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Watershed The historic range of vegetation above the 1,850-foot contour elevation line is classified as being `Ohi`a Lowland Wet Forest. Lowland Mesic Forest and Shrubland vegetation historically existed from the 1,400 to 1,850-foot elevations. Average rainfall currently ranges from less than 1,500 mm to more than 2,500 mm annually. This property has both above-ground and below ground watershed functions. The high-quality native forests and non-native forest areas provide groundwater recharge for the Hilea and Punalu`u ahupua`a, as do the areas in pasture, albeit to a lesser extent. There are also at least three springs on the property, which are used for agricultural water by the ranch tenants currently. The intermittent, but continuously flowing subsurface waterway, Hilea stream, located at the foot of Pakua and Makanau is a major drainage corridor for the area. There are also small drainage features on the plateau of Makanau and in the pasture areas below. Cultural/Historic Resources Although much of the non-forested acreage was previously planted in sugarcane and therefore has been subject to tillage, Kohaikalani Heiau is located on the southern edge of the plateau on the summit of Makanau. Kohaikalani Heiau is famous in stories of Ka`u ali`i as the site where the chief Kohaikalani met an untimely end by the rebellious actions of the commoners who had been conscripted into building the heiau. According to Heiau of the Island of Hawaii: A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites, by John F. G. Stokes, the heiau is described as a sacrificial heiau with: "[Wjalls from 4.5 to 5.5 feet high inside and averaging 6.5 high on the outside. All the interior fittings are gone, having been lost to cane growing. The entrance is near the southern corner." At the time of our visit (November 2010), only the northwest walls of the heiau remain intact. The ili stones are scattered around the base of the walls, and have been mixed in with the soil of the surrounding pasture. There is a copper USGS marker labeled "MAKANAO" attached to a steel pipe embedded in the wall. Education, community engagement and outdoor recreation opportunities Some pig-hunting currently occurs on the property by area residents and ranch tenants and their employees. With purchase this access will continue, but access will be formalized to ensure risk management and protection of natural resources. A community hunting access system similar to the one currently employed on the adjacent TNC preserve property will be used to ensure continual access to surrounding public hunting lands. Open space and scenic resources are considerable as Makanau is a well-known and highly visible landmark in Ka`u, as are the adjacent hills of Pakua, Pu`u Iki and Kaiholena. The summit of Makanau provides sweeping views of the district. Sugg.26-04