikahi, Kanakau, Kalukalu, and Onouli, Districts of North and South Kona. Volumes 1,II,and III. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. August. j Oceanside 1 1999 Mitigation and Management Plan for a Portion of the Old Government Road. Prepared for Na Ala Hele Statewide Trail and Access System, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1250 Oceanside Partners, Kailua-Kona. [extracted from IAMP Appendix C] 2000 The Old Government Road. Prepared for Na Ala Hele Statewide Trail and Access System, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1250 Oceanside Partners, Kailua-Kona. 2006 Amended and Restated Declaration of Covenants,Conditions,and Restrictions for Hokuli`a. Prepared for Oceanside 1250. Hyatt & Stubblefield, P.C., Atlanta, Georgia. [part of information packet distributed to potential buyers] Reinecke, John E. n.d. The Hawaiian Remains on the Shores of the Lands from Onouli 2 to Honalo, inclusive. Ms, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Robins, J.R., R. Nees, and S. Williams; revised by R. Spear 2001 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Proposed Mamalahoa Bypass Road Corridor in the Ahupua'a of Keauhou 2, Honalo, Ma'ihi 1-2, Kuamo'o 1-3, Kawanui 1-2,Lehu'ula 1-2,Honuaino 1-4,Hokukano 1-2,Kanaueue 1-2,Haleki'i, Ke'eke'e 1-2, 'Ilikahi, Kanakau 1-2, Kalukalu, and Onouli 1-2, Keopuka, and Kaawaloa, North and South Kona Districts,Island of Hawai'i,Hawai'i. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co.,Inc., Honolulu. Rosendahl, Paul H. 1988a Archaeological Field Inspection:South Kona Development Parcel,Lands ofKeekee 1st & 2nd; Ilikahi, and Kanakau, South Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-8- 104:Portion 3). Prepared for Libby and Company. Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc., ] Hilo. 1988b Archaeological Field Inspection: Ackerman Property Project Area, Lands of Honuaino 3rd & 4th, and Hokukano 1st & 2nd, North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-06:01; 3-7-12:4, 5, I1). Prepared for Libby and Company. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo. U r ? 1 rJ 75 1988c Archaeological Field Inspection: Hokukano Village Project Area: Lands of Hokukano I st&2nd, North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-9-12:Portion 3). Prepared for Libby and Company. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo. Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda,R. Paeth, R. Smythe,and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. USDA Soil Conservation Service and UH Agricultural Experiment Station. U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Schilt, Rose 1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona, Hawai`i: An Archaeological Study of the Kuakini Highway Realignment Corridor. Departmental Report Series 84-1. Prepared for the Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Settlement Agreement 2006 Settlement Agreement, Kelly, et al.v. 1250 Oceanside Partners. March 2006. Spear, R.L. and C. Monahan 2004 [draft]A Data Recovery Report for Hokuli`a:A Study of a 1,540 Acre Parcel in the Ahupua`a of Honuaino, Hokukano, Kanaueue, Haleki`i, Ke`eke`e, `Ilikahi, Kanakau,Kalukalu,and Onouli, in the Districts of North and South Kona,Island of Hawai`i, Hawai`i (TMK: 8-1-04:3 and 59-73). In three volumes. Prepared for Oceanside 1250. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. 2007 [revised draft] A Data Recovery Report for Hokuli`a: A Study of a 1,540 Acre Parcel in the Ahupua`a of Honuaino, Hokukano, Kanaueue, Haleki`i, Ke`eke`e, `Ilikahi, Kanakau, Kalukalu,and Onouli, in the Districts of North and South Kona, Island of Hawai`i, Hawai`i ('TMK: 8-1-04:3 and 59-73). In three volumes. Prepared for Oceanside 1250. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Spear, R.L., S.K. Yeomans, and I. Calis 2002a Priority Area IA — Hokuli`a, New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. 2002b Priority Area 2 — Hokuli`a, New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Stokes,John F.G. and Tom Dye 1991 Heiau ofthe Island of Hawai`i.A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites. Edited by Tom Dye. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Territorial Survey 1951 Government Register Map 4034. In the files of the State Survey Office. 76 Tomonari-Tuggle, M.J. 1981 North Kohala:Perception ofa Changing Community. Prepared for the Division of State Parks,Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites,State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. M.J.Tomonari-Tuggle,consultant. 1985 Cultural Resource Management Plan. Cultural Resource Management at the Keauhou Resort. Prepared for Kamehameha Investment Corporation. Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. Kurtistown, Hawaii. Tomonari-Tuggle, M.J. and H.D. Tuggle 1991 Cultural Interpretive Plan for Hulopo'e-Manele, Lanai. Overview. Prepared for the Lana`i Archaeological Committee. Tuggle-Tomonari-Tuggle and International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. 1999a Interim Preservation Plan for Clearing and Grubbing of the Fairways,the Villages of Hokukano Golf Course. Prepared for Oceanside 1250. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. 1999b Hokuli'a:An Integrated Archaeological Mitigation Plan. Prepared for Oceanside 1250. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. 2003 Scope-of-Work for Hokuli`a Final Preservation Plan Project. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. International Archaeological Research Institute,Inc.,Honolulu. 2007 Mitigation Plan for Site 50-10-37-21664, a Stepping Stone Trail at Hokuli'a, Districts of North and South Kona,Island ofHawai'i. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. Tuggle, H.D. and M.J. Tomonari-Tuggle 2007 Hokuli'a Preservation Sites (non-burial) in the Development Area: Recommendations for Boundaries and Buffers. Prepared for 1250 Oceanside Partners. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu. Walker,Alan T. and Paul H. Rosendahl 1990 Archaeological Field Inspection Survey, Keopuka Lands Parcel: Lands of Onouli 2nd and Keopuka I st and 2nd,South Kona,Island of Hawaii(TMK.•3-8-1-07:1,54, 55). PHRI Report 769-030590. Prepared for Libbie and Company. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., Hilo. Wolforth, Thomas 2002 Status Report on Cave Inspections,Caves in Phase I11. Memorandum to Amy Rice, Hokulia, dated May 15. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Yeomans, S.K., I. Calis, and R.L. Spear 2002a Priority Area 3 — Hokuli'a, New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. 77 2002b Priority Area 4 — Hokuli`a, New Historic Sites Found During Archaeological Monitoring. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. Yeomans, S.K., S.J. Roberts, I. Calis, B.D. Davis, and R.L. Spear 2001 [draft]Archaeological Monitoring of the Hokuli`a Project Golf Courses,Ahupua`a of Ahupua`a of Honuaino, Hokukano, Kanaueue, Haleki`i, Ke`eke`e, ' likahi, Kanakau, Kalukalu, and Onouli,Districts of North and South Kona, Kailua-Kona, Hawai`i Island. Prepared for Oceanside 1250 Partners. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc., Honolulu. March. 78 79 APPENDIX A. FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 80 I ` 1 €�+ptas 1cP0.� D 2000 tt T TN i VL!I ='Rl _ STATE CONSERVATION ZONE i:Riv�q Ltu c _ .SnCrz L;,�tk PArY Figure 1. Mkuli`a Preservation Plan project area. 82 A Kailua A Holualoa Kahalu'u Keauhou H©KULIA -- _- Kealakekuo Honaunau A Kona Field System A Major temple Royal center TN 0 10 20km Figure 2. Contact-era settlement of the Kona District,showing ahupua'a(smallest not shown),major temples, royal centers,and the Kona Field System. LI �J 83 Keekee Ag Preserve I , qbk►10302 Hokulia 16663 Cultural Area l Kanaueue Ag Preserve fHokukano Ag Preserve 21664 17189 _i — Old Cart Road 1 7189 i � Puu Ohau J Cultural ____-, Area 21664 -as Loa ALA LOA/OLD CART ROAD CULTURAL USE AREA AGRICULTURAL PRESERVE Boundaries are approximate;see settlement Agreement Kelly,et al,v. 1250 Oceanside Partners Figure 3. Preservation sites with stipulations for use in settlement agreement. 'L_ ( l 84 1 i 10305 � l 2000 i 66 L3 103�" �..�� N '6663 10302 -� 16406/. 'D 1 511 16358 9�16407 0112, 56 16476 6595 16360 i i � 16361 22657 I 16375 66� 166370 16574 16590 16786 395 016428 L 1639g • :6457 16636 631 23611 i16438 10296 _ 16394 17189 7276 21664 1 10284 229990 1667N 16579 i O • 21664 r , 10278 5848 INTERPRETATION CONSERVATION CULTURAL USE/INTERPRETATION a: CONSERVATION OPTIONAL J Boundaries are approximate; see Appendix B for detailed boundaries, l t Figure 4. Non-burial preservation sites in the Wkuli`a development area. Ll LJ �l 85 0 2000 h —— 'N :16613 103021- 10302 164061 l 226560 1•1 i 16358 16407 6595 rC.36p • e,361 r 2265• �I 16375 l 166• 16637• b`i?6 • 016428 16457 16586399 236• 0164311 • 1029• \21664 184 7276 %�� 10294 _-�" 17189 22999• 79 L) tau✓ G: 2✓ 10290 21664 • i c2 78 L.J va258a8 HOMEOWNERS GROUPING GOLF COURSE GROUPING F1 Figure 5. Interpretive groupings for Hokuli`a homeowners interpretation. r 86 Opening statement for Halekii Street interpretation (location to be determined) Keekee Ag Preserve l � '0305 0 2000 11 IN Hokulla Cultural Area 10302 l r Kanaueue Ag Preserve 6590 �aUd Hokukano 165 7. c i9a - �o0l6�� Ag Preserver -'16399 O% 16636 Z96 16387 _ 16384 21664 r 17169 i� Ala LocVOld Cart Road 17189 • 1 16579 10290 2166d HALEKII STREET OLD GOVT ROAD/ALA LOA Transition from Overlapping interpretr.l- r:.?s_win Halekii Street Interpretation to Shoreline Park (location to be determined) Figure 6. Interpretive groupings for public interpretation. 87 APPENDIX BI. NON-BURIAL PRESERVATION SITES This appendix is the list of non-burial preservation sites,as submitted to and approved by the State Historic Preservation Division,Department of Land and Natural Resources(Tuggle and Tomonari-Tuggle 2007),with two additions: Site 25848,a petroglyph complex,was added to the preservation list following additional survey(Haun 2007;site categorization approved by SHPD on May 29, 2007); and Site 16683,a former burial preservation site at the northern edge of the Hokuli`a development area,was added to the non-burial preservation list following determination that it does not contain human remains (Haun 2007:5-6). The appendix includes the approved buffer/boundary maps of all non-burial preservation sites. It also includes the acceptance letter from SHPD. Table B 1-1 lists the sites with the accepted boundaries and buffers(SHPD letter to 1250 Oceanside Partners, July 2, 2007); the buffer of Site 16683 as a burial site has been retained. Table B 1-2 is a guide to the maps of sites with boundaries and buffers,as listed in Table B 1-1. Table BI-l. Preservation Sites(Non-Burial):Description of Boundaries and Buffers. Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;Ahupua`a Recommendation SHPD/other 07276 fA00b C,I Kuakini Wall; Boundary and animal Included in SHPD buffer Approved by SHPD:10 ft from base of - fA02 multiple ahupua'a barrier, approval wall in GC and 30 ft in fA03 19th cenlury. residential/other areas;SHPD letter to fA04 01250(10-9-2000). 10278 fA01 I Plaffonn and activity Shrine(?). Included in SHPD buffer Approved by SHPD:20 ft plus rock area:1 iokukano Pre-contact approval outcrop on mauka edge;01250 fax to SHPD(3-2-2001) 10284 fA00b C Wall:I Iokukano, Ranch wall,boundary. Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall; fA02 Kanaueue Historic one section preserved as part of an intersection of the Kuakini Wall and another wall 10290 fA00b 1 Old Government Historic road,some Included in trail easement 10 ft conidor-per OGR Restoration - fAl2 Road; sections overlying pre- approval Plan approved b,Na Ala Hele,per fA13 multiple ahupua'a contact trail.(Site SHPD letter to 01250(10-9-2000):in fA 15 21664) residem m i e rca v.b u i ld i n es set back fA16 19th century minimum'0 li lion'corridor,per O1210 Ielm to SIIN),Q-12-2000): overlap,in sections with Ala Loa (2 166 1)and Old Cart Road(17189). t0296 LA03 1 Platform and Temple. Included in complex - (10296 and 16786) w fA04 associated activity Pre-contact This is a complex of temples fA06 area:Haleki'i and related structures and deposits:possibly the most important ceremonial area in the inland area of Hokuli'a. The site complex is in an area of developed golf course facilities and thus the site boundary and buffer are determined by the existing constraints,as mapped. 10302 fA00b C,I Berm: Railroad bed,1901- Included in easement approval Approved by SHPD:20 it buffer per - (07214) fA31 multiple ahupua'a 1926:originally Kona SIiPD letterto 01250(10-9-2000): Sugar Co. falls at makat edge of Hokuli'a 201h century Cultural Preserve 10305 fA08 1,SA Low walls and Dgiand crier"uhl" n,ucd on Settlement Agreement Based on Settlement Agreement ag an a'-'I iculturnl complex, alignments(including prohahk sweet potato: as preserve(Ke eke e) preserve(Ke'eke'e) buffer coterminous with kuaiwi):portion of pan of Kona Field boundary,per general policy for Kona Field System; System, agricultural complexes,SHPD Ke'eke'e Pre-contact letter to 01250(2-2-2000) 16358 fA09 C Stone structures. Occupation,probably Included in SHPD buffer Approved by SHPD:20 ft,per SHPD - papamu,abraded areas agricultural field approval letter to 01250(10-9-2000) and activity area: temporary settlement. Ke'eke'e Pre-contact Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;.Ahupua'a Recommendation SHPD/other 16360 fA 10 C Low walled enclosure Temple?Or possible Located in sold lot,boundary on platform,with historic house site. drawn around structures associated stone Pre-contact or 191h 5 f1 buffer feature and activity century area; Ke eke'e 16361 fA 10 V Papamu; Gameboard. Isolated feature 20 ft buffer Ke'eke'e Pre-contact 16375 fA I I C Platform and activity Temple?Or Located in sold lot,boundary - 20 ft buffer area(disturbed); occupation,probably drawn around structures Ke'eke'e agricultural field temporary settlement Pre-contact 16384 fA 12 1 Platform,activity area, Temple;probably Structure and associated activity 1 foot buffer around site with associated trail associated with area(including cultural deposit) boundary,which marks cultural sections: adjacent Ala Loa(Site deposit around structure. Ke'eke'e 21664);later bisected by Old Government Road(10290) Pre-contact,modified in 19th century 16387 fA 13 1 Platform/terrace Occupation and Structure and associated activity - (16387 and 16399) 00 IA 14 complex and activity associated activity area,included in larger site The complex is bounded to area;Kanakau area complex area include several stone structures Pre-contact,with and associated deposits and possible 19th century activity areas, Onc side of the use complex is defined by the Old Government Road;10 It (not 20 11)buffer is placed around the site boundary because of the open space of the site. 16395 fA 16 C Pavement/terrace Uncertain;19th Structure and associated activity - 20 ft buffer around the site. complex and century map indicates area, associated activity "tomV'if so,may be area; reuse ofearlier Kanakau structure that may have been a temple Pre-contact and/or 19th century 16399 fA 13 I Platform complex and Occupation and Structure and associated activity Part of a preservation complex, fA15 associated activity associated activity area,included in larger site see Site 16387. area; area complex area Kanakau Pre-contact,with possible 19th century use Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;Ahupua'a Recommendation SHPD/other 16406- fA39 C Stone mounds and Agricultural features; Preserved segment of Kona Field Approved by SHPD;20 ft from two 16407 terraces: pare of Kona Field System,as mapped platforms,5 ft from outer edge of 'llikahi System:possible linear ag features;preservation disturbance boundary for Site 16355 overlies this Pic-contact site(see map in memo from Four Wolforth to Amy Rice,dated 5-8- 2003). 16407 included in final preservation plan for Site 16406(per letter dated 5-29-2003). 16428 IA 17 C Platform and activity Temple Structure and associated activity - 20 ft on upper(inland)sides;30 area; Pre-contact area. it on makai side(direction Kalukalu temple is facing) 16438 fA 18 C Platform/terrace Temple Structure and associated activity - 20 ft on upper(inland)sides;30 complex and activity Pre-contact area ft on makai side(direction area; temple is facing) Kalukalu 16457 fA19 1 Platform and activity Temple Structure and associated activity - 20 ft; area: Pre-contact area. makai side overlooks FEMA Onouli drainage area 16476 fA20 C Stone terraces and low Agricultural features; Preserved segment of Kona Field - Site boundary and buffer fA21 walls; part of Kona Field System,as mapped coterminous per general policy Onouli System for agricultural complexes, o Pre-contact SHPD letter to 01250(2-2- 2000) 16511 fA22 C Enclosure/platform Temple Included in SHPD buffer Approved by SHPD: - complex; Pre-contact approval SHPD-approved perimeter wall shown Haleki'i on site map 16574 fA23 I Platform and activity Temple Included in SHPD buffer Approved by SHPD:SHPD-approved Site has surrounding area; Pre-contact approval buffer(Driving Range Site) development creating buffer Haleki'i edge. 16579 fA24 1, SA Area of pecked Preparation surfaces, Defined as extent of pecked areas - 5 ft;and edge of adjacent depressions on large but specific purpose preserved trail and road;site is pahoehoe flat, unknown within Pu'u Chun Cultural associated activity Pre-contact Preserve(Settlement area; Agreement) Haleki'i 16590 fA25 1,SA Stone terraces and low Dryland agriculture Based on Settlement Agreement - Boundary and buffer walls;Kanaueue fields,probably sweet of ag preserve(Kanaueue);site coterminous,per general policy potato cultivation;part number expanded from one for agricultural complexes, of Kona Field System surface feature to include entire SHPD letter to 01250(2-2- Pre-contact complex. 2000);area based on Settlement Agreement. w- - _ ) 7 Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;Ahupua`a Recommendation SHPD/other 16595 fA26 C Enclosure/platform Occupation.probably Located in sold lot,boundary - 20 ft complex and activity agricultural field drawn around structures area; temporary settlement Kanaueue Pre-contact 16613 fA27 C Stone terraces,low Dryland agricultural Preserved segment of Kona Field - Boundary and buffer fA28 walls,enclosures; fields,part of Kona System-and associated coterminous,per general policy Kanaueue Field System,with occupation features,as mapped for agricultural complexes, historic occupation SHPD letter to 01250(2-2- features. 2000);the historic occupation Pre-contact,with 19th- features fall within the general 201h century boundary occupation 16636 fA29 I,SA Stone terraces,low Dryland agriculture Based on Settlement Agreement - Boundary and buffer fA30 walls,modified fields,probably sweet ofag preserve(Hokukano), coterminous,per general policy outcrops,possible trail potato cultivation;part expanded to include continuation for agricultural complexes, segment; of Kona Field System of terraces and trail. SHPD letter to 01250(2-2- Hokukano Pre-contact 2000);based on Settlement Agreement. 16637 — V Papamu; Gameboard. Defined as structure. - 5 ft Hokukano Pre-contact 16663 fA31 1;SA Platform and activity Habitation or shrine. Structure and activity area. 20 ft where feasible;bounded by area; Pre-contact preserved RR berm,and by IC Haleki'i modern road. 16675 fA32 C Stone walls,terraces, Housesite Structures and activity area. - 20 ft on north and south;5 ft at fA33 steps,filled area, Early to mid-20th western edge of open filled area activity area; century that is a site feature;on east, Honua`ino conterminous with ranch wall 16679 fA35 C Platform,terraces, I emple,probably Temple complex,including This is a large complex of fA36 walls,structures,and agricultural;with temple structure and extensive set features in a FEMA zone,3 ft. activity area; associated field of associated features. Honua`ino features and possible ahupua'a boundary structures Pre-contact 16683 fA41 C Lava tube cave Habitation;water Defined by previously established system; source burial preservation boundaries Honua`ino Pre-contact,historic 16786 fA03 I Platforms and Temple and related Complex of major temples. - Included in a complex,see Site fA04 associated activity religious features. 10296 for description fA07 areas: Pre-contact Ke'eke'e 16787 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure 5 ft buffer on each side of wall fA35 Honua'ino Historic fA36 Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;Ahupua'a Recommendation SHPD/other 16788 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Honua'ino Historic 16789 fA00b C Wall; Ranch all Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Honua'ino, Historic Hokukano 16790 fA00b C Wall;Hokukano Ranch wall Defined as structure 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Historic 16791 fA00b C Wall;Hokukano Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Historic 16792 fA00b C Wall;Hokukano Ranch wall Defined as structure 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Kanaueue Historic 16793 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Kanaueue Historic Haleki'i 16794 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Haleki'i Iistoric Ke'eke'e 16795 fA00b C Wall: Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Ke'eke'e Historic llikahi 16796 fA00b C Wall: Ranch wall Defined as structure Section preserved within t� fA 16 Ke'ckc'e Historic preservation areas of Site 'llikahi 16406-16407 and Site 16375 16797 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall 'llikahi Historic Kanakau 16798 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Kanakau Historic Kalukalu 16799 fA00b C Wall; Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Kalukalu Historic Onouli 16800 fA00b C Wall_ Ranch wall Defined as structure 5 ft buffer on each side of wall Onouli Historic 17189 fA00b C,I Cart Road:Multiple Transportation Included in easement approval Overlaps Old Government Road - 19th-20th century (10290)and Old Cart Road(17189) 21664 fA00b C,1 Ala Loa,Multiple Paved path of major Included in easement approval 5 ft easement and 2.5 ft buffer on each - fAl2 significance,possibly side ofeasement,per DLNR(total 10 fA25 used for Makahiki ft wide corridor);sections also within Pre-contact Sites 16384 and 16579;overlaps in sections with Old Government Road (10290)and Old Cart Road(17189). Site No. Figure Mgmt Description/ Function/Age Site Boundary Determination/ Existing Buffer Approval: Site Buffer Recommendation Name;Ahupua'a Recommendation SHPD/other 21907 fA00b C Wall: Ranch wall Defined as structure - 5 It buffer on each side of wall. IA02 Hokukano Historic 22656 fA00b V Petroglyphs(2); Rock art Individual feature - 5 ft buffer Haleki'i Pre-contact 22657 fA00b V Papamu;Haleki`i Gameboard Individual feature - 5 ft buffer Pre-contact 22999 tA37 C Terraced platform and Shrine. Stone structures on promontory - 20 ft on west and south sides, activity area,on high Pre-contact with expansion to SW for better basalt outcrop; visual advantage;other sides Hokukano defined by lot lines. 23611 fA00b C Lava Shelter, Activity area. Individual feature - 5 It buffer fA39 Petroglyphs; Pre-coolact Kanaueue 25848 fA38 C Petroglyph complex; Rock art. Extent of identified petroglyphs - 10 ft buffer(no standing Hokukano Pre-contact structure) Key to column headings: Site no.:in numerical order Figure: refers to reference number ofaccompanying figures of site boundaries and buffers(see Table B 1-2). Mgmt management category;(1)C=Conservation or 1=Interpretation;(2)C and L(3)SA=Settlement Agreement;(4)V=Variable. (1) Under HARl3§13-275-8(IxA)andl3-277-3(I),mitigation in tire form ofpreservation"may include avoidance and protection(conservation),stabilization,rehabilitation,restoration, reconstruction,interpretation,or appropriate cultural use."These arc condensed in the preservation treatment in this column,with"Conservation"intended to also include"appropriate cultural use,"and"interpretation'intended to include all possibilities of stabilization,rehabilitation,restoration,reconstruction,and appropriate cultural use,as well as interpretation.At the same time,it should be noted that this general categorization of treatment for each site(Conservation and Interpretation)is provisional and that all options of preservation treatment will be considered in developing the final Preservation Plan. (2) For linear features,some sections may be interpreted when they are associated with other sites that form an interpretive complex. (3) Settlement Agreement(2006)specified certain conditions for preservation and use;these will be explicated in the HPP. (4) Variable,that is may be conserved or moved per IAMP. Description/Name/Ahupua'a:basic summary of site. Function/Age:interpretive summary of site;the site function presented is based on current and on-going investigation;in some cases,stated site function differs from that presented in earlier reports. Site Boundary Determination/Recommendation: in some cases,site boundaries are based on existing SHPD approvals;for the other cases,site boundaries are described or explained(also see figures). Existing Buffer Approval:SHPD/Other: SHPD-approved buffers are indicated;in some cases,there is also approval by other agencies,including Na Ala Hele. Buffer Recommendation:description of recommended buffer(also see figures),with a note indicating if the site buffer was previously approved by SHPD;see figures for buffer locations. 94 Table B1-2. Guide to Figures Fig No. Figure Description fA00c Guide to site figures fA00b Hokuli'a prpject map with Preservation Sites fA01 Site 10278,boundary and buffer fA02 Site 10284,wall intersection with Kuakini wall (07296)and wall Site 21907; boundary and buffer fA03 Site 10296 and Site 16786,Complex fA04 Location of Sites 10296 and 16786 1 fA08 Site 10305 J fA09 Site 16358 fA10 Sites 16360 and Site 16361 fA I I Site 16375 fAl2 Site 16384 fA13 Sites 16387 and 16399 fA16 Site 16395 fA 17 Site 16428 fA18 Site 16438 fA19 Site 16457 1 fA20 Site 16476 fA22 Site 16511 fA23 Site 16574 fA24 Site 16579 fA25 Site 16590 fA26 Site 16595 fA27 Site 16613 1 fA29 Site 16636 fA31 Site 16663 fA32 Site 16675 fA35 Site 16679 fA37 Site 22999 fA38 Site 25848 fA39 Site 23611 l J fA41 Site 16683 f r_.1 95 ALLAN L SMITH LINDA LINGLE O F y INTERTMCIAMPERSON 'e,��.•••"""••..q y, BOARD OF LAND AND NA'tT3RA1.RESOURCES GOVERNOR OF HAWAII .e ri•'�59,59 e � coMT,DssION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEaD:TT i PETER T.YOUNG tf DUUrr DIRECTOR and h s 3t c�G KEN C.KAWAIIARA J3x� DEPUTY DIRECTOR•WATER AQUATIC RESOURCES `f�'"••....... BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION Ilm. DURFAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS STATE OF HAWAII CONSERVATION AEN RF r�FGRGDMI , Stateoflia�'+ DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES IINEERJNG iISTTORIICPARESEND RvnON KAHOOIAWE ISLAND RESERVE,COMMISSION STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION STATE PPAARK.S 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD,ROOM 555 KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707 July 2,2007 Mr. Byron Moku LOG NO: 2007.1810 1250 Oceanside Partners DOC NO: 0706MK30 78-6831 #K15 Archaeology Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740-2440 Dear Mr.Moku: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-8 Historic Preservation Review [County/DPW] — Hokuli`a Preservation Sites (Non-Burial)in the Development Area Recommendations for Boundaries and Buffers Honuaino,Hokukano,Kanaueue,Halekii,Keekee,Kanakau,Kalukalu and Onouli Ahupuaa,North and South Kona Districts,Island of Hawaii TMK 3 8-1 and 7-•9 Thank you for the opportunity to provide comments on this letter report dated June 15, 2007 from International Archaeological Research Institute to the Division requesting approval of proposed site boundary and preservation buffers. The Division is reviewing the buffers in advance to facilitate preservation planning and preparation of the formal preservation plan. A total of 55 sites are covered by the preservation plan. The agreement by the developer of Hokulia, 1250 Oceanside Partners (1250 OP), to preserve 54 of the sites was approved by the Division on January 3, 2007 (LOG NO: 2006:3839, DOC NO: 0612MK28). In May 2007, 1250 OP agreed to preserve one additional site (Site 25848, a petroglyph complex) documented by a subsequent study (LOG NO: 2007:1728, DOC NO: 0705MK23). The buffers for 11 sites have been previously approved by the Division. The; buffers for the Kuakini Wall (Site 7276), Old Government Road (Site 10290), rail road grade (Site 10302/7214), and Site 16358 were approved in October 2000 (LOG NO: 26317, DOC NO: 001RCI0). The buffer for the possible shrine (Site 10278) was approved in March 2001 (memo from M. Smith to P. McCoy, DOC NO: 01031nsO4). The buffer for Site 16511 was approved by the Division on December 9, 2001 (letter from Don Hibbard to Robert Stuit; no LOG or DOC NO). The buffers for Sites 16406, 16407, and 16574 were approved by the Division in May 2003 (LOG NO: 2003.0587, DOC NO: 0305JK15; LOG NO: 2003.0588; DOC NO: 0305JK16). The buffers for a cart road (Site 17189) and a paved trail (Site 21664)were determined by the March 2006 Settlement Agreement(Kelly, et al. V. Oceanside Partners). The proposed boundaries and buffers for the remaining sites were established using the criteria set forth in HAR 13-277-4 that includes consideration of topography, site type and significance, intended use, and surrounding land uses. All proposed sites and buffers are detailed in the letter report. For the five agricultural complexes to be preserved (Sites 10305, 16476, 16590, 16613, and 16636), the site boundary Mr.Byron Moku 96 Page 2 and buffer boundary are coterminous based on the approval by the division (LOG NO: 24737, DOC NO: OOO1PM04). All ranch wall sites (10284, 16787-16800) will have a buffer of 5 feet on each side. Three sites that consist of isolated examples of rock art (16637, 22656, and 22657) have a buffer of 5 feet; however, the lot owners will be permitted discretion to remove the features subject to recordation and curation or display. Most of the remaining sites will have a 20 feet buffer. In conjunction with the preparation of the preservation plan, invitations to consult were sent to all registered cultural and lineal descendants, Nawaawaa Bay and Kainaliu Beach Kuleana Owners, and some additional community members on record with the Cultural Resource Department. Consultation presentations took place on March 17, 24 and 31, 2007. Site tours were available from March 17 thru April 6, 2007. Comments were encouraged to be sent in through the end of April. During each of the presentations, the general contents of the HPP were given and guests were taken to five specific sites as examples of non-burial preservation sites. The consultants were generally positively impressed by the overall size of the sites and preservation areas. The proposed buffers in the June 15, 2007 letter are acceptable, with one correction. The text on page 6 indicates that there will be a 5 feet buffer around the Site 16361 papamu; however, the entry for this site in the letter report indicates a 20 feet buffer.The site should be excluded from the text on page 6. We look . forward to reviewing the formal preservation plan that will specify interim preservation measures to protect the sites during construction activity and long term preservation measures including buffer marking, maintenance, interpretative development, and access. Aloha, M anie Chinen, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division MK: c: Tyler Paikuli-Campbell, 1250 Oceanside Partners,FAX(808) 324-4220 Chris Yuen,Department of Planning,FAX(808) 961-8742 (Kona), 327-3563 (Hilo) 200——, 97 M,\,o,.A200sas200 A-Lasem VCn0ASlPO%9911�r9.19 LEGEND ` PROPOSED BUFFERS SHPD APPROVED BUFFERS 1 ROCK WALLS TRAILS AND RAILROAD BERM �- ae - J/ s„s — ,,a2,a� PRESERVATION PLAN FOR NON-BURIAL PRESERVATION SITES: ® � � PRESERVATION SITE BUFFERS 0 S00 600 1200 \/ HOKULIA JUNE 2007 NORTH SCALE IN FEET 98 Figure number:tA00c GUIDE TO SITE FIGURES Site drawing in "� the boundary/buffer figures is a reduction of detailed field drawings. In the Historic Preservation Plan, Map showing location copies of the site drawings of site in project area; will also be included separately planning details in some cases may change at a much larger size. Proposed Site Buffer in —- Red Proposed Site Boundary in Green All figures oriented with True North directed to left 99 fA01 Site 10278 Fairway (5) r , C h 4 � l \ a u ,�,C7 , Y•^J,� turn N 20 ft k� t� ^L! VV \ U, 35A TN 0 4m O0 10 20 ft Site 102.78 Site 10278 (with buffer) location on fairway of Feb 15 07 Hole No. 5 hdt site map by mjtt 100 fA02 Site 10284 (wall): intersection r with Kuakini Wall (07276), and schematic elevation Wall Site 21907 where wall built over high pahoehoe outcrop outcrop used as location for sharp turn in Kuakini wall Ini Wall ( 7727 ) 10284 abuts Kuakini Site 10924 (Burial Cave) 00 Datum N ' (Complex H4) Preservation Buffer falls within C) this area 10284 abuts � outcrop 3 Openings to Cave Site 10294 ' TN �t Faced end of Site buffer 10284 0 8m kiiiE= 21907 ' 0 20 40 0 on outcrop, post-dates 10284 June 9 07 hdt SITE 10284 site map by mjtt U L-! r cilit,es Xf c F,xisting / f oycse o09 5ice lc :, fA03 y ',frf ~� Site 10296 Datum +:i Site 16786 16786 ' and associated features Site 167�6 ff / Kua1 tn1 Walt TNT f 0 8 m i 0 20 40 R Site 21819 J " J k (burial cave) June 9 07 2aa 11dt site map by mjtt Site S5e 10296 o°J °V may _ ems'' o rn 20 fl a 102 �l r� fA04 TN— 1 0 40 80 ft (24.4 m) s� v. OT 21 } � Sites 10296, 16786, and associated features (overlay on BCH base map) June 9 07 103 fA08 Site 10305 cr ire. .. '?�'1_•'��.��Ytr 1 # _ 1 f. 0 U _J I_ 1 SITE 10305 Site boundary and buffer are coterminous O 10 M TN Datum map by mjt 2007 104 i, fA09 Site 16358 Approximate location of Site 16358(buffer) on BCH base map 20 ft(per SHPD agreement) Site 16358 Buffer 1 Datum ((o be rechecked) Site 16358 Boundary s cluster of papamu and i - /abraded areas • 4 cluster of abraided areas i a TN SITE 16358 T'N- 0 4m 0 10 20 ft June 9 07 hdt site mapping by mjtt fA 10 16360 16361 z 16360 Buffer . Site TN 0 4m Datum � � $ite 6360130UULdark - 0 10 0 ft ti L � r � � s. 'tip ... ...w•".. �� 0 ft 5� 16361 Buffer L yam; pproximate crw'� location of excavation unit(SCS) J /J 16360 and 16361 June 9 07 Site 16360(with buffer), hdt approximate position on lot, site mapping by injtt without extension to corner 106 l � fA 11 TN'0 4 Site 16375 to ( 1 0 10 20 ft 11 0 N I_i LJ Datum 1 § i , ota•As r 1 Site 16,pS Boundary � � "1_ ,tit �•t 3 �� r Site 16375 Buffer ' i � r , Approximate location on lot r SITE 16375 of Site 16375 j June 9 07 hdt site mapping by mjtt 107 fA 12 Site 16384 I ft buffer TN 0 6M 0 15 30 ft Approximate location of Complex H5 on BCH base map gUffet ov Oe'v't C "j -4. P Datum L 71 SITE 16384 and associated trail June 9 07 segments hdt (10290, 21664) site mapping by mjtt •�• fA13 Site 16387 and 16399 Site 16399 Location of complex �'' �p29 Site 16399 ; on BCH base map ��oa 0010 0,40�M �•;.[ cultural deposits •� alid remnant w �j• features-- Site 16Sit.21591 38� o�Q� Datum 16387 ' Site 16387 \l Site 16399 June 9 07 (associated with hdt --_ the Old Govemmcnt Road) Cn Ln , site maps by mjtt \ topographic lines from BCH base map m a 109 fA 16 Site 16395 ....... Approximate location of Site 16395 (buffer)on BCH base map TN 0 Bm 0 20 40 ft rn t�aJ Go`avN ova } Datum 20 ft , 4 t t L r L SITE 16395 June 9 07 p and segment of hdt site mapping by mjtt Trail Site 10290 (Old Government Road) 110 pit fA 17 Site 16428 — - TN Z General location of Site 16428 on BCH 0 10 20 ft base map; exact location (6.1 m) needs to be established Site 16428 buffer o l 1 20 ft $ Site 16428 boundary 1� {�I)atum Fewe ��"`mod sr sV ? 9 0 2 NO ry t C 1 ' 3 00 l �i1 ��1 o n • Waterworn �4 basalt q o`er Paving :j stone ° ,�o / • Coral 30 ft �] Ste. E h 15 07 dt SITE 16428 site mapping by mjtt 11 111 Approximate location of 16438(buffer)on / BCH base map 16428 fA 18 Site 16438 16438 gce,6�3gbuffet Site lbg3$bold 20 ft Or so ue' .q; • (>Y_fM1wS_ `f £ds «Dalian ;h' a 1]� f'Lr.4p 4.4 1,. rl1 h .j o OOt' P� ^k a �.a+ra,unr:w 30 ft • Waterworn basalt TN SITE 16438 Paving June 9 07 stone 0 4 m hdt Coral iiiiiiFE--i site map by mjtt 0 t0 7 -J 112 r rJ `�1 I I 1e1 fA 19 _} F o irw ay 15 �� . Site 16457 t Approximate location of Site 16457(buffer)on BCH base map Site 16457 buffer Site 16457 boundary t V. - ��t t t Dat un l�s�eli �Ofl `' fit] "11'hsG` O C•4.;av ' [e,� 1oA t C` '� c � �• c`on �c.:J i s!. d'^"' ':'� ,- ��P "u1- TN SITE 16457 Z� 0 4m Feb15 07 0 10 20 0 hdt site map by mjtt u 113 fA20 Site 16476 \ Road ed e \\\ \\ � � 1 \ � 1 1 � 1 Site 16478-A 1 ca II 111 I 1 00 0 I 1 o Datum I I 46 I I 1 I I I I I Site 16476 boundary and buffer I coterminous i I I I I l \ I I Site 16478-B Site 16476 Note: The following lines are taken from June 9 07 map provided by BCH: L hdt boundary of 16478 (cave), contours, site mapping by mjtt road, FEMA TN 0 8m 0 20 40$ 114 ` -J fA22 � l Site 16511 existing wall 1 established boundary vn /L obQ ` S.1�4?'.d �ioS aW.S ��jYrtd•e�YJzno :Yxytr^J9 '"f �� o ;•��^ l -• �� ,t -. r.cma�' .,+,"^vim,.. ': �• ;'•s� .r- fl l 2. f` �a s�.�s � `o � rr��ppp 1_a X,�� o� „ �„� �g +Gip� ,• i,t ' _ s>,..,°../rn.«a�»+ �ry tc t ��& � �r..ra 9hld G �;,',',�`C� /.` a 6� - .n a 9 �� 4 , • '� j ;;__ ,,�Y,,�Qa t "a .a� r�� .r,��p " °3ao ��,�� -1. °" tr ae o •�.d.- , {�{{S�c�•o._o y t '' �. :'V�o/ c ctc 0 Cf'/ a _ _ Coi �•Qo.q s9e�',"n,,,, o°1.•i✓Y c^.,r% - :,+�� J ');Q;�`ro � ` L,�QJ`�"�e.. �,n c�d4 c.u)�,!�.y�� ,♦ t a'�,b.�„.I� � �I.1�� /, L •u fff�� /1 Q� °� Y' �` c c ` od' [•,� LSO fl r J, �°6 m r^ 'I�.a,asP, °�� u.�r'/�� !�1,�•0 �f a�s »�e r a a Y q - � J`�>r3� �.._"" ,.�^ !�. .1// t SITE 16511 TN 0 10 20 ft (6.1 m) Feb 15 07 hdt _. Site drawing by mjtt f l L.1 L_l I_ 115 fA23 near driving range Site 16574 ---. __ -_ Site buffers have been set per agreement with SHPD 7--, O,A A�y. � ��_. tip, •„ C('� \.; a^5 f 4LP `6. '� .yT 1 G6 ssr5�w� '� � �� .J". \ `� �b .r.,�_�b:-�>�,�•�.. *.'bga�, " Yp'._.� .f� �O.p��c0 o r ��"';: •/i.- - V;•Cs� a C5. ,_c., %o�aa - "o j`S r S•, l t° j L?�� a a (4$ �S 9wIY�YJ 0 N Y+^d �nµdwNd �°x Jox d lsui TN SITE 16574 0 10 20 ft (6.1 m) Feb 15 07 hdt site map by mjtt 116 fA24 Site 16579 Site 16579 falls within the Site 16579 � - protected boundary of Puu Ohau Old Government Cultural Preserve Road Stepping Stone {+ Trail i i. ■ 14M at Location of Site 16579 in BCH base map 5tO'�e Ata.N 5 ft Datum Old Cart Road SITE 16579 TN- 0 8m iiiiim--= June 9 07 0 20 40 ft hdt site drawing by mjtt L�J Ll l�! 117 _ F t � t fA25f �'� �• `� Site 16590 r �................ ..1 �. � Approximate location .' ""' i r • on BCH base map L Z' • )J11 r rx ` ' ft .i1"" • ti � .� �, �, :as h+r•-,� 7;'� T� .,L�'t`� :. ��>�'l L \r" u!'n.�•-..Tye.. 1-J, r+' Site boundary and t lL.... buffer coterminous �• , �-- ' --��, ,.t �� . f �� r � � f trv- a��y 3 ♦ F � Ze Nt- Lj �'- �ao!Fla• = o�/ ':r ''-`.. �`� t s t.3"} •� f -� .'.,fir ` °t ;'( �� ;�Si�t f .. fi i �t •��P '� it •= itl +: 0 20 40 ft SITE 16590 (12.2 m) Datum not established June 9 07 hdt site map by mjtt 118 fA26 TN Site 16595 0 4m 0 10 20 R 6- SyS b . u, Sit u�l�r 'Datum e 16S9S C � G-Nsl�`�S� 6 r'Xi !•t \, � .} J t'f"='E�s Ob <if`,J � �. �-c1.G�{n�. '�i`� ��r." P�+..y...... ��.•. l {ha - �� Y�. ,�'.h�� -) � 7 - ?'j p '� fl '�t> �Pq '..tC. t ,S ,fiK o,.,y 4� .c.Y :, <b�. 1 f. 20 a ` r t . approximate ` location on lot of Site 16595 with buffer Feb 15 07 Site 16595 hdt site mapping by mjtt auka srde followstianc, all) fl�2 stone paving(pebble/cobble) day bo on In Ling Stolle - Site 16613 soil,level(habitation) line;apPtOX mately the ex�s stone paving(cobble,uneven) — — , stone agricultural terrac and agricultural soil ✓^ � ' r „ i Site Boundary and Site Buffer are contenninous AL At Tank �_� •• kuaiwi wall �t W Road 120 fA29 Site 16636 Road Road easement -,; 4. yy9 Fy= :! r_____________ —� T 9 {' , Parking lotr L of# '4 H �, 14 1 3 4— I - I I _ - I I - Datum (WTA Stake 153) I I I SITE 16636 Site 16636 boundary and buffer I coterminous I 0 l6 m 0 40 80 ft TN April3O 07 hdt site mapping by mjtt Site 16663 Buffer fA31 Site 16663 Road Edge approxi tc location of Comple H7(buffo)on BCH Sim 16663 Boundary bast --- Datum 10 N (pj 'ate 20 k June 9 07 hdt .. . site snapping by injtt Site 16663 associated with __...___... RR be (Site 10302) TN/ SITE 10302(07214)Railroad Bed/Berm � 0 10 20itall W W 122 bA37 Site {6675 | | ! | TN 'Na erosion control Cj L_Site boundary June 9O7 '— Contours from BCB base map 123 fA35 TN o am Site 16679 Complex 0 10 20 R 3 ft Site 16679Complexr ' I, Datum OZ .,� 6" l ia•l �ti_+, j AL arCV� A�'j ��$ q•A•L j IRV I &, na^�xfi° mot : "p9 I K Note: upper portion of map = by mjtt 206; lower portion of map from SCS DR report ,. 5 x , + 7 Yw a�Y� Ranch wall aw (Site 16787)1 (exact property boundary not known) L. L- SITE 16679 Complex June 9 07 hdt 124 fA37 Site 22999 Approximate location of r• ' t Site 22999(buffer)on BCH base map Site 22999 buffer Site 22999 beundar 12 it w� *7 • l / Datum h h / � a �l. y-H d r t 20 ft Note:structures on promontory,so buffer to W and SW intended to provide adequate view;buffers adjusted somewhat to lot lines. TN 0 2m 0 S loft SITE 22999 June 9 07 hdt site drawing by mjtt u fA38 Site 25848 site \ o buffer. Detail ., site bounds < Sit'21 764 war( jDatum u e SK z- June 9 07 fr map by mjtt - -- - a 0 4m a Site 25848 �? Y TN N oc oc oc 126 fA39 Site 23611 I � it c I 5ft Field drawing from SCS records (to be redrawn) 0 2m 0 5 10 ft TN SITE 23611 fA41 Site 16683 24103-- •` -n: 24114 16681 i C entrance plus submer ed section wall structure 1 location m pit k s bt s k r wall centerline Site Boundary, water s 20' coterminous with Well Hole k cave wall (surface) k m water k k Site Buffer 'k submerged chamber :: i cr 1 � C 1 i 1 i a i 1 1 i bt= bone tool �1 cb= cow bone cr= crab N k= kukui nut I m= mammal bone s= shell w— wood SITE 16683 ww=waterworn basalt submerged cave *= subsistence debris continues undetermined [= passage less than 1 ft in height distance Jan 8 08 TN--" hdt 0 4 in site map by iR= Haun&Assoc Jan 22 07 0 20 et 128 129 APPENDIX B2. FINAL DETAILED SITE DRAWINGS (ON CD) This appendix contains the final detailed drawings of all non-burial preservation sites. It is contained on compact disk(CD)at the end of the report. 130 131 APPENDIX C. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES This appendix consists of three standard operating procedures(SOPS) for actions that could potentially affect non-burial preservation sites. 132 133 SOP 1: Review of improvements within 25 feet of a historic preserve area buffer, including grading, grubbing, landscaping, and construction. This SOP is intended for use by the Hokuli`a Design Review Committee(DRC),which utilizes Design Guidelines spelled out in the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions(CCRs) for the Phase 1 subdivision (Oceanside 2006)and in the Hokuli`a Design Guidelines (1-16k0li`a 2003). As noted in Section 4.8 of the CCRs, "Prior to undertaking any Improvements on a Lot,the Owner of the Lot shall take into account any Preservation Sites on the Lot when designing and constructing Improvements on the Lot. ... In the event that any Preservation Site exists on the Lot,the Owner shall avoid disruption of the site." Section 4.10 of the CCRs prohibits an owner from disrupting,destroying,dismantling,damaging,or removing all or a portion of a historic wall,and directs the Design Review Committee to consider the existence and location of historic walls in evaluating design applications. Throughout its review process,the Hokuli`a Design Review Committee will ensure that improvements do not intrude on the integrity of preservation sites. During the Pre-Design Meeting(Section 5.2 of the Design Guidelines), the DRC will provide guidance to the lot owner and/or their architect prior to development of a conceptual design. At this time,the Reviewer will reiterate to the owner the need for sensitivity in regard to preservation sites, including compatible landscaping and building design. The Reviewer will provide the owner with the following: • printed information on the site in his/her lot(see Interpretive Concept Plan) • list of native plants that might be appropriate for landscaping adjacent to the historic preserve • suggestions for preservation of view planes • suggestions for compatible building design and setbacks from the preserve • the requirements for short-term preservation during construction (see section titled"Management Actions to Deal with Short-Term Impacts"in the HPP). During the Preliminary Submittal(Section 5.3 of the Design Guidelines),the DRC will examine the site plan to ensure sensitivity to the integrity of the preservation sites. The survey to be conducted by a State of Hawaii registered land surveyor(Section 5.3.LA) will include the recordation of the permanent markers along the perimeter of the historic site easement. The preliminary landscape plan(Section 5.3.1.G)will show an appropriate transition from plantings within the building envelope(where more lush plantings and irrigation are allowed)to the natural landscape of the historic preserves. During the Final Submittal (Section 5.4 of the Design Guidelines), the DRC will examine the final landscape plans for consistency with previous submittals and comments on submittals. During construction (Section 6.0 of the Design Guidelines), the Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will ensure that management actions to deal with short-term impacts during 134 construction are followed, including a pre-construction briefing to inform the contractor, construction manager,and/or crew of the presence of the historic preserve,requirements during construction (e.g., appropriate location of construction-related materials storage, portable structures, fencing), and requirements for post-construction review of impacts on the historic preserve area. 135 SOP 2. In the event of inadvertent damage to archaeological sites or discovery of previously unidentified buried archaeological deposit. This SOP is intended for primary use by 1250 Oceanside Partners management, landscaping and maintenance departments, and any individuals or organizations carrying out ground-disturbing activity. A copy will also be distributed to all Hokuli`a home owners;as noted in Section 4.8 of the Amended and Restated Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions(CCRs; Oceanside 2006:21): In the unlikely event an Owner discovers the existence of an Undiscovered Site after commencing construction of an Improvement,the Owner shall cease construction and notify the[Hokuli`a Community] Association and the PCSA [Park and Cultural Sites Association]immediately of the existence and location of the Undiscovered Site. The Owner shall then grant the Association,the PCSA,their agents, employees, and any governmental officials and inspectors access to the site to conduct any required evaluation,testing,data recovery,preservation,and mitigation that may be required by Ordinance,SMA Permit,the Development Agreement,applicable DLNR[Department of Land and Natural Resources]regulations,or any Hawaii law. PROCEDURES: 1. Upon discovery of unanticipated archaeological remains, all activity in the vicinity of the discovery will cease. 2. The individual in charge of the activity will ensure that a reasonable effort is made to secure the area and protect the archaeological resource from damage(including vandalism). This might include cordoning the area and covering exposed items with a tarp or similar material. 3. The individual in charge of the activity will immediately notify the H6kUIi`a Community Association and the Hokuli'a Cultural Resources department of the nature, location, and circumstances of the inadvertent discovery; if the activity is taking place on a private lot, the lot owner will also be notified immediately. If the activity is taking place on lands under the management of 01250/PCSA,the Cultural Resources staff will promptly contact the State Historic Preservation Division(SHPD). If the activity is taking place on a private lot, the lot owner will contact the SHPD directly, or can request assistance from the Cultural Resources staff. 4. If no human remains are involved,the Cultural Resources staff and State Historic Preservation Division will coordinate the following steps: • determine the nature, context, and preliminary significance of the uncovered archaeological deposits or arrange for such an evaluation by a professional archaeologist. • if the site is evaluated to be significant and is of such size and/or configuration that it cannot be avoided by the undertaking, develop a treatment plan to 136 mitigate the adverse effects of the undertaking and consult with the SHPD in regard to the adequacy and appropriateness of the recommended treatment. • coordinate implementation of the treatment plan, which should include full documentation;written documentation of all activities undertaken as part of the treatment plan will be submitted to SHPD at the termination of the archaeological investigations. 5. If human remains are involved, then the SOP for inadvertent discovery of human remains should be followed. 6. Prior to resuming the activity,the 1-16kuli'a Cultural Resources staff will ensure that the archaeological sites addressed by this SOP are protected and/or adverse effects are mitigated. I37 SOP 3. In the event of inadvertent discovery of human remains during home construction. Uncovering previously unidentified human remains during home construction at Hoku.li`a is a possibility. This SOP,which is intended for primary use by Hokuli`a home owners, is based on Hawaii Administrative Rules §13-300-40, Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains, and is covered in the Design Guidelines Construction Regulations Section 6.21 and 6.22.. PROCEDURES: 1. Upon discovery of unanticipated human remains, all activity in the vicinity of the discovery will cease. 2. The individual in charge of the activity will ensure that a reasonable effort is made to secure the area and protect the human remains from damage. This might include cordoning the area and covering exposed items with a tarp or similar material. 3. The individual in charge of the activity will immediately notify the State Historic Preservation Division Burials Program staff of the nature, location, and circumstances of the inadvertent discovery. If the discovery occurs on a weekend or holiday,the report will be made to the Department of Land and Natural Resources(DLNR) Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement. The individual in charge of the activity will also contact the Hawaii County medical examiner or coroner and the Hawaii County Police Department 4. The Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will be also be notified;the staff will aid and provide guidance in the process. 5. Once a determination has been made that the remains are over 50 years old,the SHPD shall have jurisdiction over the disposition of the remains. 6. Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff may be a resource for the homeowner to protect the remains in place and to allow the original activity to resume;they may also be of assistance in the homeowner's interaction with the SHPD. 138 SOP 4. In the event of inadvertent discovery of human remains during project development. Uncovering previously unidentified human remains during project development at Hokuli`a is a possibility. This SOP is intended for 1250 Oceanside management, landscaping, and maintenance departments. This SOP is based on Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-300-40, Inadvertent discovery of human remains. PROCEDURES: l. Upon discovery of unanticipated human remains, all activity in the vicinity of the discovery will cease. 2. The individual in charge of the activity will ensure that a reasonable effort is made to secure the area and protect the human remains from damage. This might include cordoning the area and covering exposed items with a tarp or similar material. 3. The individual in charge of the activity will immediately notify the Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff of the nature, location,and circumstances of the inadvertent discovery. 4. The Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will respond as promptly as possible, and will contact: a. the SHPD Burial Programs staff, unless the discovery occurs on a weekend or holiday, in which case,the report will be made to the Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement. b. the Hawaii County medical examiner or coroner. c. the Hawaii County Police Department. 5. Once a determination has been made that the remains are over 50 years old,the SHPD shall have jurisdiction over the disposition of the remains. 6. Hokuli`a Cultural Resources staff will coordinate and consult with SHPD staff on appropriate measures to protect the remains in place and to allow the original activity to resume. 139 APPENDIX D. SCOPE-OF-WORK TO PREPARE A HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN (HPP) The scope-of-work for the present project,dated December 2003 and modified in June 2006,identified four tasks. The project goal was to produce an HPP that addresses development planning needs of Hokuli`a, as well as State requirements for historic preservation planning. 1. Continuing review of preservation site information: review and analysis of available site information with the intent of defining a final site list on non-burial preservation sites. This list will be developed through review of existing materials, field visits to all sites, and discussions with Hokuli`a and SHPD(see Task 2). 2. Field determination of preservation site boundaries: field determination of the non-burial sites designated for preservation to verify condition, review potential problems and issues related to long-term preservation, and define recommended final boundaries and buffers. This task will also involve in-field consultation with Hokuli`a and SHPD. 3. Preparation of baseline site information: combination of detailed site mapping, supplemented by photographs and videos, if necessary, of all preservation sites. A basic requirement for preservation management and interpretive planning is baseline information regarding the present condition of sites. This information is intended for use in future monitoring of management protocols (i.e., to compare and assess site conditions on a long-term basis). 4. Preparation of management plan: preparation of a document that addresses the management component of a preservation plan,as required by State rules and regulations; it will include a concept interpretive component. The final, agreed-upon site boundaries and buffers for all non-burial preservation sites(Tasks 1 and 2)will be incorporated into the final management plan. A fifth task,preparation of a detailed interpretive plan,is not part of the project scope-of- work,but will be necessary to meet SHPD requirements. This task will involve preparation of an interpretive document that addresses the exhibit component of a preservation plan,as required by State rules and regulations detailed in HAR§13-277. This aspect of planning was separated from the management component primarily to [1] obtain prior SHPD approval of the concept interpretive plan,and[2]provide flexibility in gathering detailed site information(i.e.,to allow a timely completion of the management component, without sacrificing the quality of the interpretive plan). 140 141 APPENDIX E. SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION PROCESS: ACTIONS AND RESULTS This appendix is a summary of consultation meetings on the draft HPP that was prepared in May 2007. The meetings were held in March and April 2007. 142 143 Summary of Consultation for Historic Preservation Plan for Non-Burial Preservation Sites at Hokuli'a Prepared by M.J. Tomonari-Tuggle International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. May 1,2007 At the request of 1250 Oceanside Partners (01250), International Archaeological Research Institute,Inc.(IARII)has carried out community consultation as part of the preparation of a Historic Preservation Plan(HPP)for project area non-burial preservation sites at Hokuli'a. Consultation took place between March 17 and April 6, 2007, and involved a combination of three organized community meetings and several individual conversations with identified lineal and cultural descendants and members of the Kona community. The results of this consulation, as detailed in the present summary, will be included in the HPP as an appendix. BACKGROUND IARII has been working on development of a preservation plan for 5416 archaeological sites that have been designated for preservation in the Hokuli'a development project area; the development project area encompasses all Hokuli'a lands outside of the Conservation Zone(to be developed as a Shoreline Park). As required by Hawaii Administrative Rules§13-277-3(4),the preservation plan shall: Discuss the agency or person's consultation process for historic properties deemed significant under paragraphs 13-275-6(b)(5)or 13-284-6(b)(5).The agency or person shall consult with ethnic organizations and individuals for whom the historic properties are of significance. The comments on preservation treatment expressed by these individuals or organizations shall be considered when preparing the preservation plan. The plan shall include a list of individuals and organizations consulted, and shall summarize their input. To fulfill the requirements of this State regulation,01250 and IARII sponsored a series of community meetings to elicit input on the draft preservation plan (Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle 2007). The objective of the meetings was to introduce the sites that are being preserved, describe the preservation process,outline the provisions of the draft HPP,and solicit input on the plan. In addition to the formal meetings,individual tours to preservation sites were also offered. 16 Since the completion of the consultation meetings, Sites 25848 and 16683 have been added to the project area preservation site list. Site 25848 is a petroglyph field near the Wkukano Village area.Site 16683 is a lava tube cave system at the northern edge of the development. 144 An invitation to the three meetings and to individual tours was sent out to a mailing list compiled by 01250.This list,which consists of 255 entries,is composed of identified lineal and cultural descendants(184),owners of adjacent kuleana lands(16),and interested members of the general Kona community(55).The contents of the mail-out are included as Attachment I of this report. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six adults and 13 children participated in the consultation carried out in March and April 2007. Table E-1 lists the participants at the various consultation meetings. PRESENTATIONS AT FORMAL COMMUNITY MEETINGS The three formal community meetings were held at Site 16636,an agricultural complex that has been designated for interpretation in the draft HPP and for cultivation in traditional crops in the 2006 Settlement Agreement. Byron Moku of 01250 and Myra Tuggle of IARII were the primary presenters. At the second of the three meetings, Jim Medeiros, Sr., also made a short presentation. The main thrust of the presentations was three-fold: to introduce participants to entities involved in the preservation process;to summarize the components of the draft HPP;and to give a hands-on feel for the preservation sites within the development context. Input from participants was solicited through follow-up conversations,individual site tours,and a written comment form distributed at the fonnal meetings. INTRODUCTIONS Byron Moku introduced Myra Tuggle(IARII)as the consultant preparing the HPP,and the Hokulia Cultural Resources(CR)department as the organization that will be implementing the HPP. He also introduced John Baldado as resident kahu for Hokuli`a and head of the work force that will be responsible for maintenance of the preservation sites. It was emphasized to everyone that this was the beginning of the process and that Hokulia would be continuing its community outreach (long-term interaction). Contact information for staff of the CR department was provided to everyone for future inquiries. 145 Table E-1. Participants at Consultation Meetings. Date of Type of Descendants Community Hokuli`a/Consultant Meeting Meeting March 17 Organized Aunty Lily Kong John Baldado Byron Moku community Marion Keliikipi Tyler Paikuli- meeting LeeAnn P.Leslie Campbell Jim Medeiros,Sr. LeeAnn Leslie Namahana Nozaki Megan Mitchell Place Dave Tuggle George A Place,Jr. Myra Tuggle(IARII) Maunahina Conrad Stephan Clark(PCSI) Place Wilma Place March 24 Organized Kaliko Chun Byron Moku community Mana Seymour Tyler Paikuli- meeting LeeAnn P.Leslie Campbell Jim Medeiros,Sr. LeeAnn Leslie Megan Mitchell Stan Skurski Myra Tu le(IARII March 27 Site tour at Namahana Nozaki Kaiwi Nozaki LeeAnn Leslie 16786 Place Elder Herrud Myra Tuggle(IARII) Wilma Place Sister Herrud Jill Allred AJ Allred Aden Allred Pumehana Kalili Piko Juliessa Moeoge Jessamina Moeoge Cosenza Hendricksen Katie Hendricksen Magen Simmions Kiatana Godard Carly Nozaki March 28 Site tour at Clarence Medeiros Nellie Medeiros Byron Moku 16636. 10305 Myra Fugale(IARII) March 29 Talk story at — John Baldado Myra Tuggle(IARII) 16407 March 31 Organized Mikahala Roy Joanne Kahanamoku Byron Moku community LeeAnn P. Leslie Sterling Tyler Paikuli- meeting Ann Peterson Campbell Wally Lau LeeAnn Leslie Thomas Hickok Megan Mitchell Benjamine Heloca Myra Tuggle(IARII) Kamala Dockstader Stephan Clark(PCSI) Radhika Dockstader Chandi Dockstader Taiana Tolleson Chris Nazara Verda Roy Loaa Galletes 146 COMPONENTS OF THE HPP Myra Tuggle presented an outline of the draft HPP: the sites that have been designated for preservation;the proposed management strategy of conservation and interpretation;and the management organization that would implement the HPP. She explained that the HPP is being written to fulfill requirements of State law and regulation and that it will have to be accepted by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. She also described other preservation requirements stipulated in the 2006 Settlement Agreement and in development CC&Rs and design guidelines. The following is a brief summary of her presentation. The preservation sites include a range of site types, including heiau, habitation sites, agricultural sites, and trails. The site list comes essentially out of the original inventory survey carried out in the 1990s,with adjustments made as new data was acquired. The site list does not include sites in the Shoreline Park or burials. She noted that the trails are owned by the State of Hawaii but will be managed and maintained by Hokuli`a. The management strategy consists of preservation through conservation with an overlay of interpretation. The Settlement Agreement also stipulates cultural use for some of the preservation sites. As the first step in management,the sites have been(or are in the process of being)documented through detailed mapping and photography to provide a baseline for future maintenance and monitoring.The maps and photographs present sites as they presently are,and give a sense of what they once were. The documentation also provides a baseline for making alterations required for public interpretation. The draft HPP defines conservation as preservation in open space areas. It provides requirements for short-term protection during construction or land alteration. It establishes protocols for preservation in perpetuity through good management (documentation, clear identification on the ground,maintenance,monitoring). From a conservation perspective,the site documentation is critical for responsible development planning: the site drawings have been placed on development maps so that all parties know where the preservation sites are,particularly lot buyers who are interested in parcels that contain preservation sites(i.e.,they will be aware of preservation constraints at the time that they purchase lots). Interpretation is seen as a means for education in two directions. Information is given to homeowners and lot buyers to encourage a sense of stewardship. Because many of the lot buyers are not from Hawaii, interpretation/education is seen as an important action to provide a historical and cultural framework for these individuals to understand the rationale for the historic easements on the house lots. Interpretation is also an opportunity for Hokuli`a to share its cultural resources with the general public. Although the emphasis for public interpretation will be the Shoreline Park, interpretation of the project area preservation sites will complement the Shoreline Park by providing an"inland/mauka"component. Interpretive sites are primarily along Haleki`i Street and in areas that will be accessible to the public. 147 The draft HPP interpretation component is a concept only, and there will be more opportunities for community input as the detailed interpretive plan is prepared. An important part of HPP implementation will be a management organization. Byron stepped into the presentation to describe the Park and Cultural Sites Association(PCSA),a non- profit organization that came out of the Settlement Agreement. The PCSA will be responsible for maintenance, preservation, and protection of all cultural sites on the lands of Hokuli'a in its entirety. The PCSA is made up of 01250 and the homeowners, but will be advised by an advisory board made up of a cross-section of the Kona community. For day-to-day management,Hokuli`a has established a Cultural Resources department that is responsible for protection of the sites. One of its functions is to act as liaison with SHPD and with community members. SITE TOURS Visits to several preservation sites were made as part of the formal community meetings. The purpose was to give participants a hands-on feel for the kinds of sites that are being preserved, and as examples of different types of preservation issues. Site 16636,the venue for the formal presentations,was used as primary example: it is an agricultural preservation site that is recommended for interpretation;it is stipulated for re-use for traditional fanning in the 2006 Settlement Agreement; its boundaries have been modified(i.e., expanded) as a result of new data from continuing study; it is in the Phase III area so there is opportunity to provide input on appropriate adjacent uses and design. Tours were also given at Sites 16663/10302 (probable ceremonial site and historic railroad bed within a Settlement Agreement cultural use area), 16511 (probable ceremonial site with an SHPD-approved perimeter wall within a house lot), 16595(large habitation site within a house lot), and 16786(ceremonial site within the golf course). Sites 16511 and 16595 are also examples of the impact of large historic site easements on house design and lot layout. There was significant positive response to the site tours. Being physically present on the sites provided a different perception on preservation: many sites occupy large areas that have implications for lot owners in terms of constraints on the use of their property;there are a variety of site types being preserved;there is interest in how these sites could have functioned;and there are many ideas for revitalizing the agricultural preserves, particularly as a way to raise the awareness of school children on cultural and environmental issues. INDIVIDUAL SITE TOURS Individual/small group site tours were given on three occasions(see table,above). On March 27, Myra Tuggle and LeeAnn Leslie(of the Hokuli`a CR department) led a group of six adults and 10 elementary school-aged children through the golf course to Site 16786,the large ceremonial structure near the tee for Fairway 1. The leaders of the group were two descendants 148 who had attended the formal meeting the previous Saturday. The children,who were part of a day program during Spring Break, came with prepared questions that offered insight into the level of general inquiry on archaeology, prehistory, and preservation(i.e., assuming that their questions stem from family and community knowledge about such subjects). Several of their questions related to burials (e.g., How old are the bones? How do you find them? Why do you dig them up?How many bones are there?How can you tell the difference between animal bones and human bones?). Other questions related to Site 16786 (How do you know what the heiau was used for? Do you know what god was worshipped here? How old is it?). A few questions were directed to the field of archaeology(Why did you become an archaeologist?Have you ever dug up dinosaur bones?). On March 28, Myra Tuggle met with descendant Clarence Medeiros, Jr., and his wife Nellie Medeiros, whose father had worked for the Greenwell ranch and who had spent a great deal of her childhood on what is now Hokuli`a property. They visited Sites 16636 and 10305, both agricultural preservation sites. Byron Moku joined the group for a short period. As a local farmer, Clarence offered considerable information and suggestions on the types of crops that could have grown in these two preserves,the various constraints on cultivation in this area,and alternatives for interpreting site function. On March 29,Myra Tuggle met with John Baldado at Site 16406/16407. John provided insight on preservation issues from the perspective of someone who ultimately will be responsible for day-to-day maintenance and monitoring of the sites.He also had questions about and made suggestions for public interpretation. COMMENTS PROVIDED BY PARTICIPANTS Participants in the consultation process asked questions and provided ideas and input on a range of issues. GENERAL ISSUES Site boundaries—how can lots be sold when sites (i.e., structures) extend outside the fenced boundary of the preservation area. Access—how will access to sites be provided for the general public(this question was directed specifically to Site 16786, the heiau at Fairway 1); will there be access to heiau for cultural practice(with a companion issue of the need for adjacent uses to be respectful of that cultural practice). Ownership—several people questioned the status of the preservation sites,whether they could be purchased(it was explained that many of the sites were on easements within individual lots and in that sense, had been purchased, but that there were strict restrictions on what lot owners could do within the easements). 149 LONG-TERM PRESERVATION REQUIREMENTS Landscaping—there were several comments on the need to use native plants in landscaping,not only in the preservation sites but throughout the development;suggestions were made to consult with the Amy BH Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden,the National Park Service (which is making efforts at revegetation with native plants at Kaloko-Honokohau National Park), and with Scott Seymour,a noted local landscape architect and expert on Hawaiian plants,about what types of plants would have grown in this area;Myra Tuggle also recommended reviewing archaeological results,such as charcoal wood identification and pollen analysis,for evidence of plant types. Names—all sites should have names, not numbers; the names have to have cultural relevance;names could be tied to ahupua`a(this emphasizes the need to include ahupua`a in site descriptions). Center for Cultural and Arts—Joanne Kahanamoku Sterling used this name for a central place for display of artifacts and telling the Hokuli`a story;other people also identified the need for a central place for cultural resource activities; a central facility is needed to curate the materials collected from archaeological work,also the videos of oral history interviews(note:a facility such as this is proposed for the Shoreline Park); one person emphasized that artifacts found at the preservation sites should be displayed and linked to the particular site from which they came. Site stabilization and maintenance—need to have on-going care for the sites, i.e., replacing loose rocks,cleaning up; need better definition of what maintenance will require and get children in the community involved in site maintenance. Boundary treatment how will the preservation sites be marked on the ground (landscaping? walls? signs?); boundaries should be marked differently than the burial sites to distinguish between the two (an example was given of an ohia fence with landscaping on the outside). INTERPRETATION Story—how do you choose what story to tell in the interpretation; need to integrate burials into the interpretive story(not to highlight burials,but to include them as one part of the whole story);one possiblity for the interpretive story is to relate the life arc from birth to death, with life represented by agricultural fields and heiau, and death represented by burials (with a concomitant need to respect every aspect of this arc);one person noted that Hokuli`a is a modern development name so this story should not be called the"Hokuli`a story"(a phrase that was used in the presentations)but rather, something more culturally appropriate. Basis for interpretation—need to integrate the results of all archaeological work on property(survey,data recovery,block reports,and burial documentation)to tell the whole story; need more oral history(the comment was specifically for doing oral history to get a cultural basis 150 for site interpretation, but oral history can also add to other stories as well: ranching, modern local use of the area). Education for homeowners—homeowners need to become aware of the significance of the sites on their lots so they can "embrace"them, as well as all sites on the entire property,to encourage them to become stewards of these sites; need to make sure that homeowners are provided some kind of information about Hokuli`a archaeology, prehistory, history. Education for school groups—there was almost universal consensus that school children should be included in the interpretive program, as well as activities such as site maintenance; possibilities suggested include developing partnerships with schools (Konawaena schools especially), hands-on archaeology programs that help to integrate math, science, and writing; getting kids involved in revitalizing the agricultural preserves; such activities would empower local children; one person emphasized that Hawaiian concepts should be used in site documentation. Language used in the interpretation—one person felt that Hawaiian terms should be used in the interpretation, e.g., mahina`ai instead of agricultural field system, alaloa instead of Stepping Stone Trail (note: this is appropriate in the interpretation, but not necessarily in technical reports). Trails--one suggestion was to place signs at ahupua`a boundaries along the trails, so that trail users will get a sense of traveling through the Hawaiian cultural landscape;a question was raised about where the mauka-mauai trails are. CULTURAL USE Traditional crops—ideas for the kinds of crops and use of agricultural features came up during the site tour with Clarence Medeiros,as well as during the formal meetings;this reflects the importance and value of discussing traditional (as well as modern) farming with local knowledgable people;Auntie Lily Kong also provided very interesting information on farming in this area, the need for water, crops such as pineapple, coconut, and taro, and burials and the design of reburial areas; several people noted that the Hokuli`a area is very arid and that water would probably be a problem in revitalizing the agricultural fields;one possibility for traditional crops was the idea of resurrecting/preserving heirloom species of traditional plants. Access to heiau—there was concern raised about the access to heiau that are on private lots, as well as the types of uses adjacent to preservation heiau that might be incompatible with traditional ceremony. Cultural use—a comment was made that sites are for cultural understanding, not for ritual gathering;this is an alternative view to the comment that the heiau should be accessible for cultural practice. 151 RECOMMENDATIONS The comments made during the consultation process provide the basis for actions, protocols, and procedures to be included in either the Historic Preservation Plan and/or the Detailed Interpretive Plan that will follow. Proposed changes to the draft HPP are listed in Table E-2. INCLUSION IN THE HPP Preservation areas—It will be important to show ALL preservation areas(including lava tubes and burial areas)on a map of the development to show how much of the project area has been set aside. This will provide a context for the non-burial preservation sites in terms of the total area that will be developed,and a perspective for use in the interpretation of sites. A figure will be added to the draft HPP that shows the location of all areas that will be preserved (contingent on being able to gather such data). Data collection and synthesis—More data collection (excavation, oral history) and synthesis of existing data(i.e.,reports)is needed for interpretation. Questions were asked during the presentations and site tours that reflect[a]the interest people have in their past as represented by the archaeological sites, and [b] the difficulty in using the available data to present a cogent interpretation of Hokuli`a's past. For example,during the site tour through Site 16636,there was interest in the shelter cave and the unusual rock-filled depresstion, particularly what they were used for and when they were used or occupied; there were also questions about what kind of farming took place in this complex. The available evidence can only allow a very superficial and generic interpretation. In the agricultural preservation areas,data collection and oral history can help determine the types of plants that can or should be grown (through charcoal and pollen identification),as well as a chronometric framework for the interpretive story. The section in the draft HPP relating to the Detailed Interpretive Plan will be modified to recommend additional research directly related to developing the interpretive story. Inventory of existing data—As part of the curation of materials collected since the beginning of archaeological and cultural work at Hokuli'a,a preliminary inventory of data should be developed to facilitate planning for a curation facility. In addition,an inventory would allow for informed responses to current inquiries. For example, during the consultation process, a question was raised about whether oral histories had been collected for the development area;the initial answer was that no interviews had been carried out, although it was later found out that oral history interviews had indeed been conducted and that videotapes of these interviews exist; copies of these tapes should be made and/or the tapes should be transferred to DVD. The section in the draft HPP entitled"Curation"will be revised to direct 01250 to prepare an inventory of collected materials (the section already contains provisions for contractors to prepare such inventories). 152 Table E-2. Proposed Changes to Draft 2 of the Historic Preservation Plan(HPP). Page Chapter Section Title Change/Add/Remove 39 IV Preservation Area —add section entitled'Preservation Area Identification"that Identification discusses the need to give culturally appropriate names to sites, and that such names will be developed through consultation during preparation of the Detailed Interpretive Plan 39 IV Landscaping in —modify first paragraph to specify that native plants will be Irrigation within used in landscaping within preservation areas Preservation Areas —add sentence that possible resources for information on appropriate plants include the Amy BH Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden,Kaloko-Honokohau National Park, exisiting and on-going archaeological research,and knowledgable local residents 40 IV Preservation —add sentence to first paragraph that indicates that where Signage possible,sites will be identified by a name(rather than by State site number) 44 IV Preservation Area —add sentence to third paragraph that indicates that where Education possible,sites will be identified by a name(rather than by State site number) 45 IV Curation —add paragraph detailing need for 01250 inventory of collections presently in its possession,including photographs, videos,transcripts or oral history interviews,archaeological field materials 47 IV Curation —add sentence at end of section that acknowledges that a central curation and exhibit facility is planned as part of the Shoreline Park 51 V Interpretive Theme —add sentence to last paragraph suggesting that alternative stories related to Greenwell ranching and historical/modern local uses be considered in the interpretation 52 V Table 8 add column for ahu uwa 55 V Exhibits in Public —add sentence at end of section that acknowledges that a Spaces central curation and exhibit facility is planned as part of the Shoreline Park 56 V Table 9 —add column for ahu ua-a 60-61 V Detailed Interpretive —modify item I in list of components of Detailed Interpretive Plan Plan to state that sites will be given names(to replace site numbers)and that such names will be developed with the assistance of the PCSA Advisory Board and other interested parties —modify item 2 in list of components of Detailed Interpretive Plan to state that where possible,interpretation will pose alternative stories that can challenge the visitor —add item in list of components that provides for detailed description of further research needs(excavation,oral history) to fully develop interpretive story add item in list of components that provides for continuing community input on the interpretive program,using the PCSA as the entity through which input will be elicited —add item in list of components that directs identification of community resources(e.g.,local artists,farmers,botanists, landscape architects)that can assist in the preservation and interpretation programs 153 Table E-2. Proposed Changes to Draft 2 of the Historic Preservation Plan(HPP) (continued). Page Chapter Section Title Change/Add/Remove 63 V Table 1 I —add sentence to row 3 re:temporary curation facility that discusses need for inventory of archaeological and cultural materials in possession of O 1250(e.g.,videos of oral history interviews) 65 VI Park and Cultural —add paragraph at end of section discussing the role of PCSA Sites Association in encouraging on-going community input into the preservation and interpretation programs, including development and maintenance of a list of community resources(e.g.,local artists. farmers) 84 Appendix Figure 1 —show locations of all preservation areas(non-burial B 2reservation sites,burials,lava tubes) Interpretive stories—The draft HPP suggests an interpretive theme or storyline for the project area sites that emphasizes traditional Hawaiian lifeways.However,input(both questions and information)from the consultation meetings suggests that[a]there may be insufficient data to adequately answer fundamental questions about traditional lifeways(see above),[b]there are alternative interpretations of traditional lifeways,so telling one interpretation may ignore other valid interpretations,and[c]there are other,equally interesting stories to tell(e.g.,the Greenwell ranch story,20th century local use). The section in the draft HPP entitled"Interpretive Theme" will suggest alternative themes related to historical and modern uses. The section in the draft plan entitled"Detailed Interpretive Plan" will pose all these issues and suggest responses that should be addressed during preparation of the Detailed Interpretive Plan. Continuing community input—The participants of the consultation process expressed interest in the archaeological sites, in the preservation process, and the PCSA as a functioning entity for continuing community input. The sections in the draft HPP entitled "Detailed Interpretive Plan for Hokuli`a" and "Park and Cultural Sites Association" will be revised to encourage continuing community input and the need to link the community with preservation activities. Local resources—The consultation meetings were an opportunity to meet local residents who have talents that could be drawn on in the continuing preservation/interpretation process. These include local artists who could contribute to interpretive materials such as signs and brochures and local farmers who could help with getting cultivation started in the agricultural preservation areas. The sections in the draft HPP entitled "Detailed Interpretive Plan for Hokuli`a" and "Park and Cultural Sites Association" will be revised to recommend that a reference list of community resources be started and maintained. Cultural context for sites—Several participants indicated a need to give names to sites as an alternative to State site numbers. One way to do this is to use ahupua`a as a context for names. To facilitate this, ahupua`a will be included in site descriptions and site tables in the HPP; the sections in the draft plan entitled "Preservation Signage" and "Preservation Area 154 Education" will be revised to state this need; a new section called "Preservation Area Identification" will be added to the section entitled "Strategy: Long-Term Management Requirements." Landscaping with native plants—The section in the draft HPP related to landscaping within preservation areas will be expanded to emphasize the use of native plants and include sources of information on what types of plants might be appropriate. Central facility for interpretation and curation—The sections in the draft HPP entitled "Curation"and"Exhibits in Public Spaces"will be revised to acknowledge that a central facility for interpretation and curation is planned as part of the Shoreline Park. INCLUSION IN THE DETAILED INTERPRETIVE PLAN Many of the comments presented at the consultation meetings can be directly addressed in the Detailed Interpretive Plan that will be prepared following acceptance of the draft HPP. In addition to the above comments, the following recommendations will be considered for the Detailed Interpretive Plan. Site 10305—During the consultation meetings, a recurring theme related to the interpretive program for preservation sites is the inclusion of activities for school children. Site 10305, the agricultural preservation area above the Bypass Road, is an ideal location for such educational activities. The site contains a variety of structure types and covers a large area, a portion of which has been impacted by the recent nursery. Because of the extent of disturbance, the remnant surface features in the nursery area could serve as a place for school children to practice archaeological field methods,integrating archaeological exercises with the study of the agricultural fields, particularly in devising alternative ways to resurrect and restore traditional agriculture (see next section). Agricultural preserves—Several participants in the consultation meetings recognized that water will be a primary issue in restoring farming in the agricultural preserves. However, the "problem" of water availability is an opportunity for studying how Hawaiians may have traditionally used these lands: field plots within the preservation areas could be developed under different conditions (e.g., modern irrigation,no irrigation, different kinds of crops, planting of heirloom species, seasonal cultivation) to see what works best. These experiments could be instituted as part of community or children's activities in the interpretive program. Site 10305 may be the best preservation area to begin this activity. It is located at the upper edge of Hokuli`a where rainfall is higher(than in the lower areas of the development)and as a former nursery, it may already have the infrastructure for irrigation. AL u 0 tz < z �: Z < < < -.1 7 GATE FOR EMERGENCY ACCESS POTENTlAL BREACHES MAMALAHOA BYPASS RD 0 PARKI SPACES 7274 - 4 ADA SPACES FOOT TMK(3)7-9-012:031 PATH - -------- 24105 ------ PORTABLE TOILETS PROPOSED ---------------- ---- ------------------------ ACCESS 24118 4ac 25'x 50' PROPOSEDFENCED PAVILION SPECIAL PERMIT —ER TANK AREA 24117 FENCE 24104 24111 TMK(3)7-9-012 004 193.77 AC CO CEPTUAL SITE PLAN C0ANLCEPTlU5AL SITE PLAN SC E .= 0. 75' 0 150' 300' EXHIBIT D A-00 O.° y SUZANNE D.CASE DAVID Y.IGE A .. y, cxanzPERSON GOVERNOR OF HAWAII J,(P 19 5 9 9: BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES '. COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT KEKOA KALUDIWA ^�and FIl2ST DEPUTY DEPUTY DIl2ECTOR-WATER p � AQUATIC RESOURCES © N BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION �'- BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STATE OF HAWAII CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCETORCE MENT ENGINEERING ofW DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES F S%GYMC R�ESER Ano KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION LAND KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING STATE PARKS 601 KAMOKILA BLVD,STE 555 KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707 July 18,2016 Alan Hann,PhD Log No. 2016.01422 Haun&Associates Doc.No. 1605KM07 73-1168 Kahuna A`o Road Archaeology Kailua-Kona,HI 96740 Mike Vitousek 1250 Oceanside Partners,LLC P.O.Box 2059 Kealakekua,HI 96750 Dear Dr.Haun and Mr.Vitousek, SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review— Amended Archaeological Monitoring Plan for Hokdli`a Subdivision Honua`ino to Onouli Ahupua`a,North and South Kona District,Island of Hawaii TMK: (3)7-9 and 8-1 Thank you for the opportunity to review the revised plan titled Amended Archaeological Monitoring Plan, Hokuli`a Subdivision, North and South Kona Districts, Island of Hawai`i(Haun, July 2015). The State Historic Preservation Division(SHPD)previously received a draft version on February 24, 2014 and requested a number of revisions on October 16, 2014 (Log No. 2014.04492, Doc. No. 1410MV11). We received the revised draft on August 14, 2015 (Log 2015.03112); requested additional revisions via email on May 12, 2016 (Susan Lebo [SHPD] to Alan Haun [Haan&Associates])with a copy to Hokulia 1250 Oceanside,LLC;and received a second revised draft on June 11, 2016(Log No.2016.01422),and final minor revisions on July 12,2016. The project area totals 1,540 acres and includes the entire Hokuli`a Subdivision development project. The Hokulia Subidivision development involves grubbing, grading, and excavation for house lot foundations, utilities, road construction,and landscaping.The amended AMP was developed in support of the existing mitigation commitments and serves to amend and update the existing archaeological monitoring component of the Integrated Archaeological Mitigation Plan (IAMP) originally prepared by Tomonari-Tuggle and Tuggle (1999). Due to the identification of new sites(Yeoman et al.2001)within previously surveyed areas(Hammatt et al. 1997),the IAMP was subsequently amended in consultation with SHPD in 2001 (Log No. 27475,Doc.No. 0105RC20). The amendment indicates that specific areas (Priority Areas la, lb, and 2-7)be briefly surveyed prior to construction activities and any new sites be documented, described, mapped, and any potential effects addressed through mitigation. Monitoring results of Priority Areas la,2-4(Escott and Spear 2014)are presented separately from results of Priority Areas lb, 5-7(Haan, in preparation). The IAMP addresses the treatment of 147 historic properties that are present within the Hokuli`a Subdivision development. A variety of mitigation documents including archaeological monitoring plans,burial treatment plans, and preservation plans have been previously generated for portions of the development. Of the 147 sites, 57 sites have had data recovery completed; 14 sites were subsequently recommended for preservation and no further work for the other 40 sites. The 40 sites recommended for no further work have had 19 subjected to data recovery (Haan 2010,Escott and Spear 2007), 19 were destroyed during monitored construction activities(Yeoman et al.2001),and 2 could not be relocated for data recovery efforts. EXHIBIT E Dr.Haun and Mr.Vitousek July 18,2016 Page 2 This amended archaeological monitoring plan (AMP) was prepared at the request of the project proponent, 1250 Oceanside LLC. The primary purpose of the present, amended AMP is to ensure the appropriate identification and documentation of inadvertently identified sites,allow for continued data recovery efforts for a number of previously identified sites, and preservation and protection of certain sites. The amended AMP indicates that archaeological monitoring shall be conducted for any activities(i.e. clearing,grubbing and grading,excavation work,etc.)that may adversely affect archaeological resources. The AMP provides conditions for monitoring which are summarized below: (1) Areas of previously undocumented agricultural and non-agricultural features will be surveyed prior to construction work; (2) Archaeological monitoring shall be conducted for construction activities occurring outside of previously undocumented areas; (3) Archaeological monitoring shall be conducted for all grading, grubbing, or excavation work;however after initial clearing,routine landscape maintenance will not require archaeological monitoring; (4) Vegetation clearing within the permanent buffer zones of burial and non-burial preserve areas shall be in accordance with the existing burial treatment and/or preservation plans but will not require archaeological monitoring; (5) Archaeological monitoring shall be conducted for following vegetation clearing activities: a. Clearing activities utilizing heavy equipment in any area. b. Vegetation clearing within Shoreline Park North and South, and Pu`u Ohau areas will be monitored with clearing being conducted in accordance with the Gosser and Clark (2006) plan. After initial clearing activities, routine maintenance will not require archaeological monitoring. c. With the exception of Phase I Lots (see below), grading or other ground disturbing activities will be require on-site monitoring. (6) Archaeological monitoring for Phase I Lots will follow a 2-stage procedure: a. Stage 1 (mowing) i. Lot owners may mechanically disturb their lot with a steel and/or rubber tracked excavator and flail mower monitored by an on-site archaeologist, ii. When the archaeologist has made a determination that no or limited potential remains to disturb previously unidentified historic properties (surface or subsurface), and their determination has been reviewed and email concurrence has been provided by both the Hokali`a cultural resources staff and SHPD,then lot owners may clear/mow their lot with a steel and/or rubber tracked excavator and flail mower with on-call archaeological monitoring. b. Stage 2(grading and grubbing) i. Lot owners may grub or grade their lot for construction of a home which will be monitored by an on-site archaeologist, ii. After a lot has been completely mechanically disturbed by heavy machinery through grubbing or grading activities, future project activities in the disturbed location will be covered by an on-call archaeological monitor. In addition to the above protocols, a number of monitoring provisions are outlined within the amended AMP and include the following: (1) Pre-construction a. Preservation areas shall be marked and have appropriate buffer zones delineated by construction fencing or other comparable method; b. Any features or structures requiring breaching shall be inspected and appropriately documented,with specific breach sections to be determined in consultation with SHPD; c. Areas not previously subjected to data recovery shall have features inspected and appropriately documented by a qualified archaeologist; the potential for data recovery work shall be evaluated; and if appropriate, data recovery shall occur as part of the scope of work during construction; d. Areas not previously surveyed or containing undocumented historic properties and/or features shall be examined and have sites and/or features appropriately documented and treated as inadvertent discoveries per Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR)§13-280;and e. A pre-construction briefing lead by a qualified archaeologist shall be held prior to construction activities and will include project managers, construction supervisors and crew, Dr.Haun and Mr.Vitousek July 18,2016 Page 3 to inform on sites, preservation and buffer areas, delineation of avoidance areas, and procedures for inadvertent discoveries or damage to sites; (2) During construction a. Archaeologists shall monitor wall or feature breaches, and ensure any breached areas are adequately stabilized and documented through profile and cross-section drawings; b. If any sites are damaged during construction,the archaeological monitor shall cease all work in the vicinity, assess the damage, and SHPD will be notified and consulted with regarding treatment; c. In the event that burial and non-burial sites are inadvertently identified, the archaeological monitor shall cease all work in the vicinity,and appropriately document the find; d. Manual excavation of a trench through the center of features guided by the archaeological monitor shall be completed for subsurface features (i.e. lava tubes or blisters) and areas with potential to contain human burials, and documentation shall include stratigraphic profiles, photographic documentation,and sampling;and e. Mechanical excavation through the center of features shall be monitored by a qualified archaeologist who shall document the process and excavation with stratigraphic profiles and, photographic documentation,and sampling; (3) Post-construction a. A qualified archaeologist shall inspect the areas impacted by construction to assess current conditions and integrity of remaining sites and/or features, and identify and document any exposed previously unidentified sites; b. Appropriate laboratory analysis shall be conducted for samples collected; c. The final report shall be prepared to meet the minimum requirements of HAR §13-279-5 and include discussion of the implementation of the amended AMP, summary of monitoring results from 1999-2015, summary of data collected from preservation and data recovery work for the project, synthesis of data relative to research question, and possibly re-evaluate the conclusions and recommendations of previous reports. The revised plan adequately addresses the issues and concerns identified in our previous correspondence. The revised amended AMP provides sufficient discussion of the project history, and monitoring requirements and provisions. It is accepted by SHPD. Please send two hardcopies of the document, clearly marked FINAL, along with a copy of this review letter; one to our Kapolei Office and one to our Hilo Office, attention to SHPD Library. Please also send a text-searchable PDF version to Ms. Heather Kaufman, SHPD Librarian/Archivist, at Heather.A.Kaufman&hawaii. og_v. Please contact Kimi Matsushima at (808) 692-8027 or at Kimi.R.Matsushimakhawaii.gov if you have any questions regarding archaeological resources or this letter. Aloha, Susan A. Lebo,PhD Archaeology Branch Chief DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: March 20, 2024 IffewaW0449 fL TO: Zendo Kern, Planning Director FROM: Department of Public Works, Engineering Division SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP-2023-000056) Applicant: Ackerman Ranch, Inc. Request: To Establish and Operate an Event Venue to Host Weddings and Other Similar Gatherings on a 4-Acre Portion of a 195.91-Acre Land Area TMK: 7-9-012.004 (por.) & 031 (por.) We have reviewed the subject request and provide the following comments: 1 . The northern portion of parcel 004 has an area designated as Zone A on the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The proposed venue is not in this area. If any work is to be done in Zone A, it shall comply with Chapter 27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawaii County Code (HCC). 2. All activities shall comply with the requirements of HCC, Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentary Control. 3. Construction within the County right-of-way shall comply with the requirements of HCC, Chapter 22, County Streets. 4. The proposed access and the emergency gated access points shall have adequate sight distance and if necessary, establish sight distance easements. Questions may be referred to Robyn Matsumoto at 961-8924. Planning Dept. Exhibit 3 County of Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer JOSH GREEN, M.D. o KENNETH S. FINK, M.D,MGA, MPH q6.........�!4 GOVERNOR OF HAWAII �rf. e ss a`y DIRECTOR OF HEALTH KE KIA'AINA O KA MOKU'AINA O HAWAI'I y,: KA LUNA HO'OKELE =L y.v ;xs 4Qq ...............off', �'O.utraom STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 H I LO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: February 16, 2024 TO: Mr. Zendo Kern Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Eric Honda District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Special Permit Application (PL-SPP-2023-000056) Applicant: Ackerman Ranch, Inc. Request: To Establish and Operate an Event Venue to Host Weddings and Other Similar Gatherings on a 4-Acre Portion of a 195.91-Acre Land Area Tax Map Keys: (3) 7-9-012:004 (por.) & 031 (por.), N. Kona, Hawaii In most cases,the District Health Office will no longer provide individual comments to agencies or project owners to expedite the land use review and process. Agencies,project owners, and their agents should apply Department of Health"Standard Comments"regarding land use to their standard project comments in their submittal. Standard comments can be found on the Land Use Planning Review section of the Department of Health website: https://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Contact information for each Branch/Office is available on that website. Note: Agencies and project owners are responsible for adhering to all applicable standard comments and obtaining proper and necessary permits before the commencement of any work. General summary comments have been included for your convenience. However, these comments are not all-inclusive and do not substitute for review of and compliance with all applicable standard comments for the various DOH individual programs. Clean Air Branch 1. All project activities shall comply with the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-59 and 11-60.1. Punning Dip;. Exhibit 4 Zendo Kern February 22, 2024 Page 2 of 3 2. Control of Fugitive Dust: You must reasonably control the generation of all airborne, visible fugitive dust and comply with the fugitive dust provisions of HAR §11-60.1-33. Note that activities that occur near existing residences, businesses,public areas, and major thoroughfares exacerbate potential dust concerns. It is recommended that a dust control management plan be developed which identifies and mitigates all activities that may generate airborne and visible fugitive dust and that buffer zones be established wherever possible. 3. Standard comments for the Clean Air Branch are at: hops:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/ Clean Water Branch 1. All project activities shall comply with the HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55. 1. The following Clean Water Branch website contains information for agencies and/or project owners who are seeking comments regarding environmental compliance for their projects with HAR, Chapters 11-53, 11-54, and 11-55: hltps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/cwb/clean-water-branch-home- page/cwb- standard-comments/. Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office 1. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment(ESA) and Phase 11 Site Investigation should be conducted for projects wherever current or former activities on site may have resulted in releases of hazardous substances, including oil or chemicals. Areas of concern include current and former industrial areas, harbors, airports, and formerly and currently zoned agricultural lands used for growing sugar, pineapple or other agricultural products. 2. Standard comments for the Hazard Evaluation & Emergency Response Office are at: hops://health.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Indoor and Radiological Health Branch 1. Project activities shall comply with HAR Chapters 11-39, 11-45, 11-46, 11-501, 11- 502, 11-503, and 11-504. 2. Noise may be generated during demolition and/or construction. The applicable maximum permissible sound levels, as stated in Title 11, HAR, Chapter 11-46, "Community Noise Control,"shall not be exceeded unless a noise permit is obtained from the Department of Health. 3. Construction/Demolition Involving Asbestos: If the proposed project includes renovation/demolition activities that may involve asbestos, the applicant should contact the Asbestos and Lead Section of the Branch at hltps:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/irhb/asbestos/. Safe Drinking Water Branch Zendo Kern February 22, 2024 Page 3 of 3 1. Agencies and/or project owners are responsible for ensuring environmental compliance for their projects in the areas of 1)Public Water Systems; 2) Underground Injection Control; and 3) Groundwater and Source Water Protection in accordance with HAR Chapters 11-19, 11-20, 11-21, 11-23, 11-23A, and 11- 25. They may be responsible for fulfilling additional requirements related to the Safe Drinking Water program: https:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/sdwb/. 2. Standard comments for the Safe Drinking Water Branch can be found at: https:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Solid &Hazardous Waste Branch 1. Hazardous Waste Program - The state regulations for hazardous waste and used oil are in HAR Chapters 11-260.1 to 11-279.1. These rules apply to the identification, handling, transportation, storage, and disposal of regulated hazardous waste and used oil. 2. Solid Waste Programs - The laws and regulations are contained in HRS Chapters 339D, 342G, 342H, and 342I, and HAR Chapters 11-58.1 and 11-282. Generators and handlers of solid waste shall ensure proper recycling or disposal at DOH-permitted solid waste management facilities. If possible,waste prevention, reuse, and recycling are preferred options over disposal. The Office of Solid Waste Management also oversees the electronic device recycling and recovery law, the glass advanced disposal fee program, and the deposit beverage container program. 3. Underground Storage Tank Program —The state regulations for underground storage tanks are in HAR Chapter 11-280.1. These rules apply to the design, operation, closure, and release response requirements for underground storage tank systems, including unknown underground tanks identified during construction. 4. Standard comments for the Solid& Hazardous Waste Branch can be found at: h=s:Hhealth.hawaii.gov/epo/landuse/. Wastewater Branch For comments,please email the Wastewater Branch at.doh.wwbkdoh.hawaii.gov. Other 1. CDC - Healthy Places - Healthy Community Design Checklist Toolkit recommends that state and county planning departments, developers,planners, engineers, and other interested parties apply these principles when planning or reviewing new developments or redevelopment projects. 2. If new information is found or changes are made to your submittal, DOH reserves the right to implement appropriate environmental health restrictions as required. Should there be any questions on this matter,please contact the Department of Health, Hawaii District Health Office, at(808) 933-0917.