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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0279.001 2022-2024 Mvv os p�h Phone: (808)961-8828 HEATHER L. KIMBALL <P..'•' +, COUNCIL CHAIR u'• Fax: (808)961-8912 Council District 1 (North Hilo, •' i• Email:Heather.Kimballna�hawaiicounty Hdmdkua, and portion of Waimea) • — +j''� Mi MC i•'\\ �tE Ci•M►i O CD HAWAII COUNTY COUNCILCD 25 Aupuni Street, Ste. 1402. Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 TO: Members of the Hawaii County Council r FROM:Vtr'0"'Heather L. Kimball, Council Chair DATE: May 12, 2023 SUBJECT: Supporting Documents for Bill 48-23 Aloha, Attached please find documents relevant to the discussion of bill 48-23 that proposed the creation on an office of sustainability, climate, equity and resilience in the County. Documents include: • A selection from the NACo Supplemental to the Inflation Reduction Act Analysis, Breakdown of Climate and Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties • A description of the Justice 40 Initiative and a County map of Justice 40 census blocks • A draft outline for the expansion of Chapter 37 • A 2023 EPA report on climate change and children's health and well-being in the United States Comm. No. Hawai`i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer.Ref.To: OrR Ref. Date MAY 16 2023 IRA BY THE NUMBERS The IRA invests approximately $400 billion in climate Tax credits form the majority of the clean energy and energy across a variety of different sectors, spending in the IRA, The incentives are intended to including; encourage investment in clean energy development, • Energy Generation & Deployment:$1774 deployment, manufacturing and transportation. billion Notably for county governments, many of the tax incentives in the IRA are available to tax-exempt • Clean Manufacturing:$46.6 billion entities under a direct pay option. The direct pay • Electrification of Commercial and Residential option provides a new pathway for counties to access Housing: $478 billion these tax credits that previously have only been • Addressing Air Pollution& Emissions available to tax-paying entities.Instead of receiving the Reduction: $46.4 billion credit, counties will be able to apply for and receive • Clean Transportation:$374 billion a refund equal to the amount of the credit, As of • Agriculture& Rural Affairs:$38,9 billion publication,the U.S.Department of the Treasury,which is responsible for implementing the tax provisions of • Resiliency: $14.5 billion the IRA, has not yet released guidelines on how tax • Federal Permitting: $1 billion exempt entities can claim the direct pay option. It delivers this funding through several different Much of the IRA's impact will depend on who utilizes financing mechanisms, including; these tax incentives and to what extent, As such, Tax incentives county governments play a significant role in both • Grants making our communities aware of the available • Loans credits and in taking advantage of these incentives Rebates themselves, • Contracts $46.5 B $177.4 B BY THE NUMBERS: :w $47.88 Funding by Sector �� ENERGY GENERATION&DEPLOYMENT CLEAN MANUFACTURING $400 BILLION ELECTRIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL&RESIDENTIAL HOUSING ADDRESSING AIR POLLUTION&EMISSIONS REDUCTION 1 ~ $46.4 B CLEAN TRANSPORTATION 4P AGRICULTURE&RURAL AFFAIRS RESILIENCY FEDERAL PERMITTING �— $37.4 B $1B $14.5 B $38.9 8 PAGES NACo Sijopiernentat i tsation He.du t � ;,ii Breakdown of climate& Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties Given the widespread nature of the IRA, county IRA Funding Matrix for Counties governments will play a critical role in navigating the GLOSSARY different funding streams and organizing relevant • U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) stakeholders to fully realize the benefits offered by the law. Several counties already have sustainability and U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) climate offices in place and divisions such as these are U.S. Department of Housing and Urban well positioned to coordinate across different county Development(HUD) departments, partner with relevant federal, state and U.S, Department of the Interior (DO[) regional offices and work with the local community in U,S. Department of Transportation(USDOT) order to reach the county's climate and energy goals, . U.S. Department of the Treasury(Treasury) To that end, this document offers a chart of funding . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) opportunities directly available to counties. . U.S. Forest Service (USFS) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Program Funding Category Agency Funding New or How Can Program Description Name Mechanism level Existing Counties Program? Access? Credit for Tax Credit Addressing Treasury $3.2 billion Existing Apply directly Tax credit for carbon Carbon Oxide Air Pollution (estimated but to Treasury sequestration projects Sequestration &Emissions no Ceding) under the Reduction direct pay option Greenhouse Grants Addressing EPA $27 billion New Apply directly Grants to encourage the Gas Reduction Air Pollution to EPA leveraging of public dollars Fund &Emissions with private financing to reduce Reduction greenhouse gas emissions Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $50 million New Apply directly Grants to monitor and reduce Air Pollution at Air Pollution to EPA greenhouse gas emissions and Schools &Emissions other air pollution at schools in Reduction low-income and disadvantaged communities American Grants Addressing EPA $38.5 New Apply directly Grants to reduce production Innovation and Air Pollution million to DOE and consumption of Manufacturing &Emissions hydrofluorocarbons Act Grants Reduction Methane Grants Addressing EPA $1.55 billion New Apply directly Grants to reduce methane and Emissions Air Pollution to DOE other greenhouse gas emissions Reduction &Emissions from petroleum and natural gas Program Reduction systems and mitigate legacy air pollution from these systems NAC,, Supplemental to inflation Reduction Act Analysis: PAGE 5 Breakdown of Climate&Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties i Program Funding Category Agency Funding New or Now Can Program Description Name Mechanism Level Existing Counties Program? Access? Climate Grants Addressing EPA $5 billion New Apply directly Grants to support greenhouse Pollution Air Pollution to EPA gas air pollution planning and Reduction &Emissions implementation activities Grants Reduction Environmental Grants Addressing EPA $3 billion New Apply directly Grants to support environmental and Climate Air Pollution to EPA justice projects that benefit Justice Block &Emissions disadvantaged communities Grants Reduction Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $1175 Existing Apply directly Grants to deploy,integrate, Air Pollution: Air Pollution million to EPA support and maintain fenceline Fenceline Air &Emissions air monitoring,screening air Monitoring Reduction monitoring,national air toxics trend stations and other air toxics and community monitoring Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $50 million Existing Apply directly Grants to expand and maintain Air Pollution: Air Pollution to EPA the national ambient air quality Multipollutant &Emissions monitoring network Monitoring Reduction Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $3 million Existing Apply directly Grants to deploy,integrate and Air Pollution: Air Pollution to EPA operate air quality sensors in Air Quality &Emissions low-income and disadvantaged Sensors in Low- Reduction communities Income and Disadvantaged Communities Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $15 million Existing Apply directly Grants for testing and other Air Pollution, Air Pollution to EPA activities to address emissions Emissions from &Emissions from wood heaters Wood Heaters Reduction Addressing Grants Addressing EPA $20 million Existing Apply directly Grants to monitor methane Air Pollution: Air Pollution to EPA emissions Methane &Emissions Monitoring Reduction Addressing Air Grants Addressing EPA $25 million Existing Apply directly Grants to support a national Pollution:Clean Air Pollution to EPA research and development Air Act Grants &Emissions program and air pollution and Reduction control programs Electric Loans Loans Agriculture&Rural USDA $1 billion Existing Apply directly Loans for rural renewable energy for Renewable Affairs to USDA projects,including energy storage Energy projects Higher Blend Grants Agriculture&Rural USDA $500 Existing Apply directly Grants to increase the sale and Infrastructure Affairs million to USDA use of agricultural commodity- Incentive based fuels through infrastructure Program improvements for blending, storing,supplying or distributing biofuels PAGE B NACo Supplementa;to Inflation Reduction Act Analysis. Breakdown of Climate& Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties Program Funding Category Agency Funding New or Now Can i Program Description Name Mechanism Level Existing Counties Program? Access? Regional Grants Agriculture&Rural USDA $4.95 billion Existing Apply directly Grants to support partnerships Conservation Affairs to USDA focused on conservation Partnership Program Advanced Tax Credit Clean Treasury $10 billion Existing Apply directly Competitive tax credit for Energy Project Manufacturing to Treasury projects that reequip,expand or Credit underthe establish qualifying clean energy direct pay manufacturing facilities option Advanced Tax Credit Clean Treasury $30.6 billion New Apply directly Tax credit for the production and Manufacturing Manufacturing (estimatedbut to Treasury sale of eligible components of Production no ceding) underthe wind and solar structures Credit direct pay option Alternative Tax Credit Clean Treasury $1.7 billion Existing Apply directly Tax credit for the cost of the Fuel Vehicle Transportation (estimated but to Treasury installation of alternative fuel Refueling no ceiling) under the vehicle refueling infrastructure Property Credit direct pay option Credit for Tax Credit Clean Treasury $3.6 billion New Apply directly Tax credit for the cost of eligible Qualified Transportation (estimated but to Treasury commercial clean vehicles, Commercial no ceding) underthe such as zero-emission buses or Clean Vehicles direct pay garbage trucks option Clean Fuel Tax Credit Clean Treasury $3 billion New Apply directly Technology-neutral clean fuel Production Tax Transportation (estirrotedbut to Treasury production tax credit Credit no ceiling) underthe direct pay option Clean Heavy- Grants Clean EPA $1 billion New Apply directly Grants for low-and zero-emission Duty Vehicles Transportation to EPA heavy duty vehicles and related infrastructure Reducing Air Grants Clean EPA $3 billion New Apply directly Grants and rebates to reduce Pollution at Transportation to EPA pollution at ports Ports Diesel Grants Clean EPA $60 million Existing Apply directly Grants to identify and reduce Emissions Transportation to EPA diesel emissions due to goods Reductions movement facilities in low-income and disadvantaged communities Neighborhood Grants Clean USDOT $3.2 billion New Apply directly Grants to improve walkability, Access and Transportation to USDOT safety and affordable Equity Grant transportation access;mitigate or Program remediate adverse impacts from surface transportation facilities; and enhance planning and capacity building in underserved communities NACo Supplemental to Inflation Reduction Act Analysis: PAU7 Breakdown of Climate& Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties Program Funding Category Agency Funding New or how Can program Description Name Mechanism Laval Existing Counties Program? Access? Fueling Grants Clean USDOT $291 million New Apply directly Grants for projects that Aviation's Transportation to USDOT produce,transport,blend or Sustainable store sustainable aviation fuel Transition or develop,demonstrate or apply low-emission aviation technologies Integrated Grants Addressing EPA $3 million New Apply directly Grants to update air Compliance Air Pollution to EPA pollution control systems for Information &Emissions communication purposes System Grants Reduction High-Efficiency Rebates Electrification DOE $4.5 billion New Apply to state Grants to develop state high- Electric Home of Commercial high-efficiency efficiency electric home rebate Rebate Program and Residential electric programs for low-or moderate- Buildings home rebate income households program Assistance for Grants Electrification DOE $1 billion New Apply directly Grants to support the adoption of Latest and Zero of Commercial to DOE the latest energy or zero-energy Building Energy and Residential building codes Code Adoption Buildings Renewable Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $51 billion Existing Apply directly Renewable energy production tax Energy &Deployment (estimatedbut to Treasury credit Production Tax no ceiling) under the Credit direct pay option Investment Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $14 billion Existing Apply directly Renewable energy property Tax Credit for &Deployment (estimated but to Treasury investment tax credit Energy Property no ceiling) underthe direct pay option Zero-Emission Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $30 billion New Apply directly Zero-emission nuclear power Nuclear Power &Deployment ;estimated but to Treasury production tax credit Production no ceiling) under the Credit direct pay option Clean Hydrogen Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $13.1 billion New Apply directly Clean hydrogen production tax Production Tax &Deployment (estimated but to Treasury credit Credit noceiting) under the direct pay option Clean Electricity Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $112 billion New Apply directly Technology-neutral clean Production Tax &Deployment (estimated but to Treasury electricity production tax credit Credit no ceNng) under the direct pay option Clean Electricity Tax Credit Energy Generation Treasury $50.8 billion New Apply directly Technology-neutral clean Investment Tax &Deployment (estimated but to Treasury electricity investment tax credit Credit no ceiling) under the direct pay option PA6E8 NACo Supplemental to inflation Reductior Act Analysis: Breakdown of Climate& Energy Funding Opportunities for Counties Program Funding Category Agency Funding New orHow Can Program Description Name Mechanism level Existing Counties Program? Access? Department of Loans Energy Generation DOE $3.6 billion Existing Apply directly Authorizes$40 billion in loan Energy loco &Deployment to DOE guarantee authority to provide Programs Office loans for a range of energy projects that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the utilization of new technologies Grants to Grants Energy Generation DOE $760 million New Apply directly Grants to transmission siting Facilitate &Deployment to DOE projects the Siting of Interstate Electricity Transmission Lines Competitive Grants Resiliency USFS $450 Existing Apply directly Grants to carry out climate Grants for million to USES mitigation or forest resilience Non-Federal activities Foresters Domestic Water Grants Resiliency DOI $550 million New Apply directly Grants for projects to increase Supply Projects to DOI water supply to communities or households that don't have reliable access to water Drought Grants Resiliency DOI $4 billion New Apply directly Grants to mitigate the impacts of Mitigation to DOI drought,with an emphasis on the Colorado River Basin and other basins experiencing similar levels of drought Forest Legacy Grants Resiliency USFS $700 million Existing Apply through Grants for the acquisition of land Program state and interest in land Investing Grants Resiliency NOAA $2.6 billion Existing Apply directly Grants for conservation and in Coastal to NOAA restoration of coastal and marine Communities habitats and resources and Climate Resilience Urban and Grants Resiliency USFS $1.5 billion Existing Apply directly Grants for tree planning and Community to USFS related activities Forestry Assistance Wood Grants Resiliency USFS $100 million Existing Apply directly Grants to expand the use of wood Innovations to USFS products,strengthen emerging Grant Program wood markets and support active management to boost forest health and resilience NACo Supplemental to Inflation Reduction Act Analysis; ?AGy Federal Justice 40 Program What is the Justice40 Initiative? For the first time in our nation's history,the Federal Government has made it a goal that 40 percent of the overall benefits of certain Federal investments flow to disadvantaged communities that are marginalized, underserved, and overburdened by pollution. President Biden made this historic commitment when he signed Executive Order 14008 within days of taking office. What kinds of investments fall within the Justice40 Initiative?The categories of investment are:climate change, clean energy and energy efficiency, clean transit,affordable and sustainable housing,training and workforce development, remediation and reduction of legacy pollution, and the development of critical clean water and wastewater infrastructure. How is the Administration implementing the Justice40 Initiative?A national commitment to environmental justice of this magnitude has never been made before.To meet the goal of the Justice40 Initiative,the Administration is transforming hundreds of Federal programs across the government to ensure that disadvantaged communities receive the benefits of new and existing Federal investments in these categories.Through the President's Inflation Reduction Act, Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, and the American Rescue Plan, Federal agencies are making historic levels of investment to advance environmental justice.This investment will help confront decades of underinvestment in disadvantaged communities,and bring critical resources to communities that have been overburdened by legacy pollution and environmental hazards. Source: https://www.whitehouse.gov/environmentaliuslice/mustice40/ city,state or ZIP • Q tv Waimea Pa'auilo laupahoehoe Pepeekeo CH) E uo Hilo Kadua-Kona Hawaiian Islands Keaau Hawaiian t r peaches Captain Cook CD Volcano n Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Panala Hawaiian Ocean View Naalehu 0 Klaptox S OpenStre. Justice 40 Communities in Hawaii County Bill 48, The Collectivec 1 and Proposedi ter 37 Bill 48 is a legislative framework to stand up the Office of Sustainability, Climate Change, Equity and Resilience (OSCER), and to create a Chapter of Code dedicated to policies, goals, and targets related to Sustainability, Climate Change, Equity, and Resilience utilizing the Collective Impact Model. Opportunity: Hawaii County has been creating a roadmap to a sustainable and equitable future. We have a wealth of knowledge and expertise in both the public and private sector. As a result, our County has the opportunity to accelerate our progress on the implementation of sustainability, climate mitigation and adaptation, and resilience actions. With OSCER creating new partnerships and incorporating Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge, we can serve as a resource for the demonstration of best practices and an inspiration for other communities. Risks: Our geography and location present several challenges, including extreme dependence on energy and food imports and susceptibility to the consequences of climate change.Through the pandemic and the subsequent economic downturn, our vulnerability to outside market forces and supply chain issues once again came to the fore. OSCER can support existing efforts to mitigate these through emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and local food production measures, and renewed attention to diversifying our economy to provide greater stability. legacy:To create an enduring legacy for future generations, it is necessary to create a permanent and action-oriented office that will ensure that the progress in developing sustainability, climate mitigation and adaptation, and resilience strategies continues after we move on. Our kuleana is to enable our island and our children to thrive despite the impacts of a changing climate and other threats to our island home. Ureency:There is an urgency to create such an office. It is widely accepted that there is a need to increase self-sustainability, address the local effects and causes of climate change and to protect the natural resources of our County without delay.The costs of accelerating the implementation of adaptation efforts now will be outweighed by avoided costs in the future.There is also an unprecedented level of funding from the Federal Inflation Reduction Act(IRA).This level of funding for sustainability, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and resilience efforts is unlikely to ever be available again in our lifetimes. Expected Benefits of OSCER • Enables an action-oriented focus on the County's long-term sustainability, climate, equity, and resilience goals and the development of policies required for those actions to be sustained. • Ensures adaptation and resilience efforts benefit all households, particularly focusing on our LMI and ALICE households, and traditionally marginalized communities. • Enables the coordination of relevant actions and policies across County departments and with community stakeholders to maximize the impact of sustainability, mitigation and adaptation, and resilience measures and reduce overall costs. • Enables a single office for technical support and funding resources to assist in adaptation and resilience efforts across County departments. The Collective Impact Model OSCER has been developed based in the collective impact model. The collective impact model was first proposed by John Kania & Mark Kramer in the Stanford Social Innovation Review of 2011 as a new approach to create effective and lasting social change. This chart from their 2013 article, "Embracing Emergence: How Collective Impact Addresses Complexity", describes the five components of the collective impact model. The Five Conditions of Collective Impact Common Agt2nna All participants have a shared vision for change including a common understanding of the problem and a Joint approach to solving it through agreed upon actions. Shared Measurement Collecting data and measuring results consistently across all participants ensures efforts remain aligned and participants hold each other accountable. Mutually Reliuorctng Participant activities must be differentiated while still being Activities coordinated through a mutually reinforcing plan of action. Continuous Counrnunl- Consistent and open communication Is needed across the cation many players to build trust,assure mutual objectives,and create common motivation_ Backbone Support Creating and managing collective Impact requires a separate organlzationls)with staff and a specific set of skills to serve as the backbone for the entire initiative and coordinate participat- ing organizations and agencies. With OSCER established in Bill 48 with a broad description of the office policies and goals, the long term objective will be to follow up with a more comprehensive package of policies that codify past commitments made by the County, align targets and goals with County and State plans, and more specifically outline the duties and responsibilities for OSCER to meet those commitments. Without being too prescriptive in Bill 48, we wanted to grant flexibility to the administrator to scope out the issues at hand, identify their priority areas, and to coordinate with stakeholders both internally and externally, which will lead to the expansion of Chapter 37 created in Bill 48. Proposed expansion of Chapter 37 will address the following in the Collective Impact o e framework: . Common Agenda: Sustainability Energy, electricity, and alternative fuels Transportation and multi-modal transit systems Traditional and indigenous natural resource management and protection Waste management and reduction, circular economy Sustainable agriculture and food security Regenerative and sustainable tourism Green workforce development Place-based, equitable community development Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Climate mitigation and pollution reduction Climate adaptation and resilience actions Climate action planning program Equity and Environmental Justice Equity and environmental justice program. Equitable and place-based community engagement Disaster Recovery and Risk and Hazard Mitigation Pre-disaster multi-hazard mitigation program Long-term disaster recovery Framework continued... 2. Shared Measurment: Monitoring and Reporting Policy area benchmarks Data collection and reporting standards Monitoring and evaluation Annual sustainability, climate, equity, and resilience report 3. Mutually Reinforcing Activities: Budget and Implementation olicy Implementation policy and program development Legislation Budget recommendations Grants and funding opportunities Climate action revolving fund programs . Continuous Communication: Internal and External Outreach Stakeholder engagement Interdepartmental collaboration Communication and Information Sharing S. OSCER will serve as the Backbone Support Policy and Program Development (Administrator) Chapter 37 will be expanded to outline policies, programs, goals and targets the County will need to adequately address sustainability and climate change related issues.The types of policies and programs will address energy,transportation, waste management, natural resource management, and sustainable development of economic industries. The OSCER administrator will be responsible for the development of these policies. Policies and programs created in the next bill will include policy statements that set the parameters and goals, as well as develop incentives and guidelines, which will lead to sustainable, equitable, and resilient development aligned with County, State, and Federal targets. Shared etrics (Data Analysis and Visualization Specialist) There will also be a framework for monitoring and implementing the County's progress on climate change, hazard mitigation, and long term resilience actions, as well as guidelines on ensuring equitable opportunity and outcomes of public engagement. This work will be led by a data analyst and visualization specialist. The office will have the kuleana of an annual sustainability report which will report on the policies and programs set forth. Legislation® Budget and Grants(Policy analyst and Grant Specialist) The office will have a policy analyst position to provide input and recommendations on proposed legislation for alignment with the goals and targets set forth in Chapter 37, and will also provide best practice recommendations that have demonstrated success in other municipalities.The office will be responsible for tracking Federal and State policy changes and intervening in State and Federal legislative processes to ensure equitable implementation for Hawaii County. OSCER will provide budget recommendations to ensure that the County is budgeting for the desired outcomes in the program areas. OSCER will have a grant specialist to provide technical support for grant applications and coordinate grant projects with other entities that address the policies and goals in this Chapter. Coordination,collaboration,and education (Communications and Outreach Specialist) The policies and goals in Chapter 37 shall be coordinated by OSCER and executed in partnership with the appropriate County departments and external stakeholders.The office shall be responsible for ongoing monitoring and reporting of the data, metrics, and benchmarks prescribed in the Chapter. Expansion of Chapter 37 will clarify that OSCER will be a supporting agency to assist stakeholders in building capacity, securing Federal funding, and developing tools to meet the goals and targets set in the Chapter. The communications and outreach specialist will ensure that there is constant communication between stakeholders and create opportunities for feedback on the functions of the office. Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States Summary for Parents and Caregivers Climate change is already affecting the health and well-being of For , details, ,, se see Americans. Children are uniquely vulnerable in part because they the report, appendices, and are growing and developing. Children—especially younger data linked below. children—also have less control over their environment, less knowledge about health effects from climate change, and are less EPA able to remove themselves from harm. Climate impacts can have lifelong consequences stemming from effects on learning ability, physical development, chronic disease, or other complications. This factsheet summarizes findings from EPA's report Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States, which quantifies future health risks to children for a sub-set of key impacts, in addition to reviewing a broader set of pathways in which children are affected by climate stressors.The analyses presented in this report are part of the EPA's Climate Change Impacts and Risk Analysis (CIRA) project, a framework quantifying and monetizing the impacts of climate change in the U.S. Some of the findings most relevant to parents and caregivers are summarized in the pages that follow by climate stressor.The pages also identify the ways parents and caregivers can reduce risks to children. W�gll X v �f April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001 Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States Extreme Heat Extreme heat, including sustained high temperatures and heat waves, can have a _ variety of effects on children's physical and psychosocial health and cognitive capabilities. Effects may include overheating, dehydration, and death, as well as premature birth or low birth weight, clinical psychological impacts, and an inability to concentrate or learn. WHAT DID THIS WHAT EMERGING ISSUES REPORT FIND? - SHOULD PARENTS AND Heat experienced CAREGIVERS BE AWARE OF? during the school year The number of emergency affects learning in department visits among children.This report children is expected to increase projects a reduction in between May and September annual academic each year as summer achievement per child temperatures continue to rise, of 4% under a moderate up to tens of thousands of level of warming (2°C). additional visits annually. These losses can affect future income, with David L.Ryon/The Boston Globe via Getty Images & potential losses across cohorts of graduating students reaching billions of dollars annually, even under more moderate warming scenarios. Installing air conditioning (A/C) in schools is generally less costly, although this action only partially mitigates these effects. Black, Hispanic or Latino, and low-income students report the lowest rates of current A/C in schools, and therefore are IIII likely to experience these impacts disproportionately. . HOW CAN CAREGIVERS HELP REDUCE RISKS TO CHILDREN? • Talk with children about limiting time outdoors in hot weather. • Educate yourselves and children on proper hydration in all temperatures, how to recognize the early warning signs of dehydration and overheating, including fatigue, lightheadedness or dizziness, excessive sweating or lack of sweating, and the risks associated with exposure to high heat. Emphasize that dehydration can occur easily even in what seems like lower temperatures. • Empower children to know how to advocate for safe practices in outdoor activities, and destigmatize safety, especially in sports. April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001 e Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States Air Quality Most health effects associated with poor air quality stem from climate-induced changes in weather conditions that impact concentrations of particulate matter(PM) and ozone, including wildfires and ground-level dust in the Southwest. Exposure to poor air quality can result in the development and exacerbations of asthma, difficulty learning, and susceptibility to bronchitis, cancers, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adulthood. Preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects are associated with maternal exposures to poor air quality. 011 WHAT EMERGING ISSUES 4 SHOULD PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS BE AWARE OF? -� Emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions from respiratory conditions also are expected to increase, because of these effects, as are school days lost. Further,the analysis projects an increase in premature deaths among WHAT DID THIS REPORT FIND? newborns due to poor air quality Rates of childhood respiratory diseases, such as asthma, impacts on maternal health. have been increasing steadily over the past decades, in part due to changes in air quality and more children Wildfire smoke is comprised of being exposed to higher levels of air pollutants. New numerous other air pollutants that asthma diagnoses across the U.S. are projected to pose significant human health increase 4%due to climate change-induced effects on impacts, including adverse birth outcomes. New research documents air quality at 2°C of global warming.This rate rises to the association between wildfire 11% under a higher level of warming. Low-income and Black, Indigenous, people of color(BIPOC) children are smoke exposure and risk of preterm more likely to experience new asthma diagnoses birth, suggesting a dramatic potential increase in these outcomes as associated with climate-related exposure to PMz.s. wildfire activity continues to increase. HOW CAN CAREGIVERS HELP REDUCE RISKS TO CHILDREN? • Avoid letting children play outside on days with the poorest air quality (e.g., orange-or red-colored air quality alerts). You can check the Air Quality Index forecast for your area. • Reduce exposure to wildfire smoke and ambient dust by closing windows and vents in homes and vehicles and using high-efficiency furnace or HVAC filters and/or portable air cleaners during smoke emergencies or poor air quality days. • Learn more on patient health related to ozone, particulate pollution, wildfire smoke, and safeguarding indoor air quality during wildfires. April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001 Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States isChanging Seasons Increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns are extending the growing season, resulting in longer and more intense pollen and allergy seasons. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a major contributor in the U.S.to the development of respiratory conditions, including asthma. WHAT DID THIS REPORT FIND? WHAT EMERGING ISSUES Due to climate-driven increases in some pollen types, SHOULD PARENTS AND rates of annual asthma-related ED visits are projected CAREGIVERS BE AWARE OF? to increase by 17-30%, under more moderate to higher Overall, new evidence suggests that levels of warming, 2°C to 4°C, respectively. Less severe lengthening warm seasons are outcomes, like visits to healthcare facilities for allergies expected to result in more time and prescriptions filled for allergy medications for spent on outdoor recreation, children, may increase by the tens to hundreds of especially boating and water sports. thousands annually at higher levels of warming (4°C or On the other hand, greater). Limited English-speaking or BIPOC children, the number of �, I and children without health insurance are more likely to trips associated experience these impacts stemming from oak pollen with some exposure specifically. recreation "( types, like winter recreation and ""''""' So cold-water fishing are AL projected to decrease under climate change.These changes are likely to have both positive and negative effects, in terms of physical health, mental well-being, and injury risks. HOW CAN CAREGIVERS HELP REDUCE RISKS TO CHILDREN? • Talk with your child's doctor about potential risk factors associated with allergen exposure. • Talk with your child's doctor about how to recognize symptoms of seasonal allergies, allergy testing, and appropriate medication. Maintain awareness of your area's air quality, and limit your child's time outdoors on days with high pollution levels, including high pollen concentrations (check local Air Quality Index forecast). April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001 Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States Flooding Coastal and inland flooding can result in exposures to waterborne diseases, housing uncertainty, and psychological trauma. The frequency of flooding events due to storm surge and sea level rise will continue to worsen as the climate changes, affecting homes of children living in coastal zones. WHAT DID THIS REPORT FIND? "_-___ _. If no additional adaptation actions are taken, more than 1 million children are estimated to experience `r temporary home displacement or complete home loss from coastal flooding, at even moderate levels of global mean sea level rise. Under greater levels of sea level rise, the report anticipates that more than 2 million children ; will be affected due to increases in coastal flooding. Children in overburdened households will experience these impacts disproportionately. Well-timed adaptation _ p measures, including building sea walls, could avoid or i delay many of these impacts, but are themselves costly to implement and maintain. WHAT EMERGING ISSUES ' SHOULD PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS BE AWARE OF? Inland flooding, also known as riverine flooding, could increase in the future due to climate change, leading to home damage and loss. HOW CAN CAREGIVERS HELP REDUCE RISKS TO CHILDREN? • Work with your family to identify evacuation routes and strategies to follow at times of flooding and severe weather. , • If your family has experienced home damage or loss, consider seeking psychological treatment for your children. Learn more about caring for children after disasters. • Children and pregnant people should not take part in flood cleanup work. Be aware of the risks of mold and information on how to cleanup mold. April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001 Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States 0 o infectious Diseases Oo The range of vector-borne diseases from mosquitoes and ticks, and the duration of favorable weather conditions for the vectors, are expected to increase in a changing climate. Lyme disease is one of the most common and best-known tick-borne diseases in the U.S. If left untreated, or if treatment is delayed, children may develop a range of severe health effects, including juvenile arthritis and Lyme carditis (inflammation in the heart). WHAT DID THIS REPORT FIND? WHAT EMERGING ISSUES This report projects a SHOULD PARENTS AND significant increase in CAREGIVERS BE AWARE OF? new cases of Lyme West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito- disease (Lyme borne virus, is likely to see a change in borreliosis) among new cases as temperatures increase, children in the including among children. While this Eastern U.S. even at r disease often does not cause severe lower levels of global illness in children, it can have serious warming (2°C), with health effects in children with Pre- an expected 31% existing conditions.Additionally, increase in cases.At changes in case counts could be higher levels of global ( indicative of increasing risks of other warming (4°C),the overall number of new cases mosquito-borne illnesses, such as increase 272%above present levels. States in the (' Zika,that can have severe health northernmost areas of the Northeast and Midwest implications for children. regions are expected to see most of new cases among children. Some research demonstrates that Lyme disease may be underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and undertreated among some overburdened / v populations, particularly BIPOC children, increasing the likelihood of more severe outcomes in these communities. _r'`r� HOW CAN CAREGIVERS HELP REDUCE RISKS TO CHILDREN? • Teach your children about appropriate measures for avoiding exposures to ticks and mosquitos, including wearing long-sleeves and long pants, or proper application and use of insect repellants. • Be aware of and teach older children about how to identify early symptoms of illness, including the Lyme disease "bullseye" rash and other characteristics. `` • Remain current on tick bite treatment protocols and localized disease rates. April 2023 EPA 430-R-23-001