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There may be a zone in here that has calcium carbonate old reformation. It did show up in the
<br />more makai of those two deep water wells and did not show up in the, in the, in the one that's in
<br />the quarry in the airport. Down at about 800, 900, a thousand feet, we're going to run into a soil
<br />layer that is definitely the weathered surface of the Mauna Kea lavas at depth. So, this is all
<br />Mauna Loa to this depth, and below here is all Mauna Kea.
<br />This soil layer which is compressed by all of the weight, 800, 900, or a thousand foot of lavas is
<br />basically impermeable, and below that is fresh water under artesian pressure and capped,
<br />confined by this layer here. If we go down further, the freshwater body probably extends 300- or
<br />400 -feet thick, and that's what we'll be extracting from. Below that is salt water. The important
<br />point in getting this thing to yield is that far below that is a transition between what are known as
<br />submarine lavas. Those are lavas that were laid down below sea level during the shield -building
<br />stage of the island, and that's at about 3,500 -foot depth. The lavas in here are what are called
<br />subarea. They were laid down above the ocean surface and now have sunk all the way down.
<br />The island, in fact, is sinking at around .1 inch per year or so, and to have sunk to this 3,500 -foot
<br />depth would be sinking at that rate for 400 or 500,000 years.
<br />The characteristics of this groundwater that we want to tap, first off, because it's under pressure
<br />and at this time the freshwater, the salt water that's below it is about 2-1/2 percent greater density
<br />than the freshwater. So, when we drill down, we drill through here, that freshwater is going to
<br />come up the hole. It may come up all the way, all the way up
<br />ROHR (from audience): Microphone, please.
<br />NANCE: Oh, sorry. Or, it may dissipate into the Mauna Loa lavas depending on what their
<br />permeability is. So, during the drilling process, this freshwater is, is coming into the formation
<br />or possibly coming above ground. When they drilled the second hole in the quarry site, it came
<br />out of the ground at very high rates of flow. So, the aquifer was formed by the sinking of the
<br />island, permeable subaerial lavas and capped by the soil layer which is the weathered surface of
<br />the Mauna Kea lavas.
<br />BUNN: Thank you. Mr. Nance, you just drew freshwater infiltrating the Mauna Loa lavas
<br />above it, how long would that continue if it occurred?
<br />NANCE: It will continue until we come in, and I'll just use a different color, we come in and
<br />install casing inside the borehole, and we cement the annular space between the casing and the
<br />drill borehole. That is likely to be a period of months, because we will drill a 12 -inch pilot
<br />borehole first, do it, do a pump test with an inflatable packer here so that we only pull water from
<br />here, and it that's successful, we'll open the hole up and then install the casing.
<br />BUNN: Thank you. I have more questions—sorry.
<br />CLARKSON: Let's take a minute to see if there are any questions from the Commissioners.
<br />DELA CRUZ: Yeah, I got one question. Okay, when you guys drill that hole in the beginning,
<br />right, and you guys get all the way down to the Mauna Kea Aquifer—
<br />EXHIBIT D
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