HomeMy WebLinkAbout2026-01-27 PL-BOA-2026-000127 COMPLETE RECORD ON APPEAL (L. ROSEHILL VS. PLANNING DIRECTOR) JEFFREY W. DARROW
PLANNING DIRECTOR
COUNTY OF HAWAI`I
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, HI 96720
Telephone No. (808) 961-8288
IN THE BOARD OF APPEALS
COUNTY OF HAWAI`I
STATE OF HAWAI`I
`OHANA O MOKUHULU, KAIMU )
MAKENA, AND KALAPANA (LESLIE )
ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL) )
PL-BOA-2026-000127
Appellant, )
Appeal of Decision by the Planning Director
Dated December 4, 2025, Regarding Issuance of
Special Management Area(SMA) Minor Permit
(PL-SMM-2025-000079) for Construction of
New Single-Family Residence and Related
Improvements
vs. )
JEFFREY W. DARROW )
PLANNING DIRECTOR )
COUNTY OF HAWAI`I )
Appellee. )
INDEX TO RECORD ON APPEAL
1
INDEX TO RECORD ON APPEAL
Appeal of Decision by the Planning Director Dated December 4,2025, Regarding Issuance
of Special Management Area (SMA) Minor Permit(PL-SMM-2025-000079) for
Construction of New Single-Family Residence and Related Improvements
DOCUMENT DATE DESCRIPTION PAGES
NUMBER
1 11/1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey by Robert Spear, 1-18
Ph.D. for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
2 06/09/1993 SMA Minor Permit No. 93-12 19-22
3 01/20/2024 ASM Affiliates results of Archaeological Field 23-41
Inspection for Mark Wyatt, Kaimu Cove LLC
4 08/20/2024 Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) 42-44
letter to Planning Department (PD) providing
comments for SMA Use Permit Application No.
PL-SMA-2024-000063
5 09/06/2024 Susan Lebo, Ph.D., State Historic Preservation 45-47
Division (SHPD) email transmitting letter dated
September 6, 2024 to PD providing review of
Archaeological Field Inspection letter report for PL-
SMA-2024-000063
6 09/10/2024 Final Archaeological Field Inspection report for 48-66
Mark Wyatt, Kaimu Cove LLC (PL-SMA-2024-
000063)
7 09/15/2025 SMA Use Permit Assessment Application (PL- 67-136
SAA-2025-000312), submitted by Daryn Arai,
Land Use Planning Consultant for Kaimu Cove
LLC
8 10/02/2025 Individual Wastewater System plan for Kaimu 137-147
Cove LLC
9 10/13/2025 Draft Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) submitted 148-275
to SHPD October 13, 2025, prepared by Gina
Pualani McGuire, Ph.D. for the `Ohana o
Mokuhulu, Kaimu Makena, and Kalapana for
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
2
10 10/13/2025 Email from Ku`ulei Kealoha Cooper & Ohana, 276-277
Gina McGuire, Ph.D. to SHPD
11 10/14/2025 Email correspondence between Ku`ulei Kealoha 278-284
Cooper, Leslie Lihau Enriquez Rosehill, Leila
Kealoha and Planning Director from October 9,
2025
12 10/14/2025 PD Stop Work Order letter to Mark Wyatt, Kaimu 285-286
Cove LLC
13 10/15/2025 Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) Na 287-288
Ala Hele Trails & Access email response to SHPD
14 10/15/2025 PD letter to Daryn Arai accepting withdrawal of 289-290
SMA Use Permit Application (PL-SMA-2024-
000063)
15 10/28/2025 Email from Leslie Enriquez Rosehill to PD 291
16 11/06/2025 Mark Wyatt email to SHPD 292-293
17 11/21/2025 SHPD letter to PD providing review of SMA Use 294-296
Permit Assessment Application No. PL-SAA-2025-
000312
18 12/04/2025 PD Letter to Daryn Arai regarding SMA Use 297-310
Permit Assessment Application No. PL-SAA-2025-
000312 and the issuance of SMA Minor Permit No.
PL-SMM-2025-000079 for Kaimu Cove LLC on
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
19 12/17/2025 Undated Draft Archaeological Monitoring Plan 311-313
(AMP) for SHPD Project No. 2025PR01081
received by SHPD December 17, 2025
20 01/14/2026 PD Stop Work Order letter to Mark Wyatt, Kaimu 314-316
Cove LLC
21 01/14/2026 SHPD letter to PD providing review of AMP 317-320
received December 17, 2025
3
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Aug-23-05 04:41Pe frog'-CLARK REALTY CORP. HILO 83896192T8 T-0T3 P.003/010 F-898
At the resin*s t ,of. Xr.. D"Ce i.aaa u, ,>sa e#�ev vg ce l
InventOry Sur-Ysy u.66 4a0.aductctd by Sci$at;i:flc Colaaa,ultazt Servies,s
4Qna parc�i .a Viand. ZAat apt T3ta,3-- - YAlmrx .�
Puna P;istx'lct, talnn8 4f• !iz►sraz 3 (.F#c to s 1):. Th*r P.uzgo&* of tom. s
survley wars to det..e= ,ne Aphe. .Pres-e-ocs. or absence• of sjgjLLjiCa&t
culturel rema -no J--u thg- •pzaj*ct .ace,a. f 3;d c+rk wAs carx ..d
Out On -®rhea' 23 aVuEi: 24.a iS 4� by.: RohArt L- Spegir., wwi-
Pal file VOS-tigezor-3 ,nnd 14" AadOrSoa
The ppro jet aaea eacompa.zs ed. 3..a &o4�gQ- bcrderad on-tht na",rth
by t 75f1 We a+ #} W, •acean, an Zhe. .sp"h
by, occupi-ed'. housa lot, and as 't". rro-qr. 1:7 'Ptal .p"A-fapoho
$ a b Rched, ve ,ce:fi i prt it r-ba: p>r.ra j*ct ar" but was not
-
ARPM, hog.
mmmkey pod, "d a low gn,>ru l .csavor small. gxg3n Chi pcPp��
idg'ftt;i-f&jm' ` is the area of Sit*
r
Y
will 01*"U-Cation, of the ptc�jeot er,ea xes laY flares ��,a�
ptr>I� u rcm - rocky Rout psoil. Survey.
;gt3Tp A=aAoL001CAL F WWROAX
i►, r-c-x-i* -of- tbA Land -Camm1&s1on'Away& 'books foizad. no
- I-CA.�p xiZUu. or near UL4 Froj*Ct
.VRe;arard�. �dr�,aet��oc�r#;_ a�teas ilnr '�alse�:.�� �ac3ud,�
3� 4io au 1,~#as Z �i riiit ?I PIr-exy (S*v4Kqua3
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AUK-23-05 04:42ps Fran-CLARK REALTY CORP. HILO 80886162T8 T-CT3 P.0051014 F-B88
and Vye 1-g'72), a -h t
t*XPtOX XZVPPjaQ Stan* >rrdil
(ChLag f& a];.#•._ tar-o- (Rao, : and, -g9vr-drrar 3177)j r terraced
Araa.a, and a auri* , cxf, t'rwjj.* VBotti>A►er. 191- )-,
Bordner' hat SugRaw-ted: teat the .1Fai:m�ilia�apaaa -ar'b : icaw
ganer-al us-e -throu.ghout the r-egWn, wi-clk soma-it areas of'higkly
irMens i ue plantlag areas mixed- with ha itt&tij= uai-ts (-,Bordaer
1977.4 Bordner Ia ett.leme;ftt pj" for Z-he 3Sa a ,3dpgrt aroma xp
11:4f Ir_cted is mcsjdaw•njey, - s we*t..11am"t M&del. which faroppsied five
20ces of Kawa-ilAn aettY.,ement aLnd land m".. o#, NcEldpw.
noey's madx•3 JC60,%1Ftfi of coast&1 e"IA OVt Strip 'rh bw
at ructuxea- r.
+e .iAti g. b�tt�. , ttan � +I r t or8ry u84. 4-joirg
the emit cyst �,�IAOwnsry i a 6.15),. Srrtti<ar4eszts aa�slcL oar
sirrgu:i,a .k'u, a1 ,gtergd 3:-n .ezaasl� ic3e3r od. uPr�:,. ar cmrr+ n-
tram-ed azound spe i 1-ocaxj�gn-V such ,as. � . $ay, 4, owasy
GaF.dj1M -Plpt�& a,sd other a u trir;s3:, rtures Direr.&
wieh the, habit-at&-on Zekmures JRcrZ *%mAy
97.E s 1.15-k. mc:F4 dowm+e3► a� ge5zs t aav l arum ;feat >c> ► sscb
as tAe occurr ace of. ash. od.jis,, Qr bo.&eT dav�ei�. drge� ap'tI
IMPOV f4D•x "opsf -povable- Uo" or
Pcnuda per
�>~reams fflr &quwltnxe• � d,,!,nr naaslland; moo. ,�n3zir ►tio�. ae�
to be maj-qr acsp a"QCA'& &d. a �PaPu iarrn :C1 raiviDz;
Z, -Tdow",y
The qer al aa+� in�ess . , nr a-qr-Uu'1t-Azt iS7 Aor-Ad. by
Ha-ndy. Acd Xaudy (1
s.upporte.a tapa .,ancr 31Dw#r gaiyou: sup ;a4,. ;*"fit. atQcA-- ;�iiia
�+�sc,r�;bad !C•��� :as;••�?�►-$ . � � �i'�: :��d„i�L..#ad' �s.�"# � ap5�1. The
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area was extCVXiA+•eay -"Ilt vatod: ,aim iuclud*d plantations, grparea
of COPOO-ut., aud. cl Q* . u t.roos.. r1lTo. ,61saaa n- ot*& that X�Ma
had: it ;l Ae sa,pdy t�c h: (Ski.ig. 2A-:4,60r4.
Ft iz the -b"vh arka, 1.t C1*d1Mq RA kau-" ExUa a4d. rho
a6bbciated- habita-tioa compl=. bxtd trrall, them waa euc of the
h Lgher density a-sa arras OUSgeated- br,�. :20rrdnMW a>!ad_ Mc&l-do++nay..
The. pre*wat proj.ecz. area 1ecet4d nortbea&t Sri zha beAch up tier
00"t may have bee.'z AL 42 s salt-en Vel.y ut,!J_tx� ar*a Posvi afir• 4LIO
to -Vhi.n. s ?s and the g n e-at- Vatax, sscu=e. Thy..
bei
q: t � y earpecx ti s3 �nnsght l o de tampora
ti-OAS e,nd. aqx,�cujtbr.Ar ; ZeAftw*s. The, oseran:
COMetZ.Y i miME*diF. *15 ,BCrwoss the rwad from tb& ' j_jjgt 4x-ea gj ►rj BIZ
rLse, •to. ppss:ib�l.ity- Ckf h4ti>aan bnrIaJ. :� pros-snt in tf'A
�ra�;srs .,sx;aka-.
J �
prease ce or .abseaM P1 SAsA1U1cwM rotas r-hmuo. sa .
s13c# *ubsuirfloce ta8x Wig,. Tho s_ t race. to a ua %* W93 ttmt�bcted
'�MRl�? `�'Yl �hC rrfl 3 � � �.�i.��QS :� �blt. �*ii?.,'KCY-•
ors iDo ai xe Ax+ 19, �a- rC,. giicicie < xii14ftiAtty was faSx'
to mad xh3 s Apacf3tg a :115UX Bey Z* aca►a� d�s�. �+d�gua� �r
Cpl. A sEemvery a . Idbra T1us01 fcwt=;�1w war A fIt ad
and. ,trued, -#Ith• .e 1tftTP*9"w Site *Q41Ysorp.,
't : ' ii cyr a :xt�c :'> xs :. �►tr +�' .Ply' :OXO*VAttang anal r
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atreti graph im tr'entch;es vhltf ' v r.w wSed to. �exim -ne soAl 4".8its
aad earpl:ore. for- .bari4td •cul.tur.41. natarials-. The sail from the.
-Excavations vaaa not s,creerred:..
'Repor4s were k6PZ. ti'mouoh the use of fi�erldnotes, pdmuvi.sw
-dravibgs_ of ae•lected 4W..Chiter-tur.al feature_&, .and the use of a
blavk and white phew rveord. All soil Galore vr+etr-a based on the
M"Se3l color charts.. M i• was. dons.
�FP• � by age As►d ccmpasa.. All
project a-re -5,tO.ed at the of cs c# Sclgq"i.fic Consal>G-
z ant ServLc.m,, FAo4ohe,
1 —
lE'�Ltn11D..1t�[c. R>E�THLl� '• .
Four arch*eoUgica:l. &AZes were 1ocatmJ dur.;Laq the f Jel4wDTV.,
f
toter waro situ S0-M-6i1--2z,-25 to 1-9,5r .ViV. ur* Zy. Ram of
t.h-e*e sites ix dearr.4;b% d below"
Sits 18.E ., Fearvu.e 3. wa's a C-Sb pe. loc.Aced near the baaa
Of tilt lit-D. 175� .a'a flow and. at the ew Qt th'i b"Ci zex _pu
road- V kgitr'er. 3 aad: 4.}.. The -openiag of- t#e ."AMAund.
tb the west.. The m"'J-4mm uldth. 4.f the, gtruct.utos eras. J5.40"'ki�Wno
the depth aS k4mfi-$ fxaa 1;tS ,inte..,ior w&Il. to t lxi�p-a�.the
C,u aape WAS 't-A-b in The maxiangm wall 2.10 A,.�r�t�.
th.e "a)tLMUM ifite!xior va3-1 bolt. ww" .0,3E m.
The ftatuze way 4xint x of stacked .scab-anq�U#x to. Amb-rDunted
bar.elf C-Obbles Omd: sm.&U, 'boOlder-s. 'The: cx,Gsr-or. .wa11 pf •tbs
stru'Ctursi b,kd berm dl:st-g~ red' by.. ."ver-Al. , a, =R$. 'the ut eacn.
h,a1f -of the fraturs: x4s �norw'd��:ta�r4ed! tha t . theme half..
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;A large Fig: of t6r #` y S' 'cFj YAP . on- the 9;0442(L r
lace' on tto. ina-Alps' of r-b&. t-strgpe.
A. a im9 e- .a&tT:wti1zept1c trench (4TI eras- excavacpd just our,-
side the opening of tb* E-shape to' tns-t for b�tlrir+ad .cu.l�ral
depos:izs.. This uAlt >peasured 1..00 by 01 ,50- a and Was dMg to..a.
depth_ of 40 car. belpw m wface..
004. on*. natural layer was +ewountaxed., Tbis layer waw .d
black (1.0 yR 211 , d) 411t with .eb,"darn?t grwme1 sued p Coe of
basalt. -410s•t of tb- rastrern half of tt -ujx!G vA& xp*k #mm�iiase-
ly below. thy, .swr �. Tbe wastarn. hiat pt <tba uu t battwa;d out
00 rAt#.. betwe,e�n 34 Ault 40: r-m. below surface~.. so cw'.'t
1515 or any kind- ware rac* *d.
&1.t�e 38;..5�'_� vacs ca>q�.la.e�i: of txex ,s>u'r��$, �ec�rres� �:14�c,�ar.•es
S. -6. and 91- F-e_e_tjr-re I. w*s'a C_x4ape wAltb .its.- Pit". o i-ftat od
to the gbh., wte maxixwm width of t'he strxx"re ear a.7.0 ad emd
the deptt at the �- pe ftpsa Irs ; s rio ,reel. to, t;3te tip of the.
0-shave was 1.la m. -T*.j waJJ was. 1.799 jD and
This feature. w*� -cop tructgd i�j. sub-a u-iox -to AUb.-xoshdad
Azzu.cMur e . cq#A.apseA aced. in "bad: c ad*t-i=, "0 .14;ber':
r-bind, of vUe. jjtx trr* Vag w*i I rmack . nrA f ktied,. b
glom. .grgw- aic the .c,hsxe a the Interior ivala.
Feature 2. JrA's'. * t%).'O &d: $i3-ghtly mQr-& :thnrt taco met-ers to the
soeatLh s# Tgatur& 1. reatiara_ 2 wAe a vggk axmnd: x.kLLdh zeamrcad.
3.85 m narth sotaxh by 1,50 = .ff&St' e*t-,. Vuh a 'x4ilaaum :height of-
Q:..�fl m. Oandr*..Vas V.ssoertTm=r.Cd• of setiblo�lar to sub-
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— e. •- tip ,
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tit••' � :_r ram• ���_ ¢+. - � �. �t
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Ame-23-05 04:47ps Frmr-CLARK REALTY CORP. HILO BQ806162T9 T-073 P 014/919 "86
• ,ro,a.aded•. bAs -t -coblec ma 1gmaljf.. r31fr�_
A sj--n�e 9 �i�gra �TeR.
�>v . c}i., n>exX4414 'by *.SB m, wraR.
excaArAttd- betlw*on f-eaxur-es X. nd- 2_ T unit was du to. a
MAXI au,e. depth. of 1.6 can bcaow &ucfac4k-. anly oxxe u4utlkrar1. I&Ver 10*4
: s►�Oun et d. ThlS iayer -coa.filst- c 0. A. dart reddi-ab. t~rowA YR.
2.-5,/Z, dj rail-t with abirndlant :gr13V*1 Sized c&P,of. The
UnAt bey.-t4=ed• cmt ion. At Jacc3);ack al %a-jr.- -v rulturarl metter�,aia
t►f 4my k3:nd were: rec D"red.
v40• A -,w&U that aaxtea mod. along:ng: the
b- ft" Of "e. tA-U for- Oaf i
fihe ,yak e iSn"d beyond the Asa 0=0& *R., the *0UV -ST--J1Ad
w&.s COver.ed . road i'*j1 4&t it&, xr mea x fihe �xroq o
the mall' w+-th .n 'pro;;e.c1~. aa3`4e8. W" $o. I&� th+ea wu'11 .3* ht.
t , Ap. sits w -dt-h W": -a-5-e St. r
. vbo� *All . 'Caa aC d 004 '0e11. ttrL*-ed "4 wed J,rgc:
ccvlgbl a to 4mall b&&1 r. S&Z'0 : ar'a< UASO-t. AL I ,4c P19i �A%'-WAZ
tPuf4 on tQp of t ter: *all..
��� � • T � iYfi X. L' it iliF area@ x. ts+ tbu: $iat=a:. K* 0,42. �1
»et a, a ,diliptt 0.1 #. fit,.. The.
was c�e�ed .cf. ; k. whLah wai -weed to,
>w t pcx�j-qn Hof : Ago cu-,%U�16a AwterkhaSbund pia
#ax on �r #.fie ILt r e. Ana via;* ba AV pwx a .i'a
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The. pr.eaen02 of t:" n,6arby ceseterr t" -S spc=aifi-c concern
Ouring is a;.';: prgj.&ct, SPRA-1a�. att,ebt"ri Va.& pa.td to the pox
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tion of 't;he project area, to de araine JET° etrL ACtiW*S Similar to
those, ideas-It ed in the c-ematgry Mars &,%* -pr.eaea%. in. the project
area. NO su.Ch fea�.uras- tit*.x0 identified, AOr ves+s Any Other fea-
tures :dantifi;ed tha-t wer'..e imr-erproted as bur�.a,�.s. In •it'
, dd a.on the
soil iwild- in .Lhs pr4cp ct araa W&S.. eq Mhailow as tG prectude the
pr;es4-_ace .of s-ubsurf♦rCe. bur'iata.,
Maur ax-:t" ea] -ic&k. <:.cz. -Were 1d*tifj"0Q s►i hi>v" a pra: adct
a.r-$a. �1-ce i8�,325., � fi-�,rs�ed- atrztczzkre;, f•at�,ti�b .� -.a cem.�or;$•rp
trelter. �4. si-17916- stxmt igmaphi:t. trench +ra; cad: near ttspe..
bat Rw' bu. ivfi cnitura-f rrriauls warn fouivi
AAd 40 efisol date
for *'hv feeta,re cotad be. crb�r.ai:lttd. HOwa Or,• t}te~ tYjw 6-f arthltt ec-
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Virginia Goldstein
Stephen K.Tamashiro
' Director
r; ;r
y f
hfA or Norman Olesen
Deputy Director
Clunk of nfu-ail-
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
25 Aupuni Street,Room 109 • Hilo,Hawaii 96720-4252
(808)961-8288 • Fax(808)961-9615
June 9 , 1993
Mr . Nicholas Schwaebe
P. O. Box 1128
Encinitas , CA 92024
Dear Mr . Schwaebe:
Special Management Area (SMA) Minor Permit No . 93--12
Proposed Single Family Dwelling And Accessories
Shoreline, Historic, And Native Vegetation Resources
TMK• 1-2-18 : 1 • Kaimu-Makena Homesteads Keekee Puna
We have received and reviewed a Special Management Area (SMA) Use
Permit Assessment Application for the proposed construction of a
dwelling and accessories on a vacant shoreline parcel which lies
between the Kalapana-Kapoho Road and the ocean.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The application indicates plans to construct a single family
dwelling, water tank, septic system, and driveway in the makai
central portion of the 3 . 8 acre lot (area before erosion) . Land
clearing is proposed only for the driveway (previously cleared) and
house pad, retaining as much of the existing vegetation as passible.
SHORELINE. A recent survey of the subject property has revealed
i
that the coastal strip of State land which had fronted parcels in
this area has mostly eroded away and/or subsided, leaving remnants
next to the northeast and south corners of the subject parcel . The
arcuate-shaped shoreline area consists of sand or cobble beach, old
' a ' a lava chunks or recently emplaced (1990) pahoehoe lava flow, all
of which extend makai of a distinct vegetation line . The vegetation
line curves into the platted parcel boundaries along about 330 feet
of the 550 feet of makai boundary line. Ample room is available for
public access along the shoreline makai of the vegetation line.
LAND USE. The subject property bears a State Land Use District
classification of "Urban" and County zoning of Rural Agriculture-0 . 5 i
acre (RA- . 5) . The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) Map designates the area for Low Density Urban uses in the
central and mauka portions of the parcel and Open Area uses in the
makai portion of the parcel .
19
a.
i
Mr . Nicolas Schwaebe
Page 2
July 9 , 1993
HAZARDS . The Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) , prepared by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) , designates the mauka
portion of the subject parcel to be in Zone "X" , outside the
500-year floodplain, and the makai 60-100 feet of the parcel to be
in the "VE" Flood Zone (Coastal High Hazard or Tsunami Area) . The
Lava Flow Hazard Map for Kilauea volcano identifies the area of the
subject parcel to be in Lava Hazard Zone 2, the second most
hazardous zone. A pahoehoe lava flow from the current eruption of
Kilauea was emplaced in 1990 immediately makai and west of the
parcel . The area has also subsided some following the 7 . 2 magnitude
1975 earthquake and presumably also in the 7 . 5 magnitude 1868
earthquake. This coastline was washed by locally generated tsunami
in both instances . These eruptive and tectonic events are periodic
along this unstable south flank of Kilauea .
VEGETATION. There are three kinds of vegetation on the subject
parcel . An approximately 250 year old ' a ' a flow supports a sparse
cover of ohia trees with native shrubs (akia and pukiawe) . An older
(400-750 years old) pahoehoe flow is densely covered with an
exotic-dominated admixture of plants including christmasberry, milo,
monkeypod, guava, hala, swordfern and coconut . The coconut, milo
and hala also contribute to a strip of coastal strand vegetation,
along with naupaka and the sedge Fimbristvlis cymosa. No rare
plants are contained within these vegetation types at the site.
HISTORIC STATUS . The subject parcel is situated in proximity to a
cemetery site and a wider spread of prehistoric burials which occur
on a number of adjacent properties . The possibility of occurrence
of burials plus the likelihood of historic sites on the subject
parcel, necessitated an archaeological inventory survey being
performed for the lot . A report of the survey was completed by Dr.
Robert L. Spear in November 1992, and submitted to the Historic
Preservation Division (HPD) of the Department of Land and Natural
Resources for review. Four historic sites were discovered and
adequately documented, and it was determined that none of these
features was a burial .
FINDINGS AND DETERMINATION
Upon review of the request against the guidelines for granting a
Special Management Area Permit, the Planning Director hereby
approves a Special Management Area Minor Permit . The proposed
action is consistent with the Objectives, Policies and SMA
Guidelines which were established to provide guidance for the
preservation, protection, and development of coastal resources of
the State and County. They identify several areas of management
concern including historic, recreation, scenic resources , coastal
ecosystems , economic use, and coastal hazards .
20
Mr . Nicolas Schwaebe
Page 3
July 9 , 1993
The proposed dwelling construction is not expected to have any
detrimental effects on the Special Management Area, as determined
from the following findings and conditions .
The total valuation of the project will not exceed $125, 000; and
the proposal will not result in a significant adverse effect on
the Special Management Area .
Based on the information provided in the shoreline photos and
recent survey map of May 3 , 1993, and the applicant ' s statements
to place the improvements at least 140 feet from the makai
vegetation line, the Department waives the requirement for a
certified shoreline survey. In lieu of the certified shoreline
to identify the shoreline position, the Director determines an
80-foot wide shoreline setback area to be taken from the makai
boundary line of the parcel . This determination is consistent
with the Open Area General Plan designation for the makai
portions of the lot and reflects caution due to the nearshore
wave and flood hazard as well as the ambiguity of the legal
shoreline position. No construction or site disturbance is
proposed for this shoreline setback area, and none is allowed
without approval under Shoreline Setback Area and SMA Rules
(Planning Commission Rules , Numbers 8 and 9) .
The application states that the genuine threat of lava
inundation is understood by the applicant .
The application and site plan indicate that the location of the
dwelling will be in the makai center of the parcel, and that
very little of the existing vegetation will be disturbed .
According to the descriptions and map in the archaeological
report, it can be inferred that the native dominated vegetation
on the ' a ' a flow will not be disrupted.
The mapped locations of the archaeological sites and statements
in the application indicate that the impact of the proposed
project will be minimal as far as the sites are concerned. The
HPD review of the archaeological report concluded that enough
information had been collected from each site to allow for a "no
longer significant" determination, and that the proposed project
would now have "no effect" on the historic sites .
Based on the above findings, the limited nature of the project, and
given the proposed conditions , it is determined that the granting of
this request will not impact the identified resources . Therefore,
the granting of this request will not be contrary to the purpose and
intent of Chapter 205-A, HRS, relating to Coastal Zone Management ;
Rule 9 of the Planning Commission relating to the Special Management
Area ; or the General Plan. 21
1
Mr . Nicolas Schwaebe
Page 4
July 9 , 1993
A Special Management Area Minor Use Permit is further approved
subject to the following conditions :
1 . The applicant, its successors or assigns shall be
responsible for complying with all conditions of approval .
2 . The applicant shall comply with all other applicable laws,
rules , regulations and requirements .
3 . The life of authorization of this permit is two years .
Construction of the proposed improvements shall be
completed within two years .
4 . An 80-foot wide shoreline setback area is determined for
the subject parcel to be taken from the makai boundary line
of the parcel . No construction of site disturbance is
allowed within this shoreline setback area without prior
approval under Shoreline Setback Area and Special
Management Area Rules (Planning Commission Rules , Numbers 8
and 9) .
5 . Any deviations from the proposed project as explained in
the application materials and in the body of this permit
will require advance approval from the Planning Department,
particularly with regard to the imposed 80-foot shoreline
setback.
Should you have any questions about this permit please contact Rick
Warshauer or Rodney Nakano at this office.
Sincerely,
VIR NIA GpL EIN
Planning Director
l
4k,
Chz Engineer Oa e °
i
FRW:mjh
xc : SMA Section
PC Records
22
ASM
11
affiliates
Archaeology• History•Ethnography•Architectural History
January 20, 2024
Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
12-55 Likoliko Lp 44866,
Pahoa, HI, 96778
Email: wyattinhawaii(a�gmail.com
Subject: Results of an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation conducted in support
of an SMA use permit application for the proposed subdivision of TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001,
Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii.
Dear Mark:
As requested,ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation
in support of an application for an SMA use permit, concerning the proposed subdivision of TMK: (3) 1-
2-018:001, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The field inspection
was conducted to help address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the
proposed 6-lot subdivision of the 3.551-acre subject parcel by confirming and updating the findings of an
earlier archaeological inventory survey (AIS) prepared for the property by Spear (1992). Furthermore,
consultation was undertaken seeking information from knowledgeable individuals regarding the presence
(or absence) of burial sites within the subject property.
Project Area Description
The project area is the entirety of TMK (3) 1-2-018:001 located within Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District,
Island of Hawaii. The 3.551-acresubject parcel is bounded on the mauka side by the Kalapana-Kapoho
Road (see Figure 3), on the makki side by a 40 foot exclusion zone along the coast (Figure 4), to the
northeast by an undeveloped State-owned parcel consisting of `a`a lava, and to the southwest by a
developed residential property.The project area situated at an elevation of 10 to 25 feet(3.05 to 7.62 meters)
above mean sea level and is 40 feet inland from the coast. An Historic cemetery is located to the northeast
of the project area on the opposite side of the Kalapana-Kapoho Road;Figure 5)
Geologically,the project area is located on the lower flanks of Kilauea Volcano and is comprised of multiple
lava flows (Sherrod et al. 2021), with a Puna basalt flow that erupted between 400 and 750 years before
present (BP) forming much of the central and southern part of the parcel; a younger Puna basalt flow of
`a`a lava dating to 200-400 years BP creating the northeastern edge; and a more recent pahoehoe flow that
occurred between 1986 and 1992 present at the coast(Figure 6). Soil classifications within the project area
(Figure 7) mimic the geologic substrates and are comprised primarily of dry Hakuma highly organic loam
on 2 to 10 percent slopes,with dry Malama-Lava flows complex on 2 to 40 percent slopes on the `a`a flow
along the northeastern edge, and pahoehoe lava flows on 2 to 20 percent slopes present at the coast(Soil
Survey Staff 2022).
There has been some prior ground disturbance along the northeast, southwest, and mauka edges of the
project area. On the `a`a flow in the northeastern portion of the parcel, a grubbed and graded driveway
(Figure 8)meanders along the property line and accesses a graded house pad near the coast on a promontory
that overlooks the rest of the parcel (this area was mostly recently cleared in 2022). There is a second
roadway which diverts from the upper road and is routed down through the middle of the project area to
the coast (Figure 9). This road may have been already present when previously surveyed in 1992, as
820 Mililani Street,Suite 700, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (808)439-8089 Fax: (808)439-8087
507A East Lanikaula Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808)969-6066 Fax: (808)443-0065 EXHIBIT C 23
www.asmaffiliates.com
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 2 of 19
something resembling it is mentioned by Spear(1992). Bulldozer push piles were also observed along the
boundary with the adjacent residential property to the southwest near the middle of the project area. These
push piles appear to be related to the clearing of that neighboring parcel.A number of brush piles, seemingly
from hand clearing activities, were also noted in the northeastern portion of the project area at the base of
the `a`d flow.
Vegetation cover within the project area is influenced by the extent of prior ground disturbance. In the
undisturbed portions of the project area (Figure 10), the overstory consists predominately of monkeypod
trees (Samanea saman), hala (Pandanus tectorius), hau (Hibiscus tiliacenus), milo (Thespesia copulnea),
with coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and naupaka (Scaevola sp.) along the makai section, `6hi`a lehua
(Metrosideros polymorpha) along the northern boundary, a scattering of noni (Morinda citrifolia)
throughout the property, and a single eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus globulus). The ground cover consists of
morning glory (Ipomoea indica), particularly in the makai portion of the project area, with Boston fern
(Nephrolepis exaltata), and various species of grasses. In the previously disturbed portions, the vegetation
is comprised of a mix of grasses,purslane (Portulaca sp.), gunpowder trees (Trema orientalis), Melochia
(Melochia umbellata), guava(Psidium guajava), and other non-native weeds(Figure 11).
A Brief Culture-Historical Background for the Subject Parcel
The project area lies on the southern shores of the Puna District of the Island ofHawai`i within the ahupua`a
of Kaimu. Kaimu is bordered to the southwest by the ahupua`a of Kalapana and Kupahua, to the north by
the ahupua`a of Waiakahiula and Ka`ohe, and to the west by the ahupua`a of Kikala 1-2 and Ke61cea.
Traditionally,the primary village for this ahupua`a was(and still is)known as Kaimu,a name that has been
translated to mean "gathering [at the] sea [to watch surfing]" (Pukui et al. 1974:69). The shoreline of this
ahupua`a, according to Pukui et al. (1974:69), is "noted for its surf and its black sand beach" and was
originally called H6`eu and Ka-poho.Pukui et al. (1974)note that this beach was likely formed after a 1750
lava flow, during which time steam explosions formed the characteristic black sand of the area(the beach
at Kaimu was covered by lava flows that occurred during the 1980s and is no longer present).
The English missionary William Ellis embarked on a circumnavigation of Hawaii Island in the 1820s in
the hopes of identifying population centers that would be receptive of Christian missionary teachings.
During his travels,he collected observations of the environments and people he encountered.After leaving
the district of Ka`u, Ellis entered southern Puna along its coastline and described the string of villages he
traveled through, including Kaimu,which he described as being:
...pleasantly situated near the sea shore, on the south-east side of the island, standing on a
bed of lava considerably decomposed, and covered over with a light and fertile soil. It is
adorned with plantations,groves of cocoa-nuts,and clumps of kou trees.It has a fine sandy
beach,where canoes may land with safety; and, according to the houses numbered to-day,
contains about 725 inhabitants. Including the villages in its immediate vicinity along the
coast, the population would probably amount to 2,000. . . . The extent of cultivation in the
neighbourhood, together with the decent and orderly appearance of the people, induce us
to think they are more sober and industrious, than those of many villages through which
we have passed(Ellis 1825:160).
Indeed, the habitation and agricultural patterns of southern Puna were often dependent on the path of the
lava flows from Kilauea Volcano. As Handy and Handy (1972:751) note, the lands of Makena and lower
Kaimu were suitable for growing sweet potatoes but not taro, and the neighboring ahupua`a of"Keakea
[Ke61cea] supported neither, being mostly pahoehoe lava." Additionally, Hawaiian traditions imply that
Puna"was once Hawaii's richest agricultural region and that it is only in relatively recent time that volcanic
eruption has destroyed much of its best land"(Handy and Handy 1972:752).
By the mid-19`h century,the traditional Hawaiian land tenure system was radically altered through a process
of land division known as the Whele Aina. This change in land tenure was promoted by the missionaries
and the growing foreign population and business interests in the island kingdom who were generally
24
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 3 of 19
hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands. The Mhele (division) defined the land interest of
Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs and konohiki (headman of an ahupua`a). As a result
of the Mhele, all lands in the Kingdom of Hawaii were placed into one of three categories: (1) Crown
Lands (lands personally claimed by Kamehameha III); (2) Konohiki Lands (lands claimed by lesser ah`i
and konohiki) and; (3) Government Lands (lands surrendered by the King or the konohiki in lieu of
commutation)with the caveat that the rights of the hoa`aina(tenants)were to be reserved(Chinen 1958:vii;
1961:13). In the case of the lands of Kaimu, the ahupua`a was originally claimed by Mataio Kekuana6`a,
who managed the estate of his daughter the ah`i Victoria Kamamalu. However, in January of 1848,
Kekuana6`a surrendered this land to the King, and Kaimu was placed into the inventory of Crown Lands
(Buke Mahele 1848).
As the King and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mhele, questions arose
regarding the protection of rights for the hoa`aina. To resolve this matter,on August 6`h, 1850,the Kueeana
Act (also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could
claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied, actively cultivated, or had
improved (Garovoy 2005). Within Kaimu, no kuleana lands were awarded and within the entirety of the
Puna District only two kuleana were awarded(Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2018).
A map of lands in the vicinity of Kalapana, Puna (Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1614) prepared by E. D.
Baldwin in 1892 shows the lands in the vicinity of the subject parcel and indicates the locations of nearby
cultural features located to the southwest of the current project area, including a heiau, several houses and
other named places located within Kaimu Village,and a trail extending inland from the village(Figure 12).
The `a`d point located in the eastern comer of the subject parcel is labeled"Keoneana"on that map.A later
tracing of the 1892 map showing the Crown Land Homesteads of Kaimu (Hawai`i Registered Map No.
1812) shows that the subject parcel was subdivided and sold to C.H. Will(Grant No. 8004) as Lot 28-C of
the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads by late December 1921.Records from 1932 list the subject parcel as being
owned by a Mrs. Chieko,who acted as a trustee for the minors Hanayo Will, Yoshio Will, and Isami Will,
each of whom held a 1/3 interest in the lot. By the 1960's, ownership of the parcel had split between the
previously mentioned members of the Will family,who would own the parcel until the late 1980s.
Summary of Prior Archaeological Study within the Subject Parcel
The current project area(TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001) was the subject of an intensive archaeological inventory
survey prepared by Scientific Consultant Services,Inc. in 1992(Spear 1992).As a result of that study,four
archaeological sites were identified within the property (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18525, 50-10-63-18526, 50-
10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure 13) that were interpreted as having been used for Precontact to
early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited agricultural
also occurring.All four sites were described and mapped by Spear(1992),and two of the sites(Sites 18525
and 18526)were excavated to help refine their functional interpretations and test for the presence of buried
cultural deposits. Spear (1992) assessed all four sites as significant under Criterion d for the information
they had contributed to understanding past lifeways within the project area. He noted that sufficient data
had been collected from the sites as a result of the AIS to warrant a treatment recommendation of no further
work." The State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) agreed with the significance assessments and
treatment recommendations for the sites,and accepted the Spear(1992)AIS,in a letter dated March 3, 1993
(LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25). The descriptions of the sites recorded by Spear (1992) are
summarized below.
Site 18525 was recorded by Spear(1992) as a C-shape located near the base of the `a`d lava flow, at the
end of a bulldozer push road,in the eastern corner of the parcel. According to Spear(1992), the opening to
the C-shape was oriented to the west and measured 5.1 meters wide and 1.45 meters deep. The walls were
2.1 meters thick, and the maximum height was 0.36 meters. The feature was disturbed at the southern end,
and hau growth affected the exterior wall (Spear 1992). One large piece of coral was found on the ground
surface on the inside of the C-shape. A single stratigraphic trench was excavated outside of the opening of
the C-shape to test for buried cultural deposits. Measuring 1.0 meter by 0.5 meter, the trench was dug to a
25
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 4 of 19
depth of 0.4 meters below the surface,but no cultural materials of any kind were encountered.Based on its
formal attributes, this site was interpreted as a Precontact/Historic temporary habitation shelter.
Site 18526 was recorded by Spear(1992) as consisting of two surface features (Features 1 and 2).Feature
1 was described as a C-shape with its opening oriented to the south,with a width of 3.7 meters and a depth
of 1.2 meters. The maximum wall thickness and height were 1.09 meters and 0.75 meters respectively. The
eastern third of the structure was collapsed and in poor condition.Feature 2 was situated slightly more than
two meters to the south of Feature 1, and consisted of a rock mound which measured 1.85 meters N/S and
1.5 meters E/W. The maximum height of the mound was 0.6 meters, and a single stratigraphic trench
measuring 0.5 by 0.5 meters was excavated between Features 1 and 2.Excavation extended to a maximum
depth of 0.36 meters and no cultural materials were encountered. Spear (1992) interpreted Feature 1 as a
temporary habitation shelter and Feature 2 as a small agricultural mound.
Site 18527 was documented by Spear (1992) as a wall that extended along the base of the fill for the
Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. At the time of the 1992 study,the wall extended beyond the project area to
the southwest and was covered with road fill at its northeast end. The length of the wall within the project
area was recorded as 28 meters,with a maximum height and width 1.1 meters and 0.5 meters respectively.
No excavation was undertaken at Site 18527 by Spear(1992), who interpreted the site as a boundary wall
that predates the construction of the adjacent roadway.
Site 18528 was documented by Spear(1992) as a modified lava bubble,with interior measurements of 0.82
meters (north/south)by 0.8 meters(east/west) and a depth of 0.92 meters. The opening was cleared of rock
which had been used to build up the southwest portion of the feature. No cultural material was found in
association with the feature and according to Spear (1992), who interpreted the site as a possible storage
feature or small planting pit, there was no potential for excavation.
The presence of the nearby cemetery(located to the northeast of the project area on the mauka edge of the
Kalapana-Kapoho Road; see Figure 5)was a specific concern of the earlier study, and Spear(1992) noted
that special attention was paid to the mauka portion of the project area to determine if structures similar to
those identified in the cemetery were also present in the project area. No such features were identified in
that area, or anywhere else within the project area. Additionally, as noted by Spear(1992), the soil buildup
in the project area was so shallow as to preclude the presence of subsurface features or burials.
Results of the Current Field Inspection
On October 27,2023,David King,M.A., Colsen Balai,B.A., and Jonas Leon,B.A., and Matthew R. Clark,
M.A. (ASM Principal Investigator), conducted a thorough surface survey of the subject parcel, as well as a
general inspection of the `a`d flow bordering the northeastern side of the project area. The survey included
a surface inspection of the entire parcel utilizing north/south pedestrian transects with fieldworkers spaced
at 10-meter intervals.As was previously done by Spear(1992),special care was taken in the mauka portion
of the project area, especially on the surface of the adjacent `a`d flow, to look for burial features similar to
those contained within the Historic cemetery across the street.
As a result of the pedestrian survey, three of the four sites previously documented by Spear(1992) within
the subject parcel were found (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure
14). The locations of these sites were documented using a GPS, and the current condition of each of these
sites is briefly described below. Site 50-10-63-18525 (a C-shape) could not be relocated, and it is thought
that this site,which was formerly located in the eastern portion of the subject parcel at the base of the `a`d
flow(Figure 15),was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbing activities after the acceptance of the Spear
(1992) AIS. The location and distribution of sites and features identified within the subject parcel, as well
as the relative location of the cemetery to the project area, is depicted in Figure 14.
Site 18526 Features 1 (a C-shape) and 2 (a mound) were both in similar condition to what was described
by Spear(1992), but the features are currently obscured by heavy overgrowth and two large trees that have
fallen across them(Figures 16 and 17). Site 18527(a historic wall) is in the same condition as described by
Spear and no changes to that site were noted (Figure 18). Site 18528 (a modified lava blister) has been
26
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 5of19
disturbed by land clearing activities since it was first documented in 1992. Small boulders from that push
have fallen into blister and the site is currently obscured by thick brush covering its edges (Figure 19).
No additional archaeological sites were identified within the project area as a result of the fieldwork
conducted by ASM, but several recent rock constructions and modern landscape modifications were noted
(see Figure 14). These more recent features, which include rock stacks, stone-lined paths (Figure 20), and
rock cleared areas on the ground surface, are largely concentrated in the coastal-central portion of the
subject parcel, in areas that appear to be used recurrently and recently for camping and fishing activities.
The lack of mention of these features in the Spear (1992) AIS report, as well as the modern vegetation
disturbance and debris associated with them,suggests that all of the additional rock constructions identified
within project area were built during the last 30 years. None of these more recently constructed features
appear to be burial monuments.
Consultation
To address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the proximity of the
cemetery to the project area and to determine the presence (or absence) of burial sites within the project
area, ASM's Senior Ethnographer, Lokelam Brandt, M.A. conducted consultation with several long-time
residents of the area including descendants of the `ohana Keli`iho`omalu and Kealoha families.
Consultation occurred during aperiod between October 31,2023,and December 13,2023,when ASM staff
contacted Ms. Ke`ala Keli`iho`omalu,Mrs.Leialoha Ilae-Kale imdmahu,and Mrs.Ku`ulei Kealoha-Cooper
by phone. Following the initial phone calls, each of the three consulted parties were provided with a
consultation letter and maps specifying ASM's search for persons who may have knowledge of any burials
within the project area and information on the nearby cemetery. Each of the consulted parties contacted
additional family members to seek such information. Ms. Keli`iho`omalu spoke with elder relatives Prince
Keli`iho`omalu, Sam Keli`iho`omalu,Noenoe Dunn,Tiana Dunn,Jerry Dunn,Princess Keli`iho`omalu,Jr.
Keli`iho`omalu,and Tiara Keli`iho`omalu.Ms. Keli`iho`omalu indicated that her uncle Sam also attempted
to reach out to Aku Hauani`o and Kamm Quihano and that her father attempted to reach out to Annie
Ka`aukai and Leslie Enriques. Mrs. Ilae-Kalaimdmahu also contacted members of the `ohana
Keli`iho`omalu and recommended that ASM staff contact Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper since she had heard that
the cemetery belonged to the Kealoha family. Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper was contacted by ASM and she spoke
with several of her relatives, including her mother.
None of the consulted parties knew of any burial sites within the project area. Subsequent email
correspondence with Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper clarified that the cemetery did not belong to the Kealoha
`Ohana, however, her mother related that in the 1930s and 1940s, the Kalapana Church was located near
the cemetery and that her tutu(Mrs.Kealoha-Cooper's great-grandmother)Emma Nai`a was a pillar of that
church. She added that there is a Kealoha cemetery in `Opihikao but was not aware of any such family
cemetery in Kaimu.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The results of the current study support the findings of the Spear (1992) AIS. Three of the four sites
previously documented by Spear(1992)within the subject parcel were identified during the field inspection
(SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; see Figure 14). These sites are all in
similar condition to what was previously described, and indicate that the parcel was used during the
Precontact to early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited
agricultural also occurring. All three of these sites were observed to be in similar condition to what was
previously described by Spear(1992).The fourth site(Site 50-10-63-18525,a C-shape)could not be found,
and is thought to have been destroyed by land clearing activities that have occurred within the subject parcel
since the Spear(1992) AIS was accepted by SHPD.No potential burial features were identified within the
subject parcel as a result of the current fieldwork, nor were any possible burial locations identified as a
result of the consultation conducted by ASM The only features identified within the property that were not
reported on by Spear(1992)appear to be less than 50 years old and related to on-going camping and fishing
activities that still occur within the project area. The findings of the current study, combined with the
27
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 6 of 19
SHPD's prior review of the Spear (1992) AIS (LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25), support an HRS
Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No historic properties affected"pursuant to HAR§13-275-7(a)(1)for the
proposed subdivision and development of the subject parcel.
Should you have any questions or concerns,please feel free to contact me directly.
Sincerely,
Matthew R. Clark, M.A.
Senior Archaeologist—ASM Hilo Director
References Cited
Buke Mahele
1848 Buke Kakau Paa no ka mahele aina i Hooholoia iwaena o Kamehameha III a me Na Lii a
me Na Konohiki ana, Hale Alii, Honolulu.
Chinen, J. J.
1958 The GreatMahele:Hawaii's Land Division of 1848.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu.
1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published.
Ellis, W.
1825 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of Tour ofHawaii, or Owhyee; with remarks on the
History, Traditions, Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich
Islands. Cocker and Brewster, Boston.
Garovoy, J.
2005 "Ua koe ke kuleana o na kanaka" (Reserving the rights of Native Tenants): Integrating
Kuleana Rights And Land Trust Priorities in Hawaii.Harvard Environmental Law 29:523-
571.
Handy, E. S. C. and E. G.Handy
1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop
Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
2018 Kipuka Database. Electronic document, http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka.
Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. Mo`okini
1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Sherrod, D. R., J. M. Sinton, S. E. Watkins, and K. M. Brunt
2021 Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey. USGS Numbered Series. Scientific Investigations Map 3143. 1:100,000 and
1:250,000 scale.Electronic document,https://dol.org/10.3133/sim3l43,accessed February
18, 2022.
Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service)
2022 Web Soil Survey. Electronic document, http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda. oovv.
Spear, R.
1992 An Inventory Survey of the Robinson Property, Puna District, Island of Hawaii, TMK 1-
2-18:1. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc.Prepared for Bruce Robinson.
28
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 7 of 19
Figures
N6 d N
Arca of Detail
a .�..��--moo' '^` r°� �I,• � '
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- Portion of USGS 7.5'Quadrangle Kealakekua, 1996�
l
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Figure 1. USGS map showing location of project area.
29
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 8of19
OO
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30
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 9 of 19
I ��
,Area of Metal 'D � 2
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Figure 3. Google Earth TM showing project area.
31
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 10 of 19
K+
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Figure 4. Coastline fronting the current project area, view to the southwest.
r
d: r u
4"
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Y
Y.
Figure 5. Historic cemetery located to the northeast of the current project area, mauka of
the Kalapana-Kapoho Road, view to the northeast.
32
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 11 of 19
t'2P4ti
t?P2
Q1 4rr
I 1�"
`\ 1
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0 Ucicn tl�
Qp2 1,500-3,000 yr Puna Basalt Qp5 A.I . 1986-1992 Puna Basalt
Qp4o 400-750 yr Puna Basalt 0 Project area
Qp4y 200-400 yr Puna Basalt
Shetrod,I?.R-.SintonJ.RL.Watkins.,]..and Rtcnt.!:11__i. -. r.oei Val,of the Stan of Ha,-ai i.l�.S.Geological Stin cc Open-File
Report�00.-IUti9.g;p 9plate-xat..;CIflO
Figure 6. Geology underlying the project area and surrounding vicinity.
666
657
672
N
0\Ictrr,
I1 34 L'll
0 Project area 667-Opihikao highly decomposed plant naterial.dry,
12-Lava llou's.pahuchiM:?to'_t)percent 5lupcs 2 to 20 percent slopes
6>7-Maki mi-Las a flow.,complex.dry.2 to 40 percent 672-ylol nna estrentely ci,hhly hi hly dzc�x)�posail
slopes.MLRA I62
plant materol.dry.2 to 40 percent slopes
666-Hakuma highly organic hydrotu loam.dry.2 to
14)percent slope,
sod sauce Slay.Natural Rcanurc,•a lhnic t``uonn Scn tac.l-mtrd slab,I)opa anent nl Agnculturc Soil Sunce
(—,graphic lSSl-ROO1� tltI" .final t 11e.c I,""11sda_W At Ic,ed 10 91]0'-?
Figure 7. Soil composition in the project area and surrounding vicinity.
33
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 12 of 19
;i
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a
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Figure 8. Graded area along northeastern boundary of project area, view to the west.
r N
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Figure 9. Road extending to the coast of the project area, view to the northwest.
34
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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C ' .<:l � `1:- �! ,rn�'7`'rr "��-^C��'`G• -� r.�i�..-
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Figure 12.Portion of Hawaii Registered Map No. 1614 (prepared by E.D. Baldwin in 1892) showing the
location of the current project area.
36
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 15 of 19
in 41
Co.
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Figure 13. Spear(1992:6) site location map.
37
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.per R
JOSH GREEN,M.D. "or H - DAWN N.S.CHANG
E
SON
GOVERNOR,KEKIAAINA ���;:' l9 g 9 y>� AND NA UR
BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE`
COMMISS'ON ON WATER.RESOURCE
SYLVIA LUKE � ` .3 MANAGEMENT
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR KA HOPL KIA AINA RYAN K.P.KANAKA'OLE.
`j FIRST DEPUTY
,.., - DEAN 0.RECTO
ENO
a� "+.....,.6 .s.,yt's ACTING DEPUTY DIRECTOR WATER
AQUATIC RESOURCES
N ®OATI NG ANC)OCEAN RECREATION
STATE OF HAWAI`I I KA MOKU'AINA'O HAWAI`I BUREAU O WATER RESCES
OD
COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
MEAT
CONSERVATION ANO COASTAL LANDS
s 'Pz'r KA'OIHANA KUMU' ENFORCEEMENTWAIWAI 'AINA CDNSERVATIGN MENTbuRCEs
OFFICE OF CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS FORESTRY"AND WILDLIFE
P Q BOY.621 HISTORIC FRESERVATION
KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
HONOLULU.HAWAII 96809 LAND
STATE PARKS
REF OCCL:CM Correspondence: HA 25-18
Aug 20,2024
Zendo Kern
Planning Director
County of Hawaii — Planning Department
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, HI 96720
SUBJECT: Request for Comments for Special Management Area (SMA) Major Permit
No. PL-SMA-2024-000063 to Develop a 5-Lot Subdivision Including the
Construction of Single-Family Dwellings Construction Project Located
Within the Kaimu-Makena Homestead; Puna, Hawaii; Tax Map Key: (3) 1-
2-018:001
Dear Mr. Kern,
The Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) has reviewed your
correspondence regarding request for comments for the proposed development of a 5-
lot subdivision at the subject location. The proposed development will include the
construction of 5 new single-family dwelling with related improvements on each lot as
determined by the individual lot owners. The related improvements may include
driveways, carports, wastewater systems, utilities, and possibly storage sheds.
Additionally, a proposed private cul-de-sac roadway will be constructed for ingress and
egress to Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. You are requesting comments on the
proposed construction project.
It appears the project is located within the State of Hawaii Urban Land Use District. The
OCCL regulates land uses in the State Land Use Conservation District, as such, the
project appears to be located outside of our jurisdiction. As a ocean-front subdivision, I
encourage you to review the State of Hawaii Sea Level Rise Viewer
(https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/shoreline/slr-hawaii/) to assess the potential impacts of
sea level rise on the parcels. The structural design should consider post on pier rather
than slab on grade as the properties may be affected by coastal hazards such as flooding
and erosion. Additionally, please note that Act 16, which amended Hawaii Revised
Statutes 205A, prohibits the construction of private shoreline hardening structures in front
of private properties where there is a sandy beach.
42
Zendo Kern Correspondence HA 25-18
SMA for a 5-lot subdivision development
It should be noted that prior grubbing activities by the previous owner (around 1992) on
the lots resulted in inadvertent vegetation pushing that extended northward into the
adjacent State-owned lands by approximately 20 feet. The grubbing activity ceased upon
recognition that the activity had gone beyond the property boundary. Most of the
vegetation has re-established itself. The applicant stated that any remaining deteriorated
vegetation remaining on State lands will be removed and disposed at a green-waste
facility.
Should you have any questions regarding this correspondence, contact Cal Miyahara of
the Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands at (808) 798-6147 or
calen.miyaharaCa-)hawaii.gov.
Sincerely,
Michael Cain, Administrator
Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands
C: HDLO
43
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44
Oda, Michelle
From: Lebo, Susan A <susan.a.lebo@hawaii.gov>
Sent: Tuesday, September 10, 2024 4:43 PM
To: Planning Internet Mail; Roy, Alex
Cc: Gastilo, Joshua T; daryn.arai@outlook.com; wyattinhawaii@gmail.com; Matt Clark
Subject: HICRIS 2024PR00930, PL-SMA-2024-000063
Attachments: 3-1-2-018-001_2024PR00930_2409JG07_ARCHY_6E42_PRMT_FI_N H PA.pdf
Hello,
Attached is a pdf copy of our division's review of the following:
Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review
County of Hawaii Special Management Area Use Permit: PL-SMA-2024-000063
Field Inspection Letter Report
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC (Landowner's representative)
Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii
TM K: (3) 1-2-018:001
Sincerely,
Susan
Susan A. Lebo, PhD
SHPD Archaeology Branch Chief
(808) 321-9000 cell
1
45
JOSH GREEN,M.D. DAWN N.S. NG
GOVERNOR I KE KIA'AINA CHAIRPERSSOON
BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
SYLVIA LUKE MANAGEMENT
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR I KA HOPE KIA'AINA
RYAN KIP.KANAKA`OLE
FIRST DEPUTY
DEAN D.UYENO
*S,
`ynd and N / �� ,,,.,..`;
1 1•„ ACTING DEPUTY DIRECTOR-WATER
AQUATIC RESOURCES
BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION
BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES
COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS
CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT
ENGINEERING
ofH FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE
HISTORIC PRESERVATION
STATE OF HAWAII KA MOKU`AINA`O HAWAI`I KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
LAND
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES STATE PARKS
KA`OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI`AINA
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION
KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING
601 KAMOKILA BLVD,STE 555
KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707
September 6,2024
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Zendo Kern,Director Project No. 2024PR00930
County of Hawaii,Planning Department Doc.No.2409JG07
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Archaeology
Hilo,HI 96720
planningL,hawaiicoun ov
Dear Zendo Kern:
SUBJECT: Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS)Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review
County of Hawaii Special Management Area Use Permit: PL-SMA-2024-000063
Field Inspection Letter Report
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC(Landowner's representative)
Kaimn Ahupua`a,Puna District,Island of Hawaii
TMK: (3)1-2-018:001
This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's (SHPD's) review of the subject County of Hawaii
Special Management Area (SMA) Assessment permit application received by our office on July 26, 2024. The
submittal included an SMA Use Permit Assessment Application,site plans,copies of a previous archaeological survey
report(Spear 1992),an archaeological field inspection letter report(Clark 2024), and photos of the project area.
The proposed project area comprises the entire 3.677-acre parcel. The project proponent proposes the development of
a 5-lot subdivision consisting of parcels of at least 0.5 acres each for residential purposes. The following is also
proposed as part of the subject project:
• A 10-foot wide,cinder-surfaced public pedestrian access easement will be provided along the entire northern
boundary of the subject property,adjacent to the existing adjoining State lands.
• The water main along the mauka side of the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road will need to be tapped by lateral
services and extended to the subject property.
• The applicant and subsequent owners of the individual lots will be grubbing and grading each subdivided lot
to accommodate a proposed single-family dwelling.
• The intrusion within the adjoining State-owned lands consisted primarily of pushed vegetation that has since
partially deteriorated with most of the vegetation reestablishing itself. The Applicant will remove all pushed
vegetation that has not deteriorated for proper disposal at a greenwaste facility. Black cinder was placed
within the 40-foot shoreline setback area to create a safer walking path along the shoreline trail.The Applicant
will remove the black cinder from within the shoreline setback area and restore it to its previous condition to
the extent practical. In both instances,the Applicant will coordinate both site restoration activities with the
Planning Department, and if deemed necessary, the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources. These restoration efforts will be completed,to the satisfaction of the Planning Department,prior
to the issuance of final subdivision approval.
46
Zendo Kern
September 6,2024
Page 2
The submittal materials indicate that an archaeological survey conducted in the early 1990s (Spear 1992; Doc. No.
9302ks25) included the current project area. The survey identified four historic properties within the project parcel:
Site 50-10-63-18525 [c-shape],Site 50-10-63-18526[complex],Site 50-10-63-18527[wall],and Site 50-10-63-18528
[lava tube]). Each was assessed as significant under criterion d and as adequately documented and, thus, were
recommended for no further archaeological work.
The Clark (2024) Field Inspection (FI) report describes the project area, summarizes the previous archaeological
studies and the results of the field inspection,and provides a project effect recommendation of "No historic properties
affected"for the current project. Clark(2024)indicates that ASM Affiliates archaeologists conducted a 100%surface
pedestrian survey of project area on October 27, 2023. The FI relocated three of the previously identified historic
properties(Sites 50-10-63-18526,50-10-63-18527,and 50-10-63-18528). Site 50-10-63-18525 was not relocated and
was assumed to have been destroyed as the area exhibited evidence of ground-disturbing activities. Site 50-10-63-
18526 and Site 50-10-63-18527 were observed to be in a similar condition as originally recorded by Spear(1992);
Site#50-10-63-18528 was observed as having been impacted by land-clearing(push)activities.No historic properties
were newly identified.However,Clark(2024)indicates that additional rock constructions were observed and suggests
that they were constructed sometime after the Spear(1992)archaeological survey.
Due to the proximity of the subject project area to a nearby cemetery, consultation was conducted between October
31 and December 13,2023.None of the consulted parties knew of any burials being located within the current project
area.
Based on the information provided, SHPD's project effect determination is "No historic properties affected"
pursuant to HAR§13-284-7(a)(1)for the current project.Additionally,pursuant to HAR§13-284-7(e),when SHPD
comments that the proposed project shall not affect significant historic properties,the HRS 6E historic preservation
review process ends. The permit issuance process may continue.
Although the field inspection does not fulfill the requirements of an archaeological inventory survey as specified in
HAR§13-276-5, it serves to facilitate project planning and supports the historic preservation review process. Please
submit one hard copy of the report,clearly labeled Library Copy INAL,along with a text-searchable PDF copy of the
report and a copy of this letter to the SHPD Kapolei office,Attn. Library and one hard copy to the SHPD Hilo office,
Attu. Joshua Gastilo. Also submit a text-searchable PDF copy of the report to HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00930
using the Project Supplement option,and a PDF copy of the report to lehua.k.soares a,hawaii.gov.
Attach to permit: If historic properties such as lava tube openings, concentrations of artifacts, structural remains or
human skeletal remains are found during construction activities please cease work in the immediate vicinity of the
find,protect the find from additional disturbance, and contact the State Historic Preservation Division at(808) 933-
7653.
Please contact Joshua Gastilo at Joshua.Gastilo(r�,hawaii.gov for any questions regarding archaeological resources or
concerns regarding this letter.
Aloha,
NfTgpl�
Jessica L.Puff
Architecture Branch Chief
Acting Administrator, State Historic Preservation Division
cc: Alex Roy, alex.roykhawaiicoun ov
Daryn Arai,daryn.aaikoutlook.com
Kaimu Cove LLC,wyattinhawaiikgmail.com
Matthew Clark,melarkgasmaffiliates.com
47
ASM
11
affiliates
Archaeology• History•Ethnography•Architectural History
September 10, 2024
Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
12-55 Likoliko Lp 44866,
Pahoa, HI, 96778
Email: wyattinhawaii(a�gmail.com
Subject: LIBRARY COPY: Results of an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation
conducted in support of an SMA use permit application for the proposed subdivision of
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii.
Dear Mark:
As requested,ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation
in support of an application for an SMA use permit, concerning the proposed subdivision of TMK (3) 1-
2-018:001, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The field inspection
was conducted to help address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the
proposed 6-lot subdivision of the 3.551-acre subject parcel by confirming and updating the findings of an
earlier archaeological inventory survey (AIS) prepared for the property by Spear (1992). Furthermore,
consultation was undertaken seeking information from knowledgeable individuals regarding the presence
(or absence) of burial sites within the subject property.
Project Area Description
The project area is the entirety of TMK (3) 1-2-018:001 located within Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District,
Island of Hawaii. The 3.551-acresubject parcel is bounded on the mauka side by the Kalapana-Kapoho
Road (see Figure 3), on the makki side by a 40 foot exclusion zone along the coast (Figure 4), to the
northeast by an undeveloped State-owned parcel consisting of `a`a lava, and to the southwest by a
developed residential property.The project area situated at an elevation of 10 to 25 feet(3.05 to 7.62 meters)
above mean sea level and is 40 feet inland from the coast. An Historic cemetery is located to the northeast
of the project area on the opposite side of the Kalapana-Kapoho Road;Figure 5).
Geologically,the project area is located on the lower flanks of Kilauea Volcano and is comprised of multiple
lava flows (Sherrod et al. 2021), with a Puna basalt flow that erupted between 400 and 750 years before
present (BP) forming much of the central and southern part of the parcel; a younger Puna basalt flow of
`a`a lava dating to 200-400 years BP creating the northeastern edge; and a more recent pahoehoe flow that
occurred between 1986 and 1992 present at the coast(Figure 6). Soil classifications within the project area
(Figure 7) mimic the geologic substrates and are comprised primarily of dry Hakuma highly organic loam
on 2 to 10 percent slopes,with dry Malama-Lava flows complex on 2 to 40 percent slopes on the `a`a flow
along the northeastern edge, and pahoehoe lava flows on 2 to 20 percent slopes present at the coast(Soil
Survey Staff 2022).
There has been some prior ground disturbance along the northeast, southwest, and mauka edges of the
project area. On the `a`a flow in the northeastern portion of the parcel, a grubbed and graded driveway
(Figure 8)meanders along the property line and accesses a graded house pad near the coast on apromontory
that overlooks the rest of the parcel (this area was mostly recently cleared in 2022). There is a second
roadway which diverts from the upper road and is routed down through the middle of the project area to
the coast (Figure 9). This road may have been already present when previously surveyed in 1992, as
820 Mililani Street,Suite 700, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (808)439-8089 Fax: (808)439-8087
507A East Lanikaula Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808)969-6066 Fax: (808)443-0065 48
www.asmaffiliates.com
September 10,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 2 of 19
something resembling it is mentioned by Spear(1992). Bulldozer push piles were also observed along the
boundary with the adjacent residential property to the southwest near the middle of the project area. These
push piles appear to be related to the clearing of that neighboring parcel.A number of brush piles, seemingly
from hand clearing activities, were also noted in the northeastern portion of the project area at the base of
the `a`d flow.
Vegetation cover within the project area is influenced by the extent of prior ground disturbance. In the
undisturbed portions of the project area (Figure 10), the overstory consists predominately of monkeypod
trees (Samanea saman), hala (Pandanus tectorius), hau (Hibiscus tiliacenus), milo (Thespesia copulnea),
with coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and naupaka (Scaevola sp.) along the makai section, `6hi`a lehua
(Metrosideros polymorpha) along the northern boundary, a scattering of noni (Morinda citrifolia)
throughout the property, and a single eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus globulus). The ground cover consists of
morning glory (Ipomoea indica), particularly in the makai portion of the project area, with Boston fern
(Nephrolepis exaltata), and various species of grasses. In the previously disturbed portions, the vegetation
is comprised of a mix of grasses,purslane (Portulaca sp.), gunpowder trees (Trema orientalis), Melochia
(Melochia umbellata), guava(Psidium guajava), and other non-native weeds(Figure 11).
A Brief Culture-Historical Background for the Subject Parcel
The project area lies on the southern shores of the Puna District of the Island ofHawai`i within the ahupua`a
of Kaimu. Kaimu is bordered to the southwest by the ahupua`a of Kalapana and Kupahua, to the north by
the ahupua`a of Waiakahiula and Ka`ohe, and to the west by the ahupua`a of Kikala 1-2 and Ke61cea.
Traditionally,the primary village for this ahupua`a was(and still is)known as Kaimu,a name that has been
translated to mean "gathering [at the] sea [to watch surfing]" (Pukui et al. 1974:69). The shoreline of this
ahupua`a, according to Pukui et al. (1974:69), is "noted for its surf and its black sand beach" and was
originally called H6`eu and Ka-poho.Pukui et al. (1974)note that this beach was likely formed after a 1750
lava flow, during which time steam explosions formed the characteristic black sand of the area(the beach
at Kaimu was covered by lava flows that occurred during the 1980s and is no longer present).
The English missionary William Ellis embarked on a circumnavigation of Hawaii Island in the 1820s in
the hopes of identifying population centers that would be receptive of Christian missionary teachings.
During his travels,he collected observations of the environments and people he encountered.After leaving
the district of Ka`u, Ellis entered southern Puna along its coastline and described the string of villages he
traveled through, including Kaimu,which he described as being:
...pleasantly situated near the sea shore, on the south-east side of the island, standing on a
bed of lava considerably decomposed, and covered over with a light and fertile soil. It is
adorned with plantations,groves of cocoa-nuts,and clumps of kou trees.It has a fine sandy
beach,where canoes may land with safety; and, according to the houses numbered to-day,
contains about 725 inhabitants. Including the villages in its immediate vicinity along the
coast, the population would probably amount to 2,000. . . . The extent of cultivation in the
neighbourhood, together with the decent and orderly appearance of the people, induce us
to think they are more sober and industrious, than those of many villages through which
we have passed(Ellis 1825:160).
Indeed, the habitation and agricultural patterns of southern Puna were often dependent on the path of the
lava flows from Kilauea Volcano. As Handy and Handy (1972:751) note, the lands of Makena and lower
Kaimu were suitable for growing sweet potatoes but not taro, and the neighboring ahupua`a of"Keakea
[Ke61cea] supported neither, being mostly pahoehoe lava." Additionally, Hawaiian traditions imply that
Puna"was once Hawaii's richest agricultural region and that it is only in relatively recent time that volcanic
eruption has destroyed much of its best land"(Handy and Handy 1972:752).
By the mid-19`h century,the traditional Hawaiian land tenure system was radically altered through a process
of land division known as the Whele Aina. This change in land tenure was promoted by the missionaries
and the growing foreign population and business interests in the island kingdom who were generally
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hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands. The Mhele (division) defined the land interest of
Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs and konohiki (headman of an ahupua`a). As a result
of the Mhele, all lands in the Kingdom of Hawaii were placed into one of three categories: (1) Crown
Lands (lands personally claimed by Kamehameha III); (2) Konohiki Lands (lands claimed by lesser ah`i
and konohiki) and; (3) Government Lands (lands surrendered by the King or the konohiki in lieu of
commutation)with the caveat that the rights of the hoa`aina(tenants)were to be reserved(Chinen 1958:vii;
1961:13). In the case of the lands of Kaimu, the ahupua`a was originally claimed by Mataio Kekuana6'a,
who managed the estate of his daughter the ah`i Victoria Kamamalu. However, in January of 1848,
Kekuana6`a surrendered this land to the King, and Kaimu was placed into the inventory of Crown Lands
(Buke Mahele 1848).
As the King and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mhele, questions arose
regarding the protection of rights for the hoa`aina. To resolve this matter,on August 6`h, 1850,the Kueeana
Act (also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could
claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied, actively cultivated, or had
improved (Garovoy 2005). Within Kaimu, no kuleana lands were awarded and within the entirety of the
Puna District only two kuleana were awarded(Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2018).
A map of lands in the vicinity of Kalapana, Puna (Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1614) prepared by E. D.
Baldwin in 1892 shows the lands in the vicinity of the subject parcel and indicates the locations of nearby
cultural features located to the southwest of the current project area, including a heiau, several houses and
other named places located within Kaimu Village,and a trail extending inland from the village(Figure 12).
The `a`d point located in the eastern comer of the subject parcel is labeled"Keoneana"on that map.A later
tracing of the 1892 map showing the Crown Land Homesteads of Kaimu (Hawai`i Registered Map No.
1812) shows that the subject parcel was subdivided and sold to C.H. Will(Grant No. 8004) as Lot 28-C of
the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads by late December 1921.Records from 1932 list the subject parcel as being
owned by a Mrs. Chieko,who acted as a trustee for the minors Hanayo Will, Yoshio Will, and Isami Will,
each of whom held a 1/3 interest in the lot. By the 1960's, ownership of the parcel had split between the
previously mentioned members of the Will family,who would own the parcel until the late 1980s.
Summary of Prior Archaeological Study within the Subject Parcel
The current project area(TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001) was the subject of an intensive archaeological inventory
survey prepared by Scientific Consultant Services,Inc. in 1992(Spear 1992).As a result of that study,four
archaeological sites were identified within the property (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18525, 50-10-63-18526, 50-
10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure 13) that were interpreted as having been used for Precontact to
early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited agricultural
also occurring.All four sites were described and mapped by Spear(1992),and two of the sites(Sites 18525
and 18526)were excavated to help refine their functional interpretations and test for the presence of buried
cultural deposits. Spear (1992) assessed all four sites as significant under Criterion d for the information
they had contributed to understanding past lifeways within the project area. He noted that sufficient data
had been collected from the sites as a result of the AIS to warrant a treatment recommendation of no further
work." The State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) agreed with the significance assessments and
treatment recommendations for the sites,and accepted the Spear(1992)AIS,in a letter dated March 3, 1993
(LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25). The descriptions of the sites recorded by Spear (1992) are
summarized below.
Site 18525 was recorded by Spear(1992) as a C-shape located near the base of the `a`d lava flow, at the
end of a bulldozer push road,in the eastern corner of the parcel. According to Spear(1992), the opening to
the C-shape was oriented to the west and measured 5.1 meters wide and 1.45 meters deep. The walls were
2.1 meters thick, and the maximum height was 0.36 meters. The feature was disturbed at the southern end,
and hau growth affected the exterior wall (Spear 1992). One large piece of coral was found on the ground
surface on the inside of the C-shape. A single stratigraphic trench was excavated outside of the opening of
the C-shape to test for buried cultural deposits. Measuring 1.0 meter by 0.5 meter, the trench was dug to a
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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depth of 0.4 meters below the surface,but no cultural materials of any kind were encountered.Based on its
formal attributes, this site was interpreted as a Precontact/Historic temporary habitation shelter.
Site 18526 was recorded by Spear(1992) as consisting of two surface features (Features 1 and 2).Feature
1 was described as a C-shape with its opening oriented to the south,with a width of 3.7 meters and a depth
of 1.2 meters. The maximum wall thickness and height were 1.09 meters and 0.75 meters respectively. The
eastern third of the structure was collapsed and in poor condition.Feature 2 was situated slightly more than
two meters to the south of Feature 1, and consisted of a rock mound which measured 1.85 meters N/S and
1.5 meters E/W. The maximum height of the mound was 0.6 meters, and a single stratigraphic trench
measuring 0.5 by 0.5 meters was excavated between Features 1 and 2.Excavation extended to a maximum
depth of 0.36 meters and no cultural materials were encountered. Spear (1992) interpreted Feature 1 as a
temporary habitation shelter and Feature 2 as a small agricultural mound.
Site 18527 was documented by Spear (1992) as a wall that extended along the base of the fill for the
Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. At the time of the 1992 study,the wall extended beyond the project area to
the southwest and was covered with road fill at its northeast end. The length of the wall within the project
area was recorded as 28 meters,with a maximum height and width 1.1 meters and 0.5 meters respectively.
No excavation was undertaken at Site 18527 by Spear(1992), who interpreted the site as a boundary wall
that predates the construction of the adjacent roadway.
Site 18528 was documented by Spear(1992) as a modified lava bubble,with interior measurements of 0.82
meters (north/south)by 0.8 meters(east/west) and a depth of 0.92 meters. The opening was cleared of rock
which had been used to build up the southwest portion of the feature. No cultural material was found in
association with the feature and according to Spear (1992), who interpreted the site as a possible storage
feature or small planting pit, there was no potential for excavation.
The presence of the nearby cemetery(located to the northeast of the project area on the mauka edge of the
Kalapana-Kapoho Road; see Figure 5)was a specific concern of the earlier study, and Spear(1992) noted
that special attention was paid to the mauka portion of the project area to determine if structures similar to
those identified in the cemetery were also present in the project area. No such features were identified in
that area, or anywhere else within the project area. Additionally, as noted by Spear(1992), the soil buildup
in the project area was so shallow as to preclude the presence of subsurface features or burials.
Results of the Current Field Inspection
On October 27,2023,David King,M.A., Colsen Balai,B.A., and Jonas Leon,B.A., and Matthew R. Clark,
M.A. (ASM Principal Investigator), conducted a thorough surface survey of the subject parcel, as well as a
general inspection of the `a`d flow bordering the northeastern side of the project area. The survey included
a surface inspection of the entire parcel utilizing north/south pedestrian transects with fieldworkers spaced
at 10-meter intervals.As was previously done by Spear(1992),special care was taken in the mauka portion
of the project area, especially on the surface of the adjacent `a`d flow, to look for burial features similar to
those contained within the Historic cemetery across the street.
As a result of the pedestrian survey, three of the four sites previously documented by Spear(1992) within
the subject parcel were found (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure
14). The locations of these sites were documented using a GPS, and the current condition of each of these
sites is briefly described below. Site 50-10-63-18525 (a C-shape) could not be relocated, and it is thought
that this site,which was formerly located in the eastern portion of the subject parcel at the base of the `a`d
flow(Figure 15),was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbing activities after the acceptance of the Spear
(1992) AIS. The location and distribution of sites and features identified within the subject parcel, as well
as the relative location of the cemetery to the project area, is depicted in Figure 14.
Site 18526 Features 1 (a C-shape) and 2 (a mound) were both in similar condition to what was described
by Spear(1992), but the features are currently obscured by heavy overgrowth and two large trees that have
fallen across them(Figures 16 and 17). Site 18527(a historic wall) is in the same condition as described by
Spear and no changes to that site were noted (Figure 18). Site 18528 (a modified lava blister) has been
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disturbed by land clearing activities since it was first documented in 1992. Small boulders from that push
have fallen into blister and the site is currently obscured by thick brush covering its edges (Figure 19).
No additional archaeological sites were identified within the project area as a result of the fieldwork
conducted by ASM, but several recent rock constructions and modern landscape modifications were noted
(see Figure 14). These more recent features, which include rock stacks, stone-lined paths (Figure 20), and
rock cleared areas on the ground surface, are largely concentrated in the coastal-central portion of the
subject parcel, in areas that appear to be used recurrently and recently for camping and fishing activities.
The lack of mention of these features in the Spear (1992) AIS report, as well as the modern vegetation
disturbance and debris associated with them,suggests that all of the additional rock constructions identified
within project area were built during the last 30 years. None of these more recently constructed features
appear to be burial monuments.
Consultation
To address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the proximity of the
cemetery to the project area and to determine the presence (or absence) of burial sites within the project
area, ASM's Senior Ethnographer, Lokelam Brandt, M.A. conducted consultation with several long-time
residents of the area including descendants of the `ohana Keli`iho`omalu and Kealoha families.
Consultation occurred during aperiod between October 31,2023,and December 13,2023,when ASM staff
contacted Ms. Ke`ala Keli`iho`omalu,Mrs.Leialoha Ilae-Kale imdmahu,and Mrs.Ku`ulei Kealoha-Cooper
by phone. Following the initial phone calls, each of the three consulted parties were provided with a
consultation letter and maps specifying ASM's search for persons who may have knowledge of any burials
within the project area and information on the nearby cemetery. Each of the consulted parties contacted
additional family members to seek such information. Ms. Keli`iho`omalu spoke with elder relatives Prince
Keli`iho`omalu, Sam Keli`iho`omalu,Noenoe Dunn,Tiana Dunn,Jerry Dunn,Princess Keli`iho`omalu,Jr.
Keli`iho`omalu,and Tiara Keli`iho`omalu.Ms. Keli`iho`omalu indicated that her uncle Sam also attempted
to reach out to Aku Hauani`o and Kamm Quihano and that her father attempted to reach out to Annie
Ka`aukai and Leslie Enriques. Mrs. Ilae-Kalaimdmahu also contacted members of the `ohana
Keli`iho`omalu and recommended that ASM staff contact Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper since she had heard that
the cemetery belonged to the Kealoha family. Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper was contacted by ASM and she spoke
with several of her relatives, including her mother.
None of the consulted parties knew of any burial sites within the project area. Subsequent email
correspondence with Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper clarified that the cemetery did not belong to the Kealoha
`Ohana, however, her mother related that in the 1930s and 1940s, the Kalapana Church was located near
the cemetery and that her tutu(Mrs.Kealoha-Cooper's great-grandmother)Emma Nai`a was a pillar of that
church. She added that there is a Kealoha cemetery in `Opihikao but was not aware of any such family
cemetery in Kaimu.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The results of the current study support the findings of the Spear (1992) AIS. Three of the four sites
previously documented by Spear(1992)within the subject parcel were identified during the field inspection
(SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; see Figure 14). These sites are all in
similar condition to what was previously described, and indicate that the parcel was used during the
Precontact to early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited
agricultural also occurring. All three of these sites were observed to be in similar condition to what was
previously described by Spear(1992).The fourth site(Site 50-10-63-18525,a C-shape)could not be found,
and is thought to have been destroyed by land clearing activities that have occurred within the subject parcel
since the Spear(1992) AIS was accepted by SHPD.No potential burial features were identified within the
subject parcel as a result of the current fieldwork, nor were any possible burial locations identified as a
result of the consultation conducted by ASM The only features identified within the property that were not
reported on by Spear(1992)appear to be less than 50 years old and related to on-going camping and fishing
activities that still occur within the project area. The findings of the current study, combined with the
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SHPD's prior review of the Spear (1992) AIS (LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25), support an HRS
Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No historic properties affected"pursuant to HAR§13-275-7(a)(1)for the
proposed subdivision and development of the subject parcel.
Should you have any questions or concerns,please feel free to contact me directly.
Sincerely,
Matthew R. Clark, M.A.
Senior Archaeologist—ASM Hilo Director
References Cited
Buke Mahele
1848 Buke Kakau Paa no ka mahele aina i Hooholoia iwaena o Kamehameha III a me Na Lii a
me Na Konohiki ana, Hale Alii, Honolulu.
Chinen, J. J.
1958 The GreatMahele:Hawaii's Land Division of 1848.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu.
1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published.
Ellis, W.
1825 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of Tour ofHawaii, or Owhyee; with remarks on the
History, Traditions, Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich
Islands. Cocker and Brewster, Boston.
Garovoy, J.
2005 "Ua koe ke kuleana o na kanaka" (Reserving the rights of Native Tenants): Integrating
Kuleana Rights And Land Trust Priorities in Hawaii.Harvard Environmental Law 29:523-
571.
Handy, E. S. C. and E. G.Handy
1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop
Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
2018 Kipuka Database. Electronic document, http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka.
Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. Mo`okini
1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Sherrod, D. R., J. M. Sinton, S. E. Watkins, and K. M. Brunt
2021 Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey. USGS Numbered Series. Scientific Investigations Map 3143. 1:100,000 and
1:250,000 scale.Electronic document,https://dol.org/10.3133/sim3l43,accessed February
18, 2022.
Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service)
2022 Web Soil Survey. Electronic document, http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda. oovv.
Spear, R.
1992 An Inventory Survey of the Robinson Property, Puna District, Island of Hawaii, TMK 1-
2-18:1. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc.Prepared for Bruce Robinson.
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Figures
N6 d N
Arca of Detail
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September 10,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 8of19
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September 10,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 9 of 19
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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September 10,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 11 of 19
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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.per R
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
September 15, 2025
Mr. Jeffrey Darrow, Director
County of Hawaii Planning Department
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Director Darrow:
Subject: SMA Use Permit Assessment Application
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC
Request: To allow construction of a proposed single-family dwelling,pickleball court
and its related improvements within a portion of the subject property
TMK: 1-2-018: 001, Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, Kaimu, Puna
Accompanying this letter, we present for your consideration a request by Kaimu Cove LLC for
Special Management Area approval to allow for the construction of a single-family dwelling,
pickleball court and its related improvements on a portion of the 3.677-acre property located
along the coastal section of Kaimu-Makena Homesteads in the Puna District.
Pursuant to your application requirements to be riled via the EPIC system,please find
accompanying this letter the following:
a. Original of the completed SMA Use Permit Assessment application form and
accompanying background and supporting information report that includes a location
map and site plan;
b. Certified shoreline survey; and
c. Landowners' authorizations
Should you have questions on this matter,please feel free to contact me. Thank you very much.
Sincerely,11_< j'
C�► _
Daryn Arai
Enclosure: SMA Use Permit Assessment Application & supporting information
copy w/encl via email: Mark Wyatt &Lisa Ann Benham, Kaimu Cove LLC
P.O.BOX 4501,HILO HAV'AII 96720
PHONE: (808)895-3218 E_IvIAIL:DARYN.ARAI a OUTLOOK.CONI
67
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT
ASSESSMENT APPLICATION
Applicant: KAIMU COVE LLC
Request: Proposed construction of a single-family
dwelling, pickleball court and its related improvements
on a portion of a 3.677-acre property situated within
the Special Management Area
Tax Map Key: (3) 1-2-018:001
Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, Kaimu, Puna District
Hawaii Island
Prepared by: Daryn Arai, Planning Consultant
September 2025
OJ�tY OF y,�q County of Hawai`i Planning Department
r-. www.hiplanningdept.com planningnco hawaii.hi.us
East Hawaii Office • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3 Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone(808)961-8288 Fax(808)961-8742
r'rF nF~►�`� West Hawaii Office • 74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740
Phone(808)323-4770 Fax(808)327-3563
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT ASSESSMENT APPLICATION
APPLICANT INFORMATION(Applicant is the person or entio)actually responsible for the proposed use, activity,or
operation—typically the landowner or lessee.)
APPLICANT'S NAME(S): Kaimu Cove LLC (c/o Mark Wyatt, Managing Member)
ADDRESS: 12-55 Likoliko Loop, Box 4866
CITY: Pahoa STATE: Hawaii ZIP CODE: 96778
EMAIL: Wyattinhawaii@gmail.com
PHONE NUMBER(S): bus: hm/cell: (808) 965-5404
SIGNATURE(S): (see attached authorization letter) DATE: September 2, 2025
LANDOWNER INFORMATION X❑ S�ffi AS APPLICANT(may leave this section blank)
LANDOWNER'S NAME(S): Kaimu Cove LLC (Mark Wyatt & Lisa Ann Benham, Managing Members)
ADDRESS: 12-55 Likoliko Loop, Box 4866
CITY: Pahoa STATE: Hawaii ZIP CODE: 96778
EMAIL:
PHONE NUMBER(S): bus: hm/cell:
SIGNATURE(S): (see attached authorization letter) DATE:
X1 Landowner agrees to grant representatives of the County of Hawai`i the right to enter the proper4l at
reasonable business hours for the purpose of site inspection.
AUTHORIZED AGENT/CONTACT PERSON
CONTACT NAME(S): Daryn Arai
ADDRESS: PO Box 4501
CITY: Hilo STATE: Hawaii ZIP CODE: 96720
EMAIL: Daryn.Arai@outlook.com
PHONE NUMBER(S)- bus: hm;`cell: (808) 895-3218
SIGNATURE(S): DATE: September 2, 2025
TAX MAP KEY(S): (3) 1-2-018:001
FLOOD ZONE (Can be obtained fi•on? the Department ofPublic IT,7oT*-s-Engineeiing Division): Zone X
NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT/ ACTIVITY:
The Applicant wishes to construct a two-story, 2-bedroom single-family dwelling and related facilities,
such as driveway and wastewater systems, a pickleball court and associated utilities within a portion of
the 3.677-acre property. Most of the proposed improvements will be situated within an area previously
disturbed by a prior landowner. No improvements will be situated within the 40-foot shoreline setback
area.
The Applicant resides nearby within the Kaimu area and will relocate to the subject property upon com-
pletion of the proposed dwelling and maintain it as his primary residence.
TOTAL COST , FAIR NI ARKET VALUE OF DEVELOPMENT: $ 267,000
DATE OF APPLICATION September 2, 2025
70
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
The undersigned below are the managing members of Kaimu Cove LLC, owner of that 3.677-
acre property identified as TMK: 1-2-018:001 located along the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road
within the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, District of Puna. As authorized representatives of the
owner of the subject property, we hereby authorize the filing of an SMA Use Permit Assessment
application to allow for the construction of a single-family dwelling, pickleball court and its
related improvements on the subject property. By this letter, we also authorize Daryn Arai,
Planning Consultant, to assist us with the filing and processing of this application before the
County of Hawaii.
E. September 2, 2025
Mark WyatOulanaging Member Date
Kaimu Cove LLC
PO Box 4866
Pahoa, HI 96778
September 2, 2025
Lisa Ann Benham, Managing Member Date
Kaimu Cove LLC
PO Box 4866
Pahoa, HI 96778
71
BACKGROUND AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION REPORT
REGARDING SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT
ASSESSMENT APPLICATION
Applicant: KAIMU COVE LLC
Request: Proposed construction of a single-family dwelling,
pickleball court and its related improvements on a portion of
a 3.677-acre property situated within the Special
Management Area
Tax Map Key: (3) 1-2-018:001
Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, Kaimu, Puna District
Hawaii Island
Prepared by: Daryn Arai, Planning Consultant
September 2025
Table of Contents
A. DETAILS OF PROPOSED USE/ DEVELOPMENT..............................................................................1
1. Applicant's Request..............................................................................................................................1
2. Location of Property.............................................................................................................................1
3. Statement of Objectives and reasons for the request .........................................................................3
4. Proposed Project Details ......................................................................................................................3
S. Timeframe and cost..............................................................................................................................3
C. LAND USE AND OTHER REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS..............................................................4
6. State Land Use Designation..................................................................................................................4
7. Current County Zoning..........................................................................................................................4
8. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: .........................................................6
9. Puna Community Development Plan:...................................................................................................6
10. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A ..................................................................................9
11. Special Management Area (SMA).........................................................................................................9
12. Certified Shoreline Survey....................................................................................................................9
D. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA ............................................................11
13. Subject Property.................................................................................................................................11
14. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses...........................................................................................................11
15. ALISH: Other Important Agricultural Lands .......................................................................................11
16. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System..................................................................11
17. US Soil Survey .....................................................................................................................................11
18. FIRM....................................................................................................................................................12
19. Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report (2017)...............................................................13
20. Flora/Fauna Resources .......................................................................................................................14
21. Archaeological Resources...................................................................................................................14
22. Cultural or Native Gathering Rights....................................................................................................17
23. Public Access.......................................................................................................................................17
E. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES................................................................................................17
38. Access: ................................................................................................................................................17
39. Water..................................................................................................................................................17
40. Wastewater ........................................................................................................................................17
42. Essential Utilities and Services............................................................................................................18
F. STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF SMA USE PERMIT REQUEST...........................................................18
33. Anticipated effects upon the Special Management Area...................................................................20
G. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF CHAPTER 205A AND SMA GUIDELINES.........................................21
H. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................24
BACKGROUND AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION
REGARDING SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT ASSESSMENT
APPLICATION FOR MARK WYATT
Affecting Tax Map Key: (3) 1-2-018: 001; Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, Kaimu, Puna
A. DETAILS OF PROPOSED USE/ DEVELOPMENT
1. Applicant's Request
Mark Wyatt, hereinafter referred to as "Applicant", has filed this Special
Management Area Use Permit Assessment application to allow for the construction of a
two-story, two-bedroom single family dwelling, pickleball court and its related
improvements within the northeast portion of the subject property consisting of
approximately 3.677 acres of land situated along the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road
within the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, District of Puna.
2. Location of Property
The subject property is located at along the makai side of the Kalapana-Kapoho
Road (State Route 137), approximately 2,450 feet to the northeast from its intersection
with the Pahoa-Kalapana Road (State Highway 130), and identified as TMK: 1-2-018: 001
(refer to Figure 1 - Location Map and Figure 2 -Tax Map below).
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2 Page
75
3. Statement of Obiectives and reasons for the request
The Applicant wishes to construct a two-story, 2-bedroom single-family dwelling
and related facilities, such as driveway and wastewater systems, a pickleball court and
associated utilities within the 3.677-acre property.
The Applicant resides nearby within the Kaimu area and will relocate to the
subject property upon completion of the proposed dwelling and maintain it as his
primary residence.
4. Proposed Proiect Details (see Figure 3 — Proposed Site Plan & Exhibit A-Building Plans)
a. Proposed Single-family dwelling: The proposed single-family dwelling will consist of
the following:
1) 2-story dwelling, consisting of 2 bedrooms (one bedroom on each level);
2) 15t level having 384 square feet of living area (1 bedroom & 1 bath) and a 320
square foot porch with 2-car garage;
3) 2nd level having 768 square feet of living area (1 bedroom, 1 bath & living
room with kitchen) and a 320 square foot lanai;
4) 60' X 35' pickleball court, slab on grade only, no fencing around perimeter,
just a low perimeter landscaped hedge.
b. Access: Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-Kapoho
Beach Road via a 15-foot wide compacted gravel driveway. A 5-foot tall rock wall
and gate system is proposed at this entry point, having a total length of
approximately 55 feet.
c. Water: County water is available to support the proposed single-family dwelling via
an existing water meter located along Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road.
d. Wastewater: A septic system will be installed in a manner meeting with the
requirements of the State Department of Health.
f. Site Improvements: The proposed dwelling site had been previously altered by a
prior landowner. Therefore, site alteration is anticipated to be minimal, with the
exception of grading or excavation associated with the installation of the building
foundation, pickleball court and septic system. The construction of the single-family
dwelling will also involve the installation of associated utility improvements, such as
access driveway (compacted gravel), waterline installation and electrical utility
poles. No use, land alteration or vertical construction will be permitted within the
40-foot shoreline setback area as established by a shoreline survey of the subject
property certified by the Board of Land and Natural Resources on March 29, 2023.
5. Timeframe and cost
Upon issuance of an SMA Use Permit, the Applicant will promptly submit plans
for the proposed dwelling with the Department of Public Works with construction
commencing immediately upon issuance of a building permit, with completion within 2
years given it will be owner-builder. Associated known costs and estimates associated
with the proposed project are as follows:
• Construction of proposed single-family dwelling & utilities - $250,000
• Pickleball court - $5,000
• Rock wall and gate at entrance - $12,000
3 �
76
KALAPANA-KAPOHO ROAD Proposed rock wall and gate at entry
183.77'
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Figure 3 - Proposed Site Plan
C. LAND USE AND OTHER REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
6. State Land Use Designation: Urban.
The subject property is situated within an area designated for Urban uses by the
State Land Use Commission, as shown on Figure 4—State Land Use
7. Current County County Zoning: Residential and Agricultural-0.5 acre minimum lot size (RA-.5a)Residential and Agricultural-0.5 acre minimum lot size (RA-.5a)
The Residential and Agricultural (RA) zoning district provides for activities or uses
characterized by low density residential lots in rural areas where "city-like"
concentrations of people, structures, streets, and urban level of services are absent, and
where small farms are intermixed with low density residential lots. The RA district is
intended to be only within areas designated as being in the State land use rural or urban
districts. (see Figure 5 - Current Area Zoning)
- Current Area Zoning)
4 �
77
AGRICULUTURAL
CONSERVATION
URBAN
SUBJECT PROPERTY
Figure 4—State Land Use
su LJ*Ie
A-3a
A-3a
RA-.5a
SUBJECT PROPERTY
RA-.5a
Figure S —Current Area Zoning
5 �
/78
8. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map:
The County of Hawai'i General Plan is the policy document for the long-range
comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map classifies the subject property and area directly
inland (mauka) for Extensive Agricultural uses, which are lands not classified as
Important Agricultural Land. Such lands are not capable of producing sustained, high
agricultural yields without the intensive application of modern farming methods and
technologies due to certain physical constraints such as soil composition, slope, machine
tillability and climate. Other less intensive agricultural uses such as grazing and pasture
may be included in the Extensive Agriculture category. Portion of the subject property
along the shoreline prior to the certified shoreline is designated Open (see Figure 6-
General Plan LUPAG Map)
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INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURAL
AGRICULTURAL
LOW DENSITY URBAN
SUBJECT PROPERTY
Figure 6—General Plan LUPAG Map
9. Puna Community Development Plan:
The Puna CDP (PCDP) was developed and adopted by the Hawaii County Council
on August 27, 2008. It became effective on September 10, 2008 as Ordinance No. 08
116. The PCDP does not define any specific land use pattern for the area in proximity to
6 �
79
the subject property. However, the PCDP established three (3) major themes that
guided the development of the plan:
• Molomo I Ko Aino which "establishes how the contextual natural, historic and
cultural features of Puna should be preserved." (emphasis added)
• Growth Management which "addresses how the future pattern of human
settlement and land use should be shaped to respect that context and support
the desired quality of life for Puna's residents." (emphasis added)
• Transportation which "focuses on sustainable approaches to transportation to
support the goals of the two above themes."
Relative to the Molomo I Ko Aino theme, four (4) major elements were identified
and assigned goals, objectives, and actions. These elements and their relationship to
the proposed action follow:
1. Historic, Cultural, and Scenic Resources
An archaeological inventory survey of the subject property in 1992 (see
Exhibit B) did identify four (4) sites as significant for the information they
contain, but because sufficient data has been collected from each site, they can
be evaluated as "no longer significant" and that no further archaeological work
be required on the subject property. Nonetheless, should there be inadvertent
discoveries during the construction of this project, work will stop and contacts
with the County Planning Department and State Historic Preservation Division
will be made. Furthermore, the project site is not known as hosting any cultural
or scenic resources.
A 2024 field inspection and cultural consultation (see Exhibit C) supports
the findings of the 1992 survey, with the three relocated sites in similar
condition to what was previously described and indicate that the subject
property was used during the Precontact to early Historic periods for temporary
habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited agricultural also
occurring. No potential burial features were identified within the subject
property nor were any possible burial locations identified as a result of
consultation by the archaeologist. This report also included consultation with
several long-time residents of the area to determine who may hove knowledge
of any burials within the project area and information on the nearby cemetery.
According to the report, none of the consulted parties knew of any burial sites
within the project area. Based on these findings, the current study, combined
with the findings of the previous survey, supports a HRS Chapter 6E-42
determination of"No historic properties affected" for the proposed subdivision
and development of the subject property.
2. Native Forests and Geological Features
An assessment of floral and faunal resources and its geology indicates
that the goals and objectives of this element would not be compromised by the
proposed construction of a dwelling within a previously graded portion of the
subject property that is absent of any vegetation aside from typical grasses and
weeds.
7I
80
3. Aquifers, Coastal Waters and Stormwaters
The subject property is not proximate to potable wells in this area.
Notwithstanding that factor, the proposed subdivision will utilize septic systems
meeting with the approval of the State Department of Health.
The subject property is also not subject to storm waters or coastal
flooding nor the effects of sea level rise. Given the above, the goals and
objectives of this element would be fulfilled.
Testimony related to this property have spoken about the presence of
tide pools within the area that could be affected by development. However, the
tidepools mentioned are not situated within or along the shoreline frontage of
the subject property.
4. Shoreline Area
The Applicant has secured a certified shoreline survey of the subject
property and has plotted the location of the 40-foot shoreline setback. The
proposed single-family dwelling and related improvements will be situated
approximately 140 to 150 feet mauka of the certified shoreline.
The other theme is Managing Growth. For this, six (6) elements were identified.
These elements and their relationship to the project follow.
1. Land Use Pattern
Evaluating this request against the articulated goals and objectives of
the Managing Growth theme, the request would be consistent with the
following Goals of the PCDP:
• Puna retains a rural character while it protects its native natural and
cultural resources.
• Reduces the exposure to high risk from natural hazard situations.
2. Agriculture and Economic Development
The PCDP identifies the following:
Goals
• Increase opportunities for diversified agriculture
• Preserve lands for agricultural use
• Increase local market share of Puna agricultural products
Obiectives
• Discourage urban growth and further subdivision on lands that have been
identified as having agricultural value.
While the General Plan does identify the subject property for
extensive agricultural activities, its small size and location between a public
road and the ocean precludes its use for extensive agricultural activities. As
such, the proposed subdivision should not have an adverse impact on the
agriculture industry since the location, size and soil conditions do not present
the subject property as having any significant agricultural value.
3. Social Services and Housing
As this is not a social service or more affordable housing project, this
section is not applicable.
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4. Public Safety and Sanitation Services
Public safety services are available Pahoa. All solid waste generated
by the project will be disposed of at either the transfer station in Pahoa or at
the Hilo Transfer Station. No sewer system exists in the subject area, and the
Applicant will comply with Department of Health requirements regarding
proper wastewater disposal methods.
5. Parks and Recreation
This section is not applicable, as the project would have no direct
impacts on parks.
6. Energy Sustainability
The subject property has access to the electrical grid and will be able
to secure electrical service to the proposed dwelling.
The third theme is Transportation. The proposed construction of a single-family
dwelling is not subject to the goals and polices of this theme is not applicable to this
project. However, the subject property is located within the established Kaimu-Makena
Homestead community within a residential area having lot sizes ranging from 5,300
square feet to over 3 acres. The effectiveness of enhancing transportation facilities and
options is dependent upon the density and distribution of users.
In summary, the proposed construction of a single-family dwelling on the subject
property will maintain the rural character of this area of Puna while remaining
consistent with the themes outlined by the PCDP.
10. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A
The entire State of Hawai'i lies within the Coastal Zone Management area. The
intent of the Coastal Zone Management Program is to guide and regulate public and
private uses in the coastal zone management area with respect to recreational
resources, historic resources, public access to the shoreline, scenic and open space
resources, coastal ecosystems, marine resources, economic uses, coastal hazards,
managing development, public participation, and beach protection.
11. Special Management Area (SMA)
The Special Management Area (SMA) is a part of the Coastal Zone Management
Program that is regulated by the County, established to promote the State's policy to
preserve, protect, and where possible, to restore the natural resources of the coastal
zone of Hawaii. Therefore, special controls on development within the area along the
shoreline are necessary to avoid permanent loss of valuable resources and the
foreclosure of management options, and to ensure that adequate public access is
provided to public-owned or used beaches, recreation areas, and natural reserves, by
dedication or other means. The subject property is situated within the SMA due to its
immediate proximity to the shoreline.
12. Certified Shoreline Survey
A certified shoreline survey of the subject property was secured on March 29,
2023 from the Board of Land and Natural Resources. The certified shoreline migrated
inland from the makai boundaries of the 3.677-acre subject property as defined by tax
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maps, reducing the overall land area of the subject property to 3.677 acres, as shown on
Figure 7—Certified Shoreline Survey.
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D. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA
13. Subiect Property
The property is trapezoid in shape and 3.677-acres in size and situated between
the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road and the shoreline (see Figure 8 -Aerial Site Map). The
Aerial Site Plan is based on March 7, 2023 imagery obtained via Google Earth. The
subject property is currently vacant of any use or structure, aside from some limited
clearing by the previous landowner for a proposed driveway and house pad circa 1992.
However, the proposed home was never constructed and the previously cleared
driveway and house pad is now overgrown with vegetation. More recently, the
Applicant cleared and graded a portion of the subject property along its northern
boundary, beginning at the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road and extending all the way
down to the shoreline. Upon issuance of a Notice of Violation by the Planning
Department, all work has ceased and the Aerial Site Map shows that vegetation has
begun to reestablish itself.
14. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses
The subject property is located within a portion of the Kaimu-Makena
Homesteads, a collection of lots and subdivisions that span an area along the eastern
side of the junction of Pahoa-Kalapana (Hwy 130) and Kalapana-Kapoho (Hwy 137)
roads, and is predominately zoned for Residential and Agricultural (RA) uses with a
minimum lot size of 1/2-acre. Adjacent to the east and makai of the Kalapana-Kapoho
Beach Road are State lands zoned for Open (0) uses with agricultural-zoned lands (A-3a)
along the mauka side of this road. The subject property basically defines the eastern-
most extent of the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads.
15. ALISH: Other Important Agricultural Lands
The subject property is not classified as by the Agricultural Lands of Importance
to the State of Hawaii.
16. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System
Soils within the subject property are classified as having very poor agricultural
productivity rating (Class E soils).
17. US Soil Survey: Hakuma highly organic hydrous loam (666)
These soils series consist of shallow, moderately well drained soils formed in
basic volcanic ash over pahoehoe lava. Hakuma soils are on the low elevation, windward
slopes of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes. Slopes range from 2 to 10 percent. Mean
annual rainfall is about 154 inches. Hakuma soils are generally found in open canopied
forest. A few areas are used for pasture. Natural vegetation is ohia lehua (Metrosideros
polymorpha), treefern (Cibotium chamissoi or C. glauca), uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis)
and guava (Psidium guajava).
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19. Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report (2017)
The Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report ("report") provides the
first state-wide assessment of Hawaii's vulnerability to sea level rise and offered
recommendations to reduce the exposure and sensitivity to sea level rise and increase
the State's capacity to adapt.
The report assessed the best available science on climate change and sea level
rise and provides recommendations based on emerging good practices. One such
practice is that the magnitude and rate of sea level rise warrants planning for 3.2 feet of
sea level rise by 2100. Towards that end, the Sea Level Rise Exposure Area (SLR-XA)
shows that the subject property and the location of the proposed single-family dwelling
will not be vulnerable to 3.2 feet of sea level rise, as depicted in Figure 10 - SLR Viewer.
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Sea Level Rise : State nfHamai^i Sea Level Rise Viewer
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20. Flora/Fauna Resources
No professional flora or faunal surveys were conducted of the subject property.
However, the Applicant has not identified any endangered species of plants or animals
within the subject property and especially not within the northeastern portion ofthe
property where the proposed honnesite will be located. The on-site vegetation includes
guava, |auae, ti, noni, hau, ha|a, nni|o, ohia, nnonkeypod, ohristnnas berry, nne|ochia,
gunpowder trees, cane grass,java plum and verbina. Near the west property line there
are some common mangos, avocado and banana from the neighbors. Naupaka occurs
along the shoreline areas. As previously mentioned, the proposed single-family dwelling
will be constructed within that portion of the subject property previously disturbed.
While no endangered species of fauna was observed on the subject property, its
location and shoreline proximity could see threatened or endangered species such as
the Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Hawaiian (ko|oa) Duck, Hawaiian (Nene) Goose, Hawaiian
Petrel, Hawaiian Coot, Band'runnped 5torrn'petrei Hawaiian Stilt, Nevve||'sTovvnsend's
5hearvvater and the Short-tailed Albatross. The Blackburn's Sphinx Moth is the only
endangered species of insect that could inhabit the affected area.
21. Archaeological Resources
1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey
The subject property was subject to an inventory level archaeological survey
conducted by Robert Spear, Ph.D. in 1992 (Exhibit A). The report, titled "An Inventory
Level Survey nf the Robinson Property, Puno District, /s/ondnfHovvo/'/(TMK: l-2-28:2)
November 1992", identified four (4) archaeological sites within the subject property that
include:
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• Site 18,525 —C-shaped structure built of stacked sub-angular to sub-rounded
basalt cobbles and small boulders. No buried cultural features were found in this
structure, which functioned as a temporary structure.
• Site 18,526 —two surface features consisting of a C-shape and a rock mound,
both consisting of sub-angular and sub-rounded basalt cobbles and small
bounders. No cultural material was found in the C-shaped structure, which
functioned as a temporary shelter. The small mound probably functioned as an
agricultural feature.
• Site 18,527 —a post-contact wall structure that extended along the base of the
fill for the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road and extended beyond the subject
property to the southwest until it was eventually covered by fill associated with
the road construction. Most likely served as a boundary wall.
• Site 18528—small modified hole in a lava bubble. No cultural material was
found in association with this feature and there proved to be no potential for
excavation inside the opening. The feature function is unclear, but could have
served as a storage area or small planting area.
The presence of a nearby cemetery (locally known as Makena Cemetery) was a
specific concern during the survey, so special attention was paid to determine if
structures similar to those identified in the cemetery were also present within the
subject property. No such features were identified., nor were there other features
identified that were interpreted as burials. The archaeological also concluded that the
soil build-up within the subject property was so shallow as to preclude the presence of
subsurface burials.
The report concluded that all four (4) sites are significant under Criterion D
because of the information they contain. However, because sufficient data has been
collected from each site, they can be evaluated as "no longer significant" and that no
further archaeological work be required on the subject property.
January 2024 Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation (Exhibit B)
The Applicant contracted with ASM Affiliates who conducted an archaeological
field inspection of the subject property to confirm and update findings from the earlier
archaeological inventory survey and a cultural consultation to confirm the presence or
absence of burial sites.
According to the report, "There has been some prior ground disturbance along
the northeast, southwest, and mouko edges of the project area. On the `o`a flow in the
northeastern portion of the parcel, o grubbed and graded driveway(Figure 8) meanders
along the property line and accesses o graded house pad near the coast on o
promontory that overlooks the rest of the parcel(this area was mostly recently cleared in
2022). There is o second roadway which diverts from the upper road and is routed down
through the middle of the project area to the coast(Figure 9). This road may have been
already present when previously surveyed in 199Z os something resembling it is
mentioned by Spear(1992). Bulldozer push piles were also observed along the boundary
with the adjacent residential property to the southwest near the middle of the project
area. These push piles appear to be related to the clearing of that neighboring parcel. A
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number of brush piles, seemingly from hand clearing activities, were also noted in the
northeastern portion of the project area at the base of the `a`a flow.
The pedestrian survey conducted located three of the four sites previously documented
by Spear in 1992. The fourth site, a C-shaped feature [Site 15,525] located within the
eastern portion of the project site at the base of an `a`a flow, could not be located as it
was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbance after the acceptance of the Spear
(1992) survey.
The result of the current survey supports the findings of the Spear (1992) survey,
with the three relocated sites in similar condition to what was previously described and
indicate that the subject property was used during the Precontact to early Historic
periods for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited
agricultural also occurring. No potential burial features were identified within the
subject property nor were any possible burial locations identified as a result of
consultation by the archaeologist.
A consultation with several long-time residents of the area was also conducted,
that included descendants of the `ohana Keli`iho`omalu and Kealoha families, namely
Ms. Ke`ala Keli`iho`omalu, Mrs. Leialoha Ilae-Kaleimamahu, and Mrs. Ku`ulei Kealoha-
Cooper by phone. According to the report, "Following the initial phone calls, each of the
three consulted parties were provided with a consultation letter and maps specifying
ASM's search for persons who may have knowledge of any burials within the project
area and information on the nearby cemetery. Each of the consulted parties contacted
additional family members to seek such information. Ms. Keli`iho`omalu spoke with
elder relatives Prince Keli`iho`omalu, Sam Keli`iho`omalu, Noenoe Dunn, Tiana Dunn,
Jerry Dunn, Princess Keli`iho`omalu, Jr. Keli`iho`omalu, and Tiara Keli`iho`omalu.
Ms. Keli`iho`omalu indicated that her uncle Sam also attempted to reach out to Aku
Hauani`o and Kamu Quihano and that her father attempted to reach out to Annie
Ka`aukai and Leslie Enriques. Mrs. Ilae-Kalaimamahu also contacted members of the
`ohana Keli`iho`omalu and recommended that ASM staff contact Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper
since she had heard that the cemetery belonged to the Kealoha family. Mrs. Kealoha-
Cooper was contacted by ASM and she spoke with several of her relatives, including her
mother."
According to the report, none of the consulted parties knew of any burial sites
within the project area. Subsequent email correspondence with Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper
clarified that the cemetery did not belong to the Kealoha `Ohana, however, her mother
related that in the 1930s and 1940s, the Kalapana Church was located near the
cemetery and that her tutu (Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper's great-grandmother) Emma Nai`a
was a pillar of that church. She added that there is a Kealoha cemetery in `Opihikao but
was not aware of any such family cemetery in Kaimu.
Based on these findings, the current study, combined with the findings of the
previous survey, supports a HRS Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No historic properties
affected" by the proposed subdivision development of the subject property, which has
now been reduced in scope to a single-family dwelling.
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22. Cultural or Native Gathering Rights
According to the Applicant, there are no known customary or Native Hawaiian
cultural rights exercised within the subject property. The presence of Makena Cemetery
nearby along the mauka side of the Kaimu-Kapoho Beach Road was of special concern
by the archaeologist (Spear 1992) who paid special attention to look for features within
the subject property that could be interpreted as burials, and none was found. As
mentioned previously, recent consultation with several long-time residents of the area
was also conducted during the current study, that included descendants of the `ohana
Keli`iho`omalu and Kealoha families, none of whom knew of any burial sites within the
project area.
If a burial is encountered during land disturbance activities, the Applicant will
immediately cease all work and notify the Planning Department and the State Historic
Preservation Division to await proper direction and clearance before any land alteration
work can resume.
23. Public Access
The nearest formal access to the shoreline is situated along Kalapana Beach
Haven Road, situated approximately 640 feet to the southwest of the subject property
along the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. Due to the location of the proposed single-
family dwelling, no lateral access along the shoreline will be affected.
E. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES
38.Access:
Access to the subject property is from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road, a State-
maintained roadway with a roughly 10-foot wide pavement and unimproved shoulders
within an approximately 80-foot wide right-of-way.
39. Water
County water is currently available to support the proposed single-family dwelling via an
existing meter located along the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road.
40. Wastewater
There is no municipal sewer system servicing the subject area. The proposed single-
family dwelling will be serviced by individual septic system meeting with the approval of
the State Department of Health.
41. Solid Waste
Solid waste will be handled through commercial haulers or disposal by the landowner
into authorized landfill sites or transfer stations, the nearest of which is located
approximately 1/2-mile to the northeast of the subject property. All waste generated by
construction-related activities will have to be transported to the West Hawaii Sanitary
Landfill in Pu`uanahulu, North Kona.
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42. Essential Utilities and Services
Other utilities, such as electrical, cable and telephone services, will be made available to
the subject property.
F. STATEMENT IN SUPPORT OF SMA USE PERMIT REQUEST
The approval of the Applicant's request to develop a proposed single-family
dwelling within a portion of the 3.677-acre property will not be contrary to Chapter
205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone Management. The subject
property nor the proposed homesite is not subject to any coastal hazard nor anticipated
to have any adverse impact upon coastal resources. The proposed single-family
dwelling, due to its location and limited scope, will not have any adverse impact on
cultural or historical resources in the area or upon any endangered species of plants or
animals.
In view of the Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa`akai O
Ka`Aina" decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights
must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the
associated traditional and customary practices of the site.
It is unlikely that there are any valued cultural, historic and natural resources to
be found within the property. Two archaeological studies conducted on the subject
property concludes that all four (4) sites are significant under Criterion D because of the
information they contain. However, because sufficient data has been collected from
each site, they can be evaluated as "no longer significant" and that no further
archaeological work be required on the subject property. Consultation with several
long-time residents of the area was also conducted and none of the consulted parties
knew of any burial sites within the project area.
For these reasons, the Applicant could find no evidence of any possible adverse
effects or impairments that will occur to any valued resources should the proposed
construction of single-family dwellings be allowed. Should the Applicant inadvertently
encounter any remains of historic sites, such as rock walls, terraces, platforms, marine
shell concentrations or human burials, the Applicant agree to cease any work in the
immediate area and contact the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State
Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD), resuming activities only upon securing
archaeological clearance from DLNR-HPD when it finds that sufficient mitigation
measures have been taken.
Approval of the request to construct the proposed single-family dwelling will not
be contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone
Management nor the guidelines for approval of an SMA Use Permit as prescribed by
Planning Commission Rule No. 9 regarding the Special Management Area.
The subject property is situated within the Special Management Area with direct
frontage along the shoreline. However, the subject property is not subject to any
coastal hazard nor the effects of sea-level rise. Therefore, the construction of a single-
family dwelling within a portion of the 3.677-acre subject property is not anticipated to
have any adverse impact upon coastal resources such as coastal recreational and
marine resources, coastal ecosystems or the public use and recreational use of any
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beach. Based on a March 29, 2023 certified shoreline survey, a 40-foot wide shoreline
setback is established that will manage all structures and land use activities within this
shoreline setback area to ensure that coastal processes and resources are protected.
The subject property was subject to an inventory level archaeological survey
conducted by Robert Spear, Ph.D. in 1992 which identified four (4) archaeological sites
within the subject property that include two C-shaped structures probably used as a
temporary structure and an agricultural feature, a post-contact boundary wall, and a
modified hole in a lava bubble probably used for storage or a small planting area.
There were no features identified that could be interpreted as burials. The
archaeological also concluded that the soil build-up within the subject property was so
shallow as to preclude the presence of subsurface burials.
The report concluded that all four (4) sites are significant under Criterion D
because of the information they contain. However, because sufficient data has been
collected from each site, they can be evaluated as "no longer significant" and that no
further archaeological work be required on the subject property.
A January 2024 archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation
confirmed these previous findings and found that the current study, combined with the
findings of the previous survey, supports a HRS Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No
historic properties affected" for the proposed subdivision and development of the
subject property.
Therefore, it is not anticipated that the proposed request will have any adverse
impact on cultural or historical resources in the area.
The subject property, zoned RA-.5a, is similarly designated as the rest of the area
referred to as the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads. The subject property itself represents
the eastern extent of this homestead area, with lands beyond retained by the State.
While the General Plan suggests that the subject property be utilized for extensive
agricultural purposes, it designates it as the only lot on the makai side of the Kalapana-
Kapoho Beach Road, squeezed between Low Density Urban uses for the rest of the
homestead area, and Open uses for the State lands immediately to the east. Extensive
agricultural pursuits simply cannot happen on this 3.677-acre shoreline parcel, which is
clearly best suited for residential uses as is the rest of the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads.
For these reasons, the Applicant feels that allowing the construction of a single-family
dwelling within a portion of the subject property is supportive of the County's efforts
towards managing development through the General Plan that also encourages the
County to:
• Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in
keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County.
With a policy that:
• Vacant lands in urban areas and urban expansion areas should be made available
for residential uses before additional agricultural lands are converted into
residential uses.
Finally, in terms of the public participation objective, this is generally a public
agency function. This is achieved through the Marine and Coastal Zone Management
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Advisory Group (MACZMAG). Planning Commission rule of practices and procedure
determines what level of"development" warrants formal proceedings before the
Windward Planning Commission and those actions that may be administratively
approved by the Planning Director. In this particular instance, the construction of a
single-family residential dwelling on a building site may not be considered as
"development" under Commission rules and the Applicant finds that the proposed
action, with the implementation of appropriate mitigating measures as described in this
application, would justify its approval by the Planning Director without further SMA
review.
33. Anticipated effects upon the Special Management Area
a. Relationship of proposed action to land use plans, policies and control
The subject property represents the eastern extent of that area designated
Urban by the State Land Use Commission and recognized as a part of the Kaimu-
Makena Homesteads. The Puna Community Development Plan does not offer any
land use policies specific to the Kaimu area, but as stated above, the General Plan
does focus more urban types of uses, such as the proposed single-family residential
use, in existing Urban areas which is the case presented by the Applicant.
b. Description of how project will affect area and surrounding lands
The subject property lies within a long-established homestead area that has a
number of single-family residences. This proposed construction of a single-family
residential dwelling on the subject property will be no different. Lands beyond the
subject property to the east and north (mauka) being owned by the State.
All necessary utilities and services to support the proposed single-family
residential use is or will be made available. Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road is a two-
lane County-maintained roadway that can easily accommodate the traffic generated
by this single-family residential use.
c. Description of impacts that cannot be avoided and applied mitigation measures
The development of the subject property as a single-family residential
homestead will change the landscape in this particular section of the Kaimu-Makena
Homesteads. But as a part of this homestead area, the proposed development will
not be contrary to the existing residential character within this section of Kaimu.
Lands to the east beyond the subject property is owned by the State, providing
adequate coastal open space opportunities along this scenic roadway.
During construction of the proposed single-family dwelling, best
management practices will be implemented to insure that excessive dust or runoff is
controlled. If required by the Department of Public Works, a grubbing and grading
permit will be secured prior to land alteration activities. No such land alteration
activities will be permitted within the 40-foot shoreline setback area, which will be
clearly delineated with flags or temporary construction fencing, as deemed
appropriate by the Planning Department. Wastewater generated by the proposed
dwelling will be managed by a septic system approved by the Department of Health.
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d. Alternatives to the proposed project
The only reasonable alternative is to maintain the subject property in its
current vacant and vegetated state. Attempts could be made to cultivate the land or
place it into pasture, but at only 3.677 acres, the subject property provides little
agricultural opportunity, especially given the poor soil conditions immediately
adjacent to the ocean.
The proposed project represents the construction of one single-family
dwelling on the entire 3.677-acre property, which is reasonable given the land use
and zoning pattern established as a part of the Kaimu-Makena Homestead.
Adequate support facilities are or can be provided and impacts properly mitigated
and managed especially given the limited overall scope of the proposed project. The
purpose of the SMA is to ensure that development will not have a substantial
adverse effect upon coastal resources, and the Applicant believes that he has
accomplished this goal with the information provided within this application.
e. Irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources
Given the limited scope of the proposed construction of a single-family dwelling and
its related improvements, the Applicant is not able to identify any irreversible or
irretrievable commitment of cultural, historical, recreational or ecological resources
as a result of the proposed subdivision development. Some may view the
construction of a single-family dwelling on this property as an unwanted departure
from its current vacant and largely undeveloped condition, but that view is also
unreasonable and unfair given the existing zoning of the subject property and the
mitigating actions presented by the Applicant that managed the property in a
manner that is substantially less than that afforded by its zoning designation.
G. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES OF CHAPTER 205A AND SMA GUIDELINES
a. Recreational resources
While the subject property itself is not known to accommodate any coastal
recreational opportunities, its shoreline proximity does provide access
opportunities. The subject property has lost approximately 10,846 square feet of
land area due to the encroachment of the shoreline. However, the proposed
dwelling will be set back much further beyond the minimum 40-foot shoreline
setback. Lateral shoreline access will not be impeded.
b. Historic resources
The subject property was subject to an inventory level archaeological survey
conducted by Robert Spear, Ph.D. in 1992 (Exhibit A). The report, titled "An
Inventory Level Survey of the Robinson Property, Puna District, Island of Hawai`i
(TMK: 1-2-18:1) November 1992", identified four (4) archaeological sites within the
subject property that include:
• Site 18,525 —C-shaped structure built of stacked sub-angular to sub-rounded
basalt cobbles and small boulders. No buried cultural features were found in
this structure, which functioned as a temporary structure.
21
94
• Site 18,526 —two surface features consisting of a C-shape and a rock mound,
both consisting of sub-angular and sub-rounded basalt cobbles and small
bounders. No cultural material was found in the C-shaped structure, which
functioned as a temporary shelter. The small mound probably functioned as
an agricultural feature.
• Site 18,527 —a post-contact wall structure that extended along the base of
the fill for the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road and extended beyond the
subject property to the southwest until it was eventually covered by fill
associated with the road construction. Most likely served as a boundary wall.
• Site 18528—small modified hole in a lava bubble. No cultural material was
found in association with this feature and there proved to be no potential for
excavation inside the opening. The feature function is unclear, but could
have served as a storage area or small planting area.
The presence of a nearby cemetery was a specific concern during the survey, so
special attention was paid to determine if structures similar to those identified in the
cemetery were also present within the subject property. No such features were
identified, nor were there other features identified that were interpreted as burials.
The archaeological also concluded that the soil build-up within the subject property
was so shallow as to preclude the presence of subsurface burials.
The report concluded that all four (4) sites are significant under Criterion D because
of the information they contain. However, because sufficient data has been
collected from each site, they can be evaluated as "no longer significant" and that no
further archaeological work be required on the subject property. The State Historic
Preservation Division will be notified and all work shall immediately cease should
inadvertent discovery of any archaeological feature be encountered during
development of the proposed subdivision.
A January 2024 archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation conducted
by ASM affiliates in January 2024 confirmed these previous findings and found that
the current study, combined with the findings of the previous survey, supports a HRS
Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No historic properties affected" for the proposed
subdivision and development of the subject property.
c. Scenic and Open Space resources
The subject property is not identified as an area of natural beauty by the General
Plan. The subject property remains largely vegetated with restricted coastal
viewplanes from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. Immediately to the north are
State-owned lands situated upon a 1750 A`a lava flow that affords greater coastal
viewplane opportunities than does the subject property. The proposed construction
of a single-family dwelling on this 3.677-acre property will offer a very low density
building site that should not have a significant adverse impact upon any viewplane.
22
95
d. Coastal ecosystems
The subject property has direct shoreline frontage, along with a 40-foot shoreline
setback that will be imposed and enforced by the County, ameliorating the effects of
any development activities upon coastal resources. The small scale of the proposed
single-family residential homesite will further manage the scale of improvements
and uses upon these lands and its effects upon the coastal ecosystem. The Applicant
will comply with all applicable government regulations to mitigate the effects of the
project upon coastal resources, such as regulation related wastewater treatment
and disposal, erosion and sedimentation control, grubbing and grading activities.
e. Economic uses
The subject property and this particular area of Kaimu has been designated for
residential uses for over SO years, providing such opportunities within an area long
established as a homestead community. From an economic standpoint,jobs will be
created on a temporary basis in order to support the construction of the single-
family dwelling. The County will gain in real property tax revenues and fees
associated with the construction and occupancy of the proposed single family
residential dwelling within this subdivision.
f. Coastal hazards
The subject property is not subject to coastal flooding nor the effects of sea level
rise, as discussed in Sections D(21) and D(22).
In view of the Hawai'i State Supreme Court's " PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O
Ka'Aina" decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights
must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the
associated traditional and customary practices of the site. The Applicant, nor past
studies, have identified the proposed dwelling site as being host to any valued cultural,
historical, and natural resources. Therefore, the Applicant could find no evidence of any
possible significant adverse effects or impairments that will occur to any valued
resources should this SMA Use Permit be approved. A cultural consultation with long-
time residents of the area found that none of those consulted were aware of any burials
within the subject property. However, should the Applicant inadvertently encounter
any remains of historic sites, such as rock walls, terraces, platforms, marine shell
concentrations or human burials, the Applicant agree to cease work in the immediate
area and contact the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic
Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD), resuming activities only upon securing archaeological
clearance from DLNR-HPD when it finds that sufficient mitigation measures have been
taken.
The Applicant has not encountered any evidence of traditional or customary
Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the subject property, nor existence of any
known valued cultural, historical or native resources in the area. Thus, it is believed that
the project would have no adverse impact relative to the cultural and historical
resources of the area. To the extent to which traditional and customary Native
23
96
Hawaiian rights are exercised, the proposed action will not affect traditional Hawaiian
rights.
Based on the above findings, the Applicant maintains that allowing the
construction of a single-family dwelling and its related improvements on a portion of the
3.677-acre property will not have any substantial adverse impacts on the surrounding
area, nor will its approval be contrary to the objectives and policies of Chapter 205A,
HRS, relating to Coastal Zone Management and Rule No.9 of the Planning Commission
relating to the Special Management Area.
H. CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, the Applicant finds that approval of an SMA Use
Permit to allow for the construction of a single-family dwelling and its related
improvements on the subject property will conform to the goals, policies and standards
of the General Plan; adheres to the general policies and objectives of the Puna
Community Development Plan; will not have a significant adverse impact upon coastal
resources; and would result in an appropriate land use pattern that will further the
public necessity and convenience and the general welfare.
24
97
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culturel rema -no J--u thg- •pzaj*ct .ace,a. f 3;d c+rk wAs carx ..d
Out On -®rhea' 23 aVuEi: 24.a iS 4� by.: RohArt L- Spegir., wwi-
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by t 75f1 We a+ #} W, •acean, an Zhe. .sp"h
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black (1.0 yR 211 , d) 411t with .eb,"darn?t grwme1 sued p Coe of
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11
affiliates
Archaeology• History•Ethnography•Architectural History
January 20, 2024
Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
12-55 Likoliko Lp 44866,
Pahoa, HI, 96778
Email: wyattinhawaii(a�gmail.com
Subject: Results of an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation conducted in support
of an SMA use permit application for the proposed subdivision of TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001,
Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii.
Dear Mark:
As requested,ASM Affiliates(ASM)conducted an archaeological field inspection and cultural consultation
in support of an application for an SMA use permit, concerning the proposed subdivision of TMK: (3) 1-
2-018:001, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The field inspection
was conducted to help address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the
proposed 6-lot subdivision of the 3.551-acre subject parcel by confirming and updating the findings of an
earlier archaeological inventory survey (AIS) prepared for the property by Spear (1992). Furthermore,
consultation was undertaken seeking information from knowledgeable individuals regarding the presence
(or absence) of burial sites within the subject property.
Project Area Description
The project area is the entirety of TMK (3) 1-2-018:001 located within Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District,
Island of Hawaii. The 3.551-acresubject parcel is bounded on the mauka side by the Kalapana-Kapoho
Road (see Figure 3), on the makki side by a 40 foot exclusion zone along the coast (Figure 4), to the
northeast by an undeveloped State-owned parcel consisting of `a`a lava, and to the southwest by a
developed residential property.The project area situated at an elevation of 10 to 25 feet(3.05 to 7.62 meters)
above mean sea level and is 40 feet inland from the coast. An Historic cemetery is located to the northeast
of the project area on the opposite side of the Kalapana-Kapoho Road;Figure 5)
Geologically,the project area is located on the lower flanks of Kilauea Volcano and is comprised of multiple
lava flows (Sherrod et al. 2021), with a Puna basalt flow that erupted between 400 and 750 years before
present (BP) forming much of the central and southern part of the parcel; a younger Puna basalt flow of
`a`a lava dating to 200-400 years BP creating the northeastern edge; and a more recent pahoehoe flow that
occurred between 1986 and 1992 present at the coast(Figure 6). Soil classifications within the project area
(Figure 7) mimic the geologic substrates and are comprised primarily of dry Hakuma highly organic loam
on 2 to 10 percent slopes,with dry Malama-Lava flows complex on 2 to 40 percent slopes on the `a`a flow
along the northeastern edge, and pahoehoe lava flows on 2 to 20 percent slopes present at the coast(Soil
Survey Staff 2022).
There has been some prior ground disturbance along the northeast, southwest, and mauka edges of the
project area. On the `a`a flow in the northeastern portion of the parcel, a grubbed and graded driveway
(Figure 8)meanders along the property line and accesses a graded house pad near the coast on a promontory
that overlooks the rest of the parcel (this area was mostly recently cleared in 2022). There is a second
roadway which diverts from the upper road and is routed down through the middle of the project area to
the coast (Figure 9). This road may have been already present when previously surveyed in 1992, as
820 Mililani Street,Suite 700, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (808)439-8089 Fax: (808)439-8087
507A East Lanikaula Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808)969-6066 Fax: (808)443-0065 EXHIBIT C 118
www.asmaffiliates.com
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 2 of 19
something resembling it is mentioned by Spear(1992). Bulldozer push piles were also observed along the
boundary with the adjacent residential property to the southwest near the middle of the project area. These
push piles appear to be related to the clearing of that neighboring parcel.A number of brush piles, seemingly
from hand clearing activities, were also noted in the northeastern portion of the project area at the base of
the `a`d flow.
Vegetation cover within the project area is influenced by the extent of prior ground disturbance. In the
undisturbed portions of the project area (Figure 10), the overstory consists predominately of monkeypod
trees (Samanea saman), hala (Pandanus tectorius), hau (Hibiscus tiliacenus), milo (Thespesia copulnea),
with coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and naupaka (Scaevola sp.) along the makai section, `6hi`a lehua
(Metrosideros polymorpha) along the northern boundary, a scattering of noni (Morinda citrifolia)
throughout the property, and a single eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus globulus). The ground cover consists of
morning glory (Ipomoea indica), particularly in the makai portion of the project area, with Boston fern
(Nephrolepis exaltata), and various species of grasses. In the previously disturbed portions, the vegetation
is comprised of a mix of grasses,purslane (Portulaca sp.), gunpowder trees (Trema orientalis), Melochia
(Melochia umbellata), guava(Psidium guajava), and other non-native weeds(Figure 11).
A Brief Culture-Historical Background for the Subject Parcel
The project area lies on the southern shores of the Puna District of the Island ofHawai`i within the ahupua`a
of Kaimu. Kaimu is bordered to the southwest by the ahupua`a of Kalapana and Kupahua, to the north by
the ahupua`a of Waiakahiula and Ka`ohe, and to the west by the ahupua`a of Kikala 1-2 and Ke61cea.
Traditionally,the primary village for this ahupua`a was(and still is)known as Kaimu,a name that has been
translated to mean "gathering [at the] sea [to watch surfing]" (Pukui et al. 1974:69). The shoreline of this
ahupua`a, according to Pukui et al. (1974:69), is "noted for its surf and its black sand beach" and was
originally called H6`eu and Ka-poho.Pukui et al. (1974)note that this beach was likely formed after a 1750
lava flow, during which time steam explosions formed the characteristic black sand of the area(the beach
at Kaimu was covered by lava flows that occurred during the 1980s and is no longer present).
The English missionary William Ellis embarked on a circumnavigation of Hawaii Island in the 1820s in
the hopes of identifying population centers that would be receptive of Christian missionary teachings.
During his travels,he collected observations of the environments and people he encountered.After leaving
the district of Ka`u, Ellis entered southern Puna along its coastline and described the string of villages he
traveled through, including Kaimu,which he described as being:
...pleasantly situated near the sea shore, on the south-east side of the island, standing on a
bed of lava considerably decomposed, and covered over with a light and fertile soil. It is
adorned with plantations,groves of cocoa-nuts,and clumps of kou trees.It has a fine sandy
beach,where canoes may land with safety; and, according to the houses numbered to-day,
contains about 725 inhabitants. Including the villages in its immediate vicinity along the
coast, the population would probably amount to 2,000. . . . The extent of cultivation in the
neighbourhood, together with the decent and orderly appearance of the people, induce us
to think they are more sober and industrious, than those of many villages through which
we have passed(Ellis 1825:160).
Indeed, the habitation and agricultural patterns of southern Puna were often dependent on the path of the
lava flows from Kilauea Volcano. As Handy and Handy (1972:751) note, the lands of Makena and lower
Kaimu were suitable for growing sweet potatoes but not taro, and the neighboring ahupua`a of"Keakea
[Ke61cea] supported neither, being mostly pahoehoe lava." Additionally, Hawaiian traditions imply that
Puna"was once Hawaii's richest agricultural region and that it is only in relatively recent time that volcanic
eruption has destroyed much of its best land"(Handy and Handy 1972:752).
By the mid-19`h century,the traditional Hawaiian land tenure system was radically altered through a process
of land division known as the Whele Aina. This change in land tenure was promoted by the missionaries
and the growing foreign population and business interests in the island kingdom who were generally
119
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 3 of 19
hesitant to enter business deals on leasehold lands. The Mhele (division) defined the land interest of
Kamehameha III (the King), the high-ranking chiefs and konohiki (headman of an ahupua`a). As a result
of the Mhele, all lands in the Kingdom of Hawaii were placed into one of three categories: (1) Crown
Lands (lands personally claimed by Kamehameha III); (2) Konohiki Lands (lands claimed by lesser ah`i
and konohiki) and; (3) Government Lands (lands surrendered by the King or the konohiki in lieu of
commutation)with the caveat that the rights of the hoa`aina(tenants)were to be reserved(Chinen 1958:vii;
1961:13). In the case of the lands of Kaimu, the ahupua`a was originally claimed by Mataio Kekuana6`a,
who managed the estate of his daughter the ah`i Victoria Kamamalu. However, in January of 1848,
Kekuana6`a surrendered this land to the King, and Kaimu was placed into the inventory of Crown Lands
(Buke Mahele 1848).
As the King and his ah`i and konohiki made claims to large tracts of land via the Mhele, questions arose
regarding the protection of rights for the hoa`aina. To resolve this matter,on August 6`h, 1850,the Kueeana
Act (also known as the Enabling Act) was passed, clarifying the process by which native tenants could
claim fee simple title to any portion of lands that they physically occupied, actively cultivated, or had
improved (Garovoy 2005). Within Kaimu, no kuleana lands were awarded and within the entirety of the
Puna District only two kuleana were awarded(Office of Hawaiian Affairs 2018).
A map of lands in the vicinity of Kalapana, Puna (Hawai`i Registered Map No. 1614) prepared by E. D.
Baldwin in 1892 shows the lands in the vicinity of the subject parcel and indicates the locations of nearby
cultural features located to the southwest of the current project area, including a heiau, several houses and
other named places located within Kaimu Village,and a trail extending inland from the village(Figure 12).
The `a`d point located in the eastern comer of the subject parcel is labeled"Keoneana"on that map.A later
tracing of the 1892 map showing the Crown Land Homesteads of Kaimu (Hawai`i Registered Map No.
1812) shows that the subject parcel was subdivided and sold to C.H. Will(Grant No. 8004) as Lot 28-C of
the Kaimu-Makena Homesteads by late December 1921.Records from 1932 list the subject parcel as being
owned by a Mrs. Chieko,who acted as a trustee for the minors Hanayo Will, Yoshio Will, and Isami Will,
each of whom held a 1/3 interest in the lot. By the 1960's, ownership of the parcel had split between the
previously mentioned members of the Will family,who would own the parcel until the late 1980s.
Summary of Prior Archaeological Study within the Subject Parcel
The current project area(TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001) was the subject of an intensive archaeological inventory
survey prepared by Scientific Consultant Services,Inc. in 1992(Spear 1992).As a result of that study,four
archaeological sites were identified within the property (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18525, 50-10-63-18526, 50-
10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure 13) that were interpreted as having been used for Precontact to
early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited agricultural
also occurring.All four sites were described and mapped by Spear(1992),and two of the sites(Sites 18525
and 18526)were excavated to help refine their functional interpretations and test for the presence of buried
cultural deposits. Spear (1992) assessed all four sites as significant under Criterion d for the information
they had contributed to understanding past lifeways within the project area. He noted that sufficient data
had been collected from the sites as a result of the AIS to warrant a treatment recommendation of no further
work." The State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) agreed with the significance assessments and
treatment recommendations for the sites,and accepted the Spear(1992)AIS,in a letter dated March 3, 1993
(LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25). The descriptions of the sites recorded by Spear (1992) are
summarized below.
Site 18525 was recorded by Spear(1992) as a C-shape located near the base of the `a`d lava flow, at the
end of a bulldozer push road,in the eastern corner of the parcel. According to Spear(1992), the opening to
the C-shape was oriented to the west and measured 5.1 meters wide and 1.45 meters deep. The walls were
2.1 meters thick, and the maximum height was 0.36 meters. The feature was disturbed at the southern end,
and hau growth affected the exterior wall (Spear 1992). One large piece of coral was found on the ground
surface on the inside of the C-shape. A single stratigraphic trench was excavated outside of the opening of
the C-shape to test for buried cultural deposits. Measuring 1.0 meter by 0.5 meter, the trench was dug to a
120
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 4 of 19
depth of 0.4 meters below the surface,but no cultural materials of any kind were encountered.Based on its
formal attributes, this site was interpreted as a Precontact/Historic temporary habitation shelter.
Site 18526 was recorded by Spear(1992) as consisting of two surface features (Features 1 and 2).Feature
1 was described as a C-shape with its opening oriented to the south,with a width of 3.7 meters and a depth
of 1.2 meters. The maximum wall thickness and height were 1.09 meters and 0.75 meters respectively. The
eastern third of the structure was collapsed and in poor condition.Feature 2 was situated slightly more than
two meters to the south of Feature 1, and consisted of a rock mound which measured 1.85 meters N/S and
1.5 meters E/W. The maximum height of the mound was 0.6 meters, and a single stratigraphic trench
measuring 0.5 by 0.5 meters was excavated between Features 1 and 2.Excavation extended to a maximum
depth of 0.36 meters and no cultural materials were encountered. Spear (1992) interpreted Feature 1 as a
temporary habitation shelter and Feature 2 as a small agricultural mound.
Site 18527 was documented by Spear (1992) as a wall that extended along the base of the fill for the
Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. At the time of the 1992 study,the wall extended beyond the project area to
the southwest and was covered with road fill at its northeast end. The length of the wall within the project
area was recorded as 28 meters,with a maximum height and width 1.1 meters and 0.5 meters respectively.
No excavation was undertaken at Site 18527 by Spear(1992), who interpreted the site as a boundary wall
that predates the construction of the adjacent roadway.
Site 18528 was documented by Spear(1992) as a modified lava bubble,with interior measurements of 0.82
meters (north/south)by 0.8 meters(east/west) and a depth of 0.92 meters. The opening was cleared of rock
which had been used to build up the southwest portion of the feature. No cultural material was found in
association with the feature and according to Spear (1992), who interpreted the site as a possible storage
feature or small planting pit, there was no potential for excavation.
The presence of the nearby cemetery(located to the northeast of the project area on the mauka edge of the
Kalapana-Kapoho Road; see Figure 5)was a specific concern of the earlier study, and Spear(1992) noted
that special attention was paid to the mauka portion of the project area to determine if structures similar to
those identified in the cemetery were also present in the project area. No such features were identified in
that area, or anywhere else within the project area. Additionally, as noted by Spear(1992), the soil buildup
in the project area was so shallow as to preclude the presence of subsurface features or burials.
Results of the Current Field Inspection
On October 27,2023,David King,M.A., Colsen Balai,B.A., and Jonas Leon,B.A., and Matthew R. Clark,
M.A. (ASM Principal Investigator), conducted a thorough surface survey of the subject parcel, as well as a
general inspection of the `a`d flow bordering the northeastern side of the project area. The survey included
a surface inspection of the entire parcel utilizing north/south pedestrian transects with fieldworkers spaced
at 10-meter intervals.As was previously done by Spear(1992),special care was taken in the mauka portion
of the project area, especially on the surface of the adjacent `a`d flow, to look for burial features similar to
those contained within the Historic cemetery across the street.
As a result of the pedestrian survey, three of the four sites previously documented by Spear(1992) within
the subject parcel were found (SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; Figure
14). The locations of these sites were documented using a GPS, and the current condition of each of these
sites is briefly described below. Site 50-10-63-18525 (a C-shape) could not be relocated, and it is thought
that this site,which was formerly located in the eastern portion of the subject parcel at the base of the `a`d
flow(Figure 15),was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbing activities after the acceptance of the Spear
(1992) AIS. The location and distribution of sites and features identified within the subject parcel, as well
as the relative location of the cemetery to the project area, is depicted in Figure 14.
Site 18526 Features 1 (a C-shape) and 2 (a mound) were both in similar condition to what was described
by Spear(1992), but the features are currently obscured by heavy overgrowth and two large trees that have
fallen across them(Figures 16 and 17). Site 18527(a historic wall) is in the same condition as described by
Spear and no changes to that site were noted (Figure 18). Site 18528 (a modified lava blister) has been
121
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 5of19
disturbed by land clearing activities since it was first documented in 1992. Small boulders from that push
have fallen into blister and the site is currently obscured by thick brush covering its edges (Figure 19).
No additional archaeological sites were identified within the project area as a result of the fieldwork
conducted by ASM, but several recent rock constructions and modern landscape modifications were noted
(see Figure 14). These more recent features, which include rock stacks, stone-lined paths (Figure 20), and
rock cleared areas on the ground surface, are largely concentrated in the coastal-central portion of the
subject parcel, in areas that appear to be used recurrently and recently for camping and fishing activities.
The lack of mention of these features in the Spear (1992) AIS report, as well as the modern vegetation
disturbance and debris associated with them,suggests that all of the additional rock constructions identified
within project area were built during the last 30 years. None of these more recently constructed features
appear to be burial monuments.
Consultation
To address the concerns of the County of Hawaii Planning Department regarding the proximity of the
cemetery to the project area and to determine the presence (or absence) of burial sites within the project
area, ASM's Senior Ethnographer, Lokelam Brandt, M.A. conducted consultation with several long-time
residents of the area including descendants of the `ohana Keli`iho`omalu and Kealoha families.
Consultation occurred during aperiod between October 31,2023,and December 13,2023,when ASM staff
contacted Ms. Ke`ala Keli`iho`omalu,Mrs.Leialoha Ilae-Kale imdmahu,and Mrs.Ku`ulei Kealoha-Cooper
by phone. Following the initial phone calls, each of the three consulted parties were provided with a
consultation letter and maps specifying ASM's search for persons who may have knowledge of any burials
within the project area and information on the nearby cemetery. Each of the consulted parties contacted
additional family members to seek such information. Ms. Keli`iho`omalu spoke with elder relatives Prince
Keli`iho`omalu, Sam Keli`iho`omalu,Noenoe Dunn,Tiana Dunn,Jerry Dunn,Princess Keli`iho`omalu,Jr.
Keli`iho`omalu,and Tiara Keli`iho`omalu.Ms. Keli`iho`omalu indicated that her uncle Sam also attempted
to reach out to Aku Hauani`o and Kamm Quihano and that her father attempted to reach out to Annie
Ka`aukai and Leslie Enriques. Mrs. Ilae-Kalaimdmahu also contacted members of the `ohana
Keli`iho`omalu and recommended that ASM staff contact Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper since she had heard that
the cemetery belonged to the Kealoha family. Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper was contacted by ASM and she spoke
with several of her relatives, including her mother.
None of the consulted parties knew of any burial sites within the project area. Subsequent email
correspondence with Mrs. Kealoha-Cooper clarified that the cemetery did not belong to the Kealoha
`Ohana, however, her mother related that in the 1930s and 1940s, the Kalapana Church was located near
the cemetery and that her tutu(Mrs.Kealoha-Cooper's great-grandmother)Emma Nai`a was a pillar of that
church. She added that there is a Kealoha cemetery in `Opihikao but was not aware of any such family
cemetery in Kaimu.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The results of the current study support the findings of the Spear (1992) AIS. Three of the four sites
previously documented by Spear(1992)within the subject parcel were identified during the field inspection
(SIHP Sites 50-10-63-18526, 50-10-63-18527, and 50-10-62-18528; see Figure 14). These sites are all in
similar condition to what was previously described, and indicate that the parcel was used during the
Precontact to early Historic Period for temporary habitation purposes, with associated storage and limited
agricultural also occurring. All three of these sites were observed to be in similar condition to what was
previously described by Spear(1992).The fourth site(Site 50-10-63-18525,a C-shape)could not be found,
and is thought to have been destroyed by land clearing activities that have occurred within the subject parcel
since the Spear(1992) AIS was accepted by SHPD.No potential burial features were identified within the
subject parcel as a result of the current fieldwork, nor were any possible burial locations identified as a
result of the consultation conducted by ASM The only features identified within the property that were not
reported on by Spear(1992)appear to be less than 50 years old and related to on-going camping and fishing
activities that still occur within the project area. The findings of the current study, combined with the
122
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 6 of 19
SHPD's prior review of the Spear (1992) AIS (LOG NO: 7604, DOC NO: 9302ks25), support an HRS
Chapter 6E-42 determination of"No historic properties affected"pursuant to HAR§13-275-7(a)(1)for the
proposed subdivision and development of the subject parcel.
Should you have any questions or concerns,please feel free to contact me directly.
Sincerely,
Matthew R. Clark, M.A.
Senior Archaeologist—ASM Hilo Director
References Cited
Buke Mahele
1848 Buke Kakau Paa no ka mahele aina i Hooholoia iwaena o Kamehameha III a me Na Lii a
me Na Konohiki ana, Hale Alii, Honolulu.
Chinen, J. J.
1958 The GreatMahele:Hawaii's Land Division of 1848.University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu.
1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii.Privately published.
Ellis, W.
1825 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of Tour ofHawaii, or Owhyee; with remarks on the
History, Traditions, Manners, Customs and Language of the Inhabitants of the Sandwich
Islands. Cocker and Brewster, Boston.
Garovoy, J.
2005 "Ua koe ke kuleana o na kanaka" (Reserving the rights of Native Tenants): Integrating
Kuleana Rights And Land Trust Priorities in Hawaii.Harvard Environmental Law 29:523-
571.
Handy, E. S. C. and E. G.Handy
1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bernice P. Bishop
Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
2018 Kipuka Database. Electronic document, http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka.
Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. Mo`okini
1974 Place Names ofHawaii.Revised and Expanded ed.University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Sherrod, D. R., J. M. Sinton, S. E. Watkins, and K. M. Brunt
2021 Geologic Map of the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological
Survey. USGS Numbered Series. Scientific Investigations Map 3143. 1:100,000 and
1:250,000 scale.Electronic document,https://dol.org/10.3133/sim3l43,accessed February
18, 2022.
Soil Survey Staff(United States Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service)
2022 Web Soil Survey. Electronic document, http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda. oovv.
Spear, R.
1992 An Inventory Survey of the Robinson Property, Puna District, Island of Hawaii, TMK 1-
2-18:1. Scientific Consultant Services, Inc.Prepared for Bruce Robinson.
123
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 7 of 19
Figures
N6 d N
Arca of Detail
a .�..��--moo' '^` r°� �I,• � '
200 K.
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Figure 1. USGS map showing location of project area.
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January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 8of19
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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I ��
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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Figure 4. Coastline fronting the current project area, view to the southwest.
r
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Figure 5. Historic cemetery located to the northeast of the current project area, mauka of
the Kalapana-Kapoho Road, view to the northeast.
127
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TNIK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 11 of 19
t'2P4ti
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Qp4y 200-400 yr Puna Basalt
Shetrod,I?.R-.SintonJ.RL.Watkins.,]..and Rtcnt.!:11__i. -. r.oei Val,of the Stan of Ha,-ai i.l�.S.Geological Stin cc Open-File
Report�00.-IUti9.g;p 9plate-xat..;CIflO
Figure 6. Geology underlying the project area and surrounding vicinity.
666
657
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0 Project area 667-Opihikao highly decomposed plant naterial.dry,
12-Lava llou's.pahuchiM:?to'_t)percent 5lupcs 2 to 20 percent slopes
6>7-Maki mi-Las a flow.,complex.dry.2 to 40 percent 672-ylol nna estrentely ci,hhly hi hly dzc�x)�posail
slopes.MLRA I62
plant materol.dry.2 to 40 percent slopes
666-Hakuma highly organic hydrotu loam.dry.2 to
14)percent slope,
sod sauce Slay.Natural Rcanurc,•a lhnic t``uonn Scn tac.l-mtrd slab,I)opa anent nl Agnculturc Soil Sunce
(—,graphic lSSl-ROO1� tltI" .final t 11e.c I,""11sda_W At Ic,ed 10 91]0'-?
Figure 7. Soil composition in the project area and surrounding vicinity.
128
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Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
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Figure 8. Graded area along northeastern boundary of project area, view to the west.
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Figure 9. Road extending to the coast of the project area, view to the northwest.
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location of the current project area.
131
January 20,2024
Archaeological Field Inspection and Cultural Consultation for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Page 15 of 19
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132
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.per R
INDIVIDUAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM
FOR
KAIMU COVE LLC
12-7789 KALAPANA KAPOHO BEACH ROAD
KAIMU-MAKENA HOMESTEADS
KAIMU, PUNA, HAWAI'I
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
pKANO—"el
= Licensed
<v Professional n
Engineer
No.1 1 108—C
WAII, USP•
THIS WORK HAS BEEN PREPARED BY ME OR UNDER MY
SUPERVISION AND CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT WILL
BE UNDER MY OBSERVATION
Digitally signed by Lennie
Okano-Kendrick
DN:C=US,
Lennie Okano-Kendrick e=iennieokano@gmail.com..
CN=Lennie Oka no-Kendrick
Date:2025.10.02
20:02:36-10'00'
DATE: 10/2/2025
EXPIRATION DATE OF LICENSE 04/30/2026
Lennie Okano-Kendrick, PE
P.O. Box 52
Pepeekeo, HI 96783
937-1036
L217
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Design Calculation / Floor Plan 1
Vicinity Map / Location Map 2
Site Plan 3
Percolation Test Data Sheet 4
Absorption Bed Layout & Cross Section 5
IWS Profile 6
Septic Tank Detail & Notes 7
Distribution Box Detail / Operation & Maintenance 8
Septic Tank Inspection & Record 9
138
DESIGN CALCULATION
1. Kaimu Cove LLC
TMK- (3) 1-2-018.001
(Future) 5-bedroom residential dwelling
2. Flow
5-bedroom x 200 gal/bdr = 1,000 gpd
3. Septic Tank Selection
5-bedroom — 1,250-gallon tank minimum
4. Absorption Field Design
Percolation Rate = 1 min/in
Use 70 sq ft per bedroom
Required absorption area = 5-bdr x 70 sq ft
= 350 sq ft
Use 12' x 30' bed (360 sq ft) with 3' soil replacement.
a.
r A4,C3 (:7
BV
`
BAATHTH � ❑ El Eoaoo N�
b 7
Fl�
PE H lAlrema� 4, �I����r —
1,e'ply - bawd walls}See
f� under 9 P A.4,C�3 airrn
PORC
a ,lL F b S
ry ➢�'
SD
-.— -_ qWL r XLr 4 3"ply LANAI C
a 2 2i . undea gyp
Ceend 4x 2 HDR�row :~
e t >rPF Na
wall fra g .�
u
a
-.
GAR AGE 1 0 � 4ve;j " "� .env ry9ses _ g
\9�
;ac.0 r- 9ATH v.P..
m
PF H(Alternate ,�
braced walls)See ^_ 6ED OpM E
❑ ❑
T
' .A14-Cr3 'j ❑� 3 HFT - u�
s `-__ a� .PF H(Alt—ate
\ � 38 M q
All 2.1
Y
r.aa J. .e a w _a ,v ean3mwd v,n.
FLOOR PLAN
139
7
PROJECT
SITE
r
i
N TMK:(3) 1-2-018:001
VICINITY MAP 12-7789KALAPANAKAPOHO BEACH ROAD
w�e KAIMU-MAKENA HOMESTEADS
PREPARED FOR.KAIMU COVE LLC
PREPARED BY:LENNIE OKANO-KENDRICK.PE KAIMU, PUNA, HAWAI'I
a gf; Oi
-A1, R.F PROJECT
cw
SITE
\ s
i
TMK:(3) 1-2-018:001
LOCATION MAP 12-7789 KALAPANA KAPOHO BEACH ROAD
KAIMU-MAKENA HOMESTEADS
PREPARED FOR:KAIMU COVE LLC
PREPARED BY LENNIE OKANO-KENDRICK.PE KAIMU, PUNA, HAWAI'I
140
L
0' 30' DWELLI
atkNo_ SCALE:1"=30' \-
t.ILNT19i'�
Profosuicnol
Ertg i Weer
Nj
7+ # 25'
No.11108-C — - 10'
I
I
K'+U� us t- 1 g'-6"
25-Y
I
THIS WORK HAS BEEN PREPARED BY ME I
OR UNDER MY SUPERVISION AND
CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT WILL
BE UNDER MY OBSERVATION. I 5J 12'xW(Min.)
Absorption Bed with\
1,250-Gallon(Min.) 3'Soil Replacement
Septic Tank
EXPIRATION DATE OF LICENSE:4/30/2026 \
55'to
KALAPANA-KAPOHO ROAD Shoreline Setback
INSET
18377' I \
• n \ —WA—ER METER
21= ,
NOTE:
Septic Tank and Absorption Bed
\ PROPDSEDNEA are to be placed not less than 5'
^ � GRAVEL DRIV-Al\ from any structure or property line
not less than 10' from any tree
• ,�� ��� which is approximately 4" minimum
diameter. Septic system shall also
Ewsnvc ��
be located not less than 1 000'from
EEPTRAL— any potable water source.
ss
o
s smEyam — ,—, P1.30 SED
DWELL NG DCCA:
9g-0 These contractors can install septic
• , systems -A general engineering,
1 21 C-37 plumbing, C-37A sewer&
ti rrp �a) n drainline, C-43 sewer, sewage
sae'11 a1 Replace de va.a
N a8oi disposal, drain & pipe laying. Install
after building permit approval.
SEE INSET
NOTE:
The depths to the pipe inverts of
the septic tanks, distribution box,
TMK#(3>�-ols-oo1 aE�,NE � -- • and absorption system are
-Nc �y�� � �=cERnFEo sHOREi ivE T F\EO o
T 28-ACRES -�� � \� b525 controlled by topographic features
3
550.0� —ETATIONONE ----,and the invert of the building
sewer which may impact the
I
depths shown on the drawings.
Structure Allowed to bereV"Iewed as Being in SDC D2 per R301.2.2.1.2
(Regular Construction) -
EaswEoEFop
da,o.oN s, sPA �FArEFa - .o>
oEsa�o.oF �--
SITE PLAN TMK: (3) 1-2-018.001
12-7789 KALAPANA KAPOHO BEACH ROAD
KAIMU-MAKENA HOMESTEADS
PREPARED FOR: KAIMU COVE LLC
PREPARED BY: LENNIE OKANO-KENDRICK, PE KAIMU, PUNA, HAWAI'I
141
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH-WASTEWATER BRANCH
INDIVIDUAL WASTEWATER SYSTEM(IWS)-SITE EVALUATION/PERCOLATION TEST
Date/Time: January 21, 2025 / 8:00 am TestPerformedby: Lennie Okano-Kendrick, P.E.
Owner: Ka i m u Cove LLC TMK: ( 3 ) 1 - 2 - 018 : 001
Elevation: 40 feet
Depth to Groundwater Table:greater than 10 feet below grade
Depth to Bedrock(if observed): - feet below grade
Diameter of Hole: 28 inches
Depth to Hole Bottom: 5 +/- feet below grade
Depth,inches below grade Soil Profile(color,texture,other)
600 black lava
PERCOLATION READINGS:
Time 12 inches of water to seep away: 1 minutes
Time 12 inches of water to seep away: 1 minutes
Check one:
X Percolation tests in sandy soils,recorded time intervals and water drops at least every 10 minutes for at least
1 hour.
Percolation tests in no-sandy soils,presoaked the test hole for at least 4 hours. Recorded time intervals and
water drops at least every 10 minutes for 1 hour of time for the first 6 inches to seep away in greater than 30
minutes record time intervals and water drops at lest every 30 minutes for 4 hours or until 2 successive
drops do not vary by more than 1/16 inch.
Time Interval Drop in Inches Time Interval Drop in Inches
6 min. 6 6 min. 6
6 min. 6 6 min. 6
6 min. 6 6 min. 6
6 min. 6 6 min. 6
6 min. 6
6 min. 6
Percolation Rate(time/final water level drop): 1 minutes/inches
As the engineer responsible for gathering and providing site information and percolation test results,I attest to the
fact that above site information is accurate and that the site evaluation was conducted in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter 11-62,"Wastewater Systems"and the results were acceptable. I also attest that three feet of
suitable soil exist between the bottom of the soil absorption system and the groundwater table or any other limiting
layer.
p1CAN0. / /
0
2�� Licensed 10 2 2025
Engineer's Signature/Stamp v Professional Date
Engineer
7F
No.1 1 108—C
142
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1 DRAFT— Cultural Impact Assessment and Ka Pa`akai
2 Analysis for Pu`ilima, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District,
3 Hawai`i Island
4 TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
5
Ar
a t ,- * s
6
7
8
9 Prepared For:
10 The `Ohara o Mokuhulu,Kaimu Makena, and Kalapana
11 October 2025
M�IPP�N OLD
12
13 Gina McGuire,PhD•mcguire2@hawaii.edu
14
148
15
149
16 DRAFT— Cultural Impact Assessment and Ka Pa`akai
17 Analysis for Pu`ilima, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District,
18 Hawai`i Island
19 TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
20
21
22
23 Prepared For:
24 The `Ohana o Mokuhulu,Kaimu Makena, and Kalapana
25
26 Prepared By:
27 Gina Pualani McGuire.PhD
28
29 October 2025
MAPPIN COLA
30
31 Gina McGuire,PhD•mcguire2@hawaii.edu
150
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
Gina McGuire, PhD, prepared a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) and Ka Pa`akai Analysis for
study area TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001 in Pu`ilima, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District on Hawaii Island.
This CIA and Ka Pa`akai Analysis was designed to identify any valued historical, natural, and
cultural resources or practices that may occur in the area, determine if the proposed project will
affect the resources or practices, and offer mitigation recommendations for the project.
The background research synthesizes traditional and historic accounts and land use history for the
project area Kaimu Ahupua`a. The background study illustrated that this region is honored in `61clo
no`eau, mo`olelo, and place names. As a result of this work, the cultural significance of the study
site within Kaimu has been made clear. Kaimu has a long and sustained history of Kanaka `Oiwi
(Native Hawaiian) subsistence,burials, and stewardship, with many of the same `ohana(families)
persisting in ancestral homelands through present day. The area has seen many changes over the
years,including dramatic geologic activity that filled in Kaimu Bay and displaced many long-term
residents, increasing number of non-lineal descendant resident influx and subsequent development,
and rapid coastal erosion and subsidence. Geologic activity has made remaining non-lava inundated,
ancestral lands and coasts as highly valued kipuka,or refuges for cultural continuity for the Hawaiian
people of the Kaimu and Kalapana areas. Following the Mahele land division and distribution act of
1848,no land commission awards(LCAs)were filed in Kaimu given its designation as crown lands.
Hawaiian tenants continued to reside there through 1890. The Land Act of 1895 specified that
government lands in rural areas be surveyed and granted(with cash payments)as homesteads to both
Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian individuals to encourage rural farming. In Kaimu two areas were
opened for homesteading,house lots at the shore of Kaimu Bay and agricultural lots in upland Ki'ula
and Mokuhulu.Historic maps reveal the enduring rural character of Kaimu through the 1 Oth century,
the presence of the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery site immediately upland of the study area, and the land
grant(Gr. 8004)made to C.H. Will. Previous archaeological surveys revealed four Sites of Historic
and Indigenous Preservation(SHIP)within the current study area(Spear 1992). These sites include
SIHP 50-10-63-18525 and SIHP 50-10-63-18526 (agricultural and habitation mounds), SIHP 50-
10-62-18527 (historic boundary wall), and SIHP 50-10-62-18528 (a modified lava tube). Three of
these sites, SHIP 50-10-63--18526, -18527, and -18528 were confirmed during the archaeological
field inspection completed of the study area by Clark 2024. SHIP 50-10-63-18525 could not be re-
located (Clark 2024). Other documented archaeological sites located within 1 km of the study area
include the Kumaka`ula Heiau to the west,the Star of the Sea Church(SHIP 50-10-63-07380)to the
north, and the Kaipuuelelu Cemetery (SHIP 50-10-63-02547), a site of about 8,000 burial mounds
immediately upland of the study area.
Community consultations were performed to obtain information about the cultural significance of
the subject property and the surrounding area, as well as to address possible concerns of community
members regarding the effects of proposed development on places of traditional importance and
cultural practices. Interviews with six individuals knowledgeable about the project lands produced
information on its rich cultural history. The Hawaiian families of Kaimu were (and continue to be)
sustained by susbsistence-based livelihoods of fishing,gathering,and growing.There are many place
names that hold meaning for Kaimu. Closest to the study area is the place name, Kalachiamoe,the
promontory of sleep or rest, potentially inidcating the link of the resting place of the ancestors
interred at Kaipu`uelelu to the shoreline. Hale`ili was identified as the name of the pebble beach to
the east of Kaimu Bay that fronts the study area.Kumaka`ula Heiau,located within 1 km of the study
area is a spiritual site that remains following the lava flow that inundated Kaimu Bay. Mokuhulu,
upland of the study area,is the home to the Hawaiian families who maintain kuleana,responsibility
to the fishing and burial grounds of Pu`ilima,the name used by Hawaiian families for the study area.
151
The interviewees described rich cultural practices,archaeological sites,and the vibrant landscape of
mo`olelo in the surrounding area. They shared the rich connection between Mokuhulu and the
Pu`ilima study area. Each of the interviewees recalls being taken by kupuna to engage in fishing
and/or marine provisioning practices along the oceanfront of the project area and surrounding
coastline. Traditional burial practices for iwi kupuna at Kaipu`uelelu remain within living memory
and in continued practice today. Many treasured memories of this area and time spent there with
their elders and ancestors were shared by the interviewees. The interviewees established a clear
connection between the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground across the street and the study area,with a variety
of relationships between the upland area and the coastline established. These include the feeding of
the kupuna trees and fishing grounds of Pu`ilima from ancestors'bodies and spirits, leina for these
ancestors, and kinolau-based communication from ancestors (e.g. `opihi ko`ele). The many kaona
associated with the place names of Kalachiamoe,Kaipu`uelelu,Pu`ilima,and Makena suggest a site
of great mana,of healing practices, and as a place for ancestors to rest in slumber.
Cultural practices within the project area include `aukai and pikai(cleansing and rinsing after burial
practices) and gathering and fishing grounds for a variety of species including plants for medicinal
uses (ko`oko`olau, `uhaloa, and `6hi`a) and weaving (lauhala), fish (ulua, aholehole, enenue,
po`opa`a, moi, menpachi, aweoweo, kole, and pao`o), limu: limu (general) and limu kohu, and
invertebrates (`opihi, lobsters, and `a`ama crab). This stretch of coastline is used for `6hi`a-pole
based ulua fishing. Howard Konanui spoke of brackish pools where families from Mokuhulu would
wash and dry clothes. The most archaeologically significant site near the project area includes the
Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery, immediately upland of the project area. The interviewees recall many
ancestors who are buried there,including family that they have laid to rest there.
The proposed project may negatively affect cultural resources and practices including destruction of
a storied gravesite, diminishing fishing and cultural access, and altering one of the few remaining
ancestral stretches of coastline in Kaimu. Of immediate concern is the harm that has already been
done to the historic coastal trail that connects the study area to the neighboring ` 5 coast to the east
and to upland Mokuhulu and to agricultural and habitation mound, SHIP 50-10-63-18525. Concerns
include gating of the property(already discouraging public access),introduction of invasive species,
destruction of the ancestral milo and noni grove that was on the property,and disrespect to the many
Hawaiian ancestors buried in immediately surrounding lands. Concerns include the impact of
increased human waste into the porous lava rock of the study area through the proposed septic
system(s) into groundwater and marine gathering grounds that lineal descendants depend on.
Historic sites that have and may be affected include SHIP 50-10-63-18525, -18526, -18527, and -
18528.
Interviewee concerns include:
• The study area is part of a cultural and burial complex that has ancestrally, is
actively, and will continue to serve as a site of great significance for the Native
Hawaiian communities of Pu`ilima,Kalachiamoe,Kaipu`uelelu, and Makena.
• Any building or construction that occurs within the project area will obstruct the
leina(jumping off point for spirits).
• The project area is known to be home to the burial site of ancestor Makap6
Kaho`okaulana.
• Development will place waste into the ground which will affect the limu,intertidal
zone, and fish that lineal descendants depend on to sustain subsistence-based
livelihoods.
• There are few stretches of coastline in Kalapana that have ancestral milo groves
like the ones within the project area that have been harmed by recent land clearing.
152
• There has already been damage done to the coastal trail and ancestral forest groves
in the project area.
• The project has already been negatively impacted by current owners who have
shown disregard for gathering and religious practices and have proven not to be
culturally respectful or mindful.
• Development of the area facilitates gentrification of the humble and culturally-rich
Native Hawaiian community of Kaimu.
• Gating and blockage of access by current property owners has discouraged
continuity of burial cleansing and gathering linked to ocean access from the project
area.
• Others may not recognize these sites as significant,but they continue to hold great
kuleana and significance to lineal descendants.
• Once the area is destroyed, it's gone and altered to all future generations to have
the same experiences there as their kupuna.
• The kdpuna that have passed cannot speak for themselves,it is up to living lineal
descendants to speak for them.
• Burials may be encountered in the project area and may reside within the cliff face
on the eastern side of the parcel.
• The coastline has already shifted significantly with coastal subsidence; coastal
erosion and subsidence are likely in the future. It was described by an
interviewee as "treacherous."
• There has been a lack of communication with lineal descendants regarding this area
from the SMA planners and planning commission.
Recommendations and mitigations suggested by the interviewees include the following:
• The project area should not be developed due to the spiritual,religious,natural,and
cultural sensitivities of the area.
• Do not disturb this coastline, including the coastal forest groves on the project
parcel, as there are few remnants of the ancestral coastline like this in Kalapana
due to the lava histories.
• Clear acknowledgement that this project area is home to a multitude of culturally
significant gathering rights and religious practices.
• Re-zoning/re-establishment of the area to conservation zoning to ensure protection
of this coast.
• Archaeological sites (e.g. historic residential)have already been disturbed by land
clearing and there is the possibility for further destruction if development proceeds.
These sites remain significant to Kalapana`ohana.
• Identify the burial location of Makapo Kaho`okaulana.
• Given the myriad of cultural practices tied to the project area,maintaining cultural
access is of critical importance. Gates should be removed.
• Engagement with the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation,particularly in regards
to harm caused to the coastal trail.
• Have open and transparent conversations with community members and follow all
recommendations that are shared.
153
I CONTENTS
2 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY..................................................................................................................4
3 FIGURES............................................................................................................................................Ix
4 TABLES .............................................................................................................................................Ix
5 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................1
6 Study Location, Cultural&Natural Environment..........................................................................1
7 BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................................................6
8 Traditional History of Kaimu Ahupua`a.........................................................................................6
9 Place Names................................................................................................................................7
10 Traditional Land Use..................................................................................................................8
11 Mo`olelo......................................................................................................................................9
12 Oli and Mele .............................................................................................................................10
13 `Olelo No`eau................................................................................................................................12
14 Early Historic Kaimu,Puna..........................................................................................................13
15 The Mdhele and Land Tenure...................................................................................................13
16 Historic Maps and Photos.........................................................................................................17
17 Previous Archaeological and Cultural Studies .............................................................................23
18 Background Summary..................................................................................................................28
19 ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY..................................................................................................................30
20 Methods for the Ethnographic Survey..........................................................................................30
21 Interviewee Background...............................................................................................................30
22 Morreta Kanani Balai................................................................................................................31
23 Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill..........................................................................................31
24 Samuel Kaho`okaulana.............................................................................................................32
25 Leila Kealoha............................................................................................................................32
26 Howard Konanui.......................................................................................................................33
27 Bernice Walker.........................................................................................................................33
28 Topical Breakouts.........................................................................................................................34
29 Connections to the Project Area...............................................................................................34
30 Archaeological Sites.................................................................................................................35
31 Gathering Practices and Mo`olelo ............................................................................................38
32 Place Names and Mele..............................................................................................................40
33 Change Through Time..............................................................................................................42
34 Concerns and Recommendations..............................................................................................43
35 SUMMARY OF ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY...........................................................................................46
36 KA PA`AKAI ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................49
37 History of Ka Pa`akai Analyses....................................................................................................49
38 Ka Pa`akai Analysis Topics..........................................................................................................50
39 Summary of Ka Pa`akai Analysis.................................................................................................52
40 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................53
41 Cultural Resources,Practices, and Beliefs Identified...................................................................54
vii
154
42 Potential Effects of the Proposed Project.....................................................................................54
43 Confidential Information Withheld..............................................................................................54
44 Conflicting Information...............................................................................................................54
45 Recommendations/Mitigations ....................................................................................................54
46 GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................................ 57
47 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................... 62
48 APPENDIX A:AGREEMENT TO PARTICIPATE.................................................................................... 67
49 APPENDIX B: CONSENT FORM.......................................................................................................... 71
50 APPENDIX C:TRANSCRIPT RELEASE FORM..................................................................................... 74
51 APPENDIX D:INTERVIEW WITH MORETTA KANANI BALAI............................................................. 78
52 APPENDIX E:INTERVIEW WITH LESLIE LTHAUNANI ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL...................................... 87
53 APPENDIX F:INTERVIEW WITH SAMUEL KAHO`OKAULANA........................................................... 93
54 APPENDIX G:INTERVIEW WITH LEILA KEALOHA............................................................................ 99
55 APPENDIX H:INTERVIEW WITH HOWARD KONANUI..................................................................... 108
56 APPENDIX I:INTERVIEW WITH BERNICE WALKER......................................................................... 114
57
Viii
155
58 FIGURES
59 Figure 1 Study area overlayed on satellite imagery base map (Maxar 2022).....................................3
60 Figure 2 Study area on a TMK plat map (State of Hawaii 1963)......................................................4
61 Figure 3 Substrate map of the study area(USGS 2021).....................................................................5
62 Figure 4 Portion of a map of'Hawaii Government Survey Kalapana and Vicinity',registered map
63 1623 (Baldwin 1892a). .....................................................................................................................16
64 Figure 5 Portion of a map of'Hawaii Government Survey Kalapana and Vicinity' (Baldwin 1892b)
65 ..........................................................................................................................................................18
66 Figure 6 Hawaii Territory Survey Homestead Map Kaimu Makena Section Puna, Hawaii (Wall
67 1901).................................................................................................................................................19
68 Figure 7 Hawaii Territory Survey,Kaimu-Makena House Lots,registered map no.2700(Wall 1922).
69 ..........................................................................................................................................................20
70 Figure 8 Topographic map of Kaimu and the study area(USGS 1924)...........................................21
71 Figure 9 Aerial imagery of study area(USDA 1965).......................................................................22
72 Figure 10 Google Terrain map showing the locations of previous archaeological studies and sites
73 within a 1 km radius of the project area............................................................................................25
74 Figure 11 Hand drawn sketch of SHIP 50-10-63-18525 (Spear 1992). ...........................................27
75 Figure 12 Hand drawn sketch of SHIP 50-10-63-18526 (Spear 1992). ...........................................27
76 Figure 13 Ancient coastal trail that connects the study area to the `a`a land to the east and Mokuhulu.
77 Left: coastal trail looking towards the study area where the trail has been damaged. Right: Uncle
78 Sam Kaho`okaulana walking along the historic coastal trail............................................................38
79
80 TABLES
81 Table 1. Previous Archaeological Studies Within 1 km of the Project Area....................................26
82 Table 2. List of Individuals Contacted .............................................................................................31
83
84
ix
156
85
x
157
86 INTRODUCTION
87 At the request of lineal descendants of the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery in Kaimu, Gina McGuire,PhD,
88 has prepared a CIA and Ka Pa`akai Analysis for TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001 in Pu`ilima, Kaimu
89 Ahupua`a, Puna District, on Hawaii Island. This CIA and Ka Pa`akai Analysis was designed to
90 identify any valued historical,natural, and cultural resources or practices that may occur in the area,
91 determine if the proposed project will affect the resources or practices, and offer mitigation
92 recommendations for the project.
93 The report begins with a description of the study area and a historical overview of land use and
94 archaeology in the area. The next section presents methods and results of the ethnographic survey.
95 Results of the CIA and Ka Pa`akai Analysis are summarized and recommendations are made in the
96 final sections. Hawaiian words,flora and fauna, and technical terms are defined in a glossary. Also
97 included are appendices with documents relevant to the ethnographic survey, including full
98 transcripts of the interviews.
99 Study Location,Cultural&Natural Environment
100 The study area consists of 1.48 ha(3.677 ac.) on TMK (3) 1-2-018:001 in Kaimu Ahupua`a,Puna
101 District,on Hawaii Island(Figures 1 and 2). This property is currently owned by Kaimu Cove LLC
102 and located within the Special Management Area. The property is on the makai side of the road
103 directly across from the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground. The parcel borders native-dominated coastal
104 shrublands on the Hawaii State conservation lands of Ke6kea/Kikala to the east, a single-family
105 residential home on 0.5 ha(1.2 ac.)on the western edge, 170 feet of the Kalapana-Kapoho Road on
106 the northern edge, and about 535 feet of coast.
107 Kaimu ahupua`a is situated within the Kalapana area within the Puna District. Kaimu borders the
108 ahupua`a of Kalapana on its western or Ka`u side and Kikala/Ke6kea ahupua`a on the eastern or
109 Kapoho side of the study area. The study area lies towards the eastern edge of the ahupua`a,near the
110 boundary with Kikala/Ke6kea.The study area is on the ocean front,immediately inset from aboulder
III beach with milo (Thespesia populnea) grove and neighboring an `a`a pall (cliff) to the east that
112 provides the ancestral fishing grounds of the families of Mokuhulu (upland from study area).
113 Kaimu's unique geologic history and the Native Hawaiian lineal descendants who have persisted in
114 the lands of their ancestors makes this area a complex cultural kipuka(refuge).
115 The Puna district of Hawaii is situated in the southeastern corner of the island where some
116 of the greatest volcanic activity in Hawaii and the central Pacific takes place. It is the
117 youngest region in the entire Hawaiian archipelago and the center of a geologic hotspot
118 within the Ring of Fire... Its soil is rich and fertile, and its beaches are few and black. In
119 spite of its newness, Puna, meaning "spring," is home to many ancient sites.... Sites
120 destroyed by recent lava flows include... hundreds of archaeological features (not to
121 mention modern villages,homes,and roads). (James 1995:55)
122 Kaimu,and the wider Kalapana area,"is important as one of only a few Hawaiian communities that
123 survived on the land into the twentieth century.... Kalapana remained Hawaiian because it was lava
124 land, too poor for plantations. Up to 1960, the people who lived in Kalapana were almost all from
125 families that had long owned land there,many since the mid-nineteenth century"(Langlas&kupuna
126 2016).
127 The study area is situated at the convergence point of three different lava flows: a 400-750-year-old
128 pahoehoe flow(western portion), a 200-400-year-old `5'5 flow on the eastern side, and the edge of
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129 2007-2018 lava flow (see Figure 3). Soil is sparse in this area. The boulder beach fronting the
130 property area is a product of flows that inundated Kaimu Bay.
131 The study area is located at sea level and has a moderate slope down to the boulder beach on its
132 western portion and a much steeper cliff edge on the eastern oceanfront portion. The topography is
133 undulating, following volcanic terrain. Vegetation is dense on the pahoehoe, with some places
134 enveloped in ancestral milo and noni groves, sprawling koali vine, and newly introduced invasive
135 species(e.g.Albizia sp.).Located within a seasonal mesic climatic zone,mean annual rainfall ranges
136 from 1,500 mm to 2,000 mm per year(Price et al. 2012). There are no waterways (streams,rivers)
137 that travel through the study area;the area is well known for groundwater resources that historically
138 formed brackish ponds in surrounding areas. The area is terrestrially biodiverse with predominantly
139 native species. Documented native species in the study and surrounding area include endangered,
140 endemic species,Ischaeumum byrone (McGuire 2023). The milo and noni groves that are located
141 on the study site have ancestral and cultural meaning. The study area also fronts a biologically
142 diverse marine environment, including fishing grounds and pristine limu (seaweed) grounds that
143 have no alien limu species recorded, several rare endemic limu species documented, and diverse
144 native species consistently observed (Biegler et al. 2024). The most abundant limu observed near
145 the study area is limu kala (Sargassum spp.), culturally used within forgiveness and releasing
146 ceremonies (Aiona 2003). Kaimu is known for its historic presence of limu 1poa. Below are quotes
147 from two Hawaiian newspaper clippings that establish the prevalence of limu historically in Kaimu.
148 Eia mai kahi popolimu Lipoa aala o Kaimu ke panee is An nei no kahi papaina o Hoku.
149 Here, is a fragrant ball ofLapoa ofKaimu being moved to the dinner table of ka Hoku(Ka
150 Hoku o Hawai`i 1940).
151 Ua mikomiko maika`i noho i a ke owili pu iho hoi me ka limu aala o Kaimu.
152 It was garnished well and rolled up with the fragrant limu of Kaimu(Ka Hoku o Hawai`i
153 1938).
154 In addition to the abundance and diversity of the biotic realm, Kaimu contains an abundance of
155 abiotic features including storied winds, rains, and geologic features. Collette Leimomi Akana's
156 work, Hdnau ka Ua (Akana 2015), details the number of rains and winds that are known by the
157 residents of Kaimu and Kalapana,many of which hold unique volcanic and coastal associations and
158 movement patterns. These rains include:
159 `Awa rain...a bitter,acidic rain associated with Kilauea(Akana 2015:11, 17, 19)
160 He`e koko`ula... a rain over the ocean(Akana 2015:35)
161 Kanilehua...rain associated with Kumukahi and`ohi`a(Akana 2015:48, 53)
162 Ko`iawe...rain of the cliffs(Akana 2015:107)
163 Kuakualau... a rain over the sea accompanied by wind and associated with `ohua fish
164 (Akana 2015:121,Kauhi 1996:59, 124)
165 Uhau... associated with Pahoa,and other parts of Puna (Akan 2015:152)
166 Lohukala... drenching of hala trees in Puna(Akana 2015:152)
167 Noenoe... misty or foggy rain associated with Puna(Akana 2015:211)
168 Pololunano...associated with white hinano blossom and Puna(Akana 2015:236-237)
2
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175 BACKGROUND
176 A historic review of Kaimu Ahupua`a is provided below,to offer a better holistic understanding of
177 the use and occupation of the project area.This section of the report presents background information
178 as a means to provide a context through which one can examine the cultural and historical
179 significance of the project lands. In order to record and preserve both the tangible (e.g.,traditional
180 and archaeological sites) and intangible (e.g., mo`olelo, `61clo no`eau, oli, and mele) culture, this
181 research assists in the discussion of anticipated finds. Research was conducted at the Hawaii State
182 Library, the University of Hawaii at Hilo library, the SHPD library, and online on the Waihona
183 `Aina database and the State of Hawaii Department of Accounting and General Services (RAGS)
184 website. Historical maps, archaeological reports, Mahele data, and historical reference books were
185 among the materials examined.
186 Traditional History of Kaimu Ahupua`a
187 Archaeologists have proposed that early Polynesian settlement voyages between Kahiki and Hawaii
188 began by AD 300 and continued regularly until about AD 1250 (Maly 1998). In these times,
189 residents,such as those in Kaimu,engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing(Handy and Handy
190 1972:287) and hosted the renowned surf spot of Kaimu, to which many ali`i traveled to enjoy.
191 Kalapana is recorded to be one of the first sites of Polynesian settlement from Kahiki. Beckwith
192 (1970:432)records:
193 It is Aukele-nui-aiku and his brother(Kane-)Apua who bring the first coconut to Hawaii.
194 The first time Apua and his brother come from Kahiki they do not bring slips of food plants
195 because they expect to find them growing here. Being almost famished, they return to
196 Kahiki...the voyagers gather them into the canoes and carry them back to plant in Hawaii.
197 The first coconuts in Hawaii are planted at Kahaualea(where stand the heiau of Waha-ula)
198 and at Kalapana in Puna district,Hawaii.
199 The Island of Hawaii and the Puna district developed a sophisticated system of land management.
200 The boundaries of the Puna district extending from `Oki`okiaho on the Ka`u (southwest) side to
201 Mawae on the Hilo side (Pukui 1983:301). The six districts of Hawaii Island were ruled by
202 independent chiefs until the reign of Liloa(ca. 1475). During the reign of Liloa's son, `Umi-a-Liloa
203 (ca. 1525) subjugated remaining rebel chiefs (Maly 1998). Kamakau (1961:17-18) tells of a battle
204 in Kuolo in Kea`au,when Puna became subjugated to `Umi-a-LTIoa. The district of Puna continued
205 to have rebellions. Towards the end of Kalaniopu`u's reign of Hawaii Island in 1782, his rule in
206 Puna and Ka`u was challenged by Puna chief, `I-maka-k6loa. Fornander(1996:201-202):
207 ...started with his chiefs and warrior for Hilo,in order to subdue the rebel chief of Puna.In
208 Hilo,Kalaniopuu consecrated the heiau called Kanowa,in Puueo,to the service of his war-
209 god; then took up his abode at Ohele, in Waiakea, and then the war with Imakakola
210 commenced.The rebel chieftain fought long and bravely,but was finally overpowered and
211 beaten. For upwards of a year he eluded capture,being secreted by the country-people of
212 Puna. In the meanwhile,Kalaniopuu moved from Hilo to the Kau district, stopping first at
213 Punaluu, then at Waiohinu, then at Kamaoa, where he built the heiau of Pakini in
214 expectation of the capture of Imakakoloa. Finally exasperated at the delay,and the refuge
215 given to the rebel chief by the Puna people, Kalaniopuu sent Puhili, one of his kahus, to
216 ravage the Puna district with fire, i.e. to burn every village and hamelt until Imakakoloa
217 should be fund or the people surrendeer him. Commencing with the land of Apua, it was
218 literally laid to ashes...
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219 Placc Names
220 One often overlooked source of history is the information embedded in the Hawaiian landscape.
221 Hawaiian place names "usually have understandable meanings, and the stories illustrating many of
222 the place names are well known and appreciated... The place names provide a living and largely
223 intelligible history"(Pukui et al. 1974:xii).
224 Place names associated with the study area are listed in Place Names ofHawaii(Pukui et al. 1974)
225 and Hawaii Place Names (Clark 2002), along with the meanings of the names and/or other
226 comments about the specific locales:
227 Ho`eu... Ancient surfing area, Kaimn, Hawaii (Finney and Houston 26), now called
228 Kaimn.Lit.,mischief. (Pukui et al. 1974:47).
229 Kaimn... land section and village, Kalapana qd., Hawai`i, noted for its surf and its black
230 sand beach The black sand was formed by steam explosions that occurred when a lava
231 flow entered the ocean (Macdonald & Abbott 44) in about 1750. The surfing site was
232 formerly called Ho`eu and Ka-poho,but now is called Kaimn. Lit., gathering [at the] sea
233 [to watch surfing]. (Pukui et al. 1974:69) Beach Park, Kaimn, Hawaii. Once the site of
234 Hawai`i's most famous and most photographed black sand beach,the beach and park were
235 overrun by lava flows from Kilauea in 1990. The flows also filled the bay that fronted the
236 beach, destroying several surf sites. The park's shore is now rocky,with small pockets of
237 black sand.Lit.,gathering[at the] sea[to watch surfing],or silent sea. (Clark 2002:144).
238 Kalapana... land sections, quadrangle, trail, village, and park, Puna district, Hawaii,
239 famous for its black sand(see Kaimn).Pele was attacked near here by Kamapua`a,the pig
240 man(see Pua`a-kani; HM187). A priest of Pele may have been named for Kalapana. He
241 had vowed that only Pele might cut his hair. ON his way to the volcano he encountered a
242 storm and went back to the shore.People got him drunk on kava.When he fell asleep they
243 cut his hair. Later a woman appeared at the door and said that he would always remain
244 there. He was turned to a stone, said to still be there by a pool not far from a Catholic
245 church (For. Sel. 276) Se Ka-laoa. Probably lit., announce noted place. (Pukui et al.
246 1974:75)
247 Kikala... land sections and homesteads, Kala-pana qd., Hawai`i. Lit., hip. (Pukui et al.
248 1974:110)
249 Makena. Land section, Kala-pana qd., Hawai`i. Lit., abundance. (Pukui et al. 1974:142).
250 Returned by Keelikolani, retained by aupuni at the Mahele. Most of it is in the Kaimn-
251 Makena Homesteads,lexicology: abundance. (Ulukau Inoa`Aina Hawai`i).
252 Puna... Quadrangle and district, southeast Hawaii;land section and sugar mill,Kala-Pans
253 qd.,forest reseives,Kala-pana and Puna qds.,Poetic(Hawai`i):paia `ala i ka hala,bowers
254 fragrant with pandanus;ka `aina i ka houpo o Kane, the land in the heart of Kane (Pukui
255 et al. 1974:142).
256 Puna Coast Trail... Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Trail on the shore that
257 connected villages in Puna to the villages of Punalu`u in Ka`n, an important interisland
258 steamer landing until the 1940s. (Clark 2002:209).
259 There are several other place names associated with the study area and the Kaimu ahupua`a
260 as shared in interviews or documented within oral historical work by Charles Langlas in the
261 1980s and 1990s (Langlas & kupuna 2016) that are not listed in Place Names of Hawaii
262 (Pukui et al. 1974)or Hawaii Place Names(Clark 2002). We have done our best to provide
263 the literal translation,associated locations,and meanings of these names here,as documented
264 within the Ulukau Hawaiian Place Names(Ulukau Inoa`Aina Hawaii)database and with the
265 Hawaiian Dictionary(Pukui&Elbert 1986):
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266 Hale`ili... `pebble beach' located to the east of Kaimu Beach. (Langlas & kupuna
267 2016:223).Lit.Pebble house,place(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
268 Kalaehiamoe... A point near the Pu'ilima study area. (Langlas & kupuna 2016:222). Lit.
269 Ka:the,lae:point,promonotoy,hiamoe: sleeping(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
270 Kiula... `ili `aina, located in Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, above 1,000 ft. Elevation
271 (Ulukau Inoa`Aina Hawaii)
272 Kumaka'ula Heiau... heiau(spiritual site)located in Kaimu, Hawaii(Ulukau Inoa `Aina
273 Hawaii and Langlas&kupuna 2016:222). This heiau was"nearly taken by the lava flow
274 that destroyed Kalapana village" (James 1995:55). Lit. Ku: to stand, to appear, name of
275 kane Hawaiian deity, maka`ula: red eyes or makaula: same as kaula(prophet). (Pukui&
276 Elbert 1986).
277 Mawac... pond located between Hale'ili and Kalachiamoe in Kaimu (Langlas & kupuna
278 2016:222).Lit. cleft,fissure,crevice,crack as in rocks(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
279 Mokuhulu...Area upland linked to coastal study area,homestead area of Hawaiian families
280 with kuleana to study area fishing grounds.Lit.moku:island,section,forest,hulu:feather,
281 esteemed,precious(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
282 Pu'ilima... Name of study area as used by interviewees and Hawaiian families. Lit.,pu`i:
283 plump, stocky,lima: arm or five,fifth(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
284 Upper Kaimu Homesteads... homestead located in Kaimu, elevation 1,000-1,4000 feet
285 (Ulukau Inoa`Aina Hawai`i).
286 Waipalama... name of a pond located centrally within the historic Kaimu Beach(Langlas
287 &kupuna 2016).Lit.wai:water,plama: sacred enclosure(Pukui&Elbert 1986).
288 Traditional Land Use
289 Most of our understanding of subsistence lifestyles within Kaimu come from the collected oral
290 histories of Hawaiian families from recollections of the 1920s and 1930s from historian, Charles
291 Langlas and kupuna(2016).Main dietary staples included taro and`ulu poi that was grown on upland
292 plots and coastal lands. `Uala, grown on the coast, were also important, secondary to poi. Fish,
293 marine invertebrates such as `opihi, and limu were paired with these staples. Langlas summarizes
294 the subsistence and land use patterns of Kaimu as related to these crops.
295 `Uala
296 Sweet potatoes were grown on the coast,because they like a dry climate,while taro had to
297 be forwn up in the hills where it was wetter... Most families lived cloase to the coast and
298 grew sweet potatoes in their house lots if there was enough soil there... There is not much
299 soil on the coast of southern Puna,but when you look carefully at the pahoehoe (smooth)
300 lava flows,you find pockets of soil in the depressions. The sweet potatoes were grown in
301 these soil-filled depressions,not in the `a°a(jumbled rock)lava flows...Trees were planted
302 only if the land was covered by an`a`a flow and not good for farming. Coconut palms were
303 therefore not very plentiful at the coast(Langlas&kupuna 2016:33).
304 Kalo
305 [E]very family had a taro patch up in the hills. Except for those who lived inland at
306 Mokuhulu,the taro patch was some distance from their main house on the coast,often three
307 miles or more... Taro planting was relatively simple. Small trees were cut down or barked
308 so that they would die and drop their leaves... Several varieties of taro were grown in the
309 Kalapana area, including `e`ele (or `ele`ele), lehua, ku`oho, lauloa, and mana. Of these,
310 `e`ele was said to be the most common,because it grew best in the dry conditions. Lehua
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311 was liked because it made a reddish-colored poi,rather than the usual gray,but was harder
312 to grow. Ku`oho kept longer in the ground than the others. Maria was usually just boiled
313 and eaten,being too rubbery to pound easily into poi(Langlas&kapuna 2016:33-34).
314 `Ulu
315 Breadfruit was more important at Kalapana than anywhere else in Hawaii,rivaling taro as
316 the basis for poi...Breadfruit usually bears twice a year in the Kalapana area,once around
317 January to March,and again in late summer...Breadfruit was planted both on the coast and
318 upland...families that lived farther west in Kaimn(directly in back of the black sand beach)
319 had pahoehoe with soil in the front for growing sweet potatoes,and`a°a in the back where
320 breadfruit was planted(Langlas&kapuna 2016:34-35).
321 Canoe-Based Fishing
322 Many methods of fishing were used in the 1920s, but the most spectacular and highest-
323 yielding method was net fishing from canoes for`opelu(macherel scad),which was dried
324 for later consumption or sold... There was a canoe landing for each of the three
325 communities [Kalapana,Kapa`ahu,and Kaimn].For Kaimn,it was a spot at the middle of
326 the sand beach(in front of Kealoha's house and the old fishing heiau of Kumaka`ula).This
327 was by far the easiest landing,because the canoes could easily be pushed off or beached
328 onto the sand, which sloped up gradually and wouldn't damage the bottom. (Langlas &
329 kapuna 2016:37-39).
330 In-Shore Fishing
331 Periodically, a community fish-drive was carried out at Kaimn Bay, netting fish for the
332 whole Kaimn community and providing excitement for everyone. Sometimes schools of
333 kala or nenue would come into the bay, running parallel to the beach. Eight to ten men
334 strong men would swim out with the long net, and lay it in a semi-circle in front of the
335 school of fish... All the men helped patch the net afterward and the catch was shared with
336 the whole community....Fishing methods used more frequently than the fish-drive include
337 pole fishing(with bamboo pole,hook,and line),throw-netting,and trapping with a scoop-
338 net or basket. Common fish caught from shore with the pole included po`opa`a, moi, and
339 ulua...Throw nets are generally used in shoreline pools frequented by fish(moi,aholehole,
340 nenue) (Langlas&kdpuna 2016:37-39).
341 Gathering
342 Other prized shellfish, such as crabs and `ophi (a limpet), were gathered at the shore,
343 sprinkled with salt,and then eaten raw(Langlas&kdpuna 2016:37-39).
344 M0,01clo
345 As mentioned previously,Hawaiian place names were connected to traditional stories through which
346 the history of the places was preserved. These stories were referred to as mo`olelo:
347 [A] term embracing many kinds of recounted knowledge, including history, legend, and
348 myth. It included stories of every kind, whether factual or fabulous, lyrical or prosaic.
349 Mo`olelo were repositories of cultural insight and a foundation for understanding history
350 and origins, often presented as allegories to interpret or illuminate contemporary life...
351 Certainly many such [oral] accounts were lost in the sweep of time, especially with the
352 decline of the Hawaiian population and native language. (Nogelmeier 2006:429-430)
353 Mo`olelo are historic compositions and tell the story of the Puna district and of the Kaimu area.
354 There are many mo`olelo of Kaimu and Kalapana so there are just a few summarized here below.
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355 Mo`olelo Pele
356 The history of geologic phenomena in Puna is well documented in Native and scientific sources
357 (Maly 1998)and has been documeted within the stories of the arrival of Pele in Hawaii by Nathaniel
358 Emerson(1915)and by native writers within Hawaiian newspaper,Ka H6ku o Hawai`i(1916).W.D.
359 Westervelt's collection of'Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes' (1963) tells of Pele's journeys to the
360 shores of Puna, accounting for rift zone features on the landscape. Pele has been an active force
361 within the lives of Kalapana and Kaimu families.
362 Mo`olelo o Ka-Miki and Maka`iole
363 One of the most detailed accounts of life on Hawaii Island (13th century Hawaii Island) is the
364 narrative, 'The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki', published in Hawaiian Newspaper, Ka H6ku o
365 Hawaii(1914-1917).The narrative includes travel of two supernatural borthers,Ka-Miki and Maka-
366 `iole through the Puna district, and this summary is informed by the English translation completed
367 by Maly(1998).The two brothers competed against`61ohe experts through out the district.The epic
368 tells of many of the native plants encountered in the Puna district: `awa(several different varieties),
369 `6hi`a lehua, `6helo, `6helo papa, kupali`i, `ie`ie, hapu`u, `ama`uma`u and cultivars of sugar cane
370 (Mikioi-o-lehua), bananas (Manai-`ula-i-ka-wao), taro (Papakole-koa`e-o-lele-kea), and `awa
371 (Waimaka-a-ka-manu o Puna). Their account reveals the mysterious forests of Puna where travelers
372 are easily lost,a myriad of guardians and akua of these forests,the generosity of the peoples of Puna.
373 Mo`olelo
374 Perhaps the richest source of mo`olelo that we have of the Kalapana area is from the recollections
375 of Aunty Emma Kauhi who grew up in neighboring Kapa`ahu from 1916 to 1935 (Kauhi&Langlas
376 1996). Aunty Emma provides a rich tapestry of stories of Hawaiian life in the area. Her stories
377 include recollections of lauhala weaving with wahine family members at specific spots on the coast,
378 growing `uala within lava depressions, gathering limu, `opihi, moi, `6kole, pupa, ha`uke`uke,
379 `a`ama,he`e, and pai`ea,growing kalo in upland plots,gathering honey, and use of canoe landings.
380 Her stories establish the strong subsistence based livelihoods of the people of Kalapana and Kaimu
381 well into the 20th century.The mo`olelo of Native Hawaiian residents of Kaimu can be further found
382 within the oral histories documented in Under the Volcano: The People of Kalapana, 1823-2010
383 (Langlas and kupuna 2016) and Hah`a Aloha no Kalapana: Fond Memories of Kalapana (Carr&
384 Kekaula 2013).
385 Oli and Mele
386 The noteworthiness of specific locales in Hawaiian culture is further bolstered by their appearances
387 in traditional chants.An oli refers to a chant that is done without any accompaniment of dance,while
388 a mele refers to a chant that may or may not be accompanied by a dance. These expressions of
389 folklore have not lost their merit in society today. They continue to be referred to in contemporary
390 discussions of Hawaiian history, identity, and values. The mele below speak of the famous surf,
391 abundant,rain-laden forests and coasts of Mokuhulu and Kaimu, and hala groves of the area.
392 The following mele, Mokuhulu, was composed by Harry Keliihoomalu and Harry N5'ope in the
393 early 20th century. This mele is a type of Hawaiian poetry known as hula ku`i. Mokuhulu was
394 composed to celebrate family ties to seven miles stretch of coastline bordered by Mokuhulu and
395 Kapa`ahu. There are four storied places highlighted in each verse, including Mokuhulu, Kaimu,
396 Kalapana, and Kapa`ahu.
397 Mokuhulu i ka malu o ka`ulu [mu] Mokuhulu in the `ulu shade
398 Ia home uluwehi This verdant home
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399 Pua kani lehua[Pua ka lehua]. Of rain-rustled lehua blossoms.
400
401 Kaimu i ke `ala lipoa Kaimu in the fragrance of hpoa
402 I ka hone a ke kai[la home o ke kai] In the sweet song of the sea
403 I ka pu`e one. On the hilled-up sand.
404
405 Kalapana is puna lu`u Kalapana,this pool for swimming
406 Ia wai hu`ihu`i This tingling-cold water
407 Hu`i koni i ka`ili. So thrilling to the touch.
408
409 Ha`ina`ia ma ka puana Sing the summary
410 No Puna ke `ala From Puna comes the fragrance
411 I lawe `ia mai nei That has carried here to me(Silva 1997).
412
413 The mele,Aloha Kaimu, was composed and shared by G Girl Keliihoomalu in 2008. This
414 mele is speaks of the great love held for Kaimu by the families who call it home. It speaks of
415 the walls of Puna walls fragrant with pandanus blossoms, Lonowai— a brackish pond in
416 Kaimu, and the circles of aloha that surround Kaimu.
417
418 Aloha a`e au`o Kaimu
419 Po`ai keia`aina me ku`u aloha
420 (Po`ai keia`aina me ku`u aloha)
421
422 Maka`ika`i ka po`e malihini
423 `O ke one kaulana o Kaimu
424 (ke one kaulana o Kaimu)
425 Eia i Kaimu e ka la loa
426 `Ike `oe ka loko kaulana o Lonowai
427 (loko kaulana o Lonowai)
428
429 Hanohano o ka home o ka wa kahiko
430 `O Puna paia ala o ka hala
431 (Puna paia`a`ala o ka hala)
432
433 Ha`ina ku`u mele `o Kaimu
434 Po`ai keia`aina me ku`u aloha
435 (Po`ai keia`aina me ku`u aloha)(Keliihoomalu 2008).
436
437 The mele moa, Auhea `O Ka Lani, was composed as a naming song for Hawaiian King
438 William Charles Lunalilo when his regal name was to be selected(Galuteria 1993).This mele
439 speaks of Ho`eu, the renowned wave of Kaimu, the freshwater pond Wai`akolea of Kaimu,
440 and the Native home of Kaimu. This mele highlights the significance of Kaimu as a place for
441 recreational activities by ali`i.
442
443 `Auhea`o ka lam la Where is the royal chief?
444 Aia i ka he`e nalu There surfing
445 He`e ana i ka lala la Surfing on the long wave
446 Ho`i ana i ka muku Returning on the short wave
447 A ka nalu o Ho`eu la On the Ho`eu wave
448 Eu ho`i a`e kaua We both return
449 A pae a`e Kaimu la And land at the sea of Kaimu
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450 Ho`omu na kanaka Where the natives gather
451 `Au`au i ka wai la We bathe in the fresh water
452 A`o Wai`akolea The pond of Wai`akolea
453 Lu`u aku a ea mai la We dive and surface
454 Kanaenae o ka lam A prayerful chant for the chief
455 Ha`ina mai ka puana la Tell the refrain
456 No Lunalilo no he inoa Lunalilo is the name
457 He Inoa no Lunalilo In the name of Lunalilo(Galuteria 1991).
458 `Olelo No`eau
459 Like oli and mele,traditional proverbs and wise sayings,known as `61clo no`eau,have been another
460 means by which the history of Hawaiian places has been recorded. In 1983, Mary Kawena Pukui
461 published a volume of close to 3,000 `61clo no`eau that she collected throughout the islands. The
462 introductory chapter of that book reminds us that if we could understand these proverbs and wise
463 sayings well,then we would understand Hawaii well(Pukui 1983).
464 Approximately 500 places are listed in the `61clo no`eau book along with the proverbs and wise
465 sayings that refer to these specific places. Of these 500 or so locales, there are two `61clo no`eau
466 specific to Kaimu ahupua`a. The `61clo no`eau are as follows:
467 Ka Pa ka`a poepoe o Kalapana, ana`i `i `uala o Kaimu.
468 The round, rollingfish of Kalapana, to be eaten with the sweetpotato ofKaimu.
469 This is from a ho`opapa riddling chant in the story of Kaipalaoa, a boy of Puna,Hawaii,
470 who went to Kauai to riddle with the experts there and won.(Pukui 1983:147,no.1347)
471
472 Ka malu mu o Hu`ehu`ewai.
473 The coconut grove ofHu`ehu`ewai.
474 This grove was in Kaimn,Puna. (Pukui 1983:160,no.1475)
475 There are two other`61clo no`eau which refer to the neighboring Kalapana ahupua`a. Here are those
476 `61clo no`eau as they appear in Pukui's book:
477 Na mu moe o Kalapana.
478 The reclining coconut trees of Kalapana.
479 In ancient times it was a custom in Kalapana,Puna,to force a young coconut tree to grow
480 in a reclining position in the commemoration of a chiefly visit.The last two such trees were
481 made to bow to Chiefess Ululani and Queen Emma. On one side of Queen Emma's visits
482 to Puna,she was asked to participate in a commemoration.While mounted on a horse,she
483 held a single coconut leaf growing from a tree, while the people pulled and strained until
484 the tree was bent. Then the tree was fastened down so that it would grow in a reclining
485 position.These trees are mentioned in chants and songs of Puna.(Pukui 1983:249 no.2280)
486
487 O `Awili ka nalu,he nalu kapu kai na ke akua.
488 Awili is the surf, a surf reserved for the ceremonial bath of the goddess.
489 Refers to Pele. There were three noted surfs at Kalapana,Puna:Kalehua,for children and
490 those just learning to surf; Ho`eu, for experienced surfers; and `Awili, which none dared
491 to ride. When the surf of `Awili was rolling dangerously high, all surfing and canoeing
492 ceased,for that was the sign that the gods were riding. (Pukui 1983:257 no.2356)
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493 Early Historic Kaimu,Puna
494 When the first Westerners arrived in the Hawaiian archipelago in 1778, Hawaii Island was under
495 the rule of Kalaniopu`u. Kaimu was frequently traveled by missionaries and tourists traveling
496 through the Puna district and on treks to view Kilauea Volcano. Several of these visitors kept in-
497 depth accounts of their travels through the area. The first foreigner's account of Kaimu comes from
498 missionary William Ellis,who recorded memoirs of his 1823 trip through the area. Ellis described
499 the rich peoples, cultivation (fields of sweet potatoes, rich soil, and "industrious" nature of the
500 peoples),culture, abundance of fresh water, and coastal forests (mu and kou groves)of Kaimu.
501 ...About three p.m.we approached Kaimu.This was the birth-place of Mauac[Ellis'guide],
502 and the residence of most of his relations...The old people from the houses welcomed him
503 as he passed along, and numbers of the young men and women came out to meet him,
504 saluted him by touching noses, and wept for joy at his arrival. Some took off his hat, and
505 crowned him with a garland of flowers; others hung round his neck wreaths of a sweet-
506 scented plant resembling ivy [maile], or necklaces composed of the nut of the fragrant
507 pandanus odoratissime... (Ellis 1823:191)
508 Ellis estimated that 300-400 people gathered for the sermon given in Kaimu, with an estimated
509 number of 145 houses and 725 inhabitants(Ellis 1823:195-196). Ellis noted that at the time of Chief
510 Alapa`i (c. AD 1736-1754) Kaimu was overflowed with lava and that there had been a great
511 earthquake about two months before his visit(Ellis 1823:194). Ellis describes Kaimu:
512 Kaimu is pleasantly situated near the sea shore,on the S.E. side of the island, standing on
513 a bed of lava considerably decomposed, and covered, with a light and fertile soil. It is
514 adorned with plantations of cocoa-nuts and clumps of kou-trees.It has a fine sandy beach,
515 where canoes may land with safety;and,according to the houses numbered to-day,contains
516 about 725 inhabitants...Including the villages in its immediate vicinity,along the coast,the
517 population would probably be amount to 2000; and, if water could be procured near at
518 hand, it would form an eligible missionary station... The extent of cultivation in the
519 neighborhood,together with the deent and orderly appearance of the people,induced us to
520 think they are more sober and industrious than those of many villages through which we
521 have passed... (Ellis 1823:196-197).
522 Following William Ellis,Titus Coan,a Protestant minister,traveled through Puna in 1837 and 1840,
523 describing the coastal villages during his travels. Coan wrote that the inhabited regions along the
524 coasstline were 1-3 miles wide,with some settlements further inland(5-10 miles)(Coan 1882). Coan
525 wrote of the,"beautiful groves of the cocoa palm,also breadfruit,pandanus,and ohia"that flourished
526 on the Puna coast(Coan 1882:40). Lyman described holes made into lava areas to establish sweet
527 potato cultivars and the "plantains, pawpaws, taro, etc. were growing" in upland plots (Lyman
528 1927:19).
529 American geologist, Captain Clarence Dutton detailed observations of coastal forests and
530 agricultrual sites in a USGS report in 1882. Dutton recorded that, "the traditions of the natives
531 declare that no King ever reigned in Puna without seeing large parts of his dominion overflowed"
532 (Dutton,1884: 1501).Dutton confirmed that the coastal forests observed by Ellis and Coan persisted:
533 "the sea-coast is margined in many places with abundant groves of cocoanut palms and dense
534 thickets of pandanus or screw pine"(Dutton, 1884: 147)
535 The Mahele and Land Tenure
536 The Mahele is rightfully considered one of the most significant chapters in the modern
537 history of Hawaii. Several legislative acts during the period 1845-1855 codified a
538 sweeping transformation from the centuries-old Hawaiian traditions of royal land tenure to
539 the western practice of private land ownership. (Moffat and Fitzpatrick 1995)
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170
540 By the mid-1800s, people from around the world had been living and working in the Hawaiian
541 Islands for more than 50 years and wanted to acquire and own their own land. Thus, the business
542 community and the missionaries began to pressure Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha 111, to privatize
543 landownership. The change in the traditional land tenure system in Hawaii began with the
544 appointment of the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles by Kamehameha III,in 1845. The
545 Mahele took place during the first few months of 1848 when Kamehameha III and more than 240 of
546 his chiefs worked out their interests in the lands of the Kingdom. This division of land was recorded
547 in the Mahele Book. The King retained roughly a million acres as his own as Crown Lands,while
548 approximately a million and a half acres were designated as Government Lands. The Konohiki
549 Awards amounted to about a million and a half acres, however title was not awarded until the
550 konohiki presented the claim before the Land Commission.
551 In the fall of 1850 legislation was passed allowing citizens to present claims before the Land
552 Commission for property that they were utilizing within the Crown,Government,or Konohiki lands.
553 By 1855 the Land Commission had made visits to all of the islands and had received testimony for
554 about 12,000 land claims. Ultimately between 9,000 and 11,000 kuleana land claims were awarded
555 to kama`aina totaling only about 30,000 acres and recorded in ten large volumes.No commoners in
556 the Kalapana or Kaimu area received land commission awards after the Mahele. Just three kuleana
557 awards were made to commoners in the Puna district and 16 large awards went to prominent chiefs
558 (Langlas&kupuna 2016:23).An 1851 petition was made to legislature from several Puna residents
559 whose claims were submitted too late and was ultimately denied(Langlas&kupuna 2016:23).
560 Kalapana historian Charles Langlas details what happened next:
561 In the Kalapana area, most of the ahupua`abecame government lands,with the exception
562 of `Apua and Kaimn, which were crown lands, and three ahupua`a given to prominent
563 chiefs,Kahauale`a_Kamoamoa,and Panau Nui. After 1850,the government began to sell
564 government lands to individuals, Hawaiian or non-Hawaiian... The situation during the
565 latter half of the nineteenth century was different for those Hawaiians living on the crown
566 lands at Kaimn,on Chief(later King)Lunalilo's land at Kahauale`a,and on Queen Emma's
567 land at Kamoamoa.The Hawaians there apparently continued to live on the land as tenants
568 through 1890. They paid certain taxes to the government like other Kalapana residents
569 (poll tax,tax on their stock,houses and furnishings)but no taxes for the land they occupied.
570 Letters to the Interior Department of the Hawaiian Kingdom between 1862 and 1872
571 indicate the head of a group of Hawaiians who lived on the crown lands of Kaimn and
572 Wai`akolea. (Wai`akolea was an `ili kupono, an independent `ili owned by the crown,
573 situated within Kalapana ahupua`a). In his letter, Lainaholo called himself the hope
574 konohiki o na`aina mo`i, "land stewardship for the king." Thus he described himself as a
575 retainer of a chief rather than an entrepreneur. He collected the rent due the king and sent
576 it to the governor (Ruta Ke`elikolani at that time), who sent it on to the crown land
577 supervisor(luna`aina mo`i)in Honolulu. The main interest of"Lainaholo and Company"
578 seems to have been the use of Wai`akolea pond to get`opac,used as the bait to net`opelu-
579 the main fish caught to dry and exchange(Langlas&kupuna 2016:23).
580 The historic trajectory of land holdings in Kaimu shows that Native Hawaiian subsistence based
581 livelihoods continued in Kaimu long after the Mahele swept across large parts of Hawaii. After the
582 Mahele period Kaimu lands were tenancy based under the crown (1852-1890), transferred to the
583 government from 1890-1892, and homesteaded from 1893 to 1940. After 1893 when Queen
584 Lili`uokalani was overthrown, all crown land was transferred of the government. The Land Act of
585 1895 specified that government lands in rural areas be surveyed and granted (with cash payments)
586 as homesteads to both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian individuals to encourage rural farming.In Kaimu
587 two areas were opened for homesteading, house lots at the shore of Kaimu Bay (such as the study
588 area) and agricultural lots in upland KT'ula,which had long been used for growing taro. Mokuhulu
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589 was also opened for homesteading due to its deeper soils.The house lots at Kaimu Bay often included
590 an upland parcel at Mokuhulu or Ki`ula.
591
592
15
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596 Historic Maps and Photos
597 Historic maps help to paint a picture of Kamm-in years past and illustrate the changes that have taken
598 place in the region. The earliest maps found for this region (Baldwin 1892; Figures 4 and 5) show
599 the place names that surround the study area including Keoneanai,Kaholo,PaInki,and Kalachiamoe.
600 These maps mark the Pun Elelu burial ground across from the Government Road and the location of
601 the study area on the edge of the `a`a lava flow.
602 The third and fourth historic maps, the Hawaii Territory Surveys Homestead Map for the Kaimu
603 Makena Section in 1901 and 1922(Wall 1901;Figure 6 and Wall 1922;Figure 7)displays land grant
604 Gr. 8004 on the parcel, with grantee name, C.H. Will. C.H. Will was also granted the two parcels
605 immediately west of the study area(Gr. 7123). There are no L.C.A.s documented for the study area.
606 Land Grant 8004 was made to Charles H. Will for$89.00 in 1921 (WaihonaN.D.). Wall 1901 also
607 documents the executive ordinance that established the cemetery site of Pun Elelu immediately
608 mauka(upland)of the study area.
609 The USGS map of 1924(see Figure 8)shows that the area had largely remained rural into the 1920s,
610 with a few homestead sites along the coastal portion of Kaimu Bay and on parcels near the western
611 side of the study area. The acrial image from 1965 (see Figure 9)shows no modern development on
612 the parcel,the rural,un-developed nature of the Kaimu coast, and Kaimu Bay prior to the geologic
613 flow that would extend that portion of coastline. The photo captures a boat and its wake fronting the
614 study area.
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630 Previous Archaeological and Cultural Studies
631 Previous archaeological surveys offer significant information regarding traditional and historic land
632 use. However, few studies have been conducted in the vicinity of the study area. The following
633 discussion provides brief summaries of the archaeological,historical,and cultural investigations that
634 have been carried out within a 1 km radius of the project area,based on reports available within the
635 SHPD HICRIS database, University of Hawaii Hilo Mo`okim Library, and from personal
636 collections of the authors (Figures 10 and 11;Table 1).
637 The earliest archaeological work in Kaimu and the lower Puna coast was undertaken during Alfred
638 E.Hudson's Archaeology ofEastHawai`i(1930-1932),documenting important archaeological sites
639 across the eastern portion of Hawaii Island. Hudson writes, "The southern part of Puna district
640 offers more favorable conditions for archaeological investigation than any of the other regions
641 examined...there is still a numerous Hawaiian population whose ancestors lived in the same locality
642 so that it is relatively easy to obtain information about particular sites"(Hudson 1932:337). Hudson
643 remarked on the histories of earthquakes and continuous coastal subsidence, noting the effects of
644 larger earthquake events(particularly the earthquake of 1868)(Hudson 1932:338).
645 Archaeological reconnaissance was completed for the proposed Kapoho-Kalapana Highway by
646 Robert F. Bevacqua and Thomas S. Dye in 1972. This report documents SIHP 50-10-63-02547,
647 Kaipuuelelu Cemetery,which is immediately adjacent(upland)to the study area). This site was the
648 most east-ward site in their survey.Kaipuuelelu Cemetery,on State of Hawaii lands,is on the mauka
649 (upland)side of Highway137(Bevacqua&Dye 1972:23).
650 The Star of the Sea Painted Church (SIHP 50-10-63-07380), located about .85 km from the study
651 area was added to the U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of
652 Historic Places in 1977(NPS 1977).
653 Paul H. Rosendahl completed a preliminary archaeological reconnaissance survey in 1983 for the
654 FIL-AM Papaya Cooperative on TMKs: (3) 1-2-006:007, :016, :018, :019, :020, :021, :033, and
655 :073. Cultural sites were observed on :033 and :019. Several sites were documented on parcel :033:
656 "A trail oriented N-S is located c. 50-70 in. east of the Pahoa-Kalapana Road. It is
657 approximately one meter wide and constructed of flat waterworn stones. Two small
658 platforms—possible burial features—were located near the west corner of the parcel,near
659 the property corner. Additional burial platforms were identified approximately features
660 may be within parcel 36 which is identified as a cemetery site on the tax map" (Rosendahl
661 1983).The southeast(makai)portion of parcel:019 contains a historic grave plot just north
662 of where recent bulldozing had occurred(Rosendahl 1983).
663 Robert L. Spear completed an archaeological inventory survey for the study area in 1992 at the
664 request of the property owner at the time, Mr. Bruce Robinson. Four archaeological sites were
665 located during the fieldwork (documented below) (Spear 1992). Matt Clark completed an
666 archaeological field inspection for the study area (2024) and relocated three of the four
667 archaeological sites documented by Spear 1992.
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Table 1.Previous Archaeological Studies Within 1 km of the Project Area
Author(s)and Year Location Study Results
Hudson 1932 East Hawaii Island Archaeological Documented Kumaka`ula Heiau Site
Reconnaissance Survey in Kaimu.
Bevacqua&Dye 1972 Immediately Mauka Archaeological Documented SHIP 50-10-63-02547,
of Study Area Reconaissance Survey Kaipuuelelu Cemetery.
NPS 1977 Upland of Study National Register of Identification of Star of the Sea
Area Historic Places Church,Kalapana Painted Church,
SHIP 50-10-63-07380.
Rosendahl 1983 Kaimu-Makena Archaeological Cultural sites located on two of the
Homesteads Reconnaissance Survey parcels surveyed.
Spear 1992 Study Area Archaeological Inventory Archaeological sites documented
Survey include SHIP 50-10-63-18525,-
18526,-18527,and-18528.
Clark 2024 Study Area Archaeological Field Archaeological sites relocated(from
Inspection Spear 1992)include SHIP 50-10-63-
-18526,-18527,and-18528.SHIP
50-10-63-18525 could not be
located.
Four Sites of Historic and Indigenous Preservation (SHIP)were identified within the current study
area(Spear 1992). These sites include SIHP 50-10-63-18525, SIHP 50-10-63-18526, SIHP 50-10-
62-18527, SIHP 50-10-62-18528. Three of these sites, SHIP 50-10-63--18526, -18527, and-18528
were relocated during the archaeological field inspection completed by Clark 2024. SHIP 50-10-63-
18525 could not be re-located, "as it was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbance after the
acceptance of the Spear(1992) survey" (Clark 2024).
SHIP 50-10-63-18525
This site consists of two features: a C-shape mound (3.7 x 1.2 x 0.75 meters) that functioned as a
temporary habitation and agricultural feature. The drawing below was completed by Spear(1992).
Clark 2024 could not locate this site in 2024, as it was destroyed during ground disturbance.
26
183
t C
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j",
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Figure 11 Hand drawn sketch of SHIP 50-10-63-18525(Spear 1992).
SHIP 50-10-63-18526
This site consists of two features: a C-shape mound (3.7 x 1.2 x 0.75 meters) that functioned as a
temporary habitation and agricultural feature. The drawing below was completed by Spear(1992).
re r.
�--,+-, FACING
6 IcT,. XK7 cr,. 5Yl
ACA9i
FFGURF 4: P`-011FU OF S➢'4[ 547-80-6':f-1�.!:5. Ft"1sTLAPf 7 .trcU :.
Figure 12 Hand drawn sketch of SHIP 50-10-63-18526(Spear 1992).
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184
SIHP 50-10-62-18527
This site is a free-standing wall 28 x 0.5 x 1.1 meters,located within the study area.The wall predates
the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road, as the northeast end of the wall was covered by the road fill. It
is possibly a historic boundary wall.
SHIP 50-10-62-18528
This site is a 0.82 x 0.8 x 0.92 meters deep lava tube,located within the study area. There is a small,
modified hole in a lava bubble that may have served as a storage or planting area.
Sites located within 1 km of the study area include:
SHIP 50-10-63-02547
Used to inter ancestors for many generations in Kaimu, this site was recognized under Executive
Ordinance 578 in 1933. "The cemetery,covering an area of 70,000 sq meters,contains 8,000 burial
units, of which only 200 have been utilized... the state does not keep records of individual
internments,though the cemetery is still officially open. The above information was extracted from
the records of the Department of Health, State of Hawaii"(Bevacqua& Dye 1972:23). Most of the
graves are `a`a rock platforms, with many platforms large enough to fit more than one burial
(Bevacqua&Dye 1072:23). Modern graves have concrete caps and headstones.
SHIP 50-10-63-07380
The Star of the Sea Church,Kalapana Painted Church is a Catholic diocese church built in 193 l and
contains paintings by the priests depicting biblical narratives. The church was located to avoid the
lava flow in 1990. The church is significant for the folk art paintings, one of only two (the other is
St. Theresa's in Mountain View) surviving painted churches of Father Evarist(NPS 1977).
Kumka`ula Heiau
A surface survey of Kalapana-Kaimu Beach Park was completed in 1974 by Francis K.W. Ching,
Catherine Stauder, and Stephen L. Palama. This report noted Kumaka`ula Heiau and the "adjacent
habitation complex" as the most significant sites of this land unit (Ching et al. 1974). Hudson
documented"occasional elevations of the coast,"referencing that the ocean used to come up to the
base of Kumaka`ula Heiau (site 162)in Kaimu, a noted place for akule,but that at the time of the
survey the base of the heiau was 100 yards from the beach."(Hudson 1932:338-339). This heiau is
documented as having,"a,massive stone embankment,b,platform 40 feet wide and 100 feet plus in
length; terrace 4 feet high; d, walled enclosure" (Hudson 1932:394). This is not a SHIP registered
site.
Background Summary
Kaimu Ahupua`a is located within the Puna district on Hawaii Island. The Kalapana area was one
of the first settled areas on Hawaii Island, as storied by the mo`olelo of Aukele-nui-aiku and his
brother Kane-Apua who brought the first coconut trees to Kahauale`a,down the coast from Kaimu.
The Hawaiian families of Kaimu were (and continue to be) sustained by susbsistence-based
livelihoods of fishing,gathering, and growing. The Puna district rebelled against the unification of
Hawaii Island in the 1500s and in 1782. There are many place names that hold meaning for Kaimu.
Closest to the study area is the place name, Kalaehiamoe, the promontory, place of sleep or rest,
potentially inidcating the link of the resting place of the ancestors interred at Kaipuuelelu to the
28
185
shoreline. Hale`ili was identified as the name of the pebble beach to the east of Kalmu Bay that
fronts the study area. Kumaka`ula Heiau,located within 1 km of the study area is a spiritual site that
remains following the lava flow that inundated Kaimu Bay. There were brackish ponds that were
located between Hale`ili and Kalachiamoe near the study area. It is unclear if these remain today.
Mokuhulu, upland of the study area, is the home to the Hawaiian families who maintain kuleana,
responsibility to the fishing and burial grounds of Pu`ilima,the name used by Hawaiian families for
the study area.
Traditional land use in the area included `uala and `ulu cultivation in coastal areas, kalo in coastal
and upland plots rich canoe-based and in-shore fishing of `6pelu, nenue, po`opa`a, moi, and ulua.
Gathering of limu and invertebrates such as `opihi and ha`uke`uke supplemented poi and fish-based
diets. There are a multitude of mo`olelo related to Pele in the area and of the rich lives of Hawaiian
families in Kaimu.There are several mele of note for Kaimu including Mokuhulu,Aloha Kaimu, and
Auhea `O Ka Lani,which details the renowned wave of Kaimu,the wealth of aloha held by `ohana
for their genealogical lands, and the connections of Kaimu to Mokuhulu, Kalapana, and Kapa`ahu.
`Olelo No`eau indicate the abundance of natural and cultural resources in Kaimu including fish,
`uala,coconut groves, and the surf.
Following the Mahele land division and distribution act of 1848,no land commission awards(LCAs)
were filed in Kaimu— given its designation as crown lands. Hawaiian tenants continued to reside
there through 1890. The main industry within Kaimu, documented in letters to the Interior
Department of the Hawaiian Kingdom between 1862 and 1872, was `6pac gathering for bait for
`6pelu fishing. The historic trajectory of land holdings in Kaimu shows that Native Hawaiian
subsistence based livelihoods continued in Kaimu long after the Mahele swept across large parts of
Hawaii. The Crown Land of Kaimu was transferred of the government in 1893. The Land Act of
1895 specified that government lands in rural areas be surveyed and granted (with cash payments)
as homesteads to both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian individuals to encourage rural farming.In Kaimu
two areas were opened for homesteading,house lots at the shore of Kaimu Bay and agricultural lots
in upland Ki`ula and Mokuhulu.
Historic maps reveal the enduring rural character of Kaimu through the loth century, the presence
of the Kaipuuelelu Cemetery site immediately upland of the study area,and the land grant(Gr. 8004)
made to C.H. Will. Previous archaeological surveys revealed four Sites of Historic and Indigenous
Preservation(SHIP)within the current study area(Spear 1992). These sites include SIHP 50-10-63-
18525 (an agricultural and habitation mound), SIHP 50-10-63-18526(an agricultural and habitation
mound), SIHP 50-10-62-18527 (historic boundary wall), SIHP 50-10-62-18528 (a modified lava
tube). Three of these sites, SHIP 50-10-63--18526, -18527, and -18528 were confirmed during the
archaeological field inspection completed of the study area by Clark 2024. SHIP 50-10-63-18525
could not be re-located, "as it was destroyed by mechanical ground disturbance after the acceptance
of the Spear(1992)survey"(Clark 2024).Other archaeological sites located within 1 km of the study
area include the Kumaka`ula Heiau to the west,the Star of the Sea Church(SHIP 50-10-63-07380)
to the north, and the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery (SHIP 50-10-63-02547), a site of about 8,000 burial
mounds immediately upland of the study area.
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ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY
Not all information is found in the archives,in textbooks,or at the library. Rather,it is in the stories,
knowledge and experiences of our kama`aina and kupuna, that important information is kept.
Through ethnographic research we are able to better understand the past and plan for our future.
With the goal to identify and understand the importance of, and potential impacts to, traditional
Hawaiian and/or historic cultural resources and traditional cultural practices of the project area in
Kaimu Ahupua`a,Puna District,ethnographic interviews were conducted with community members
who are knowledgeable about the area.
Methods for the Ethnographic Survey
This Cultural Impact Analysis was conducted through a multi-phase process from January through
September 2025. Guiding documents for this work include The Hawaii Environmental Council's
Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts,A Bill for Environmental Impact Statements,and Act 50
(State of Hawai`i). Personnel involved with this study include Gina McGuire, PhD, Ethnographer,
and Windy Keala McElroy,PhD,Principal Investigator of Keala Pono Archaeological Consulting,
who mentored Dr. McGuire in ethnographic methods and reviewed a copy of this CIA.
Interviewees were selected because they met one or more of the following criteria: 1)had/has ties to
the project area or vicinity;2)is a known Hawaiian cultural resource expert;3)is a known Hawaiian
cultural practitioner; or 4) was referred by other cultural resource professionals. Six individuals
participated in the current study. Mana`o and`ike shared during these interviews are included in this
report.
Four interviews were conducted in person and taped using a digital MP3 recorder. Two of the
individuals shared written responses to the questionnaire. During the interviews, each person was
provided with a map or acrial photograph of the subject properties, the Agreement to Participate
(Appendix A), and Consent Form (Appendix B), and briefed on the purpose of the Cultural Impact
Assessment and Ka Pa`akai Analysis. Research categories were addressed in the form of open
questions which allowed the interviewee to answer in the manner that he/she was most comfortable.
Follow-up questions were asked based on the interviewee's responses or to clarify what was said.
Transcription was completed by listening to recordings and typing what was said. A copy of the
edited transcript was sent to each interviewee for review, along with the Transcript Release Form.
The Transcript Release Form provided space for clarifications, corrections, additions, or deletions
to the transcript, as well as an opportunity to address any objections to the release of the document
(Appendix Q.When the forms were returned,transcripts were corrected to reflect any changes made
by the interviewee. Edited transcripts are presented in Appendices D-1.
A total of seven individuals were contacted,resulting in six interviews (Table 2). The ethnographic
analysis process consisted of examining each transcript and organizing information into research
themes,or categories.Research topics include connections to the project lands,history and mo`olelo
of the area, archaeological sites and cultural practices, change through time, and concerns and
recommendations for the project.
Interviewee Background
The following section includes background information for each interviewee, in their own words.
This includes information on the interviewee's `ohana and where the interviewee was born and
raised. The interviewees are Moretta Kanani Balai, Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill, Samuel
Kaho`okaulana,Leila Kealoha,Howard Konanui, and Bernice Walker.
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Table 2.List of Individuals Contacted
Name Connection Method of Contact Result of Contact
Moretta Kanani Lineal Desendant, In Person Interviewed In Person
Balai Genealogical Knowledge
Holder
Leslie Lihaunani Lineal Descendant, In Person Written Response
Enriquez Rosehill Mokuhulu,Director,Wai
Welawela
Samuel Lineal Descendant, In Person Interviewed at Project Site
Kaho`okaulana Mokuhulu,Kupuna
Leila Kealoha Lineal Descendant,President In Person Written Response
and Founder,Pohaku
Pelemaka
Howard Konanui Lineal Descendant,Kupuna Telephone Interviewed via Phone
Mark Lindsey Kamm-Resident Telephone,In Unable to Schedule
Franklin Person
Bernice Walker Lineal Descendant, In Person Interviewed at Project Site
Mokuhulu,Kupuna
Morreta Kanani Balai
My name is Moretta Balai.Middle name is Gokusana Kananioku`uhome.And I was born,
and I was adopted. And uh, my mom is, her name, my grandmother, is Elsie Leimanu
Kealoha Naungayan. So we get Filipino-Hawaiian but she more pure Hawaiian. Grandma
was very instrumental in our family. She was the one that,she was the glue more like,keep
us all together,take us... Actually she was a single mom. And,my grandfather,Lodigario
Naungayan,he from, Ilocosaur,Philipines. And they used to live in Opihikao. And so did
my grandma. In a Filipino plantation camp. You know, Opihikao used to be called
Kaweleao Plantation Camp. You know, Opihikao. And, anyway, they were separate. He
lived in Kona and she lived over her in Puna side. Born and raised Kalapana. And, by
Kaimu, actually. The house was, was in the bay area. And not too far from Kaimu Bay,
Kalapana. And,that was,the family, I guess that was, I guess you could call it the family
inheritance.
Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill
My name is Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill. I was born 1980,Hilo Hospital. Grew up
in Lava Tree State Park where my mama's `ohana owned a mac nut farm on 30 acres. In
between the Walkers and the Chows. As well as Kapoho, where my father's mother was
born and raised(Kumukahi Village)and relocated after the 1960 Pele. Spent every summer
at Pohoiki with my father's godmother Bertha Veloria, who was married to my
grandfather's oldest brother Sim Enriquez. And Kalapana where my godmother Aunty
Sarah Hauanio lived.Kalapana, Kapa'ahu,Kaimu,Mokuhulu is where my grandfather is
from.Emiquez/Kaho'okaulana from Kalua descent. We also had land in Kaohe
Homesteads,Wao Kele O Puna,where I spent a lot of time in my high school years up into
my 30s.
I am hiapo of our generation of cousins.The oldest.I was given to my tata wahine to raise
and spend time with. Most of my knowledge is of experience and direct word of mouth
from my kdpuna. As well as constant practice after my fathers and my tutas passing.
Carrying on their kaleana within space.
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Samuel Kaho'okaulana
My name is Samuel Kuhiwi Kaho'okaulana Junior. Son to Samuel Kuhiwi Kaho'okaulana
and Pearl Keonaona Ka'awaloa Kaho'okaulana.I'm the number one out of twelve.My dad
is from Mokuhulu. My mom is from Kapa`ahu. I grew up in Mokuhulu back in the late
1950s. Born September 30, 1956. Here I am with friends and relatives at Wills slash
Pu`ilima talking about why I feel the way I feel about this place. I actually come from a
farmer,hunter,fisherman,construction family.My dad was a construction worker,farmer,
and everything. So we did everything. Farmer, gatherers, fisherman, hunters. We do
everything that we need to do to survive.
Leila Kealoha
Aloha, my name is Leila Kealoha and I am Iwi kuamo`o o Puna (from the bones of my
ancestors of Puna). I was born to John David Kaualalena Kealoha and Gail Bee(Holland)
Kealoha on October 21, 1976 in Hilo,Hawaii. I am the second of four daughters born to
them.I grew up in Puna makai,from Kamoamoa to Kapoho.I spent a lot of time in Kaimn,
Kalapana, Opihikao, Pohoiki as a baby into adulthood. I attended Pahoa Elementary,
Intermediate and High school where I graduated in 1994.I then attended school at Hawaii
Community College in Hilo.
I share about my fathers lineage as he was 100%Kanaka maoli from Puna where I grew
up.He was the third of eight siblings.My grandfather was Gabriel Luka Kealoha III who
was born on Kaimn beach next to Kumakaula heiau where their hale was.He was born to
Gabriel Luka Kealoha Sr. from Kaimn and Cecelia"Sarah" Kaualalena from Keoneoio,
Maui on January 28, 1932. He was one of six siblings. My grandmother was Mary
Kawailam Makuakane who was born in Opihikao and resided at their hale across lac o`io
in Opihikao. She was the fourth of seven siblings and she was born to Thomas
Kaonohiokala Makuakane who was born in Kapoho and Kaulaokeahi"Hattie"Makua who
was born in Opihikao,on June 26, 1934.
My great- grandfather Thomas Makuakane was best known as a fisherman and lauhala
gather amongst many other practices.He was known to fish the entire coastline as he was
a respected person in the community. My grandfather Gabriel worked for him gathering
lauhala and was taken to go holoholo along the coastline. He was taught about the `opae
ula and feeding the opelu ko`a between Kapoho and Opihikao areas. My grandfather
Gabriel and his older sister Elsie were also taught by their mother Sarah to pound `opihi,
gather limu, and fish along the coastline from Kaueleau to Kaimn.He was also one of the
old time fishermen from Pohoiki before there was a boat ramp.He was the main advocate
of how we got our boat ramp.
My father was taught by his dad, my grandpa Gabriel, how to fish along the coastline on
land and in the ocean.He was also taught by his cousin Nohea Peleiholam along with his
brother"If'Gabriel Luka Kealoha IV who would fish into Keauhou,Apua and Hilina pali.
They always fished along the entire coast from Makena to Apua. As a child, I remember
sending my dad off for days at a time to go holoholo with his brother and cousin(s). My
grandfather was known as the `Opihi man, which is one thing my dad and his brother Jr.
were a part of growing up.
My grandpa Gabriel,being from Kaimn, had marry ties to the `ohana of the area. Uncle
Robert Keliiohoomalu was one of his close cousins because they lived right across the
street from each other and they worked and fished together.He was also close with Uncle
John Hale at Pohoiki where he spent a lot of time after moving to Opihikao with my
grandma and fishing out of Pohoiki.Hence why my father was a fisherman on land and the
boat. This is where I got my love and passion for fishing.
My father was also the first one to start Kumakaula Canoe club with two of his cousins
which started right in Kaimn.It later became known as"Kalapana Canoe Club"and is now
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the Puna Canoe Club. My mother also paddled canoe. The men would paddle up from
Kaimu to Pohoiki and then the woman would back from Pohoiki to Kaimu and we used to
follow them up and down the coastline cheering them on.
Howard Konanui
My name is Howard Konanui. I`m of Joseph Kepa Konanui and Elizabeth Enriquez
Konanui. I was born in Hilo Hospital. Raised in Opihikao and when we were about sixth
grade,we moved up Pahoa.We had a house in the back of the elementary school.We lived
there `til I graduated and then I got married. And I am also 70 years old. As far as for my
dad,his father,my grandfather,David Kawika Konanui was born in Kapa`ahu,Kalapana.
That's where he was raised. And when he got married to my grandmother,Lucy Silva,that
was her name. So, actually, she came from Opihikao. So, that's where they moved, to
Opihikao,and that's where they started their family.That's on my dad's side.On my mom's
side, that's Rebecca Kaho`okaulana Enriquez. Now,if I go further back, to her mom, my
grandma actually is Geonovefa Kailikapu. She was Kalua. She was born in 1874 and how
she came, get some place in Kona, I kept asking people from there, where is it?Nobody
heard of it. So anyway, she's from Kona. And then,we don't know how she met Makapo
Kaho`okaulana. So, then, my grandma Rebecca, don't share too much of genealogy. For
some reason why,we don't know. Ok? So, anyway,they live in Puna. She got married to
Makapo Kaho`okaulana and they lived in Puna. So they had six kids and my Tutu Rebecca
was the second oldest. And she was born December 15, 1896 in Kehena. [Howard
Konanui]
Bernice Walker
My name is Bernice Kaho`okaulana Choy Walker. My mother is Abbie Kaho`ohaulana
from Mokuhulu, Kalapana and my dad is Henry Choy from Honolulu. I lived with my
grandpa since I was two or three years old and I lived with him until I graduated from high
school. We lived in Kalapana in Mokuhulu. My grandmother died when I was five years
old so he basically raised me with my aunties.My parents lived in Pahoa.My dad actually
lived in Oahu and my mother lived in Pahoa but I preferred to live with my grandfather,
so I was able to live in Kalapana and I stayed there until I graduated from high school. In
growing up in Kalapana, our days were, go to school, com home, do chores, and do
household things like feeding the pig and making hot water to take a bath and cooking and
cleaning and picking up the rubbish around the place and helping with fire wood and
helping to clean fish and picking `opihi and helping with the meat they brought in when
they went hunting.That was what I did.My uncles would come down and then they would
go hunt and that's how they got the meat.Mokuhulu,way up behind,my grandfather would
go and he would gather honey.I never went,he never took me,but there was some kind of
a,I guess,little hamlet or something up there where he had fruit trees and honey and that's
where they would go. We didn't have electricity down there so that's why we boiled hot
water to take a bath Everybody got a bucket of hot water. One of my chores was to clean
the kerosene lanterns, clean the glass, the aniam, because burning at night it would get
burnt with carbon and so I would have to go in with the newspaper and wipe all the carbon.
That was one of my chores. And what we did for fun down there,what we did was climb
trees and vines, mango and just go running around in the bushes. When my grandfather
would say, "let's go fishing."He wouldn't say, "let's go fishing,"he would say, "let's go
holoholo."We would all pack up our stuff and go down the beach and spend the day,spend
the night. We would fish and we would play on the rocks and watch what was going on.
That was pretty much life.And of course,catching the bus at 6:30 in the morning.The bus
would pick me up to go to school in Pahoa and drop me off,got me to my house at 3:00 in
the afternoon.Yep, so that was my life when I was living in Kalapana.
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Topical Breakouts
The following sections are extended quotations from the interviews, organized by topic.
Interviewees provided information on connections to the project lands, place names and mele,
archaeological sites,gathering practices, change through time, and concerns and recommendations
for proposed development that may occur on the study area parcel.
Connections to the Project Area
So why we starting here? They never have cars like this to go to the beach. Kahakai. So
from Mokuhulu house,Tutu Rebecca's house,that's Enriquez' estate. Over 30 something
acres. Well the Enriquezes gave my Tutu Man, Herman Elia Kaho`okaulana three and a
half acres and that's where my brother now lives.And so from over there,where they were
growing up,they had to walk the trails,walk the road,to go and fish.And when they went,
they went for a couple days.It's not like,they're gonna walk down there and catch a couple
crabs,catch this,they catch that.They went down there,they stayed,sometimes for a whole
week. And one of the places that I learned is,where we're going to end up down there,is
Wills. We went and made ulua, I was about maybe, six years old, seven years old. And
then get my brother, Keona, and my brother Elia, used to go with my mom and my dad.
My dad's dad, Tutu Elia. Uncle Pika sometimes. My uncle, Uncle Sam, Ka`awaloa, he
used to go, sometimes. But that's where I learned about this place, where we're going to
go. I never used to think about this place,it's just a fishing ground,but now, as I grow up
and get older,it becomes more of a spiritual thing.I never like nobody know where I'm at.
So the trail, I wanted the trail just to be just the way it is. And this morning I went down
and I had to look at the trail,follow the trail, and I was like,brah,you still get `em, over
20 years. So anyhow,it became,a really good feeling,that this trail,that,most of the time
I would go by myself. I'd have someone drop me off in the middle of the night, take off
down the trail do my thing. Early in the morning have someone pick me up. But today
when I looked at `em this morning, I was like, "wow. You was like six, seven years old
over there." That place is treacherous now. It's sunk. And development is coming up on
the right side. So we'll see all of that. For me,that trail by itself,I believe,is another way
that our kupunas and the Lord himself preserved me and our family... So across this main
road,the trail would take you all the way down to the beach where we're going to go.I just
wanted to let you guys know. Because Cousin Bernice and I, this was our stomping
grounds. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
I am a lineal descendant.My great grandfather Makapo Kaho`okaulana is laid to rest there.
As well as my tutu wahine Rebecca. Tutu Man Enriquez, cousins and uncle. I have
practiced in caretaking the area with my father who raised me since I was 10.Back then,
we understood the area as an ahupua`a. From uplands to sea. It was never separated by
western ideas of roads and ownerships. I was raised here,raised my children here and still
reside. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
Why this spot is so special to me?Because it brings back happy and good memories.You
know?We used to come down here and fish, hang ulua pole, spend the night, and watch
the ocean,and listen to my grandfather and listen to him talk about the ocean and fish,and
how you fish down here. Its not like one or two times. We used to come down here all the
time.Because we just lived up the road where we came from. [Bernice Walker]
My Uncle Ben's kids, read his letter of how he was raised and the lifestyle that he lived
when they were raised in Kalapana. They were raised in Mokuhulu, Kalapana. For some
reason, the sibling, my grandma, my Tutu Elia, which was her younger brother, and her
other sister, Tutu Kamala, they all live close by, they were neighbors. Each one of them
had their own house. And they had two to three acres next to each other. That's how they
live in Mokuhulu and raise their families down there. So mom said when they were young
they used to walk down,you know,the name is Pu`ilima,right?But mom said they called
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that place Wills. That's what they named it. Wills. They used to walk down from
Mokuhulu,walk down to Wills and they used to bring their clothes down there,wash their
clothes with the old bar soap,you know the old brown kind from before. Military soap or
what. They used to wash their clothes and there used to be a pond down. They used to put
all their clothes in there and wash`em with the soap and wash`em, would go further out
in the ocean and rinse `em out. After you pan rinse `em,you squeeze `em and then you
place them on the stone to kaula`i. That's what they did. [Howard Konanui]
Back then,it was from the mountain to the sea.That was the ahupua`a back then.And they
lived,actually,not only in the bay,they lived further up,Mokuhulu. And if you go further
up to,before Mokuhulu,just coming down,coming into Kalapana.Before you hit the hill.
But you can see,yeah, the view,from the hill on the highway? Actually, it's from there.
There was a,there is a place,actually two place,right and left,my grandma's,I think they
are, the youngest brother or maybe the middle of her siblings passed away so back then,
they bury their loved ones right in,right in their,right over there in the yard actually,their
backyard. So,right in there,their residence. So,and I think,my grandma's brother's grave
is still there even though it,that parcel was bought by her sister's in laws. The Hauanios.
They live in Kalapana too. [Moretta Kanani Balai]
Archaeological Sites
For me, the number one significance is the trail. The trail existed ever since I was here,
five, six, seven years old. Today I'm 68 years old. Even though the trail is ancient, it
remains to be visible.Remains to be a sense that brings me back. It's almost like,once lost
but now found. The trail is so, lasting memories, of those years, beginning with my
grandparents,my dad,my mom,my brothers and sisters. And all the other people that we
used to frequent the trail to go harvesting. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
As mentioned before,the beach is an extension of our family burial grounds,cemetery,and
it is a part of the leina and a part of this complex. This has been a custom in our family for
many generations. There are many other burials even behind my `ohana that are
surrounding our`ohana who do not have headstones.We know these are old and are likely
our predecessors,hence why my `ohana ended up being buried here. [Leila Kealoha]
Also,you know, one thing about Big Island, the palls, it's not like Kona side, get sand.
Iwis are found in the sand.Like Kalapana,like I told you about Drain Pipe?Had that mound
that I was sitting on? The rock I was leaning on was a grave stone. I never know was a
grave.Yeah? So,it's just like how Maui is going through now,the iwi in the sand. It's the
same in Kalapana,Drain Pipes,had iwi. So I really think,I really understand now,when I
hear of Uncle Desmond guys talking about the burials and stuff,there's certain,Hawaiians
where they live in their location,they can be buried on their land or by their home or they
were,because they were some kind of chief or something,they gotta go bury them in the
caves and it's usually along the pali where it's not where people go maha'oi and go pick
and stuff like that.There's a lot of caves that have,there are gravesites that are in the caves
of the pall area. Because the Akuza family, further up as you go and pass our grave,
continuously go where there's Kalanihonua area, if you can picture Kalanihonua, maybe
about a half a mile, or maybe no even half a mile,not too far from there,the Naki family,
the Nakiaunas, they used to live over there. But, over there, on their spot, get graves but
there was also a landmark,crater. Something like Mackenzie,Mackenzie,get three craters
over there. And the only way you go in is through Hauae. You know alongside our
gravesite, further down, I think, not too far... Lava tube but it's round, yeah? I call `em
crater `cause it's round,yeah? And we also have a tube alongside of the road. You know
where the lava, where the residents of Kalapana got moved to the, those who were lava
victims?On the left side,go further down the Red Road,on the side where they can go and
build another site for their home? [Kikala and Keokea]...But I bet you,had,know what I
mean? Had dakine inside there. It's just that they never, who would think? But when I
would listen to Uncle Desmond,I tell you,I believe,I believe our Hawaiians,they go bury
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their loved ones and that's where they go, they take them to the caves. [Morreta Kanani
Balai]
As far as the burials, I haven't seen any burial sites makai side of the road. And whether
you get down to the beach, whether it's on the left side or the right side of us, I've never
encountered any grave sites so I don't really know. Except the grave sites that we have
mauka side of the road. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana].
The biggest thing, I see,is just the trail. The trail to me,after the first meeting and during
the first meeting, there was something about that trail that I thought, I gotta go visit that
place again.And here I am today. So significant.Here I was,five,six,seven years old,and
now I'm 68 and the trail was, "I gotta go find `em." And I found `em. And it feels good.
And why?It goes from here all the way back to the house. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
[S]o it's also a residential,a place where,back in the day,they never have roof,wood and
stuff, was all pili grass, thatched... And rock formation where they can set their house in
that area...residential.It could be pillars or stone walls but there is a road to go in. [Moretta
Balai]
Yeah, `cause she lived, Tutu Kauanoe, she lived to like, in her 90s. Tutu Kauanoe. She's
buried in that cemetery further down where the development is trying to develop.Anyway,
she's the only grave over there,are stacked up with stones...And my grandma remembered
that when they, when the family get together, they had salt, lauhala mat, tapa ready for
wrap her body. And that's how they buried her and then. So that was,Tutu Kauanoe. Was
buried over there.But no plaque.Name,nothing. That was passed down to generations,to
me, to know that that's Tutu Kauanoe that's buried over there... Yeah, so, my grandma
used to tell us where she wanted to be buried because her, she had, six children. I'm the
seventh,she adopted.But,between Aunty Pat and Uncle Clinton,her name was Catherine.
And she was, her baby, was thrown up by the babysitters. And my grandma was a hard-
working lady so she was working. Never, come home,that's when she found out that her
baby was unresponsive and baby had,um, all she could see was bruise,my grandma said.
Bruise on her head. So maybe was from a fall. All they told her, all we did was, all was
going through her head was, she must have fall. So anyway,that was the reason why her
baby Catherine buried there. She was only,grandma said she was only six months. [Moretta
Kanani Balai]
That trail we walked on today is one of two trails.There's one further in the middle.I think
the one further in the middle is used more than that one.But I don't know,years have gone
by,and maybe now people just that one that we were on today. [Bernice Walker]
According to Howard (Konanui), his cousin said our grandfather is buried there... [GM:
On this side of the road?] Yes. The family never talked about,when my great-grandfather
died.My grandfather never said anything to us.Makapo Kaho`okaulana. My grandfather,
I lived with my grandfather. Back then, I had my grandfather and two aunties. And we
would all come down here. We would go fish. Over here,used to have ponds with water
but they're not there anymore. Maybe because the ground sank, and they all fell in the
water?I think that point over there(pointing to east)went out further.But with erosion and
stuff. Look the fish jumping. My grandfather would always tell us, "Stay low and Don't
move around and stand up high," and you know. `Cause they can see you. So it was kind
of like old teachings. [Bernice Walker]
But those are those areas where... when you came in I talked to you about the, there's a
grave in the back...on our cemetery there is probably maybe 8,9 feet,the length,the width,
but it's a big grave. I think this man was either an ali`i or a warrior,but the headstone is
huge,the back of,in the back of,I think was Uncle Waiau's grave.There's our tutu's grave,
Gabriel,Uncle Gabriel's dad, and next to, above his headstone is William Waiau. That is
a relative,first generation relative to Gabriel Kealoha.They both,he considered...William
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Waiau considered Gabrial as brothers. So the Waiau family also come and they're residents
still in Kaimn. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
But if you look at it they had the trail, they walk straight down, instead of you walking
along the road. So it was much shorter.Although it was far.But it was a straight shot going
down.You see? So.That was what my mom told us on that video and I knew she had said
something about that so I had to go back and watch it and yes,that is what she spoke about.
That area. And that area,right above is where her grave stay. [Howard Konanui]
Pu'ilima is documented as our Kahookaulana `ohana ko`a. Fishing. My `ohana practiced
traditional gathering rights within this area. There is a trail from Mokuhulu into Pu`ilima
and Kalachiamoe. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
So,wasn't only the spot,was a pretty big spot and so,only Tutu Kauanoe is buried there.
Where I told you she's buried. And she's not the only one that's buried over there. At the
other grave site there's Pe'as and Leongs and Kealohas too.Only because they're relative.
They intermarried. The Pe'as. That's why. The side of, and in the back get graves and in
the front, that's Leslie's `ohana over there if I'm not mistaken. Konanuis over there. The
rest of the graves is in Opihikao. Another extension too is,there's graves across the street
where they're planning on developing.Because it's untouched,there's plenty,I remember,
I don't know about nowadays,if it still remains the same. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
She (Rebecca Kaho`okaulana Enriquez) was the first one to be buried there. Then my
grandfather,which is on the Kalapana side of her grave was put there. And my cousin on
the right side of her,Kapoho side.Died in a car accident. My uncle put him there. And he
was young,like say, in the early 20s. Yeah. So, that so far, is the only, oh, and then, my
other cousin, her baby, I think was, still born. Is put in-between my grandma and my
grandpa.Right there by the noni tree. [Howard Konanui]
Does William Waiau and Gabriel Kealoha, they buried next together! My tutu, my great
grand tutu, she said, you know why they close? That's her father buried in the back of
Gabriel Kealoha. And I was like,"what?" She said,"yeah,that's my dad."How come,all
our family buried behind the Keliihoomalu family?Oh,right over here,on the Waiau land?
But I don't see my dad, come to find out, I had the paper, I write them down in case the
rain and whatever,yeah? We always go put the sharpie for make `em more,readable, in
case the family like come. So she said, "yeah,this is my dad. Buried in the back of your
tutu."And I was like,"yeah,every time we go make sure whoever come visit that William
Waiau can see the printing `cause the printing was fading every time rain. Well actually
sweating,because it's really hot over there. So the printing would sometimes disappear.
And yeah,that's what we would do. We would mark`em the same way with his name,the
birth,the death, dates,in case the family come and visit. She said, "They are treated, my
dad buried over there because he was very close to Kealoha." Like his brother. Because
her tutu, William Waiau's mother, Elizabeth Kaapana Kahan, took care of Gabriel
Kealoha. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
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YP
e r,
Figure 13 Ancient coastal trail that connects the study area to the `a`a land to the east and
Mokuhulu. Left: coastal trail looking towards the study area where the trail has been damaged.
Right:Uncle Sam Kaho`okaulana walking along the historic coastal trail.
Gathering Practices and Mo`olelo
And all the other people that we used to frequent the trail to go harvesting. And this is
fishing ulua, fishing for shoreline fishing, enenue, Aholehole, moi, popa`a, and maybe
today,might have a lot of ta`ape and so forth But I haven't been here for over 20 years,so
I don't really know. The limu,the limu kohu, can be harvested. But it be used to more to
the right from this point,along the papa,the reefs,that you can actually see today. There's
a lot of limu. Then `opihi picking, a`ama, this is a good place. Especially when nobody
comes here and harvest. This was a good place, always providing kaukau for our family.
[Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
Get plenty medicinal plants growing in the front and on the left side of that property...
`Uhaloa. `Uhaloa is mostly,is readily grown over there in that area that I know of. `Uhaloa.
Plus get, further down where's there's vegetation, get kukui, a lot of kukui nut trees
growing on the right side. Also,the `ohia trees also medicinal. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
There has been much already said and stated by our kupuna that's already documented on
this topic.I'd like to defer to my elders on this. One mo'olelo that was shared to me by my
papa who is Rebecca's son was....Kaipu`uelelu sits above our fishing grounds.All of our
kupuna are laid to rest here and in stories,they make their way as water do downhill to our
fishing grounds. So whatever we gather in our `ohana ko`a is a direct reflection of what
our kupuna have provided for us. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
Uncle Ula Kuahiwinui had boat, Uncle Gabriel had boat, so you know, always, that spot
and Hilina Pali spot, all along the coast, coming as they come from Pohoiki out, they all
knew the spots for go holoholo. For even know what, the time of seasons and what they
going get. Yeah, for our gravesite, is good ulua fishing spot over there. So people go,
mostly men,though,they take their truck,park their truck and then they walk in.It's rough.
But the path been there long time. Grandma knew. That that's good spot to go holoholo
and also. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
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It is always custom to go and visit our kapuna after they have been buried to honor them.
When my grandmother died,this was not the first time I had been to the graves. She used
to take us to visit our kapuna there growing up and so did my dad. My dad would always
fish down there too. The beach at Pu`ilima is an extension of our family burial grounds.
Our kapuna who pass get buried and they eventually become the nutrients that feed the
earth below them which extends to the sea. This is the,"Leina." [Leila Kealoha]
We used to harvest ko`oko`olau tea from the mauka side of the road from here.But today,
I don't see any. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
You got to have four-wheel drive though to go in. All the fishermens, they know that.
There's only one area over that's accessible for the fishermens to go in and do that.
[Morreta Kanani Balai]
You know,in the area there's also that papa down below. And there was limu kohu there.
That's the gathering place for limu kohu. [Bernice Walker]
There was something that was laying down on my,laying on my heart,to call you and let
you know if it's ok that I can add to what we were talking about...You know the,the, our
family grave area. Yeah? The piece across, or the land across, of the cemetery,the road?
... It's a well-known spot over there. Also,it, it might have,you know the pali. It's a pali
over there. But it's also, my grandma said, Elsie Leimanu Kealoha, married name
Naungayan. She said that it was a good kahakai spot... Kahakai spot, meaning holoholo
spot go pick `opihi, `a`ama crab, and fishing. Especially for certain kind of fish too like
black ulua. Or the other kind,you know,the flying fish back in the day. All that kind.But
over there is a highly, it's like a landmark to the lawai`a, the people who are fishermen.
Especially like my grandma and my grandma's brother, Leila's grandpa, Uncle Gabriel
Kealoha.Yeah.Yeah,they're all fishermen.And whether it's fishermen,fishing or kahakai,
you know go pick `opihi, `a`ama crab, or even go pick limu. It is not only accessible to
them, our family,but when Pohoiki was a ramp,was a fishing.... Pohoiki was a gathering
place for fishermen to come with their boat and it was accessible because it had the ramp
and everything. But the fishing spot was always Kaimn, Kalapana area. [Moretta Kanani
Balai]
I remember when we dug my grandpa's grave, my cousins and I walked the trail down to
the beach and they were blocking it off... As we walked up to the beach, I came across a
huge ko`ele shell polished white just sitting on the beach! I knew instantly that this was my
grandfather saying hello to me.I placed that shell on his chest before we closed his casket.
Every time I go down there I find the ko`ele shell and think of my grandpa. This is our
kapuna talking to us.I even used one to make a sign for my aunty Emily who had me make
a sign with her parents' names on top and I put two `opihi shells on each side of the sign
from that beach [Leila Kealoha]
And after they finish wash all of their clothes,they used to go look for lauhala,they would
pick opihi, ha`uke`uke, and limu and even the pa`o, the fish. That's what they call the
jumping jacks,you know in the ponds?My uncle said they used to make `em raw. And
that's what they used to eat,the pa`o. So they would spend the whole day down there. So
in the afternoon, mom said the clothes was all dry already, so they'd pick up the clothes
and walk back home Mokuhulu.Where Tutu Elia's house,that's where Boa stay now.And
then right next to there,that's where Tutu Rebecca's house was.Little bit inside,but that's
where the house was. And if you go little bit more, get the great big water tank,that area
there is what we call Mokuhulu. [Howard Konanui]
There's a reason why it's named Pu`ilima. And the fishing moon would go fishing over
there,it's accessible. `Cause they go and camp for a couple days,especially for nowadays,
ulua tournaments and you know all the stuff like that,yeah? That area is the highly, the
fishermen who knows, that is a spot. Iconic to the fishermen but also it could also, for
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people picking `a`ama, that is also an area that my grandma says, that is a good place to
pick`opihi and `a`ama crab. [Morreta Kanani Balai]
So,we didn't go to the fishing area down there because actually, since we lived Opihikao,
our area is Opihikao and you don't go maha`oi somebody else's territory. [Howard
Konanui]
The only thing would be,I'm always looking in the back.You have this,scary feeling,and
so every once in a while,you go fishing, "what was that?" Or you feel a breeze pass by
and,"what was that?"But you just keep focused. "I came here to make kaukau,and that's
what I came here to do. I can't let you," You meaning, whether it was a good spirit,bad
spirit,all I know is,it was a time where I'm always on my toes.Very alert and aware of my
surroundings even though it was dark.And then there's times it seems,I could see at night,
without the light. It's like angels.Angels protecting me to do what I gotta do. And once its
over, pick up the bag and it's full with what I came for. Menpachi at night, `aweoweo,
aholehole,and early in the morning,catch some enenue,popa`a.And when the bucket was
full it was time to go home.Kaukau,eat with the family. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
I was like, ok, now... my aunty, my great great aunty, she's Dolly. Her maiden name is
Moke. She married Moke, lived in Keaukaha. But she's a Waiau. Aunty Dolly Waiau
Moke. She told me the story that in Kalapana, in the bay, it was highly common for the
ali`is to come, relax, and that's what they did, surf over there, in Kaimu Bay. And they
would have to prepare kaukau,you know, for the ali`is to come eat and serve and stuff.
Yeah.But that's the only thing I don't know is,who was the ali`i then,in Kalapana. That,
I don't know. I would love to know. In the 17, 1800s. Or maybe way more back. [Morreta
Kanani Balai]
My father was related to everyone along our coastline and having a large family we spent
a lot of time at family parties and`ohana homes.One thing that I want to share is about our
family deaths. At first I was scared of dead bodies, then when I was 8-years old, my
grandmother died. I remember vividly my cousins and I were just stuck by her casket,
hugging and kissing her and crying because she was gone. We had a big funeral in honor
of her and we buried her at Makena gravesite. This is where my grandfather's family is all
buried. When we went to bury my grandmother,we dug a big hole in the ground and lined
the walls with rocks so the sides don't cave in.Then they build a wooden box to put inside
and that is what we put the casket in.There were so many people and flowers that day.My
dad and his brothers were the ones to dig the hole and place her in her final resting place.
The hole is dug days or a week before the burial. When that part is done, we always go
across the street to the beach to get in the water and spend time together. This was so we
could cleanse and be close to where my grandma would eventually go.We believe that our
`ohana will eventually end up in the ocean.We call this the leina or the lele,the place where
the spirits cross over. This is why we bury close to the beach or cliff; if not right next to
the beach or the cliff. [Leila Kealoha]
Placc Names and Mcic
I consider this place,'Wills'.I don't know but there's a long story about it.About Pu`ilima. [Samuel
Kaho`okaulana]
So mom said when they were young they used to walk down, you know, the name is Pu`ilima,
right? But mom said they called that place Wills. That's what they named it. Wills. [Howard
Konanui]
Some years later, my great-grandmother Sarah died and we buried her right next to my
grandmother. Previous to my grandmother, my great grandfather and great-great
grandmother and father were buried there and my great-granduncles as well. Over the
years, my grandfather's sister Elsie and her daughter Geraldine were buried there as well.
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In 2003,my grandfather died.It was a big funeral.We held his funeral at my aunty Dottie's
house and then the next day we went down to Pohoiki and backed down the boat ramp one
last time and then took him to our Makena gravesite which is when it was the first time that
my cousins were the ones to place our kupuna into the ground.This is also when my cousin
Kanani who was raised by our great-grandmother Sarah told us of the name Kaipueleu as
the old name of the cemetery. [Leila Kealoha]
I [Leila Kealoha] also share the following references in respect to place names:
As noted,these names refer to specific things,yet the kaona(meaning)behind these names
can be different. All of these names have reference to the practices used by the people of
these areas such as fish,bones,canoes and people who traversed this area
Kaipueleu: Ka ipu N. Hanger for ipu, calabashes. `Ele.`n N. A dark-skinned people to be
descended from a chief of this name. (Not cap.)A hard stone, sometimes used as a fishing
god. `eleu vs. Active, alert, energetic, lively, nimble, quick, dexterous, agile, spry,
sprightly,prompt. Also `uleu. ho.`eleu Caus/sim.;to animate, stir into action,animated.
Kalaehiamoe: ka.la`e 1. vs. Clear, calm, unclouded. ho`o.ka.la`e To cause to clear; to
become clear. 2. n. Swelling,probably due to failing circulation. la`e Same as la`ela`e 1;
pure in sentiment(Hal. 19.8). Cf.kala`e.ho`o.la`e To clear up,brighten. (PCP lake.)lac n.
1.Forehead,brow.Nalulu ka lae,to have a headache. (PPN We.)2. Cape,headland,point,
promontory. (PEP la`e.) 3. Wisdom; mental or emotional qualities. Cf. lac o`o, lac pa`a,
lac `ula, and idioms poha 1; po`ohu 1. ho`o.lae To pretend to be wise; to act smart;
pretentious. 4. An insulting term, followed by qualifiers, referring to kaua, outcasts, who
had dots tattooed on their foreheads(Maio 70-2). Cf.lac kiko,lac mamo,lac puni.
hia.moe nvi. Sleep; to sleep, fall asleep, asleep. Kona hiamoe `ana, his sleeping.
Holoholona hiamoe, sloth.Hiamoe i ka make,to sleep in death,die. ho`o,hia.moe To put
to sleep, lull to sleep, to pretend to sleep; soporific. La`au ho`ohiamoe, sleeping tablet or
drug. (PPN fiamohe.)
Makena: 1. nvi.Mourning,wailing,lamentation;to wail,lament,weep for joy.Nona keia
makena e uwe `ia mai nei (For. 4.47), this wailing that is being sobbed forth here is for
him. (PPN matenga.) 2. n. Calm, of sea, atmosphere. Cf. make, dead. ma.kena vs. Many,
numerous;often,much.
Pu`ilima: Pn n. Head of octopus or squid. n. Canoe endpiece,both fore and aft. nvt. Coil
of hair,topknot of hair;rope or line,as attached to sticks in an`opelu net;rope attached to
the front of an unfinished canoe to haul it to the shore; olona string used in the game pn
kaula; snotter holding the end of the sprit of a sail;to coil;to gather in, as sails;to form a
topknot.Pn i ka wa`a,ceremony during which a head craftsman prayed that the gods would
protect the newly carved canoe hull as it was drawn from the forest to the sea;to attach a
line to a canoe; such a line. Kaulapa pn (For. 6:483), drag or towline. Pn i ka lauoho, to
form the hair in a topknot. part. Together, entirely, completely, also with, together with.
Short for Puna. `ilima 1. n. Small to large native shrubs (all species of Sida, especially S.
fallax),bearing yellow, orange, greenish, or dull-red flowers; some kinds strung for leis.
The flowers last only a day and are so delicate that about 500 are needed for one lei.Fruits
of ma`o (Abutilon grandifolium),when green and soft, are used with`ilima leis, one fruit
at each end of the lei;or the pale-green,cap-like calyx of the `ilima flower is used.A mild
laxative for babies is made by squeezing out the juice of flowers; this is called
kanakamaika`i. The `ilima was designated in 1923 by the Territorial Legislature as the
flower of Oahu. It is related to the hibiscus. (Neal 552-3.) See songs, noweo,pue 1; cf.
`apiki. Ola no i ka pua o ka`ilima,healing in the `ilima flower(reference to its medicinal
use).
Kaimu:ka 1.nvt.To hit,strike,throw,smite,hack,thrust,toss,fling,hurl,dash,especially
with a quick hard stroke;to bail water,as from a canoe;to clean,as weeds or mud from a
pond;to fling the arms or swing them while walking;to make net meshes;to tie,as thatch
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battens;to knit;to fish with a pole;to turn the soil;nvt. Canoe bailer;to bail. (PPN taa.)n.
Container, hanger. Incoming, of a current. Hip bone, pelvis. imu n. Underground oven;
food cooked in an imu. Also umu. (PPN `umu.) Rock and coral fish trap; the fisherman
might insert a branch into an opening at one side to frighten the fish into a surrounding net.
Also ahu,umu. [Leila Kealoha]
Change Through Time
But what I recognize is development is happening. Again it's,you know,sixty years went
by and changes is going on. People have interests in the land. It's a beautiful spot. And if
you go build on it,do something beautiful. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
Yes.When our last kapuna Milo grove was butchered down.It created a sadness in me that
can't be explained in words. There are only a few areas left on our coastline that represent
what our kupuna lived within. It should have never been destroyed by developers. [Leslie
Enriquez Rosehill]
Ulua spot is right there. And the big ulua stick would be sticking out from over there,
leaning that way. And then our little tent with a rock wall would be right up that way. It's
pretty much filled in.After all these years,the cliff is sinking.The waves came up,it looks
like, took a lot of rocks out with them. That's our fishing spot, right there. I noticed,this
morning, though, if you look back to the right, is the conventional `ohi`a pole stands.
[Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
The erosion.The dropping of the land over here.When we had those big earthquakes.This
land over here has dropped considerably.And this spot right over here is where we used to
camp. Inside this little cove on the under. We used to put a tarp over the top. Used to be a
little bigger though. [Bernice Walker]
We were grumbling because we were trying to figure out why they were blocking the trail
to the beach,which we all grew up using and going down to fish and swim. [Leila Kealoha]
I didn't see it,but from what I was told.When you came down from that highway,the road
you come down and then the road used to fork,the left side you go Red Road,the left side
you go down in the back in Kaimu. But in front had this bunch of coconut trees where
people go picnic and used to have one old road. And that old road used to go right across
the bay and hit the other side of Kaimu Road. That's how it used to be. I never did see it
but I just saw that old road and just from what all our kupunas told us,that road used to go
all the way across.And then,the lava flow came and took everything,and now it's all gone.
That is what I remember about Kaimu and you know, the left side, that so called
subdivision,back in those days,the local people used to go on the shoreline.Right around
that subdivision that go all the way up to Pu'ilima to go throw net.Because my uncle folks
used to go up there to go holoholo. The people before time,they didn't have an issue with
the people going in front and throw net. It was all ok. But nowadays, oh my gosh, you
cannot do that. I don't care where you go,times have changed. Well,because the kupunas
is not around to go holoholo, 1, I'm not the type to go around and maha'oi. So, I would
rather stay in my own area. And,I don't have issue. [Howard Konanui]
Gentrification is the only negative encounter.We have learned to live with the Pele and as
she comes and goes,it's never been a loss but a blessing for more land being created. It's
not the same perspective as foreigners have of destruction. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
The last I will share about is when my father passed away in 2022.This has been the hardest
burial of them all.My father died on November 18,2022.1 had to help get everything ready
for my dad to get buried down there on December 13.1 met my cousin down there to check
out where we were going to dig his hole and I saw signs across the street about a subdivision
and they had bulldozed.My Uncle who was passing by had stopped and asked me if I knew
what was going on,and I said,"no."In the midst of trying to get ready for my dad's funeral
and burial I did not reach out to the planning department. On the day we went to bury my
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dad, I pulled up and my dad's cousin, one of his diving partners, was standing in the
driveway with papers in his hand.His eyes were bloodshot,which was what my dad's eyes
looked like most of the time and he was pissed.He handed me the papers and it was about
the property across that street and what they were doing. It was almost like my dad was
speaking through him with his bloodshot eyes and his wild and bodinky hair.I hugged my
uncle and told him thank you for reminding me and for sharing the paperwork.He spent a
lot of time with my dad fishing all over. After burying my dad and having the pa`ina
afterwards,plenty of my `ohana were talking about the property and if we knew what was
going on and no one seemed to know. On December 23, 2022 I contacted the planning
department to see what was going on and to share that I was totally against this
development. I was contacted back and in the beginning of January,my cousin and I went
in to meet with the SMA planners. We were told that we would be contacted if any more
development was to move forward and over one and a half years my aunty called me the
day before the hearing that they were having the planning commission meeting for this
property.No one contacted us back and the developers stated that there was no opposition
to this project. [Leila Kealoha]
Kalapana area. When you drive and you come down to the end of the, see this(pointing at
map). This is the inside of Kalapana,where there's the Catholic church. Used to have, if
you can see the awa bar and took, I don't know how long, the lava acreage took behind
Uncle Robert's place, is all covered with lava. But back then, it's how used to look like
(showing photos). 1823, 1850s. And here you can see the Catholic Church, still remain.
Back in the 80s used to be.Remains right there.Yeah. And then around here(points),that
you cannot see,had big,huge ponds shallow enough for us kids swim in.Back in the 80s.
And um,I wanted to show you that. [Moretta Kanani Balai]
If you guys go, see if the trail, if the bulldozers push the stones and what not. If they did,
can we get the Native Hawaiian Legal Core involved? Because they're destroying our
cultural heritage. It's not good.Not good. [Howard Konanui]
Concerns and Recommendations
Continuing access could be a big concern because we know and we hear of other
landowners who have beach front who close off the shoreline and say,"This is my property,
you can't pass through here." And that is something that I personally do not want to see
happening.People who come from the land,the ocean,down in that area,they know what's
what and where,you know,they can go and gather and for you know,outsiders to come in
and tell you, "you cannot do this, you cannot do that," that is just not right. [Bernice
Walker]
That place is treacherous now. It's sunk. And development is coming up on the right side.
So we'll see all of that. [Samuel Kaho`okaulana]
This area is very significant to our `ohana. The area has already been bulldozed of our
Kupuna trees that my kdpuna have fed from their decomposed bodies,gates put up,blocked
access to the beach and total disregard to our gathering and religious practices of this area.
Pu`ilima, Kalachiamoe, Kaipueleu and Makena are part of a cultural and burial complex
that has already been negatively impacted by Kaimu Cove,LLC and it will have an even
more detrimental impact to our`ohana if anything is built/constructed on this property. It
will obstruct the leina,place unwanted waste into the ground that will affect the tidepools,
limu,and fish and the possibility of more destruction of other archeological sites that have
already been disturbed. As I mentioned before, our kdpuna bury either right next to the
beach or cliffs and there is a good likelihood that there may be burials within this area as
well. [Leila Kealoha]
This parcel is a part of the cycle of our kdpuna,whose remains rest here. Their journey is
not static it continues, returning to the sea as part of a living process of ancestral flow.
Documented in many resources,including Chiefs Of Hawaii by Kamakau.This land is not
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just a location, it is a passage. Our kapuna are buried here, and their cycle continues. To
disturb this place is to interrupt a rhythm that has long been in motion. While others may
no longer recognize these documented sites as significant,they remain deeply important to
us as lineal descendants. These are not just coordinates on a map,they are chapters of our
history and anchors of our identity.Dismissing their importance erases lived memory and
undermines the kuleana we carry to protect and honor them. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
Also it has caves.Along that pali get caves. So,never been touched. So all those areas right
there cannot be developed. Seriously. Because number one,there's caves on the pali area
over there,also there might be people back in the day,our`ohanas back in the day used to
probably live there... [Morreta Kanani Balai]
As the years have gone by we feel like they have kicked us out of our gathering place.
Pu`ilima was not just a place to go holoholo which we all did,but it is a place where we
aukai/pikai or go and cleanse and rinse when we are preparing for a family burial. Many
of our family members have used this area for generations and now it feels like we are not
allowed to.How come?I don't think anyone else would like it if we came to their homeland
and put up a gate and blocked access to where their kapuna are buried or where they go to
honor their kapuna? [Leila Kealoha]
I would be really happy if they don't destroy the coastline. There's the section. When the
lava came down,it took the shoreline,but that's the only piece of that older shoreline left.
So I would rather that stay the way it is. And that's my hope anyway,if that can happen.If
they can leave it pristine like it is,that'd be great. [Bernice Walker]
Not building. This area should be represented as conservation lands as its surrounding areas
are. It is a part of the Kaipu`ueleu Complex, in the 1970 red road survey, where it's
documented that there are many burials and the road itself that was designed and put in did
not exclude burials to be within the makai region of the complex. 8,000 burials units of
note, supports that statement. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
Well if they don't touch this stretch of the coastline,I don't have a problem because that's
private property. But from what my cousin Ilona said, our great grandfather is buried in
there somewhere. Remember what she said? Don't know what the place looks like. We
didn't know about it. So that would be something we would like to know about.We would
like to be able to find that. That I would be interested in. [Bernice Walker]
Why I feel that that area should be preserved is,that is our culture and our heritage.Because
that's where my mom folks was taught that we live off the ocean and when you go down
to the ocean you make your time worthwhile. You maximize whatever you have to do
down there. So that you can accomplish a lot of things. And it taught them how to live off
of the ocean. So now that's very,very important. If we don't have for our culture, we're
going to lose a lot, our identity. So all of these things, once it's destroyed,then it's gone.
We won't be able to show the future generations what it used to be like.You know,because
I give you an example. You know for a poi pounder, for the pa`i ku`i `ai? And then the
pohaku ku`i `ai. If you have that,you can pass that down to the future generations. And
they can show the children, the grandchildren what it means to ku`i kalo. Because they
have something to hold. If you don't have your board and stone it's hard for the future
generations to grasp what you are talking about. So it works in the same principle as the
`aina. The place. If you don't have a place to show them what has been done.You know?
Then they won't understand.Because,like,even for my dad when we go fishing like that,
he showed me the areas where the moi stay,where the aholehole stay, and he even when
he died,the areas where the lobster holes stay,where the certain fishes would stay,like say
for the kole,you know?We don't have access to that area that,it's all gone. So,that's why
for me,it's important and you know,it's for my mom,for my Tutus, all the kdpunas that
when passed. They cannot speak up for themselves. Now it's our time to speak for them
because they taught us all of this. We should be the one that speaks for them because they
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taught us and they taught us well. So that we can honor them for what they passed down to
us. That's my mana`o. [Howard Konanui]
Maybe not only me, my cousin Leila's side,you know, all passed down already. We all
know. And that cemetery over there, my grandma said, "this is the family cemetery.
Whoever pass away can bury over here."That's our family cemetery. Oh, and you know,
when you little,ok,this is mine,this is mine,I'm gone be buried over there,I'm gonna be
buried over here neat to my grandma. [Moretta Kanani Balai]
Gentrification.Kaimn is of a space that is humble. We don't have much in regards to
money or land.But many of our families that are descendants are still here and are a living
culture, we are rich in practices and traditions.Because we are in a zone where land is
cheaper than other places,but cash speaks volumes. It encourages those who have cash on
hand to purchase and invest.The actions of these developers have already set the precedent
that they are not culturally respectful or mindful. Therefore, leading the destruction and
separation we have to embody our kdpuna in our spaces that we are gated off from and
locked out of. [Leslie Enriquez Rosehill]
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SUMMARY OF ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY
The six interviewees shared their extensive knowledge and experiences of Kaimu, particularly the
connection between the study area with Native Hawaiian families from the linked upland area of
Mokuhulu and with burial grounds for iwi kupuna. All of the interviewees have long-standing ties
to the project area and each have ancestors that are buried at the linked Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery
(Kaipuelu). Each of the interviewees recalls being taken by kupuna to engage in fishing and/or
marine provisioning practices along the oceanfront of the project area and surrounding coastline.
Kupuna (elders) interviewed include Samuel Kaho`okaulana, Bernice Walker, Howard Konanui,
and Morreta Kanani Balai.These kupuna each grew up with strong dependencies on Puna coastlines
for subsistence-based survival. Bernice Walker and Samuel Kaho`okaulana recall ulua fishing and
spending time with their families at the project area. Morreta Kanani Balai is the genealogist of her
`ohana and holds knowledge of traditional burial practices (e.g. wrapping iwi in kapa before being
interred) and participated in these practices as a child with her Tutu Kauanoe. Leslie Lihaunani
Enriquez Rosehill and Leila Kealoha are part of the next generation of leaders within the Puna
community. Leila Kealoha holds memories of her grandfather and father fishing via boat and her
family paddling wa`a along the coastline fronting the project area. She actively practices burial
ceremony that is dependent on access to the project area. Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill
continues to steward the resting place of these ancestors at Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery and actively
engages in subsistence gathering and stewardship. The interviewees expressed a diversity of
connections and memories of the Pu`ilima area,most of all the treasured memories of this area and
time spent there with their elders and ancestors. The interviewees established a clear connection
between the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground across the street and the study area, with a variety of
relationships between the upland area and the coastline established. These include the feeding of the
kupuna trees and fishing grounds of Pu`ilima from ancestors' bodies and spirits, leina for these
ancestors, and kinolau-based communication from ancestors (e.g. `opihi ko`ele). These connected
areas function within a cohesive ahupua`a system.
The interviewees identified a rich myriad of natural resources, cultural practices, archaeological
sites, and vibrant landscape of mo`olelo and place names. Cultural practices within the project area
include `aukai and pikai (cleansing and rinsing after burial practices) and gathering and fishing
grounds for a variety of species including plants for medicinal uses (ko`oko`olau, `uhaloa, and
`6hi`a) and weaving (lauhala), fish (ulua, aholehole, enenue, po`opa`a, moi, menpachi, aweoweo,
kole,and pao`o),limu: limu(general)and limu kohu,and invertebrates(`opihi,lobsters,and `a`ama
crab). This stretch of coastline is used for`6hi`a-pole based ulua fishing. Howard Konanui spoke of
brackish pools where families from Mokuhulu would wash and dry clothes. The most
archaeologically significant site near the project area includes the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery,
immediately upland of the project area.The interviewees recall many ancestors who are buried there,
including family that they have laid to rest there. The many kaona associated with the place names
of Kalachiamoe, Kaipu`uelelu, Pu`ilima, and Makena suggest a site of great mana, of healing
practices, and as a place for ancestors to rest in slumber.
Kaipu`uelelu is an active burial ground where current lineal descendants plan to be interred and plan
for their descendants to be interred.Archaeological sites linked to the project area include the ancient
and significant coastal trail that had connected the project area(affected by recent land clearing)to
the ulua fishing grounds immediately to the east and connects to Kaipu`uelelu and the Mokuhulu
trail, fishing campsites, and historic residential sites. The continuity and presence of the trail has
spiritual meaning to interviewees. The beach fronting the burial ground was described as a leina,or
a jumping off point for the spirits buried upland to enter p6. Interviewees shared that ancestor,
Makap6 Kaho`okaulana is laid to rest on the makai side of the road on the project area and that there
is a potential for burials within the pall neighboring the project area or the lava tube on the property.
Given the stories of iwi being emplaced and hidden within caves along the pall (cliffs) of Puna,
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including the neighboring lava tube of Hauae in Kikala,it is likely that there are iwi that have been
deposited within the pall fronting the project area. Pu`ilima holds the ko`a of the Kaho`okaulana
family.
Interviewees have observed significant changes in the area including rapid coastal subsidence and
cliff line sinking due to erosion and earthquake activity, increased development in the immediate
Kaimu area that has diminished fishing practices on fronting coastal stretches,and the Pele geologic
flow that inundated Kaimu Bay. Past development in that subdivision has discouraged interviewees
and practitioners from continuing subsistence practices such a throw net and holoholo due to maha`oi
attitudes of new residents. Recent land clearing by developers has harmed the ancestral noni and
milo groves located within the project area, representations of kupuna stewardship that are lost.
There have been rock blockades and gates put up that have blocked the trail to the beach and access
for gathering and burial-related practices.
Finally,during the ethnographic interviews,questions,concerns,and recommendations were shared
pertaining to the proposed project.
Interviewee concerns include:
• The project area is part of a cultural and burial complex that has ancestrally, is
actively, and will continue to serve as a site of great significance for the Native
Hawaiian communities of Pu`ilima,Kalachiamoe,Kaipu`uelelu, and Makena.
• Any building or construction that occurs within the project area will obstruct the
leina.
• The project area is known to be home to the burial site of ancestor Makapo
Kaho`okaulana.
• Development will place waste into the ground which will affect the limu,intertidal
zone, and fish that lineal descendants depend on to sustain subsistence-based
livelihoods.
• There are few stretches of coastline in Kalapana that have ancestral milo groves
like the ones within the project area that have been harmed by recent land clearing.
• There has already been damage done to the coastal trail and ancestral forest groves
in the project area.
• The project has already been negatively impacted by the Kaimu Cove LLC who
has shown disregard for gathering and religious practices and have proven not to
be culturally respectful or mindful.
• Development of the area facilitates gentrification of the humble and culturally-rich
Native Hawaiian community of Kaimu.
• Gating and blockage of access by current property owners has discouraged
continuity of burial cleansing and gathering linked to ocean access from the project
area.
• Others may not recognize these sites as significant,but they continue to hold great
kuleana and significance to lineal descendants.
• Once the area is destroyed, it's gone and altered to all future generations to have
the same experiences there as their kupuna.
• The kupuna that have passed cannot speak for themselves,it is up to living lineal
descendants to speak for them.
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• It is likely that burials may be encountered in the project area and may reside within
the cliff face.
• The coastline has already shifted significantly with coastal subsidence; coastal
erosion and subsidence are likely in the future. It was described by an
interviewee as "treacherous."
• There has been a lack of communication with lineal descendants regarding this area
from the SMA planners and planning commission in the past.
The interviewees recommended the following:
• The project area should not be developed due to the spiritual,religious,natural,and
cultural sensitivities of the area.
• Do not disturb this coastline, including the coastal forest groves on the project
parcel, as there are few remnants of the ancestral coastline like this in Kalapana
due to the lava histories.
• Clear acknowledgement that this project area is home to a multitude of culturally
significant gathering rights and religious practices.
• Re-zoning/re-establishment of the area to conservation zoning to ensure protection
of this coast.
• Archaeological sites (e.g. historic residential)have already been disturbed by land
clearing and there is the possibility for further destruction if development proceeds.
These sites are still sigificant to lineal descendants.
• Identify the burial location of Makapo Kaho`okaulana.
• Given the myriad of cultural practices tied to the project area,maintaining cultural
access is of critical importance. Gates should be removed.
• If the parcel is built upon it needs to be something beautiful.
• Engagement with the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation.particularly in regards
to harm caused to the coastal trail.
• Have open and transparent conversations with community members and follow all
recommendations that are shared.
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KA PA`AKAI ANALYSIS
The objectives of this Ka Pa`akai analysis are to identify any cultural resources or practices that may
occur in the project area,determine if the proposed undertaking will affect the resources or practices
or access to the resources or practices, and offer mitigation recommendations for the undertaking.
This chapter begins with a brief history of Ka Pa`akai analyses in Hawaii, and then addresses these
three topics:
1. The identity and scope of cultural, historical, and natural resources in which
traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the project area
2. The extent to which those resources, including traditional and customary Native
Hawaiian rights,will be affected or impaired by the proposed action
3. What feasible action,if any,could be taken to reasonably protect Native Hawaiian
rights
History of Ka Pa`akai Analyses
The Hawaii State Constitution(Art.XII §7)maintains that:
The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights,customarily and traditionally exercised for
subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who are
descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778,subject
to the right of the State to regulate such rights.
Several fundamental court cases inform on the history of the Ka Pa`akai Analysis. The first of these
occurred in 1982 with Kalipi v. Hawaiian Trust Company, Ltd. in which a Native Hawaiian
landowner on Molokai (Kalipi) required access to undeveloped land for gathering rights. Kalipi
claimed that because he owned land in the ahupua`a,he should be allowed access for gathering in
that ahupua`a, as was customary in pre-contact Hawaii. The Court determined that "lawful
occupants of an ahupua`a may, for the purposes of practicing native Hawaiian customs and
traditions,enter undeveloped lands within the ahupua`a to gather those items."The Court recognized
that allowing access to private property for gathering purposes might conflict with the modern
concept of fee simple land ownership and recommended that this issue should be determined on a
case-by-case basis (Jarman and Verchick 2003:208).
A key term in Kalipi v.Hawaiian Trust Company,Ltd. is"undeveloped,"as this prevents occupants
from accessing developed property for gathering purposes. In a discussion of this and other relevant
legal proceedings,Jarman and Verchick 2003:209 state that:
In the case of"fully developed" land, the court suggested that the burden of providing
cultural access might prove unreasonable. But where a project was still in the planning
stage, that is, "less than fully developed," a planning commission might be required to
forge a compromise in which both native Hawaiians and resort guests could happily share
the land.
A decade after Kalipi v. Hawaiian Trust Company, Ltd., in 1992 Pele Defense Fund v. Paty was
initiated for entry into the Wao Kele `0 Puna Forest Reserve by tenants of the neighboring ahupua`a
to "exercise traditional and customary rights"in the reserve. This tested the statement in Kalipi v.
Hawaiian Trust Company, Ltd. that specifically limited access to "lawful occupants" of the
ahupua`a. In Pele Defense Fund v. Paty,the Court rejected the idea that traditional gathering rights
are limited to the ahupua`a by the lawful occupants of that ahupua`a and affirmed that these rights
derive not solely from land ownership but also from the established customs observed by Native
Hawaiians.
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In 2000,Ka Pa`akai O Ka Aina v. Land Use Commission laid the framework for the Ka Pa`akai
Analysis by determining "what analysis state and county agencies [must] undertake to ensure they
adequately balance private property rights with native Hawaiian gathering rights" (Jarman and
Verchick 2003:210). This case originated over the dispute of a Land Use Commission (LUC)
determination to reclassify 1,000 acres on Hawaii Island from a Conservation District to an Urban
District, in response to expansion of a resort. This expansion was in direct conflict with Native
Hawaiian practices that were taking place on the land, and the LUC made a general statement that
the developer should"preserve and protect any gathering and access rights of native Hawaiians."It
was argued that these minimal initiatives were insufficient,resulting in the Ka Pa`akai O Ka Aina
v. Land Use Commission case. The Court did find that the statement made by the LUC was
insufficient, and they established a standard for the LUC to adhere to when cultural land-use rights
were in question. The Court delineated three points that the LUC is required to consider when
formulating their findings and conclusions:
(1)the identity and scope of"valued cultural,historical,or natural resources"in the petition
area, including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are
exercised in the petition area; (2) the extent to which those resources— including
traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights -- will be affected or impaired by the
proposed action; and(3)the feasible action, if any,to be taken by the LUC to reasonably
protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist.
In other words,the Ka Pa`akai Analysis was designed to identify any cultural resources or practices
that may occur in the project area, determine if the proposed project will affect the resources or
practices, and offer mitigation recommendations to protect Native Hawaiian rights if the project
moves forward.
Ka Pa`akai Analysis Topics
As noted above, this Ka Pa`akai analysis aims to identify any cultural resources or practices that
may occur in the project area, determine if the proposed undertaking will affect the resources or
practices or access to the resources or practices, and offer mitigation recommendations for the
undertaking. The three topics outlined at the beginning of this chapter are addressed below.
1. The identity and scope of cultural, historical, and natural resources in which
traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the project area
Previous archaeological surveys revealed four Sites of Historic and Indigenous Preservation(SHIP)
within the current study area(Spear 1992).These sites include SIHP 50-10-63-18525(an agricultural
and habitation mound), SHIP 50-10-63-18526 (an agricultural and habitation mound), SHIP 50-10-
62-18527 (historic boundary wall), SIHP 50-10-62-18528 (a modified lava tube). Three of these
sites, SHIP 50-10-63--18526, -18527, and -18528 were confirmed during the archaeological field
inspection completed of the study area by Clark 2024. SHIP 50-10-63-18525 could not be re-located
(Clark 2024). Immediately upland of the study area is Kaipuuelelu Cemetery (SHIP 50-10-63-
02547), a site of about 8,000 burial mounds immediately upland of the study area.
The interviewees established a clear connection between the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground across the
street and the study area, with a variety of relationships between the upland area and the coastline
established. These include the feeding of the kupuna trees and fishing grounds of Pu`ilima from
ancestors' bodies and spirits, leina for these ancestors, and kinolau-based communication from
ancestors (e.g. `opihi ko`ele). The many kaona associated with the place names of Kalachiamoe,
Kaipu`uelelu,Pu`ilima,and Makena suggest a site of great mana,of healing practices,and as a place
for ancestors to rest in slumber.
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Cultural practices within the project area include `aukai and pikai(cleansing and rinsing after burial
practices) and gathering and fishing grounds for a variety of species including plants for medicinal
uses (ko`oko`olau, `uhaloa, and `6hi`a) and weaving (lauhala), fish (ulua, aholehole, enenue,
po`opa`a, moi, menpachi, aweoweo, kole, and pao`o), limu: limu (general) and limu kohu, and
invertebrates (`opihi, lobsters, and `a`ama crab). This stretch of coastline is used for `6hi`a-pole
based ulua fishing. Howard Konanui spoke of brackish pools where families from Mokuhulu would
wash and dry clothes.
2. The extent to which those resources, including traditional and customary Native
Hawaiian rights,will be affected or impaired by the proposed action
The proposed project may negatively affect cultural resources and practices including destruction of
a storied gravesite,diminishing fishing and cultural access(and resource health),and altering one of
the few remaining ancestral stretches of coastline in Kalmu. Of immediate concern is the harm that
has already been done to:
• the historic coastal trail that connects the study area to the neighboring `a`a coast
to the east and to upland Mokuhulu,
• to agricultural and habitation mound, SHIP 50-10-63-18525, and
• the ancestral milo and noni grove that was on the property.
Concerns include the impact of increased human waste into the porous lava rock of the study area
through the proposed septic system(s) into groundwater and marine gathering grounds that lineal
descendants depend on.
3. What feasible action,if any,could be taken to reasonably protect Native Hawaiian
rights
Interviewees recommended the following actions to protect Native Hawaiian rights:
• The project area should not be developed due to the spiritual,religious,natural,and
cultural sensitivities of the area.
• Do not disturb this coastline, including the coastal forest groves on the project
parcel, as there are few remnants of the ancestral coastline like this in Kalapana
due to the lava histories.
• Clear acknowledgement that this project area is home to a multitude of culturally
significant gathering rights and religious practices.
• Re-zoning/re-establishment of the area to conservation zoning to ensure protection
of this coast.
• Archaeological sites (e.g. historic residential)have already been disturbed by land
clearing and there is the possibility for further destruction if development proceeds.
• Identify the burial location of Makap6 Kaho`okaulana.
• Given the myriad of cultural practices tied to the project area,maintaining cultural
access is of critical importance. Gates should be removed.
• Engagement with the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation,particularly in regards
to harm caused to the coastal trail.
• Have open and transparent conversations with community members and follow all
recommendations that are shared.
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Summary of Ka Pa`akai Analysis
There is a rich suite of cultural,historical, and natural resources in which traditional and customary
Native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the project area. These include:
• four Sites of Historic and Indigenous Preservation(SHIP)within the current study
area(Spear 1992). These sites include SHIP 50-10-63-18525 (an agricultural and
habitation mound), SHIP 50-10-63-18526 (an agricultural and habitation mound),
SHIP 50-10-62-18527(historic boundary wall), SHIP 50-10-62-18528(a modified
lava tube).
• the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery (SHIP 50-10-63-02547), a site of about 8,000 burial
mounds immediately upland of the study area
• the connection between the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground across the street and the
study area, including the feeding of the kupuna trees and fishing grounds of
Pu`ilima from ancestors'bodies and spirits,leina for these ancestors, and kinolau-
based communication from ancestors (e.g. `opihi ko`ele)
• storied sites including Kalachiamoe, Kaipu`uelelu,Pu`ilima, and Makena suggest
a site of great mana, of healing practices, and as a place for ancestors to rest in
slumber.
• cultural practices including:
o `aukai and pikai(cleansing and rinsing after burial practices),
o gathering and fishing grounds for a variety of species including plants for
medicinal uses (ko`oko`olau, `uhaloa, and `6hi`a) and weaving (lauhala),
fish (ulua, aholehole, enenue, po`opa`a, moi, menpachi, aweoweo, kole,
and pao`o),limu: limu(general) and limu kohu, and invertebrates (`opihi,
lobsters, and `a`ama crab,
o `6hi`a-pole based ulua fishing.
These resources, including traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights, will be affected or
impaired by the proposed action in these ways:
• potential for destruction of a storied gravesite,
• diminishing fishing and cultural access (and resource health),
• altering one of the few remaining ancestral stretches of coastline in Kaimu,
• destruction of the historic coastal trail that connects the study area to the
neighboring `a`a coast to the east and to upland Mokuhulu,
• destruction of other SHIP sites on the parcel in addition to the already destroyed
agricultural and habitation mound, SHIP 50-10-63-18525,
• continued harm to the ancestral milo and noni grove on the property,
• and increased human waste into porous lava rock of the study area through the
proposed septic system(s) into groundwater and marine gathering grounds that
lineal descendants depend on.
Feasible actions that can be taken to reasonably protect Native Hawaiian gathering and spiritual
rights include:this parcel should not be developed due to the spiritual,religious,natural,and cultural
sensitivities of the area,the ancestral coastal forest groves should not be disturbed,the parcel should
be re-zoned to conservation, SHIP-registered archaeological sites should not be harmed, the burial
location of Makap6 Kaho`okaulana should be identified, gates should be removed to re-affirm
cultural access, the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation should be engaged, and transparent
conversations should be held with lineal descendants.
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SUMMARY AND RECONIMENDATIONS
The Hawaiian families of Kaimu were (and continue to be) sustained by susbsistence-based
livelihoods of fishing, gathering, and growing. There are many place names that hold meaning for
Kaimu. Closest to the study area is the place name,Kalaehiamoe,the promontory,place of sleep or
rest,potentially inidcating the link of the resting place of the ancestors interred at Kaipuuelelu to the
shoreline. Hale`ili was identified as the name of the pebble beach to the east of Kaimu Bay that
fronts the study area. Kumaka`ula Heiau,located within 1 km of the study area is a spiritual site that
remains following the lava flow that inundated Kaimu Bay. Mokuhulu,upland of the study area,is
the home to the Hawaiian families who maintain kuleana, responsibility to the fishing and burial
grounds of Pu`ilima,the name used by Hawaiian families for the study area.
Traditional land use in the area included `uala and `ulu cultivation in coastal areas, kalo in coastal
and upland plots rich canoe-based and in-shore fishing of `6pelu, nenue, po`opa`a, moi, and ulua.
Gathering of limu and invertebrates such as `opihi and ha`uke`uke supplemented poi and fish-based
diets. Following the Mahele land division and distribution act of 1848,no land commission awards
(LCAs)were filed in Kaimu— given its designation as crown lands. Hawaiian tenants continued to
reside there through 1890. The Land Act of 1895 specified that government lands in rural areas be
surveyed and granted (with cash payments) as homesteads to both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian
individuals to encourage rural farming. In Kaimu two areas were opened for homesteading, house
lots at the shore of Kaimu Bay and agricultural lots in upland Ki`ula and Mokuhulu.
Historic maps reveal the enduring rural character of Kaimu through the loth century, the presence
of the Kaipuuelelu Cemetery site immediately upland of the study area,and the land grant(Gr. 8004)
made to C.H. Will. Previous archaeological surveys revealed four Sites of Historic and Indigenous
Preservation(SHIP)within the current study area(Spear 1992). These sites include SHIP 50-10-63-
18525 (an agricultural and habitation mound), SHIP 50-10-63-18526(an agricultural and habitation
mound), SHIP 50-10-62-18527 (historic boundary wall), SHIP 50-10-62-18528 (a modified lava
tube). Three of these sites, SHIP 50-10-63--18526, -18527, and -18528 were confirmed during the
archaeological field inspection completed of the study area by Clark 2024. SHIP 50-10-63-18525
could not be re-located (Clark 2024). Other archaeological sites located within 1 km of the study
area include the Kumaka`ula Heiau to the west,the Star of the Sea Church(SHIP 50-10-63-07380)
to the north, and the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery (SHIP 50-10-63-02547), a site of about 8,000 burial
mounds immediately upland of the study area.
The interviewees described rich cultural practices,archaeological sites,and the vibrant landscape of
mo`olelo in the surrounding area. They shared the rich connection between Mokuhulu and the
Pu`ilima study area. Each of the interviewees recalls being taken by kupuna to engage in fishing
and/or marine provisioning practices along the oceanfront of the project area and surrounding
coastline. Traditional burial practices for iwi kupuna at Kaipu`uelelu remain within living memory
and in continued practice today. Many treasured memories of this area and time spent there with
their elders and ancestors were shared by the interviewees. The interviewees established a clear
connection between the Kaipu`uelelu burial ground across the street and the study area,with a variety
of relationships between the upland area and the coastline established. These include the feeding of
the kupuna trees and fishing grounds of Pu`ilima from ancestors'bodies and spirits, leina for these
ancestors, and kinolau-based communication from ancestors (e.g. `opihi ko`ele). The many kaona
associated with the place names of Kalachiamoe,Kaipu`uelelu,Pu`ilima,and Makena suggest a site
of great mana,of healing practices, and as a place for ancestors to rest in slumber.
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Cultural Resources,Practices,and Beliefs Identified
The interviewees identified a rich myriad of natural resources, cultural practices, archaeological
sites, and vibrant landscape of mo`olelo and place names. Cultural practices within the project area
include `aukai and pikai (cleansing and rinsing after burial practices) and gathering and fishing
grounds for a variety of species including plants for medicinal uses (ko`oko`olau, `uhaloa, and
`6hi`a) and weaving (lauhala), fish (ulua, aholehole, enenue, po`opa`a, moi, menpachi, aweoweo,
kole,and pao`o),limu: limu(general)and limu kohu,and invertebrates(`opihi,lobsters,and `a`ama
crab). This stretch of coastline is used for`6hi`a-pole based ulua fishing. Howard Konanui spoke of
brackish pools where families from Mokuhulu would wash and dry clothes. The most
archaeologically significant site near the project area includes the Kaipu`uelelu Cemetery,
immediately upland of the project area.The interviewees recall many ancestors who are buried there,
including family that they have laid to rest there.
Potential Effects of the Proposed Project
The proposed project may negatively affect cultural resources and practices including destruction of
a storied gravesite, diminishing fishing and cultural access, and altering one of the few remaining
ancestral stretches of coastline in Kaimu. Of immediate concern is the harm that has already been
done to the historic coastal trail that connects the study area to the neighboring `a`a coast to the east
and to upland Mokuhulu and to agricultural and habitation mound,SHIP 50-10-63-18525. Concerns
include gating of the property(already discouraging public access),introduction of invasive species,
destruction of the ancestral milo and noni grove that was on the property,and disrespect to the many
Hawaiian ancestors buried in immediately surrounding lands. Concerns include the impact of
increased human waste into the porous lava rock of the study area through the proposed septic
system(s) into groundwater and marine gathering grounds that lineal descendants depend on.
Historic sites that have and may be affected include SHIP 50-10-63-18525, -18526, -18527, and -
18528.
Confidential Information Withheld
During the course of researching the present report and conducting the ethnographic survey program,
no information was withheld in confidentiality.
Conflicting Information
No conflicting information was obvious in analyzing the ethnographic interviews. On the contrary,
a number of themes were repeated and information was generally confirmed by independent sources.
Recommendations/Mitigations
Recommendations and mitigations suggested by the interviewees include the following:
• The project area should not be developed due to the spiritual,religious,natural,and
cultural sensitivities of the area.
• Do not disturb this coastline, including the coastal forest groves on the project
parcel, as there are few remnants of the ancestral coastline like this in Kalapana
due to the lava histories.
• Clear acknowledgement that this project area is home to a multitude of culturally
significant gathering rights and religious practices.
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• Re-zoning/re-establishment of the area to conservation zoning to ensure protection
of this coast.
• Archaeological sites (e.g. historic residential)have already been disturbed by land
clearing and there is the possibility for further destruction if development proceeds.
These sites are still significant to lineal descendants.
• Identify the burial location of Makapo Kaho`okaulana.
• Given the myriad of cultural practices tied to the project area,maintaining cultural
access is of critical importance. Gates should be removed.
• If the parcel is built upon it needs to be something beautiful.
• Engagement with the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation,particularly in regards
to harm caused to the coastal trail.
• Have open and transparent conversations with community members and follow all
recommendations that are shared.
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2 GLOSSARY
3 `a`a Rough,stony lava. Surface appearance is sharp and broken.
4 `a`ama The edible crab Grapsus grapsus tenuicrustatus. `A`ama also refers to relaxing or
5 spreading,as in the fingers,as `a`ama crabs were sacrificed so the gods would relax
6 and accede to a request.
7 `aholehole Young stage of the Hawaiian flagtail fish.
8 ahupua`a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea.
9 `aina Land.
10 akua God,goddess, spirit,ghost,devil,image.
11 ali`i Chief,chiefess,monarch.
12 aloha Love, affection,compassion, sympathy,kindness,greeting.
13 `ama`uma`u The young `ama`u fern,or many `ama`u ferns.
14 aniani Mirror,glass.
15 `aukai To travel or swim in the sea.
16 `awa The shrub Piper methysticum,or kava,the root of which was used as a ceremonial
17 drink throughout the Pacific.
18 `aweoweo Various Hawaiian species of fish Priacanthus; a sugar cane named after the fish; a
19 type of seaweed.
20 enenue The chub,rudder,or pilot fish(Kyphosus bigibbus, K. vaigiensis).
21 halau Meeting house for hula instruction or long house for canoes.
22 hapu`u Cibotium splendens, a fern endemic to Hawaii; a forest fern to 5 in high.
23 ha`uke`uke The sea urchin Colobocentrotus atratus, or helmet urchin. whose teeth were used
24 in Hawaiian medicine.
25 he`e Octopus.
26 heiau Place of worship and ritual in traditional Hawaii.
27 hiapo First born child,eldest.
28 holoholo To go out or go for a walk or ride.
29 hula The hula(traditional Hawaiian dance), a hula dancer;to dance the hula.
30 hula ku`i Any interpretive hula, so called since the days of Kalakaua.
31 `Wie The vine Freycinetia arborea, an endemic,woody branching climber hat grows at
32 altitudes of 300-600 in. In ancient Hawaii,vines were considered sacred and used in
33 basketry and for ceremonial purposes.
34 `ike To see,know,feel;knowledge, awareness,understanding.
35 ipu General name for a vessel or container. Also the bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria
36 or L. vulgaris, which was used traditionally for containers, hula instruments, and
37 for medicine.
38 iwi Bone.
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39 iwi kupuna Ancestral remains;iwi kupuna is plural.
40 kahakai Beach, seashore,coast.
41 kahu Honored attendant,guardian,nurse,keeper, administrator,pastor.
42 kala The surgeonfish or unicorn fish, Teuthidae.
43 kalo The Polynesian-introduced Colocasia esculenta,or taro,the staple of the traditional
44 Hawaiian diet.
45 kama`aina Native-born.
46 kanaka Human,person,man,Hawaiian.
47 kanaka maoli A person of pure Hawaiian blood.
48 Kanaka`Oiwi Native Hawaiian.
49 kaona Hidden meaning in poetry,or concealed reference to a person,place,or thing.
50 kapa,tapa Tapa cloth.
51 kaukau Relatively recent term for food.
52 kaula`i To hang up,dry in the sun.
53 kinolau Physical forms or manifestations.
54 kipuka A change in form, such as an area of vegetation in a lava bed.
55 ko`a Fishing shrine.
56 koali,kowali Vines of the morning glory Ipomoea spp., used traditionally to make swings and
57 nets.
58 ko`ele Limpet: C. talcosa(`opihi ko`ele).
59 kole The Ctenochaetus strigosus,or surgeonfish.
60 konohiki The overseer of an ahupua`a ranked below a chief, land or fishing rights under
61 control of the konohiki; such rights are sometimes called konohiki rights.
62 ko`oko`olau Bidens spp.,refers to all species. Certain varieties used medicinally.
63 kopekope To till,rake the earth.
64 kou The flowering tree, Cordia subcordata, either native to Hawaii or introduced by
65 Polynesians.
66 ku`i To pound or beat, as in taro.
67 kuleana Right,title,property,portion,responsibility,jurisdiction,authority,interest,claim,
68 ownership.
69 kukui The candlenut tree,or Aleurites moluccana,the nuts of which were eaten as a relish
70 and used for lamp fuel in traditional times.
71 kumu Teacher.
72 kumu hula Hula teacher/master.
73 kupali`i Native plant,Peperomia tetraphylla.
74 kupuna Grandparent.ancestor;kupuna is the plural form.
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75 lac Headland.
76 lauhala Leaf of the hala,or pandanus tree(Pandanus odoratissimus),used for matting and
77 basketry.
78 lawai`a Fisherman;to catch fish.
79 leina To leap or spring.Leina ka`uhane or leina a ke akua were places where spirits leapt
80 into the nether world.
81 lele A detached part or lot of land belonging to one `ili, but located in another `ili;
82 sacrificial altar or stand.
83 limu Refers to all sea plants, such as algae and edible seaweed.
84 limu kala The long,brown seaweed Sargassum echinocarpum,edible but not often eaten raw
85 because of toughness. Limu kala was used traditionally in ceremonies for
86 forgiveness or to heal sickness.
87 limu kohu The prized edible seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis.
88 maha`oi Bold,rude,forward,nosy.
89 Mahele The 1848 division of land.
90 maile Alyxia olivaeformis, a fragrant native shrub used for twining.
91 makai Toward the sea.
92 maka`ainana Common people,or populace;translates to"people that attend the land."
93 malo Male's loincloth.
94 mana`o Thoughts,opinions,ideas.
95 mele Song,chant,or poem.
96 menpachi The squirrelfish Holocentridae.
97 milo The tree Thespesia populnea,used traditionally for dye,medicine,oil,gum and for
98 making calabashes.
99 moe To sleep,lie down,to prostrate oneself.
100 moi The threadfish Polydactylus sexfilis, a highly prized food item.
101 moi King.
102 moku District,island.
103 mokupuni Island.
104 mo`olelo A story,myth,history,tradition,legend,or record.
105 niele Curious,inquisitive;to keep asking questions.
106 niu The Polynesian-introduced tree Cocos nucifera,or coconut.
107 noho To live,reside; seat,chair,bench.
108 noni Morinda citrifolia, the Indian mulberry, a tree or shrub known for its medicinal
109 value in traditional Hawaii.
110 `ohana Family.
III `ohelo Vaccinium reticulatum, a native shrub with small edible berries. Found in higher
112 altitudes.
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113 `ohelo papa Fragaria chiloensis ssp. sandwicensis, a native white strawberry plant.
114 `ohi`a lehua The native tree Metrosideros polymorpha, the wood of which was utilized for
115 carving images, as temple posts and palisades,for canoe spreaders and gunwales,
116 and in musical instruments.
117 `olelo Speech,language,word;to speak,to tell.
118 `olelo no`eau Proverb,wise saying,traditional saying.
119 oli Chant.
120 `olohe Skilled fighter,competitor of cultural skills.
121 `opae`ula Red shrimp.
122 `opelu Mackerel scad(Decapterus pinnulatus and D. maruadsi).
123 `opihi Limpets, four types of which are endemic to Hawaii: Cellana exarata (`opihi
124 makaiauli), C. sandwicensis (`opihi alinalina), C. talcosa (`opihi ko`ele), and C.
125 melanostoma (no Hawaiian name). `Opihi are a prized food in Hawaii and
126 considered a rare treat today.
127 pahoehoe Smooth lava; surface unbroken.
128 pai`ea An edible crab,found where the `a`ama is found.
129 pa`ina A parry or small celebration and dinner.
130 pa`iku`i`ai The pounding of taro for poi.
131 pali Cliff,steep hill.
132 pikai To sprinkle with salt water for purification or to remove kapu.
133 pili A native grass,Heteropogon contortus.
134 po Night,darkness,the realm of gods.
135 pohaku Rock, stone.
136 pohaku ku`i`ai Stone tool used to pound poi.
137 poi A staple of traditional Hawaii,made of cooked and pounded taro mixed with water
138 to form a paste.
139 po`opa`a Hawkfish(Cirrhites pinnulatus)
140 popo General name for marine and land shells.
141 pu`u Hill,peak,mound,protuberance.
142 `uhaloa The weed Waltheria indica var. americana,used medicinally.
143 `ulu The Polynesian-introduced tree Artocarpus altilis,or breadfruit.
144 ulua An adult of various Carangid fishes.
145 ta`ape The bluestripe snapper Luyanus kasmira that lives in waters 40-300 feet deep or
146 more.
147 tutu Grandmother or grandfather.
148 wa`a Canoe,paddlers.
149 wahi Place,location.
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150 wahine Woman,wife;femininity. Wahine is the plural.
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152
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153 REFERENCES
154 Aiona,K.
155 2003 Ike Kuuna Limu:Learning About Hawaii's Limu.University of Hawaii Manoa. Thesis.
156 Akana, C.L.
157 2015 H5nau ka Ua. Kamehameha Press,Honolulu.
158 Baldwin
159 1892a Hawaiian Governement Survey, Kalapana and Vicinity. Map and Survey. Accessed via
160 DAGS database.
161 Baldwin
162 1892b Hawaiian Governement Survey, Kalapana and Vicinity(version 2). Map and Survey.
163 Accessed via DAGS database.
164 Beckwith,M.
165 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu.
166 Bevacqua,R.F. and T.S. Dye
167 1972 Archaeological Reconnaissance of Proposed Kapoho-Kalapana Highway, District of
168 Puna,Island ofHawaii. Dept. of Anthropology,Bishop Museum,Honolulu,HI.
169 Biegler,M. and McGuire, G.
170 2024 Limu ofPu`ilima. Unpublished Data. Pacific Internship Programs for Exploring Science.
171 Carr,M.W. and N. Kekaula
172 2013 Hah`aAloha no Kalapana:Fond Memories ofKalapana. CreateSpace Independent
173 Publishing Platform.
174 Clark,J.R.K.
175 2024 Kaimu Cove LLC Special Management Area Use Permit Application January 2024
176 Archaeological Field-Inspection and Cultural Consultation. County of Hawaii Planning
177 Department,Hilo,HI.
178 Clark,M.
179 2002 Hawaii Place Names Shores Beaches, and Surf Sites. University of Hawaii Press,
180 Honolulu.
181 Coan,T.
182 1882 Life in Hawaii:An Autobiographic Sketch ofMission Life and Labors, 1835-1881. ADF,
183 Randolph.
184 DeSilva,K.
185 1997 He Aloha Moku o Keawe:A Collection of Songs for Hawaii Island,Island of Keawe.
186 Kailua,HI.
187 Dutton, C.E.
188 1884 Hawaiian Volcanoes. USGS.
189 Emerson,N.B.
190 1915 Pele and Hiiaka;A Myth From Hawaii. Honolulu Star-Bulletin Limited.
191 Ellis,W.
192 1823 A Narrative of a Tour Through Hawaii. Hawaiian Gazette Co.,Ltd.,Honolulu,HI.
193 Fornander,A.
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194 1996 Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Mutual
195 Publishing, Co.
196 Galuteria,P.
197 1993 Auhea `O Ka Lani in Lunahlo. Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu,Hawaii.
198 Handy,E.S.,E.G. Handy, and M.K. Pukui
199 1991 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Revised Edition.
200 Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 23,Bishop Museum Press,Honolulu.
201 Hudson,A.E.
202 1932 Archaeology of East Hawaii. ms in Bishop Museum Archives. Honolulu.
203 James,V.
204 1995 Ancient Sites of Hawai`i:A Guide to Hawaiian Archaeological Places on the Big Island.
205 Mutual Publishing,Honolulu.
206 Jarman,M.C. and R.R. Verchick
207 2003 "Beyond the `Courts of the Conqueror': Balancing Private and Cultural Property Rights
208 under Hawaii Law."The Scholar 5(2)pp. 201-216.
209 https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thescholar/vol5/iss2/5
210 Ka Hoku o Hawaii
211 1914-1916 The Heart Stirring Story ofKa-Miki. Papakilo Database,Honolulu.
212 Ka Hoku o Hawaii
213 1938, 1940 Limu in Kalapana Search Articles. Papakilo Database. Honolulu.
214 Kamakau, S.M.
215 1961 Ruling Chiefs ofHawaii. Kamehameha Publishing,Honolulu.
216 Keliihoomalu, G.
217 2008 Aloha Kaimu. Kaimu Records,Kalapana.
218 Keliihoomalu,H. and H.N5'ope.
219 N.D.Mokuhulu. Kaimu Records,Kalapana.
220 Langlas, C. and kupuna
221 2016 Under the Volcano: The People of Kalapana, 1823 to 2020. Pill Productmos,Hilo,
222 Hawaii.
223 Lyman, C.S.
224 1927 Around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands and California, 1845-1850:Being a Personal
225 Record Kept by Chester S. Lyman. Ayer Company Pub.
226 MacDonald, G.A.,A.T. Abbott, and F.L. Peterson
227 1983 Volcanoes in the Sea the Geology ofHawai`i. Second Edition. University of Hawaii Press,
228 Honolulu.
229 Maly,K.
230 1998 Puna,Ka Aina i ka Hihina a ka La A Cultural Assessment Study Archival and
231 Historical Documentary Research and Oral History Interviews.Kumu Pono Associates,Hilo.
232 Maxar
233 2022 Satellite Imagery Basemap. Accessed via QGIS.
234 McGuire, G.
235 2023 Indigenous Ecology of Kalapana. University of Hawaii Manoa. Dissertation.
236 Moffat,R. M. and G. L. Fitzpatrick
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237 1995 Palapala`dina: Surveying the MAHELE. Editions Limited. Honolulu.
238 National Park Service (NPS)
239 1977 National Register ofHistoric Places, NPS Form 10-900, Star of the Sea Painted Church,
240 Hawaii County. United States Department of the Interior.
241 Nogelmeier,M.P.
242 2006"Commentary."The Epic Tale ofHi`iakaikapoliopele.Awaiaulu: Hawaiian Literature
243 Project,Honolulu.
244 Price,J.P.,Jacobi,J.D., Gon, S.M.,Matsuwaki,D.,Merhoff,L.,Wagner,W.,Lucas,M.,and
245 Rowe,B.
246 2012 Mapping plant species ranges in the Hawaiian Isalnds developing a methodology and
247 associated GIS layers. USGS. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1192/of2Ol2-1192—text.pdf
248 Pukui,M.K.
249 1983 `Olelo No`eau:Hawaiian Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Press,
250 Honolulu.
251 Pukui,M.K. and S.H. Elbert
252 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press,Honolulu.
253 Pukui,M.K., S.H. Elbert, and E.T. Mookim.
254 1974 Place Names ofHawaii. University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu.
255 Rosendahl,P.H.
256 1983 Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey FIL-AMPapaya Cooperative,
257 Kaimu-Makena Homesteads, Puna, Hawaii (TMK:3-1-2-06:7,16,18,19,20,21,33,73). Paul
258 Rosendahl,PhD,Inc. Hilo,HI.
259 Spear,R.L.
260 1992 An Inventory Level Survey of the Robinson Property Puna District,Island of Hawai`i
261 (TMK:1-2-18:1). Scientific Consultant Services. Kaneohe,HI.
262 State of Hawaii
263 1963 TMK Map,Zone 1 Sec 2 Plat 004.Por. Kaimu Village,Puna,Hawaii.
264 Department of Finance,Property Assessment Division, State of Hawaii.
265 Ulukau Inoa`Ama Hawaii
266 n.d.Kaimu Place Names.Accessed January 2025.
267 United States Department of Agriculture
268 1965 Aerial image of Kaimu.
269 United States Geological Survey
270 1924 USGS Topographic Map.
271 United States Geological Survey
272 2021 USGS substrate map (study area) Shapefile.
273 Waihona`Aina
274 n.d. https://www.waihona.com/previewDoc.asp?type=RP&docld=72066. Accessed September
275 2025.
276 Wall,W.A.
277 1901 Hawaii Territory Survey Homestead Map Kaimu Makena Section Puna, Hawaii. Map
278 Accessed through DAGS database.
279 Wall,W.A.
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280 1922 Hawaii Territory Survey Homestead Map Kaimu Makena Section Puna, Hawaii. Map
281 Accessed through DAGS database.
282 Westervelt,W.D.
283 1963 Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes. Mint Editions.
284
285
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292 APPENDIX A:AGREEMENT TO PARTICIPATE
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294 Agreement to Participate in the Cultural Impact Assessment and Ka Pa`akai Analysis for
295 Pu`ilima,Kaimn
296 Gina McGuire,PhD,Ethnographer
297 You are invited to participate in a Cultural Impact Assessment (CIA) and Ka Pa`akai Analysis on
298 behalf of Pu`ilima, Kaimu, Puna Moku, Hawaii Island (herein referred to as "the Project"). The
299 Assessment is being conducted by Gina McGuire, PhD, on behalf of the `ohana of Mokuhulu and
300 Kalapana. The ethnographer will explain the purpose of the Assessment,the procedures that will be
301 followed, and the potential benefits and risks of participating. A brief description of the Assessment
302 is written below. Feel free to ask the ethnographer questions if the procedures need further
303 clarification.If you decide to participate,please sign the attached Consent Form.A copy of this form
304 will be provided for you to keep.
305 Description of the Project
306 This CIA and Ka Pa`akai Analysis is being conducted to collect information about the project area
307 in Kaimu Ahupua`a, through interviews with individuals who are knowledgeable about this area,
308 and/or about information including(but not limited to)cultural practices and beliefs,mo`olelo,mele,
309 or oli associated with this area. The goal of this Assessment is to identify and understand the
310 importance of any traditional Hawaiian and/or historic cultural resources, or traditional cultural
311 practices within the project area. This Assessment will also attempt to identify any effects that the
312 proposed development may have on cultural resources present, or once present within the project
313 area.
314 Procedures
315 After agreeing to participate in the Assessment and signing the Consent Form,the ethnographer will
316 digitally record your interview and it may be transcribed in part or in full.The transcript may be sent
317 to you for editing and final approval. Data from the interview will be used as part of the ethno-
318 historical report for this Undertaking and transcripts may be included in part or in full as an appendix
319 to the report. The ethnographer may take notes and photographs and ask you to spell out names or
320 unfamiliar words.
321 Discomforts and Risks
322 Possible risks and/or discomforts resulting from participation in this Assessment may include, but
323 are not limited to the following: being interviewed and recorded; having to speak loudly for the
324 recorder; providing information for reports which may be used in the future as a public reference;
325 your uncompensated dedication of time; possible misunderstanding in the transcribing of
326 information;loss of privacy;and worry that your comments may not be understood in the same way
327 you understand them. It is not possible to identify all potential risks,although reasonable safeguards
328 have been taken to minimize them.
329 Benefits
330 This Assessment will give you the opportunity to express your thoughts and opinions and share your
331 knowledge,which will be considered, shared,and documented for future generations. Your sharing
332 of knowledge may be instrumental in the preservation of cultural resources, practices, and
333 information.
334
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335 Confidentiality
336 Your rights of privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity will be protected upon request. You may
337 request,for example,that your name and/or sex not be mentioned in the Assessment material, such
338 as in written notes, on tape, and in reports; or you may request that some of the information you
339 provide remain off-the-record and not be recorded in any way. To ensure protection of your privacy,
340 confidentiality and/or anonymity,you should immediately inform the ethnographer of your requests.
341 The ethnographer will ask you to specify the method of protection and note it on the attached Consent
342 Form.
343 Musal/Withdrawal
344 At any time during the interview process, you may choose to not participate any further and ask
345 ethnographer for the tape and/or notes. If the transcription of your interview is to be included in the
346 report,you will be given an opportunity to review your transcript,and to revise or delete any part of
347 the interview.
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358 APPENDIX B: CONSENT FORM
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360 Consent Form
361 I, am a participant in the Cultural Impact Assessment(Assessment)
362 and Ka Pa`akai Analysis on behalf of Pu`ilima, Kaimu (herein referred to as "the project"). I
363 understand that the purpose of the Assessment is to conduct oral history interviews with individuals
364 knowledgeable about the project area and the surrounding ahupua`a in an effort to identify and
365 protect traditional cultural practices and cultural resources.
366 I understand that Gina McGuire and `ohana o Kaimn will retain the product of my participation
367 (digital recording,transcripts of interviews, etc.)as part of their permanent collection and
368 that these materials will only be used for scholarly, educational, and/or land management
369 purposes.
370 I hereby grant Gina McGuire the right to use the property that is the product of my participation
371 (e.g.,my interview,written materials,and any other materials I provide)for the Assessment
372 as stated above.By giving permission,I understand that I do not give up any copyright or
373 performance rights that I may hold.
374 I also grant to Gina McGuire my consent for any photographs provided by me or taken of me in
375 the course of my participation in the Assessment to be used,published,and copied by Gina
376 McGuire and its assignees in any medium for purposes of the Assessment.
377 I agree that Gina McGuire may use my name,photographic image,biographical information,
378 statements, and voice reproduction for this Assessment without further approval on my
379 part.
380 If transcriptions are to be included in the report, I understand that I will have the opportunity to
381 review and edit my transcripts to ensure that they accurately depict what I meant to convey.
382 I understand I have the power to delete any information I deem too sensitive and/or too
383 personal for publication from the transcript. I also understand that if I do not return the
384 revised transcripts after two weeks from the date of receipt, my signature below will
385 indicate my release of information for the draft Assessment, although I will still have the
386 opportunity to make revisions during the draft review process.
387 I further understand that not giving my consent to any portion of the above listed items will not
388 prevent my mana`o being included in the Assessment. For example, I may decline Gina
389 McGuire or their client permission to use my photographic image or biographical
390 information but by signing this Consent Form, still grant my permission for my mana`o to
391 be included in the text of the Assessment.
392 By signing this consent form, I am acknowledging that I have been informed about the purpose of this
393 Assessment,the procedure, how the data will be gathered, and how the data will be used. I understand that
394 my participation is strictly voluntary, and that I may withdraw from participation at any time without
395 consequence.
396
397 Interviewee Signature Date
398
399 Print Name Phone
400
401 Address
402 Thank you for participating in this valuable study.
403
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409 APPENDIX C: TRANSCRIPT RELEASE FORM
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411 Transcript Release
412 I, am a participant in the Cultural Impact Assessment and Ka Pa`akai
413 Analysis on behalf of Pu`ilima,Kaimu(herein referred to as"the project")and was interviewed for the
414 Assessment.I have reviewed the transcripts of the interview and agree that the transcript is complete and
415 accurate except for those matters delineated below under the heading "CLARIFICATION,
416 CORRECTIONS,ADDITIONS,DELETIONS."
417 I agree that Gina McGuire,may use and release my identity,biographical information,and other interview
418 information,for the purpose of including such information in a report to be made public, subject to my
419 specific objections, to release as set forth below under the heading"OBJECTIONS TO RELEASE OF
420 INTERVIEW MATERIALS."
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423 CLARIFICATION,CORRECTIONS,ADDITIONS,DELETIONS:
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425
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428 OBJECTIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW MATERIALS:
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438 Interviewee Signature Date
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440
441 Print Name Phone
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443 Address
444 Thank you for participating in this valuable study.
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454 APPENDIX D:INTERVIEW WITH MORETTA KANANI BALAI
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473 TALKING STORY WITH
474 MORETTA KANANI BALAI(MB)
475 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
476 January 17,2025
477
478 GM: If you can start with your name and `ohana background.
479 MB: My name is Moretta Balai. Middle name is Gokusana Kanamoku`uhome.And I was born, and
480 I was adopted. And uh, my mom is, her name, my grandmother, is Elsie Leimanu Kealoha
481 Naungayan. So we get Filipino-Hawaiian but she more pure Hawaiian. Grandma was very
482 instrumental in our family. She was the one that, she was the glue more like, keep us all together,
483 take us... Actually she was a single mom. And, my grandfather, Lodigario Naungayan, he from,
484 Ilocosaur, Philipines. And they used to live in Opihikao. And so did my grandma. In a Filipino
485 plantation camp. You know, Opihikao used to be called Kaweleao Plantation Camp. You know,
486 Opihikao. And, anyway,they were separate. He lived in Kona and she lived over her in Puna side.
487 Born and raised Kalapana. And,by Kaimu, actually. The house was, was in the bay area. And not
488 too far from Kaimu Bay, Kalapana. And, that was, the family, I guess that was, I guess you could
489 call it the family inheritance. Back then,it was from the mountain to the sea. That was the ahupua`a
490 back then.And they lived,actually,not only in the bay,they lived further up,Mokuhulu.And if you
491 go further up to,before Mokuhulu,just coming down,coming into Kalapana. Before you hit the hill.
492 But you can see,yeah,the view,from the hill on the highway?Actually,it's from there. There was
493 a, there is a place, actually two place,right and left, my grandma's, I think they are, the youngest
494 brother or maybe the middle of her siblings passed away so back then, they bury their loved ones
495 right in,right in their, right over there in the yard actually, their backyard. So, right in there, their
496 residence. So,and I think,my grandma's brother's grave is still there even though it,that parcel was
497 bought by her sister's in laws. The Hauamos. They live in Kalapana too. But they have children too.
498 So.
499 GM: Did that lot get covered by lava?
500 MB: Still there. Yeah. Even the, the area where they live is still there but they use it as a, I think,
501 was orchid, the family pay lease over there. So they made that area, they just bulldoze around my
502 great great grand uncle's grave. So they never push the tree and they never push his grave. So it's
503 still there.
504 GM: That's good.
505 MB: So, Kalapana area. When you drive and you come down to the end of the, see this (pointing at
506 map). This is the inside of Kalapana,where there's the Catholic church.Used to have,if you can see
507 the awa bar and took,I don't know how long,the lava acreage took behind Uncle Robert's place,is
508 all covered with lava. But back then,it's how used to look like(showing photos). 1823, 1850s.And
509 here you can see the Catholic Church, still remain. Back in the 80s used to be. Remains right there.
510 Yeah. And then around here (points),that you cannot see,had big,huge ponds shallow enough for
511 us kids swim in. Back in the 80s. And um, I wanted to show you that. But my,my grandma, come
512 from Kalapana. Born and raised Kalapana. I no like get off the subject but. Think she was 10 years
513 old,because her dad,the Kealoha, Gabriel Luka Kealoha,that was her daddy,and her grandmother,
514 Tutu Kauanoe, is actually, she's, her last name was hard to figure out because the spelling and
515 everything on the death certificate, people those days, the way they write and stuff, or even the
516 informant that tell them, you know? And then they write `em down. It's so different. But when I
517 look back on the marriage certificates and stuff,we find out that it's actually Aiona. But going back
518 to my grandma's dad living in Kalapana. They used to live in,after the tidal wave in Kalapana,Tutu
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519 still remained over there but they moved to Ola'a in Mountain View. MB: Especially Saint Theresa
520 Church, they hold a lot of.. like I said, a tidal wave back then. Kalapana Church. This church
521 (points). Had a lot of records,baptismal records, things like that. So whatever they when salvage,
522 when move to Saint Theresa.
523 [Kanani and Gina talk about the family that moved to Ola'a.]
524 MB: My grandma's father's brother,Bonaventura,he lived on the upside where I told you.
525 GM: Mokuhulu?
526 MB: Above Mokuhulu but on the opposite side. And the Kamanus live over there on that side too.
527 And, ok, so he live on that side, on the right side when you coming down in a two story house over
528 there. My Uncle Bonaventura. And I remember,for some reason, I don't know why, as young as 1
529 was,I remember the funeral. I was telling my grandma the story.And she says,yeah,we had couple
530 funerals inside that house. And now, maybe I was two or three, she said, "how the hell can you
531 remember that far back? You're too young!" I said, "grandma, I remember, I telling you." I
532 remember how the person looked like.Because Uncle Bonaventura used to wear cowboy shirt,jeans,
533 and hat. She said,"yeah?"I said,that's what I remember."And who,whose funeral you folks went
534 to? She said,"I don't know,I forget."So,my grandma's tripping out.And she's trying to remember,
535 maybe was her tutu. Yeah, `cause she lived, Tutu Kauanoe, she lived to like, in her 90s. Tutu
536 Kauanoe. She's buried in that cemetery further down where the development is trying to develop.
537 Anyway, she's the only grave over there, are stacked up with stones. And my grandma remembered
538 that when they, when the family get together, they had salt, lauhala mat, tapa ready for wrap her
539 body. And that's how they buried her and then. So that was, Tutu Kauanoe. Was buried over there.
540 But no plaque.Name,nothing.That was passed down to generations,to me,to know that that's Tutu
541 Kauanoe that's buried over there. Maybe not only me,my cousin Leila's side,you know,all passed
542 down already. We all know. And that cemetery over there, my grandma said, "this is the family
543 cemetery. Whoever pass away can bury over here."That's our family cemetery. Oh,and you know,
544 when you little, ok, this is mine, this is mine, I'm gone be buried over there, I'm gonna be buried
545 over here next to my grandma. Used to do that already.
546 Yeah, so, my grandma used to tell us where she wanted to be buried because her, she had, six
547 children. I'm the seventh, she adopted. But,between Aunty Pat and Uncle Clinton, her name was
548 Catherine. And she was,her baby,was thrown up by the babysitters. And my grandma was a hard-
549 working lady so she was working.Never,come home,that's when she found out that her baby was
550 unresponsive and baby had,um,all she could see was bruise,my grandma said. Bruise on her head.
551 So maybe was from a fall.All they told her,all we did was,all was going through her head was,she
552 must have fall. So anyway,that was the reason why her baby Catherine buried there. She was only,
553 grandma said she was only six months.
554 [Conversation continued,Pu`ilima was returned to in follow up conversation].
555 This portion of the interview with Aunty Kanni took place over the phone as a follow up to the
556 previous conversation on March 3,2025.
557
558 MB: There was something that was laying down on my,laying on my heart,to call you and let you
559 know if it's ok that I can add to what we were talking about.
560 GM: Yeah,for sure.
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561 MB: You know the, the, our family grave area. Yeah? The piece across, or the land across, of the
562 cemetery,the road?
563 GM: Yeah
564 MB: It's a well-known spot over there. Also, it, it might have, you know the pall. It's a pall over
565 there. But it's also, my grandma said, Elsie Leimanu Kealoha,married name Naungayan. She said
566 that it was a good kahakai spot.
567 GM: Wait,can you repeat that one more time?I had a truck driving by.
568 MB: Kahakai spot,meaning holoholo spot go pick `opihi, `a`ama crab, and fishing. Especially for
569 certain kind of fish too like black ulua. Or the other kind,you know,the flying fish back in the day.
570 All that kind. But over there is a highly, it's like a landmark to the lawai`a, the people who are
571 fishermens. Especially like my grandma and my grandma's brother,Leila's grandpa,Uncle Gabriel
572 Kealoha. Yeah. Yeah, they're all fishermen. And whether it's fishermen, fishing or kahakai, you
573 know go pick`opihi, `a`ama crab,or even go pick limu. It is not only accessible to them,our family,
574 but when Pohoiki was a ramp,was a fishing....Pohoiki was a gathering place for fishermen to come
575 with their boat and it was accessible because it had the ramp and everything. But the fishing spot
576 was always Kaimu,Kalapana area. But all along the coast,what was the name that Leila used?
577 GM: Pu`ilima.
578 MB: Yeah. There's a reason why it's named Pu`ilima.And the fishing moons would go fishing over
579 there, it's accessible. `Cause they go and camp for a couple days, especially for nowadays, ulua
580 tournaments and you know all the stuff like that,yeah? That area is the highly,the fishermen who
581 knows,that is a spot. Iconic to the fishermen but also it could also,for people picking `a`ama,that
582 is also an area that my grandma says,that is a good place to pick`opihi and `a`ama crab. Also it has
583 caves. Along that pall get caves. So, never been touched. So all those areas right there cannot be
584 developed. Seriously.Because number one,there's caves on the pall area over there,also there might
585 be people back in the day, our `ohanas back in the day used to probably live there so it's also a
586 residential, a place where,back in the day,they never have roof,wood and stuff,was all pill grass,
587 thatched. Yeah?And rock formation where they can set their house in that area. But those are those
588 areas where... when you came in I talked to you about the, there's a grave in the back... on our
589 cemetery there is probably maybe 8, 9 feet, the length, the width, but it's a big grave. I think this
590 man was either an ali`i or a warrior,but the headstone is huge, the back of, in the back of, I think
591 was Uncle Waiau's grave.There's our tdtd's grave,Gabriel,Uncle Gabriel's dad,and next to,above
592 his headstone is William Waiau. That is a relative,first generation relative to Gabriel Kealoha. They
593 both,he considered...William Waiau considered Gabriel as brothers. So the Waiau family also come
594 and they're residents still in Kaimu.
595 But Aunty Paulette,her dad,my goodness,he was the real Hawaiian you know?Walk around,malo.
596 Yeah.And the mom,Aunty Paulette's mom,a kumu,she was a hula teacher. Yeah. But her students
597 are from, they have a home in Pahoa. Yeah. So, uh, also, Aunty Paulette married Uncle Lawrence
598 Wright. His mother was also a kumu hula teacher. So that residence where Uncle Lawrence live,
599 back in the day,dakine had a hula halau back then because my Aunty Tina,Aunty Florence was one
600 student.It was Kumu Hula Wright in Pahoa.And across the street,Makuakanes live there.But Uncle
601 Gabriel married one of the Makuakane girls. Aunty Lam. So, anyway,we all closely related to the
602 Waiaus. Being that,the family,or`ohana road was across from the road from Aunty Paulette guys'
603 house. So, wasn't only the spot, was a pretty big spot and so, only Tutu Kauanoe is buried there.
604 Where I told you she's buried.And she's not the only one that's buried over there.At the other grave
605 site there's Pe'as and Leongs and Kealohas too. Only because they're relative. They intermarried.
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606 The Pe'as. That's why. The side of,and in the back get graves and in the front,that's Leslie's `ohana
607 over there if I'm not mistaken. Konanuis over there. The rest of the graves is in Opihikao. Another
608 extension too is,there's graves across the street where they're planning on developing. Because it's
609 untouched, there's plenty, I remember, I don't know about nowadays, if it still remains the same.
610 Get plenty medicinal plants growing in the front and on the left side of that property. Yeah.
611 GM: Can you share which kind?
612 MB: `Uhaloa. `Uhaloa is mostly, is readily grown over there in that area that I know of `Uhaloa.
613 Plus get,further down where's there's vegetation,get kukui, a lot of kukui nut trees growing on the
614 right side. Also,the `6hia trees also medicinal.
615 GM: Did you say there was a grave on the ocean side of the road?
616 MB: Oh,residential. It could be pillars or stone walls but there is a road to go in. You got to have
617 four-wheel drive though to go in. All the fishermens, they know that. There's only one area over
618 that's accessible for the fishermens to go in and do that.
619 GM: Would you want to go down with me one day?
620 MB: Yeah,one day I can show you what and what.
621 GM: That'd be great.
622 MB: Because I would even like to show you the grave behind our grave. That grave,that was like,
623 to me, I mentioned it to grandma. But there must have been a reason why Tutu Kauanoe,because
624 she's the only one out of the Kealoha family. She's from Ka`u, she's born and raised Ka`u. She's a
625 Keamo, she comes from a descendant from the Keamo family from over there in Ka`u. But the,
626 Keamo and the Aiona family. Ka`u side. Like I said, I was trying to get more info, mostly on my
627 grandma's dad,Gabriel Kealoha before he took sick of tuberculosis. Housed in Hilo in King's Land
628 where Pumaile used to stand. Pumaile Homes, in King's Landing. Used to be the tuberculosis
629 patients in that hospital. For tuberculosis patients. The foundation still there....
630 I was born at the new hospital in Hilo. My Aunty Tina, Aunty Florence, born in the old hospital.
631 That's what grandma said. All my other aunties and uncles, they were born at home. Delivered at
632 home. So my tutu, my great grandmother was the midwife and a couple of my aunties and uncles
633 were born at home. Then my grandma became a midwife also, along with her mom. Aunties and
634 uncles used to. That's at home and it's a far ride from Opihikao all the way to Hilo. So a number of
635 cousins were born at home, aunties and uncles, great grand aunties and uncles born at home.
636 Opihikao side.And Kalapana too.But my grandma said,only a couple times she went and go kahakai
637 down that side,where Leila speaks of. And also several times,my grandma also tagged along with
638 her brother,Uncle Gabriel,on the boat. They go all the way to Hilina Pali,jump off the boat, swim
639 the beach,and they start kahakai already. But they said,gotta learn how to swim because the current
640 is really rough.
641 GM: I really want to do that one day.
642 MB: [Laughter]. Yeah. So,Uncle Ula Kuahiwinui had boat,Uncle Gabriel had boat, so you know,
643 always, that spot and Hilina Pali spot, all along the coast, coming as they come from Pohoiki out,
644 they all knew the spots for go holoholo. For even know what, the time of seasons and what they
645 going get. Yeah,for our gravesite,is good ulua fishing spot over there. So people go,mostly men,
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646 though, they take their truck, park their truck and then they walk in. It's rough. But the path been
647 there long time. Grandma knew. That that's good spot to go holoholo and also.
648 Also, you know, one thing about Big Island, the palls, it's not like Kona side, get sand. Iwis are
649 found in the sand.Like Kalapana,like I told you about Drain Pipe?Had that mound that I was sitting
650 on?The rock I was leaning on was a grave stone. I never know was a grave. Yeah? So,it's just like
651 how Maui is going through now,the iwi in the sand.It's the same in Kalapana,Drain Pipes,had iwi.
652 So I really think, I really understand now, when I hear of Uncle Desmond guys talking about the
653 burials and stuff,there's certain,Hawaiians where they live in their location,they can be buried on
654 their land or by their home or they were,because they were some kind of chief or something, they
655 gotta go bury them in the caves and it's usually along the pall where it's not where people go maha'oi
656 and go pick and stuff like that. There's a lot of caves that have,there are gravesites that are in the
657 caves of the pall area. Because the Akuza family, further up as you go and pass our grave,
658 continuously go where there's Kalanihonua area,if you can picture Kalanihonua,maybe about a half
659 a mile, or maybe no even half a mile,not too far from there, the Naki family, the Nakiaunas, they
660 used to live over there.But,over there,on their spot,get graves but there was also a landmark,crater.
661 Something like Mackenzie, Mackenzie,get three craters over there. And the only way you go in is
662 through Hauac. You know alongside our gravesite,further down,I think,not too far...
663 GM: Lava tube?
664 MB: Yeah! Lava tube but it's round,yeah? I call `em crater `cause it's round,yeah? And we also
665 have a tube alongside of the road. You know where the lava, where the residents of Kalapana got
666 moved to the,those who were lava victims? On the left side,go further down the Red Road, on the
667 side where they can go and build another site for their home?
668 GM: Kikala and K66kea?
669 MB: Yeah. Over there,used to have, along the road,but people used to dump rubbish inside. Used
670 to have craters on the side of the road. But, you know these people who drive along and dump
671 rubbish,no more the `kine,no more caution,or you know, sign that say, `no dumping.'
672 GM: Right.
673 MB: But I bet you,had,know what I mean? Had dakine inside there. It's just that they never,who
674 would think? But when I would listen to Uncle Desmond, I tell you, I believe, I believe our
675 Hawaiians,they go bury their loved ones and that's where they go,they take them to the caves.
676 GM: I'm really glad you brought that up because I hadn't thought about that pall that way but that
677 makes a lot of sense.
678 MB: Yeah,if you can recall. I do,remember the story of King Kamehameha. He's not in the tundra,
679 you know,in Oahu. His iwi is in one of the caves in Kohala. In the pall. Yeah. That is,it's not his
680 birthplace but he was took,he had to be took there because King Kahakili,the m6 i back then had
681 said, all the first-born boys, to the warriors, go and kill them. Yeah. So Kuamo`o had to take the
682 baby, King Kamehameha, take the baby to his sister in Kohala. It was treacherous though, from
683 where he was,because he wasn't born and raised Kohala. He was in some place. It's slipping my
684 mind. Anyway, Kuamo`o had his, King Kameha's mom. Kuamo`o was the only one that was very
685 smart,not only smart,but he was the once that can withstand any hit,any force as a warrior. He was
686 a good,good warrior. But Kamehameha's mom,told him,go take my baby,take him to my sister in
687 Kohala.
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688 I was like, ok,now... my aunty,my great great aunty, she's Dolly. Her maiden name is Moke. She
689 married Moke, lived in Keaukaha. But she's a Waiau. Aunty Dolly Waiau Moke. She told me the
690 story that in Kalapana,in the bay,it was highly common for the ali`is to come,relax,and that's what
691 they did, surf over there,in Kaimu Bay. And they would have to prepare kaukau,you know,for the
692 ali`is to come eat and serve and stuff. Yeah. But that's the only thing I don't know is,who was the
693 ali`i then,in Kalapana. That, I don't know. I would love to know. In the 17, 1800s. Or maybe way
694 more back. Because she,when I met her, she was in her`80s and she was strong, and she was short
695 lady,you know.Aunty Dolly Waiau,live on Todd Street in Keaukaha. The Moke ohana. Yeah. Two
696 story,her house. But the pictures, I'm telling you,when I met her, she showed me pictures I never
697 knew. Our Hawaiian ancestry. They were prestigious, I tell you. Her dad, her uncle, the Waiau
698 family,They all wear suits,how you like that? Suits. And they had,you know those tops,those hat
699 tops, I said, "wow,Aunty,why they look like that?"Yeah. She just said, "yeah."I looked at her, I
700 said, "Are they doctors, attorneys or something?" She said"No. They dress like that."I say, "why,
701 Aunty?"They don't dress nothing like nowadays. [Laughter].
702 GM: Right?
703 MB: So I said,does my tutu? Does William Waiau and Gabriel Kealoha,they buried next together!
704 My tutu, my great grand tutu, she said,you know why they close? That's her father buried in the
705 back of Gabriel Kealoha. And I was like, "what?" She said, "yeah, that's my dad."How come, all
706 our family buried behind the Keliihoomalu family? Oh, right over here, on the Waiau land? But 1
707 don't see my dad,come to find out,I had the paper,I write them down in case the rain and whatever,
708 yeah?We always go put the sharpie for make `em more,readable,in case the family like come. So
709 she said,"yeah,this is my dad. Buried in the back of your tutu."And I was like, "yeah,every time
710 we go make sure whoever come visit that William Waiau can see the printing `cause the printing
711 was fading every time rain.Well actually sweating,because it's really hot over there. So the printing
712 would sometimes disappear.And yeah,that's what we would do.We would mark`em the same way
713 with his name, the birth, the death, dates, in case the family come and visit. She said, "They are
714 treated,my dad buried over there because he was very close to Kealoha."Like his brother. Because
715 her tutu,William Waiau's mother,Elizabeth Kaapana Kahana,took care of Gabriel Kealoha. "You
716 have picture?Does my tutu wearing suits too?"She said,"I sorry baby,no."But`cause I was trying
717 to find,yeah,pictures for my grandmother before she passed,yeah?I said,I'll try my best. So I was
718 fortunate to talk to her before she passed away,Aunty Dolly Moke. I know her oldest son was into
719 genealogy and he knows too. I hope he's still alive, not sure though. But anyway, yeah she had
720 awesome stories. Her uncle that live there,Uncle Chad,Aunty,they were intermarried too with the
721 Pe'a family. Yeah.
722 [Conversation continues.]
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775 APPENDIX E: INTERVIEW WITH LESLIE LIHAUNANI ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL
776
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778 TALKING STORY WITH
779 LESLIE ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL(LE)
780 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
781 September 12,2025
782 LE: Aloha e Gina,Here is my mana'o. Mahalo. If you have any questions,feel free to contact me.
783 Lihau.
784 GM: To start please tell us about yourself...Name?Where/When you were born?Where you grew
785 up?Where you went to school?
786 LE: My name is Leslie Lihaunani Enriquez Rosehill. I was born 1980,Hilo Hospital. Grew up in
787 Lava Tree State Park where my mama's `ohana owned a mac nut farm on 30 acres. In between the
788 Walkers and the Chows. As well as Kapoho,where my father's mother was born and raised
789 (Kumukahi Village)and relocated after the 1960 Pele. Spent every summer at Pohoiki with
790 my father's godmother Bertha Veloria,who was married to my grandfather's oldest brother Sim
791 Enriquez. And Kalapana where my godmother Aunty Sarah Hauanio lived. Kalapana,Kapa'ahu,
792 Kaimu,Mokuhulu is where my grandfather is from. Enriquez/Kaho'okaulana from Kalua descent.
793 We also had land in Kaohe Homesteads,Wao Kele O Puna,where I spent a lot of time in my high
794 school years up into my 30s.
795 GM: Could you tell us about your `ohana/family background?
796 LE: My tutu man Hilarion Enriquez was Luna of Pahoa. During the plantation era. He married,
797 Rebecca Kahookaulana. We are farmers and fishers. From Kumukahi to Kalapana. Rebecca's
798 father is of Kalapana/Kaimu. Her mother is from Napo'opo'o. They had their children in the area
799 of Kehena and lived their lifetime between that space and Kalapana,Mokuhulu and Kalapana.
800 GM: What is your association to the subject property(family land,work place,etc.)?
801 LE: I am a lineal descendant. My great grandfather Makap6 Kaho`okaulana is laid to rest there. As
802 well as my tutu wahine Rebecca. Tutu Man Enriquez,cousins and uncle. I have practiced in
803 caretaking the area with my father who raised me since I was 10. Back then,we understood the
804 area as an ahupua`a. From uplands to sea. It was never separated by western ideas of roads and
805 ownerships. I was raised here,raised my children here and still reside.
806 GM: What are the ways you have acquired special knowledge of this area(from your`ohana,
807 personal research, specific sources)?
808 LE: I am hiapo of our generation of cousins. The oldest. I was given to my tutu wahine to raise and
809 spend time with. Most of my knowledge is of experience and direct word of mouth from my
810 kupuna. As well as constant practice after my fathers and my tutus passing. Carrying on their
811 kuleana within space.
812 GM: Could you share your mana`o relevant to the Pu`ilima,Kaimu area and the surrounding
813 region(personal anecdotes,mo`olelo,mele,oli,place names,etc.)?
814 LE: There has been much already said and stated by our kupuna that's already documented on this
815 topic. I'd like to defer to my elders on this. One mo'olelo that was shared to me by my papa who is
816 Rebecca's son was.... Kaipu`uelelu sits above our fishing grounds. All of our kupuna are laid to
817 rest here and in stories,they make their way as water do downhill to our fishing grounds. So
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818 whatever we gather in our `ohana ko`a is a direct reflection of what our kupuna have provided for
819 us.
820 GM: As far as you remember and your experiences,how has the area changed? Could you share
821 how it was when you were young and how it's different now?
822 LE: Gentrification is the only negative encounter. We have learned to live with the Pele and as she
823 comes and goes,it's never been a loss but a blessing for more land being created. It's not the same
824 perspective as foreigners have of destruction.
825 GM: Do you know of any traditional sites or historically significant buildings which are or were
826 located on the Property site--for example: cultural sites, archaeological sites,historic structures
827 and/or burials?Please elaborate.
828
829 LE: This parcel is a part of the cycle of our kupuna,whose remains rest here. Their journey is not
830 static it continues,returning to the sea as part of a living process of ancestral flow. Documented in
831 many resources,including Chiefs of Hawaii by Kamakau. This land is not just a location,it is a
832 passage. Our kupuna are buried here, and their cycle continues. To disturb this place is to interrupt
833 a rhythm that has long been in motion.While others may no longer recognize these documented
834 sites as significant,they remain deeply important to us as lineal descendants. These are not just
835 coordinates on a map,they are chapters of our history and anchors of our identity. Dismissing their
836 importance erases lived memory and undermines the kuleana we carry to protect and honor them.
837 GM: Do you think the proposed development would affect any place of cultural significance or
838 access to aplace of cultural significance?Please elaborate.
839 LE: Yes.When our last kupuna Milo grove was butchered down. It created a sadness in me that
840 can't be explained in words. There are only a few areas left on our coastline that represent what
841 our kupuna lived within. It should have never been destroyed by developers.
842 GM: Are you aware of any traditional gathering practices at the Property area and/or within the
843 surrounding areas both past and ongoing?
844 LE: Pu'ilima is documented as our Kahookaulana`ohan ko`a. Fishing. My `ohana practiced
845 traditional gathering rights within this area. There is a trail from Mokuhulu into Pu`ilima and
846 Kalaehiamoe.
847
848 GM: Within this proposed development,what could be done to lessen the adverse effects on any
849 current cultural practices in the area?
850 LE: Not building. This area should be represented as conservation lands as its surrounding areas
851 are. It is a part of the Kaipu`ueleu Complex,in the 1970 red road survey,where it's documented
852 that there are many burials and the road itself that was designed and put in did not exclude burials
853 to be within the makai region of the complex. 8,000 burials units of note, supports that statement.
854
855 GM: Are you aware of any other cultural concerns the community might have related to cultural
856 practices within or in the vicinity of the Property site and its surrounding areas?
857 LE: Gentrification. Kaimu is of a space that is humble. We don't have much in regards to money
858 or land. But many of our families that are descendants are still here and are a living culture,we are
859 rich in practices and traditions. Because we are in a zone where land is cheaper than other places,
860 but cash speaks volumes. It encourages those who have cash on hand to purchase and invest. The
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861 actions of these developers have already set the precedent that they are not culturally respectful or
862 mindful. Therefore,leading the destruction and separation we have to embody our kupuna in our
863 spaces that we are gated off from and locked out of.
864 GM: Do you know of any other kupuna,kama`aina,cultural/lineal descendants,or other
865 knowledgeable people who might be willing to share their mana`o of the Pu`ilima,Kaimu area?
866 LE: I've shared all names of people that may. Mahalo. If interested,Namoa Rosehill,my son
867 would be my only other suggestion.
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
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881
92
249
882
883
884
885
886
887 APPENDIX F:INTERVIEW WITH SAMUEL KAHO`OKAULANA
888
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889
890
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891 TALKING STORY WITH
892 SAMUEL KAHO`OKAULANA(SK)
893 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
894 January 3,2025
895 The interview with Aunty Bernice Walker & Uncle Sam Kaho`okaulana included a travelling
896 huaka`i (journey) from Aunty Bernice's home in Pahoa, to Mokuhulu, to the study area in
897 Kaimu.
898 Location: Mokuhulu,Hawaii Island
899 SK: So why we starting here? They never have cars like this to go to the beach. Kahakai. So
900 from Mokuhulu house,Tutu Rebecca's house,that's Emiquez' estate. Over 30 something acres.
901 Well the Enriquezes gave my Tutu Man,Herman Ella Kaho`okaulana three and a half acres and
902 that's where my brother now lives. And so from over there,where they were growing up,they
903 had to walk the trails,walk the road,to go and fish.And when they went,they went for a couple
904 days. It's not like, they're gonna walk down there and catch a couple crabs, catch this, they
905 catch that. They went down there, they stayed, sometimes for a whole week. And one of the
906 places that I learned is, where we're going to end up down there, is Wills. We went and made
907 ulua, I was about maybe, six years old, seven years old. And then get my brother, Keona, and
908 my brother Ella, used to go with my mom and my dad. My dad's dad, Tutu Ella. Uncle Pika
909 sometimes. My uncle, Uncle Sam, Ka`awaloa, he used to go, sometimes. But that's where I
910 learned about this place,where we're going to go. I never used to think about this place,it's just
911 a fishing ground, but now, as I grow up and get older, it becomes more of a spiritual thing. I
912 never like nobody know where I'm at. So the trail,I wanted the trail just to be just the way it is.
913 And this morning I went down and I had to look at the trail,follow the trail,and I was like,brah,
914 you still get`em,over 20 years. So anyhow,it became,a really good feeling,that this trail,that,
915 most of the time I would go by myself. I'd have someone drop me off in the middle of the night,
916 take off down the trail do my thing. Early in the morning have someone pick me up. But today
917 when I looked at `em this morning, I was like, "wow. You was like six, seven years old over
918 there."... For me, that trail by itself, I believe, is another way that our kupunas and the Lord
919 himself preserved me and our family. So now I can go, share it with you.
920 SK: So across this main road, the trail would take you all the way down to the beach where
921 we're going to go. I just wanted to let you guys know. Because Cousin Bernice and I,this was
922 our stomping grounds. The road used to be all gravel here. 60s was paved. Mango tree right
923 there.Never had telephone.No water yet. One story I have, Tutu Ella, I was about six or seven
924 years old and we were going to go fishing at Apua. We started from here. Tutu Man had this
925 old Model T. Was just him and L He would wake me up. "Okay boy, get up." Talking in
926 Hawaiian. Fluent Hawaiian. I never really picked up the language and as I learned about Elvis
927 Presley and I eat Korean BBQ and rice I forgot about my Hawaiian. But this one morning we
928 was gonna go fishing Apua and I don't know why he wanted me to go with him to Apua. This
929 old Model A,Model T. `Cause after that he's going to upgrade,get the green Chevy.We drove
930 to Tutu Ponders house. A lot of you people may know him, may not. He lived in Kapa`ahu,
931 more towards National Park. Kupahu`a. We get there,they start talking Hawaiian, he gets the
932 donkey,tie `em up to his truck and we drive all the way to Inaba subdivision or Royal Gardens.
933 Like the old Queen's Bath. I'm hanging in there. I said, "let's go!"I'm a trooper. So,we get the
934 mule all loaded up and then we start on this tour from there all the way to Apua. From here to
935 there, it take us, maybe about 12 hours. From here to there! Before we get to Apua, there's
936 Kaena, Kealakomo, goat corral, Kahue, after Kahue then Apua. There's all this stuff along the
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937 way. Each of those places had distinct things. Like the water hole. For the horses. Brackish
938 water. But eventually you made it to Apua and our lunch was,he bust out canned corn beef and
939 he had his poi.And I'm like,"what I going eat."And he get one loaf of bread. Purity brand.And
940 can orange soda. Made my day. I said, "Tuuu, I ready to fish!"The pole was about from me to
941 you. Was really easy, he goes over there, he hits the rock and this worm like thing comes out,
942 there's a word for `em, and he hooks `em on and he flicks like that. Thunk. Guess what was the
943 first fish I found?
944 GM: Nenue?
945 SK: Close. Was po`opa`a. Buggah was huge. The po`opa`a was pulling me. Was like, "Tutu, I
946 got the fish, I got the fish!" Ever since then, when we came back, I wanted to come home.
947 `Cause I caught that po`opa`a.I went,with Tutu Man,with Cousin Bernice,went down to Kaena
948 Point. We caught some fish! Hanapa. We still alive, we still prospering. We got all these
949 different tricks. So Kaena Point is gone, covered by lava. That was during the 1969 to `74 lava
950 flow. But Apua Point is still there. Hopefully I get to see it again. Just gotta get in shape. So I
951 just wanted to give you guys and overview of where our family started and how it evolved.Next
952 stop is Pu`ilima.
953 Location: walking along Pu`ilima trail, Kaimn,Hawaii Island
954 SK: For me right now, I'm using the word impression. Blueprint, in my life. For whatever the
955 reason, it may be back then, I always thought that I would come back. And I was right, I came
956 back.
957 GM: It's a good spot.
958 SK: It used to be. The world growing up,is magic,right?When we were five, six, seven,it was
959 good. It wasn't guaranteed, if the fish was hungry,if they were gonna bite the bait.
960 GM: Was it a limu spot at all?
961 SK: Limu? Not here. It was mostly to the right, was all of the papa. That reef. The limu was
962 more towards the Catholic Church.
963 GM: Drain Pipe?
964 SK: Yeah.
965 SK: Ulua spot is right there. And the big ulua stick would be sticking out from over there,
966 leaning that way.And then our little tent with a rock wall would be right up that way. It's pretty
967 much filled in. After all these years,the cliff is sinking. The waves came up, it looks like,took
968 a lot of rocks out with them.That's our fishing spot,right there. I noticed,this morning,though,
969 if you look back to the right, is the conventional `6hi`a pole stands.
970 GM: Pole stands. Is this whole area Pu`ilima or is it a smaller section of this area?
971 SK: I consider this place, Wills. The biggest thing, I see, is just the trail. The trail to me, after
972 the first meeting and during the first meeting,there was something about that trail that I thought,
973 I gotta go visit that place again.And here I am today. So significant.Here I was,five,six, seven
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974 years old,and now I'm 68 and the trail was, "I gotta go find `em."And I found `em.And it feels
975 good. And why? It goes from here all the way back to the house.
976 GM: Do you know why it was called Wills?
977 SK: I don't know but there's a long story about it. About Pu`ilima.
978 Location: Pu`ilima shoreline,Kaimn,Hawaii Island
979 (Standing on 'a`a flow(state land)directly to the east of the study area.)
980 GM: Can you share a little bit about your background,where you grew up, family history.
981 SK: My name is Samuel Kuhiwi Kaho'okaulana Junior. Son to Samuel Kuhiwi
982 Kaho'okaulana and Pearl Keonaona Ka'awaloa Kaho'okaulana. I'm the number one out of
983 twelve. My dad is from Mokuhulu. My mom is from Kapa`ahu. I grew up in Mokuhulu back
984 in the late 1950s. Born September 30, 1956. Here I am with friends and relatives at Wills slash
985 Pu`ilima talking about why I feel the way I feel about this place. I actually come from a
986 farmer,hunter, fisherman, construction family. My dad was a construction worker, farmer,
987 and everything. So we did everything. Farmer,gatherers, fisherman,hunters.We do
988 everything that we need to do to survive. And I'm grateful that I could share what I could
989 share about how this place started at Mokuhulu and we've ended here at Pu`ilima. Do you
990 have any questions for me?
991 GM: Thinking about this spot and the surrounding area with the burial grounds, fishing
992 grounds. I don't know if you want to share anything about this coastline and why it's special?
993 SK: Yes. For me,the number one significance is the trail. The trail existed ever since I was
994 here, five, six, seven years old. Today I'm 68 years old. Even though the trail is ancient, it
995 remains to be visible. Remains to be a sense that brings me back. It's almost like, once lost but
996 now found. The trail is so, lasting memories, of those years,beginning with my grandparents,
997 my dad,my mom,my brothers and sisters. And all the other people that we used to frequent
998 the trail to go harvesting. And this is fishing ulua, fishing for shoreline fishing, enenue,
999 aholehole,moi,popa`a, and maybe today,might have a lot of ta`ape and so forth. But I
1000 haven't been here for over 20 years, so I don't really know. The limu,the limu kohu, can be
1001 harvested. But it be used to more to the right from this point, along the papa,the reefs,that
1002 you can actually see today. There's a lot of limu. Then `opihi picking, `a`ama,this is a good
1003 place. Especially when nobody comes here and harvest. This was a good place, always
1004 providing kaukau for our family. As far as the burials, I haven't seen any burial sites makai
1005 side of the road.And whether you get down to the beach,whether it's on the left side or the
1006 right side of us,I've never encountered any grave sites so I don't really know. Except the
1007 grave sites that we have mauka side of the road.We used to harvest ko`oko`olau tea from the
1008 mauka side of the road from here. But today,I don't see any. But what I recognize is
1009 development is happening. Again, it's,you know, sixty years went by and changes is going on.
1010 People have interests in the land. It's a beautiful spot. And if you go build on it, do something
1011 beautiful. So again, I'm grateful for being here.
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1012 GM: Is there anybody else you recommend talking story with?
1013 SK: Oh yeah,there's so many good people that you can ask. One would be my Uncle Sam
1014 Ka`awaloa.He was really close to my dad. And my dad pretty much taught him how to hunt,
1015 how to fish, everything. So,he has vast knowledge.
1016 GM: I know I already asked you about mele and oli but are there any mo`olelo that we should
1017 know about?
1018 SK: There probably is. The Hawaiians always had mo`olelo. They always spend time,you
1019 know,that's one way they can remember and experience,whether was good,bad,ugly,
1020 suffering,pain. The Hawaiians did have something,but I don't have any, really,that I could
1021 share.None was passed down to me.
1022 GM: Ok.When you came out here at night by yourself, did you have any mo`olelo or stories?
1023 SK: The only thing would be, I'm always looking in the back.You have this, scary feeling,
1024 and so every once in a while,you go fishing, "what was that?" Or you feel a breeze pass by
1025 and, "what was that?"But you just keep focused. "I came here to make kaukau,and that's
1026 what I came here to do. I can't let you,"You meaning,whether it was a good spirit,bad spirit,
1027 all I know is, it was a time where I'm always on my toes. Very alert and aware of my
1028 surroundings even though it was dark. And then there's times it seems, I could see at night,
1029 without the light. It's like angels. Angels protecting me to do what I gotta do. And once its
1030 over,pick up the bag and it's full with what I came for. Menpachi at night, `aweoweo,
1031 aholehole, and early in the morning, catch some enenue,po`opa`a. And when the bucket was
1032 full it was time to go home. Kaukau, eat with the family.
1033 GM: Is there anything you want to add?
1034 SK: I think the last thing I want to add; is I just want to thank Gina for this opportunity. And
1035 I'm so grateful that I could come back and see the place,touch the ground,be able to see
1036 family and friends join me in this interview. Thank you.
1037
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1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043 APPENDIX G:INTERVIEW WITH LEILA KEALOHA
1044
1045
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1046
1047
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1048 TALKING STORY WITH
1049 LEILA KEALOHA (LK)
1050 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
1051 September 14,2025
1052 Aloha,my name is Leila Kealoha and I am Iwi kuamo`o o Puna(from the bones of my ancestors of
1053 Puna). I was born to John David Kaualalena Kealoha and Gail Bee (Holland) Kealoha on October
1054 21, 1976 in Hilo,Hawaii. I am the second of four daughters born to them. I grew up in Puna makai,
1055 from Kamoamoa to Kapoho. I spent a lot of time in Kaimu,Kalapana, Opihikao,Pohoiki as a baby
1056 into adulthood. I attended Pahoa Elementary, Intermediate and High school where I graduated in
1057 1994. I then attended school at Hawaii Community College in Hilo.
1058 I share about my fathers lineage as he was 100%Kanka maoli from Puna where I grew up. He was
1059 the third of eight siblings. My grandfather was Gabriel Luka Kealoha III who was born on Kaimu
1060 beach next to Kumakaula heiau where their hale was.He was born to Gabriel Luka Kealoha Sr.from
1061 Kaimu and Cecelia"Sarah"Kaualalena from Keoneoio, Maui on January 28, 1932. He was one of
1062 six siblings. My grandmother was Mary Kawailam Makuakane who was born in Opihikao and
1063 resided at their hale across lac o`io in Opihikao. She was the fourth of seven siblings and she was
1064 born to Thomas Kaonohiokala Makuakane who was born in Kapoho and Kaulaokeahi "Hattie"
1065 Makua who was born in Opihikao,on June 26, 1934.
1066 My great- grandfather Thomas Makuakane was best known as a fisherman and lauhala gather
1067 amongst many other practices.He was known to fish the entire coastline as he was a respected person
1068 in the community. My grandfather Gabriel worked for him gathering lauhala and was taken to go
1069 holoholo along the coastline.He was taught about the `6pac ula and feeding the `6pelu ko`a between
1070 Kapoho and Opihikao areas. My grandfather Gabriel and his older sister Elsie were also taught by
1071 their mother Sarah to pound `opihi, gather limu, and fish along the coastline from Kaueleau to
1072 Kaimu. He was also one of the old time fishermen from Pohoiki before there was a boat ramp. He
1073 was the main advocate of how we got our boat ramp.
1074 My father was taught by his dad,my grandpa Gabriel,how to fish along the coastline on land and in
1075 the ocean. He was also taught by his cousin Nohea Peleiholani along with his brother"Jr" Gabriel
1076 Luka Kealoha IV who would fish into Keauhou,Apua and Hilina pall. They always fished along the
1077 entire coast from Makena to Apua. As a child, I remember sending my dad off for days at a time to
1078 go holoholo with his brother and cousin(s). My grandfather was known as the Opihi man,which is
1079 one thing my dad and his brother Jr. were a part of growing up.
1080 My grandpa Gabriel, being from Kaimu, had many ties to the `ohana of the area. Uncle Robert
1081 Keli`oho`omalu was one of his close cousins because they lived right across the street from each
1082 other and they worked and fished together.He was also close with Uncle John Hale at Pohoiki where
1083 he spent a lot of time after moving to Opihikao with my grandma and fishing out of Pohoiki. Hence
1084 why my father was a fisherman on land and the boat. This is where I got my love and passion for
1085 fishing.
1086 My father was also the first one to start Kumakaula Canoe club with two of his cousins which started
1087 right in Kaimu. It later became known as"Kalapana Canoe Club"and is now the Puna Canoe Club.
1088 My mother also paddled canoe. The men would paddle up from Kaimu to Pohoiki and then the
1089 woman would back from Pohoiki to Kaimu and we used to follow them up and down the coastline
1090 cheering them on.
1091 My father was related to everyone along our coastline and having a large family we spent a lot of
1092 time at family parties and `ohana homes. One thing that I want to share is about our family deaths.
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1093 At first I was scared of dead bodies,then when I was 8-years old,my grandmother died. I remember
1094 vividly my cousins and I were just stuck by her casket,hugging and kissing her and crying because
1095 she was gone. We had a big funeral in honor of her and we buried her at Makena gravesite. This is
1096 where my grandfather's family is all buried.
1097 When we went to bury my grandmother, we dug a big hole in the ground and lined the walls with
1098 rocks so the sides don't cave in. Then they build a wooden box to put inside and that is what we put
1099 the casket in. There were so many people and flowers that day. My dad and his brothers were the
1100 ones to dig the hole and place her in her final resting place. The hole is dug days or a week before
1101 the burial.When that part is done,we always go across the street to the beach to get in the water and
1102 spend time together. This was so we could cleanse and be close to where my grandma would
1103 eventually go.We believe that our`ohana will eventually end up in the ocean. We call this the leina
1104 or the lele,the place where the spirits cross over. This is why we bury close to the beach or cliff,if
1105 not right next to the beach or the cliff.
1106 It is always custom to go and visit our kupuna after they have been buried to honor them. When my
1107 grandmother died,this was not the first time I had been to the graves. She used to take us to visit our
1108 kupuna there growing up and so did my dad. My dad would always fish down there too. The beach
1109 at Pu`ilima is an extension of our family burial grounds. Our kupuna who pass get buried and they
1110 eventually become the nutrients that feed the earth below them which extends to the sea. This is the,
1111 "Leina."
1112 Some years later,my great-grandmother Sarah died and we buried her right next to my grandmother.
1113 Previous to my grandmother, my great grandfather and great-great grandmother and father were
1114 buried there and my great-granduncles as well. Over the years,my grandfather's sister Elsie and her
1115 daughter Geraldine were buried there as well. In 2003,my grandfather died.It was a big funeral.We
1116 held his funeral at my aunty Dottie's house and then the next day we went down to Pohoiki and
1117 backed down the boat ramp one last time and then took him to our Makena gravesite which is when
1118 it was the first time that my cousins were the ones to place our kupuna into the ground. This is also
1119 when my cousin Kanani who was raised by our great-grandmother Sarah told us of the name
1120 Kaipueleu as the old name of the cemetery.
1121 1 remember when we dug my grandpas grave,my cousins and I walked the trail down to the beach
1122 and they were blocking it off. We were grumbling because we were trying to figure out why they
1123 were blocking the trail to the beach,which we all grew up using and going down to fish and swim.
1124 As we walked up to the beach, I came across a huge ko`ele shell polished white just sitting on the
1125 beach! I knew instantly that this was my grandfather saying hello to me. I placed that shell on his
1126 chest before we closed his casket. Every time I go down there I find the ko`ele shell and think of my
1127 grandpa. This is our kupuna talking to us. I even used one to make a sign for my aunty Emily who
1128 had me make a sign with her parents' names on top and I put two `opihi shells on each side of the
1129 sign from that beach.
1130 As the years have gone by we feel like they have kicked us out of our gathering place.Pu`ilima was
1131 not just a place to go holoholo which we all did, but it is a place where we aukai/pikai or go and
1132 cleanse and rinse when we are preparing for a family burial. Many of our family members have used
1133 this area for generations and now it feels like we are not allowed to. How come?I don't think anyone
1134 else would like it if we came to their homeland and put up a gate and blocked access to where their
1135 kupuna are buried or where they go to honor their kupuna?
1136 As mentioned before, the beach is an extension of our family burial grounds, cemetery, and it is a
1137 part of the leina and a part of this complex. This has been a custom in our family for many
1138 generations. There are many other burials even behind my `ohana that are surrounding our `ohana
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1139 who do not have headstones.We know these are old and are likely our predecessors,hence why my
1140 `ohana ended up being buried here.
1141 The last I will share about is when my father passed away in 2022. This has been the hardest burial
1142 of them all. My father died on November 18,2022. I had to help get everything ready for my dad to
1143 get buried down there on December 13. 1 met my cousin down there to check out where we were
1144 going to dig his hole and I saw signs across the street about a subdivision and they had bulldozed.
1145 My Uncle who was passing by had stopped and asked me if I knew what was going on, and I said,
1146 "no." In the midst of trying to get ready for my dad's funeral and burial I did not reach out to the
1147 planning department. On the day we went to bury my dad, I pulled up and my dad's cousin, one of
1148 his diving partners,was standing in the driveway with papers in his hand. His eyes were bloodshot,
1149 which was what my dad's eyes looked like most of the time and he was pissed. He handed me the
1150 papers and it was about the property across that street and what they were doing. It was almost like
1151 my dad was speaking through him with his bloodshot eyes and his wild and bodinky hair. I hugged
1152 my uncle and told him thank you for reminding me and for sharing the paperwork. He spent a lot of
1153 time with my dad fishing all over. After burying my dad and having the pa`ina afterwards,plenty of
1154 my `ohana were talking about the property and if we knew what was going on and no one seemed
1155 to know. On December 23,2022 I contacted the planning department to see what was going on and
1156 to share that I was totally against this development. I was contacted back and in the beginning of
1157 January, my cousin and I went in to meet with the SMA planners. We were told that we would be
1158 contacted if any more development was to move forward and over one and a half years my aunty
1159 called me the day before the hearing that they were having the planning commission meeting for this
1160 property. No one contacted us back and the developers stated that there was no opposition to this
1161 project.
1162 This area is very significant to our`ohana. The area has already been bulldozed of our Kupuna trees
1163 that my kupuna have fed from their decomposed bodies,gates put up,blocked access to the beach
1164 and total disregard to our gathering and religious practices of this area. Pu`ilima, Kalachiamoe,
1165 Kaipueleu and Makena are part of a cultural and burial complex that has already been negatively
1166 impacted by Kaimu Cove, LLC and it will have an even more detrimental impact to our `ohana if
1167 anything is built/constructed on this property. It will obstruct the leina,place unwanted waste into
1168 the ground that will affect the tidepools, limu, and fish and the possibility of more destruction of
1169 other archeological sites that have already been disturbed. As I mentioned before, our kupuna bury
1170 either right next to the beach or cliffs and there is a good likelihood that there may be burials within
1171 this area as well.
1172 I also share the following references in respect to place names:
1173 As noted,these names refer to specific things,yet the kaona(meaning)behind these names can be
1174 different. All of these names have reference to the practices used by the people of these areas such
1175 as fish,bones,canoes and people who traversed this area
1176 Kaipueleu:refers to the ipu,fishing god and the active energy of what lies within the area
1177 Kalaehiamoe:refers to the forehead or the point of sleep-hence when I mention that one day when
1178 the kupuna will return to the ocean through the"leina"the point where they cross over.
1179 Makena: the many that are wailing of those that are found within this area
1180 Kaimu: this name references the canoes and the type of fishing that was done in the area
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1181 The area is significant to fishing, gathering and those who lay down to their final resting place.
1182 Kalaehiamoe and Pu`ilima is/was used as a canoe launching site and is a place for gathering ocean
1183 resources. Traditionally, there was a Ku`ula or fishing shrine placed on land to give honor to the
1184 fishing akua"Ku". I have been told there is/was a Ku`ula residing here. Puna always refers to fresh
1185 water springs and the ponds that are found on the inside areas of the beach were likely used for
1186 brackish drinking water which would have been gathered with calabashes or ipu.
1187 In conclusion, this entire ahupua`a of Makena is very significant to our family. My `ohana is still
1188 very large and many more of our`ohana will be buried at our`ohana Makena gravesite,or Kaipueleu
1189 and we need to have unobstructed access to the kai directly across the street to continue our practice
1190 of cleansing, gathering and honoring our kiipuna. What type of reciprocity will be done for the
1191 execution of our kiipuna trees and the blocked access of our gathering places and religious use?
1192 `Ohara I know that Gilbert Hauanio Sr., Emily Hauanio (Konanui), Tootsie Peleiholani, Hayward
1193 `Braddah"Peleiholani,Emily Naeole(Kealoha), and Daniela Kealoha.
1194 Kaipueleu
1195 Ka ipu
1196 N. Hanger for ipu,calabashes.
1197 `Ele.`n
1198 1. N.A dark-skinned people to be descended from a chief of this name.
1199 2. (Not cap.)A hard stone, sometimes used as a fishing god.
1200
1201 `eleu
1202 vs. Active, alert, energetic, lively, nimble, quick, dexterous, agile, spry, sprightly, prompt. Also
1203 `uleu. h6.`eleu Caus/sim.;to animate, stir into action,animated.
1204 Kalaehiamoe
1205 ka.la`e
1206 1. vs. Clear,calm,unclouded. ho`o.ka.la`e To cause to clear;to become clear.
1207 2. n. Swelling,probably due to failing circulation.
1208 la`e
1209 Same as la`ela`e 1;pure in sentiment(Hal. 19.8). Cf. kdla`e. ho`o.la`e To clear up,brighten. (PCP
1210 lake.)
1211 lae
1212 n.
1213 1. Forehead.brow.Nalulu ka lac,to have a headache. (PPN la`e.)
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1214 2. Cape,headland,point,promontory. (PEP la`e.)
1215 3.Wisdom;mental or emotional qualities. Cf. lae o`o,lae pa`a,lae `ula,and idioms pohd 1;po`ohu
1216 1. ho`o.lac To pretend to be wise;to act smart;pretentious.
1217 4. An insulting term, followed by qualifiers, referring to kaua, outcasts, who had dots tattooed on
1218 their foreheads (Maio 70-2). Cf. lae kiko,lae mamo,lae puni.
1219 hia.moe
1220 nvi. Sleep;to sleep,fall asleep, asleep. Kona hiamoe `ana,his sleeping. Holoholona hiamoe, sloth.
1221 Hiamoe i ka make, to sleep in death, die. ho`o, hia.moe To put to sleep,lull to sleep,to pretend to
1222 sleep; soporific. L5'au ho`ohiamoe, sleeping tablet or drug. (PPN fiamohe.)
1223 makena
1224 1. nvi. Mourning,wailing,lamentation;to wail,lament,weep for joy. Nona k6a makena e uw6 `ia
1225 mai nei(For. 4.47),this wailing that is being sobbed forth here is for him. (PPN matenga.)
1226 2. n. Calm,of sea, atmosphere. Cf. make,dead.
1227 ma.kena
1228 vs. Many,numerous;often,much.
1229 Pu`ilima
1230 PO
1231 n. Head of octopus or squid.
1232 n. Canoe endpiece,both fore and aft.
1233 nvt. Coil of hair,topknot of hair;rope or line, as attached to sticks in an `6pelu net;rope attached to
1234 the front of an unfinished canoe to haul it to the shore;olona string used in the game pu kaula;snotter
1235 holding the end of the sprit of a sail;to coil;to gather in, as sails;to form a topknot. Pu i ka wa`a,
1236 ceremony during which a head craftsman prayed that the gods would protect the newly carved canoe
1237 hull as it was drawn from the forest to the sea; to attach a line to a canoe; such a line. Kaulapa pu
1238 (For. 6:483),drag or towline.Pu i ka lauoho,to form the hair in a topknot.
1239 part. Together,entirely,completely, also with,together with.
1240 Short for puna.
1241 `ilima
1242 1. n. Small to large native shrubs (all species of Sida, especially S. fallax),bearing yellow, orange,
1243 greenish, or dull-red flowers; some kinds strung for leis. The flowers last only a day and are so
1244 delicate that about 500 are needed for one lei. Fruits of ma`o (Abutilon grandifolium), when green
1245 and soft, are used with `ilima leis, one fruit at each end of the lei; or the pale-green, cap-like calyx
1246 of the `ilima flower is used.A mild laxative for babies is made by squeezing out the juice of flowers;
1247 this is called kanakamaika`i. The `ilima was designated in 1923 by the Territorial Legislature as the
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1248 flower of Oahu. It is related to the hibiscus. (Neal 552-3.) See songs,noweo,pue 1;cf. `apiki. Ola
1249 n6 i ka pua o ka`ilima,healing in the `ilima flower [reference to its medicinal use].
1250 Kaimn
1251 ka
1252 1. nvt. To hit, strike, throw, smite,hack,thrust,toss, fling, hurl, dash, especially with a quick hard
1253 stroke; to bail water, as from a canoe;to clean, as weeds or mud from a pond; to fling the arms or
1254 swing them while walking;to make net meshes;to tie, as thatch battens;to knit;to fish with a pole;
1255 to turn the soil;
1256 nvt. Canoe bailer;to bail. (PPN taa.)
1257 n. Container,hanger.
1258 Incoming,of a current
1259 Hip bone,pelvis.
1260 imu
1261 n. Underground oven;food cooked in an imu.Also umu. (PPN `umu.)
1262 Rock and coral fish trap;the fisherman might insert a branch into an opening at one side to frighten
1263 the fish into a surrounding net. Also ahu,umu.
1264
1265
1266
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1267
107
264
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274 APPENDIX H: INTERVIEW WITH HOWARD KONANUI
1275
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1276 TALKING STORY WITH
1277 HOWARD KONANUI(HK)
1278 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
1279 January 2,2025
1280
1281 The interview with Uncle Howard Konanui was completed over the phone.
1282 GM: Could you start by sharing about yourself and your family background?
1283 HK: My name is Howard Konanui. I'm of Joseph Kepa Konanui and Elizabeth Enriquez
1284 Konanui. I was born in Hilo Hospital. Raised in Opihikao and when we were about sixth grade,
1285 we moved up Pahoa.We had a house in the back of the elementary school.We lived there `til I
1286 graduated and then I got married.And I am also 70 years old.
1287 GM: Do you want to share a little more about your family background?
1288 HK: Do you want for my dad's side or my mom's side?
1289 GM: Whatever you want to share.
1290 HK: As far as for my dad, his father, my grandfather, David Kawika Konanui was born in
1291 Kapa`ahu,Kalapana. That's where he was raised.And when he got married to my grandmother,
1292 Lucy Silva, that was her name. So, actually, she came from Opihikao. So, that's where they
1293 moved,to Opihikao, and that's where they started their family. That's on my dad's side. Is that
1294 enough or you need more?
1295 GM : I think that's ok.
1296 HK: Ok. On my mom's side,that's Rebecca Kaho`okaulana Enriquez.Now,if I go further back,
1297 to her mom, my grandma actually is Geonovefa Kailikapu. She was Kalua. She was born in
1298 1874 and how she came, get some place in Kona, I kept asking people from there, where is it?
1299 Nobody heard of it. So anyway,she's from Kona.And then,we don't know how she met Makap6
1300 Kaho`okaulana. So,then, my grandma Rebecca, don't share too much of genealogy. For some
1301 reason why, we don't know. Ok? So, anyway, they live in Puna. She got married to Makap6
1302 Kaho`okaulana and they lived in Puna. So they had six kids and my Tutu Rebecca was the
1303 second oldest. And she was born December 15, 1896 in Kehena. Ok?And anytime,if you need
1304 to ask me something,you just gotta stop me.
1305 GM: Ok.
1306 HK: With that said, I don't know when my grandma Rebecca married... we don't have the
1307 date when they got married but Rebecca married Hilarion Enriquez. And he actually was from
1308 plantation, Filipino immigrant, from the Philippines.We don't know how he met my grandma.
1309 Anyway,that's how they started for the family. And between Rebecca and Hilarion,they have
1310 ten children. And majority of them was boys. The only girl was my mom, Elizabeth Enriquez.
1311 And my mom was right about the middle. That's where she sits among the family tree. And
1312 then, she got married to dad. So that's how I came. So,now,my mom used to tell us that,
1313 when she used to ask, Tutu Rebecca questions,my Tutu used to always call her niele. That's
1314 what she always said, "niele."That's also my mom,tried how many times, and she would
1315 always get the same response. And why she didn't want to share, she doesn't know. My Tutu
1316 was kind of fed up with always being asked the same thing. My Tutu told her,you no
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1317 kopekope the dirt, `cause if you kopekope the dirt, all the grass is going to come out. Meaning
1318 you don't dig up the past.You just let it go. That's why,what I mean is,now all of the
1319 cousins,our age,we don't know a real solid of history of our Tutu. But anyway, June 28,we
1320 did a video sit down,this was in 2008,we did a video sit down with my mom and one of her
1321 brothers. The youngest one. Tony. My other Uncle Benny was up on the mainland and he
1322 actually couldn't come home so what he did was,he wrote a letter, and when we had our
1323 Emiquez sit down,get together,we video-ed it. So his children, My Uncle Ben's kids, read his
1324 letter of how he was raised and the lifestyle that he lived when they were raised in Kalapana.
1325 They were raised in Mokuhulu, Kalapana. For some reason,the sibling,my grandma,my Tutu
1326 Ella,which was her younger brother, and her other sister, Tutu Kamala,they all live close by,
1327 they were neighbors. Each one of them had their own house. And they had two to three acres
1328 next to each other. That's how they live in Mokuhulu and raise their families down there. So
1329 mom said when they were young they used to walk down,you know,the name is Pu`ilima,
1330 right? But mom said they called that place Wills. That's what they named it.Wills. They used
1331 to walk down from Mokuhulu,walk down to Wills and they used to bring their clothes down
1332 there,wash their clothes with the old bar soap,you know the old brown kind from before.
1333 Military soap or what. They used to wash their clothes and there used to be a pond down.
1334 They used to put all their clothes in there and wash `em with the soap and wash `em,would go
1335 further out in the ocean and rinse `em out. After you pau rinse `em,you squeeze `em and then
1336 you place them on the stone to kaula`i. That's what they did. And after they finish wash all of
1337 their clothes,they used to go look for lauhala,they would pick `opihi,ha`uke`uke, and limu
1338 and even the pao`o,the fish. That's what they call the jumping jacks,you know in the ponds?
1339 My uncle said they used to make `em raw. And that's what they used to eat,the pao`o. So they
1340 would spend the whole day down there. So in the afternoon,mom said the clothes was all dry
1341 already, so they'd pick up the clothes and walk back home Mokuhulu.Where Tutu Elia's
1342 house,that's where Boa stay now. And then right next to there,that's where Tutu Rebecca's
1343 house was. Little bit inside,but that's where the house was. And if you go little bit more,get
1344 the great big water tank,that area there is what we call Mokuhulu.
1345 GM: That's a walk!
1346 HK: Yeah. But if you look at it they had the trail,they walk straight down, instead of you
1347 walking along the road. So it was much shorter. Although it was far. But it was a straight shot
1348 going down.You see? So. That was what my mom told us on that video and I knew she had
1349 said something about that so I had to go back and watch it and yes,that is what she spoke
1350 about. That area. And that area, right above is where her grave stay. Have you been up there
1351 by that grave?
1352 GM: Yeah.
1353 HK: Ok. So for what reason why she wanted to be buried there,we don't know. But it's only
1354 her is buried there. Her sister Kamala and Ella is buried behind Pahoa Catholic Church.
1355 Although,this was back in 1953. That's when she died and then she was buried there. So,that
1356 is all what I know about that place. Because after my mom married my father,they moved to
1357 Opihikao. So,we didn't go to the fishing area down there because actually, since we lived
1358 Opihikao, our area is Opihikao and you don't go maha`oi somebody else's territory. That is all
1359 what I can share with you about Pu`ilima.
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1360
1361 GM: That's plenty! I didn't know had lauhala down there before.
1362 HK: Because my Tutu Rebecca was a weaver and that's how she made money. By making
1363 lauhala mats like that. That's what she used to do.
1364 GM: Wow.
1365 HK: Yeah.
1366 GM: Get plenty Enriquez buried over there though,right?
1367 HK: Oh, ok. She was the first one to be buried there. Then my grandfather,which is on the
1368 Kalapana side of her grave was put there. And my cousin on the right side of her, Kapoho
1369 side. Died in a car accident. My uncle put him there. And he was young, like say, in the early
1370 20s.Yeah. So,that so far, is the only, oh, and then,my other cousin,her baby, I think was,
1371 still born. Is put in-between my grandma and my grandpa. Right there by the nom tree.
1372 GM: Oh wow.
1373 HK: Yeah. So do you have any other questions.
1374 GM: I would ask you, in your own words,why the spot is special or relates to the burial
1375 grounds?
1376 HK: Why I feel that that area should be preserved is,that is our culture and our heritage.
1377 Because that's where my mom folks was taught that we live off the ocean and when you go
1378 down to the ocean you make your time worthwhile.You maximize whatever you have to do
1379 down there. So that you can accomplish a lot of things. And it taught them how to live off of
1380 the ocean. So now that's very,very important. If we don't have for our culture,we're going to
1381 lose a lot, our identity. So all of these things, once it's destroyed,then it's gone.We won't be
1382 able to show the future generations what it used to be like.You know,because I give you an
1383 example.You know for a poi pounder, for the pa`i ku`i `ai?And then the p6haku ku`i `ai. If
1384 you have that,you can pass that down to the future generations. And they can show the
1385 children,the grandchildren,what it means to ku`i kalo. Because they have something to hold.
1386 If you don't have your board and stone it's hard for the future generations to grasp what you
1387 are talking about. So it works in the same principle as the `aina. The place. If you don't have a
1388 place to show them what has been done.You know? Then they won't understand. Because,
1389 like, even for my dad when we go fishing like that,he showed me the areas where the moi
1390 stay,where the `aholehole stay, and he even when he died,the areas where the lobster holes
1391 stay,where the certain fishes would stay,like say for the kole,you know?We don't have
1392 access to that area that, it's all gone. So,that's why for me, it's important and you know, it's
1393 for my mom, for my Tutus, all the kupunas that when passed. They cannot speak up for
1394 themselves.Now it's our time to speak for them because they taught us all of this.We should
1395 be the one that speaks for them because they taught us and they taught us well. So that we can
1396 honor them for what they passed down to us. That's my mana`o.
1397 GM: That's really beautifully said. My other question is how you've seen Kaimu change in
1398 your lifetime,the community or the coastline.
1399 HK: You know,you didn't have the opportunity to see the original Kaimu, right?
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1400 GM: The bay?
1401 HK: The only thing you saw was pictures,yeah?
1402 GM: Yeah.
1403 HK: Ok. I didn't see it,but from what I was told.When you came down from that highway,
1404 the road you come down and then the road used to fork,the left side you go Red Road,the left
1405 side you go down in the back in Kaimu. But in front had this bunch of coconut trees where
1406 people go picnic and used to have one old road. And that old road used to go right across the
1407 bay and hit the other side of Kaimu Road. That's how it used to be. I never did see it but I just
1408 saw that old road and just from what all our kupunas told us,that road used to go all the way
1409 across.And then,the lava flow came and took everything, and now it's all gone. That is what I
1410 remember about Kaimu and you know,the left side,that so called subdivision,back in those
1411 days,the local people used to go on the shoreline. Right around that subdivision that go all the
1412 way up to Pu'ilima to go throw net. Because my uncle folks used to go up there to go
1413 holoholo. The people before time,they didn't have an issue with the people going in front and
1414 throw net. It was all ok. But nowadays, oh my gosh,you cannot do that. I don't care where
1415 you go,times have changed.Well,because the kupunas is not around to go holoholo, I, I'm
1416 not the type to go around and maha`oi. So, I would rather stay in my own area. And, I don't
1417 have issue.
1418 GM: I think you answered all of the questions I have. If the project were to go through, is
1419 there anything they can do to lessen their impact?
1420 HK: Well, I don't know if you guys are gonna go tomorrow for a walk?
1421 GM: Yeah.
1422 HK: Ok. If you guys go, see if the trail, if the bulldozers push the stones and what not. If they
1423 did,can we get the Native Hawaiian Legal Core involved? Because they're destroying our
1424 cultural heritage. It's not good.Not good.
1425 GM: I'll go look tomorrow.
1426 HK: Ok.
1427 GM: Thank you so much for your time, Uncle Howard. Appreciate it.
1428
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1429
1430
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1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437 APPENDIX L' INTERVIEW WITH BERNICE WALKER
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457 TALKING STORY WITH
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1458 BERNICE WALKER(BW)
1459 Oral History for Pu`ilima,Kaimu by Gina McGuire(GM)
1460 January 3,2025
1461
1462 The interview with Aunty Bernice Walker & Uncle Sam Kaho`okaulana included a travelling
1463 huaka`i (journey) from Aunty Bernice's home in Pahoa, to Mokuhulu, to the study area in
1464 Kaimu.
1465 Location: Pu`ilima shoreline,Kaimu,Hawaii Island
1466 (Standing on ` 5 flow(state land)directly to the east of the study area.)
1467 BW: So this is where they want to put five homes?
1468 GM: No,you see where it's clear there (pointing to cleared area where study area is).
1469 BW: According to Howard(Konanui),his cousin said our grandfather is buried there.
1470 GM: On this side of the road?
1471 BW: Yes. The family never talked about, when my great-grandfather died. My grandfather
1472 never said anything to us.Makap6 Kaho`okaulana.My grandfather,I lived with my grandfather.
1473 Back then,I had my grandfather and two aunties.And we would all come down here.We would
1474 go fish. Over here,used to have ponds with water but they're not there anymore.Maybe because
1475 the ground sank, and they all fell in the water? I think that point over there (pointing to east)
1476 went out further. But with erosion and stuff. Look the fish jumping. My grandfather would
1477 always tell us, "Stay low and Don't move around and stand up high," and you know. `Cause
1478 they can see you. So it was kind of like old teachings.
1479 GM: Can you share why this spot is so special for you?
1480 BW: Why this spot is so special to me? Because it brings back happy and good memories.You
1481 know? We used to come down here and fish, hang ulua pole, spend the night, and watch the
1482 ocean,and listen to my grandfather and listen to him talk about the ocean and fish,and how you
1483 fish down here. It's not like one or two times.We used to come down here all the time.Because
1484 we just lived up the road where we came from.
1485 GM: So this is state land, but that parcel is the one being considered. How do you think that
1486 would affect the coastline?
1487 BW:Well if they don't touch this stretch of the coastline,I don't have a problem because that's
1488 private property. But from what my cousin Ilona said, our great grandfather is buried in there
1489 somewhere. Remember what she said? Don't know what the place looks like.We didn't know
1490 about it. So that would be something we would like to know about.We would like to be able to
1491 find that. That I would be interested in.
1492 GM: Do you know of any mele or oli for this area?
1493 BW: No. I know, I read your handout.
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1494 GM: Just making sure I go through everything.What are the primary changes you've seen in
1495 this area?
1496 BW: The erosion. The dropping of the land over here.When we had those big earthquakes.
1497 This land over here has dropped considerably. And this spot right over here is where we used
1498 to camp. Inside this little cove on the under.We used to put a tarp over the top. Used to be a
1499 little bigger though.
1500 Location: Aunty Bernice Walker's home in Pahoa,Hawaii Island
1501 GM: Could you start by telling me about yourself and your family background?
1502 BW: My name is Bernice Kaho`okaulana Choy Walker. My mother is Abbie Kaho`ohaulana
1503 from Mokuhulu, Kalapana and my dad is Henry Choy from Honolulu. I lived with my grandpa
1504 since I was two or three years old and I lived with him until I graduated from high school.We
1505 lived in Kalapana in Mokuhulu. My grandmother died when I was five years old so he basically
1506 raised me with my aunties. My parents lived in Pahoa. My dad actually lived in Oahu and my
1507 mother lived in Pahoa but I preferred to live with my grandfather, so I was able to live in
1508 Kalapana and I stayed there until I graduated from high school. In growing up in Kalapana,our
1509 days were,go to school,com home,do chores,and do household things like feeding the pig and
1510 making hot water to take a bath and cooking and cleaning and picking up the rubbish around
1511 the place and helping with fire wood and helping to clean fish and picking `opihi and helping
1512 with the meat they brought in when they went hunting. That was what I did. My uncles would
1513 come down and then they would go hunt and that's how they got the meat. Mokuhulu, way up
1514 behind, my grandfather would go and he would gather honey. I never went, he never took me,
1515 but there was some kind of a, I guess, little hamlet or something up there where he had fruit
1516 trees and honey and that's where they would go.We didn't have electricity down there so that's
1517 why we boiled hot water to take a bath. Everybody got a bucket of hot water. One of my chores
1518 was to clean the kerosene lanterns,clean the glass,the aniam,because burning at night it would
1519 get burnt with carbon and so I would have to go in with the newspaper and wipe all the carbon.
1520 That was one of my chores. And what we did for fun down there,what we did was climb trees
1521 and vines, mango and just go running around in the bushes. When my grandfather would say,
1522 "let's go fishing." He wouldn't say, "let's go fishing," he would say, "let's go holoholo."We
1523 would all pack up our stuff and go down the beach and spend the day, spend the night. We
1524 would fish and we would play on the rocks and watch what was going on. That was pretty much
1525 life. And of course,catching the bus at 6:30 in the morning. The bus would pick me up to go to
1526 school in Pahoa and drop me off,got me to my house at 3:00 in the afternoon.Yep, so that was
1527 my life when I was living in Kalapana.
1528 GM: Do you have any mo`olelo that you'd like to share about the study area?
1529 BW: No,not really.
1530 GM: You shared that the biggest change has been the erosion and the change of the coastline,
1531 you mentioned the potential burial site of Makapo Kaho`okaulana, are there any other cultural
1532 sites that we should know of in the study site?
1533 BW: Not that I know of I didn't even know my great-grandfather was buried there and that
1534 remains to be found if he's there.
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1535 GM: I know we talked about ulua fishing. Are there any other traditional gathering practices
1536 that you want to share?
1537 BW: You know, in the area there's also that papa down below. And there was limu kohu there.
1538 That's the gathering place for limu kohu.
1539 GM: That's good to know. Is there anything that developers could do to lessen their impact on
1540 cultural practices in the area?
1541 BW: Continuing access could be a big concern because we know and we hear of other
1542 landowners who have beach front who close off the shoreline and say, "This is my property,
1543 you can't pass through here." And that is something that I personally do not want to see
1544 happening. People who come from the land, the ocean, down in that area, they know what's
1545 what and where,you know,they can go and gather and for you know, outsiders to come in and
1546 tell you, "you cannot do this,you cannot do that,"that is just not right.
1547 GM: Do you want to say anything about that trail that we walked on today?
1548 BW: That trail we walked on today is one of two trails. There's one further in the middle.I think
1549 the one further in the middle is used more than that one. But I don't know,years have gone by,
1550 and maybe now people just that one that we were on today.
1551 GM: I don't know,but my last question, is there anyone else that you recommend we talk story
1552 to?
1553 BW: See,my cousin Boa,we grew up down there. Everyone else down there,they didn't come
1554 down until they were older. They grew up in Honolulu or somewhere else. We are the original
1555 ones down there. And even when we were down there, the Ka`awaloas. But everybody of our
1556 generation are gone already. A lot of these folks they're a lot younger than we are.
1557 GM: So maybe Uncle Boa.
1558 BW: Yeah, for sure, if he'll talk to you. And I don't know about, even Mindy guys, they're
1559 down there,but they're newcomers. Of the old, I don't know anybody else.
1560 GM: Is there anything else you want to add about the place?
1561 BW: I would be really happy if they don't destroy the coastline. There's the section.When the
1562 lava came down,it took the shoreline,but that's the only piece of that older shoreline left. So I
1563 would rather that stay the way it is. And that's my hope anyway, if that can happen. If they
1564 can leave it pristine like it is,that'd be great.
1565 GM: Ok,thank you so much,Aunty, for sharing your time.
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Roy, Alex
From: whipmkealoha@aol.com
Sent: Monday, October 13, 2025 9:25 AM
To: sean.p.naleimaile@hawaii.gov
Cc: Darrow,Jeff, Roy, Alex; Leslie Enriquez Rosehill; Leila Kealoha; Gina McGuire
Subject: Kaimu Cove LLC (PL-SMA-2024-000063) /TMK: 1-2-018:001 SHPD Review
Attachments: Puilima CIA Ka Paakai Draft_Oct11_2025.pdf
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
Aloha kakahiaka Sean,
It was good to talk with you last week Thursday after our meeting with Jeff and Alex at the County
Planning Department regarding the above referenced SMA application submitted by Kaimu Cove
LLC/Mark Wyatt. It is our understanding that the Planning Department has submitted the developer's
SMA Assessment to SHPD for review.
The proposed project started as a subdivision for five (5) homes in the SMA zoned area of Kaimu
which was heard at the Planning Commission last October 3, 2024, as an application for After-the-
Fact Grading & Grubbing Permit. Below please find the link to the meeting where the proposed
development was discussed at 2-01.10, including public testimony:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcv -oZgyl&t=7218s
The developer has been fined for illegal grubbing and grading, to include the DLNR property adjacent
to the subject property. The destruction of a cultural site is documented in the initial SHPD
report. Damage was also done to the century old milo grove, and coastal trail.
Currently, after a tenuous meeting with our ohana in Kaimu, the application is reduced to one (1)
house (although both applications are still open in the Planning Department). It is our understanding
that no permits have been issued, however, on Saturday a backhoe was on site and a rock wall is
being constructed. I will forward pictures of the same via separate email.
Below please find an introduction from Gina McGuire, along with her credentials, who has prepared a
CIA and Kapa'akai Analysis for your kind consideration. I trust the information therein will provide
objective new information not included in the Clark report of 2024, and also details the
inconsistencies. I hope that this new information would lead SHPD to order an AIS for the proposed
development.
Thank you in advance for your attention to this matter, and please feel free to contact me if you
should have any questions. Take good care, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Aloha no,
Ku'ulei Kealoha Cooper & Ohana
GINA MCGUIRE,PhD SUBMITTAL
276
Aloha e Sean,
Thank you so much for considering a discussion about historic sites and cultural rights on TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001 in
Kaimu, Puna, Hawai'i Island. My name is Gina McGuire (PhD), I am a cultural ecologist who did my doctoral research on
the Kalapana coast. I currently work as an ethnographer with Windy McElroy at Keala Pono Archaeological Consulting
although this Cultural Impact Assessment and Ka Pa'akai Analysis for the parcel in Kaimu was completed independently.
Below are the inconsistencies that I have with the findings of the archaeological inspection that was completed by Clark
in 2024 and that led to a recommendation to SHPD that:
"Based on these findings, the current study, combined with the findings of the previous survey, supports a HRS Chapter
6E-42 determination of"No historic properties affected"for the proposed subdivision and development of the subject
property."
The inconsistencies outlined below are documented in the attached CIA and Ka Pa'akai Analysis:
1. The coastal trail that runs (ran) parallel along this parcel that connects KTkala/Ke6kea Ahupua'a and Kaimu
Ahupua'a (and is, as evidenced by the ethnographic history in this report at least 70 years old but is presumably
much older) was not accounted for in Spear 1992 or Clark 2024 archaeological survey/inspection. The current
property owners have destroyed the portion of this trail that ran through this property. (Photos of this trail and
where it has been cut off are provided on page 38 of the report). I am happy to take any archaeologist to the
site if necessary.
2. Lineal descendants do not agree that the 4 (now 3 remaining) SHIP properties on this parcel are of no historic
significance, as Clark 2024 suggests. There is great concern from lineal descendants and community as SHIP
50-10-63-18525 has already been destroyed during un-permitted land clearing. These sites are evidence of
ancestral presence within one of the last remaining ancient portions of coastline in Kaimu and Kalapana,
immediately below a documented, extensive Hawaiian burial network (SHIP 50-10-63-02547). The loss of
these sites is not insignificant to the'ohana of the area. SHIP on the property include(d) SIHP 50-10-63-18525
(destroyed agricultural and habitation mound), SHIP 50-10-63-18526 (an agricultural and habitation mound),
SHIP 50-10-62-18527 (historic boundary wall), SIHP 50-10-62-18528 (a modified lava tube).
3. The cultural consultation completed by Clark in 2024 (leading to the conclusion that there are no expected iwi
present) was not with all of the relevant knowledge holders. Lineal descendants interviewed within this CIA talk
about the potentials for cliff-interred burials and the burial of a specific ancestor within the parcel bounds. Given
the presence of 8,000 burial mounds immediately upland of the area I don't think one can dismiss this potential.
In addition to these archaeological and ethnohistoric inconsistencies that do not demonstrate the true historic value of
the study area, the CIA and Ka Pa'akai Analysis attached also presents the tremendous depth to the cultural, spiritual,
religious, and subsistence based practices that are entwined with this parcel (that have also not been acknowledged by
the applicants in their current SMA application).
I humbly ask for your time and consideration of this document and for the aloha of the `ohana of this site who still have
tremendous care and dedication to the historic sites of their ancestors. This area deserves to be protected on all
accounts: archaeological, historical, natural, and cultural, and (in my eyes as a cultural researcher and wahine Kanaka
`Oiwi) should not be validated as of`no longer of historic significance.` That this recommendation was made makes me
very sad. Please feel free to contact me with any questions or concerns you might have at (808)896-6253 or
mcguire2ahawaii.edu
Mahalo nui,
Gina McGuire, PhD
2
277
Roy, Alex
From: Leslie Enriquez Rosehill <leslie.lihaunani@gmail.com>
Sent: Tuesday, October 14, 2025 7:24 AM
To: Darrow,Jeff
Cc: Leila Kealoha;whipmkealoha@aol.com; Roy,Alex; Gina McGuire
Subject: Re: Meeting Re: Kaimu Cove LLC (PL-SMA-2024-000063)
Aloha mai kakou
Director Darrow,
I respectfully request an immediate Stop Work Order for all activity on this parcel by your office if it has
not been issued yet.
The State Historic Preservation Division has received the Cultural Impact Assessment. Proceedingwith
development before SHPD completes its reviewviolates HRS §6E and SMA permitting conditions,
especially those requiring consultation with lineal and cultural descendants.
I'm in the understanding that even if this project holds a Minor SMA Permit(which neither have been
issued yet), it remains subject to HRS §205A and HRS §6E. All development in the SMA, including small
single-family dwellings, requires proper review.
Please add my information to HICRIS. I will also be submitting to your office the summary of our ohana
meeting,within the next few days.
Ingratitude and aloha, again mahalo for your time and consideration. Mahalo for your quick response on
my request for site inspection. Looking forward to hearing the outcome.
Mahalo,
Leslie Uhau Enriquez Rosehill
61 Kanoelani St
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
8088252156
Leslie.lihaunani(@gmait.com
Lineal Descendant of Kaimu
Chair Wai Welawela
On Tue, Oct 14, 2025 at 6:10 AM Darrow, Jeff <ieff.darrow(@hawaiicounty.gov>wrote:
Aloha Leila,
278
Thank you, along with Ku`ulei, Leslie and Gina for meeting with us to discuss this sensitive
matter.
We did receive your photos and video. Alex and Mark did a site inspection yesterday and I
will speak with them when they get in this morning.
Alex, please upload the submittal(s) from Leila to HICRIS.
It is our understanding that the applicant is in the process of withdrawing the request for a 5-lot
subdivision and is seeking to build a smaller single-family dwelling on the parcel.
As mentioned in the meeting, it is very difficult to deny this type of request, which was
previously an exempt action. We are waiting for the comments from SHPD and will follow
their recommendations regarding cultural, historical, and archaeological sites and
resources. Additionally, we are going to be adding a condition for public access to the ocean.
We will keep you informed to any decision that will be made.
Thanx,
Jeff
From: Leila Kealoha <leila@pohakupelemaka.org>
Sent: Monday, October 13, 2025 6:11 PM
To: Leslie Enriquez Rosehill <leslie.lihaunani@gmail.com>
Cc: Darrow, Jeff<ieff.darrow@hawaiicounty.gov>; whipmkealoha@aol.com; Roy,Alex<Alex.Roy@ hawaiicou nty.gov>;
Gina McGuire<mcguire2@hawaii.edu>
Subject: Re: Meeting Re: Kaimu Cove LLC(PL-SMA-2024-000063)
Aloha Kakou,
2
279
First of all I want to mahalo Director Darrow and Alex for meeting with us and a big mahalo to Aunty
Ku'ulei, Leslie and Gina for your folks dedication, work and support.
This has been a very sensitive subject and a challenging process to be blatantly disregarding the laws.
Lineal descendants should not be ignored as well. My`ohana had a family reunion this weekend and we
were all at our`ohana gravesite. I saw the work being done across the street and I was shocked to say
the least.
Whatwill be the outcome of this? I don't think fines are serious enough.This person will disregard
anything being thrown at him and will do whatever he feels suits his needs.
My only recommendation for this project is to shut it down and not allow anything to occur on the
property. I also redo that a full EIS be done for this property and the surrounding area.
Please use this email to communicate and add it to the HICRIS access.
Again, I truly appreciate all of your kokua and efforts on this matter.
Me ke aloha pumehana,
Leila
Executive Director
Pohaku Pelemaka
13-3749 Old Kalapana Road
Pahoa, HI 96778
(808) 937-7991
3
280
He a[Vi ka `aina, he kauwa ke kanaka
"The land is chief, and man is its servant."
It is our kuleana as kanaka to care for the lands that feed us
On Sun, Oct 12, 2025 at 7:08 PM Leslie Enriquez Rosehill<leslie.lihaunani(@9mail.com>wrote:
E Kalamai, photos were not attatched in the last email with video documentation . So I am sending
them here.
Mahalo
Leslie
On Sun, Oct 12, 2025 at 7:05 PM Leslie Enriquez Rosehill<leslie.lihaunani(@9mail.com>wrote:
Aloha Director Darrow and Alex,
Thank you for meeting with us last week.
I am writing to report and request follow-up regarding recent activity observed on property over the
weekend of 10-11-2025. This appears to have occurred outside of permitted work.
Specifically, the following actions were documented:
• Use of a backhoe on site
• Construction of anchors to front double gate and trench dug. Building of a rock wall.
• Movement of material and visible alteration of terrain.
Requesting confirmation of whether any permits authorize weekend work or the use of heavy
machinery on this site.
Clarification whether the construction of the rock wall was reviewed or approved.
Would a site inspection or follow-up to assess potential violations or discrepancies be possible?
Advise on next steps for formal documentation and enforcement, if applicable. It's deeply troubling to
me that Mark Wyatt, Kaimu Cove LLC, continues to disregard compliance.
4
281
I appreciate your time and mahalo for all that you do. Included in attachments are video and photos
taken 10-11-2025.
1 look forward to your response.
Me ka ha'aha'a
Leslie Uhau Enriquez Rosehill
On Thu, Oct 9, 2025 at 1:14 PM Darrow, Jeff<ieff.darrowC)hawaiicount ov>wrote:
Aloha Ku'ulei,
We really appreciate each of you taking the time to meet with us regarding this
development. We appreciate your insight and look forward to receiving the information
requested.
We will keep you infonned of any action that we contemplate with these applications (the
SMA Major for the subdivision or the SMA Minor for the proposed dwelling).
Thanx,
Jeff
From: whipmkealoha@aol.com <whipmkealoha@aol.com>
Sent:Thursday, October 9, 2025 12:35 PM
To: Darrow,Jeff<ieff.darrow@hawaiicounty.gov>; Roy, Alex<alex.roy@hawaiicounty.gov>
Cc: Leslie Enriquez Rosehill <leslie.lihaunani@gmail.com>; Leila Kealoha <leila@pohakupelemaka.org>; Gina
McGuire<mcguire2@hawaii.edu>
Subject: Meeting Re: Kaimu Cove LLC(PL-SMA-2024-000063)
5
282
Aloha Jeff and Alex:
Thank you kindly for spending your valuable time with us this morning to discuss the proposed
development in Kaimu. We appreciate your transparency, and for providing clarity as to the
process and procedures to ensure any development along our shorelines adhere to laws in place.
As we discussed, Leslie and Leila will provide via separate email their contact information to be
added to the HICRIS file for the proposed development. Thank you in advance for adding them to
the file in order to be kept advised of all information pertaining to this application.
I have spoken to Sean Naleimaile and discussed there are inaccuracies in the previous report
submitted to SHPD for this proposed development, and that we are requesting the case be
reopened. He asked for the additional information, and stated that he will review it upon receipt.
told Sean that we firmly believe an AIS needs be ordered by SHPD in order to ensure no further
cultural sites are destroyed or disturbed in the project area. I will copy you both on my email to
Sean.
Alex, it was lovely to meet you and I have great respect for your experience in working with these
types of projects. I appreciate your candor, and willingness to work with us moving forward.
In closing, thank you again for your valuable time this morning. I look forward to when our paths
cross again, and please take good care.
Aloha no,
(Aunty) Ku'ulei
6
283
7
284
C.Kimo Alameda,Ph.D. 4o�N"f7 � Jeffrey W.Darrow
Mayor ������% Director
William V.Brilhame,Jr. Michelle S. Alm
Managing Director •—�—o.{ Depuly Director
',Tp OF•M�'�
West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy • • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3
Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawaii Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone0808)7-3-477o PLANNING DEPARTMENT PhFax(808)961 8742 Fax(808)327-3563 ( )
October 14, 2025
Mr. Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC c/o Daryn Arai LLC
Via email: Daryn.Arai(Loutlook.com
Dear Mr. Wyatt,
SUBJECT: Stop Work Order
Reference: Work Occurring Onsite on October 11, 2025
TMK: 1-2-018:001, 12-7789 Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road, Pahoa, Hawai'i
STOP WORK ORDER
This Stop Work Order is sent to you to inform you to stop any unpermitted work that may be
conducted on the above-mentioned property.
Immediately cease and desist any and all work occurring at TMK 1-2-018:001, 12-7789
Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road, until the submitted application for work in the Special
Management Area (SMA) has been acted upon. The property is owned by Kaimu Cove LLC,
which consists of approximately 3.8 acres and is located within the State Land Use (U) Urban
and within the County of Hawai'i RA-.5a Zoning District.
SITE INSPECTION REPORT
A site inspection of the property was conducted on October 13, 2025, at approximately 10:15am
which revealed the following:
1. The Planning staff observed two (2) small trenches that had been dug which flank the
interior gate, along with two steel supports attached to the gate. The trenches were
estimated 10-12 feet long, 2-ft wide, approximately 1-ft deep within the natural ground,
and a large mound of gravel material. There were no people or equipment located onsite.
wNNw.planning.hawaiicoLi=.jzov Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer planningLdhawaiicounty_gov
285
Mr. Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC c/o Daryn Arai LLC
October 14, 2025
Page 2
The Planning Department received additional information and photographs on October 12, 2025,
which described work was being done on October 11, 2025, to the front double gate including a
trench, the building of a rock wall, and visible movement of material occurring with a use of a
backhoe.
Based on the above information, the Planning Director issues this order to cease and desist with
any and all work on the subject property. If work continues without proper SMA permits, a
Notice of Violation will be issued with additional fines.
For any questions regarding this order, please contact Planning Inspector Annalyn Seguban or
Mark Iwamoto preferably by e-mail at planning�hawaiicountgov.
For questions regarding HRS 205A Coastal Zone Management, please contact Planner Mr. Alex
Roy at our Hilo Office at (808) 961-8140.
Sincerely,
(7e f fLe W. DwTow
Jeffrey W.Darro�(Oct 15,2025 08:49:43 HST)
Jeffrey W. Darrow
Planning Director
As/MI/AR:ta
V:\PL\PL\planning\public\Enforceiiient\TMKFiles\ZONE 1 Sec.1-1 to 1-4\1-2-018-001\CeaseDesist KaitnuCOveLLC PL-PCV-2022-00015(jwd).doc
Cc: Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
Via email: kaimu.coveAgmail.com and kehenakgmail.com
Administrative Permits Division
Planning Inspectors
Via email: Annalyn.Se ub�an(c�r�,hawaiicountygov
Mark.Iwamoto!khawaiicouniy.gov
Planning Division
Via email: Alex.RoyLhawaiicounly. ov
Mai j a.Jackson!2hawaiicounty.gov
286
Firefox https://outlook.office365.coii- mail/inbox/id/AAQkADJkZTNINWRIL...
Outlook
RE: HICRIS Project No. 2025PRO1081 possible trail
From Bauer, Jackson M <jackson.m.bauer@hawaii.gov>
Date Wed 10/15/2025 3:37 PM
To Gastilo, Joshua T <joshua.gastilo@hawaii.gov>
Cc Mello, Nicole A <nicole.mello@hawaii.gov>; Naleimaile, Sean P <sean.p.naleimaile@hawaii.gov>
Hey Josh,
Thanks for reaching out. I don't have anything else to add on this one. The main historic trail identified is what
is today the highway. Public shoreline access would be my ask, but I realize that is not part of SHPD's scope.
Jackson M. Bauer
Hawaii Island Na Ala Hele Trails and Access Specialist,
Division of Forestry and Wildlife,
Deportment of Land and Noturol Resources
19 East Kawili Street
Hilo, Hawai'i 96720
808-657-8041
jackson.m.bauer@hawaii.gov
From: Gastilo, Joshua T<joshua.gastilo@hawaii.gov>
Sent: Wednesday, October 15, 2025 3:32 PM
To: Bauer, Jackson M <jackson.m.bauer@hawaii.gov>
Cc: Mello, Nicole A<nicole.mello@hawaii.gov>; Naleimaile, Sean P<sean.p.naleimaile@hawaii.gov>
Subject: HICRIS Project No. 2025PRO1081 possible trail
Importance: High
Aloha Jackson
Please take a look at the subject project (I have added you as a contact); this is one of the
projects SHPD had a meeting with the planning department (I believe you were present for
that meeting as well). The proponents are reducing the original project scope (subdivision
into 5 lots); the current scope involves the construction a residence, associated
infrastructure and appurtenances. The current project area does not contain any of the
previously identified historic properties and SHPD does not have any data regarding the
identification of a coastal trail within the project parcel ( [3] 1-2-018:001; see CIA in HICRIS
submittal materials). Do you folks have any information regarding the existence of this trail
relative to the project area?
Mahalo
287
1 of 2 10/16/2025, 9:43 AM
Firefox https://outlook.office3 65.com/mail/inbox/id/AAQkADJkZTNINWRIL...
Joshua T.M. Gastilo, M.A.
Historic Preservation Archaeologist III
40 Po'okela St. Hilo HI 96720
State of Hawaii DLNR
State Historic Preservation Division-Hawaii Island
288
2 of 2 10/16/2025, 9:43 AM
C. Kimo Alameda,Ph.D. o°�`V'0 of�`!, Jeffrey W.Darrow
Mayor Director
William V. Brilhante,Jr. _ Michelle S.Ahn
Managing Director .mow.{ Depute•Director
,Tf•OF•Nrl
West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy County
v • • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3
Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawal 1 Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288
Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742
October 15, 2025
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
P. O. Box 4501
Hilo, HI 96720
VIA EMAIL
Dear Daryn Arai:
SUBJECT: Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Application
(PL-SMA-2024-000063)
Applicant: Kaimu Cove, LLC
Landowner: Kaimu Cove, LLC
Request: Withdrawal of SMA Use Permit Application
Tax Man Key: (3) 1-2-018:001, Kaimn, Puna,Hawaii
This is in response to your email dated October 14,2025,requesting to withdraw SMA Use Permit
Application No. PL-SMA-2024-000063 to pursue a request for a single-family dwelling under a
submitted Special Management Area Assessment Application.
Special Management Area Use Permit Application No. PL-SMA-2024-000063 was originally
submitted to this office on July 11, 2024, requesting to allow for the development of a 5-lot
subdivision consisting of parcels at least one-half (1/2) acre in size in the Special Management
Area.
On September 15, 2025, the applicant submitted a Special Management Area Assessment
Application (SAA) requesting to construct one (1) single-family residence on the subject parcel,
with no included subdivision. That application, PL-SAA-2025-000312, is currently under review
by the Planning Department.
Based on the above, we are withdrawing SMA Use Permit Application No. PL-SMA-2024-
000063. As the application was brought before the Windward Planning Commission for a hearing,
the application fee will not be refunded.
ww .rolannina.hawaiicounty.aov Haxvai`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer rolanninaCahawaiicounty.aov
289
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
October 15, 2025
Page 2
Please note that no work can occur on the subject parcel without first obtaining the appropriate
permits or approvals from the Planning Department and other affected agencies.
If you have any questions,please feel free to contact Alex Roy of this department at(808) 961-8140
or via email at alex.royghawaiicoun ov
Sincerely,
(7e Leu W. Dan-ow
Jeffrey Darrow(Oct 15,2025 15:40:48 HST)
JEFFREY W. DARROW
Planning Director
AJR:rms
P:\wpwin60\czm\letters\2025\pl-sma-2024-000063_retum app_sma_to_saa.docx
cc via email: Mark Wyatt
290
From: Leslie Enriouez Rosehill
To: Darrow.Jeffrey W.; Roy.Alex;Steen. Raimee
Cc: Ku'ulei Kealoha-Cooper; Leila Kealoha;Gina McGuire
Subject: Continued SMA Violations at Kaimu Cove Property—Enforcement Still Pending
Date: Tuesday,October 28, 2025 1:16:03 PM
Aloha,
I am following up on my previous report regarding the illegal use of a backhoe on the Kaimu
Cove property in the Puna District. Despite the County's issuance of a stop-work order, the
desecration has continued, most recently on October 12th and again on October 27th with no
visible enforcement or consequence.
The backhoe, owned by Mark Wyatt, has been used repeatedly by hired operators to disturb
the land. The current construction of a pickleball court is being carried out with no regard for
the SMA permitting process, environmental protections, or cultural sensitivity. These actions
are not only unlawful, they are deliberate.
The developers, Mark Wyatt and Kaimu Cove LLC, have submitted incomplete and biased
documentation throughout the SMA application process. Their actions reflect a pattern of
disregard for the law and for the community's efforts to engage in good faith. The descendants
of Kaimu have worked diligently with your department and others to protect our home,yet our
documented concerns have gone unanswered.
I am respectfully demanding that the Windward Planning Department fulfill its kuleana by:
• Enforcing the stop work order already issued
• Issuing appropriate fines and penalties for noncompliance
• Requiring restoration for any damage done in violation of SMA regulations
I am also following up on our request of restoration to access to our fishing trail, during our in
person meeting. This trail has been used by descendants of Kaimu for well over 40 years as
access to our ko`a. Its erasure is not only a cultural violation, it is a severing of our
relationship to place and practice. We are formally requesting that this trail be reinstated and
recognized as an easement for continued access to our ko`a, by law.
The developers' actions have disrupted a living tradition and endangered our ability to fulfill
our kuleana. The County has a responsibility to protect cultural access and uphold the rights of
lineal descendants. We ask that this request be reviewed with urgency and honored in
alignment with the law and the County's commitments to cultural preservation.
I look forward to your response and to seeing the County uphold the protections it has put in
place.
Me ka `oia`i`o,
Leslie Enriquez Rosehill
291
Project No. 2025PR01081 - Kaimu Cove land disturbances
to be considered. Tmk 3120180001
Mark Wyatt <kaimu.cove@a gmaH.com> Nov 6, 2025, 8:45 AM (1 day
ago)
to joshua.gastilo, Susan.A.Lebo, LISA, Daryn, traven.apiki
As per our discussion on 11/4/25 ; SHPD , Susan Lebo, and Joshua Gastilo, while you are considering
requiring archeological oversight on our construction site, please consider these already occured ground
disturbances.
The property consists of upper and lower elevation roads that were already in place when we purchased the
property. The upper road which had grown over with vegetation was re-cleared of vegetation in 2022. The blue
dots on the 2022 aerial photo are smaller areas of clearing. The red circle on the aerial photo is the location of
where the pickleball court will be.
The construction of the house and pickleball court will be located on an area that once was cleared and
bulldozed sometime after 1992 by a previous owner that had his SMA application approved. The 1992
Archeological Survey he had done on this property referenced a bulldozer push. So, there was also some
ground disturbance prior to 1992. Also this upper area which is to be used for the home construction was also
grubbed in 2022 as seen as the cleared area that runs the length of the property boundary line near the top of
aerial photo.
The most excavation that will need to be done is for a leach field for the septic tank. The septic tank will be
located in a natural ravine to avoid excavation, and so only vegetation removal and backfilling will be needed.
It is marked with a red x on aerial photo. The lower wooded area will not need to be disturbed , except for in
the ravine to remove vegetation.
Minor ground disturbances are needed for 2 holes for support polls for the front gate in an already trenched
area. Also needed are post holes for fencing of Shore Line Access path that will parallel the upper road and
land boundary that is already cleared.
I tried to upload to HICRIS with no success. To blank drafts left there . If you would, please upload this.
I have attached the 1993 SMA that was approved for your reference.
I have attached a proposed construction plot plan for reference.
I have attached a septic plan.
Thank you,
Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
808-965-5404
808-965-5404
■
Attached page 17 of SMA application reference prior ground disturbances
292
Proposes plot
3 Attachments • Scanned by Gmail
IF
Mark Wyatt <kaimu.cove@gmaH.com> Nov 6, 2025, 11 :26 AM (1 day
ago)
to joshua.gastilo, Susan.A.Lebo, LISA, Daryn, traven.apiki
This photo was missed on the attachments. It is main reference.
293
JOSH GREEN,M.D. DAWN N.S.CHANG
GOVERNOR I KE KIA'AINA -,�P'.•'`195.9 n q CHAIRPERSON
BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SYLVIA LUKE 1,t y" •`t COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
y$ 3 i
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR I KA HOPE KIA'AINA MANAGEMENT 8� ��;
RYAN K.P.KANAKA`OLE
aid and ty + FIRST DEPUTY
��° `d� �'�• Ao CIARA W.K.KAHAHANE
g DEPUTY DIRECTOR-WATER
r
o AQUATIC RESOURCES
BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION
STATE OF HAWAII I KA MOKU`AINA`O HAWAII BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES
COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
S` eof Ha vary CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS
KA`OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI `AINA CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES
ENFORCEMENT
ENGINEERING
FORESTRYAND WILDLIFE
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION HISTORIC PRESERVATION
KAHOO LAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING LAND
601 KAMOKILA BLVD,STE 555 STATE PARKS
KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707
November 21,2024
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Jeff Darrow,Director Project No. 2025PRO1081
Planning Department Doc.No. 2511JG05
County of Hawaii Archaeology,History &
Hilo,HI 96720 Culture
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
plannin a)hawaiicounty. oovv
Dear Jeff Darrow:
SUBJECT: Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS) Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review
County of Hawaii Special Management Area Use Permit
Permit Number: PL-SAA-2025-000312
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC (Landowner's representative)
Kaimn Ahupua`a,Puna District,Island of Hawaii
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's (SHPD's) review of the subject County of Hawaii
Special Management Area(SMA)Assessment permit application received by our office on September 25,2025.The
submittal included an SMA Use Permit Assessment Application, construction plans, a previous field inspection letter
report(Clark 2024), a draft cultural impact assessment report(CIA), project parcel related previous correspondence
(see HICRIS submittal materials),and photos of the project area.Per the submitted correspondence,the current project
and permit represent a reduction in scope of a previously reviewed project(HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00940;Doc.
No. 2409JG07). SHPD received subsequent information on November 7, 2025 in support of the project (HICRIS
Submission Nos. 2025PR01081.003 and 2025PR01081.004).
The previously proposed project area was comprised of the entire 3.677-acre parcel-, the project proponent proposed
the development of a 5-lot subdivision consisting of parcels of at least 0.5 acre each for residential purposes and ground
disturbing activities to facilitate the subdivision. The updated and current project area under the current permit
application comprises a 0.46-acre portion of the project parcel-, the proposed project consists of the construction of a
residence and associated infrastructure and appurtenances. The proposed project will include the following:
• Construction of a 2-story single-family dwelling(-704 sq. ft. first floor and—1088 sq. ft. second floor).
• Construction of a 60 ft.long by 35 ft.wide pickleball court(slab on grade only,no fencing around perimeter).
• Construction of an access road that will measure 55 ft. by 15 ft.with a rock wall and gate system at the entry
point. Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road.
• Installation of a septic system(see construction plans in HICRIS submittal materials).
• Grading or excavation associated with the installation of the residence foundation,pickleball court and septic
system.
• Installation of associated utility improvements, such as waterline installation and electrical utility poles.
• A 10 -foot wide, cinder -surfaced public pedestrian access easement will also be provided along the entire
northern boundary of the subject property, adjacent to the existing adjoining State lands once the subject
permit approved.
294
Jeff Darrow
November 21,2025
Page 2
Additionally,no use,land alteration or vertical construction will be permitted within the 40-foot shoreline setback area
as established by a shoreline survey of the subject property certified by the Board of Land and Natural Resources on
March 29,2023.
The HICRIS submittal data and materials indicate that the proposed project area has been included as part of previous
archaeological studies (Spear 1992, Doc. No. 9302ks25; and Clark 2024, Doc. No. 2409JG07) that resulted in the
identification of historic properties. Per the submitted construction plans, none of the previously identified historic
properties are located within the current permit area. SHPD received additional information subsequent to the initial
submittal (Submission Nos. 2025PR01081.003 and 2025PR01081.004) that indicates that the proposed project area
has been previously disturbed. SHPD previously reviewed an SMA permit (Permit 4 PL-SMA-2024-000063 [see
above for previous project scope description]; HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00930; Doc. No. 2409JG07) in which
SHPD reviewed a field inspection letter report (Clark 2024) and made a then-project effect determination of"No
historic properties affected."The submitted CIA report(McGuire,October 2025)indicates that the coastline of Kaimu
was a significant area to pre-contact and post-contact communities linked to traditional cultural practices.Moreover,
interviews contained therein also indicate that a concern of the area is the potential for encountering subsurface
deposits within the project area given the existing cemetery across the street from the subject parcel and the
preservation of a coastal trail that that has not been identified by the previous studies (Spear 1992; and Clark 2024).
Per correspondence (Joshua Gastilo [SHPD] to Jackson Bauer [DLNR DOFAW]; see HICRIS submittal materials),
the trail alignment referred to in the CIA report(McGuire,October 2025)correlates with the existing highway corridor.
While the proponent has previously indicated that the ground surface of the proposed project area is a result of a 1960s
lava flow;available data and the submitted field inspection letter report(Clark 2024)specifically indicates the that the
project parcel lies atop a"Puna basalt flow that erupted between 400 and 750 years before present(BP)forming much
of the central and southern part of the parcel; a younger Puna basalt flow of VA lava dating to 200-400 years BP
creating the northeastern edge;and a more recent pahoehoe flow that occurred between 1986 and 1992 present at the
coast."The portion of the youngest flow(between 1986 and 1992)located in the project parcel is outside of the current
project area.Moreover,the subject project area may lie within a previously disturbed area that that may have removed
any surface features;however,any ground altering activity has the potential to impact subsurface features beneath the
existing surface flow,including burials.Additionally,the portion of the lava flow on which the project is proposed is
comprised of VA lava.Due to the nature of`a`a lava,potential exists for any unidentified historic properties,including
human skeletal remains/burials to have fallen into the cracks and crevices and to have been deposited in subsurface
contexts.
Based on the information provided and the sensitivity of the area,SHPD has insufficient information to determine the
potential for the project to adversely impact significant subsurface historic properties, including human skeletal
remains/burials. Therefore, SHPD requests that archaeological monitoring be conducted for identification purposes
during all ground disturbing activities to adequately identify any archaeological historic properties present and, if
identified,to determine potential impacts to them,and to ensure that appropriate mitigation is implemented.
SHPD looks forward to receiving for review and acceptance an archaeological monitoring plan(AMP) meeting the
requirements of HAR §13-279-4 prior to permit issuance. Please submit the requested AMP and associated filing
review fee to HICRIS Project No.2025PR01081 in response to our HICRIS request.
SHPD will notify the County of Hawaii Planning Department when the AMP has been reviewed and accepted, and
the permit issuance process may continue.
Please contact Traven Apiki at traven.apiki(a),hawaii.gov for any questions regarding burials and Joshua Gastilo at
Joshua.gastilo(a)hawaii.gov for any questions regarding archaeological resources or concerns regarding this letter.
Aloha,
Jessica L.Puff
Administrator, State Historic Preservation Division
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
295
Jeff Darrow
November 21,2025
Page 3
cc: Alex Roy,alex.royLa)hawaiicounty oovv
Daryn Arai,daryn�(a�,outlook.com
Kaimu Cove LLC,wvattinhawaii(a)gmail.com
Gina McGuire,mcguire2La�hawaii.edu
Jackson Bauer,jackson.m.bauerL&,hawaii.gov
3
296
"�Y'0F"''+,C. Kimo Alameda,Ph.D. Jeffrey W.Darrow moo,.• ,
�� �L,�
Mayor � �, Director
William V. Brilhante,Jr. Michelle S.Ahn
Managing Director •°'+ , �� Deputy Director
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West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy • • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3
Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawaii Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone(808)323-4770 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Phone(808)961-8288
Fax(808)327-3563 Fax(808)961-8742
December 04, 2025
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
P. O. 4501
Hilo, HI 96720
VIA EMAIL
Dear Daryn Arai:
SUBJECT: Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment Application
(PL-SAA-2025-000312)
Special Management Area (SMA) Minor Permit
(PL-SMM-2025-000079)
Applicant(s): Kaimn Cove LLC
Landowner(s): Kaimn Cove LLC
Project: Construction of New Single-Family Residence and Related Improvements
Tax Man Key: (3) 1-2-018:001, Kaimn, Puna, Island of Hawaii
We have reviewed your completed Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit Assessment
Application (PL-SAA-2025-000312), received by this office on September 15, 2025, with
additional information provided by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) on
December 2, 2025, for a proposed single-family residence(SFR) and related improvements on the
subject parcel.
The 3.8-acre parcel is zoned Residential-Agricultural 0.5-acre (RA-.5a) by the County and
designated Urban by the State Land Use Commission (LUC). The subject parcel is designated as
Extensive Agriculture(ea)by the Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) map. The subject parcel is a shoreline parcel and situated entirely within the SMA, and
the proposed single-family residence is defined as "development" pursuant to §205A-22, Hawai`i
Revised Statutes (HRS).
Staff notes that the applicant did obtain a certified shoreline survey, which was approved by the
Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) on March 29, 2023.
ww .rolannina.hawaiicounty.aov Haxvai`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer rolannina(a)hawaiicounty.aov
297
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 2
Proposed Proiect:
The Applicant is proposing to construct a 2-story dwelling, consisting of 2 bedrooms(one bedroom
on each level), with the 1st level having 384 square feet of living area(1 bedroom & 1 bath) and a
320-square-foot porch with 2-car garage and the 2nd level having 768 square feet of living area
(1 bedroom, 1 bath & living room with kitchen) and a 320-square-foot lanai. Additional work
includes the construction of a 60' X 35' pickleball court, slab on grade only, no fencing around
perimeter,just a low perimeter landscaped hedge. A 10-foot-wide public access easement will be
located along the property boundary with the State parcel to the north-east.
Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road via a
15-foot-wide compacted gravel driveway. A 5-foot-tall rock wall and gate system is proposed at
this entry point, having a total length of approximately 55 feet.
County water is available to support the proposed single-family dwelling via an existing water
meter located along Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. Wastewater will be accommodated by an
Individual Wastewater System (IWS) to be designed in accordance with State Department of
Health rules and regulations.
No staging of material will occur within the shoreline setback area, and no other work is proposed
at this time.
Special Management Area Determination:
According to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 205A-44 and Planning Commission (PC)
Rule No. 94(i)(1)(A)&(E), "development" includes "Placement or erection ofany solid material
or any gaseous, liquid, solid, or thermal waste"; and "Construction, reconstrcution, or alteration
ofthe size ofany structure. "Therefore,the proposed construction of a new single-family residence
and related improvements is considered to be development and will require a review against the
Special Management Area rules and regulations.
We find that the proposed project is not exempt from the definition of"development"; however,
the project will not have a cumulative impact or a significant adverse environmental or ecological
effect on the SMA. Therefore, pursuant to PC Rule Section 9-10(e), Special Management Area
Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2025-000079 is hereby issued for the project as described above.
It is the applicant's responsibility to read and comply with the conditions listed in the enclosed
permit.
While further review of the proposed project against the SMA rules and regulations will not be
required, all other applicable Zoning Code and Building Code requirements must be satisfied.
Additionally, any future development or activities not included in this approval will require further
review and approval as provided under Chapter 205A, HRS and Rule 9, Planning Commission
Rules of Practice and Procedure.
298
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 3
If you have questions regarding this document, please contact Alex J. Roy of this office at
(808) 961-8140 or via email at alex.roykhawaiicoun ov.
Sincerely,
17ee� W. Darrow
Jeffrey Darrow(Dec 4,2025 13:57:15 HST)
JEFFREY W. DARROW
Planning Director
AJR:rms
P:\wpwin60\czm\smm\2025\pl-smm-2025-0000791_viyatt_sfr.docx
Enclosure: SMA Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2025-000079
Exhibit 1 — Site Plan
Exhibit 2— SHPD Ch. 6E-42 Review Letter
cc via email w/enclosure: Shichao Li, State-OPSD
Lisa E. Webster, State-OPSD
GIS Section
Lisa Benham
299
"�Y'0F"''+,C. Kimo Alameda,Ph.D. Jeffrey W.Darrow moo,.• ,
�� �L,�
Mayor � �, Director
William V. Brilhante,Jr. Michelle S.Ahn
Managing Director •°'+ , �� Deputy Director
t rt,
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West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy • • 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3
Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County of Hawaii Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone(808)323-4770 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Phone(808)961-8288
Fax(808)327-3563 Fax(808)961-8742
Special Management Area Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2025-000079
Project: Construct Single-Family Residence and Related Improvements
Applicant(s): Kaimn Cove LLC
Landowner(s): Kaimn Cove LLC
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
Location: Kaimn, Puna, Island of Hawaii
Land Area: 3.8 acres
Applicant's Request
1. Project Description: The Applicant is proposing to construct a 2-story dwelling,
consisting of 2 bedrooms (one bedroom on each level),with the 1st level having 384 square
feet of living area(1 bedroom & 1 bath) and a 320-square-footporch with 2-car garage and
the 2nd level having 768 square feet of living area(1 bedroom, 1 bath & living room with
kitchen) and a 320-square-foot lanai. Additional work includes the construction of a
60' X 35' pickleball court, slab on grade only, no fencing around perimeter, just a low
perimeter landscaped hedge. A 10-foot-wide public access easement will be located along
the property boundary with the State parcel to the north-east.
Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road
via a 15-foot-wide compacted gravel driveway. A 5-foot-tall rock wall and gate system is
proposed at this entry point, having a total length of approximately 55 feet.
County water is available to support the proposed single-family dwelling via an existing
water meter located along Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. Wastewater will be
accommodated by an Individual Wastewater System (IWS) to be designed in accordance
with State Department of Health rules and regulations.
No staging of material will occur within the shoreline setback area, and no other work is
proposed at this time.
2. Project Valuation: $267,000.
3. Determination: According to Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 205A-44 and
Planning Commission (PC) Rule No. 9-4(i)(1)(A)&(E), "development" includes
"Placement or erection of any solid material or any gaseous, liquid, solid, or thermal
ww .rolannina.hawaiicounty.aov Hcnvoi`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer rolanninaCahawaiicounty.aov
300
Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 2
waste"; and "Construction, reconstruction, or alteration of the size of any structure."
Therefore, the proposed construction of a single-family residence and related
improvements is considered to be development and will require a review against the
Special Management Area (SMA) rules and regulations. Our review has resulted in the
issuance of a SMA Minor Permit.
State and County Plans
4. State Land Use District: The project area is within the State Land Use URBAN District.
5. General Plan: The parcel is designated as Extensive Agriculture (ea) by the Hawaii
County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map.
6. County Zoning: The parcel is currently zoned as Residential-Agricultural 0.5-acre (RA-
0.5a)
7. Special Management Area: The project parcel is located within the SMA, as well as
within the "shoreline area" as defined by section 205A-41, Hawai`i Revised Statutes
(HRS). A Certified Shoreline Survey was approved by the BLNR on March 29, 2023.
8. Flood Zone: The subject parcel is designated as Flood Zone X, which are areas above the
500-year flood plain. A small portion of the makai side of the parcel is within Flood Zone
V, however, no work will occur within that area.
Compliance with Objectives and Policies of Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes
(HRS), Regarding the Special Management Area
Check all objectives and policies found to be consistent with proposed development. Issuance of
SMA Minor Permit requires that activity be consistent with all objectives &policies.
The proposed development is consistent with the following objectives and policies:
❑x Development will not have any significant adverse environmental or ecological effect,
except as any adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed
by public health, safety, or compelling public interest. Those adverse effects shall include
but not be limited to the potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each of
which taken by itself might not have a significant adverse effect and the elimination of
planning options.
❑x The proposed development is consistent with the Hawaii County General Plan,
community plan, and zoning; provided that a finding of consistency shall not preclude
concurrent processing where a general plan, community plan, or zoning amendment may
also be required.
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Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 3
❑x The proposed development does not conflict with the following objectives of Chapter
205A, HRS (as amended), to:
❑x Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.
❑x Protect,preserve, and where desirable,restore those natural and man-made historic
and pre-historic resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant
in Hawaiian and American history and culture.
0 Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal
scenic and open space resources.
0 Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, beaches, and coastal dunes,
from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.
0 Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's
economy in suitable locations.
0 Reduce hazard to life and property from coastal hazards.
0 Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation
in the management of coastal resources and hazards.
❑x Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management.
0 Protect beaches and coastal dunes for: Public use and recreation; The benefit of
coastal ecosystems; Use as natural buffers against coastal hazards; and Coordinate
and fund beach management and protection.
0 Promote the protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources to
assure their sustainability.
❑x The proposed development is consistent with the following policies of Chapter 205A,HRS,
relating to:
0 Recreational Resources
0 Historic Resources
0 Scenic and Open Space Resources
0 Coastal Ecosystems
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Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 4
❑x Economic Uses
❑x Coastal Hazards
❑x Managing Development
❑x Public Participation
❑x Beach and Coastal Dune Protection
❑x Marine and Coastal Resources
❑x The proposed development conforms to the requirements of Chapter 343, HRS, regarding
Environmental Impact Statements.
Findings
1. As discussed above, the proposed activities will not have any significant adverse
environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effects are minimized to the
extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public
interest.
2 The proposed development is consistent with the objectives, policies, and SMA guidelines
of Chapter 205A, HRS.
3. The estimated project cost of$267,000 is not in excess of$500,000.
Approved Uses, Activities and Operations
Pursuant to Planning Commission Rule Section 9-10(e), Special Management Area Minor
Permit No. PL-SMM-2025-000079 is hereby approved for the proposed project as described
above, subject to the applicants' compliance with the conditions of approval as specified below.
Conditions of Approval
The Planning Director has approved SMA Minor Permit No. PL-SMM-2025-000079, subject
to the following conditions:
1. The applicant(s), its successor(s), or assign(s) (Applicant) shall be responsible for
complying with all stated conditions of approval.
2. The Applicant shall secure all necessary approvals and permits from other affected federal,
state, and county agencies as necessary to comply with all applicable laws and regulations.
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Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 5
3. Construction of the proposed development shall be completed within five (5) years from
the effective date of this permit.
4. No land alteration, grubbing, landscaping or construction activities, including but not
limited to, the stockpiling of debris, construction materials or equipment, shall occur in the
shoreline setback area without securing a prior written determination of minor structure or
activity pursuant to Rule 11-8 from the Planning Director or approval of a Shoreline
Setback Variance from the Planning Commission.
5. Artificial light from exterior lighting fixtures, including, but not necessarily limited to
floodlights, up-lights or spotlights used for decorative or aesthetic purposes shall be
prohibited if the light directly illuminates, or is directed to project across property
boundaries or toward the shoreline and ocean waters, except as may otherwise be permitted
pursuant to Section 205A-71(b), Hawaii Revised Statutes.
6. In order to preserve the coastal access for fishing and gathering purposes the public
currently uses, the Applicant shall establish a 10-foot-wide pedestrian public shoreline
access easement on the subject parcel along the north-east property boundary adjacent to
the State parcel that extends from Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road to the shoreline fronting
the subject parcel. The metes and bounds of the shoreline access trail shall be recorded
with the Bureau of Conveyances as a deed instrument against the affected lot. The
Applicant shall not, at any time, impede or otherwise restrict lateral public access along the
shoreline and within the public pedestrian access easement. The Applicant shall purchase
and install a Shoreline Public Access sign meeting with Planning Department approval at
the entrance to the public access path at Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road. The Shoreline
Public Access Sign description may be obtained from the Planning Department.
7. All earthwork and grading activity shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation
Control of the Hawaii County Code.
8. All construction and maintenance activities on the subject parcel shall comply with Chapter
27, Floodplain Management, of the Hawaii County Code.
9. Due to insufficient information regarding potential impacts to subsurface historic
properties, the Applicant is required to prepare an Archaeological Monitoring Plan (AMP)
meeting the requirements of Hawai`i Administrative Rules (HAR) Ch. 13-279-4 for review
and approval by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) prior to the issuance of
Building Permits for the proposed development. The Applicant shall provide a copy of the
approved AMP to the Planning Department once approved by SHPD. The Applicant shall
comply with the approved AMP including, but not limited to, having an archaeologist
onsite to conduct archaeological monitoring for identification purposes during all ground
disturbing activities to adequately identify any archaeological historic properties present
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Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 6
and, if identified, to determine potential impacts to them, and to ensure that appropriate
mitigation is implemented.
10. In the event that surface or subsurface historic resources, including human skeletal remains,
structural remains (e.g.,rock walls,terraces,platforms, etc.), cultural deposits,marine shell
concentrations, sand deposits, or sink holes are identified during the demolition and/or
construction work, the Applicant shall cease work in the immediate vicinity of the find,
protect the find from additional disturbance and contact the State Historic Preservation
Division at (808) 933-7651. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological
clearance from DLNR-SHPD when it finds that sufficient mitigation measures have been
taken.
11. Any further development, including but not limited to, the construction of structures or
improvements not included in this determination shall require further review and approval
as provided under Chapter 205A,HRS, and Rule 9,Planning Commission Rules of Practice
and Procedure.
12. That in issuing this permit, the Department has relied on the information and data that the
applicant has provided in connection with this permit. If, subsequent to issuance of this
permit, such information and data prove to be false, incomplete or inaccurate, this permit
may be modified, suspended, or revoked, in whole or in part, and/or the Department may,
in addition, institute appropriate legal proceedings.
13. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the permit may be
granted by the Director upon the following circumstances:
A. The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been foreseen or
are beyond the control of the applicant, successors or assigns, and that are not the
result of their fault or negligence.
B. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan or Zoning
Code.
C. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original reasons for the
granting of the permit.
D. The time extension shall be for a period not to exceed the period originally granted
for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed within one year may be extended
for up to one additional year).
E. If the applicant should require an additional extension of time, the Applicant will be
required to submit for review and processing a new Special Management Area
Asessment Application to to the Planning Department for appropriate action.
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Daryn Arai
Land Use Planning Consultant
December 04, 2025
Page 7
14. The Planning Director shall initiate procedures to revoke this permit should any of the
conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Alex Roy at(808) 961-8140 or via email at
alex.royghawaiicoun ov.
APPROVED:
3eff K DWI-ow December 04, 2025
Jeffrey W.Darrow(Dec 4,2025 13:57:15 HST)
JEFFREY W. DARROW Date
Planning Director
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KA'OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI `AINA CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES
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STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION HISTORIC PRESERVATION
KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING KAHOOLAWE ISLAND AND RESERVE COMMISSION
601 KAMOKILA BLVD,STE 555 STATE PARKS
KAPOLEI,HAWAII 96707
November 21,2024
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Jeff Darrow,Director Project No. 2025PRO1081
Planning Department Doc.No. 251 IJG05
County of Hawaii Archaeology,History&
Hilo,HI 96720 Culture
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
planiiingkhawaiicouply.gov
Dear Jeff Darrow:
SUBJECT: Hawaii Revised Statutes(HRS) Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review
County of Hawaii Special Management Area Use Permit
Permit Number: PL-SAA-2025-000312
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC(Landowner's representative)
Kaimu Ahupua`a,Puna District, Island of Hawaii
TMK: (3)1-2-018:001
This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's (SHPD's) review of the subject County of Hawaii
Special Management Area(SMA)Assessment permit application received by our office on September 25,2025. The
submittal included an SMA Use Permit Assessment Application, construction plans,a previous field inspection letter
report (Clark 2024), a draft cultural impact assessment report (CIA),project parcel related previous correspondence
(see HICRIS submittal materials),and photos of the project area.Per the submitted correspondence,the current project
and permit represent a reduction in scope of a previously reviewed project(HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00940;Doc.
No. 2409JG07). SHPD received subsequent information on November 7, 2025 in support of the project (HICRIS
Submission Nos. 2025PR01081.003 and 2025PRO1081.004).
The previously proposed project area was comprised of the entire 3.677-acre parcel; the project proponent proposed
the development of a 5-lot subdivision consisting of parcels of at least 0.5 acre each for residential purposes and ground
disturbing activities to facilitate the subdivision. The updated and current project area under the current permit
application comprises a 0.46-acre portion of the project parcel;the proposed project consists of the construction of a
residence and associated infrastructure and appurtenances. The proposed project will include the following:
• Construction of a 2-story single-family dwelling(-704 sq.ft.first floor and—1088 sq.ft. second floor).
• Construction of a 60 ft.long by 3 5 ft.wide pickleball court(slab on grade only,no fencing around perimeter).
• Construction of an access road that will measure 55 ft.by 15 ft.with a rock wall and gate system at the entry
point. Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road.
• Installation of a septic system(see construction plans in HICRIS submittal materials).
• Grading or excavation associated with the installation of the residence foundation,pickleball court and septic
system.
• Installation of associated utility improvements,such as waterline installation and electrical utility poles.
• A 10 -foot wide, cinder-surfaced public pedestrian access easement will also be provided along the entire
northern boundary of the subject property, adjacent to the existing adjoining State lands once the subject
permit approved.
Planning Dept.
Exhibit 308-
Jeff Darrow
November 21,2025
Page 2
Additionally,no use,land alteration or vertical construction will be permitted within the 40-foot shoreline setback area
as established by a shoreline survey of the subject property certified by the Board of Land and Natural Resources on
March 29,2023.
The HICRIS submittal data and materials indicate that the proposed project area has been included as part of previous
archaeological studies (Spear 1992, Doc. No. 9302ks25; and Clark 2024, Doc. No. 2409JG07) that resulted in the
identification of historic properties. Per the submitted construction plans, none of the previously identified historic
properties are located within the current permit area. SHPD received additional information subsequent to the initial
submittal (Submission Nos. 2025PRO1081.003 and 2025PRO1081.004) that indicates that the proposed project area
has been previously disturbed. SHPD previously reviewed an SMA permit (Permit # PL-SMA-2024-000063 [see
above for previous project scope description]; HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00930; Doc. No. 2409JG07) in which
SHPD reviewed a field inspection letter report (Clark 2024) and made a then-project effect determination of"No
historic properties affected."The submitted CIA report(McGuire,October 2025)indicates that the coastline of Kaimu
was a significant area to pre-contact and post-contact communities linked to traditional cultural practices. Moreover,
interviews contained therein also indicate that a concern of the area is the potential for encountering subsurface
deposits within the project area given the existing cemetery across the street from the subject parcel and the
preservation of a coastal trail that that has not been identified by the previous studies (Spear 1992; and Clark 2024).
Per correspondence (Joshua Gastilo [SHPD] to Jackson Bauer [DLNR DOFAW]; see HICRIS submittal materials),
the trail alignment referred to in the CIA report(McGuire,October 2025)correlates with the existing highway corridor.
While the proponent has previously indicated that the ground surface of the proposed project area is a result of a 1960s
lava flow;available data and the submitted field inspection letter report (Clark 2024)specifically indicates the that the
project parcel lies atop a"Puna basalt flow that erupted between 400 and 750 years before present(BP)forming much
of the central and southern part of the parcel; a younger Puna basalt flow of`a`a lava dating to 200-400 years BP
creating the northeastern edge; and a more recent pahoehoe flow that occurred between 1986 and 1992 present at the
coast."The portion of the youngest flow(between 1986 and 1992)located in the project parcel is outside of the current
project area.Moreover,the subject project area may lie within a previously disturbed area that that may have removed
any surface features;however,any ground altering activity has the potential to impact subsurface features beneath the
existing surface flow,including burials. Additionally,the portion of the lava flow on which the project is proposed is
comprised of`a'a lava.Due to the nature of'a'a lava,potential exists for any unidentified historic properties,including
human skeletal remains/burials to have fallen into the cracks and crevices and to have been deposited in subsurface
contexts.
Based on the information provided and the sensitivity of the area, SHPD has insufficient information to determine the
potential for the project to adversely impact significant subsurface historic properties, including human skeletal
remains/burials. Therefore, SHPD requests that archaeological monitoring be conducted for identification purposes
during all ground disturbing activities to adequately identify any archaeological historic properties present and, if
identified,to determine potential impacts to them, and to ensure that appropriate mitigation is implemented.
SHPD looks forward to receiving for review and acceptance an archaeological monitoring plan(AMP) meeting the
requirements of HAR §13-279-4 prior to permit issuance. Please submit the requested AMP and associated filing
review fee to HICRIS Project No. 2025PRO1081 in response to our HICRIS request.
SHPD will notify the County of Hawaii Planning Department when the AMP has been reviewed and accepted, and
the permit issuance process may continue.
Please contact Traven Apiki at traven.apiki&hawaii. oovv for any questions regarding burials and Joshua Gastilo at
Joshua. astilo,,hawaii.gov for any questions regarding archaeological resources or concerns regarding this letter.
Aloha,
Jessica L. Puff
Administrator, State Historic Preservation Division
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
309
Jeff Darrow
November 21,2025
Page 3
cc: Alex Roy, alex.roykhawaiicoun ov
Daryn Arai,da, n.aaikoutlook.com
Kaimu Cove LLC,Mattinhawaiikgmail.com
Gina McGuire,mcguire2khawaii.edu
Jackson Bauer,jackson.m.bauerkhawaii. og_v
3
310
This Archaeological Monitoring Plan (AMP) is designed to meet the rigorous standards of
Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-279-4 and provide a clear framework for the
protection of historic properties during development in the Kaimu Ahupua`a.
This plan focuses exclusively on the high-impact infrastructure while excluding the house
foundation, the pickleball court, and the previously completed rock wall foundation trench.
Archaeological Monitoring Plan (AMP)
Project: Single-Family Residence Infrastructure
Location: 12-7789 Kalapana Kapoho Beach Road, Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna, Hawaii
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
SHPD Project No: 2025PRO1081, Doc. No. 2511JG05
1.0 Introduction and Basis for Monitoring
This plan is designed to comply with HAR §13-279 and addresses the potential for subsurface
historic properties within the 3.8-acre parcel. Although surface inspections did not yield findings,
the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-
SHPD) requires monitoring for activities involving significant ground disturbance in this region
of Puna.
2.0 Focused Scope of Work
To ensure efficient mitigation, monitoring will be conducted exclusively for the following
infrastructure-related activities:
• Individual Wastewater System (IWS): Monitoring required of all subterranean
trenching from the home leading to the septic tank and the associated leach
field/absorption bed. No excavation is anticipated for the installation of the septic tank
and leach field as it will be placed in existing ravine and back filled, should any
excavation be needed for placement of septic tank and the associated leach
field/absorption bed, monitoring will be required
• Utility Trenching: Monitoring of all subterranean trenching for water and electrical lines
from the property boundary to the development area.
311
• Driveway Alteration: Monitoring of excavation of portions of the existing 15-foot-wide
gravel driveway corridor.
2.1 Explicit Exclusions
The following components are exempt from archaeological monitoring under this plan:
• House Foundation: Excluded per applicant request(shallow/slab-on-grade).
• Pickleball Court: Excluded per applicant request(shallow/slab-on-grade).
• Rock Wall and Gate: Excluded because these features have been previously
documented and/or completed, and no further ground disturbance is required in these
areas.
3.0 Monitoring Methodology
Archaeological monitoring will be conducted by ASM Affiliates, Inc. and follow these strict
protocols:
1. On-Site Presence: A qualified archaeologist will be present to observe all mechanized
earth-moving activities within the IWS,utility, and driveway footprints.
2. Visual Inspection: The monitor will inspect all exposed soil and basalt profiles.
3. Lava Tube Protocol: In the event a lava tube or void is breached during IWS or utility
trenching, all work must stop immediately to allow for a cultural and safety assessment.
4. Authority: The monitor has the authority to temporarily halt work in the immediate
vicinity of a find to allow for identification and documentation.
4.0 Discovery Plan (Inadvertent Finds)
Should any historic resources or human remains be identified:
• Stop Work: All activity within 50 feet shall cease.
• Protection: The find will be protected from further disturbance.
• Notification: The monitor will immediately contact SHPD at(808) 933-7651.
• Burial Protocol: If human remains are found, HAR §13-300 procedures will be initiated.
5.0 Reporting
Upon completion of the monitored activities, an Archaeological Monitoring Report(AMR)
will be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD. This report will detail the findings and formally
312
document that the excluded areas (rock wall, etc.)were previously addressed or did not meet the
criteria for monitoring. This report is necessary for final project clearance and County permit
closeout.
313
�tY•OF N,
C.Kimo Alameda,Ph.D. �o� • !�,, Jeffrey W.Darrow
Mavor ���%t,. Director
William V.Brilhame,Jr. Michelle S.Ahn
Managing Director i.=w;.�� DeputvDirector
,TE OF•NF'•N
West Hawaii Office East Hawaii Office
74-5044 Ane Keohokalole Hwy 101 Pauahi Street,Suite 3
Kailua-Kona,Hawaii 96740 County Of Hawai'i Hilo,Hawaii 96720
Phone(808)323-4770 Phone(808)961-8288
Fax(808)327-3563 PLANNING DEPARTMENT Fax(808)961-8742
January 14, 2026
Mr. Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC c/o Daryn Arai LLC
Via email: Daryn.Araikoutlook.com
Dear Mr. Wyatt,
SUBJECT: Stop Work Order -
Reference: Work Occurring Onsite on January 13, 2026
TMK: 1-2-018:001, 12-7789 Kalapana-Kapoho Beach Road, Pahoa, Hawai'i
STOP WORK ORDER
This Stop Work Order is sent to you to inform you to stop any land clearing and/or construction
work that may be occurring on the above-mentioned property. An appeal to SMA Minor Permit
No. 2025-000079 (PL-SMM-2025-000079) has been submitted to the Planning Department.
Immediately cease any work occurring at TMK 1-2-018:001, 12-7789 Kalapana-Kapoho Beach
Road, until the appeal process for SMA Minor Permit No. 2025-000079 (PL-SMM-2025-
000079) has been resolved. As this permit has been appealed,you are directed to immediately
cease and desist from all ground disturbing activities including, but not limited to, land clearing,
grading, grubbing, construction work, rock wall construction, and similar work.
Additionally, Condition No. 9 of SMA Minor Permit No. 2025-000079 (PL-SMM-2025-000079)
required that the applicant submit and receive approval of an Archeological Monitoring Plan
(AMP)by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), and a copy of the approved AMP be
submitted to the Planning Department prior to all ground disturbing activities. Although the
AMP has been submitted, it has not been approved and ground disturbing activities have
occurred.
The property is owned by Kaimu Cove LLC, which consists of approximately 3.8 acres and is
located within the State Land Use (U)Urban and within the County of Hawai'i RA-.5a Zoning
District.
www.plannine.hawaiicounty. ov Hawai`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer planniruy aLawaiicounty Gov
314
Mr. Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC c/o Daryn Arai LLC
January 14, 2026
Page 2
SITE INSPECTION REPORT
A site inspection of the property was conducted on January 13, 2026, at approximately 11:15am
which revealed the following:
The Planning staff observed significant clearing of the lower Milo forest as well as a large
graded and grubbed area(ground disturbance). Additionally, there is construction of a rock wall
and waterlines in the vicinity of the public shoreline access path. Staff notes that there were
materials and equipment staged on site, however, only the rock wall at the gate was being
worked on by a contractor. No other work was occurring on site.
Based on the above information, the Planning Director is issuing this stop work order to cease
and desist any and all work on the subject property until the submitted appeal is resolved. If work
continues prior to the resolution of the submitted appeal and without obtaining an approved
AMP, a Notice of Violation will be issued with additional fines.
Please contact Inspector Mark Iwamoto to schedule a follow up site inspection.
For any questions regarding this order,please contact Planning Inspector Mark Iwamoto at
(808)-961-8151.
For questions regarding HRS 205A Coastal Zone Management,please contact Planner Mr. Alex
Roy at our Hilo Office at(808) 961-8140.
Sincerely,
(Ye ff e� W. Dwow
Jeffre�gJa,14,2026 L2:53:15 NSij
JEFFREY W. DARROW
Planning Director
c: Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC
Via email: kaimu.covekgmail.com and kehena(cr�,gmail.com
Lisa Behman
Via email: lbsbincggmail.com
Administrative Permits Division
Planning Inspectors
Via email: Mark.lwamotoghawaiicounly.gov
Planning Division
Via email: Alex.Roy2hawaiicounty.gov
Maij a.Jacks onghawai i coun1y. ov
315
Mr. Mark Wyatt
Kaimu Cove LLC c/o Daryn Arai LLC
January 14, 2026
Page 3
State Historic Preservation Division—Hawai'i Island
State of Hawai'i DLNR
Via email: Joshua. ag stiloghawaii. oovv
Via email: sean.p.naleimaile@hawaii.gov
316
JOSH GREEN,M.D. y�. c yq' DAWN N.S.CHANG
P:" h^
GOVERNOR KE KIA'AINA ti a 1959 CHAIRPERSON•9 BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
f y COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
SYLVIA LUKE MANAGEMENT
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR I KA HOPE KIA'AINA ,` }
3} RYAN K.P.KANAKA`OLE
.and and Nat '
FIRST DEPUTY
N
�co CIARA W.K.KAHAHANE
DEPUTY DIRECTOR-WATER
a
o AQUATIC RESOURCES
BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION
STATE OF HAWAII I KA MOKU`AINA`O HAWAII BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES
COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES MA""GDC A
'State of HavJz. CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS
KA`OIHANA KUMUWAIWAI `AINA CONSERVATION ENFORCEMENNTT RCEs
ENGINEERING
FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION HISTORIC PRESERVATION
KAH OO LAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION
KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING LAND
601 KAMOKILA BLVD.STE 555 STATE PARKS
KAPOLEI.HAWAII 96707
January 14, 2026
IN REPLY REFER TO:
Jeff Darrow, Director Project No. 2025PRO1081
Planning Department Doc. No. 2601JG01
County of Hawaii Archaeology
Hilo, HI 96720 History & Culture
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
plan ning(&hawaiicounty.aov
Dear Jeff Darrow:
SUBJECT: Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter§ 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review
County of Hawaii Special Management Area Use Permit
Permit Number: PL-SAA-2025-000312
Archaeological Monitoring Plan
Applicant: Kaimu Cove LLC (Landowner's representative)
Kaimu Ahupua`a, Puna District, Island of Hawaii
TMK: (3) 1-2-018:001
This letter provides the State Historic Preservation Division's (SHPD's) review of the subject archaeological
monitoring plan (AMP) titled, Archaeological Monitoring Plan (no author, no date) received on December
17, 2025 (HICRIS Submission No. 2025PR01081.006) in support of the proposed project. SHPD previously
reviewed the project and requested that archaeological monitoring be conducted for identification purposes
during all ground disturbing activities (November 21, 2025; Doc. No. 2511JG05). The initial submittal
included an SMA Use Permit Assessment Application, construction plans, a previous field inspection letter
report (Clark 2024), a draft cultural impact assessment report (CIA), project parcel related previous
correspondence(see HICRIS submittal materials), and a set of photos of the project area. Per the submitted
correspondence, the current project and permit represent a reduction in scope of a previously reviewed
project (HICRIS Project No. 2024PR00930; Doc. No. 2409JG07).
The project area under the current permit application comprises a 0.46-acre portion of the subject parcel.
The project consists of the construction of a residence and associated infrastructure and appurtenances
including the following:
• Construction of the proposed 2-story single-family dwelling (— 704 sq. ft. first floor and —1088 sq. ft.
second floor).
• Construction of a 60 ft. long by 35 ft. wide pickleball court (slab on grade only, no fencing around
perimeter).
• Construction of an access road that will measure 15. Ft. wide by 55 ft. long with a rock wall and
gate system at the entry point. Access to the proposed dwelling will be directly from the Kalapana-
Kapoho Beach Road.
• Installation of a septic system (see construction plans in HICRIS submittal materials).
• Grading or excavation associated with the installation of the residence foundation, pickleball court
and septic system.
• Installation of associated utility improvements, such as waterline installation and electrical utility
poles.
317
Jeff Darrow
January 14, 2026
Page 2
• No use, land alteration or vertical construction will be permitted within the 40-foot shoreline setback
area as established by a shoreline survey of the subject property certified by the Board of Land and
Natural Resources on March 29, 2023.
• A 10-foot-wide, cinder-surfaced public pedestrian access easement will also be provided along the
entire northern boundary of the subject property, adjacent to the existing adjoining State lands once
the subject permit approved.
The AMP (no name, no date) includes a scope of work and a list of archaeological monitoring provisions to
be followed for all ground disturbing work associated with the project.
The Attachment identifies the issues and concerns that need to be addressed prior to the AMP being
accepted as meeting the minimum requirements of HAR§13-279-4. To aid in rapid review, please provide
a cover letter that specifies the changes made to the document with their page numbers in the revised plan
and highlight the changes in the text.When completed, please submit the revised AMP,the submittal review
fee,and any other project materials to SHPD HICRIS Project No. 2025PR0l081 in response to our request.
Please contact Traven Apiki at traven.apikia-hawaii.gov for any questions regarding burials and contact
Joshua Gastilo at Joshua.gastiloa-hawaii.gov for any questions regarding archaeological resources or this
letter.
Aloha, _0§�z
Jessica L. Puff
Administrator, State Historic Preservation Division
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
cc: Alex Roy, alex.roya-hawaiicounty.gov
Daryn Arai, daryn.aaia-outlook.com
Kaimu Cove LLC, wyattinhawaiia-gmail.com
Gina McGuire, mcguire2a-hawaii.edu
Jackson Bauer, iackson.m.bauera-hawaii.gov
Attachment
Concerns and Revisions:An Archaeological Monitoring Plan (No Author; No date)
1. Title page. Revise the title page to include the following:
a. Project title (Ex. Archaeological Monitoring Plan for the Wyatt Single Family Residence
Project).
b. Ahupua`a, district, and island information.
c. Parcel TMK information.
d. Author and date information (Ex: Wyatt, January 2026).
2. General comment. The subject AMP does not contain the required components of an AMP as
stipulated in HAR §13-279-4(1) through HAR §13-279-4(6), and HAR §13-279-4(8). Revise the
document to include the following sections per HAR §13-279-4:
a. What kinds of archaeological remains or historic properties are anticipated or require
protection. Ensure that previous archaeological studies within the vicinity of the project
area are included in this discussion with in-text citations that are also included in a
reference section, and a figure of a map that indicates where the previous study areas
were in relation to the current project area. All references to any historic properties within
the project area should include the site's full State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) #,
the study that first identified them, their previous significance assessments, their
recommended treatments, and whether or not they were assessed for eligibility for
inclusion into the Hawaii Register of Historic Places (HRHP). A map of the locations of the
historic properties in relation to the project area should also be included. Please also
318
Jeff Darrow
January 14, 2026
Page 3
include any previous LCAw or Land Grant history of the parcel as part of the project area
background.
b. Where in the project area these properties are known to be or anticipated to be located;
include a map of the historic properties relative to the project area. Include a section on the
potential for encountering human skeletal remains as has been established in
correspondence between SHPD's History&Culture staff and the project proponent, as well
as what was included in the submittal materials (CIA and community input).
c. Needed fieldwork to protect or document known or anticipated historic properties, which
may include, but not be limited to, profile documentation of stratigraphy, drawings,
photographs, lithic sourcing, and excavation of exposed features.
d. A provision that the archaeologist conducting the monitoring has been given the authority
to halt ground disturbing activities in the immediate area of a find, in order to carry out the
plan. Project activities can shift to other areas in such case.
e. A coordination meeting with any construction team and the archaeologist, so the
construction team is aware of the plan.
f. Any laboratory work expected to be done.
g. Archiving of any collections.
3. Revise document to include a management summary section (page i) that includes the purpose of
the monitoring plan.
4. Page 1. Revise document to include an introduction that includes the purpose of the archaeological
monitoring plan, the location of the proposed project (including natural environment such as
geology, topography,vegetation, etc.), the regulatory background of the project, and project review
history with references to the HICRIS project no. and SHPD's previous determination (Doc. No.
and determination). Following the Introduction section shall be a section describing the proposed
project (in-text description of all ground-disturbing activities)which will also include the following:
a. A current USGS map of the project area.
b. A current TMK map that includes project parcel with the project parcel highlighted.
c. A figure containing the construction plans of the proposed project.
5. Revise document to include sections that discuss the cultural and historic contexts of the vicinity of
the project area.
6. Page 2, Explicit Exclusions. Revise this section to indicate whether SHPD agreed to these
stipulations and reference the document in which the agreement is contained. If SHPD did not
agree to these stipulations in writing, revise the section to indicate the logic supporting the
exclusions.
7. Page 2, Monitoring Methodology. Revise this section to include the following stipulations or where
appropriate per comment# 2:
a. Listing of the archaeological firm conducting the monitoring and the associated
archaeological permit that authorizes them to do so.
b. On-site monitoring will be conducted for all ground disturbing activities within the project
area;
c. One archaeological monitor will be present per each piece of machinery conducting ground
altering activities within the project area;
d. The archaeological monitor has the authority to temporarily halt all activity in the area in
the event of a potential historic property being identified, or to record archaeological
information or cultural deposits or features;
e. If non-burial historic properties are identified, documentation shall include, as appropriate,
recording stratigraphy using USDA soil description terminology and attributes, GPS point
collection with a receiver capable of sub-meter accuracy, recordation of feature contents
through excavation or sampling of features, screening of features, representative scaled
profile drawings, photo documentation using a scale and north arrow, and appropriate
laboratory analysis of collected samples and artifacts. The areas for profile photography
need to be clean enough for photo documentation. The scale in all field photographs shall
be marked in 10 cm increments and the north arrow on all photos/maps shall point to
magnetic north. If non-burial historic properties are identified, then they shall be assessed
for integrity, condition, site significance, and recommended treatment in consultation with
319
Jeff Darrow
January 14, 2026
Page 4
SHPD pursuant to HAR §13-284-6 (HRS Chapter § 6E-42); if the sites are found to be
significant, then they shall also be assessed for its eligibility for inclusion into the HRHP.
f. Representative stratigraphy will be recorded and photographed; a map of the location of
all recorded profiles (site/feature associated and/or representative) shall be included.
Deposits deemed significant by SHPD will be sampled.
g. Isolated artifacts shall be recovered and their general provenience recorded, all traditional
Precontact Hawaiian artifacts and diagnostic post-Contact artifacts will be recovered for
laboratory analysis, their in-situ locations will be recorded, the artifacts will be
photographed with a north arrow and scale in their identified provenience, the recovered
artifacts will be photographed in a laboratory setting with a scale as well, and the
surrounding soil of the finds will be fully described using standard USDA soil descriptions
and Munsell colors.
h. Collected materials not associated with burials will be temporarily stored at the
archaeological firm's office/laboratory unit until an appropriate curation facility is selected,
in consultation with the landowner and the SHPD. The monitoring archaeology firm shall
consult with SHPD to establish/provide a repository/laboratory space for any expected and
unexpected/ inadvertent materials.
i. After any testing/data collection excavations that were conducted as a result of monitoring
are complete, the archaeological monitor will conduct backfilling and will also conduct
backfilling of the materials and sediments not collected.
j. If non-compliance occurs (e.g., working without a monitor present), this must be reported
to the archaeological monitor, who will report non-compliance to SHPD. Work must cease
until an action plan is agreed upon, allowing work to resume.
k. Any changes in these provisions shall occur only with written approval from the SHPD.
8. Page 2, Discovery Plan (Inadvertent Finds). Revise this section to include the following:
a. If human skeletal remains are identified, work will cease in the vicinity and the find shall be
secured in their original find location, and provisions outlined within HRS Chapter§6E-43
and HAR §13-300-40, and any SHPD directives, shall be followed.
b. A 10 ft. buffer will immediately be placed around the finding.
c. No work shall be conducted within the 10 ft. buffer, nor any work within the project area without
SHPD consultation and authorization.
d. If the discovery of human skeletal remains occurs during the weekend or holidays, then
SHPD and DOCARE will be immediately notified.
e. If human skeletal remains are encountered during monitoring, SHPD may request the
redesign of the project in order to safeguard the find(s).
9. Page 2, Reporting. Revise this section to indicate that a brief archaeological monitoring letter report
of findings as specified in HAR §13-282-3(f)(1) shall be submitted within 30 days of completion of
archaeological monitoring fieldwork, and that an archaeological monitoring report meeting the
requirements of HAR §13-279-5 shall be submitted within 60 days of the completion of
archaeological monitoring field work.
320
IN THE BOARD OF APPEALS
COUNTY OF HAWAI`I
STATE OF HAWAI`I
`OHANA O MOKUHULU, KAIMU )
MAKENA, AND KALAPANA (LESLIE )
ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL) )
PL-BOA-2026-000127
Appellant, )
Appeal of Decision by the Planning Director
Dated December 4, 2025, Regarding Special
Management Area(SMA) Minor Permit
(PL-SMM-2025-000079) for Construction of
New Single-Family Residence and Related
Improvements
vs. )
JEFFREY W. DARROW )
PLANNING DIRECTOR )
COUNTY OF HAWAI`I )
Appellee. )
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I HEREBY CERTIFY that a copy of the foregoing document was duly served
on January 27, 2026, to the following parties in the manner indicated below:
HAND-
DELIVERED U.S. MAIL E-MAIL
`OHANA O MOKUHULU, KAIMU ( ) ( ) (X)
MAKENA, AND KALAPANA (LESLIE
ENRIQUEZ ROSEHILL)
61 Kanoelani Street
Hilo, HI 96720
E-mail: leslie.lihaunaniggmail.com
Appellant
NATIVE HAWAIIAN LEGAL CORPORATION ( ) ( ) (X)
1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1205
Honolulu, HI 96813
E-mail: terina.faagaugnhlchi.org, kirsha.durantegnhl chi.org
Attorney for Appellant
JEAN CAMPBELL, ESQ. ( ) ( ) (X)
Corporation Counsel
County of Hawaii
101 Aupuni Street, Suite 325
Hilo, HI 96720
E-mail: jeank.caml2bellghawaiicounly.gov
Attorney for Appellee
KAIMU COVE LLC ( ) ( ) (X)
12-55 Likoliko Loop, Box 4866
Pahoa, HI 96778-6810
E-mail: kaimu.coveggmail.com, lbsbinc&gmail.com
Landowner
SYLVIA WAN, ESQ. ( ) ( ) (X)
Corporation Counsel
County of Hawaii
101 Aupuni Street, Suite 325
Hilo, HI 96720
E-mail: SylviaA.Wanghawaiicouniy.gov
Attorney for Board of Appeals
BOARD OF APPEALS ( ) ( ) (X)
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, HI 96720
E-mail: boardofVpeals&hawaiicoun ov
Board of Appeals
DATED: Hilo, Hawaii, January 27, 2026
A*-"� 1�7&ellzL
RAIMEE STEEN
Clerk 11
for the Planning Department