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HomeMy WebLinkAboutHRS 6E-8 Determination Contents HAWAII REVISED STATUES CHAPTER 6E-8 EFFECT DETERMINATION KAWAIHAE ROAD,REPLACEMENT OF WAIAKA BRIDGE AND REALIGNMENT OF APPROACHES WAIMEA, LALAMILO,AND KEANUIOMANO AHUPUAA, KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII REF.NO.HWY-DS 2.4574 FEDERAL-AID PROJECT NO. BR-NH-019-1(045) HICRIS NO. 2021 PR00849 TAX MAP KEYS: (3) 6-5-001:015 POR.AND 033 POR.;AND 6-6-001:011; 6-6-004:999 (KAWAIHAE ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY); 6-6-009:999 (KOHALA MOUNTAIN ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY) ENCLOSURES ENCLOSURE 1 FIGURE 1. PROJECT LOCATION MAP ENCLOSURE 2 HISTORIC PROPERTIES ASSESSMENT IN SUPPORT OF NHPA SECTION 106 AND HRS CHAPTER 6E-8 REVIEW OF THE WAIAKA BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND ROADWAY REALIGNMENT PROJECT ENCLOSURE 1 FIGURE 1. PROJECT LOCATION MAP N N L I w E 0) m c jL co ; 2MUM.o O a) co I Min -a N p vI U aca w co 1 co L 0_ .r6 Cca - n .4= 0 .-P, 2 8 MI 0 O - N Q > Q lEwaia I), 0) (Q = V > co �j U 00 co O "= L C O .. 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Illoolill' ENCLOSURE 2 HISTORIC PROPERTIES ASSESSMENT IN SUPPORT OF NHPA SECTION 106 AND HRS CHAPTER 6E-8 REVIEW OF THE WAIAKA BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND ROADWAY REALIGNMENT PROJECT Kawaihae Road—Waiaka Bridge Replacement Final Environmental Assessment and Realignment of Approaches APPENDIX C HISTORIC PROPERTIES ASSESSMENT Historic Properties Assessment in Support of NHPA Section 106 and HRS Chapter 6E-8 Review of the Waiaka Bridge Replacement and Roadway Realignment Project TMK: (3) 6-5-001:015 and 033 por., (3) 6-6-001:011; (3) 6-6-004:001 por. Kauniho, Lalamilo, and Wai`aka 1st and 2nd ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawai`i DRAFT VERSION Prepared By: Benjamin Barna,Ph.D. Prepared For: 01 ;> WSP USA, Inc. 1001 Bishop Street,Suite 2400 n --: _� Honolulu, HI 96813 - -ate Y'ft�s / ' July 2022 ASM f' affiliates . � Archaeology•History•Anthropology-Architectural History Hilo Office.(808)969-6066 Fax (808)443-0065 507-A E.Lanikaula Street,Hilo,HI 96720 Honolulu Office:(808)439-8089 Fax:(808)439-8087 820 Mililani Street,Suite 700,Honolulu,HI 96813 ASM Project Number 35580.00 Historic Properties Assessment in Support of NHPA Section 106 and HRS Chapter 6E-8 Review of the Waiaka Bridge Replacement and Roadway Realignment Project TMK: (3) 6-5-001:015 and 033 por., (3) 6-6-001:011; (3) 6-6-004:001 por. Kauniho, Lalamilo, and Wai`aka 1st and 2nd ahupua`a South Kohala District Island of Hawai`i ASM affiliates Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of WSP USA, Inc. on behalf of the State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation(HDOT), ASM Affiliates (ASM) conducted a historic properties assessment for the proposed Waiaka Bridge Replacement and Roadway Realignment project.The purpose of the study is to aid HDOT in their efforts to identify historic properties in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 6E-8 for the proposed project. The project,which is located along Kawaihae Road and the Kohala Mountain Road in the South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii, involves replacing the existing Waiaka Bridge and realigning the approaches to create a smooth transition to the replacement bridge and the Kawaihae Road-Kohala Mountain Road intersection. The project has been determined to be an Undertaking subject to Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966 as amended(2006)and its implementing regulations(36 CFR 800)due to the use of funding from the United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. As a project to be conducted by the HDOT as a State Agency,the project is also subject to review under HRS Chapter 6E-8. The Section 106 Area of Potential Effect(APE)and the HRS Chapter 6E-8 Project Area are coterminous.The APE comprises 316,143 square feet (7.3 acres) and contains a portion of Kawaihae Road, portions of surrounding parcels where equipment and materials storage will take place,portions of surrounding parcels that will be used temporarily during the project. The current APE was included in five prior archaeological studies(Corbin 2007;Haun et al.2002,2003;Sinoto 1998;Thompson and Rosendahl 1992).Within the current APE,Haun et al.(2002)identified two historic properties: Site 23313 was identified as a concrete foundation located in Keanu`i`omano Stream.Site 29221 is the Waiaka Bridge. No other sites were documented in the current APE in any of the prior archaeological studies.Consultation conducted in 2012 for an earlier iteration of the current Undertaking found that the portion of Keanu`i`omano Stream in the current APE is unlikely to contain concealed iwi or archaeological resources. Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on August 26,2020,by Johnny Dudoit,B.A.,and Benjamin Barna, Ph.D.(Principal Investigator),with follow-up field visits on October 14,2020,by Dr.Barna.And on August 4,2021, by Brooke Kauoa under supervision of Dr.Barna. A total of nine person-hours were expended during the fieldwork. During the current fieldwork,the two previously identified properties were identified,and no previously unidentified sites were found. Site 23313 was also identified,and its current condition noted. Additional research found that Site 23313 is the Keanu`i`omano Stream Gage (USGS 16756500) and that the concrete "foundation" is actually a small weir built for the gage.During the current fieldwork,Site 29221 was visited,and its current condition was compared with the description provided by Haun et al. (2002).Overall,the condition of Site 29221 (at least cosmetically)does not appear to have degraded much since the 2002 fieldwork. Site 23313, now identified as the USGS Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station, was previously evaluated as NRHP eligible under Criterion D and HRS Chapter 6E significant under Criterion d. Based on the additional information obtained during the current study the site is no longer recommended NRHP eligible or significant under HRS Chapter 6E-8.Site 29221,the Waiaka Bridge,was previously determined to be NRHP eligible Criteria C and D and HRS Chapter 6E significant under Criteria c and d.Based on the observations made during the current study,the Site 29221 continues to be recommended NRHP eligible under Criteria C and D and HRS Chapter 6e significant under Criteria c and d. The Undertaking would result in the demolition of the Waiaka Bridge (Site 29221The recommended determination of effect for the Undertaking is "Adverse effect" under 36 CFR 800.5 and "Effect, with proposed mitigation commitments"under HAR§13-275-7.It is recommended that HDOT consult further to resolve the adverse effect pursuant to 36 CFR 800.6.Recommended mitigation measures include architectural recordation(HAER Level I or II)of Site 29221.Archaeological monitoring is recommended during ground-disturbing activities associated with the project. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction CHAPTERS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERTAKING 5 AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT 6 2. BACKGROUND 11 CULTURE-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 11 Celebrated Cultural Landscape 12 Select Mo`olelo for the Lalamilo-Waimea Area 14 Brief Account of a Several Heiau in Waimea with Reference to Hoku`ula 18 Chiefly Rule in South Kohala 18 The Arrival of Europeans, Missionaries, and the Reign of Kamehameha 21 Agricultural Practices of the Lalamilo-Waimea Area 23 The Early Development of Cattle Ranching in Waimea 27 The 1848 Mahele Aina and Land Commission Awards 28 Government Land Grant Program and the Expansion of Ranching in Waimea 32 A Brief History of USGS Stream Gaging in Hawai`i 34 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGIAL STUDIES 35 Waiaka Bridge Replacement (2002 and 2012) AIS and Section 106 consultation (Haun et al. 2002) 38 Other archaeological studies conducted within the current APE and its vicinity. 40 3. APE EXPECTATIONS 47 4. FIELDWORK 47 FIELD METHODS 47 FINDINGS 47 Site 23313 49 Site 29221 51 5. CONSULTATION 57 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY 57 DR. BILLY BERGIN 57 LENINGRAD ELARIONOFF 59 NICOLE KEAKA LUI 59 HDOT CONSULTATION LETTERS 60 6. NRHP ELIGIBILITY AND DETERMINATION OF EFFECT RECOMMENDATIONS 62 SITE 23313 62 SITE 29221 63 SECTION 106 RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION OF EFFECT 63 7. CHAPTER 6E SIGNIFICANCE AND DETERMINATION OF EFFECT RECOMMENDATIONS 64 SITE 23313 64 SITE 29221 64 RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION OF EFFECT 65 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii iii 1.Introduction 8. MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS 65 SITE 29221 65 PRECAUTIONARY MONITORING 65 REFERENCES CITED 66 APPENDIX A. (HAUN ET AL. 2002) AIS ACCEPTANCE LETTER 1 APPENDIX B. THOMPSON AND ROSENDAHL (1992) BACKHOE TRENCH PROFILES 1 APPENDIX C. EXCERPT FROM THE HAWAIISTATEHISTORICBRIGE INVENTORY AND EVALUATION (MKE AND FUNG 2013) 10 FIGURES Page 1. Area of Potential Effect. 2 2. Tax Map Key showing the location of the Area of Potential Effect. 3 3. Satellite image showing the Area of Potential Effect. 4 4. Waiaka Bridge,view to the southwest 5 5. Area of Potential Effect shown along with staging and temporary use areas. 7 6. Geology in the Area of Potential Effect 7 7. Soils in the Area of Potential Effect 8 8. Keanu`i`omano Stream looking downstream toward Waiaka Bridge,view to the southwest 8 9. Intersection of Kawaihae Road and Kohala Mountain Road,view to the west. 9 10. Temporary use area on the north side of Kohala Mountain Road,view to the northwest. 9 11. Temporary use area on north side of Kawaihae Road,view to the west. 10 12. Right of way on south side of Kawaihae road,view to the east. 10 13. Staging area,view to the southwest. 11 14. Location of Field Complexes 1-4 of the Waimea Agricultural System with the current APE indicated(Clark and Kirch 1983:294). 25 15. Location of Land Commission Award parcels near the current APE. 31 16. Location of the 1865 Catholic Church depicted on a portion of Registered Map 673 and overlaid on recent aerial imagery (Maxar-DigitalGlobe 2020; Wall and Lyons 1887). 33 17.Map accompanying CSF 3806 with the APE shaded red . 34 18. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the current study area. 37 19. Haun et al. (2002)site location map overlaid on recent aerial imagery (GoogleEarth 2019)with the current APE indicated in red 39 20. Thompson and Rosendahl (1992:14)project area map overlaid on recent aerial imagery (Google Earth 2019) and current APE in red. 42 21. Barrera(1993) site location map overlaid on recent aerial imagery(Google Earth 2019)with current APE indicated in red 43 23. Site 22632 features overlain on recent aerial imagery (Haun et al. 2003)with the current APE indicated in red. 45 22. Corbin (2007a)site location map overlaid on recent aerial imagery(Googel Earth 2019)with the APE indicated in red. 46 24. Site location map 48 25. Site 23313,view to the east. 50 26. Site 23313 plan view map showing current conditions(after Haun et al. 2002:47). 50 27. Site 29221 the Waiaka Bridge,north elevation. 52 iv Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction FIGURES Page 28. Site 29221 the Waiaka Bridge, south elevation. 52 29. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge plan view(after Haun et al. 2002:48). 53 30. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge wall pier,view to the southeast 54 31. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge detail of concrete abutment wall,view to the northwest 54 32. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge detail of concrete and masonry abutment wing walls,view to the northwest. 55 33. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge detail of parapet,view to the northeast. 55 34. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge wooden foot bridge,view to the east. 56 TABLES Page 1. Tax Map Key parcels containing the APE. 6 2. APE use areas. 6 3. LCAw. in the vicinity of the current APE. 30 4. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. 36 5. Properties recorded during the current study. 47 6.Native Hawaiian Organizations, agencies, and individuals contacted for consultation 57 7. Consultation letter recipients. 61 8.NRHP eligibility recommendations. 62 9. HRS 6E significance recommendations 64 10. Proposed mitigation commitments 65 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii v 1.Introduction 1. INTRODUCTION At the request of WSP USA,Inc.on behalf of the State of Hawai`i,Department of Transportation(HDOT;referred to hereafter as the Agency),ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted a historic properties assessment for the proposed Waiaka Bridge Replacement and Roadway Realignment project.The purpose of the current study is to aid the Agency in their efforts to identify historic properties in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act(NHPA) and Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 6E-8 for the proposed project. The project, which is located along Kawaihae Road and the Kohala Mountain Road in the South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii(Figures 1,2,and 3), involves replacing the existing Waiaka Bridge and realigning the approaches to create a smooth transition to the replacement bridge and the Kawaihae Road-Kohala Mountain Road intersection.The Agency has been awarded funds by the United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for this project. As such,the project has been determined to be an Undertaking subject to Section 106 of the NHPA of 1966,as amended (2006),and its implementing regulations(36 CFR 800).As a project to be conducted by the HDOT as a State Agency, the project is also subject to review under HRS Chapter 6E-8.The scope of the Section 106 Undertaking and the HRS Chapter 6E-8 project are identical and for simplicity the two projects are referred to as "the Undertaking" in the remainder of this report, except where statute-specific language is required. Similarly, the Section 106 Area of Potential Effect(APE) and the HRS Chapter 6E-8 Project Area are coterminous and are referred to collectively as "the APE"except where statute-specific language is required.A detailed description of the Undertaking and the APE is provided in the following section. The current study was conducted in partial compliance with 36 CFR 800 and in compliance with Hawaii Administrative Rules(HAR)§13-275.This report is divided into six chapters.Chapter 1 includes a description of the Undertaking and the APE. Chapter 2 provides background information for the APE, including a culture-historical context followed by a summary of relevant archaeological,cultural,and prior consultation conducted within the APE and surrounding area.Chapter three summarizes archaeological expectations for APE.Chapter 4 presents a description of the archaeological fieldwork methods and results. Chapter 5 presents recommended National Register of Historic Places and HRS Chapter 6E significance evaluations. Chapter 6 discusses the recommended determination of effect under both applicable statutes.Chapter 7 presents recommended mitigation measures for the project. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 1.Introduction 217000 2101000 0 x- nN ,� Home Land N -=_ N G Q _ J\ r, u.� N 53 Arca of detail ° 0 100 200 0 NIMMO Km '4 '''/ 1 , 1 6° ld `0 1 d L a rr 1 h e p u I / ,y f I H AWAII COUNTY ` !`I Had,.�n: Ai NTY Preparatory Acad ..,,Ake;PL '�� s --1 i l +' LAN:Kt ro kfJ -�-----_ - - - Hale ahu Gu1rh 7 Y a ~p a 4,., KAWAfNAE RD Ii KO UKA llV _... E KO UKA i,A PI._,. —_ h°h 611atr Street Iam1NO .vaiian gee Land _wakotoa Stream - i / i � ° S Ia "t — WAII COUNTY P _ N HAWAII COUNTY 0 160 320 Meters Portion of USGS 7.5 Quadrangle Kamucla,HI 2022 ❑Project area I 1 217000 215000 Figure 1.Area of Potential Effect. 2 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction Z- ,„ Iwl...,,,„,,„ ,„.„„,a _ 111.111.1111,.„ . ,z,i. 4 m O w, .N 4 �` ! a' bk Q) * IT r c = 0 k �• c a r. o w O O ,,. ' — 8 g.le %kw ,..... , ,,, dr ..c., V'1 ,.--., Y s t i M to, d w szl et o co '''' a) . � ,Ig sr \ * L eel , AL it _....iiii Ilk , , PI-4 CA N 61%.4 All66., .aillialli . ' :* 111 aan .1 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 3 1.Introduction w ,. fir. ` I 6 x It ,k 1 of y - 1 . .. . . • . , , .. . , ,., ,• , .. „ _ ... . •„, ,...., ,,,,, ,„,„..„, , . ,„ . , . . . .. ,, , . , , .... , . ., , . ril , ,„ ! • •.., it• 1.. . ,,„„, . ,,„„,.- . „sm.,: aEr. ,. , 7ii, , �,`^- 1 A.•� �. a �� , ud , s T, t . a. Ys M. , ,i,, . ' ,4 '`-•.,. i "°- in N , lifir ii ir a• v lo _ N 4. A1fP1�Atiy W , w, ao uFct • . tit.'‘,-4, w W O e tx 0 „" " n 4 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction DESCRIPTION OF THE UNDERTAKING The Undertaking will consist of replacing the existing Waiaka Bridge (Figure 4), constructed in 1932, with an approximately 53-foot wide by approximately 80-foot-long replacement bridge to accommodate two travel lanes,one in each direction, a shoulder/bike lane, and raised sidewalk. Additionally,the three approaches (ranging in distance from roughly 415-600 feet;see Figures 3)leading to the Waiaka Bridge will be realigned to create a smooth transition to the replacement bridge. The Kawaihae Road (State Route 19) and Kohala Mountain Road (State Route 250) intersection(see Figure 3)would be reconfigured to include a traffic signal or a roundabout.The APE(further defined below)is intended to accommodate the construction of either alternative. The project limits will extend to the west, east,and north for a sufficient distance to achieve a smooth transition.The objectives of the Undertaking are to replace the aging Waiaka Bridge,improve sight distances and intersection operations,and improving hydraulic conditions for Keanu`i`omano Stream beneath the Waiaka Bridge. The primary objective of the Undertaking is to replace the Waiaka Bridge with one that will conform to the guidelines set forth by the American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials' (AASHTO) A Policy on Geometric Design for Highways and Streets.The AASHTO guidelines were adopted by the Agency for the planning and engineering of highway projects in Hawaii. The bridge design will follow current State planning and design guidelines for bridges encompassing lane widths, shoulders, pedestrian access, and railing heights. Additionally,the planning and engineering will need to conform to the Hawaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and Highways(1980)and the guidelines related to the Americans with Disabilities(ADA)Act. A - ; II Wm is iirair—- -,-. i . . �, � I , emu,f s.-. .. ,_,..... z..w+k - \` ---). L P ,'' N L. - -'1 -i. vat Figure 4.Waiaka Bridge,view to the southwest. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 1.Introduction AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECT The APE (Figure 5) comprises 316,143 square feet(7.3 acres)located adjacent to Kawaihae Road roughly 2 miles west of Waimea Town and 10 miles southeast of Kawaihae Harbor and contains portions of the Tax Map Keys listed below in Table 1 and shown in Figure 2 above. This area includes portions of four traditional ahupua'a: Kauniho, Wai`aka 1st Wai`aka 2na and Lalamilo, all of which are located within the South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii. The APE is located at elevations ranging from 732 meters(2,401 feet)to 741 meters(2,431 feet)above sea level along the southwestern slope of the Kohala Mountains(see Figure 1),approximately 13.2 kilometers(8.24 miles)from the South Kohala coast. Terrain in the APE slopes very gently to the southwest. Surface geology in the APE is mapped in Figure 6 as "Qhm" described as Hamakua Volcanics dating between 64,000-300,000 years ago (Sherrod et al. 2007). Two soil units (Figure 7)have been mapped in the APE(Soil Survey Staff 2020). In the portion of the APE located east of Keanu`i`omano Stream,soils are mapped as Waimea medial very fine sandy loam,0 to 6 percent slope (mapped in Figure 7 as "383"). In the portion located west of Keanu`i`omano Stream, soils are mapped as rock outcrop-Kamakoa complex with a 6 to 20 percent slope (mapped in Figure 7 as "379"). The climate in the APE is generally cool and dry. Mean annual temperatures range between 62 and 71 degrees Fahrenheit(Giambelluca et al. 2014). The mean annual rainfall within the APE is 41 inches (1,054 millimeters) with most of the precipitation occurring between the months of December through April (Giambelluca et al. 2013). A portion of portion of Keanu`i`omano Stream(Figure 8)passes through the APE. This stream is the dominant hydrological feature in the APE vicinity. It extends through the APE from the northeast, passing beneath Waiaka Bridge (see Figure 8). The streambed is pahoehoe bedrock,and banks are cut through the surrounding soil to pahoehoe in several places. Within the APE,there are six smaller areas designated by their proposed use during the Undertaking (Table 2, see Figure 5).Approximately 2.9 acres of the APE includes Kawaihae Road(Figure 9),which is paved with asphaltic concrete and has unpaved shoulders.Temporary use areas are shaded blue in Figure 5.These areas are located on the north side of Kawaihae Road east of the bridge,the temporary use area includes portions of parcels owned by Hawai`i Preparatory Academy (HPA)(Figure 10) and by the Steven Kittel Trust(Figure 11). These areas are grassy,with a thick stand of Russian olive(Elaeagnus angustifolia)located on the boundary between these two parcels.The second area is located north of Kawaihae Road and west of the bridge. It is owned by HPA and includes a roadside swale with well-maintained grass cover, along with ironwood and introduced brushy vegetation near the banks of Keanu`i`omano Stream. Staging will occur within the Kawaihae Road right of way (Figure 12) and on an isolated parcel(Figure 13)near Sandalwood Estates. Both of these areas are vegetated with a mix of introduced grasses and other forage dominated by kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). There are three "temporary use areas. On the south side of Kawaihae Road,the temporary use area comprises a portion of a developed residential parcel owned by Big Buck Trust(right of entry was not available at the time of the current study). Table 1. Tax Map Key parcels containing the APE. Tax Map Key Acres Square Footage 72) Current Owner (3)6-5-001:015 0.32 13,865 ft2 Steven Kittell Trust (3)6-5-001:033 1.11 48,309 ft2 Hawaii Preparatory Academy (3)6-6-001:011 1.872 81,544 ft2 Department of Land and Natural Resources (3)6-6-004:001 0.34 14,952 ft2 Big Buck Trust Kawaihae Road 2.958 126,653 County of Hawaii Table 2.APE use areas. Area name Tax Map Key Acres Project actions' Kawaihae Road - 2.9 Repaving,realignment HDOT staging area - 0.4 Equipment and material staging Temporary use area (3)6-5-001:015 0.32 Temporary bridge Temporary use area (3)6-5-001:033 1.11 Temporary bridge Temporary use area (3)6-6-004:001 0.34 Equipment and material staging Staging area (3)6-6-001:011 1.872 Equipment and material staging 6 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction 4 eit A i y� kr., � a 9 4110,40, _� tom . . a' • .r .. .... , , _, . si ig 10)illiks.‘1%,"'..d.'' ' ' - S, • , ... '''X'''A le.' \ 11,4,-*'..„. ' A. --,- ,-.' ' ' .'...-,:•. . '''''' ' '-'',',77„ '''-', ....',.., , „„ • .. , .. . .. :it . .-., ,,:4 -,... • astir _ di. •r' 1 ...', - .4:,g.l>'. -' ',(.4 ,may, h+ ggyy\\ • Staging Area ! lI ' Temporary Use Area j t. < �, �+ s 0 �0 WO Au Area of Potential Effects ` I �� 0 Meters �� Figure 5.Area of Potential Effect shown along with staging and temporary use areas. 1• e •hw t' "oY Qhty Qhwb ,, ,� .,.,��,. ,�sue,,,,. .,w � Qhm €m fi Q 10 or 1l Qhm ,LL Qhm ® �mk psi Q hm (]APE NM Qhw 120,000-260,000 yr Hawi Volcanics ,Qhwt 187,000-211,000 yr Hawi Volcanics SWE Qhm 64,000-300,000 yr Hamakua Volcanics Qhwb 120,000-260,000 yr Hawi Volcanics=Qp1 260,000-500,000 yr Pololu Volcanics Sherrod,D,R.Sinton,J.M.,Watkins,S.E.,and&runt.K.M.,2007,Geologic Map of the State of Hawai is 11.S,Geological 0 100 200 400 Survey Open-Fife Report 2007-1089,83 p-,8 plates.scales 1.100 000 and 1250.000,with GIS database.Accessed 8/2912.022 Meters Figure 6.Geology in the Area of Potential Effect. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 7 1.Introduction .. • �'�, ! .■►��' 418 421 459 �' �'! r`s. • ♦ * 379 r1.0 I •... . ,, r' 4 .•. a.�y w' �. 1I 333w ' a OF I --et in .... •a - w 4�r T ?' ... x iv---44410ii, L m 6 t+'w I—`_`+ - Fiji k ,;-. -\\ -----\ -1114.1 , 333 - ,.. 381 333 '-�� 379 379 333 383 I 11 APE 383 Waimea medial very fine sandy loam,()to 6 percent slopes 333 Pun Pa very cobbly medial very fine sandy loam,6 to 12 percent slopes 418 Waimea medial silt loam,12 to 20 percent slopes 379 Rock outcrop-Kamakoa complex,6 to 20 percent slopes 421 Palapalai hydrous silt loam,12 to 20 percent slopes 381 Waimea medial very fine sandy loam,6 to 12 percent slopes 459 Kemole stony medial silt loam,12 to 20 percent slopes Soil Survey Staff,Natural Resources Conservator Service,United Stales Department of Agriculture.Soil Survey o 200 400 Geographic(SSURGC)Database.Available online athttpsllsdmdataaccess.sc.egov.usda.gov,Accessed 13V2912022 Figure 7. Soils in the Area of Potential Effect. � aa a w *" ,�' lye ---tc:.?;.:.;'.-.,,,•:-. _ '-:,-,$'...:'..:'...7;0::,..4:7Z.:: "..7 ---------— ''ilk' , '4.4,i'l;r'.. . �: w 'sa ,{ A-.p ), . : r e 4 f ^ U_,. ,� }� rY k P F �i .! � upy,{,�i��' 4gF�bx.'`'•ys. v4� $g,�. � 4. - F ti q,i. !. .� 't ' . rt 1 , ,t, 5`�r _. .: r '� ✓ W tak J: Ji y 1\ �/� _-~" .tea: j�7 ♦ :..._ l a" . +u x 4 Figure 8.Keanu`i`omano Stream looking downstream toward Waiaka Bridge,view to the southwest. 8 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1.Introduction ry., r f re r. .,IP 1.----', �i 3tia. ` �._ . - -- ..'. .1 .am _ su k s ,e Mx ', r �n Figure 9.Intersection of Kawaihae Road and Kohala Mountain Road,view to the west. .44,01ap.A., .4 . • „v„.,i, iiivri....., '. »e e r _ a 1 _ r. • 1 _.. ... W 3 .,... w 1 ... ., _ aLL , ` fir k- Figure 10.Temporary use area on the north side of Kohala Mountain Road,view to the northwest. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 9 1.Introduction k J� .wear`� _ x•e ALL _ .+l Figure 11. Temporary use area on north side of Kawaihae Road,view to the west. olio ,keys.: f * Pf .0 n" Figure 12. Right of way on south side of Kawaihae road,view to the east. 10 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background - r w Vq • sue•. Fi \ � o ^mom w, �i i .� Figure 13. Staging area,view to the southwest. 2. BACKGROUND To generate a set of expectations regarding the nature of historic properties that might be encountered within the current APE, and to establish a context in which to assess the significance of any such resources, a general culture- historical context for the South Kohala region is presented that includes specific information regarding the documented history of Kauniho,Lalamilo,Wai`aka 1st and 2nd Ahupua`a and the APE.This is followed by a presentation of relevant prior archaeological studies conducted in the APE. CULTURE-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The bridge and the staging area of the APE are both situated within the northwestern portion of Lalamilo Ahupua`a. The bridge APE also falls in the southern portion of the ahupua'a(land division spanning from the mountain to the sea)of Kauniho,Wai`aka 1st,and Wai`aka 2nd.In the moku(district)of Kohala,the long ridge of the Kohala Mountains extends perpendicular to the predominant northeasterly trade winds, creating an orographic rainfall pattern that separates the district into two distinct environmental zones,a wetter windward zone on the eastern side distinguished by its lush green valleys,and a drier leeward zone on the western side.Traditional poetical expressions for this district also identify other geographical divisions of the district. Once such saying derived from an ancient chant titled Ku e ho'opt`o ka la states: o Kohala-iki, `o Kohala-nui lesser Kohala,greater Kohala o Kohala-loko, o Kohala-waho... inner Kohala,outer Kohala... (Pukui and Korn 1973:188) (Pukui and Korn 1973:190) Although Lesser-, Greater-, Inner-, and Outer Kohala cannot be found on historical maps, Maly (1999:25) explains that"the lands from Kawaihae to `Anaeho`omalu are within the region called Kohala waho (outer Kohala) or Kohala makani `Apa`apa`a (Kohala of the `Apa`apa`a wind)". Another Hawaiian proverb recorded by Pukui (1983:196) specifies the extent of the Kohala District,"Kohala, mat Honoke'a a Keahuolono,"which she translated Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 11 2.background as "Kohala, from Honoke`a [a valley in the northeast of the district] to Keahualono [an altar constructed on the district's southern boundary near`Anaeho`omalu]."Handy et al.(1991)provide the following description of Kohala: The district of Kohala is the northernmost land area of the island of Hawaii. 'Upolu Point, the northwesterly projection, fronts boldly out into the Alanuihaha [sic] Channel towards the southeastern coast of Maui,and is the nearest point of communication between the two islands. To the south,along Hawaii's western coast,lies Kona;to the east the rough coast of Hamakua District unprotected from the northerly winds and sea.Kohala was the chiefdom of Kamehameha the Great, and from this feudal seat he gradually extended his power to embrace the whole of the island, eventually gaining suzerainty of all the Hawaiian Islands.(Handy et al. 1991:528) The rugged central area of the district is formed by the mountainous remains(elevation 5,505 feet) of the Kohala dome, the oldest of the island's volcanoes, now long regarded as extinct. The high table land between Mt.Kohala and the vast northern slopes of Mauna Kea,known as Waimea,has one of the finest and most salubrious mountain climates in the Hawaiian Islands, and also offers excellent grazing for cattle. In post-European times it became the seat of the Parker Ranch, one of the largest ranches in the world.(Handy et al. 1991:528) Like the other districts,Kohala contains multiple land divisions, one of which includes the subject ahupua'a of Lalamilo,whose name Pukui et al(1974:128)translates literally to mean the"milo tree branch."Maly(1999:27)offers a different etymology based on information which he gathered from the mo`olelo(account)Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Miki: The region of Lalamilo was named for the chief Lalamilo. Lalamilo was the grandson of Kanakanaka, an expert lawai'a hi-`ahi (deep sea tuna lure fisherman) and Piliamo`o, a powerful priestess and `olohe.Kanakanaka and Piliamo co were the parents of Ne'ula(a fishing goddess),and she married Pu`u-hina`i a chief of the inlands.Ne`ula and Pu`u-hina`i were the parents of Lalamilo. While Lalamilo is currently referred to as an ahupua'a,traditionally it was one of several 'di that made up the kalana of Waimea.Pukui et al.(1974:226)translate the place name to mean"Reddish Water."As a kalana,Waimea was treated as a subdistrict of the greater moku of Kohala and contained several other lands divisions(Maly and Maly 2002). The lands subject to the kalana of Waimea were those that form the southern limits of the present-day South Kohala District including the lands of`Ouli,Wai`aka,Lalamilo,Puako,Kalahuipua`a(Lahuipua`a), `Anaeho`omalu, Kanakanaka, Ala`ohi`a,Paulama, Pu'ukalani(Pukalani),Pu'ukapu, and Waikoloa. Additionally, Puako, the coastal portion of Lalamilo,was also identified as an 'di of Waimea. In ancient times,Lalamilo was referred to as Waikoloa Iki (literally, little Waikoloa), while Waikoloa Ahupua'a proper was known as Waikoloa Nui (literally, great Waikoloa) (Maly 1999). Bernice Judd,a former librarian at the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society, describes the extent of the kalana of Waimea: In the early days Waimea meant all the plateau between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea, inland from Kawaihae. This area is from eight to ten miles long and from three to five miles wide. There was no running water on Mauna Kea, so the inhabitants lived at the base of the Kohala Mountains, where three streams touched the plain on their way towards the sea. . . The middle stream,which was famous for wild ducks,was named Waikoloa,or Duckwater.This and the most westerly stream,called Kahakohau,went towards Kawaihae,but neither reached the sea,except in times of flood.(Judd 1932:14) While the traditional name of this region is Waimea,the name Kamuela(Samuel)has been used since the United States post office in Waimea was renamed in 1901 (The Hawaiian Star 1901). Although originally named after the town,it shared this name with the Waimea post office on Kauai. The post office's practice was to avoid duplicate names within a state or territory to avoid confusion.However,as the office's cashier Kenake said at the time,"Letters come here marked `Waimea, Hawaii.' Under the old system this would be understood,but now it produces untold trouble on account of the fact that mainland people cannot conceive of two offices of the same name in a Territory" (The Hawaiian Star 1901).The new name,Kamuela,is said to have referred to the postmaster Samuel Spencer or the famed rancher Samuel Parker (Pukui et al. 1974). For whomever this area is named after, most of the references describing the Precontact history and the celebrated cultural landscape refer to this area as Waimea. Celebrated Cultural Landscape Nestled between the plateau of two shield volcanoes(Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea),Lalamilo Ahupua'a along with the greater South Kohala region boasts stunning views of its wind-swept landscape dotted with rolling and jutting pu`u(hills).As noted by Plunkett(2018:76),"More than just aesthetically pleasing,the pu`u of Waimea[,]as landscape 12 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background fabric, functions culturally as definers of place." Three such pu`u located at the base of the Kohala Mountains are visible from the APE. These area Pu`u `Owa`owaka, Pu`u Ki, and Hoka`ula. Hokd`ula is noted as the battle site between Lonoikamakahiki and Kamalalawalu, and the name given to the kanoa (`awa mixing bowl) of Laninuiku`iamamaoloa(Wilkinson et al.2012).The kanoa of Hoka`ula is also said to belong to Lono and is associated with rituals connected to the agricultural god(Wilkinson et al.2012). Souza et al.(2003:7)explain: The association of the bowl,or kanoa of the god Lono(a provider of abundant crops and rain-laden clouds)with Hokd`ula may refer to the agricultural lands of the region;i.e.,(1)the bowl or container could symbolize a land of agricultural abundance;(b)the sprinkling of waters from the bowl could refer to the waters of the streams that flow from the uplands and spread across the plains; and(c) the importance of the rituals of Lono in agricultural endeavors,particularly in the areas of Kohala where large field systems have been archaeologically documented. While these pu`u are a culturally-celebrated natural feature of Waimea,so too are the winds.The variety of winds found in Kohala are numerous and several Hawaiian proverbs recorded by Pukui (1983) capture their names and characteristics.Of the famous `apa`apa'a winds,she records: Ka makani apa`apa'a o Kohala. The apa`apa`a wind of Kohala. Kohala was famed in song a story for the `apa`apa`a wind of that district. (Pukui 1983:157) Kahilipulu Kohala na ka makani. Kohala is swept,mulch and all,by the wind. Kohala is a windy place.(Pukui 1983:143) ope`ope Kohala i ka makani. Kohala is buffeted by the wind.(Pukui 1983:277) Other winds in Kohala, such as the one that sent clouds racing across the sky,were seen as omens that foretold impending trouble. Makani luna ka lele 'ino mai la ke ao. There is wind from the upland,for the clouds are set a-flying. Signs of trouble are seen. This saying originated shortly after the completion of Pu`ukohola heiau by Kamehameha I. He sent Keaweahuulu to Ka`n to invite Keouaka`ahu`ula to Kawaihae for a peace conference between them. Against the advice of his own high priest,Keouaka`ahu`ula went, taking his best warriors along with him. When outside Mahukona, he saw canoes come out of Kawaihae and realized that treachery awaited him. It was then that he uttered the words of this saying. His navigator pleaded with him to go back, but he refused. Arriving in Kawaihae, Keouaka`ahu`ula stepped off the canoe while uttering a chant in honor of Kamehameha.One of the latter's war leaders stepped up from behind and killed him. All of his followers were slaughtered except for Kuakahela,who hid a later found his way home,where he wailed the sad story. (Pukui 1983:228) The many rains of Waimea are another important natural feature celebrated in traditional Hawaiian text.The rain named Apu`upu`u—also as Kapu,Kapu`u,and Kapu`upu`u—is a cold wind-driven rain that creates bumps on the skin (Akana and Gonzalez 2015),and the name may include a play on the word pu`u(hill)to refer to the hilly land of the Waimea area(Akana and Gonzalez 2015).Pukui(1983)adds that when the ali`i Kamehameha of Kohala organized his army of spear fighters and runners from Waimea,they referred to themselves as the Kapu`upu`u after the cold rain of their homeland. Pukui (1983:188) documented the following poetical expression for the Kipu`upu`u rain "Ke Kipu`upu`u ho anu 'ill o Waimea," literally translated as "The Kipu`upu`u rain of Waimea that chills the skin of people."Doyle's(1953:44)description of the kipu`upu`u relates it to a certain wind,"This is the piercing wind that suddenly meets the traveler who makes his upward way from the heat of Kawaihae;and as he nears Waimea he comes upon a region once held sacred." Another rain, the E`elekoa also knows as Malana, Malanalana, and Malana e elekoa is associated with storms. According to Akana and Gonzalez(2015),the E`elekoa is also a wind name of Waimea. The Koko`Lila and Leikoko`Lila rain of Waimea which accompanies a red-hued rainbow is said to be associated with royalty. Sweeping down from the cliffs of Kapaliloa is the Paliloa rain and the Pe epakaiaulu is a fierce rain squall that arises suddenly giving the area residents little time to take shelter,thus forcing them to pe`e (hide)to prevent from getting soaked. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 13 2.background Other rain names for this area include the Akolea,Kinehelehua,Kula`ikanaka,and the Leiha`akolo rain(Akana and Gonzalez 2015).The account of Kamiki also identifies the Naulu rain which sweeps across the land between Kawaihae and Pu`u Wa`awa`a(Maly 1999). Select Mo`o%/o for the Lalamilo-Waimea Area The history of ancient Hawai`i was transmitted orally from one generation to the next,but after the arrival of the first missionaries in 1820, one of the major transformations to Hawaiian culture was the creation of a written Hawaiian language. Although oral traditions were still maintained, many natives and foreigners began inscribing generations' worth of knowledge onto paper.As such,these writings provide us with invaluable insight into Hawai`i's past as they describe elements of Hawaiian culture such as historical figures, beliefs, traditions, wahi pana (legendary places), inoa `aina(place names),and mo`olelo(legendary accounts,stories,and myths),mete and oh(songs and chants),and `olelo no'eau(proverbs and sayings);all of which contribute to an in-depth understanding of the people,their culture, and their relationship to place.One of the hallmarks of traditional legendary accounts is their ability to transcend place and time, all while bringing cohesion to landscapes that have been subjected to artificial divisions and boundaries. Summaries of two accounts with connections to Lalamilo and the APE are presented below. Ka'ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai No Ka-Miki(The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki), One account that refers explicitly to Lalamilo is told in the narrative Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai No Ka-Miki(The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki), which originally appeared in the Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Hari 0 Hawai between 1914 and 1917. This mo`olelo was likely authored during the late 1800s through the early 1900s by noted Hawaiian scholars John Wise and J.W.H.I Kihe.Maly,who translated their story noted: While "Ka-Miki" is not an ancient account,the authors used a mixture of local stories,tales, and family traditions in association with place names to tie together fragments of site specific history that had been handed down over the generations...While the personification of all the identified individuals and their associated place names may not be entirely "ancient,"the site documentation within the"story of Ka-Miki"is of both cultural and historical value. (Maly 1999:23-24) The story tells of two supernatural brothers,Ka-Miki and Maka-`iole,who were skilled `olohe, and their travels around Hawaii Island by way of the ancient trails and paths (ala loa and ala hele), seeking competition with other `olohe. The two brothers were born to Pohaku-o-Kane (male) and Kapa`ihilani(female), who were the ahi`i of the lands of Kohanaiki and Kaloko,North Kona.Upon the mysterious and premature birth of Ka-miki,he was placed in the cave of Ponahanaha and given up for death.He was eventually saved and raised by his ancestress,Ka-uluhe-nui- hihi-kolo-i-uka,a manifestation of the goddess Haumea,at Kalama`ula,an area located on Hualalai.Ka-miki was later joined by his elder brother Maka`iole where their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui trained her grandsons into `olohe,or experts skilled in fighting, wrestling, debating, riddle solving, and running, and taught them how to use their supernatural powers. Portions of the story that explicitly refer to Lalamilo, the surrounding lands, and their natural features including pu`u(hills)and the coastline are discussed below. As previously noted,the Ka-Miki story states that the land of Lalamilo was named in honor of the chief by the same name.Lalamilo's grandfather was Kanakanaka,an expert ahi fisherman and his grandmother was Piliamo`o,a powerful priestess and `olohe.To this pair was born Ne cilia,a fishing goddess who later married Pu`u-hina`i,chief of the uplands.From this union was born Lalamilo.Maly continues thusly: Kanakanaka was an expert lawai'a hi-`ahi (deep sea tuna lure fisherman), and his sister was the windgoddess Waikoloa. Lalamilo also gained famed as an expert `olohe and fisherman. Through his wife Puako, Lalamilo came to possess the supernatural leho (cowrie octopus lure) which had been an `onohi (cherished) possession of Ha`aluea, a goddess with an octopus form...How this octopus lure came to rest on the reefs fronting this land remains a mystery.(Maly 1999:27) The leho was so powerful that if it was only shown to the he`e (octopus),they would climb upon the canoe and be caught.Lalamilo carefully guarded this lure and even slept with it.When Lalamilo did leave the lure,he stored it in the hokeo aho ha-`ahi(tuna lure and olona line storage gourd)of his grandfather Kanakanaka,and this was hidden,tied to the ridge pole of his house.(Maly 1999:27) The story of how Lalamilo came into possession of this magical lure is further described.The day after Lalamilo wed Puako,the young maiden from Puna who had an insatiable appetite for he`e(octopus), she traveled to the shore at Waima to gather fish and seaweeds. The tide was low and she walked about the reef flats where she came upon a large he`e (octopus) spread about the reef. She speared it and struggled to carry it ashore. Ne`ula, her mother-in-law saw her carrying the enormous he`e and asked who had given it to her, to which Puako replied that she had indeed 14 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background caught the large he`e. With a sense of suspicion,Ne'ula replied that as a native of this place,she had never seen such an octopus in this area. As the two women were talking, Lalamilo approached them and saw Puako holding a large octopus. Assuming that another man had given the octopus to his wife, Lalamilo asked where she got the octopus from and she proceeded to relate the events to him. Accusing his wife of lying, Lalamilo struck Puako with a hard blow causing her skin to darken. Ne`ula interjected and suggested that the couple go look about the reef to see for themselves the place where Puako had retrieved the large he'e. As Lalamilo walked intently about the reef, he investigated the site where Puako had found the massive he`e,to which he discovered a small hole with something red hidden within. Peering into the hole,he saw a beautiful leho (cowrie) tucked within, which had attracted the he`e. Without hesitation, Lalamilo broke the reef and retrieved the leho and it is said that after he had taken this leho, no more he`e appeared on the reef flats of this area.Lalamilo took the leho home,cleaned it,and prepared himself a lure,which he kept a close watch over.He kept the lure in a container and when he went out to the he`e fishing grounds he would retrieve the hire from the container and hold it in his hand. Without delay,he`e would climb into his canoe and within a short time,he would be able to retrieve several hundred with little effort.Lalamilo,however,noticed that when his lure was covered in the container,the he`e stopped climbing into the canoe. Amazed at his catch, Lalamilo showed his wife Puako and mother Ne`ula, to which the latter recommended that he take the lure and an offering of he`e to Piliamo`o, his grandmother. When Piliamo`o had seen what Lalamilo had brought she explained to her grandson: ...that this was no ordinary cowrie lure,but a god,the `onohi(favorite or cherished one)of Ha'aluea the mysterious supernatural octopus being of the ocean depths.Ha`aluea and her family came from Kane-hnna-moku(The hidden land of Kane)and settled at Makaiwa in the land of Kapa`a,Kauai. Ha`aluea was the wife of the wind and ocean god Halulu-ko`ako'a, and grandmother of`Iwa-nui- ktlou-moku(Great`Iwa the island catcher).(Maly 1999:30) Piliamo`o consecrated the leho and the he`e,which it attracted and instructed Lalamilo to always bring the first he`e that he caught to her as an offering.Having learned that her grandson had this magical lure,Piliamo`o instructed Lalamilo to extinguish anyone who inquired about the lure.Because of its mystical powers,rumors about the cowrie lure quickly spread throughout Hawaii and soon caught the ear of Pili-a-Ka'aiea,the chief of Kona,who had a great love for octopus fishing.Pili-a-Ka'aiea sent messengers to inquire about the lure and each was killed by Lalamilo and Piliamo`o. While engaged in a contest at Hinakahua, a playing field in Puapua`a, North Kona, the young and adept Ka-Miki agreed to fetch the lure for Pili-a-Ka'aiea with the hopes of becoming the foremost favorite of the Kona chief. One day,Lalamilo decided to visit his father Pu`u-hina`i,his sister Pu`u`iwa`iwa, and his grand-aunt Waikoloa,who was the guardian of Pu`u`iwa`iwa. Lalamilo arose and told his wife Puako, and his mother Ne'ula that he was going to the uplands to visit his father, sister, and the people who worked the upland plantations. Lalamilo desired to eat the sugar cane and bananas,and drink the awa which grew on the hill of Po`opoco.Po`opo`o was also the name of a seer (makaula) who saw to the continued peaceful dwelling of the people. Lalamilo placed the lure in Kanakanaka's gourd and secured it near the ridge pole of his house. Lalamilo then asked Puako and Ne`ula to go and look after the gourd in which the `onohi(eyeball or cherished possession)of Ha'aluea was kept. (Maly 1999:38) Lalamilo left his home and headed for the settlements and agricultural lands of Pu`u-hina`i, however, as he got closer to his intended destination,his thoughts became consumed by his precious lure.Unable to curb his thoughts, Lalamilo returned to the coast without paying a visit to his father and sister. In the meantime,while Lalamilo was on his journey to the uplands,the adept Ka-Miki traveled to Lalamilo's home and met with a man from the area,Niheu. Ka-Miki inquired about the whereabouts of Lalamilo only to find that he was not at home. Ka-Miki gazed into the home of Lalamilo and confirmed that it was unoccupied, however, a gourd container caught his eye and Ka-Miki proceeded to fetch the container tucked away in the rafters of the house.Without incident,Ka-Miki lowered the gourd and departed with the magical lure. Because of his premonition,Lalamilo returned home to find that his prized leho had been stolen. Lalamilo then went to visit his grandmother and upon seeing that her grandson had arrived empty-handed,she paid him no attention. The saddened Lalamilo then called out in chant to his grandmother to inform her of the stolen lure. After hearing the cries of her grandson, Piliamo`o commanded that Lalamilo retrieve a white rooster, awa from Po`opoco; an `ahuluhulu fish;and a red malo(loincloth)before the setting of the sun.Lalamilo quickly retrieved all of the prescribed items and returned to his grandmother's home which overlooked the shore of Kauna`oa. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 15 2.background Pili-a-mo`o told Lalamilo to release the pig and chicken,and both of them entered the canoe which Pili-a-mo co had prepared as the path on which Lalamilo would travel to Kauai-o-Kamawaelualani, where he could find`Iwa at Makaiwa,Kapa`a. (Maly 1999:31-32) Pili-a-mo`o called to Lalamilo saying, "The gods have approved your offerings, and here is your path(canoe)to present the offerings to `Iwa,the mysterious cascal of the land which snares the sun, `Iwa the sacred ward of Halulu-ko`ako'a." With the offerings set in the canoe,and the sail raised, Pili-a-mo`o then prepared,an `awa ceremony. The pig was at the mast,the `awa and fish were set on the platform,the rooster sat on the outrigger end,and the malo was placed at the stem of the canoe.After Pili-a-mo`o and Lalamilo drank `awa they slept and when half the night passed the rooster crowed.Pili-a-mo`o arose and went out of the house where she saw the navigator's star high above. Pili-a-mo`o then called to Lalamilo, :"Arise great shark of the sea,o offspring of Hulihia-ka-lani,o flippers of the turtle Kamilo-holu-o-Waiakea. Awaken for the light of the star Hiki`i-maka-o-Unulau, the Kualau (shower bearing wind)blows and the traveler will touch Kaua`i."Lalamilo arose,entered the canoe and prepared to sail to Kauai. [August 2, 1917]. (Maly 1999:32) Piliamo`o then gave specific instructions to her grandson on how to find and how to use the various items to solicit the help of`Iwa,the rascal lad of Kauai. Heeding the instruction of Piliamo`o,Lalamilo sailed to Kauai and just as his grandmother had described, Lalamilo found the young `Iwa. After an exchange, `Iwa consented to Lalamilo's request and the two men set sail for Kohala,passing along the north side of the Hawaiian Islands,before turning south along the Kohala coast and sailing to Palau`eka in Holualoa,Kona.Here they met with Ka`aha`aha and Kapakapaka,the two fishermen for the chief Pili-a-Ka'aiea.After a brief exchange of words, `Iwa asked the fishermen "...what fish the chief was after today, and Kapakapaka said he e" (Maly 1999:34). Having learned of this, `Iwa set in motion a plan to retrieve the prized cowrie lure of Lalamilo and described the nature of retrieving the largest octopus that dwelled in the deep sea to the two fishermen.While Kapakapaka did not believe `Iwa,Ka`aha`aha was more than willing to investigate the claims made by `Iwa. Together, the four men sailed in the fishing canoe into the deep sea, passing the `opelu, and kahala fishing grounds. `Iwa took his prized cowrie lure,Mulali-nui-makakai,and tossed it overboard and called out in chant to his grandmother,Ha`aluea,asking for her assistance. As `Iwa closed his chant, he felt a tug on his lure line. He quickly pulled the fishing line up and a large he`e slipped into the canoe.Amazed at the sight of the large he e, `Iwa proceeded to kill it then turned to the two fishermen and told them this is not the biggest octopus.He again cast his lure into the deep sea but this time,the hire held fast in the ocean,as though it was stuck.At this time,the chief Pili-a-Ka'aiea drew near the men in his large double-hauled canoe. `Iwa suggested that Kapakapaka ma asked Pili to use his lure at this site, so he could secure the largest octopus.Pili's lure was set into the water and `Iwa called once again to Ha`aluea... A large he`e rose and embraced Pili's canoe,this he e was killed and Pili set the lure into the ocean again.This time the goddess Ha`aluea rose in her octopus form and held tight to the canoe and lure. `Iwa dove into the ocean and swam along Ha`aluea's tentacles, he found the lure and secured it in the folds of his malo. `Iwa then tied the chiefs'line to a coral outcropping and returned to the surface where he joined Lalamilo. Ha`aluea let go of Pili's canoe, and `Iwa told Lalamilo to paddle the canoe towards Maui.In a short time,they arrived along the shore of Waimea(also called Kauna`oa), where they were greeted by Pili-a-mo`o. (Maly 1999:35) Pleased with the outcome of their journey, `Iwa, Lalamilo, and Piliamo`o feasted on food and `awa and `Iwa returned to his home on Kauai. As this portion of the story concludes, it is said that Lalamilo divided his lure with his brother-in-law Puala`a who arrived from the Puna District.It is said that because the divided lure resembled baked taro,the lure came to be known as Kalo-kunu(broiled taro). This is how Lalamailo reclaimed his prized lure. The Epic Tale of Hi`iakaikapoliopele The ancient saga details Pele's migration to Kilauea and quest for her lover,Lohi`auipo,then details the travels of her younger sister, Hi`iakaikapoliopele, to find him. The mo`olelo was published daily in the Hawaiian language newspaper,Ka Na`i Aupuni,which ran from 1905 to 1906 and was orated by Ho oulumahiehie.A portion of the story discusses two places within the Waimea region: Mahiki, a mystical forest in the area; and Wai`aka, where the forest of Mahiki seems to be located.Mahiki was likely located north of the current APE Hi'iaka and her traveling companions stopped in the forest known as Mahiki located in the Waimea region,which was also the residence of Mahiki,a male demigod who had extraordinary powers and great strength(Ho`oulumahiehie 16 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background 2006:107). When Hi`iaka saw the being, she knew he was ready to battle her and she had no desire to fight Mahiki but he was determined to defeat her. Hi`iaka said to Wahine`oma`o, "Get behind me. Wherever I move,you move with me.I shall fight in my womanly fashion against the shameless one.He,the male,may inflict injury upon us,but you and I,the women, shall inflict such injury that he will end up laid out like the fishes of Hilia that lie still in the water in easy reach"(Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:107). As Mahiki darkened the forest and commanded a fierce rain upon the two women,Hi`iaka asked her companion to"make your body forms into a shelter above us, so we are not blinded by the eye-piercing rain of Mahiki Forest" (Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:108).As pala'a(lace fern;Sphenomeris chinensis syn. chusana)and `ama`u(Sadleria)ferns sheltered the women as the icy Kipu`upu`u rain pelted down.Mahiki was sure that the conditions he employed would affect the women advancing through the forest,to his dismay,that was not the case. Mahiki furious with Hi`iaka unleashed all of is plant forms to imprison her and her companions.As various plants began to coil around them,Hi`iaka struck a blow and all foliage turned into ash instantly(ibid.). Still furious but now tinged with fear and worry,Mahiki stated,"And so it is.You may have escaped death from my plant forms,but you will never escape the throngs and legions of spirits here in Mahiki" (Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:109). Mahiki began to summon the spirits of the forest and area. Wahine`oma`o felt the rush of the wind followed by the voices calling out the group and surrounding them. Suddenly Mahiki and his band of spirits pounced on Hi`iaka and her cohort attacking them from all sides until she struck her"lightning skirt"causing a frenzy with the spirits who began to shriek and cry. As the spirits ceased and the chaos cleared,Mahiki found Hi`iaka and her friends unfazed.Ho`oulumahiehie includes the following lyrics: Mahiki is garlanded with rain and wind The buffeting gusts of the Kipu`upu`u strut like billows Waves adorned by Kawelowelo Appreciated by Kawiliwahine,there There we two shared the chilling cold Enduring the Kipu`upu`u rain Along with my fellow flotsam in the storm We warmed ourselves against the cold and wind A familiar wind from Waihaka Ornamenting the blossom of the ko`oko`olau The forest of Wai`aka is radiant in its verdure,ah,there. (Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:109) Later in the story, Wai`aka is the setting of a fight between `Ainako, the strongest fighter of Waimea, and Kauakahiapaoa,the fighting champion of Kauai. When`Ainako heard of his future opponent,he uttered this taunt: This is Waimea Of the pummeling Kipu`upu`u rain With`Ainako's fiery fists Wai`ale`ale will be humbled. (Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:375) Once the fight was set,the chiefess of Waimea suggested to Kauakahiapaoa that he should go to the men's eating house. Refusing the invitation he stated, "I shall wait to eat until Waimea beholds the man-smiting moss of Manu`akepa, and you, 0 Chiefess, see how truly fine Kauai can be, with Wai`ale`ale's peak breaking through on high,piercing the storm clouds" (Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:375). As Kauakahiapaoa made his way to the wrestling grounds at Wai`aka,the locals' eyes were drawn to his features and physique, and they did not take notice of their own champion, `Ainako. The two men observed each other and hurled boasts at each other until `Ainako threw a punch so violent that a blast of air burned Kauakahiapaoa's eyes. But`Ainako did not land his punch.Instead,Kauakahiapaoa struck the giant man's hand sending him spinning in the air.As`Ainako lay and groaned in pain,Kauakahiapaoa lifted him and threw him makai of Wai`aka.Where`Ainako's body fell is now called Pu`u`ainako—the reason that place is named today(Ho`oulumahiehie 2006:377).Pu`u`ainako is located where the three ahupua`a of Kawaihae 2nd, `Ouli,and Pu'uwaiwai meet about 5 miles(8.2kilometers)west of the current APE. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 17 2.background Brief Account of a Several Heiau in Waimea with Reference to Hoku`ula In Emma Doyle's (1953)book Makua Laiana The Story of Lorenzo Lyons, she provides a brief account describing some heiau, including their uses and origins that were located along the Kohala Mountains slopes in the area east of the current APE.Doyle did not know the name of these heiau,but includes them as the setting of a story that tells how the Akua Makuakua met the beautiful Wao and how they settled on Holaula after their marriage: Vivid were the rainbows of the Lanikepu hills,and red the rain,uakoko,that fell upon their slopes, for in the forest that was then their background was a heiau—a women's heiau, the only one; and by these lovely tinted tokens the gods honored it,and signified their approval. Founded, dedicated and consecrated by the very high chiefess Hoapiliahae, it was attended exclusively by young virgins.There,in the sanctity of the cool highland forest,they performed the sacred ceremonies, learning also the science of healing so that they might eventually minister to others.And the names of the five rains of the heiau were given to the five children of Hoapiliahae. On a nearby ridge stood another heiau,builded there by the great Akua Makuakua who had come from far off Kahiki. He it was who, flying to a hillside to watch the rainbows, found there the beautiful goddess Wao, clad only in her long, silky hair. Love came swiftly and was mutual, and after glorious wedding festivities the couple went to live at Hokuula,the hill of the red planet. But to bear each of her children Wao returned to the Waimea hills,thereby made sacred. On these occasions a tabu was proclaimed, the forbidden ground extending down across the plains to whatever place a stone happened to stop rolling when started above by her servants. Stones they were themselves, these retainers, all through the night hours, for so Wao transformed them until daylight,when they became human again.(Doyle 1953:44) Hoopiliahae was a wife of Keawenuia`umi,the grandson of the ali`i nui Liloa, and she herself was the daughter of Liloa's kahuna(priest),Paeamolemole(Clark and Kirch 1983).The earliest recorded chiefs of Waimea descended from the Ulu-Hema genealogical line that led to Liloa,whom Clark and Kirch(1983:23)describe as"the founder of the island dynasty." Chiefly Rule in South Kohala During the late 16th century,Kohala and Kona were ruled together by an ali`i named KAaiwa(Cordy 2000).The other four moku on Hawaii Island were ruled by an independent chief:Kulukulu`a in Hilo,Hua`a in Puna, Imaikalani in Ka`n, and it is believed that Liloa ruled over Hamakua(Cordy 2000).KAaiwa appointed his son `Ehuinuikaimalino (also referred to as Thu)to rule over Kona and a junior son,Hukulani, to rule Kohala. KAaiwa had two other sons from a previous wife,Kahoukapu and Manauea,and all of his sons became the heads of Hawai`i's aristocratic families (Fornander 1880). It was Liloa's son, `Umi-a-ltloa,however,who would come to rule the entire island. In Kona,the Thu line of chiefs grew to be somewhat powerful,but Thu was ranked second to Liloa,the ruler of Hamakua(Kelly 1983). According to Kamakau(1992), Thu placed his son, Laea-nui-kau-manamana in Liloa's royal court and for some time they both resided in Waipi`o in the Hamakua District,where Laea-nui assisted with the construction of the sacred stone slab named Ka paepae kapu o Liloa.When Liloa died,his eldest son Hakau was given the kingdom.Hakau mistreated his people,and Liloa's second son, `Umi-a-hloa,seized the kingdom from his brother. The chiefs of Hilo,Puna,Ka`n,and Kona,however,withheld their allegiance to `Umi.One by one, `Umi and his army conquered these moku. Kamakau(1992)notes that when `Umi marched on Kona and Kohala, Thu was of old age, and his lands were easily seized. `Umi eventually moved his royal court to Kailua in Kona,and took the daughter of Thu,Moku-a-hua-lei-akea as his wife. She bore `Umi a daughter named`Akahi-`ili-kapu. `Umi's reign is one that is often celebrated as it marked a time of peace and increased productivity and a move towards craft specialization.According to Kamakau: There was no kingdom like his.He took care of the old men,the old women,the fatherless,and the common people.Murder and thievery were prohibited.He was a religious chief,just in his rule... During `Umi-a-Liloa's reign,he selected workers and set them in various positions in the kingdom. He separated those of the chiefly class (papa ali`i), of the priestly class, of the readers of omens (papa kilo), those skilled in the affairs of the land (po`e akamai o ka `aina), farmers, fishermen, canoe builders,warriors,and other skilled artisan(po`e pale `ike)in the work they were best suited for;and each one applied himself to his own task. . .(1992:19) 18 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background Kamakau(1992) adds that `Umi was a skilled fisherman,who often fished for aku(his favorite fish), `ahi, and kala from beaches of Kalahuipua'a to Makaula in South Kohala. `Umi's reign lasted until around A.D. 1620. It has been suggested that the unification of the island resulted in a partial abandonment of portions of leeward Hawaii for more favorable agricultural areas (Barrera 1971; Schilt and Sinoto 1980).Upon his death, `Umi was succeeded by his son,Keawenui a`Umi,who ruled over Kohala,Kona,and Ka`n, and then his grandson, Lonoikamakahiki (Cordy 2000; Kamakau 1992). During this time, wars occurred regularly between intra-island and inter-island polities,and this period was one of continual conquest by the reigning ali`i.By the late 17th century,large areas of Hawaii Island were controlled by a few powerful ali`i 'at moku(district chiefs).There is island-wide evidence to suggest that growing conflicts between independent chiefdoms were resolved through warfare,culminating in a unified political structure at the district level. The Reign of Lonoikamakahiki(ca. A.D.1640) to Kalani`opu`u (late 1700s) Lonoikamakahiki,the son of Keawenui a`Umi,and the grandson of celebrated all' nui`Umi a Liloa,was recognized as an accomplished and dexterous warrior.During his reign,a major battle was fought between Lonoikamakahiki and his insurgent older brother, Kanaloakua`ana. According to Fornander (1880) Kanaloakua`ana and his rebel forces fought and pursued each other across Kohala,including the Waimea Plain.The battle began at: . . .Anaehoomalu[`Anaeho`omalu],near the boundaries of Kohala and Kona.The rebel chiefs were encamped seaward of this along the shore.The next day Lono marched down and met the rebels at a place called Wailea,not far from Wainanalii,where in those days a watercourse appears to have been flowing.Lono won the battle,and the rebel chiefs fled northward with their forces.At Kaunaoa [Kauna`oa],between Puako and Kawaihae,they made another stand,but were again routed by Lono, and retreated to Nakikiaianihau,where they fell in with reinforcements from Kohala and Hamakua. Two other engagements were fought at Puupa [Pu`upa; on the plain southwest of the APE] and Puukohola [Pu`ukohola], near the Heiau of that name, in both of which Lono was victorious. His brother Kanaloakapulehu was taken prisoner, slain, and sacrificed at the Heiau, but Kanaloakuakawaiea escaped with the scattered remnant of the rebel forces.The rebels now fled into Kohala, and were hotly pursued by Lonoikamakahiki. Several skirmishes were fought during the pursuit; at Kaiopae, where Kanaloakuakawaiea was slain; at Kaiopihi, and finally at Puumaneo [Pu`umane`o], on the high lands above Pololu [Pololn], where the last remnant of the rebel force was conquered and slain,and the island returned to its allegiance to Lono and Kaikilani.(Fornander 1880:120-121) Later in Lonoikamakahiki's reign, Kamalalawalu, the ali`i nui of Maui invaded the island and led a series of attacks in South Kohala that culminated in the battle at Puoaoaka (Pu`u `Owa`owaka)just northeast of the APE (Fornander 1916-1917). The fighting began at Wailea, moved north to Kauna`oa, and then to Puako (the coastal section of Lalamilo), where Lonoikamakahiki's brother, the high chief Kanaloakua'ana, was brutally tortured and slaughtered.Kamalalawalu and his army then proceeded to the pu`u named Hoka`ula just east of the current APE,to prepare for the next battle. The battle at Pu`u`Owa`owaka is described in detail by Fornander(1916-1917,1959)and(Kamakau 1992).Once he reached Waimea,Kamalalawalu positioned himself on Hoka`ula,the hill that he was told would serve as a refuge for him and his men(Fornander 1959).He had been advised to meet Lonoikamakahiki's forces on the Waimea Plain by two members of his camp named Kauhipaewa and Kihapaewa. Unbeknownst to Kanaloakua'ana,these two men were secretly working for Lonoikamakahiki. The Maui chief assumed, having positioned his army on the Waimea Plan and stationed himself on Hoka`ula to direct his forces,an easy victory,however: Kamalalawalu, upon arrival thereon, found on reconnoitering that there were neither stones nor trees, but only dirt [on Hoka`ula]. While they were engaged in a conversation with Kumaikeau together with Kumakaia, at that time messengers were sent to summon Lonoikamakahiki and Pupuakea. At Kealakekua, in Kona, was the place where Lonoikamakahiki lived. When the messenger appeared before him,he said to Lonoikamakahiki: "Kamalalawalu and Makakuikalani have come to give battle to you both...When Lonoikamakahiki heard these things, he questioned the messenger: "Where is the battle to take place?" The messenger replied: "There,at Waimea,on top of that hill,Hokuula,where Kamalalawalu and all Maui are stationed."(Fornander 1959:188) Upon awakening the next morning,however,Kamalalawalu was stunned to discover that a great constellation of men had amassed near the coast. What seemed like thousands of warriors from all of Hawaii Island had gathered as far as the eye could see and were prepared to savagely wage war upon the intruder Maui chief.According to Fornander (1916-1917:344), "the Kau and Puna warriors were stationed from Holoholoku to Waikoloa. Those of Hilo and Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 19 2.background Hamakua were located from Mahiki to Puukanikanihia,while those of Kohala guarded from Momoualoa to Waihaka." Realizing that he was vastly outnumbered, Kamallawalu attempted to reconcile differences but was denied, as the Hawaii chief was enraged at how his ally Kanaloakua`ana had been slain.Lonoikamakahiki held the advantage with superior numbers,and knowledge of the battleground.The battle commended: After Kama-lala-walu's warriors reached the grassy plain, they looked seaward on the left and beheld the men of Kona advancing toward them. The lava bed of Kaniku and all the land up to Hu`ehu`e was covered with the men of Kona. Those of Kau and Puna were coming down from Mauna Kea,and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea.The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts. Kama-lala-walu with his warriors dared to fight. The battle of Puoaoaka was outside of the grassy plain of Waimea, but the men of Hawaii were afraid of being taken captive by Kama, so they led to the waterless plain lest Maui's warriors find water and hard,waterworn pebbles. The men of Hawaii feared that the Maui warriors would find water to drink and become stronger for the slinging of stones that would fall like raindrops from the sky.The stones would fall about with a force like lightening,breaking the bones into pieces and causing sudden death as if by bullets. Maui almost won in the first battle because of Hawaii's lack of a strong champion. Maka-ku-i-ka- lani[representing Maui]was first on the field and defied any man on Hawaii to match strength with him. Maka-ku-i-ka-lani tore Hawaii's champion apart. When Puapua-kea arrived later by way of Mauna Kea,those of Hawaii rejoiced at having their champion.Maka-ku-i-ka-lani and Puapua-kea matched their strength in club fighting on the battle site before the two sides plunged into the fight. (Kamakau 1992:58-59) Although well-matched, Puapuakea overpowered Makakiakalani, and the warriors of Maui were put to flight. After three days of fighting, Lonoikamakahiki emerged victorious and Kamalalawalu and nearly all the invaders, except his son Kauhiakama,were executed.Lonoikamakahiki died without an heir,and the next four rules of Hawai`i were descendants of his older brother(Cordy 2000). Through their reigns,the I lineage of Hilo and the Mahi lineage of Kona grew in power.The resulting political friction culminated in the marriage of Keawe(the fourth of these chiefs) and Lonoma'aikanaka of the I line. In about A.D. 1740,following the death of Keawe,Hawai`i was invaded by Alapa`inui,the son of a former Kona war chief of the Mahi lineage,who had been living on Maui since the death of his father(Kamakau 1992).Alapa`inui waged war against the chiefs of Kona and Kohala and was eventually victorious,proclaiming those lands as his own (he also later gained control of the Hilo and Kali Districts).After gaining control of the Island,Alapa`innui is said to have lived in Waimea for a time: Alapa`i dwelt in Hilo for a year and then went to live in Waipi`o. Shortly after,he and the chiefs moved to Waimea and others went by canoe to Kawaihae.From Waimea,he went to Lanimaomao, where he fell ill.(Kamakau 1992:77) It was during this time of warfare that Kamehameha was born in the North Kohala District in the ahupua`a of Kokoiki,near Mo`okini Heiau(Kamakau 1992).There is some controversy about the year of his birth,but Kamakau (Kamakau 1992:67-68)places the birth event sometime between A.D. 1736 and 1758,and probably nearer to the later date. The birth event is said to have occurred on a stormy night of rain, thunder, and lightning signified the night before by a very bright, ominous star, thought by some to be Halley's Comet (this is also controversial). Kamehameha's ancestral homeland was in Halawa,North Kohala(Williams 1918). Many of the chiefs who had been deprived of their lands by Alapa`inui battled against Keawe`opala,and he was soon defeated in South Kona by Kalani`opu`u, who then became the ruler of Hawaii Island (Kamakau 1992). Kalani`opu`u's reign was marked by near-constant warfare as he invaded Maui and defended himself from rebellions by Maui and Hawaii ali`i(Kamakau 1992). In A.D. 1775 Kalani`opu`u and his forces from Hana,Maui, raided and destroyed the neighboring district of Kaupo,and then launched several more raids on Molokai,Lanai,Kaho`olawe, and parts of West Maui. It was at the battle of Kalaeokailio that Kamehameha,a favorite of Kalani`opu`u,was first recognized as a great warrior and given the name of Pai`ea (hard-shelled crab) by the Maui chiefs and warriors (Kamakau 1992). During the battles between Kalani`opu`u and Kahekili(1777-1779),Ka`ahumanu and her parents left Maui to live on the island of Hawaii (Kamakau 1992). Kalani`opu`u was fighting on Maui when the British explorer Captain James Cook first arrived in the islands. 20 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background The Arrival of Europeans,Missionaries, and the Reign of Kamehameha The arrival of foreigners in the Hawaiian Islands marked the beginning of drastic changes in Hawai`i's culture and political-economy. Demographic trends during the early part of the nineteenth century indicate population reduction in some areas due to war and disease,yet an increase in others,with relatively little change in material culture.Some of the work of the maka`dinana shifted from subsistence agriculture to the production of foods and goods which could be traded with foreign ships. There was a continued trend toward craft and status specialization, intensification of agriculture, ali`i controlled aquaculture, the establishment of upland residential sites, and the enhancement of traditional oral history. The Ka cult, luakini heiau, and the kapu system were at their peaks, although western influences were already altering the cultural fabric of the Islands (Kent 1983;Kirch 1985). Foreigners very quickly introduced the concept of trade for profit,and by the time Kamehameha I had conquered Oahu,Maui,and Molokai, in 1795,Hawaii saw the beginnings of a market system economy(Kent 1983). Captain James Cook and his crew onboard the ships the H.MS. Resolution and Discovery first arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on January 18, 1778. Ten months later,on a return trip to Hawaiian waters,Kalani`opu`u,who was still at war with Kahekili,visited Cook on board the Resolution off the East coast of Maui. Kamehameha observed this meeting but chose not to participate (Jarves 1847). Although the expedition did not explore inland to Waimea while sailing up the Kohala coast,Lt.King recorded his observations of that part of the countryside: Koaara [Kohala] extends from the Westernmost point to the Northern extremity of the island;the whole coast between them forming an extensive bay, called Toe-yah-yah [Kawaihae], which is bounded to the North by two very conspicuous hills. Toward the bottom of this bay there is foul, corally ground,extending upward of a mile from the shore,without which the soundings are regular, with good anchorage,in twenty fathoms.The country,as far as the eye could reach,seemed fruitful and well inhabited,the soil being in appearance of the same kind with the district of Kaoo [Ka`n]; but no fresh water is to be got here. (King 1784:106) After the death of Captain Cook and the departure of H.M.S. Resolution and Discovery,Kalani`opu`u moved to Kona,where he surfed and amused himself with the pleasures of dance(Kamakau 1992).While he was living in Kona, famine struck the district and Kalani`opu`u ordered that all the cultivated products of that district be seized.He set out on a circuit of the island. While in Kohala,Kalani`opu`u proclaimed that his son Kiwala`o would be his successor, and he gave the guardianship of the war god Kuka`ilimoku to his nephew Kamehameha.However,Kamehameha and a few other chiefs were concerned about their land claims,which Kiwala`o did not seem to honor(Fornander 1996; Kamakau 1992). The heiau of Moa`ula was erected in Waipi`o at this time (ca.A.D. 1781),and after its dedication, Kalani`opu`u went to Hilo to quell a rebellion by a Puna chief named Imakakolo'a. In 1790,John Young and Isaac Davis,sailors on board the ships Eleanora and Fair American,which were trading in Hawaiian waters,were detained by Kamehameha I and made his advisors.The story of their detention begins when the crew of the Eleanora massacred more than 100 natives at Olowalu, on the island of Maui,in retaliation for the theft of a skiff and the murder of a sailor.The Eleanora then sailed to Hawai`i Island,where John Young went ashore and was detained by Kamehameha's warriors. The other vessel,the Fair American, was captured off the Kona coast and its crew was killed except for one member,Isaac Davis.Guns,and a cannon later named"Lopaka,"were recovered from the Fair American,which Kamehameha kept as part of his fleet(Kamakau 1992).Kamehameha,with the aid of Young and Davis and their knowledge of the newly acquired foreign arms,then succeeded in conquering all the island kingdoms except Kauai by 1796. It was only in 1810, after two unsuccessful invasion attempts, that Kamehameha received the Kaumuali`i of Kauai,unifying the Hawaiian Islands under one ruler(Kuykendall and Day 1976). Soon after the arrival of foreigners,the landscape of Waimea also began to change dramatically.This began with deforestation caused by the harvesting of sandalwood, and then by the introduction of cattle (Rechtman and Prasad 2006). In 1792, Captain George Vancouver, who had sailed with Cook during his 1778-1779 voyages, arrived at Kealakekua Bay with a small fleet of British ships,where he met with Kamehameha. Vancouver stayed only a few days on this first visit but returned again in 1793 and 1794 to take on supplies. Vancouver introduced cattle to the Island of Hawai`i at Kealakekua during these latter two visits,gifting seventeen heads of steer to Kamehameha I,who at the request of Vancouver,immediately made the cattle kapu,thus preventing them from being killed and allowing their numbers to increase (Barrere 1983;Kamakau 1992;Vancouver 1984). Some of the offspring of these animals escaped the initial attempts to contain them and spread throughout Kohala,Kona,and the saddle region.In agricultural areas,they wrought havoc on crops and were responsible for a flurry of wall building as people tried to keep the feral cattle out of their fields and homes(Barrere 1983;Henke 1929). Hawai`i's culture and the economy continued to change drastically during Kamehameha's rule as capitalism and industry established a firm foothold in the Islands.The sandalwood(Santalum ellipticum)trade,established by Euro- Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 21 2.background Americans in 1790, became a viable commercial enterprise by 1805 (Oliver 1961) and was flourishing by 1810. Kamehameha, who resided on the Island of Oahu at this time, did manage to maintain some control over the trade (Kent 1983;Kuykendall and Day 1976).Upon returning to Kailua-Kona in 1812,Kamehameha ordered men into the mountains of Kona to cut sandalwood and carry it to the coast, paying them in cloth, tapa material, food, and fish (Kamakau 1992). This new burden contributed to the breakdown of the traditional subsistence system. Farmers and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging, resulting in food shortages and famine that led to a population decline.Kamakau(1992:204)indicates that"this rush of labor to the mountains brought about a scarcity of cultivated food ... The people were forced to eat herbs and tree ferns,thus the famine[was]called Hi-laulele,Haha- pilau, Laulele, Pualele, `Ama`u, or Hapu`u, from the wild plants resorted to." Once Kamehameha realized that his people were suffering, he "declared all the sandalwood the property of the government and ordered the people to devote only part of their time to its cutting and return to the cultivation of the land" (Kamakau 1992:202). In the uplands of Kailua,a vast plantation named Kuahewa was established where Kamehameha himself worked as a farmer. Kamehameha enacted the law that anyone who took one taro or one stalk of sugarcane must plant one cutting of the same in its place (Handy et al. 1991). While in Kailua-Kona, Kamehameha resided at Kamakahonu, from where he continued to rule the islands for another nine years. He and his high chiefs participated in foreign trade but also continued to enforce the kapu system. When Kamehameha I died on May 8, 1819,the changes that had been affecting the Hawaiian culture since the arrival of Captain Cook in the Islands began to accelerate(Kamakau 1992).Following the death of a prominent chief, it was customary to remove all of the regular kapu that maintained social order and the separation of men and women and elite and commoner. Thus,following Kamehameha's death,a period of 'ai noa(free eating)was observed,along with the relaxation of other traditional kapu.It was for the new ruler and kahuna to re-establish kapu and restore social order,but at this point in history,traditional customs were altered(Kamakau 1992). Immediately upon the death of Kamehameha I,Liholiho(his son and to be successor)was sent away to Kawaihae to keep him safe from the impurities of Kamakahonu brought about from the death of Kamehameha.After the purification ceremonies,Liholiho returned to Kamakahonu,and rather than re-establish the kapu: Liholiho on this first night of his arrival ate some of the tabu dog meat free only to the chiefesses; he entered the lauhala house free only to them;whatever he desired he reached out for;everything was supplied,even those things generally to be found only in a tabu house.The people saw the men drinking rum with the women kahu and smoking tobacco,and thought it was to mark the ending of the tabu of a chief. The chiefs saw with satisfaction the ending of the chief's tabu and the freeing of the eating tabu.The kahu said to the chief,"Make eating free over the whole kingdom from Hawaii to Oahu and let it be extended to Kauai!" and Liholiho consented. Then pork to be eaten free was taken to the country districts and given to commoners,both men and women, and free eating was introduced all over the group. Messengers were sent to Maui, Molokai, Oahu and all the way to Kauai,Ka-umu-ali`i consented to the free eating and it was accepted on Kauai(Kamakau 1992:225). When Liholiho,Kamehameha II,ate the kapu dog meat,entered the lauhala house,and did whatever he desired it was still during a time when he had not reinstituted the 'ai kapu(eating taboo),but others appear to have thought otherwise. Kekuaokalani, caretaker of the war god Kuka`ilimoku, was dismayed by his cousin's (Liholiho) actions and revolted against him,but was ultimately defeated in the battle of Kuamo`o in the North Kona District(Kamakau 1992).With an indefinite period of free-eating and the lack of the reinstatement of other kapu extending from Hawai`i to Kauai, and the arrival of Christian missionaries shortly thereafter, Hawai`i's culture and their spiritual beliefs continued to be transformed.By December of 1819,Liholiho had sent edicts throughout the kingdom renouncing the ancient state religion,ordering the destruction of the heiau images,and ordering that the heiau structures be destroyed or abandoned and left to deteriorate. He did,however, allow the personal family religion,the aumakua worship,to continue(Kamakau 1992;Oliver 1961).With the end of the kapu system,changes in the social and economic patterns began to affect the lives of the common people. In October of 1819,seventeen Protestant missionaries had set sail from Boston to Hawai`i.They arrived in Kailua- Kona on March 30, 1820,to a society whose spiritual system has just been overturned. Many of the ali`i,who were already exposed to western material culture, welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western-style and adopted their dress and religion.As missionaries began to introduce Christian concepts and beliefs they also set forth the process of rendering a once purely oral language into written form,and literacy was quickly taken up as a national endeavor(Nogelmeier 2010; Schutz 1994). Soon many ali i were rewarding these early missionaries with land and positions in the Hawaiian government. During this period,the demands of the ali`i to cut sandalwood overburdened the commoners,who were weakening with the heavy production, exposure,and famine just to fill the coffers of the ali`i who were no longer under any traditional constraints (Kuykendall and Day 1976; Oliver 1961). The lack of 22 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background control of the sandalwood trade soon led to the first Hawaiian national debt, as promissory notes and levies were initiated by American traders and enforced by American warships(Oliver 1961).The Hawaiian economy was well on its way toward integration into global trade networks as its focus shifted from the sandalwood trade to a short-lived whaling industry,then to the to the more lucrative but environmentally destructive sugar industry. Some of the earliest written descriptions of Kohala come from the accounts of the first Protestant Missionaries to visit the island. In 1823,the missionary William Ellis described Waimea as a fertile,well-watered land"capable of sustaining many thousands of inhabitants" (Ellis 1831:399). The population was concentrated in three villages, Keaalii, Waikoloa, and Pu'ukapu, each located where major streams reached the plain. Ellis noted that another missionary, Asa Thurston,had counted 220 houses in the area, and estimated the population at between eleven and twelve hundred. In the time since Kamehameha I's death,the harvesting of sandalwood had once again been forced upon the maka`ainana.During his travels along the coast of Kohala,Ellis noted that most of the villages were empty as the men of the region had been ordered to the mountains by the King to collect sandalwood.He wrote: About eleven at night we reached Towaihae [Kawaihae], where we were kindly received by Mr. Young...Before daylight on the 22nd,we were roused by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandal-wood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku,by the people of Waimea,and which the people of Kohala,as far as the north point,had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach,for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu. There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandal-wood,according to their size and weight.It was generally tied on their backs by bands of ti leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts. (Ellis 1831:396-397) Agricultural Practices of the Lalamilo-Waimea Area The wind-swept landscape dotted with rolling and jutting pu`u found in the upper Lalamilo-Waimea,described in the mo`olelo summarized above,allowed for highly productive agricultural development during the Precontact and early Historic periods.As described by Kirch(1985:215),"Hawaiians were first and foremost cultivators of the land,"and over the generations,they adapted and intensified their agricultural production to levels unseen elsewhere in greater Oceania.Evidence of their adaptive agricultural endeavors is still visible today in Kohala.The uplands of the Waimea- Lalamilo area, at elevations ranging from roughly 750 and 900 meters (2,460 to 2,950 feet) above sea level,fertile soil and adequate rainfall allowed for the extensive cultivation of sweet potatoes,taro,and other crops(Kirch 1985). Early archaeological investigations conducted by Barrera and Kelly(1974)identified a dense concentration of sites in the uplands of Lalamilo. Subsequent studies conducted by Bishop Museum staff (Clark 198 lb, 1983) identified remnants of an agricultural field system in the Lalamilo-Waimea area. These early investigations ultimately concluded,"that the present town of Waimea was at the center of a large and intensively cultivated field system,which was in operation by at least the seventeenth century..."(c.f.Kirch 1985:177). Concerning the Precontact use of the Waimea area, including the APE, Clark (1987) proposed a regional settlement pattern model that includes four elevational delineated environmental zones.The Coastal Zone extends up to about 150 feet elevation and was used for permanent and temporary habitation,coastal resource exploitation,and limited agriculture. The Intermediate Zone extends from the Coastal Zone to about 1,900 feet elevation. This zone was used primarily for seasonal agriculture with the associated short-term occupation, typically situated near intermittent drainages.The Kula Zone extends from the Intermediate Zone to about 2,700 feet elevation(and to 3,200 feet in certain areas).This was the primary agricultural and residential area,with extensive formal fields and clustered residential complexes. The Wilderness Zone extends above the Kula Zone to the mountaintops and was a locus for the collection of wild floral and faunal resources. The current APE, situated at elevations ranging from 732 meters (2,401 feet)to 741 meters(2,431 feet)is Clack's(1987)Kula Zone. Ultimately the increased upland population resulted in the creation of what archaeologists have dubbed the Waimea Field System found at elevations ranging from roughly 2,460 to 2,950 feet(750 and 900 meters)above sea level. The Waimea Field System is at least one of two major field agricultural field systems in the Kohala District. Each field system is vastly different in size and has its own distinguishing feature composition,however,unlike the expansive Kohala Field System, found along the leeward slopes of the Kohala Mountains, that relied almost exclusively on rainfall,the Waimea Agricultural System was also supported by small irrigation channels(`auwai)that may have intermittently carried water across the sloping landscape(Kirch 1985). Subsequent archaeological studies conducted on the Waimea Agricultural System throughout the 1990s and early 2000s yielded additional information about the agricultural system.Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggles' (2005:iii)study of the field system concluded that: Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 23 2.background ...short-term, temporary, agriculturally supported residence began on the upper Waimea Plain, possibly as early as the AD 1400s. The agricultural system, however, appears to have been substantially smaller than previously believed, and was limited to non-irrigated cultivation. Elongated earthen ridges are most plausibly remnant dunes that formed at the base of floral windbreaks sheltering fields.Limited irrigation may have begun in the late AD 1700s in support of military undertakings by Kamehameha at Kawaihae on the leeward Hawaii coast. Most of the extensive irrigation system on the upper Waimea Plain was developed in the 19' century in association with commercial agriculture. In more recent times, the project area was used for the cultivation of corn and hay,a World War II military camp,and pasture for livestock. At these elevations in Clark's(1987)Kula Zone,more fertile soil and increased rainfall allowed for the extensive cultivation of sweet potatoes and irrigated taro(Kirch 1985). Clark and Kirch(1983)identified four field complexes in the Waimea area(Figure 14),each containing an extensive network of fields fed by a system of irrigation ditches that drew water from the Waikoloa and Kahakohau streams. The APE is situated near Field Complex 2. Kirch (1985:231) surmises that the fields were perhaps intermittently irrigated with "simple furrows" that were used to "direct water across the sloping field surfaces." Recent modelling of water flow in a portion of Field Complex 3 (located west of the current APE)by McIvor and Ladefoged (2018) suggests that intermittent irrigation there may have been used to grow a variety of crops.In addition to staple crops such as `uala(sweet potatoes)and kalo(taro), crops cultivated within the upland field system included wauke,mamaki,plantains,mai'a(bananas),ko(sugarcane), niu (coconuts), and hala (pandanus) (Haun et al. 2003). According to Barrere (1983:27), "the cultivating places at Waimea were first expanded to supply the chiefs' needs while sojourned there and at Kawaihae". In addition to sweet potatoes and taro,crops cultivated within the upland field system included wauke,mamaki, plantains,bananas, sugarcane,coconuts,and hala(Haun et al. 2003). While most of the taro and sweet potato fields of South Kohala were located in the rainier uplands near the present-day town of Waimea(where there was also a sizeable permanent population).Handy et al.(1991:532)relate that"the coastal section of Waimea,now called South Kohala, has a number of small bays with sandy shores where fishermen used to live, and where they probably cultivated potatoes in small patches . . .Puako near the Kona border was a sizable fishing village at one time where there were undoubtedly many sweet potato patches." The name of the village of Puako,which literally translates as "sugarcane blossom" (Pukui et al. 1974:191), suggests that sugarcane was grown there. In fact,it was the A.D. 1880 discovery of wild sugarcane growing near the village of Puako that would eventually lead to the establishment of the short-lived Puako Sugar Plantation(Puako Historical Society 2000). 24 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background ,,-, . L-• , %-'-,_ , 41.;,... ''''..f.tk 41S .N \ ��1��1 qJ t mF p. \ E ; �JJ;I - • 4.Q x\\ �,F \ r) , u.1 \ '1!' i 00 01 4-,7:-,--'.'."..A.l.....*.)1 ! j'_Ili- 7 W:_c. �\ i ° g - "'o l) ti, s rt f� ccs iil ,, , . ,14it , „:„_, . . I y---- ,..„1.7`4_,_9`..___•,:i , .A, \ / /.2 :,,,' '.., ,--., . V I / g 1 I -- ct o •1-3-, ,,, ...-<\_____..- 4 , __. .. _/ . ..4tlos,t _ . .. v. ) ,, _ _., 016. .. \ .) c.,..7t ., :r . \ . • ..._._,..„ ,\.,A __a j,,;,),, . , -40,:zy,- ,k __--- - ----e----- -- -1 _ i uu NI - C� �' �` � '�� is �y , — ,,.,.: --) ' .U • ' k .,, , lit. , \ ' "'"" Illre'0 I J JI � ' * c ,,, \1� � rw 4* WIsm__Ats \ � ce-�/ , 7 11 /_ Il � � aI 4 � 4047,,, . — • g 1` Av:oi-.1 4011 40r/ \ fir i :'„ fifiroedesipV / �I• �.. )_ t: fl / (;!+;(''''; '-'4)71h-;1 1{17 /ffilt--.(4.7i';"I'T-4.\ 747; 4\....7k \\\\‘‘sk'':/: \\\V"\\\‘' ) 1 ,' bt,4'jl'"'',:'',._-,----F_,'-'-,--'---,-'-''r(rm-,HAcbH::d ' i''' \'7°I.Ei 't ''' \'\\\\‘ '\ \‘‘, ' 11:-1 ,82 4 �� ....... \ \ \ 1 U _ , , ,_ e/A.::: ),:-_,,,P17-4 , ,-1( ',I it--. of r' .•61‘ I? ,_, , 3 o r( o / ',, 2 . ; iir) . 1 � / o,,_ � ) i 1 —..-5,tHi--) ( ,t, )1 Viiiii_(::\C\3;>/ / 't'' ,Qt" 111 I_ \O .1 S c' 1 ;l ;' f. 1, r i 0 / `ram . f�" 25 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)was a Polynesian introduction that served a variety of important uses. The ko kea, or white cane,was the most common and was usually planted near Hawaiian homes for medicinal purposes, and to counteract bad tastes (Handy et al. 1991). Sugarcane was a snack, condiment, famine food; fed to nursing babies, and helped to strengthen children's teeth by chewing on it(Handy et al. 1991). It was used to thatch houses whenpili grass(Heteropogon contortus)or lau hala(Pandanus odortissimus)were not abundant(Malo 1903).Pukui (1983)records two proverbs that liken the toughness of sugarcane to the warriors of Kohala, one of which derives from the battle of Pu`u Owaokoa: I `ike 'la no o Kohala i ka pae ko, a o ka pae ko is kole ai ka waha. One can recognize Kohala by her rows of sugar cane which can make the mouth raw when chewed. When one wanted to fight a Kohala warrior,he would have to be a very good warrior to succeed. Kohala men were vigorous,brave,and strong.(Pukui 1983:127) He pa'a ko kea no Kohala, e kole ai ka waha ke 'ai. A resistant white sugar cane of Kohalaa that injures the mouth when eaten. A person that one does not tamper with.This was the retort of Pupukea,a Hawaii chief,when the Maui chief Makakaikalani made fun of his small stature. Later used in praise of the warriors of Kohala,who were known for valor.(Pukui 1983:95) Early European explorers who visited the Waimea area also described extensive agricultural fields,plantations, and a sizable population. In 1793, after landing at Kawaihae, Scottish surgeon and botanist Archibald Menzies, accompanied by two native guides traveled inland towards Waimea and recorded the following observation: A little higher up,however,than I had time to penetrate.I saw in the verge of the woods several fine plantations, and my guides took great pains to inform me that the inland country was very fertile and numerously inhabited. Indeed, I could readily believe the truth of these assertions, from the number of people I met loaded with the produce of their plantations and bringing it down to the water side to market,for the consumption was now great,not only by the ship,but by the concourse of people which curiosity brought into the vicinity of the bay.(Menzies 1920:56) Nearly thirty years after Menzies' visit, the early missionary, William Ellis penned his version of the journey taken by fellow missionaries Messrs. Bishop and Goodrich,both of whom passed through Waimea on their way to Kawaihae.Ellis reported that after leaving: Kapulena, and,taking an inland direction, [Bishop and Goodrich] passed over a pleasant country, gently undulated with hill and dale. The soil was fertile,the vegetation flourishing, and there was considerable cultivation,through but few inhabitants. About noon they reached the valley of Waimea, lying at the foot of Mouna-Kea [sic], on the northwest side. Here a number of villages appeared on each side of the path, surrounded with plantations, in which plantains, sugar-cane, and taro, were seen growing unusually large. (Ellis 1917:265) Between the 1820s and 1860s, agricultural endeavors in Waimea began to shift to accommodate the growing market economy. In the late 1820s,Lau Ki and Aiko,two Chinese immigrants opened a sugar mill in the Lihu`e area in upper Lalamilo and although their mill was not commercially successful,sugar production continued in the Waimea area (Barrera and Kelly 1974). Productive sugarcane cultivation in Lalamilo required an extensive network of irrigation ditches that would transport water from the nearby Waikoloa and Lanimaomao streams to the fields. According to Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggle(2005:26): Despite poor irrigation qualities of the Waimea Plain sediments, the network extended 8 km (5 miles) west and south of Waimea town, providing drinking water, mill power, and supplemental field irrigation. Two irrgation canals, Akona's `Auwai from Waikoloa Stream and Lanimaumau Ditch in Pukalani,appear to have been early constructs in the system.Lyons' `Auwai,on the other hand, seems to have been built around 1850; this ditch,which also came from Waikoloa Stream, was named for its point of origin near Reverend Lyons' houselot at Pele Gulch. Akona's `Auwai and Lyons' `Auwai were specificcally for the purpose of irrigating sugarcane and supplying the Lthu`e sugar mill. Lanimaumau Ditch irrigated cane fields that lay on higher ground above the Waikoloa ditches,including fields at Kamalo`o. 26 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background The Early Development of Cattle Ranching in Waimea After being introduced to the Island of Hawaii in 1793 and 1794 by Captain George Vancouver,cattle populations quickly grew and spread throughout the Kohala,Kona,and the saddle region of the island.Ellis(1831:402)describes a journey by one of his traveling companions to Mauna Kea and the feral cattle herds roaming the mountainside: Although there are immense herds of them,they do not attempt to tame any;and the only advantage they derive is by employing persons, principally foreigners, to shoot them, salt the meat in the mountains, and bring it down to the shore for the purpose of provisioning the native vessels. But this is attended with great labour and expense. They first carry all the salt to the mountains.When they have killed the animals,the flesh is cut off their bones,salted immediately,and afterwards put into small barrels,which are brought on men's shoulders ten to fifteen miles to the sea-shore. In 1822,John P.Parker,originally of Newton,Massachusetts,was among the early foreigners granted permission to hunt wild cattle for the Crown(Brennan 1974). The wild cattle were often captured in bullock pits dug seven to eight feet long by four feet deep that were covered over with sticks and a thin layer of dirt;they were also hunted with guns(Frost and Frost 1977;Wilkes 1845).By the 1830s,the unregulated population of livestock was cause for concern and under the administration of Kauikeaouli(Kamehameha III),vaqueros(cowboys of Mexican,Indian,and Spanish descent)from Central and South America were brought to the islands to train Hawaiians in the handling of both horses and wild cattle(Bergin 2004).It was out of these early interactions among the vaqueros and Hawaiians that the Hawai`i paniolo(cowboy)culture developed. In about 1830,Parker began to establish his own private cattle herd and the business that became Parker Ranch, which would eventually grow into the largest cattle ranch on the island(Henke 1929). That same year,the governor of Hawaii Island,John Adams Kuakini,moved to the town of Waimea to oversee and improve the government cattle industry.He ordered the construction of corrals and had a twelve-mile stretch of trail between Waimea and Kawaihae widened (Escott 2008). In his annual report for 1834, Lorenzo Lyons (1834), the resident missionary in Kohala, reported that a road between Waimea and Hamakua had been completed. The 1835 missionary census lists 6,175 people living in Kohala and another 1,396 people,including 500 men,510 women,and 386 children,living in Waimea (Schmitt 1977).Despite the eventual prominence of ranching in Waimea,at the time Lorenzo Lyons(1837:1)reported that "The beef establishment has lost some of its charms; & the attention of the people is more directed to the cultivation of the soil-a great portion of Waimea is being surrounded by a stone wall—to form an extensive garden from which all graminivorous animals are to be excluded & which is to be cultivated by the people for their own benefit as well as that of the chiefs."Foreigners appear to have been somewhat transient during this period,as Lyons notes: There was a time when the foreign population numbered about 70 - & their children 30. But the number has considerably diminished&it is always fluctuating-sometimes more&sometimes less. They belong to 6 or 7 different nations & are variously employed — beefcatchers - sugar manufacturers- shoemakers,merchants-tanners-lawyers-blacksmiths- -combmakers-masons -doctors-saddlers-farmers&what not.(Lyons 1841:13-14) By 1840,bullock hunting had drastically reduced the population of wild cattle on Hawai`i Island,so much so that a five-year kapu was placed on hunting them solely for their hides and tallow(Bergin 2004).This led to further efforts to tame,brand,fence,and herd privately-owned cattle(Wilkes 1845).For a while,agricultural products from Waimea replenished the cargo ships at Kawaihae Harbor,and in the late 1840s many of the potatoes grown in the Waimea area were shipped to California to help feed those involved in the gold rush (Haun et al. 2003), but the decline of the whaling industry in Hawaiian waters during this time,combined with the kapu on killing wild cattle,ultimately led to a period of economic hardship and population decline in the Waimea area(Escott 2008). At about this time, a Honolulu merchant named William French constructed his residence, currently known as the historic Spencer House, at Pu'uloa to the northeast the Lindsey Road-Mamalahoa Highway. French operated a store in Kawaihae and another, a "thatched hut" at Pu'uloa where he "employed a saddle-maker and operated a tannery"under the management of Parker,who "kept busy supervising this operation and collecting beef tallow,and leather to supply the needs of French's growing business"(Wellmon 1973:50).Despite a lack of money in Waimea at the time,the store did well for both French and Parker,as Wellmon(1973:50-51)explains: There was no surplus of currency in Waimea at this time, and most of the business at the Puuloa store consisted of bartering for goods and services. Long-term credit and buying on time was the rule rather than the exception in these transactions. . .French supplied Parker with different goods Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 27 2.background in exchange for his services and produce.Parker used these goods himself or exchanged them with those who worked for French and those who paid the store in money or goods. Francis Allyn Olmsted(1841:230), an American author,journeyed to Waimea in 1840 and described French's storefront and the colorful vaqueros and bullock hunters who frequented the store: About eight o'clock,we came up with a collection of thatched houses,towards the principal of one which we directed our steps,which was a store belonging to Mr.French of Honolulu.Here a novel scene presented itself to us.In front of the door,a bright fire was blazing in a cavity in the earthern floor, displaying in strong light the dark features of the natives congregated around it in their grotesque attitudes.Immediately back of these,a group of fine looking men,in a peculiar costume, were leaning against the counter of the store. Some of them were Spaniards from California, and they were all attired in the poncho,an oblong blanket of various brilliant colors,having a hole in the middle through which the head is thrust.The pantaloons are open from the knee downwards on the outside seam. A pair of boots armed with prodigiously long spurs completed their costume. They were bullock hunters, employed in capturing the wild bullocks that roam the mountains, and had just returned from an expedition of eight or ten days,in which they had been very successful. As the decade wore on, however, the population of Kohala began to decline, and settlement patterns changed significantly. Leeward inhabitants relocated to the wetter windward slopes of North Kohala and the Waimea plain, abandoning their agriculturally marginal areas in favor of wetter sugarcane lands more productive farmland. According to Tomonari-Tuggle (1988), the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and dispersed upland settlements. These settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns,largely because of the loss of access to the full range of necessary resources.Tomonari-Tuggle clarifies some of the reasons for this migration: Outmigration and a demographic shift from rural areas to growing urban centers reflected the lure of a larger world and world view on previously isolated community.Foreigners,especially whalers and merchants, settled around good harbors and roadsteads. Ali`i and their followers gravitated towards these areas,which were the sources of Western material goods,novel status items which would otherwise be unavailable.Associated with the emergence of the market,cash-based economy, commoners followed in search of paying employment.(Tomonari-Tuggle 1988:33) These population shifts were accompanied by an overall decline in the number of people living in Kohala. Contemporary observers and modern scholars (Burtchard and Tomonari-Tuggle 2005) offer several explanations, including the decline of the whaling industry,a kapu on killing wild cattle(Wilkes 1845),dissatisfaction with William Beckley's (also known as Wilama Bekele) appointment as konohiki (Doyle 1953), and disease (HSA 1848), and epidemics that raged through the islands in 1848 and 1849. The population reduction in Waimea as documented by missionaries was tremendous, as the Rev. Lorenzo Lyons expressed, "if the decrease of local people continues the same,how many years before they are all dead,without any left?"(Schmitt 1973:29). Similarly,an 1848 description of the Waimea population cited by McEldowney (1983:432) laments that"it can scarcely be said that there is any native population at all." The 1848 Mahele `Aina and Land Commission Awards By the mid-19th century,the Hawaiian Kingdom was an established center of commerce and trade in the Pacific,and recognized internationally by the United States and other nations in the Pacific and Europe(Sai 2011). As Hawaiian political elites sought to modernize the burgeoning Kingdom,and as more Westerners settled in the Hawaiian Islands, major socioeconomic and political changes took place, including the formal adoption of a Hawaiian constitution by 1840,the change in governance from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy,and the shift towards a Euro- American model of private land ownership.This change in land governance was partially informed by ex-missionaries and Euro-American businessmen in the islands who were generally hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands that could be revoked from them at any time.Mo 7(King)Kauikeaouli(Kamehameha III),through deliberations with his high-ranking chiefs and political advisors, defined the ownership of all lands in the Kingdom (King n.d.). They decided that three classes of people each had one-third vested rights to the lands of Hawaii: the Mo 7,the ali`i and konohiki,and the native tenants known as hoa`aina.In 1846,King Kauikeaouli formed the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles (more commonly known as the Land Commission)to adopt guiding principles and procedures for dividing the lands, grant land titles, and act as a court of record to investigate and ultimately award or reject all claims brought before them(Bailey in Commissioner of Public Lands 1929). All land claims,whether by chiefs for an entire ahupua`a or `ili kupono (nearly independent `iii land division within an ahupua'a,that paid tribute to the 28 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background ruling chief and not to the chief of the ahupua'a),or by hoa`aina for their house lots and gardens,had to be filed with the Land Commission within two years of the effective date of the Act(February 14, 1846)to be considered. This deadline was extended several times for chiefs and konohiki,but not for native tenants(Soehren 2005). The Mo 7 and some 245 ali`i spent nearly two years trying unsuccessfully to divide all the lands of Hawaii amongst themselves before the matter was discussed in the Privy Council on December 18, 1847 (King n.d.; Kuykendall 1938). Once the Mo 7 and his ali`i accepted the principles of the Privy Council,the Mahele `aina(Land Division)was completed in just forty days(on March 7, 1848). The names of all of the ahupua'a and 'ill kupono of the Hawaiian Islands,as well as the names of the chiefs who claimed them,were recorded in the Buke Mahele(Mahele Book)(Buke Mahele 1848).As this process unfolded,the Mo 7,Kauikeaouli,received roughly one-third of the lands of Hawai`i,realizing in the process the importance of setting aside public lands that could be sold to raise money for the government and also purchased for fee simple title by his subjects. Accordingly,the day after the division when the name of the last chief was recorded in the Buke Mahele,the Mo 7 commuted about two-thirds of the lands awarded to him to the government(King n.d.).Unlike Kauikeaouli,the chiefs and konohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive their Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). The chiefs who participated in the Mahele were also required to provide to the government commutations of a portion of their lands in order to receive a Royal Patent giving them title to their remaining lands. The lands surrendered to the government by the King and chiefs became known as "Government Land." The lands personally retained by the King became known as "Crown Land." Lastly,the lands received by the chiefs became known as"Konohiki Land" (Chinen 1958:vii; 1961:13).For all land designations,whether to the Mo 7,konohiki, or Government,the rights of the native tenants were expressly reserved.(Garovoy 2005).To expedite the work of the Land Commission,all lands awarded during the Mahele were identified by name only, with the understanding that the ancient boundaries would prevail until the lands could be formally surveyed. During the Mahele,hoa'aim(native tenants)residing on lands that were divided up among the Crown,Konohiki, and Government could claim,and acquire title to parcels that they actively lived on or farmed. The parcels awarded to hoa'Jana were and still are referred to as kuleana,using the Hawaiian term to describe the relationship of rights and responsibilities held among tenants, konohiki, and the land. The Board of Commissioners oversaw the program and administered the kuleana as Land Commission Awards (LCAw.). Claims for kuleana had to be submitted during a two-year period that expired on February 14, 1848,to be considered.All of the land claimants were required to provide proof of land use and occupation,which took the form of volumes of native registry and testimony. The claims and awards were numbered,and the LCAw.numbers, in conjunction with the volumes of documentation,remain in use today to identify the original owners and their use of the kuleana lands. The work of hearing, adjudicating, and surveying the claims required more than the two-year term,and the deadline was extended several times for the Land Commission to finish its work(Maly and Maly 2002).In the meantime,as the new owners of the lands on which the kuleana were located began selling parcels to foreigners,questions arose concerning the rights of the native tenants and their ability to access and collect the resources necessary for sustaining life. The "Enabling" or"Kuleana Act," passed by the King and Privy Council on December 21, 1849, clarified the native tenants' rights to the land and resources,and further defined the process by which they could apply for fee-simple interest in their kuleana.The work of the Land Commission was completed on March 31, 1855.A total of 13,514 kuleana were claimed by native tenants throughout the islands,of which 9,337 were awarded(Maly and Maly 2002). The Disposition of Lands in Waimea and Lalamilo at the time of the Mahele Aina The disposition and distribution of the lands of Waimea was a complicated issue and was a matter of much testimony and debate among Commissioners,kama`aina informants,and land petitioners. Waimea was a discrete land unit but considered by some to not be an ahupua'a;rather it was considered to be a kalana or okana, a unit larger than an ahupua`a. To further complicate the issue, some of the land units within Waimea were considered ahupua`a and others 'ill kupono. As a result of the Mahele testimony and decisions rendered by the Boundary Commission,many smaller ahupua`a names were dropped and the relatively independent 'ill kupono were given ahupua`a status, and except for a portion of the Waikoloa Ahupua'a(which was awarded as konohiki land),much of the Waimea area was retained as Crown Lands.Almost all of the smaller 'ill aina located on the southern slope of Kohala Mountain became Government Land,with two exceptions.The lands of Wai`aka 1st and 2"d located northwest of the APE,were awarded to M. Kamaikui (LCAw. 8516-B:1) and G. Lahilahi (LCAw. 8520-B:2), respectively. The two `ili of Pauahi and Lanikepu were given to Lunalilo,who relinquished them to the Government.The rest of the land,including the large ahupua'a of Lalamilo, in which the current APE is located, also became government land. Which of the ali`i relinquished these lands were not recorded in the Buke Mahele (Soehren 2005). Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 29 2.background Over 140 claims for Land Commission Awards(LCAw.)were made by native tenants within the Waimea area(Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2018;Waihona Aina 2020).Awards in Waimea,however,are described in the Land Commission records as being located in Waimea,with each `ili specified. Thus,for example,"Wai`aka" does not appear in these records as an ahupua'a,but rather as an `ili of Waimea. Table 3 lists awards located near the current APE,and their locations relative to the current APE are shown in Figure 15.Five kuleana parcels were claimed in Wai`aka(three in Wai`aka 1st and one in Wai`aka 2nd),and three of these were awarded.The Ahupua`a of Wai`aka 2nd was awarded as LCAw. 8520B:1 to Gini Lahilahi.The location of one of the awards,8516B:1 does not appear on maps. Two claims not awarded were Claim 3984 by Hano for sugarcane land in Waikoloa and Claim 4148 by Kupa for a houselot. In Lalamilo, thirteen kuleana parcels were awarded to the south, east, and west of the current APE. Of the Lallmilo awards,four were located at the coast at Puako,and nine were located in the uplands near the current APE(Haun et al. 2003). Nearly all of these claims were for house lots or cultivated sections, and as Haun et al. (2003)note, the average size of awards excluding small house lots was about 23 acres. In addition to the awards in Wai`aka, a few awards were given in Llamilo south of the current APE.These included four large(>20 acres)parcels used primarily for agriculture. Table 3. LCAw. in the vicinity of the current APE. LCAw.No. Name Acres Ahupua`a `Ili Description 976:1 William Beckley 29.59 Lalamilo Waikani House lot and farm 3760 Iese Aa 14.0 Wai`aka 2 2 houses 3762:1 Auwae 26.00 Llamilo Keanuiomano Taro farm 3828 I.A.Palea and 48.00 Lalamilo Waikoloa House lot,partially wife enclosed 3832 Poolipi 1.6 Kauniho Lot for cultivation, house 4127 Kuahine 2.4 Wai`aka 1 1 house 4195 Kanehailua 35.20 Lalamilo Kaluaana 1 house,45 gardens 8516B:1 Kamaikui 24.0 Waiakal - 8520B:1 Lahilahi,G. - Wai`aka 2 - 30 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background t.•,- / 111 .az +l,i („1 't3 �`, ,Gt -, C _jr' •i� t 'k'' '� _ ',.. .. __-^ ,, Fa f_,; .t. °r ,. r[•d1• .- •. ,i,;'. ` 1� k.i t �}t] y .(/' f • t rpT.G'c ri .�,.f). ,, iv, :'-z f5 '1 s 9-5 • , S `�0 ' r t %3' .. •!*�.• -"c.- :• '/-...cV'..,.-t,•-4i•!:',1,.'I6l..•,01t4,i1'Si0t`fit. ''sxuSr F F € 1• 1 j34y. 7'tip a:. ' • ..d.,,,, yam J 1 .� Q;s , �> „..• %' - 1,.: y ( ' 4. i '' wi t)!4 ' " 4 A ,, .°"+:LZ4 ,a (fib 1" "ti, tw:-: v:,y � 11 • \ _ [1p ay,Yy s ".:4, "', , 1 ► ,t�� � � % `f } la g:`7��''4t: l !• , i , slit*, `� , 'it, ,i1• . _ . w 7 V %': ..'..' .'1.:. ,,F1. = •Qi ",.•- . • ' •',..',.1',if k'li k 7.--it - k 8520B;A il:tt,A. A i•r. ,-- -.4,.':. ..--=-... ry ) G• J +� � p, 1 VN• •. �� ri•y �ik��,:i> 1 y 3762'1 4 • v _ 4195 976 1 'r s, .3 •c s ' ¢y I • ,.......p Area of Potential Effects , t Figure 15.Location of Land Commission Award parcels near the current APE. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 31 2.background Government Land Grant Program and the Expansion of Ranching in Waimea In conjunction with the Kuleana Act, the King authorized the issuance of Land Grants to applicants for tracts of Government land that were allocated during the Mahele Aina. These Land Grants were generally larger than those awarded by the Land Commission.The Act resolved that portions of Government Lands should be set aside and sold as grants ranging in size from one to fifty acres at a cost of fifty cents per acre.The stated goal of the program was to enable native tenants, many of whom were insufficiently awarded or not awarded land through the Kuleana Act to purchase lands of their own. Despite the stated goal of the land grant program, this provided the mechanism that allowed many foreigners to acquire large tracts of Government lands.Land Grant 662,covering 93 1/5 acres,including a portion of the current APE located to the east of the bridge, was sold to Kamaikui in 1851. The Land Grant was awarded to Kamaikui in 1851 and encompasses 93.20-acres in"Waiakanui" or Wai`aka 1st. A relatively large land grant(Grant 1157), totaling 258 acres at Ltliu`e to the southeast of the current APE, was sold to George Macey and James Louzada in 1853.A 71-acre parcel(Grant 2129)located south of the current APE was purchased by George K. Lindsey in 1856. During the middle to late 1800s,Western businessmen established a number of diverse industries on these newly available lands. Letters written at the time of the Mahele indicate that by 1848 George Davis HA`eu had already established a cattle corral,a goat corral,and house lots on lands adjacent to his roughly 95,000-acre Waikoloa award (Maly and Maly 2002).By 1848,John Palmer Parker,founder of the Parker Ranch,had received two acres of land at Mana where he built a family house and the first ranch buildings(Bergin 2004).In 1850 Parker purchased 640 acres surrounding his Mand lands, and in 1851 he purchased another 1,000 acres. The next year,Kamehameha III granted Parker a lease on the lands of Waikoloa(presumably Lalamilo and neighboring lands to the north and east),some of which would eventually be deeded to the ranch by outright purchase.By the middle of the decade,Parker had turned most of the day-to-day operations of Parker Ranch over to his son,John Palmer Parker II.When John Palmer Parker, died on August 20, 1868, the ranch controlled about 47,000 acres of land in the region(Bergin 2004). These lands were divided evenly between John Parker II and his adopted son and nephew,Sam Parker Sr. The decades following the Mahele `Dina of 1848 were characterized by a growing detraction from traditional subsistence activities as the population along the Kohala coast continued to decline and the inland agricultural fields were largely abandoned as they succumbed to the ravages of free-ranging cattle or were bought up and converted to pastures.During this period the remnant leeward population of Kohala nucleated into a few small coastal settlements or into dispersed upland habitations where they began building kuleana walls to enclose houses,gardens,and animal pens (Tomonari-Tuggle 1988). Walls were built not only to protect their homes and gardens from cattle and other free-ranging animals but also to mark property boundaries as dictated by the new land tenure system that emphasized private land ownership. The economy also transitioned,becoming cash-based, and taxes were collected. Foreigners controlled much of the land and most of the businesses, and the native population was largely dependent on these foreigners for food and money(Haun et al.2003).The written history from the late 19th to the early 20th century largely reflects news of new settlers,religious endeavors,and commercial pursuits in the region(McEldowney 1983).Among the religious endeavors was the establishment of a Catholic church in the vicinity of the current APE by Father Damien in 1868,after he had a revelation to build a church in Wai aka(Momi Naughton,personal communication,14 February 2022). The church was and dedicated it to St. John the Evangelist.The exact location of this church is unknown,but it is depicted on a map prepared in 1887(Wall and Lyons 1887).This map is notoriously difficult to match with aerial imagery and later maps;however,a best-fit overlay of the map with Keanu`i`omano Stream and other landmarks that are still existing(e.g., James Fay's stone corral),places the church,which is labeled"Cath. Ch." within or near the current APE on the north side of Kawahae Road,west of Keanu`i`omano Stream. The church burned down in 1900 and was rebuilt in 1916,and eventually relocated near the intersection of Kawaihae Road and Lindsey road. Parker Ranch continued to expand its operations in the Waimea area throughout the 1870s and 80s, eventually acquiring the lease to roughly 95,000 acres of Waikoloa that had formerly belonged to the Waimea Agricultural and Grazing Company.By the mid-1880s Sam Parker's poor business dealings had led to a rapidly degenerating financial situation for Parker Ranch,and in 1887 the entire ranching operation was entrusted to Charles R.Bishop and Co.for a fee of$200,000(Bergin 2004).With the move to trusteeship,new managers were brought in to oversee the day-to- day operations at the ranch. 32 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background • j N A • • 4,0 • • • .-� E• •n d • . 141101111111011 ati 0 50 100 200 Meters IlliArea of Potential Effects I I Figure 16.Location of the 1865 Catholic Church depicted on a portion of Registered Map 673 and overlaid on recent aerial imagery(Maxar-DigitalGlobe 2020;Wall and Lyons 1887). By the early 1900s,the Parker Ranch headquarters were located near what is now the corner of Lindsey Road and Mamalahoa Highway, in the same building as the old store, post office, and restaurant(Maly and Maly 2005). The ethnic makeup of Waimea at this time was primarily of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian,Japanese,Portuguese,Chinese, and a small number of haole(Euro-American descent);and most of the residents were employed by Parker Ranch or were independent farmers (Paniolo House Committee Friends of the Future 2005). At this time, Parker Ranch was under the direction of Alfred W. Carter,who had been chosen as the guardian and trustee for Thelma Parker, John Parker III's daughter,upon his death at the age of nineteen.By this time,Parker Ranch was operating on several large leased parcels, but the fee simple holdings amounted to only 34,000 acres (Bergin 2004). Early on in his tenure as ranch manager,Carter concentrated on acquiring and converting more of the ranch's lands from lease to fee. In 1903, with only a short period left on its lease, Carter acquired nine-tenths interest in the Waikoloa lands from Ms. Lucy Peabody for$112,000,securing important grazing lands for the ranch(Bergin 2004).Soon thereafter,Carter purchased the adjacent lands of`ouli,adding another 4,000 acres to the ranch's holdings that bridged the former property lines makai of Waimea Town. He also acquired the Pu'uloa Sheep and Stock Company, encompassing over 3,700 acres and including the Ke`amuku Sheep station in Waikoloa,which he converted to cattle ranching over the next decade. In 1906, on behalf of Thelma Parker, Carter bought out Sam Parker's half-interest in Parker Ranch for a sum of $600,000. Other important purchases made by Carter during the first dozen or so years of his trusteeship included Humu`ula,Ka`ohe,Waipunalei,and Kahuku Ranch(Bergin 2004). During the early twentieth century, other portions of Government land near the current APE were sold through the land grant program.Of particular interest for the current project is Grant 8577.This parcel is now part of the HPA campus,adjacent to the current APE just west of Keanu`i`omano Stream.The parcel was leased with preference right to purchase to David K.Kamalau in 1922(C.S.F.3806).The metes and bounds description in the survey note that the entire parcel was surrounded by a stone wall separating it from the surrounding Government land.The map prepared to accompany this survey (Figure 16) shows this wall as a wavy line following the parcel boundary. The map also depicts a building near the southern corner of the parcel. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 33 2.background v y as o b C o 1 ' p • .9.�Q L.5-O,,comes, !\ xn 1/1 i I` . .0 Z7I.1/10 i ,4/yALO k'A/y,4IAG/ " x �iE'fEE/l/e-E P/BHT TO i%U eCf1934 .4.,Q//9E,4 .7-& r /_<Q. {AZ4�°,h,41444N ._ co% /ice!-/OOA ,:.7:.E,.].:o. :3 f 2-8 \ .,": "z-,_.) ,,e,,4 C--Z.Z-' Figure 17.Map accompanying CSF 3806 with the APE shaded red. A Brief History of USGS Stream Gaging in Hawaii The measurement of stream flows by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) began in 1888 as result of the efforts of John Wesley Powell,the second director of the USGS,to"reclaim"arid lands in the American West through irrigation(Frazier and Heckler 1972). The Hawaii office of the USGS began collecting surface-water data in 1909 (Matsuoka et al. 1985). The first stations established were operated primarily to evaluate the potential of streams for supplying water to the sugar industry.From the initial 12 gages installed in 1909,the program rapidly expanded to 87 gaging stations in 1914,and then to 143 by 1940.Between 1941 and 1950 the number of gaging stations was reduced slightly,but after 1950 more gages were added,and by 1964 the USGS was operating 240 daily flow surface-water gaging stations within the Hawaii District(which included the islands of Guam, American Samoa, and Okinawa). 34 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background Within the current APE,the USGS installed a stream gage just above the Waika Bridge in Keanu`i`omano Stream in 1955 during its post-war expansion of gaging stations,and that gage is in operation today(USGS 2021). PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGIAL STUDIES The APE is situated within a portion of what has been designated Field Complex 2 of the Waimea Agricultural System (Figure 14).The agricultural system was identified based on the analysis of aerial photographs conducted in 1981 in advance of fieldwork for the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corrdior survey conducted by the B. P. Bishop Museum(Clark and Kirch 1983). The Waimea Agricultural System, and the large system of agricultural fields in Lalamilo to the southwest of the current APE have been investigated by several studies,beginning with work for the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor and then as part of other compliance-based studies (Barrera and Kelly 1974;Barrera 1993;Ching 1979;Clark 1981a, 1981b;Clark and Kirch 1983;Clark 1987;Clark et al. 1990;Hammatt and Shideler 1989;Haun et al. 2003; Rechtman 2000). As described by Clark(1983:293),the Waimea Agricultural System: ...comprises the remains of an extensive series of agricultural features, throughout which are scattered multiple residential structures.The system forms a large arc to the W and S of the present- day village of Waimea.Beginning on the S flank of Kohala Mountain,a short distance below Pu`u La`ela`e,this system extends down the slope and onto the Waimea plain W of town. It then bends to the E, fading out just S of Waimea and W of Kuhio Village. For descriptive convenience, the system was subdivided into four field complexes,each with its own characteristic attributes. Field Complex 2 was described as the area: ...bounded on the N by Keanu`i`omano and Kohakohau Streams,and on the S by Waikoloa Stream. It is characterized by a set of agricultural fields that are demarcated by low terrace retaining faces or ridges of soil and/or stone.The long axes of the fields are oriented NW by SE,or perpendicular to the prevailing winds. Associated with the fields is a set of `auwai,the main channels of which divert from the Kohakohau Stream and angle to the SE, eventually draining into the Waikoloa Stream. Other agricultural and residential features are scattered throughout the area. (Clark 1983:293) The Field Complex 2 area has been included in seven prior studies, and other nearby work has documented portions of neighboring Precontact agricultural and habitation sites as well as Historic ranching and habitation sites (Table 4,Figure 18).In general,these studies have identified field ridges,terraces,fields,and ditches associated with Field Complex 2, but have also documented areas near Kahwaihae Road that have been disturbed. The following discussion of prior archaeological studies begins with a summary of an AIS conducted by Haun et al.(2002)in support of two previous attempts to replace Waiaka Bridge. This is followed by summaries of the other studies that have included portions of the APE. In addition to the archaeological studies described below,the Hawaii State Historic Bridge Inventory(MKE and Fung 2013)documented the Waiaka Bridge,which was designated Bridge Number 001002500500053.The inventory fieldwork did not substantially add to the description of the bridge that was included in the Haun et al. (2002)AIS. MKE and Fung(2013)noted that the bridge is eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C as a good example of a 1930's reinforced concrete bridge that is typical of its period in its use of materials,method of construction,craftsmanship, and design. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 35 2.background Table 4.Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the current study area. Year Author(s) Type of Study Location Relevant Findings* 1985 Rosendahl Reconnaissance East of APE No archaeological features 1986 Hammatt and AIS West of APE Site 11097 Keanu`i`omano Pondfields Borthwick Site 11098 Wall&Midden scatter Site 11099 Rectangular Enclosure Site 11100 Historic Pipeline Site 11101 Mounds Site 11102 Wall Site 11103 Rectangular Enclosure Site 11104 Lanikepu Agricultural Terraces 1988 Hammatt et al. AIS West of APE Site 11105 Enclosure Site 11106 Terrace wall Site 11107 Habitation enclosure Site 11108 Stone alignment Backhoe trenching at these sites and sites identified in Hamamatt and Borthwick 1986 1989 Bonk Reconnaissance North of APE Site 19644 Field Complex 1 features 1989 Hammatt and AIS West of APE Additional trenching at Sites 11,097 and 11,107 Shideler 1992 Thompson and AIS HDOT staging, Site 18054 agricultural fields.No auwai. Rosendahl DHHL west potential staging Subsurface testing negative. 1993 Barrera AIS Surrounds DHHL east Site 14948 portion of Field Complex 2 potential staging. 1994 Franklin et al. AIS North of APE Site 19644 Field Complex 1 features 1998 Sinoto AIS DHHL east potential staging Subsurface testing,no archaeological features. 2000 Rechtman Supplemental 27-acre parcel north of current 13 sites,including agricultural and habitation. Sites AIS APE 18569, 18579, 18580, 18580, 18581, 18587, 18588, 18589,18590, 18591, 18592,48593,18595, 18596. 2002 Haun et al. AIS HDOT staging,DHHL Site 22632:seven soil terraces(Features XI,XN, (2012) potential staging, XO,XP,XQ,XS,and XU)and fields,two North temporary use irrigation ditches(Features TS and XR)and two field boundaries(Feature XT and XV). Site 23312 ditch segments northeast of APE. Site 23313 concrete foundation. Site 29221 Waiaka Stream Bridge. 2003 Haun et al. AIS HDOT staging,DHHL west Same results as Haun et al.2002 potential staging 2005 Haun et al. Data Recovery West of APE Trenching of Site 22632 terrace and field boundary features found no artifact,one hearth feature. C14 dates mid-1400s to the mid-1600s or later. 2005 Corbin AIS North of current APE Trenching in Site 19646 2007a Corbin AIS North temporary use areas No features in current APE. Site 25867,25868,25870 walls Site 25868 modified boulder Site 25871 kuaiwi Site 25872 mound Site 25873 vault with canoe and reported burial Site 25874,25875 rectangular ditches 2007b Corbin AIS North of current APE Historic boundary or ranching walls 2013 MIKE and Fung Inventory Waiaka Bridge NRHP eligible under Criterion C. *Site numbers preceded by SIHP-50-10-06- 36 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background iis•• a Zr is N . 0. , o 111 1' - .1 , \,, .iii,P o - /1 / ' .:. . . .\ ,,,,• ... La,.,„„ o ,• o • \c N i ,' © ,, 2 � ` " s rn yet b w„ a !t _Tt i 1 0 ai 0" l JI r w. cn so O oo v S 01 b .5 • 1— -- — U •• , = "' 0 . • Y �1 • ipp • � iIII1 cn o N M o arr 1 ��� l {( 1 I` /, �4.L• ( 1'�w �s I No- gkijoi r, _ U F - If l 161 Q1 ll -7 .: I t lF f c2V „„ ❑ ❑ , �•-,,-- _ • • I A kit -7 0. -r N M 7 .n �Doo 1 i , d ...1 f 1 ® ® \`� -s I� yy Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 37 2.background Waiaka Bridge Replacement(2002 and 2012)AIS and Section 106 consultation (Hann et al. 2002) In 2002,Haun&Associates conducted an archaeological inventory survey(Haun et al.2002)in support of an earlier iteration of the current Undertaking.The AIS investigated a 9.8-acre APE comprising portions of TMKs:(3)6-5-01: por. 033, 6-6-01: por. 077 and 6-6-04:por. 001 (Figure19). This area includes the majority of the current APE. The AIS was conducted in 2002,but the replacement of the bridge did not occur at that time. In 2011,during a revived attempt to replace the bridge,the AIS was updated and a revised report(Haun et al.2002)was resubmitted in support of the Section 106 and HRS 6E-8 review of the project. That report was accepted by DLNR-SHPD(Letter May 15, 2012,Log No. 2012.1353,Doc.No. 1205MV04),who noted that it met the requirements of HAR 13-276 as well as the Secretary of the Interior's Standards (see Appendix A). In partial fulfilment of the Section 106 and HRS 6E-8 requirements, the study included an archaeological survey and consultation with Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) and other consulting parties. Hazen et al. (2002) identified 4 sites (SIHP 50-10-06-22632, 23312, 23313, 29221)with the 2002/2012 APE(see Figure 19).These sites are summarized below. Site 22632 is a large (>700 acres) agricultural complex, and several projects conducted before the Haun et al. (2002) AIS documented portions it, but under different SIHP numbers. It was designated as Site 22632 during fieldwork conducted for an AIS of the DHHL Residential Development at Lalamilo by Haun et al. (2003),which is discussed below.Within the 2002 and 2012 Waiaka Bridge replacement project APE,Hazen et al.(2002)documented eleven features of Site 22632. These features included seven soil terraces (Features XI,XN,XO, XP,XQ,XS, and XU), two linear mounds of soil interpreted as field boundaries (Features XT and XV), and two irrigation ditches (Features TS and XR). These features generally extend northwest to southeast across the 2002/2012 APE,with the exception of Feature XU, which was roughly perpendicular to the others. The features are all subtle in appearance because they are much wider than they are tall(or deep,in the case of the two ditches),and tend to be obscured when grass covering the ground surface is thick. The soil terraces range between 2.75 and 4.1 meters wide, standing an average of 18 centimeters tall on their upslope sides and an average of 61 centimeters tall on their downslope sides. The longer of the two field boundaries,Feature XT,was 1.7 meters wide by 41 centimeters tall;the shorter,Feature XV,was 1 meter wide and 50 centimeters tall.The ditch designated Feature TS was 1.8 meters wide and 40 centimeter deep, while the other ditch,Feature XR, was 3.5 meters wide and 65 centimeters deep. During a review of a draft version of the AIS report,DLNR-SHPD commented that they believed that the features of the site"extend all the way to and were truncated by the construction of the Kawaihae Road. This is significant because even small changes to the road alignment may impact these sites"(Log No.2011.2213,Doc.No. 1111MV03).Haun et al.(2002)responded by re-inspecting the site and concurring that the features extend closer to the road,as depicted in the final version of their AIS(Haun&Associates letter to Theresa K.Donham of March 03,2012).In this final version of the report,the features are shown abruptly ending at the barbed wire fence adjacent to the road. North of Kawaihae Road,to the east of the proposed temporary use areas,Haun et al.(2002)identified a segment of an irrigation ditch(Site 23312)extending roughly parallel to Kawaihae Road.Within Keanu`i`omano Stream,Hazen et al.(2002)identified a concrete foundation as Site 23313,suggesting that it was built to support a pump used to raise water from the stream. The study also documented Waiaka Bridge (Site 29221), but not to Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) requirements. This modest reinforced concrete slab bridge with a center pier was identified as the first bridge built with Federal Aid funds on Hawai`i Island. In addition to the archaeological study, Section 106 consultation was conducted for the Waiaka Bridge replacement project in 2011 and 2012 (FHWA 2012). This included public notices in the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, West Hawaii Today, and Hawaii Tribune. Groups and individuals consulted included Pua Aiu, Administrator of DLNR-SHPD;Kimo Lee,Chair of the Hawaii Island Burial Council(HIBC);Keola Lindsey of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs(OHA);Jeffrey Fujimoto of the DHHL;Katie Kissling of the Hawaii Historic Foundation(HHF);Halealoha Ayau of Hui Malama I Na Kupuna 0 Hawaii;Mr.Hugh"Buttons"Lovell and Ms.Leimana Damate of the Aha Kiole Advisory Committee, Aha Moku; Waimea Hawaiian Civic Club (WHCC),Kaena Peterson and Maulili Dickson of the South Kohala Civic Club (SKCC);and Ms.Nicole Lui.Among the information shared by consulting parties was a perception that Waiaka Bridge appears to span a portion of Keanu`i`omano Stream that is not ideal for the concealment of iwi and that iwi are located further mauka above Hawaii Preparatory Academy and further south. Generally, Keola Lindsey (OHA) commented that OHA was comfortable with the level of effort taken to identify historic properties of significance to the Hawaiian People within the 2012 APE. With respect to the proposed replacement of Waiaka Bridge, some respondents were in favor of replacement. Kiersten Faulkner of the Historic Hawaii Foundation concurred with the NRHP eligibility determination and the"adverse effect"determination for the replacement project. 38 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background r • ,V• Lcirrej,4- , -, „„ . •-"Prir ,7:j c�C r suit : '-'''''''.. - - , p 1 Y I) G . p) i r Cl FY 1 .v 1 pp.... - I M "' L I 1 l fI .:� w tic x , a -1 //x 1-1 I , „ IGr k f III f ( « o t r / '11 y . ° c r ' m i ivi.,› ,� r o 0 o cn 4 . • / ". , / ..././ Ns s.:.N:\A . , c / , x . Y P a , .cn Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 39 2.background As a result of the Haun et al. (2003) study and the Section 106 consultation, all four documented sites were determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places(NRHP)and also significant under HRS 6E- 8. Site 22632 was determined eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its association with the broad pattern of traditional and early historic agricultural intensification in Hawaii,under Criterion C as awell-preserved example of an agricultural field complex,and Criterion D for the information yielded relative to late prehistoric to historic land use in the project area.Under HRS 6E-8,it was assessed significant under Criterion a,Criterion c,and Criterion d for Haun et al. (2002:53)recommended data recovery for the features of Site 22632 located in the Waiaka Bridge APE "if the sites are to be impacted by the proposed road improvements." Site 23312, the ditch segment located outside of the current APE, was assessed to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D for the information yielded relative to historic land use in the project area,and under HRS 6E-8 it was assessed significant under Criterion d for the information yielded relative to historic land use in the project area.Data recovery was recommended if the site were to be impacted by the proposed project. Site 23313 was assessed to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D for the information yielded relative to historic land use in the project area, and under HRS 6E-8 it was assessed significant under Criterion d for the information yielded relative to historic land use in the project area. The mapping, written descriptions,and photography conducted at Site 23313 was considered to have adequately documented the site and no further mitigation or preservation was recommended. Site 29221 was determined by DLNR-SHPD to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C as a good example of a modest reinforced concrete slab bridge that embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (Log No. 2011.2731, Doc. No. 1108MA05). Although not explicitly stated,the Haun et al.(2002:53)report appears to conclude that the bridge is also HRS 6E-8 significant under Criterion c for the same reason.The proposed replacement or widening of the bridge was determined to have an adverse effect on the historic property. Data recovery in the form of Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record(HABS/HAER)Level I or Level II documentation.Based on information provided by HDOT and DLNR-SHPD, it appears that the project was abandoned before a memorandum of agreement concerning the mitigation of adverse effects could be prepared. Other archaeological studies conducted within the current APE and its vicinity. Five other prior archaeological studies have included portions of the current APE, and several others have occurred on adjacent parcels(see Figure 18).Within the current APE,these studies documented features of the large agricultural field system (Site 22632) on the south side of Kawaihae Road, but not on the north side. Areas of prior ground disturbance were also reported. Results of these studies are summarized below. In addition to these archaeological studies,the Hawaii Statewide Historic Bridge Inventory(MKE and Fung 2013)includes Waiaka Bridge. In 1985, Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI) conducted an archaeological reconnaissance (Rosendahl 1985) of a 32,000 square foot parcel located immediately east of the staging area in the current APE(see Figure 18). Although that study area is not located in the current APE,it is similar in its topography and degree of prior surface disturbance. During a pedestrian survey of the parcel,no archaeological remains of any kind were identified,including no surface structural archaeological features,portable artifacts,or midden.No subsurface testing was conducted. In 1992, PHRI conducted an Archaeological Inventory Survey (Thompson and Rosendahl 1992) of seven potential locations of the North Hawai`i Community Hospital.The location designated"Parcel 7"comprises a roughly 250 meter by 130 area located immediately south of the current APE(see Figure 18).A series of at least six agricultural fields were documented as SIHP 50-10-06-18054(Figure 20).The fields are described as: The edges of the fields were demarcated by low soil retaining faces constructed of soil with no obvious inclusion of rock.The ridges were less than 50 cm high and the width of the fields was 20- 30 m each.The lengths varied from 60-80 m and several of the ridges appear to have been truncated on the northwest in the past by the existing Waimea-Kawaihae road. The ridges all paralleled one another and were oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind (NW to SE). No `auwai were apparent during the inventory.The parcel is currently being used as a cattle pasture and modem field traffic has cut paths across some of the fields,creating the illusion of ditches in some cases. There was nothing apparent that was as distinct as the ditches noted in Parcels 1,3,and 4.(Thompson and Rosendahl 1992:10-11) Seven backhoe trenches (see Appendix B) were excavated in Parcel 7. Thompson and Rosendahl (1992:12) identified a buried agricultural soil horizon in portions off all seven trenches: 40 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background The trenches were placed across the parcel in order to cross section the agricultural fields noted during the surface inventory.The trenches were placed such that a representative sample of the soils present within the parcel were revealed.A buried agricultural soil termed Stratum II was identified intermittently in all seven trenches. The stratum was apparent as a darkly stained soil, sometimes containing flecks of charcoal. The boundaries were wavy and the distribution was sporadic,across the site. Based on these results,Thompson and Rosendahl(1992:16)concluded that: The site(18054)identified within Parcel 7 is an agricultural field complex.It is typical of other field systems identified in the region on earlier projects(Clark 1981,Clark and Kirch 1983).The size of the fields and the construction techniques are consistent with other field complexes identified within the Waimea-Lalamilo agricultural system,specifically,Field Complex 2 as defined by Clark(1981). No samples suitable for age determination were collected during the current project.However,based on similarity to other sites in the region,an age range of AD 1600 to AD 1800 is speculated,a time frame when the usage of the area for agricultural purposes is documented. The further work in the parcel should most definitely include the location of suitable samples for dating to confirm or dispute this estimate so as to better define the settlement and land usage patterns of the region over time. Overlaying the Thompson and Rosendahl(1992) site location map (see Figure 20) on recent satellite imagery suggests that there are some inaccuracies in their mapping that make it difficult to correlate their findings with those reported by (Haun et al. 2002). In particular, the orientation of the roads and Keanu`i`omano Stream appear to be skewed,and the distance between the fence on the project boundary and Kawaihae Road may not have been measured in the field. The overlay shown in Figure 20 represents the best effort made without distorting the representation of the archaeological features, as their orientation and length would likely have been directly measured. The discrepancies in the map are undoubtedly what led Haun et al. (2002)to state that they were unable to positively re- identify individual field ridges based on this map. Despite the potential mapping inaccuracies, the Thompson and Rosendahl (1992) report provides information about conditions within their project area and beneath the field ridges in the immediate vicinity of the current APE. One detail worth noting is that Thompson and Rosendahl(1992)did not observe the field ridges extending all the way to Kawaihae Road(contra Haun et al. 2002). They documented no ditches and only five field ridges, of which two appear to extend into the current APE. Two test trenches appear to have been located near the southern end of the cm-rent APE. Trench BT-4 examined a field ridge that might be Feature XO of Site 22632. This test trench did not contain anything other than the buried agricultural soil(Stratum II). Test trench BT-5 was located in a field area possibly located between Features XP and XQ.This trench appears to have cut through an area with a relatively higher concentration of cobbles within all layers but no constructed rock subfeatures.That information suggests that the field ridges are composed of accumulated wind-blown soil with no rock construction associated with the fields or ridges, and that artifacts or other cultural material is unlikely to be present beneath the surface. In 1993, Chiniago, Inc. conducted an inventory survey (Barrera 1993) of a 50-acre property that became the Sandalwood Estates subdivision.During that survey,thirty-three earthen field ridges were recorded as Site 50-10-06- 14948(Figure 21),which Barrera associated with Field Complex 2 of the Waimea Agricultural System.None of these field ridges were noted to extend into the current APE.Ten test trenches were excavated by backhoe to examine cross- sections of the field ridges,sample open space between ridges,and investigate potential archaeological features.Three basin-shaped hearth features and four charcoal deposits were identified. Radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal recovered from these features were interpreted to indicate that the earliest usage of the fields may have post-dated A.D. 1430,and more certainly after the sixteenth century. In 1998,Add Sinoto Consulting conducted an AIS(Sinoto 1998)of the 2.33 acre parcel that contains the staging area at the eastern end of the current APE(see Figure 18).The portion of the parcel adjacent to Kawaihae Road was found to be levelled and cleared of stones, and a bulldozed road extended along the southern boundary. No archaeological sites or deposits were identified.Subsurface testing near the southern parcel boundary found culturally sterile soils,and a test pit near the northern boundary found culturally sterile gravelly silt loam that was interpreted as fill material. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 41 2.background —a ., r I i _ a 19 '—:, i 44iiii i ' Lo- N � �,,. .i� 1 W ° 1 °3 an ' I j ;� O t I �. ia IO •NUj IF. I f � -, ! 0 1 fi 0dW rj I (y V ti' i f t a Q a • nl F. • a A -o il ' 3l •c r I 3 ! Y i` , I I f ,i - 0 -1 r i . . ct Yf ';''''C'el':tiy,',',,,O; '',, " '' :',. ''''', ,,,i' '*T. ‘,, LE ''!....... "";i:111.Me1"1. 4"11111Tha"""111:11 I .•u� 4 H �' S lit w O N itra s. to 42 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background . o , • �Y f.P. ,. WAIKOL0A ir' " -''' STREAM a . t. J!► 'a' I ' tREticH E y y, TREAgCM 2 it ,, r *, I ,V �, I m . . `r--T--1,TAEINCH 10 ,,. T IENCH 9 "ce i : '---1 ,, to 1 Figure 21.Barrera(1993) site location map overlaid on recent aerial imagery (Google Earth 2019)with current APE indicated in red. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 43 2.background In 2001,Haun&Associates conducted an AIS(Haun et al.2003)of a roughly 266-acre Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) parcel for the DHHL Residential Development at Lalamilo (Figure 23). Their study area included portions of the current APE but extended more than two kilometers to the west and nearly one kilometer to the south.It also included two smaller areas that were subject to earlier survey and data recovery projects(Hammatt and Borthwick 1986; Hammatt et al. 1988; Hammatt and Shideler 1989). The agricultural features of Site 22632 located in the current APE were documented as part of 76 archaeological sites containing 819 features within the larger project area. Formal feature types identified during fieldwork included terraces, mounds, enclosures, field boundaries,stone walls,irrigation ditches,platforms,walled terraces,C-shapes,U-shapes,modified outcrops,surface hearths,L-shapes,cairns,pond fields,concrete piers,and a small number of isolated objects.Terraces were the most predominant of the identified features, followed by mounds. The sites were interpreted to primarily date to the Precontact Period, with only six possibly dating to the Historic Period. Feature functions varied considerably; however, Haun et al. (2003) noted that features relating to agriculture were the most common in the project area, followed closely by permanent habitation features. More than 300 discrete agricultural fields covering 28.7 hectares (70.93 acres)were identified,along with clusters of mounds of stones cleared from cultivation plots and two probable pondfields that suggested the limited cultivation of wet taro.Nearly three miles of irrigation ditches were documented. The walls that were documented formed large enclosures that appear to have been built to keep cattle out of the fields. Iighteen burials were identified, seven of them within an existing Historic cemetery. The remaining eleven burials were identified during subsurface testing at features thought to have a high potential for yielding human remains. Further work was not recommended for seven of the sites encountered during the study,as they were deemed to have been adequately documented. Data recovery was recommended for the remainder of the sites, excluding the burials and a portion of the large agricultural complex (Site 22632), which were recommended to be preserved in place. During the follow-on data recovery for Phase I of the DHHL Residential Development project(Haun et al. 2005), none of the features in the current APE were investigated. Seven terrace and field boundary features (Site 22632 Features HH, HI, HK, HN, HP, AAA, and AAB) located west of the current APE were sectioned with backhoe trenches. Most of the trenches contained no cultural material, and the few faunal remains that were recovered(e.g., rat bone)were not related to subsistence.A trench excavated through Feature AAB(a linear terrace)exposed a conical subfeature containing carbon-stained silt with patches of ash and charcoal fragments that was interpreted to be a hearth. A trench through Feature HI(a linear terrace) exposed a deposit of grayish brown to light brownish gray ash with sparse charcoal fragments,which was also interpreted to be a hearth. A radiocarbon sample was taken from inside these subfeatures,along with samples recovered from soil matrix in other trenches interpreted to be buried agricultural soils.All of these samples appear to have been submitted without wood identification(Haun et al.2005:Appendix A). Calibrated 2a calendric age ranges for these samples generally span the mid-1400s to the mid-1600s,although a few samples returned more recent dates (including those taken from Features HK, HP, AAA, and the hearth feature in AAB).In general,these results were interpreted to mean that the terraces and field boundaries ridges dated to the mid- fifteenth century but saw continued use into the early historic period. Subsequent data recovery for Phase II of the DHHL Residential Development project(Escott 2019)focused on habitation features and did not excavate agricultural features such as those found in the current APE. In 2006,PHRI conducted an AIS(Corbin 2007a)of a an approximately 16-acre project area located on the north side of Kawaihae Road to assist planning for the development of a new K-8 Campus at Hawai`i Preparatory Academy. The project area included a small portion of which includes temporary use areas within the current APE(see Figure 18).During the surface survey of the project area,nine sites were identified,none of which were located in the current APE (Figure 22). Three of the sites (SIHP 50-10-06-25867, -25868, and-25870) are historic boundary or ranching walls. The remaining sites include a boulder used as a sharpening station(SIHP 50-10-06-25868),a low kuaiwi wall (SIHP 50-10-06-25871), a large mound composed of earth and rocks (SIHP 50-10-06-25872), a buried vault confirmed to contain a canoe and said by informants to contain a human burial(SIHP 50-10-06-25873), and two rectangular ditches with unknown functions(SIHP 50-10-06-25874 and-25875). All of these sites were assessed to significant under HRS 6E-42 as significant under Criterion d for information content. In addition, Site 25873 was assessed as also significant under Criterion c as an excellent example of a site type and Criterion e for its cultural value. Site 25873 was recommended for preservation. No further archaeological work was recommended for the remaining sites.The Corbin(2007a)AIS was among four other studies(Bonk 1989;Corbin 2005,2007b;Franklin et al. 1994)conducted for planning and development of the Hawai`i Preparatory Academy campus.These other studies were all located north of the current APE. They documented the presence of Waimea Agricultural System features associated with Field Complex 1, along with historic boundary or ranching walls. Backhoe trenching was used to investigate field ridges and terraces, which resulted in the recovery of radiocarbon samples (identified only as charcoal)from soil layer contexts. The 2a calibrated date ranges for these samples generally post-dated the mid-17' century,although one sample may have been as old as the mid-fifteenth century. 44 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 2.background i 3 �.. „, t ir a «» A' ~ ors' ♦ 4 ..,/ ,, _ ?' -* -' , ,A t11 • r "r - N ,--, ' 4. '''' #' .' _,....- t= : gyp." ... ,- , —4,. .. ..zi! ii: I ;D: ' '',....... , P S -—-)1:I), . i,,,,,,,71----. ,:. .....';'E: 11:: CM -M. tab W yv� , i ;,- v t4 1 ct s. lif °' '41.-0', 1 , •. ,,, fLo F' O s rr O (ffr ;: j.. '+ � .. w ! A N rn IJj( err ,:, N w' t S ."'''„ / N I 1 A Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 45 2.background }' U .5 czt /i r U cS er N N m pl 4 rsii OP rJ"-N\ 0 No i. N Cs L r715 � an 0 m C7 me ct taq / 41 $ _ ol p U U .�.., it s. ct / \__---iii i 1 o Nr / cC frI /ff/. 0 ✓ Ict 1 ( 1 / i 0 \\. ,A•y., I 0 `4 1 i 0 N NN c U a w 46 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork 3. APE EXPECTATIONS The current APE has been included in five prior archaeological studies, which provide a substantial amount of information about the potential to encounter historic properties and archaeological resources. Hazen et al. (2002) identified two sites(Site 23313 and 29221)and three features of another site(Site 22632)within and in the immediate vicinity of the current APE. Site 23313 was reported as a concrete foundation located in Keanu`i`omano Stream. Site 29221 is Waiaka Bridge. Site 22632 comprises a large agricultural complex containing terraces and ditches; these features were documented on the south side of Kawaihae Road,and it is possible that similar features may be found north of the road within eh APE.No other sites have been documented in the APE. The other studies all reported no archaeological resources in the current APE. Based on the prior Section 106 consultation, the portion of Keanu`i`omano Stream located in the current APE is unlikely to contain concealed iwi or archaeological resources. Consultation conducted during the current study identified the potential for remains of the 1868 Catholic Church to be located within the current APE.The remainder of the APE appears to be disturbed and or cleared for pasture.Given these conditions,the likelihood of encountering previously undocumented archaeological sites appears to be low. 4. FIELDWORK Fieldwork for the current study was conducted on August 26, 2020,by Johnny Dudoit, B.A., and Benjamin Barna, Ph. D. (Principal Investigator), with a follow-up field visit on October 14, 2020, by Dr. Barna. Additional field photographs were taken on August 4,2021,by Brooke Kauoa under supervision of Dr.Barna.A total of nine person- hours were expended during the fieldwork. FIELD METHODS During the archaeological field survey,the entire(100%)ground surface of study area was visually inspected.Field archaeologists walked transects spaced at no more than 5 meters apart oriented parallel to Kawaihae Road. In Keanu`i`omano Stream,field archaeologists walked a parallel to the stream along its upper banks and inside the stream immediately below its banks.When archaeological features were encountered,their positions were plotted on a map of the current study area using a handheld tablet computer running ESRI's Collector application connected to an EOS Arrow 100 GNSS receiver with sub-meter accuracy(set to the UTM NAD 83 datum,Zone 5N North. Additionally, areas of previous disturbance, conspicuous landforms, and vegetation patterns were mapped. Identified features located within the current study area were then cleared of vegetation,photographed(both with and without a meter stick for scale),depicted on a scaled drafted plan map,and described using standardized feature record forms. No subsurface testing was conducted in previously disturbed or in areas where prior subsurface suggests a low likelihood of buried archaeological deposits. FINDINGS As a result of the fieldwork for the current study,two previously recorded historic structures were identified in the APE(Table 5).No archaeological properties were identified.The locations of the two structures relative to the current APE is presented in Figure 24.The sites are described below. Table 5.Properties recorded during the current study. SIHP Site Property Status Type Function Age Number type 23313 Structure Previously Concrete Stream Historic documented foundation monitoring 29221 Structure Previously Waiaka Bridge Transportation Historic documented Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 47 4.Fieldwork Z'''"‹ rn O . ! li in O i 1 •. , o iir. .... Ali if, - , • r1 4ire lid ' k ,! • s .. 1f a fi , �, ' •R r Cr) i •--1 M N ry cz, +� t .' — cd 13 f W as N .-1 O - ...= O~ cd O OA r 48 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork Site 23313 Site 23313(Figure 25)is the Keanu`i`omano Stream Gage(USGS 16756500)located within Keanu`i`omano Stream, on the eastern side of the stream approximately 38.5 meters upstream from the Waiaka Bridge. The site was documented as a"concrete foundation"by Haun et al.(2002:46): Site 23313 is a concrete foundation located within the Keanuiomano Stream drainage,on the eastern side of the stream. The site is situated 38.5 m upstream to the north from Waiaka Bridge. The foundation consists of two concrete slabs and a concrete curb located on the eastern side of the stream [Figure 26, see Figure 25]. The main slab is 4.18 m long(east-west)and 1.25 m wide. The western portion of the slab is built on a bedrock outcrop situated adjacent to the stream,with the eastern portion constructed on the stream bank.The southern half of the slab is buried beneath a soil mound.The slab is 0.47 to 0.51 m in height on the north side. A low,irregularly-shaped slab is located adjacent to the main slab,0.2 m to the west.This slab has been poured onto the surface of the outcrop,possible to level a depressed area. This slab is 0.73 m long (north-south) and 0.65 m wide. The surface of this slab is level with outcrop. There is a rectangular-shaped curb situated adjacent to the smaller slab to the west. This curb is 1.15 m long (north-south),0.22 m wide at the top and 0.4 m wide at the base. The top of the curb is 0.38 m in height above the stream on the west side,and 0.21 m in height above the outcrop on the east side. A metal bolt is imbedded in the outcrop to the north of the north of the curb.The bolt has been cut off level with the surface of the outcrop and is 0.02 m in diameter. There is a 2" galvanized metal pipe set vertically in the ground 0.7 m north of the northeastern corner of the main slab.A threaded pipe cap has been screwed onto the top of the pipe.A circular brass United States Geologic Survey benchmark is located on the top of the outcrop to the south of the site.No cultural remains were found in association with the site. Site 23313 is unaltered and in fair condition.The nature of the slab and its location within the stream drainage suggests it potentially functioned as the foundation for a pump used to obtain water from the stream.The concrete used in the construction of the foundation is weathered and does not appear recent.However,the galvanized pipe is modern suggesting that a pump may have existed here. During the fieldwork for the current study, Site 23313 was located and its current condition noted. The site's condition is as described by Haun et al.(2002),with the addition of stream gauge equipment and metal support braces that have been attached to the galvanized pipe(see Figure 26). This stream gauge is the Keanuiomano Stream gauging station(USGS 16756500). Available records from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)indicate that this gauging station has been in operation since 1955 (USGS 2021). While Haun et al. (2002)interpreted the foundation as the base for a water pump,its form and location at the stream gage station indicate that it is a weir built for the stream gage.At stream gaging stations,a weir is used to pond water above the gage so that changes in the height of the ponded water can be used to calculate stream flow(Reinhart and Pierce 1964). The site was previously evaluated as eligible for listing in the NHRP under Criterion D for information yielded relative to historic land use, and as HRS Chapter 6E significant under Criterion d for the same reason.Based on the identification of the site as a USGS stream gaging station dating to 1955,the information yielded during the current study is not considered to be "important in history or prehistory" in either of the Section 106 or HRS Chapter 6E-8 contexts, and the site has to additional potential to yield such information. The site is no longer recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP,and no longer assessed as significant under HRS Chapter 6E-8. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 49 4.Fieldwork e ti� Y M T --.4,.,,,,,,,,r '�'1Z-_. t A. P AA • +�" . "ti Q asp Otis ` "�ik' 1. w e it, /4. M`p v l 1as,.,P 1w • 4'-1 _e'it 3 3 Y q k q u Y'�_ +" 4 - . €s h'.'1 #. '�w mot `�. ' • '� An. v. �ltr,dp lw 3- h ' ,,,f4).t..,47:- „ ,,,„:, . .. . , J.:, , .,.„ ,_1 1 SSAA -` 4,-. 1 T , �A1 .'' --_,I, ,,,,,,:.2,..: :-..,_,,,- , ,s, :$,.,-,- 4.,,,..,;. -:-..;.,,,,,,,i, - 1, - ,..,i ,-,1„.44-1 4,'I I i .t"v•-1' ,.P.--,7;mir'; 1.14;4,?,';14,1.•1" Y;"y ��' its ¢ � � I r!,r; ..4„--, ,y,. : - ., .„„i .\ , ,......, -.'1,4 lea Figure 25. Site 23313,view to the east. Galvanized Pipe Metal Bolt Concrete Slab ma, (0.5 (0.21) Concrete Curb (0.47) -� � (0.38) ��i �` Soil mound Stream gage and �' support braces z x yya Edge of Outcrop Stream �< • r USGS Benchmark` — — Stream Bank 1 / (0.21) =Height in meters /V z �� Stream Direction II o 0 3.0 6.0 9.Oft 0 I.0 2.0 3.Om I Figure 26. Site 23313 plan view map showing current conditions(after Haun et al.2002:47). 50 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork Site 29221 Site 29221is the Waiaka Bridge (Figures 27 and 28),located at the intersection of Kawaihae Road(State Route 19) and Kohala Mountain Road(State Route 250). The bridge was previously documented by . Hazen et al. (2002), and their description is quoted at length below and supplemented with photographs of the bridge's current condition. DLNR-SHPD's architecture branch has noted that the bridge was constructed in 1932 by Mr.Charles H.Will and was the first bridge funded by federal money on Hawaii Island(Log No. 2011.2731,Doc.No. 1108MA05). The bridge spans Keanu`i`omano Stream about 2 miles west of Waimea Town.Hazen et al.(2002)described the bridge as: ...a concrete slab structure that is paved with asphalt and is rectangular in shape,measuring 11.2 m in length(northwest by southeast)and 8.4 m wide[Figure 29].The surface of the bridge is supported by concrete retaining walls along the northwest and southeast sides of the stream drainage walls and a vertical, free-standing wall located in the center of the stream [Figure 30]. The retaining walls have wing walls at each end that angle away from the main wall.The end of each of the wing wall sections are comprised of mortared stone.The sides of the bridge are bordered by formed concrete walls, slightly curved and have decorated recessed areas on each side with metal guard rails. A partial inscription remains that include the date "1932" and the letters "KA," that likely reads "Waiaka". There are two horizontal metal pipes that are suspended along the southwestern exteriuor side of hte bridge by metal brackets.These pipes are 10"in daiamter and are joined by metal bolted couplings. A pressure valve is present on the outside pipe at the southwestern end of the bridge. These pipes extend to the northwest and southeast from the bridge an undetermined distance. A wooden foot bridge is present along the northeastern side of the bridge for pedestrian traffic [Figure ]. The foot bridge is supported by a framework of wooden beams that rest on top of the retaining walls and the free-standing wall located in the center of the stream. The surface of the bridge is comprised of 2"by 10"wooden planks and there is a vertical railing that extends along the northeast side.This railing is built of vertical 4"by 4"posts with five horizontal 2"by 10"planks nailed to them. During the current fieldwork,Site 29221 was visited,and its current condition was compared with the description provided by Haun et al.(2002). The Waiaka Bridge is a flat concrete slab bridge with two spans(see Figures 27 and 28). It is supported by concrete abutment walls (Figure 31) and a concrete wall pier between the two spans. The abutment walls area solid with basalt masonry wing walls(Figure 32)extending both upstream and downstream.The central wall pier (see Figure 30) is constructed with two solid arches centered on its length. The bridge's parapet design is concrete solid panel with cap (Figure 33). There are four panels per side with additional concrete pilasters installed asymmetrically on each parapet.The pilasters on the southern parapet have steel bolts and/or bolt scars(both filled with concrete and unrepaired)that indicate that pipes or other utilities were formerly suspended from the bridge parapet. The parapet cap has beveled edges and the parapets flare outward at each end. The parapets show signs of their age such as cracks and impact damage.The parapets for each span are connected to each other by large bolts and strapping. On the northern side of the bridge, the wooden footbridge (Figure 34) is also supported by steel girders directly attached to the abutments and central wall pier.Minor cosemetic damage to the bridge includes graffiti on the abutments and central wall pier.As Haun et al.(2002)noted,the installation of thrie beams(guardrails)has obscured the inscriptions reading "Waiaka" and "1932" on the parapets. Overall, the condition of Site 29221 (at least cosmetically)does not appear to have degraded much since the 2002 fieldwork. Additional damage to the parapets has been minimal,and surprisingly,many of the graffiti designs observed appear in Haun et al.'s(2002)report. The Waiaka Bridge(Site 29221)was previously determined to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C at the local level of significance as a good example of a modest reinforced concrete slab bridge that embodies "[t]he distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction" and as the first Federal Aid bridge constructed on Hawai`i Island(Log No.2011.2731,Doc.No. 1108MA05).It was also determined eligible under Criterion D for yielding information important for understanding land use(Haun et al. 2002). DLNR- SHPD determined that replacing or widening the bridge would result in an adverse effect to historic properties(Log No. 20112011.2731, Doc No. 1108MA05). DLNR-SHPD recommended Site 29221 for data recovery to consist of documenting the bridge following Historic American Building Survey(HABS)guidelines. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 51 4.Fieldwork ((II'ffl' 1- 11= • • g. Z p...k 1IC�, W. _}� '' �k ;•i ?el r rill-t„. •.:011-1*, L;--: . .r,kr---' . . .,,..scf,,,.:-777". n I w> ', flryii ,u 'A' L vF / i �-ulp '.. ��'F. 1y ,,,yt 'e. 11. M ,,�1y wG ":wry^— b✓ yJ,', Figure 27. Site 29221 the Waiaka Bridge,north elevation. 1- _. _..,mow ---,-.--__ . i ry .. - - -- •. Eat - ' ter. "' •74- 1, rid= WOO e Figure 28. Site 29221 the Waiaka Bridge,south elevation. 52 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork Y , III rii\ L m \ u \ m _ m Y _III ,./�` \, _ l7` N a0. �'R`, I.,'„, a m m15' \5' a a m ,c a a N -o G m ^ U F\`�' a0 m a '�\ a o C E / — - � 3 8 c' .'zt A.,,,Nzz,N,,,,,,,,N,N,N.,,z,„ `i" 0 � ¢ a ET, E O ct O m to ct I 7. Ti,r2L cc m a ip C O i , 3 = :: _ _ \ Rs 19 LG O '' l� \\� Y ct v 3 t:n / E' .5 ao 3 o N 2 _ N I E I t, a. D \" cdE L JOrc m O . \E \ N mO ' -I m .-i I I 1 VI II j LLi Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 53 4.Fieldwork -=: ._ _ Cv 4 . e.....ff... ..,, .. 4 oi �., - r,. - s h. t n $$ I _y1� "S '. Figure 30. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge wall pier,view to the southeast. .i6g -. likkl' ', . w: ''...--. ,:k,tt4%.:4--t.,;', y,1 - 't -Y; I I i � r� ) � � fP1 Pw e'� ko- 4fy� Figure 31. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge detail of concrete abutment wall,view to the northwest. 54 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 4.Fieldwork . w - A_s a k•y4 dg � 32 �sP' d, � „-p- __� . . — . - • 1',''.' ,..-:-4-' lk,*,,s CI - - -----------FT, ,.. , _ , ...-::,J., - "I- i . . ,, . „ . , • , ,, _ . 6, ,,...: ,,,..,.„,,,, , ._.,... _. _ `M,, � .� ,,, .,„..,,,,„,,,,..„,„,, ..,, a, � \°�{ S si ri a ., ,. ,,7,,i, . t^.; • yi . T 41. .i.,:A„ i',,....:'1:.,,..,-,,,' 'fi91--cs''..' , � `fie �g �.� {�� . r I V � � , A �� Figure 32. Site 29221 Waiaka.B ridge detail of concrete and masonry abutment wing walls,view to the northwest. l o_ � immilemilmmit Ill} 111116111111 ems, * `lr;.` :. . ` �.` Figure 33. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge detail of parapet,view to the northeast. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 55 4.Fieldwork • j i Figure 34. Site 29221 Waiaka Bridge wooden foot bridge,view to the east. The bridge was also documented in the Hawaii State Historic Bridge Inventory and Evaluation(MKE and Fung 2013). During that study,the bridge was assigned Bridge Number 001002500500053 and determined eligible under Criterion C a good example of a 1930's reinforced concrete bridge that is typical of its period in its use of materials, method of construction, craftsmanship and design. The inventory adds this description, which also refers to a Memorandum of Agreement completed for the replacement of the bridge: The Waiaka Stream Bridge carries Hawaii Belt Road across the Waiaka Stream. This reinforced concrete and masonry bridge is in its original location, is generally in good condition, and its materials remain intact.The bridge has concrete, solid panel parapets. This bridge's name which is engraved on the parapet is obscured by thrie beams.It contains arch piers and the middle support is a double arch. The workmanship of the bridge has not been obscured by addition or repair and retains its historic feeling.The MOA between DOT and the Central Federal Lands considering the bridge for replacement in 2013 was completed. Per the MOA, the bridge is scheduled for replacement and road re-alignment.(MKE and Fung 2013:6-174) Based on the observations made during the current study, the Waiaka Bridge (Site 29221) continues to be considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion C as described above.With respect to HRS Chapter 6E significance,the bridge is considered significant under Criteria c and d for the same reasons listed above.A more detailed discussion of NRHP eligibility and 6E significance is provided in Chapter 5 below. 56 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 5.Consultation 5. CONSULTATION The goal of the consultation portion of the Section 106 process is to identify historic properties potentially affected by the Undertaking, assess effects, and seek ways to avoid, minimize, or mitigate any adverse effects on historic properties. Subpart A §800.2 (4) stipulates that the Agency consults with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO),whose responsibility it is to reflect the interest of the State and its citizens in the preservation of their cultural heritage; and Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHOs) that attach religious and cultural significance to historic properties that may be affected by an undertaking. The following paragraphs present the consultation methodology utilized in this study as well as the findings from the consultation process,along with a summary of findings. CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY To meet these requirements,the Agency initiated consultation with the SHPO via a letter addressed to Ms. Suzanne Case dated July 21, 2021,requesting information and concurrence with the APE. In a reply letter dated August 18, 2021 (Project No.: 2021PR00849; Submission No.: 2021PR00849.001; Doc No.: 2108SH06), the Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer,Mr. Alan Downer did not object to the APE as defined and recommended the Agency expand their search for NHOs by referring to the NHO list provided by the U.S.Department of the Interior(DOI)as well as contacting civic clubs and historic preservation interest groups. The agency sent requests via consultation letters and maps of the current APE via U.S.postal service and email to the following NHOs, government agencies, and individuals who were presumed to have religious and cultural attachments,knowledge of,or an interest in the APE or project.The request for consultation letters included a detailed description of the Undertaking, a request for comment on the APE, and a request for identification of historic properties within the APE,maps showing the location of the APE,as well as the appropriate contact information. A complete list of all organizations,agencies,and persons contacted as part of the Section 106 consultation process is listed in Table 7 below. Some of these NHOs were identified using the U.S. DOI's NHO list(updated October 14, 2021)that is publicly accessible on the DOI website. Other organizations not listed on the DOI list were identified based on their geographical location and presumed knowledge of historic properties in the APE. Upon receiving a written or email response,ASM staff contacted the individuals to conduct detailed interviews that were focused on 1) identifying historic properties in the APE, 2) identifying any other historic properties or pertinent information outside of the APE,and 3)discussing mitigative measures and strategies.Upon completion of the interview, ASM staff prepared a summary of the findings from the interview. A draft summary was emailed or mailed to each of the interviewees for review and approval.The goal of the review process is to ensure the information documented in the summary accurately reflected the thoughts, knowledge, and concerns of the interviewees. The interviewees were invited to review the entire summary and edit the document where necessary. The approved summaries are included below. Table 6.Native Hawaiian Organizations, agencies, and individuals contacted for consultation. Name Affiliation Responded to Consultation Request Barbara Robertson Kama aina,lives next to No project area Billy Bergin Kama aina, former Yes veterinarian for Parker Ranch Ku`ulei Keakealani Kama aina No Leningrad Elarionoff Kama aina of Waimea Yes Nicole Lui `Ohana from Waimea Yes DR. BILLY BERGIN Dr.Billy Bergin spoke to ASM Affiliates staff,Ms.Nicole Ishihara via phone on August 19,2021 and in March 2022 over a series of email correspondence for the Section 106 consultation regarding the proposed Waiaka Stream Bridge replacement and road realignment project.Dr.Bergin was asked about his connection to the APE,if he knew of any past and/or ongoing traditional cultural practices within or in the vicinity of the proposed APE, and if he had any concerns about the project or could offer mitigation measures. Born in Laupahoehoe in 1940,Dr.Bergin grew up in Hamakua and Hilo.From the age of eight years old until he left for college,he began to spend more time working at the ranches that surround Mauna Kea.By the late 1950s,he Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 57 5.Consultation had worked at most of the ranches around the island as a summer employee but continued to reside at KAhio Village in Waimea. In 1958, he left for Kansas to attend veterinary medical school and returned a decade later to practice veterinary medicine in Kona before moving back to Waimea where he served as Parker Ranch's veterinarian for twenty-five years.He also authored four books on the history of Parker Ranch. As a resident of Waimea for over fifty years,Dr.Bergin has used the Waiaka Stream Bridge and roadway many times as a mode of transportation. The bridge was used extensively to visit family and places in the Waimea and Kohala region as he has a passion for learning the early history of the area. Concerning the APE,Dr. Bergin shared three places of interest in the vicinity:the location of the first Catholic church in Waimea;the evolution of the Hawai`i Preparatory Academy(HPA);and the history of the Kamuela Museum. Dr. Bergin shared that the first Catholic church in Waimea was built in the vicinity of the APE with assistance from Saint Damien,also known as Father Damien,who is known for his missionary efforts with the leper colony at Kalaupapa,Molokai.Many do not know that before his work on Molokai,he spent several years on Hawaii Island, which included time spent in the Kohala District.After Dr.Bergin had a conversation with resident Barbara Robertson whose family has a long-standing history in the area,Ms.Robertson believes the former Catholic church once stood within the HPA property (outside of the APE boundaries). She also mentioned that HPA built homes for their staff near Kawaihae Road and believes the church was either where the staff homes were or in the vicinity of the staff homes. According to Dr. Bergin, the HPA campus is located to the north of the APE on land once owned by Parker Ranch.He stated that the school opened to the public in 1949 and was originally called Hawaii Episcopal Academy and once occupied the grounds of St.James Episcopal Church on Kawaihae Road,east of the current APE.He added that when they acquired the current property,it became a place of significant expansion for the campus with the school eventually changing its name and becoming non-denominational. Dr. Bergin pointed out that the school was once heavy in horsemanship and polo,but the focus of the school has since shifted. Considered"the gem of schools within the Hawaiian Islands,"he stated that the tuition is very expensive and often a deterrent for local families.However,in recent years the school has drawn in many international families and students. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, Dr.Bergin related that many families from the continental U.S.have since moved to Waimea,purchasing real estate and enrolling their children at HPA. The last point of interest is where the Kamuela Museum stands, which is within the APE boundaries and immediately southwest of the Waiaka Stream Bridge. Dr.Bergin shared that the museum was built by the Solomon family—a longtime Kohala family—and described the museum as a regional museum underscored by the ranching industry.He recalled the museum consisting of several rooms with an"eclectic collection"of Hawaiiana with"some modern things."For example,he recalled a 6-inch cord from a parachute being on display that was from Camp Tarawa as well as saddles and saddle parts. Regarding cultural sites,Dr.Bergin knows of the pohaku(stone,rock)called Manaua being in the vicinity of the APE. Dr. Bergin shared that Parker Ranch staff would trek to the stone to leave offerings and conduct blessings, especially during droughts. He pointed out that Waimea is currently in a drought and that a recent brushfire in the region destroyed approximately 40,000-acres. In the past, he recalled elders in the area describing"The Great Fire," a large fire that occurred in the 1800s,which destroyed vegetation along the Mauna Kea mountains and forest reserve, but also the forested plains below. He pointed out that the devastation was so intense,that the trees never grew back on the plains.Dr.Bergin suggested speaking to Ku`ulei Keakealani,Pua Case,and/or Ms.Robertson for more details on Manaua. Concerning the historic properties within the APE including Site 22632 (large agricutural complex with 700- features),Site 23312(irrigation ditch),Site 23313(concreate foundation within Keanuiamano Stream),and Site 29221 (Waiaka Bridge),Dr.Bergin is familiar with all of them as he has been in the area via horseback.He pointed out that Site 22632,Site 23312,and Site 23313 are approximately one to two miles makai of the APE. Dr.Bergin pointed out that portions of the Kohala Mountain Road alignment,which are outside of the APE,were once an ancient foot trail that was converted to a horse and cattle trail and later into a wagon trail. As a resident of Lalamilo, he can see remnants of the carriage road from his home. He added that the Kohala Mountain Road is considered a lifeline for residents who live further north such as Hawi and Kapa`au. He also shared that if you look at the slope of the Kohala Mountains at the brow above Waiaka,the flat facade is known as Haleaha and from the brow descending makai were taro to`i that lead to the Waimea field system.The three waterways—Waikoloa, Waiaka, and Keanuimano (also known as Keanu`i`omano)—that traverse the Waimea landscape were known to have been intensively farmed.Additionally,Waimea was known for its dryland agriculture in comparison to Waipi`o Valley which was rich in wetland agriculture. When asked if the Waiaka stream was 58 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 5.Consultation intermittent or perennial,he considered it to be perennial because during severe droughts there might be some water in it. He also pointed out that during the 1960s, a comprehensive Federal project related to the Mauna Kea Soil Conservation District diverted a part of the Waikoloa Stream for flood control measures. Regarding recommendations and/or mitigation measures,he stated there have always been accidents and fatalities at the Waiaka Stream Bridge intersection. He recalled the late Freddy Rice,a local rancher, owning the property on the right side before the bridge and being aware of the number of accidents that occurred there. When asked which direction where accidents occur the most,he stated when traveling from Kawaihae to Waimea(west to east); down from Kohala(north to south); and up to Kohala(east to north). As a member of the Traffic Safety Committee in partnership with the Waimea Community Association, Dr. Bergin shared that the purpose of the group is to help promote traffic safety.An ongoing regional highway safety plan was able to identify two areas where there are traffic concerns:the intersections of Mamalahoa Highway/Lindsey Road and Lindsey Road/Kawaihae Road.He pointed out that the latter is directly correlated to the Waiaka Stream Bridge APE as it was another place known to bottleneck and connects to the thoroughfare. LENINGRAD ELARIONOFF ASM Affiliates staff, Nicole Ishihara, consulted with Mr. Leningrad Elarionoff via email for the Section 106 consultation for the proposed Waiaka Stream Bridge Replacement and Realignment project in August 2021 and again in March 2022. He was asked about his connection to Waimea; knowledge of historic properties found within the APE;if he had any information of any other sites and/or pertinent information outside of the APE that needed to be addressed;and if he had any recommendations,concerns,and/or mitigation measures. Mr. Leningrad Elarionoff was born and raised in Ka`n.His mothers side of the family was from Waimea,while his father came from Russia.He attended college in the mainland then returned with hopes to live and work in Kona. Fortunately,there were no job openings in Kona,so he made his way to Waimea where he worked as a policeman and later served as a County Councilman.Now retired,he spends much of his time improving his community of Waimea and volunteering. He began the interview by defining the word Waimea—wai meaning "water" and mea which is defined as "something"—or"something in the water." Mr. Elarionoff explained that the translation refers to the yellow tint in the water supply which comes from the hapu`u(Cibotium splendens)fern spores. He described how the rain passes through the hapu`u forests before moving down the Kohala Mountains and is then collected in a reservoir,processed through a filtration plant then sent out for potable use. He noted that only within the last sixty years has a water filtration system been installed in Waimea to rid the water of its yellow tint. He added that some of the long-time residents of the area would wrap a Bull Durham smoking tobacco bag on the end of their faucet to filter the water.He also defined the word Waiaka,which tranlsates to"shadow water"or"shadow brook"and clarified that"the Hawaiian language often name[s] thinks backwards from the English language"but wanted to point out that the word"brook" is equal to water or stream. Regarding the historic properties found within the APE, he recalled walking through Site 22632 (agricultural complex with 700-features)years ago where he gathered sweet potato shoots.He mentioned that Site 22632 is south- southwest of the APE. Other than Site 22632, Mr. Elarionoff could not recall Site 23312 (irrigation ditch) or Site 23313(concrete foundation within Keanuimano Stream). Concerning sites and/or information outside of the APE, Mr. Elarionoff shared that he knows of a burial cave with a canoe on the HPA campus. While he was a policeman,he was tasked to warn HPA students to not enter the cave. It was to his understanding that the cave was later closed and sealed. During the late 1960s to early 1970s,he served on the Waimea Traffic Committee with the late kupuna, Aunty Anna Perry Fisk,who looked forward to the replacement and completion of the Waiaka Bridge.Mr.Elarionoff expressed frustration regarding the Waiaka Stream Bridge Replacement and Realignment project as it has been an issue for many years that has not been addressed. NICOLE KEAKA LUI Ms.Nicole Keaka Lui provided feedback via email on August 30,2021 and additional insight on the APE in March 2022. She was asked about her connection to the APE; if she had knowledge of any sites found within the APE; knowledge of any other sites and/or stories outside of the APE;and if she had any concerns,recommendations,and/or mitigation measures she wanted to share. Born in 1962,Ms.Lui has resided in Kona since the age of four in the district of North Kona in the sub-region of Kekaha-wai-ole-o-na-Kona. Her connection to the Waiaka Stream Bridge APE is via her great-granduncle Kehau Solomon,which she pointed out"this is the Alapia[Arabian] Solomon not the Hawaiian Kolomana `ohana who later Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 59 5.Consultation changed their name to Solomon." She continued to explain that her Uncle Kehau built the Kamuela Museum,which can be found within the APE,with his own two hands including the home and the wall that surrounds the property. This included planting the trees around the property with his wife,Hennrietta Waipa,who was a great-granddaughter of Samuel Parker,a major landowner,and businessman who was an heir to Parker Ranch.In addition to being related to the Solomon ohana,Ms.Lui is also connected to the Stevens,Purdys,Raymonds,Bells,Lincoins,and Lindseys— families who hail from the Waimea-Kohala region for generations.Ms. Lui added that the Kamuela Museum is now owned by Roseanne Barr. She recalled that when visiting her Uncle,they would often go to the stream where they would put their feet in the water to cool off and lounge on the streambank. When asked if she knew of the historic properties within the APE including Site 22632(large agricultural complex with features), Site 23312 (irrigation ditch), Site 23313 (concrete foundation within Keanuimano Stream), and Site 29221 (Waiaka Bridge),she did not know of the sites and could not provide feedback on them. Ms. Lui shared the mo`olelo of a rain rock located east of the APE near the Jacaranda Inn that was guarded by a mo`o;both the rock and mo`o are known as Mana Ua: At this place is the rain rock where the people of Waimea still go and give ho okupu [offerings] for rain and water. This rock was known to the people of Waimea for hundreds of years and a Mo`o spirit resides at this rock. As time passed and the years came and went the rock was forgotten and almost became lost completely. If it were not for the efforts and the memory held by one single man Kupuna Bill Case this sacred place would have been lost forever. The best of my recollection of the mo`olelo shared with us by Kupuna Bill Case's daughter Pua Case. Her father was a former foreman for the Parker Ranch Water Department and at the time the Waimea region was experiencing a major drought where the water needed to be hauled in for residents and cattle. This was sometime during the mid to late [19[70's. It was during this time that Kupuna Bill Case remembered the old people talking about this rock and its location and went to look for it and found it covered over with grass and trees. Pua went on to share that her father along with some of the Parker Ranch workers cleaned the area of grass and trees and asked families to come to the rock and provide pule [prayer] and ho okupu. Through these actions,their prayers were answered, and the rains returned,filling reservoirs and waterways once again. Ms. Lui added that she has attended ceremonies at the pohaku twice. Ms. Lui also added that after attending a ceremony for the second time,prayers were needed for rain because it was very dry from the boundary of North Kona to the beginning of South Kohala after Pu`uanahulu en route to Waimea. Ms. Lui goes on to say that after the pule, her Mother Kupuna Agnes Lui was the last to pule.Ms.Lui further described her experience: She raised her ancient hand to the heavens and asked Akua to please send the rains. As she finished—I will never forget this—it began to mist rain ever so gentle, and this is when the Mo`o revealed herself to my mother in its reptilian form. We all wept and praised the elements and Akua. As we were all leaving this place,my mother and I began our journey home to Kona it started to pour heavy rain which continued from Waimea to the boundary of South Kohala and North Kona. As we passed that boundary,and got on the Kona side,I kid you not,the rain stopped.As I looked in the rear-view mirror and saw the elemental change as we passed from one district to another, I realized then the power of pule when done collectively at a sacred site like Mana Ua, can be a powerful and humbling experience. Pua Case and her family continue as the caretakers of the rain rock of Mana Ua. This is a continued traditional cultural practice that still occurs east of the APE along the same waterway. She closed our conversation with the following:"Such wonderful times in my youth when there was hardly a car in sight and when Waimea was so sleepy and Kohala even sleepier. I miss those days and sometimes think about the old ones and try to remember them. Seems so long ago." HDOT CONSULTATION LETTERS Section 106 consultation letters were sent to Native Hawaiian Organizations, government agencies, and other interested parties by the Agency on February 3, 2022. Table 5 lists the letter recipients and whether they have responded to date.HDOT's responses to comments and follow-on consultation are in progress. 60 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 5.Consultation Table 7.Consultation letter recipients. Name Affiliation Responded `Aha Moku NHO No Anna Ranch Heritage Center Near APE No Aronowitz,Dr.Michael Adjacent landowner 06 Mar 2022 Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs NHO No Association of Hawaiians for NHO No Homestead Lands Au Puni o Hawaii NHO No Bergin,Billy Former veterinarian with Parker Consulted during HRS-6E Ranch Big Buck Trust Adjacent landowner(Kawaihae Rd., Yes across street from Doi's) DHHL Adjacent landowner Yes Doi,David and Aimee Love Adjacent landowner(Kawaihae Rd., 14 Feb 2022 house on corner) Elarionoff,Leningrad Kama`aina of Waimea 13 Feb 2022 Hawai'i Prepatory Academy Adjacent landowner 09 Feb 2022 HIBC No Historic Hawaii Foundation No KAHEA The Hawaiian Alliance No Keakealani,Ku`ulei Kama'aina,DHHL Consulted during HRS-6E Kittell,Steven D.(Trust) Property next to HPA Yes Kohala Watershed Partnership No Lam,Clemson Trails advocate No Lui,Nicole Descendant(L or C?) 01 Mar 2022 Mar,Thomas Kohala Mt.Rd.(Kawaihae side) No McCollough,Arte Waimea resident 07 Mar 2022 Naughton,Momi Former professor at UHH, 22 Feb 2022 knowledgeable in North HI,Anna Ranch OHA No Paniolo Preservation Society No Plunkett,Kamu No Richards III,Herbert"Tim" County Council,District 9 No SHPD 07 Mar 2022 South Kohala Hawaiian Civic Clu NHO No South Kohala Traffic Safety No Committee Sovereign Council of Hawaiian NHO No Homesteads Association Stene,Aaron Adjacent landowner 13 Feb 2022 Waimea Hawaiian Civic Club NHO No White,Sinclair Adjacent landowner No E Mau Na Ala Hele Trails advocacy group No Larry Kimura UH professor from Waimea No Ka Haka'Ula 0 Keelikolani Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 61 6.NRHP Eligibility and Determination of effect Recommendations 6. NRHP ELIGIBILITY AND DETERMINATION OF EFFECT RECOMMENDATIONS The recorded properties are assessed for eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places(NRHP) and for their HRS Chapter 6E significance based on criteria established and promoted by the DLNR-SHPD and contained in the Hawai`i Administrative Rules 13§13-275-6. To be eligible for listing in the NHRP,properties must meet one of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation by being associated with an important historic context and retainig historic integrity of those features necessary to convey its significance.The criteria,as defined in 36 CFR§60.4,state: The quality of significance in American history,architecture,archeology,engineering,and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design,setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association,and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history;or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past;or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction,or that represent the work of a master,or that possess high artistic values,or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction;or D. That have yielded,or may be likely to yield,information important in prehistory or history. Recommendations for NRHP eligibility and HRS Chapter 6E significance for the two recorded properties are presented in Table 9 and discussed below. Table 8.NRHP eligibility recommendations. SIHP Site no.* Property Temporal Affiliation NRHP eligibility 23313 Keanu`i`omano Stream gage 1955 Not eligible 29221 Waiaka Bridge 1932 C,D *SIHP numbers include prefix 50-10-06- SITE 23313 Site 23313 is the USGS Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station,located in Keanu`i`omano Stream.Based on available USGS records, the gaging station was established in 1955, as one of around 100 gaging stations installed between 1950 and 1964.With respect to its eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP,the site was previously evaluated by Haun et al.(2002)to be eligible under Criterion D for having yielded information important for understanding late prehistoric to historic land use in the project area. Additional information about Site 23313 obtained during the current study allows for a re-evaluation of its eligibility for the NRHP.Based on this new information,the site is re-evaluated within the historical context of USGS Stream Gaging in Hawaii, with a period of significance of 1909-1964. The Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station (Site 23313)was established late in the period of significance . It was one of approximately 100 new gages added between 1950 and 1964. A search of historic newspapers and other sources did not identify any specific events in which the Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station played an important role (not eligible under Criterion A), and no person or persons of historic importance could be directly associated with the gage(not eligible under Criterion B).It is of a simple, utilitarian, and non-descript design that cannot be said to embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction,or that represent the work of a master,or that possess high artistic values,or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction(not eligible under Criterion C).The information obtained during the current and prior studies has not yielded information that can be said to be important in prehistory or history,nor does the site appear to be likely to yield such information through further architectural or archaeological research (not eligible under Criterion D.) Therefore, Site 23313 is now recommended not eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under any criterion. 62 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 6.NRHP Eligibility and Determination of effect Recommendations SITE 29221 Site 29221,the Waiaka Bridge,was previoulsy determined eligible for inclusion in the NHRP under Criterion C and D (Haun et al. 2002; MKE and Fung 2013). Under Criterion C,the bridge was considered for its eligibility for the NRHP within the context of"Bridge Construction and the Federal Aid Program(1925-1941)" as detailed by MKE and Fung (2013:2-11). The bridge was constructed in 1932 by Charles H. Will as the first bridge funded by federal money on Hawaii Island. It is also a good example of a simple 1930s reinforced concrete bridge. In addition to the NRHP eligibility and HRS Chapter 6E significance evaluations conducted by Haun et al. (2002), the bridge was previously evaluated for NHRP eligibility in the Hawai`i State Historic Bridge Inventory and Evaluation(MKE and Fung 2013). In that study, the bridge was evaluated as NRHP eligible under Criterion C as "a good example of a 1930's reinforced concrete bridge that is typical of its period in its use of materials, method of construction, craftsmanship and design"(MKE and Fung 2013:6-174).Haun et al.(2002:53)also evaluated the bridge to be eligible under Criterion D for having"yielded information important for understanding late prehistoric to historic land use in the project area," which is presumed to refer to a period of significance beginning in the 1930s in the case of this bridge. SECTION 106 RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION OF EFFECT The results of the cm-rent study indicate that the bridge retains sufficient integrity of all categories to convey its significance under Criteria C and D.Therefore,Site 29221 continues to be recommended eligible for the NRHP at the local level of significance under that category. Under 36 CFR 800.5,the agency shall apply the criteria of adverse effect to historic properties.An adverse effect is found: when an undertaking may alter,directly or indirectly,any of the characteristics of a historic property that qualify the property for inclusion in the National Register in a manner that would diminish the integrity of the property's location,design,setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,or association. Consideration shall be given to all qualifying characteristics of a historic property,including those that may have been identified subsequent to the original evaluation of the property's eligibility for the National Register. Adverse effects may include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the undertaking that may occur later in time,be farther removed in distance or be cumulative. [36 CFR 800.5(a)(1)] The Undertaking would include the demolition of Waiaka Bridge(Site 29221),which would result in the physical destruction of all or part of the property. The recommended determination of effect under 36 CFR 800.5 for the Undertaking is therefore"Adverse effect."It is recommended that HDOT consult further to resolve the adverse effect pursuant to 36 CFR 800.6. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 63 7.Chapter 6E Significance and Determination of Effect Recommendations 7. CHAPTER 6E SIGNIFICANCE AND DETERMINATION OF EFFECT RECOMMENDATIONS Under HRS Chapter 6E,for a resource to be considered significant it must possess integrity of location,design, setting,materials,workmanship,feeling,and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: a Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; b Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; c Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master;or possess high artistic value; d Have yielded,or is likely to yield,information important for research on prehistory or history; e Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts—these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. Recommendations for HRS Chapter 6E significance for the two recorded properties are presented in Table 9 and discussed below. Table 9.HRS 6E significance recommendations. SIHP Site no.* Property Temporal Affiliation HRS 6E significance 23313 Keanu`i`omano Stream gage 1955 Not significant 29221 Waiaka Bridge 1932 c, d *SIHP numbers include prefix 50-10-06- SITE 23313 Site 23313 is the USGS Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station,located in Keanu`i`omano Stream.Based on available USGS records, the gaging station was established in 1955, as one of around 100 gaging stations installed between 1950 and 1964.With respect to its eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP,the site was previously evaluated by Haun et al.(2002)to be eligible under Criterion D for having yielded information important for understanding late prehistoric to historic land use in the project area. With respect to HRS Chapte 6E significance,the site retains sufficient integrity in all categories to be evaluated. A described above,a search of historic newspapers and other sources did not identify any specific events in which the Keanu`i`omano Stream gaging station played an important role(not eligible under Criterion a),and no individual of historic importance could be directly associated with the gage (not eligible under Criterion b). It is of a simple, utilitarian,and non-descript design that cannot be said to embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,period, or method of construction,or that represent the work of a master,or that possess high artistic values,or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction(not eligible under Criterion c). The information obtained during the current and prior studies has not yielded information that can be said to be important in prehistory or history, nor does the site appear to be likely to yield such information through further archictectural or archaeological research (not eligible under Criterion d.) Consultation conducted for previous iterations of this project and other projects in the Waimea area did not identify this site as having an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out,or still carried out,at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs,events or oral accounts.Therefore,Site 23313 is now recommended not significant under any criterion. SITE 29221 With respect to significance under HRS Chapter 6E,Site 29221 was previously assessed as significant under Criterion c(Log No. 2011.2731,Doc.No. 1108MA05)and Criterion d(Haun et al. 2002).Under Criterion c,it was noted by DLNR-SHPD to be a good example of a modest reinforced concrete slab bridge that embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type,period,or method of construction.Under Criterion d,Haun et al.(2002)stated that the bridge "yielded information important for understanding late prehistoric to historic land use in the project area," which is presumed to refer to a period of significance beginning in the 1930s in the case of this bridge. 64 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 8.Mitigation Recommendations The results of the current study indicate that the bridge retains sufficient integrity of all categories to convey its significance under Criteria c and d. Therefore, Site 29221 continues to be recommended significant under those categories. RECOMMENDED DETERMINATION OF EFFECT Under HAR §13-275-7(a), the effects or impacts of a project on significant properties shall be determined by the agency.The proposed project would include the demolition of Waiaka Bridge(Site 23221),which would result in the physical destruction of all or part of the property.Because the project will affect this historic property and the effects will be harmful,the recommended determination of effect under HAR§13-275-7 for the proposed project is therefore "Effect,with proposed mitigation commitments."Proposed mitigation commitments are discussed in Chapter 8. 8. MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS The recommended effect determinations under Section 106 and HRS Chapter 6E would require mitigation of adverse effects to Site 29221.To resolve adverse effects under Section 106,procedures outlined in 36 CFR 600.6 would need to be followed,ultimately resulting in the execution and implementation of a memorandum of agreement(MOA)that would evidence the agency official's compliance with Section 106 and 36 CFR 600.6 and govern the Undertaking and all of its parts.Under HRS Chapter 6E,the procedures outlined in HAR§13-275-8 and 13-275-9 would be followed to propose,implement,and verify the completion of mitigation commitments.Recommended mitigation measures are discussed and proposed below. Table 10.Proposed mitigation commitments SIHP Site Number Site Type NRHP eligibility HRS 6E significance Proposed mitigation 29221 Waiaka Bridge C,D c, d Architectural recordation *SIHP numbers include prefix 50-10-06- SITE 29221 The Undertaking would demolish the Waiaka Bridge,which is by definition an adverse effect. The bridge is eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criterion C and HRS Chapter 6E significant under Criterion c as a good example of a 1930's reinforced concrete bridge that is typical of its period in its use of materials, method of construction, craftsmanship and design, and also under NRHP Criterion D and HRS Chapter 6E Criterion d for information it yielded about land use in the historic period. To mitigate adverse effects caused by its demolition, architectural recordation prior to demolition is recommended. This recordation could take the form of Historic American Engineering Record Level I or II documentation of the bridge. PRECAUTIONARY MONITORING Due to the sensitive nature of the area,archaeological monitoring during ground disturbing activities associated with the project is recommended for identification purposes. Consultation identified the general area near Keanu`i`omano Stream as potentially containing buried archaeological deposits associated with traditional Hawaiian settlement at Wai`aka and with the 1868 Catholic church(the location of which is unknown). Additionally, a rock wall dating as early as the early twentieth century is located immediately north of a portion of the APE on the HPA campus.Although the project will not affect this wall,it is recommended that protective fencing be erected along the perimeter of the limits of the project to provide additional protection for this wall. The installation of this fence should be verified as part of the recommended archaeological monitoring effort. 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Rechtman,R.B.and U.K.Prasad 2006 An Archaeological and Cultural Assessment Survey of Pu`u Ne`ene`e Ranch(TMKs:3-6-4-01:051, 053, 156, 157, 158, 159).Pu`ukapu Ahupua`a, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii.Rechtman Consulting,LLC 0399.Prepared for Kukulu Pono Construction,LLC,Kea`au,HI. Reinhart,K.G.and R.S.Pierce 1964 Stream-Gaging Stations For Research on Small Watersheds. Agriculture Handbook No. 268. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,Forest Service,U.S.Department of Agriculture. Rosendahl,P.H. 1985 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey,Kawaihae 0.1-MG Reservoir No. 1 Site, Lalamilo, South Kohala,Island of Hawai`i(TMK:3-6-6-01:por 5).Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc.85-163.Prepared for County of Hawaii,Department of Water Supply,Hilo,HI. Sai,D.K. 2011 Ua Mau Ke Ea Sovereignty Endures: An Overview of the Political and Legal History of the Hawaiian Islands.PU`a.Foundation,Honolulu. Schilt,R.and A. Sinoto 1980 Limited Phase I Archaeological Survey of Mahukona Properties,North Kohala,Island of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Ms. 013180. Prepared for Belt Collins and Associates. Schmitt,R. 1973 The Missionary Censuses of Hawai`i. Pacific Anthropological Records 20. Department of Anthropology,Bishop Museum,Honolulu. 1977 Historical Statistics of Hawaii.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu. Schutz,A.J. 1994 The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Sherrod,D.R.,J.M. Sinton,S.E.Watkins,and K.M.Brunt 2007 Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2007-1089. Electronic document, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1089, accessed Apr 27,2018. Sinoto,A. 1998 Proposed Location of Kingdom Hall,Kamuela Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses,TMK 6-6-1: 11 Add Sinoto Consulting.Letter report.Prepared for State Historic Preservation Division. Soehren,L. 2005 A Catalog of Hawaii Place Names Compiled from the Records of the Boundary Commission and the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Title of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Part 2: Hamakua and Kohala.2005.Electronic document,http://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?,accessed September 14,2016. Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service) 2020 Official Soil Series Descriptions. Electronic document, https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdlist.aspx. 72 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii References Cited Souza,K.,K.Kikiloi,and H.H.Hammatt 2003 Cultural Impact Assessment for the Proposed Waimea Trails and Greenway Project, Waimea, South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii,Portions of TMK 6-2,6-5,6-6.Cultural Surveys Hawaii,Inc.Prepared for Gerald Park,Urban Planner. The Hawaiian Star 1901 Waimea Post Office Pau. The Hawaiian Star[Honolulu]. 12 June 1901: 8. Thompson,L.W.and P.H.Rosendahl 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey,Potential Sites for North Hawaii Community Hospital,Lands of Waikoloa,Pu'ukapu, and Lalamilo, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii(TMK:6-7-02:13,17; 6-7-03:11;6-8-01:1,2).Paul H.Rosendahl,Ph.D.,Inc. 905-052893.Prepared for Wilson,Okamoto and Associates,Hilo,HI. Tomonari-Tuggle,M.-J. 1988 North Kohala:Perception of a Changing Community.A Cultural Resources Study.State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Outdoor Recreation and Histoirc Sites, Division of State Parks. USGS(United States Geological Survey) 2021 USGS 16756500 Keanuiomano Stream near Kamuela, HI. Surface Water for USA: Streamflow Measurements. Electronic document, https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/measurements? , accessed August 20,2021. Vancouver,G. 1984 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World, 1791-1795: With an Introduction and Appendices.Edited by W.K.Lamb.Hakluyt Society,London. Waihona Aina 2020 Land Grant Database.Electronic document,https://waihona.com/landSearch.asp. Wall,W.A.and C.J.Lyons 1887 Waimea Hawaii Preliminary Map.Hawaii Land Survey Division.Registered Map No.673 Part 1. 1:12,000 scale.Electronic document,http://ags.hawaii.gov/survey/map-search,accessed Mar 8,2020. Wellmon,B. 1973 Frontier Traders and Pioneer Cattlemen: A Hawaiian Perspective. Hawaiian Journal of History 7:48-54. Wilkes,C. 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1849, and 1842, vol.IV.Lea and Blanchard,Philadelphia. Wilkinson,S.,M.E.Rivera,A.Mitchell,and H.H.Hammatt 2012 Archaeological Assessment for the Longs Drugs Store#2406 Site Improvement Project,Lalamilo Ahupua'a(Waimea Town), South Kohala District, Hawaii Island. Cultural Surveys Hawaii, Inc. Final. Williams,J. 1918 A Little Known Engineering Work in Hawaii. In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1919,pp. 121- 126.Edited by T.Thrum.Thos.G.Thrum,Honolulu. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 73 Appendix A APPENDIX A. (Hann et al. 2002) AIS ACCEPTANCE LETTER • 0304- P57f?4.2 WILLUMJ ate Ill KEIL ABERCROMBIB Ra 'k nw w86r A G!)�'EA'!)A�kNWAa 0 roMM smn i KAU... O ar+tl 1 0.l,�--� 1-1� RUT uPl tIL {J WILLIA14LrAl APIAMIC maw15EIONM wntt'.n ketS.:x'1 uOwwcM CO-KM 1100 nn'n• uiu LA NS•Wrf wns STATE OF HAWAI] `"`"'I -k„rd�„a DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES .Am��,,,E _ ,C.0,0.169,1014 • STATE HISTOISIC PRESERVATION DIVISION 601 KAMOKILA tIOULEVARD,ROOM 555 • KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707 May 15,2'012 Dr.Alan Haun • LOG NO 2012.1353 • Hann and Associates DOC NO:1205MV04 73-1168 Kahuna A'o Road Archaeology Kailua Kona Howell 96740 Dear Dr.Haan: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-8 and Section 106 Historic Preservation Review- Revised Archaeological Inventory Survey,Waiaka Bridge Replacement and Realignment of Approaches Waimea Ahupua`a,South Kohala District,Island of Hawaii TMK(3)6-6-001:033,:040&:077(portion) Thank you for the opportunity-to review the revised draft report titled Archaeological Inventory Survey Wetake Bridge Replacement and Realignment of Approaches Lands of Lalamilo Keoniki,Kauniha and Waiaka 1, South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii TMK (3) 6-6-001r033, :040 & :077 (portion). A. Hann, D. Henry and Ka'ohulani McGuire(February 2012).This document was received by our office on March 6,2012.We apologize for the delayed review and thank you for your patience. This report presents the findings of an archeological inventory survey that was conducted on 9.8 acres in the surrounding the intersection of Kawaehae Road and Kohala Mountain Road:The report was prepared at the request of The State Department of Transportation,who proposes to replace the Waiaka Bridge and realign the roads that lead into this intersection.Field work for this study consisted of a 100%pedestrian survey of the surface environment with no subsurface investigation.According to the report,four historic sites,one previously identified and three newly identified were located within this survey area.These sites include an agricultural field complex previously described by Hain et.al-2002(S1HP Site 50-10-6-22632);a water diversion ditch(Site 22312); a concrete foundation located within Keanuiomano Stream (Site 22313); and the Waiaka Bridge(Site 29221). The revisions made to this report are the result of the SHPD review of a previous draft(Log 2011.2213, Doc 1111MV03); questions raised in our prior correspondence have been addressed. The report now contains an excellent description of the project alternatives and indicates the potential for these alternatives to impact Site 22632.We concur with your site evaluations and proposed mitigation commitments for these sites,including data recovery for Sites 22632 and 23312;no further work for Site 23313,and NABS documentation for Site 29221 We also concur with your recommendation for onsite archaeological monitoring during ground disturbing activities • • associated with this project.We look forward to the opportunity to review and accept archaeological data recovery and monitoring plans prior to the commencement of ground disturbing activities. This report meets the requirements of HAR 13-276 as well as the secretary of the interiors standards,and is accepted by SHPD.Please send one hardcopy of the document,clearly marked FINAL,along with a copy of this review letter and a text-searchable-PDF version on CD to the Kapolei SI-IPD office. Please contact Mike Vitousek at(808) 652-1510 or Micltael.Vitousekl iHawaii.l;ov if you have any questions or concerns regarding this letter, Aloha, Theresa K.Donham,Archaeology Branch Chief Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 Appendix B APPENDIX B. THOMPSON AND ROSENDAHL (1992) BACKHOE TRENCH PROFILES During their AIS of"Parcel 7," Thompson and Rosendahl (1992) documented seven soil profiles within backhoe trenches excavated across agricultural fields and field ridges in Site 18054. Stratigraphic profile descriptions are from those trenches are reproduced below,along with the profile drawings included in the Thompson and Rosendahl(1992) report. PARCEL 7,BT-1 Layer Description I 0-10 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/2 moist);silty clay loam;reddish brown(5YR 4/2 dry);moderate, medium crumb structure;slightly hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; II 30-40 cmbs; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3 moist); silt loam; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4 dry); structureless;loose,loose,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; III 80-90 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist);silty clay loam;yellowish red(5YR 4/6 dry)moderate, coarse,crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic; IV 135-145 cmbs; dark reddish brown(2.5 YR 2.5/4 moist); silty clay loam;yellowish red(5YR 5/8 dry); weak,fine crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic. PARCEL 7,BT-2 Layer Description I 0-30 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist);clay loam;reddish brown(5 YR 4/4 dry);moderate,fine crumb structure;hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; II 10-45 cmbs; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4 moist); silty clay loam; yellowish red (5YR 4/6 dry); structureless;soft,loose,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; III 35-115 cmbs;dark brown(7.5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;strong brown(7.5YR 4/6 dry);weak;very coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic; IV 100-115 cmbs; dark reddish brown(2.5YR 2.5/4 moist); silty clay loam; strong brown(7.5YR 5/8 dry); weak,coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic. PARCEL 7,BT-3 Layer Description I 0-10 cmbs; dark reddish brown(SYR 2.5/2 moist); silty clay loam; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/4 dry); moderate fine crumb structure;hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; II 30-40 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;reddish brown(5YR 4/4 dry);weak, fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; III 90-100 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;yellowish red(5YR 5/6 dry);weak, fine to coarse crumb structure;soft very friable, slightly sticky,plastic; IV 150-160 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;yellowish red(5YR 4/6 dry);weak, fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic. PARCEL 7,BT-4 Layer Description I 10-20 cmbs;dark brown(7.5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;dark brown(75YR 3/4 dry);moderate,fine crumb structure;hard,friable,slightly sticky plastic II 25-35 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/4 dry); weak,fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic III 65-75 cmbs;dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam;strong brown(7 .5YR 4/6 dry);weak, fine to coarse,crumb structure;soft,very friable, slightly sticky,slightly plastic; IV 90-100 cmbs;dark reddish brown(SYR 3/3 moist);silty clay loam;strong brown(7.5YR5/8 dry);weak, fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 1 Appendix B PARCEL 7,BT-5 Layer Description I 0-35 cmbs;dark brown(7.5YR 3/3 moist);clay loam;dark brown(7 .5YR 3/4 dry);moderate fine crumb structure;hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; II 30-45 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/4 dry); weak,fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic; III 30-150 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam; strong(7 .5YR dry); weak, fine to medium crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic; IV 80-105 cmbs;dark reddish brown(2.5YR 2.5/4 moist);clay loam; strong brown(7.5YR 5/8 dry);weak, fine to medium crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic. PARCEL 7,BT-6 Layer Description I 0-35 cmbs;dark brown(7 .5YR 3/3 moist);clay loam;dark brown(7.5YR 3/4 dry);moderate fine crumb II 20-45 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/4 dry); weak,fine to coarse crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic III 25-65 cmbs; dark reddish brown(5YR 3/3 moist); silty clay loam; strong (7 .5YR dry); weak, fine to medium crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic IV 60-90 cmbs;darkreddish brown(2.5YR2.5/4 moist);clay loam;strong brown(7.5YR 5/8 dry);weak,fine to medium crumb structure;soft,very friable,sticky,plastic; V 100-120 cmbs;dark brown(7.5YR 3/2 moist);clay loam;dark brown(7 .5YR 3/3 dry);moderate,fine to medium crumb structure;hard,friable,sticky,plastic PARCEL 7,BT-7 Layer Description I 0-30 cmbs; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3 moist); clay loam; dark brown (7.5 YR 3/4 dry); moderate, medium crumb structure;hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic; II 10-00cmbs;darkreddishbrown(2.5YR2.5/4moist); siltyclayloam;strongbrown(7.5YR4/6dry);weak, medium crumb structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic; III 30-125 cmbs; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2.5/4 moist); clay loam; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 dry); moderate,fine to medium crumb structure;hard,very friable,slightly sticky,plastic; 2 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 44 i /S z =u s FVI�EIir h. le ■ a ❑ :7_, ELL7 si,i� r bimi �U i% y / i v YLL _ �Z/ W, 4 J ;:1 W 4 F_ V I✓C -J Q g n/ b 4 1 i L LL 14 II,,,i �il I2Il 144 a • Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 3 Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 45 `r i . i n V I, 4 N H O .I < Ey C. a V rl I will ,'' i 4tC CS VI rQ0 t\ W QO t dm M it 111 00kJm 1 III • 4 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 46 \ E p 40 r m 0 U a,, w7 co '•i n ti < - F: d �s _ �+ - W U Z � 7 7 N 4 01 wQ Y i M c4 LL I ¢- m a W o S W- J V) U cc f ❑ - bC W Lr a CS y \ . Jr -O Mt 04 d4 I 1 In`` 1 �_ Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 5 Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 47 -1)---N .E. r„.-,2:7„.--5 ra ta L ' la Ia r -_ _ = p m aHnCa dO j a r la 1- 5 Tit 44 44) C7 6 __ __ 17, .... IL I 1 t w r/ 6 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 49 ,lijj / r f �. W 4I'-/ L SU 14 Il� .4 i,c mo 11,,,-/ -� +i F� o I/. u wV) F- Q-7-K/ n- 1° $w o - Z- Q K ^.S Y3 r - —1j�. o �a m= I I/x"- a-_ 8 VI .1- d �o v LIO .1� qZ ,//m -o t O.' b0 wa ii la it to fr- /IL Il Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 7 Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 50 iiir of k a� cs ex °z owe C� I a M . U' xi iW5a<~u g w¢(Q6hz t Wu. 58.aa m40 0 Eaa „ 3umiatoX/iII a 1 L` COI ti L. EL I ffi — J l a a il 8 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii Appendix B 905-092391 APPENDIX B 51 T Ifir n m L. N e d =W wV c4 1a _z w s Q+ U F- iL 0tn 4 cc W ci i n Cil N .y 0. Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 9 Appendix B APPENDIX C. EXCERPT FROM THE HA WAIL STATE HISTORIC BRIGE INVENTORY AND EVALUATION (MKE AND FUNG 2013) Inventory Form (State) General Information Bridge Number: 001002500500053 Route No: 19 ' Popular Name: Waiaka Stream Bridge Feature Crossed: Waiaka Stream .� Feature Carried: Kawalhae Road Milepost: 0.53 mi. Island: Hawaii Longitude: 155d-41m-56.06s Latitude: 20d-01 m-35.97s Location: 0.0b Miles East of Lindsey Road Historic Name: Waiaka Stream Bridge Designer/Engineer: Builder/Contractor: Location Map: v✓santo.: neSe,NG'r rot LSP a ad K,awar+ae Rm p �G -y`00 Rd K Wd�Yka Pl AWBd1584 Rd Kyi a F9 %whoa Hwy Tneirna Parker Memorial Lihrary 2000 ft I 1km 001002500500053 Waiaka Stream Bridge 6-173 10 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii Appendix B Construction Information Bridge Type: Concrete Slab Construction Date: 1932 Replaced? No Altered? No Alteration Date(s): Alteration Type(s): Alteration Description(s): Bridge Information Number of Spans: 2 Max Span: 15.1 ft. Total Length: 38.1 ft. Deck Width: 26.9 ft. Superstructure: Concrete Slab Substructure: Concrete Abutment Wall and Concrete Wall Pier Floor/Decking: Concrete Deck with AC Overlay Parapets/Railings: Concrete Solid Panel with Cap Setting: Other Features: Historic Association Eligibility Status: Eligible Criteria: C State/National Registered? No Current Function: Bridge Historic Function: Bridge Area of Significance: Engineering Narrative Description: The Waiaka Stream Bridge carries Hawaii Belt Road across the Waiaka Stream.This reinforced concrete and masonry bridge is in its original location,is generally in good condition,and its materials remain intact.The bridge has concrete,solid panel parapets.This bridge's name which is engraved on the parapet is obscured by thrie beams.It contains arch piers and the middle support is a double arch.The workmanship of the bridge has not been obscured by addition or repair and retains its historic feeling.The MOA between DOT and the Central Federal Lands considering the bridge for replacement in 2013 was completed. Per the MOA,the bridge is scheduled for replacement and road re-alignment. 001002500500053 Waiaka Stream Bridge 6-174 Historic Properties Assessment Study Waiaka Bridge and Roadway Project,South Kohala,Hawaii 11