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well and can remain near the ground for periods of time, which can increase their <br /> susceptibility to disease (i.e., toxoplasmosis) and predation. Juveniles depend on their <br /> parents for at least eight months and remain with their family group until the following <br /> breeding season. Large flocks, characteristic of American crows (C. brachyrhynchos) have <br /> not been reported, but there are historical reports of small local flocks after the breeding <br /> season. <br /> Due to a variety of threats in the wild, these birds are considered extinct in the wild and can currently <br /> only found within a conservation breeding program or at the Pana`ewa Zoo. There are over 100 birds <br /> within the population (UH PCSU, 2021). Release efforts were conducted from 2016-2019 in the Pu`u <br /> Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve on Hawai`i Island. Historically occurred in high- and low-elevation <br /> forests of the western and southeastern regions of the island of Hawai`i. <br /> `Oma o <br /> One of five species of Hawaiian solitaires (family: Turdidae), the `oma`o is endemic to the <br /> island of Hawai`i. They often perch silently for long periods and are usually detected by their <br /> song; however males perform a flight-song display known as "skylarking." Like all adult <br /> Hawaiian solitaires, `oma`o have drab olive-brown and gray plumage. Diet consists primarily <br /> of fruits of native and introduced understory plant species, although they also take koa <br /> (Acacia koa) flowers from the canopy and prey on invertebrates, including earthworms, snails, <br /> spiders, and insects. The life history is well-studied. Both sexes defend small nesting <br /> territories. Nests are built by females in a variety of locations (e.g., cavities, trunk forks); <br /> females also perform most incubation and brooding. They lay one or two eggs, and double <br /> sets of offspring can occur. The young remain in natal territories for four to six months after <br /> learning how to fly. A male-biased sex-ratio exists (more males than females), but its <br /> significance to populations is unknown. <br /> Primarily occurs in two populations on the eastern and southern slopes of the island of <br /> Hawaii at elevations greater than 1 ,000 meters (3,300 feet). A third, smaller population occurs <br /> in alpine scrub between 2,000 and 3,000 meters (6,500 — 9,750 feet). Currently occupies <br /> about 30 percent of their former range, which historically included habitats between 300 and <br /> 3,000 meters (1 ,000 — 9,750 feet). <br /> ENDANGERED PLANTS <br /> UHIUHI <br /> Uhiuhi is a rare species of flowering plant in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to <br /> Hawai'i. It is a shrub or small tree that reaches a height of 4 to 10 m (13 to 33 ft) ("uhiuhi, <br /> kawau (Maui), kea (Maui)," n.d.). The bark is dark grey and made up of rectangular or oblong <br /> (entire leaf) platelets. The hermaphroditic flowers have pink to rose sepals (protection for <br /> flower in bud) and red anthers (pollen-producing reproductive organ of flower). It is extirpated <br /> from Lanai, but seeds from the last plants were saved and are being used to replant it on the <br /> island. Uhiuhi is a very valuable hardwood and is/was used for crafts, tools (`o'o or digging <br />