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2.Background
<br /> Makaula. He also fished for `ahi and kala. He was accompanied by famed fishermen such as Pae,
<br /> Kahuna,and all of the chiefs of his kingdom.He set apart fishing,farming and other practices...
<br /> Upon `Umi's death, his kingdom was divided between his two sons with Keli`iokaloa establishing Kona as his
<br /> royal center and his younger brother Keawenuia`umi taking Hilo as his royal base. The rest of`Umi's children were
<br /> commanded to dwell as chiefs under the two heirs. Keali`iokaloa, unlike his father was known for mistreating and
<br /> oppressing his people,whereas Keawenuia`umi was revered as a chief who,like his father,cared for his constituents.
<br /> When Keawenua`umi heard of his brother's unjust deeds,he was filled with compassion for his brother's people and
<br /> sought to end his brother's reign. Keawenuia`umi readied his armies and they marched over the mountain from Hilo
<br /> until they reached the mountainous region of Keauhou Ahupua'a to the place where their father`Umi had erected the
<br /> famous Ahu A `Umi.From there,Keawenuia`umi's army descended to the shore at which time,his war canoes from
<br /> Ka`n and Hilo began to arrive. The battle ensued and Keawenuia`umi drove his brother Keli`iokaloa north of Kailua
<br /> where he was killed at Pu'u-o-Kaloa near Honokohau. Upon the death of Keli`iokaloa, Keawenuia`umi became the
<br /> sole ruler of Hawaii Island(Kamakau 1992).
<br /> Lonoikamakahiki, a 17d'-century chief, was the grandson of `Umi-a-Liloa by way of his son Keawenuia`umi.
<br /> Kamakau(1992)related that Lonoikamakahiki ruled over the districts of Puna and Ka`n but while living with his wife,
<br /> Kaikilani, whom he treated cruelly, they left Ka`n and settled in Kealakekua, Kona. The written history of
<br /> Lonoikamakahiki describes him as ill-tempered and a chief that failed to heed the advice of his priest or counselors
<br /> (Kamakau 1992). At one point during his reign, the district chiefs of Kona, Kohala, Hilo, and Hamakua rose in a
<br /> rebellion against Lonoikamakahiki, however, with the help of the Puna chief, the rebellion was quelled and his
<br /> authority as ali'1 nui of Hawaii Island was reinforced(Kamakau 1992).Also during his reign,Kamalalawalu,a Maui
<br /> chief invaded Hawai`i but a poor war strategy led to his defeat and it is said that he was sacrificed at either one of two
<br /> heiau(Ohi`amukumuku and Keeka)in the neighboring land of Kahalu`u(Barrera 1971;Kamakau 1992).
<br /> Cordy (2000)reported that Kahalu`u was one of Lonoikamakahiki's primary residence. At least fourteen heiau
<br /> were constructed around his royal residence and of the fourteen recorded heiau,two were near the project area vicinity,
<br /> including Keawemua which was located at the coast of Kapala`alaea 2nd,and Lahai or Lahae which was situated a the
<br /> coast in Kahalu`u but near Kapala`alaea 2nd-Kahalu`u boundary (Stokes 1991). Upon Lonoikamakahiki's death,his
<br /> children did not inherit his rule; instead, authority over Kohala, Kona, and Ka`n passed to Kanaloa-kua`ana's
<br /> descendants,Lonoikamakahiki's brother.
<br /> The Reign of Keawe,Alapai, and Kalani`opu`u
<br /> Like the early reign of Lonoikamakahiki, rule of Hawaii Island was once again divided amongst multiple ali'1.
<br /> Conflict arose between the Kona and Hilo chiefdoms,leading to prolonged wars spanning several decades,ultimately
<br /> resulting in the victory of the Hilo chiefs over their Kona-Kohala counterparts. Notably, during these tumultuous
<br /> times, Kona was governed by Keakamahana(Kanaloa-kua`ana's granddaughter), whose royal court was situated in
<br /> Holualoa. She was succeeded by her daughter Keakealaniwahine and Keawe, the son of Keakealaniwahine (Cordy
<br /> 2000).In contrast to his mother,Keawe chose Honaunau as the location for his royal court.The conflicts and rivalries
<br /> between and within the royal families of Hawai`i Island persisted.Keawe's eldest son,Kalananuiiamamao,was killed
<br /> by his half-brother Kalaninuike`eaumoku. Following Keawe's passing, Kalaninuike`eaumoku attempted to assert
<br /> control over the island but was ultimately unsuccessful(Cordy 2000).
<br /> After Keawe's death, Alapa`inuiakauaua, Keawe's nephew, returned to Hawaii Island intending to avenge his
<br /> uncle and put an end to the ongoing conflicts among the chiefs.His efforts proved successful as he managed to capture
<br /> Kona and Kohala,thereby becoming the ruler of those districts.However,news of Alapa`i's plans reached his brother-
<br /> in-law and Maui chief, Kekaulike, who promptly declared war in an attempt to restore the lands to the Kona and
<br /> Kohala ali'1.Despite his endeavors,Kekaulike failed to achieve victory.Alapa`i,undeterred,resolved to continue the
<br /> war with Kekaulike and planned a journey to Maui.Kekaulike fell ill during the journey and passed away en route to
<br /> Kula on Maui.Before his demise, he designated his son,Kamehamehanui,as his successor.Learning of Kekaulike's
<br /> death and the rise of his nephew, Alapa`i decided against waging war on his sister's son and redirected his efforts
<br /> towards Molokai to assist his relatives who were under attack by the Oahu ali'1(Kamakau 1992).
<br /> Falling ill, Alapa`i moved to Kikiako`i in Kawaihae, where his illness advanced. While at Mailekini heiau in
<br /> Kawaihae, Alapa`i appointed his son Keawe`opala to rule over the island (Kamakau 1992). This, however, did not
<br /> last long due to the shifting allegiances of Keawe`opala's ali'1.Kalani`opu`u was a fierce chief of Ka`n and to a fault
<br /> enjoyed waging war on other ali`1. Several battles between Alapa`i and Kalani`opu`u took place, mainly due to
<br /> Alapa`i's rise to power after Kalani`opu`u's father,Kalaninuiiamamao,the rightful ali'1 nui of Hawaii passed.After
<br /> defeating Keawe`opala,Kalani`opu`u became the ali'1 nui of Hawai`i island.With no regard for another's rights over
<br /> 18 CIA for the Ld'Ipala Makai Planned Unit Development,Kapala`alaea 2,North Kona,Hawai`i
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