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Table of Contents <br />Chapter 1 - Introduction..................................................................................................5 <br />Chapter 2 – Subsidence and Other Coastal Hazards at Kapoho.................................9 <br />2.1 Ongoing Subsidence at Kapoho...............................................................................9 <br />2.2 Historical Episodic Subsidence at Kapoho............................................................10 <br />2.3 Hurricane Risk.......................................................................................................10 <br />2.4 Tsunami Risk.........................................................................................................13 <br />2.5 Earthquake Risk.....................................................................................................13 <br />2.6 Lava Risk...............................................................................................................15 <br />Chapter 3 – Issues with the Shoreline Certification Process......................................17 <br />3.1 Field Trip – August 17, 2005.................................................................................17 <br />3.2 Field Trip – July 10, 2006......................................................................................23 <br />3.3 Discussion..............................................................................................................26 <br />3.3.1 Shoreline Certification Issues at Kapoho........................................................27 <br />3.4 Proposed Options...................................................................................................32 <br />3.4.1 Surface Connection.........................................................................................32 <br />3.4.2 Using the Transition to Gravity Flow.............................................................33 <br />3.4.3 Relying on an Increased Use of the Vegetation Line.....................................35 <br />3.4.4 Using Arbitrary Natural or Man-made Monuments.......................................36 <br />3.4.5 Datums, Elevation, Topography, Wave Events..............................................36 <br />3.4.6 Waiver.............................................................................................................37 <br />3.5 Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................................38 <br />Chapter 4 – Coastal Hazard Mitigation and Issues with the Special Management <br />Area..................................................................................................................................40 <br />4.1 Permitting New Development for Zoning Changes, General and Community Plan <br />Amendments and Subdivision......................................................................................40 <br />4.2 Infrastructure Improvements..................................................................................44 <br />4.2.1 Raising or Rebuilding Waiopae Road.............................................................44 <br />4.2.2 Wastewater Issues...........................................................................................45 <br />4.3 Lot Transfer...........................................................................................................45 <br />4.3.1 Due Diligence of the Buyer............................................................................45 <br />4.3.2 Disclosure by the Seller..................................................................................46 <br />4.4 Home Construction................................................................................................46 <br />4.5 Hazard Noticed – Remedial Options Evaluated....................................................49 <br />4.5.1 Raising the Height of Existing Seawalls.........................................................49 <br />4.5.2 Building New Seawalls...................................................................................50 <br />4.5.3 Legal Status of Existing Seawalls...................................................................51 <br />4.5.4 Land Exchange................................................................................................51 <br />4.5.5 Land Acquisition.............................................................................................54 <br />Chapter 5 – Conclusion and Summary.........................................................................55 <br />3 <br /> <br />