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(Bonaccorso et al. 2015). Because warm temperatures are strongly associated with reproductive success
<br /> in this and other bat species, it has been suggested that key breeding habitat is likely to occur at sites
<br /> where the average July minimum temperature is above 11°C (52°F). If true, key breeding habitat on the
<br /> island of Hawaii would occur below 1,280 meters (4,200 feet) elevation (Bonaccorso et al. 2015).
<br /> Because bats use both native and non-native habitat for foraging and roosting, the importance of non-
<br /> native timber stands,particularly those at low elevations, should be determined. Breeding sites are
<br /> known for Manuka Natural Area Reserve and scattered areas along the Hamakua Coast.
<br /> Alala or Hawaiian crow
<br /> LOCATION AND CONDITION OF KEY HABITAT: Historically, `alala occupied dry and seasonally
<br /> wet `ohi`a and `ohi`a/koa (Acacia koa)forests between 300 and 2,500 meters (1,000 — 8,200 feet)
<br /> elevation. Because the last wild individuals were confined to a small subset of the species'former
<br /> range, specific knowledge of key habitat requirements are unknown. Currently, all potential habitat is
<br /> degraded. The presence of non-native mammalian predators and birds, which can act as disease
<br /> reservoirs, further reduces habitat quality. Core areas of the species' former range are now managed by
<br /> the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
<br /> `Auku`u or Black-crowned Night Heron
<br /> LOCATION AND CONDITION OF KEY HABITAT: `Auku`u (black-crowned night heron) occur in a
<br /> wide-range of aquatic habitats including mountain streams, lowland ponds and estuaries (wetlands and
<br /> open water), aquaculture farms, and suburban/urban waterways (e.g., golf course ponds, concrete
<br /> channels).
<br /> Kolea or Pacific Golden-Plover
<br /> LOCATION AND CONDITION OF KEY HABITAT: The winter range of kolea is extremely varied,
<br /> including crop fields,pastures, coastal salt marshes, mudflats, beaches, mangroves, grassy areas at
<br /> airports, cemeteries, athletic fields,parks, residential lawns, golf courses, roadsides, and clearings in
<br /> heavily wooded areas. In Hawaii, birds also use open stands of ironwood (Casuarina spp.) and small
<br /> urban lawns and gardens in areas such as downtown Honolulu. Military bases and airports often
<br /> provide important wintering grounds. Where suitable habitats (pastures, etc.) occur on mountain slopes,
<br /> kolea range to at least 2,500 meters (8,125 feet) elevation. Extensive land-clearing in Hawaii, dating
<br /> back to the Polynesian colonization, has probably improved wintering conditions by creating open
<br /> habitat with plentiful insects.
<br /> The Constitution of the State of Hawai'i clearly states the duty of the State and its
<br /> agencies is to preserve,protect, and prevent interference with the traditional and customary
<br /> rights of native Hawaiians. Article XII, Section 7 requires the State to "protect all rights,
<br /> customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and
<br /> possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the
<br /> Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778" (2000). In spite of the establishment of the foreign concept of
<br /> private ownership and western-style government, Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli)preserved the
<br /> peoples traditional right to subsistence.As a result in 1850, the Hawaiian Government
<br /> confirmed the traditional access rights to native Hawaiian ahupua`a tenants to gather specific
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