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2.background - r w Vq • sue•. Fi \ � o ^mom w, �i i .� Figure 13. Staging area,view to the southwest. 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of historic properties that might be encountered within the current APE, and to establish a context in which to assess the significance of any such resources, a general culture- historical context for the South Kohala region is presented that includes specific information regarding the documented history of Kauniho,Lalamilo,Wai`aka 1st and 2nd Ahupua`a and the APE.This is followed by a presentation of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the APE. CULTURE-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The bridge and the staging area of the APE are both situated within the northwestern portion of Lalamilo Ahupua`a. The bridge APE also falls in the southern portion of the ahupua'a(land division spanning from the mountain to the sea)of Kauniho,Wai`aka 1st,and Wai`aka 2nd.In the moku(district)of Kohala,the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones,a wetter windward zone on the eastern side distinguished by its lush green valleys,and a drier leeward zone on the western side.Traditional poetical expressions for this district also identify other geographical divisions of the district. Once such saying derived from an ancient chant titled Ku e ho'opt`o ka la states: o Kohala-iki, `o Kohala-nui lesser Kohala,greater Kohala o Kohala-loko, o Kohala-waho... inner Kohala,outer Kohala... (Pukui and Korn 1973:188) (Pukui and Korn 1973:190) Although Lesser-, Greater-, Inner-, and Outer Kohala cannot be found on historical maps, Maly (1999:25) explains that"the lands from Kawaihae to `Anaeho`omalu are within the region called Kohala waho (outer Kohala) or Kohala makani `Apa`apa`a (Kohala of the `Apa`apa`a wind)". Another Hawaiian proverb recorded by Pukui (1983:196) specifies the extent of the Kohala District,"Kohala, mat Honoke'a a Keahuolono,"which she translated Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 11