Communication No. 2019-10- NKCDP RR Trail Plans

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to have kama'aina witnesses to point out shoreline boundaries to government surveyors, who would then record those boundaries. There was no evidence to indicate that Hawaiian shorelines in 1866 had been based on U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey publications. Thus, the court held that ancient tradition, custom, and usage established the shoreline boundaries between public beaches and private lands as along the upper reaches of the wash of the waves, as evidenced by the edge of vegetation or debris line. For the case of North Kohala, there is a Conservation Land Use District along the cliffs fronting the ocean. Together with the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail, there is public access along the coastline for a swath of land from the cliffs in most areas up until 'Upolu Point. There may be areas within the alignment in this section that may need to utilize this area as the access point to connect portions of the old railroad line if there are cases where the railroad ROW has been legally abandoned. This will be further detailed out in the mapping analysis section of this report. King Kamehameha I —Importance of Place This section brings us back to a time before, and immediately after Western contact to the Hawaiian Islands. To understand the importance that North Kohala had on the formation of the Hawaiian Kingdom, we will go into a brief description of King Kamehameha I, the important relationship with place, and the significance of the many resources and wahi pana that exist throughout the area. This can be expanded to describe important cultural sites that the community wishes to protect and interpreted. There are many cultural sites found throughout North Kohala from villages, heiau, to expansive agricultural irrigation and plots. As there are many sites, this report will touch on the history relating to Kamehameha I, his kula iwi (his homeland), and some select areas that are becoming public lands through recent land purchases. Kamehameha was born near Kokoiki, toward the leeward side, close to the imposing and ancient Mo'okini Heiau. The year is not certain, and was most likely sometime in the 1750's, approximately twenty years before the arrival of Captain James Cook. Kohala 'Aina24describes the birth of Kamehameha as follows: It was said that "During the stormy night of Kamehameha's birth, there were many omens that led to suspicions that a leader was born. It is said that when one of the rival chiefs in Hilo heard of the birth, he remarked: "Pinch off the tip of the young mulberry shoot." Concerned, the mother gave Pai'ea (Kamehameha) into the custody of Nae'ole, chief of Halawa, to raise him away from the dangers of the court. A woman named Keaka helped Nae'ole. Isolated from parents, uncles, and nephews, left to his own company, will and mind, the young boy acquired the name Kamehameha, the lonely one. When Kamehameha was five years old, he joined Alapa'inui's court. When his father and uncle Alapa'inui died, another uncle, the general Kalani'opu'u, took the young Kamehameha under his wing. Kalani'opu'u had Kamehameha trained by the best warrior known, Kekuhaupi'o from Ke'ei in South Kona. The young chief poured all his energy into learning the martial arts, preparing for the inevitable battles he wanted to win. Kamehameha returned to Halawa with Kekuhaupi'o to practice his craft, the use of the many—pointed spear, in a district that he knew well. " Kohala 'Aina, Sophia V. Schweitzer and Surety Kohala Corporation. Mutual Publishing, November 2003 10