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1.Introduction <br /> Climate <br /> The climatic pattern within central Kona, which spans south from Kailua to Honaunau, is influenced by two large, <br /> shied volcanoes, Huallai and Mauna Loa, which buffers much of Kona from the moisture-laden trade winds. <br /> Although the mountain-induced orographic rainfall generates minimal rain for Kona,local topography combined with <br /> daily heating and cooling patterns typically generates cloud formation and rain at about the 2,000 foot elevation(Cordy <br /> et al. 1991). As such, those areas located makai of the 2,000-foot elevation are often arid, such as the project area <br /> which received anywhere between 1.7 to 3.76 inches of annual rainfall.Unlike its windward counterparts,peak rainfall <br /> in Kona occurs during kau(thy season)which begins about April through September when the southerly(kona)storms <br /> carrying an abundance of moisture makes landfall(Giambelluca et al. 2013). The air temperature in the project area <br /> is consistently warm and dips as low as 71° Fahrenheit during ho'oilo (wet season; typically occurring between <br /> October through March)and increases to about 77°Fahrenheit during kau (Giambelluca et al. 2014). The name kona <br /> which refers directly to the dry and arid west and southwest sides of the islands aptly describes the district's <br /> environmental conditions(Andrews and Parker 1922). <br /> Geology and Soils <br /> The geology underlying the project area is comprised entirely of volcanic flows originating from Huallai dating <br /> between 11,000 to 30,000 years ago and is mapped in Figure 5 below as"Qh"(Sherrod et al.2021).The entire project <br /> area's soil type has been classified as Punalu`u highly decomposed plant material with a 2-10%slope and is mapped <br /> in Figure 14 as"120"(Soil Survey Staff 2022). <br /> ,F. <br /> 9R � <br /> •t <br /> 'iW► <br /> art <br /> ©Project area Qh.1 1.000-30.000 ;Proposed Roadway <br /> yeFlualalai Volcanies <br /> Project area H,I <br /> 0 0.1 0.2 ter, Hawan <br /> Kilometers <br /> ASMi Esri,CGIAR.USGS.Ism <br /> V HERE G it FAO NCAP. <br /> ,afjai, i S b�{ ' 11R 11111011 141 {Ulm. I 1.1ra n 6til 01 I ho I <br /> Figure 5. Geology underlying the project area. <br /> 6 CIA for the Ld'Ipala Makai Planned Unit Development,Kapala`alaea 2,North Kona,Hawai i <br />