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2.Background
<br /> after the dedication of Pu`ukohola,Kamehameha mostly resided at Kawaihae and worked the lands of the Waikoloa-
<br /> Waimea region(Maly and Maly 2002).Kamakau(1992)added that after Kamehameha had secured rule over Hawai`i
<br /> Island,he conducted a kalai`aina and gave the lands of Kahalu`u and Keauhou to Ke`eaumoku and Namahana,both
<br /> of whom had shown their unwavering support for upcoming chief. By 1796, Kamehameha had conquered all the
<br /> island kingdoms except for Kauai. It was not until 1810,when Kaumuali`i, ali`i nui of Kauai gave his allegiance to
<br /> Kamehameha, that the Hawaiian Islands were unified under one ruler. (Kuykendall and Day 1976) At the time of
<br /> acquiring Kaua`i,Kamehameha situated his royal court on Oahu,and then around 1812,he returned to Kailua,Kona
<br /> where he lived out his remaining years(Desha 2000;Kamakau 1992).
<br /> Early Historic Period Accounts
<br /> In the decades following Western contact(1778),Hawai`i's interaction with the western world increased resulting in
<br /> changes to the culture and the political economy.From the outset,relations between Hawaiians and the newly arrived
<br /> foreigners were heavily influenced by the latter's need for supplies to replenish their ships (Major 2001). To
<br /> accommodate this newly created demand, some of the work of the maka`ainana shifted from subsistence agriculture
<br /> to the production of food and goods that could be traded with foreign ships(Wilkes 1845).
<br /> The sandalwood (`iliahi; Santalum ellipticum) trade, established by Euro-Americans in 1790,became a viable
<br /> commercial enterprise by 1805 (Oliver 1961) and was flourishing by 1810. Upon Kamehameha's return to Kailua,
<br /> Kona around 1812, he was active in the sandalwood trade and ordered men into the mountains of Kona to cut the
<br /> prized wood and carry it to the coast,paying them in cloth, kapa,food, and fish(Kamakau 1992). This new burden
<br /> added to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system as farmers and fishers were ordered to spend most of
<br /> their time logging,resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline.Once Kamehameha realized
<br /> that his people were suffering,he"declared all the sandalwood the property of the government and ordered the people
<br /> to devote only part of their time to its cutting and return to the cultivation of the land"(Kamakau 1992:204).Kamakau
<br /> (1992) reported that in the uplands between Kailua and Keauhou, in the plantation named Kuahewa Kamehameha
<br /> worked as a farmer.
<br /> During this period, Kona served as the seat of traditional Hawaiian politics, however, historical records suggest
<br /> that a large majority of the interactions with foreigners occurred at places like Kailua or Kealakekua, thus there are
<br /> but few descriptions of the Kahalu`u area written by early visitors. As such, it has been hypothesized by Tomonari-
<br /> Tuggle(1985:24)that during this period,"Keauhou and Kahalu`u probably remained,in large part,characteristically
<br /> Hawaiian" and likely served as a retreat for Hawaiian ali'1. One such description recorded by Kamakau (1992:388)
<br /> tells of a great hula that occurred in Kahalu`u in 1791 upon the birth of Kaluaikonahale Kuakini(also known as John
<br /> Adams Kuakini),the son of Namahana and Ke`eaumoku:
<br /> At the birth of the child [Kuakini] there was a great hula at Kaha-lu`u, and the name hula (hula
<br /> inoa)was being danced for the birth of the new son to Na-mahana and Ke`e-au-moku.Visitors came
<br /> to bring gifts (ho`okupu),and among them was Ka-mehe-`ai-ku who had gone away and hidden in
<br /> the county and slept with a man and given birth to a child. She was a cousin of Ke`e-au-moku, and
<br /> when she was discovered among the spectators at the hula Ke`eaumoku gave the child to her to
<br /> suckle and gave with him the land of Keauhou;and Ka-mehe-`ai-ku took the little chief to Keauhou
<br /> and there nourished him until he was grown.
<br /> At his birth,Kuakini was given the name Kaluaikonahale but when his half-brother Kuakini died,he took on his
<br /> name and became known as Kaluaiokonahale Kuakini.He was also known as John Adams Kuakini to foreigners and
<br /> served as the Kia`aina(Governor)of Hawaii Island between 1820 and 1844(Kamakau 1992).Kelsey and Kekahuna
<br /> (in Maly and Maly 2004:11)reported that when Kuakini died in 1844,"his body was prepared for burial on the shore
<br /> of Kahalu`u."
<br /> During his tenure as governor, aside from establishing several churches across the island, Kuakini's name has
<br /> also come to be associated with a large stone wall that extends from Palani Road in Kailua through a portion of the
<br /> proposed project area and into the neighboring lands of Kahalu`u. This feature, commonly known today as Kuakini
<br /> Wall(Site 6302),is presumed to have been constructed during his tenure, however,prior studies(Henry et al. 1997;
<br /> Kelly 1983;Maly 1996)that address its age and function have not made a definitive correlation between this wall and
<br /> its association with Kuakini.Kelly(1983:76)stated that up until 1855 the Kuakini Wall was consistently identified as
<br /> "the Great Wall", or "the great stone wall" and its attribution to Kuakini did not appear on historical maps until
<br /> Emerson and Kanakanui's 1892 map titled Kailua Town and Vicinity (Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1676). In the
<br /> Mahele land records from the mid-19t century, native tenants often referred to this wall as a pa pipi (cattle wall).
<br /> Despite the naming incongruities, it is a generally held assumption that this wall was constructed in segments and
<br /> 20 CIA for the Ld'Ipala Makai Planned Unit Development,Kapala`alaea 2,North Kona,Hawai i
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