HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0896.092 2022-2024Dr. Holeka Goro Inaba
Council Ileinbea•, District (3, N. Kona
Office: (808) 323-4280
Email: holeka. inaba@hmvaiicounot gov
HA WAI `I COUNTY COUNCIL
t�
County of Hmvai `i
West Ha►vai'i Civic Center, Bldg. A
74-5044 Aire Keohokalole Huy.
Kailua-Kona, Hmvai'i 96740 Q3
DATE: July 8, 2024
TO; Heather L. Kimball, Council Chair
and Members of the Hawaii County Council
FROM: Dr, Holeka Goro Inaba, Council Member
Council District 8
SUBJECT: Transmitting a statement from Applicant Kona Three LLC, received from Land
Use Consultant Daryn Arai regarding Bill No. 169, Draft 2
Transmitted herewith is a statement received from Applicant Kona Three, LLC, regarding Bill
No. 169, Draft 2, received from Land Use Consultant Daryn Arai.
Thank you.
HGI:wpb
Att.
Hmvai `l County is au Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer
Comrni. No. 0 . qL
Ref. To:
Ref. Date L4
Kona Three would like to take this opportunity to clarify some misconceptions and/or mis-information
concerning the proposed Royal Vistas Project:
Drainageways
• A circulated flood zone graphic (See Exhibit A) is referenced as showing much of the Project
land being unbuildable, in the FEMA Flood Zone. This is not accurate. The official Flood Zone
Map shows roughly 8% of the Project land area is in the 100-year Flood Zone. (See
Exhibit B).
• Representations have been made that developer intends to "push" the flood zone liability
onto the County. This is inaccurate. As shown on Exhibit B the County already owns TMK's
3/7-6-21:17 (Holualoa Ditch) & 18 (Horseshoe Bend Ditch).
• Statements have been made about the project lands "flooding" Queen Ka'ahumanu
Highway. There are no records of the land or Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway flooding since it
was built in the 1980's.
• Condition J of Bill 169, Draft 2 requires containment of development generated runoff and
preparation and implementation of drainage mater plan as approved by Department of
Public Works.
Endangered Species
• Allegations concerning the 'lo; hoary bat; and giant moth nesting or propagating on the
project lands have been made. These matters were investigated by respected naturalist Dr.
Ron Terry and his findings and recommendations are available in his Report included in the
Environmental Assessment, available on-line. He recommended mitigating measures to
reduce or eliminate any risk, which developer will adhere to.
• Condition S of Bill 169, Draft 2 requires implementation of mitigating measures
recommended by botanical survey and vertebrate fauna assessment that was made a part
of Final Environmental Assessment.
Archeolo&ical
• Thirteen separate Archeological reports from two different trained archeologists (Hammatt
and Escott) have been submitted to SHPD, who has accepted the required Reports and is in
accordance with their findings.
• Conditions O, P, Q and R of Bill 169, Draft 2 requires implementation of all preservation and
mitigating measures as required by the State Historic Preservation Division.
Cultural Resource Committee ("CRCI
• In spite of the voluminous archeological reports, which found no ancient trails or ways on
the property, Jackson Bauer of the State Na Ala Hele program expressed concerns about the
possibility of ancient trails or ways being on the property.
The CRC made a recommendation that the property be preserved in perpetuity, if feasible,
due to the historic and cultural significance of the property (which is not evident to SHPD). If
preservation is not feasible, the CRC then recommended further documentation of lineal
descendent and kama'aina knowledge of the project area, including trails. Also
recommended was amending the current plan to include larger open space areas to
integrate and protect natural, cultural, and historical features of the landscape, including
trails. This recommendation was neither "negative" nor "positive".
These concerns were thoroughly investigated by archeologists; an expert on holua;
interviews with area kupuna a, lineal descendants, and kama'aina; and extensive research of
public records. This research was presented to Mr. Bauer in a Report dated May 8, 2023 and
copied to the CRC. The research found an ancient trail (Kealakowa'a Trail), but it was NOT on
the property. No other ancient trails or holua were found on the property. Mr. Bauer has
had no further comment on the Report.
As preservation is not feasible, developer has provided further documentation and
interviews with lineal descendants and kama'aina and will work on revising the
development plan to expand open areas in accordance with the CRC recommendation
should they obtain approval of the time extension request.
Kealakowa'a Trail-Holua Slide
• At the June 18t" LAAC hearing on the project, cultural practitioner Tom Stone testified that
Holualoa ("long holua") was named after a great holua slide in the area used to transport
large koa trees cut from the forest above down to the coast, near the Kealakowa'a heiau,
where the trees were carved into canoes. He also stated he opposed the Royal Vistas
project.
When queried directly by Councilmember Villegas, Mr. Stone said he "believed" that the
Kealakowa'a Trail crossed the Royal Vistas property, although no maps or physical evidence
existed. He said his belief was based on his three visits to the alleged holua remnant (1/2
mile mauka of subject property) on the Holualoa Inn property some decades ago. Mr. Stone
also said that Thurston built his house on that slide.
While we have no knowledge concerning the archeological construction, use, or religious
aspects of Kealakowa'a Trail, we do have knowledge about the location of said slide. It is
NOT on the Royal Vistas property. On Pages 116 and 117 of Mr. Stone's college thesis (see
Exhibit E), he discusses "the long holua slide", and talks about his inspection of the slide
remnant in an old coffee field below Holualoa Lodge (aka Holualoa Inn). He says no other
surviving segment exists, but one day additional information on this slide may be found.
Additional information from 1855 has been found in the State archives, and show the
location of the Trail on survey maps (see Exhibits F; G; H; and 1). Overlaying the Trail
descriptions on a modern map (See Exhibit J) shows the trail is to the south of the Royal
Vistas project, and runs through the Kona Vista subdivision (see Exhibit K). This alignment is
exactly where described by the Herny Kekahuna records.
As to the Holualoa Inn having a remnant of Kealakowa'a Trail running through it, this
assumption was debunked some years after Tom's thesis was completed, when Goro Inaba
and other Holualoa residents informed Na Ala Hele and SHPD that said remnant was actually
a portion of one of the old Holualoa Hui roads built around the early 1900's. Na Ala Hele
commissioned an Archeological Inventory Survey of the remnant (see Exhibit L) and it was
confirmed that the segment on the Holualoa Inn property was a road segment from the
1900's. This report was affirmed by both SHPD and the State Attorney General. Finally, the
Thurston House is located 2.5 miles north of this area, in central Kailua-Kona.
So, while Mr. Stone (and others) may still believe the Kealakowa'a Trail crosses the Royal
Vistas property, all evidence and historical records indicate that it ran diagonally down the
mountain through Holualoa Village and down to Pu'u Spring (see Section I- Kealakowa'a
Trail of the May 8 Letter Report to Jackson Bauer).
Public Access, Open Space, and Natural Resources Preservation Commission (PONQ
• Starting in 2019, Mr. Mark Powell, then President of Kona Vistas Association (a nearby
wealthy enclave), started submitting applications to the PONC Committee to nominate the
Royal Vistas project land for preservation via acquisition by PONC of the Royal Vistas land.
When informed of this action, Kona Three LLC informed the PONC Committee twice in
writing that we would not sell the property to PONC. Mr. Powell proceeded anyway and
submitted applications to PONC in both 2019 and 2020, both of which were turned down by
PONC due to low scores on cultural and archeological values.
In 2021, Mrs. Diane Blancett-Maddock, the new President of Kona Vistas Association,
continued with this PONC Application process with the assistance of her husband, Mr. David
Blancett-Maddock. They amended the Application but were turned down in 2021. In 2022
the PONC Committee scored their revised Application at 53 (50 is the absolute minimum for
getting approval) and the property was placed at the bottom of the PONC list. So after four
years of trying and numerous revisions, they were successful at getting the property placed
at the bottom of the PONC list. The project opponents have now leveraged this PONC listing
into a call to preserve this property.
The problem with these statements by the opponents is that it is based on
misrepresentations and fraudulent Exhibits. For instance, John Powell provides written
misrepresentation and fraudulent Exhibits in his PONC Applications that Kealakowa'a Trail,
aka Umi's Road, crosses our property and connects two heiau (see top of Exhibit M). His
basis for this misrepresentation appears to be an email exchange with cultural practitioner
Tom Stone in 2019 (see Exhibit N). Mr. Stone had not been on the property and had not
Traffic
seen the post -contact dry -stack cattle walls (not kuaiwi) that John Powell was referencing in
his email (see bottom of Exhibit M). But Mr. Powell was able to know, based on this
exchange, that the cattle walls must be the remnant of Kealakowa'a Trail (he calls it
Holualoa Slide).
Then Mr. Powell placed a heiau above the Royal Vistas site, presumably the Keaukukuiula
heiau located six -tenths of a mile (10 football fields) away in the Pualani Estates subdivision.
Mr. Powell assumes the Holualoa Slide connected two heiau, so he placed another one
below the Royal Vistas property, presumably the Kealakowa'a heiau which is located two -
tenths of a mile (3 football fields away) to the south. Then he presents this non-existent trail
to two non-existent heiau as fact to the PONC Committee and the CRC. I would be sent to
paddle to Tahiti, with no paddle, if I tried to pass this off as archeology.
Another fraudulent claim is contained in the Blancett-Maddock's applications to PONC,
which claims the PONC purchase of the Royal Vistas property will allow the connection of
the Walua Trail to the Kealakowa'a heiau and the Kealakowa'a Trail, all part of connecting
the Holualoa Royal Complex, and they provide an Exhibit showing these worthy features
(see Exhibit O). However, this Exhibit is false. Their Exhibit shows Kealakowa'a Trail as
running mauka-makai through the Royal Vistas project, whereas we have documented that
the Kealakowa'a Trail is well to the south of the Royal Vistas project, within what is now
Kona Vistas subdivision (where Powell and Blancett-Maddocks live).
There is no "Walua Trail" connecting to the Royal Vistas land, it ends over 700 feet from the
Royal Vistas site.
Finally, the Royal Center shown on their exhibit as a yellow circle is actually a State-owned
drainage pit between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kuakini Highway, and connects two
large culvert systems which are part of Holualoa Ditch drainage system.
Please see Exhibit P for a summary illustration of the misrepresented heiau and trails and
their actual location.
There are no secret, uncovered archeological or cultural features on this property, and to
suggest otherwise would be irresponsible given the sheer amount of information that has
been presented to the various State and County agencies and bodies that proves otherwise.
• The TIAR done in accordance with this project's application has met the requirements of the
County's Concurrency law and the ten-year results are acceptable. Of course, it will not
improve the existing traffic issues on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway or at the Lako Street
intersection, but neither will it have the negative impacts that project opponents state it
will. It will contribute to long-term traffic mitigation in the area by contributing to the
County, at no cost, over $8,000,000 worth of County standard roads which will eventually
complete the Official Transportation Map required roadways of the Kona Community
Development Plan, connecting Pualani Estates with Kona Vistas. Of course, this is the main
reason opponents to the Royal Vistas project are adamantly opposed to the project. They
don't want these roads connected, they prefer living on cul-de-sacs paid for by the
developer and maintained by the County.
We respectfully ask for approval of Kona Three LLC's request for a ten-year time extension to complete
these 450 desperately needed housing units. Although there is a common trend of anti -development
sentiment in the current Kona community, this project is long -overdue and has substantial benefits for
the community, including:
• $8,000,000 + for approx. 2,700 linear feet of new County standard road for KCDP grid
• $4,000,000 estimated for its fair share contribution towards public facilities
• $12,781,000 for 45 affordable housing buyers' from Royal Vistas
• $6,239,000 for 22 affordable housing buyers "past due" from existing Kona Vistas project2
• Steady local jobs for 10 years
• Increased real property taxes for County
If, in the end, should the Council feel the benefits of the project are not worth the costs, then we
respectfully request the County to promptly inform us as to what zoning is deemed "appropriate" by the
County Council versus its existing Multiple Family (RM) zoning that has been in place for 40 years.
' Based on Inaba amendment for on -site sales only, targeting 50%-80%and 120%-140%AMI, estimated loss per
unit to developer for 45 units
' Based on Inaba amendment for on -site sales only, targeting 50%-80%and 120%-140%AMI, estimated loss per
unit to developer for 22 units
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Proposal Subdivision Site:
w r Royal Vistas, Holualoa, North Kona
TM K: 7-6-021:016 & 7-6-021:017
lour Guide a 200,
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PRO.IECTAREA"
1
Dot. i i18 -•.56 al E) :-161133 m H e. ?: m e;.'-ft l 22 km
Cultural Consultant
Keone Kalawe
Resident of Kaniahiku Village in Puna
O
Kahuna
Kuhikuhipu`uone
(Architect) Heiau/
Kahua holua
OQueen
Lili`uokalani
Trust 2017-Present
QKarneharneha
;schools
2007-Present
Field Technician T.S.
Dye & Colleagues
Archaeologists
2001-2009
OGo-t®unoer
of
Ke Ala o Ka Holua
1998-Present
01. Burials would be located above the
running path. On average located
Burials 25-30 feet mauka.
02. The average running path is between
5-7 feet side and varies between
Running Path 35-45 feet.
03. The slide construction consists of a
paved cobble platform. The width of
Slide the slide measures 9 feet to 40 feet.
The length can range from 100 yards
to 5 miles. The majority of the slides
end in a bay.
Kahua Holua
Components
O
South Kona
Kapua Bay o
This Holua slide is located in South Kona. Built for
King Kalakaua. The slide is 99% intact.
Burials
End of Holua slide.
O
Running Path/Beginning of
Holua Slide
It is slightly more narrow than the slide
itself.
South Kona
j
Kaneaka HOW Slide
Holua Slides can measure up 5 miles, and this one is
located in Keauhou 1 was previously 1 mile long. The
slide has been under preservation for the past 3
years.
End of Holua slide.
O
Running Path/Beginning of
Holua Slide
O
Holua Slide
O
South Kona
Kaneaka HOW Slide
Holua Slides can measure up 5 miles, and this one is
located in Keauhou 1 was previously 1 mile long. The
slide has been under preservation for the past 3
years.
Makai/Mauka View
OWidth is roughly 40 feet.
Example of Running Path
Kiholo Holua Slide
April 3rd, 2023
Site Visit Royal Vista North Kona
After the site visit with developer Richard Wheelock and Cultural Practitioner Keikialoha
Kekipi, it was evident that the two locations in question lacked the minimum
components of a holua slide.
South Wall
Kahua holua Holua Slide
Papa holua Sled
Ke ala o holua
Mauka
Makai
Ahupua`a
Pohaku
Heiau
Running Path
Upland
Seaward
Land Division
Rock
Teaching/Worship
Kahuna Architect
Kuhikuhipu`uone
Glossary
Keone Kalawe Oral Report on Holua
Keone Kalawe, Hawaiian cultural practitioner, determined that neither the LCA 3660 boundary walls nor
the parallel walls makai of the RR ROW on the Royal Vistas project lands are holua course remnants
based on the following factors:
1) There were no cobble stones or paving stones on the ground surface at either location. Holua
slide courses are constructed of fairly smooth stone pavings on which to slide along.
2) There were no burials at either site. 80% of holua courses have nearby associated burials,
usually just above the top of the holua course, for riders that died on the course.
3) Both sites have walls double walls, one on either side. 100% of holua courses have walls only on
the north side of the slide, usually shorter walls.
4) Neither area had the required running area at the top of the slide for riders to run and launch
themselves onto the slide. These running paths are typically 5-7 feet wide and 35-45 feet long.
5) There is no level ramp at the bottom of either area to allow the riders to slow down and stop
when their ride is over.
Keone Kalawe's conclusion: The LCA 3660 walls mark the location of the property boundary, as well as
prevent cattle from wandering off property. The parallel walls south of LCA 3660 and makai of the RR
ROW may have been constructed to mark a possible ranch road/access road, to keep cattle off the road
and possibly to keep cattle together when herded between mauka and makai grazing areas. Both sites
are Historic era and are associated with travel, transportation and cattle ranching.
EXHIBIT D
reader DC
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BcCk4.-
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t ,
nave alMlAUY 17le11UW4CU CN,1V5 ), We YrrdL uwk, N-4),Lr"41 SA d.&Ui.Vjvw,
It A ot r!J,JwA',
Well h),(k�r-.CAJJy jrnf-,toctant is Lhkt at 3p c-t L I xchC i��c
Kaiudki'u just viv2A cA the large -Aide, wlukh if, Imentioned sn -T7te
182,1 j and to J-m- 10,CA d4"un),-n1cd c4idt, c-YVV W" iPF
Th&fe Ls—m> nwntion as tc, its sjze, but commdrrir-g that it LS in
Jos., proximity to the ;a-ger K41neaka side, one would suspect that thus slide wJ!,
,-graller and Lsed on A ;cVular habas zim-e dcath or Lruury ur the lArger SW& WAS
pfobable. Tha,- virsigri (A the slide and rn.geTial usk%i for construction :an tv,
zLssurr,,-c: to lac LI-ic %Anw.u. the LirgeT slidr or for the bliits located on the WcSt
%Aie c)d the when we consider that the prinidry rnatierial availdble for
construtlaon was 'a J and p4hoe*z5e Lava.
Not far trm thIs area aM in the mOuAtAtns atwDve XxJua. KO"J there are
,also the remnants tit what wAl, PerhaPs ;-* gft'--U slide trom Wtlidl thw area gets its
nan-w - i1,NuWtk,, or -the ium-ig hUuJ sWe". Nly mvestigaticm of this ama found
ju3t is Dual P"r 6ANI %:4 Uh: aIudc, ill 4llA Old ""ILL I l6d tft-1 ta Id Lt it I Ruaahv Lodgc,
Im-ated, just lvlow th-e strw�-. No carte tod ay rmwmbets of
or any st"it-s aNyut it. From tf-jis i43catian md trom what we know Ax,ut the
p,
EXHIBIT E
0+
I I
r—ZL
EJ
L
jej,Lph Oj tr'.e _k2az,,hou siiJe (4,200 fee) I CSUOUltv dlis slide (in its tine) may have
tvvA p&rhap,% 6,ow I t- bou
.ej or rnore in length, with a width ranging from a t 10
(In &tt .area of this FarticWar segn-%ent) to vaxyirkg widthsi thLrouFhC*ut the
{141-de. tse there is rku rather st-9mtiAl surviving it iSJiffiIL it tO decenTWW
"V'he*'r the h%d a 604- ;ot width, 46 does the sWe at Keauhau, or it it wab
01 grea to 7- ; m rx) rLAn—cv i,-. that the re am no contemporary records of its
Ct
engul, tore 4a or when it cc-ased to be used; I found however, that it was
ex � 0, At
I'trj' it,-Ij tftjt� jeAd nW to jL10 a site insfoectiorL But.. the r
history W the lbjasids ib exter,4 ve. and it may take some tinw, to perhaps uncover
di,it actu&lly ro.-unit', -�4=e inforMittiOn about this. shdc-
FurthrT west, in an a-u--ient -a'a Lava field above KOW10 59Y, in the AhMP6 R*9
pu u ^, a i ing ,4j4j 400 fert hmg& 10 teat in width, with
<uj c1cvated runway tjfiAt w,4.s usod to leap on to the slide. TIw slide it, -sonwwhat
,je',Sj;-jje-i, s" rej,113vely intact, t4iAt proviam rwst or-Jy clues to i6e S-ky1c
and ryx-tjjj sA f but &Lso dw. geiagrapf-dcal hibitury of the area that is
existent At the timc this sWe was built, the tO}aOSraphYof the land
WA4 CC'MrlttelV diltpfent- What is j*jw jj tNu-run pahckrhoe lava field that trouts the
bottuls-. 4.4 +x- -.11de was kw-vzv it lagoon dmc extended to near thc f" of the
AI;
C,
rf
19J
Il-
J,
X-C
EXHIBIT F
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-V Am awor
EXHIBIT H
w
EXHBIIT I
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lkm
4 \
V.w.- 9 ��
670668
671� 675 673 ,y tt
685 688 68c
686 687
iv
700
692
a �`p 70
707
712-
10
713
7�
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K A
AjkW SH�$4 WALL SITS 9 && I
,WA'A HEIAU r
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t
Archaeological Inventory Survey of a Grant
Increment Road Remnant Property
(TMK:3-7-6-08:005 por.)
H61ualoa 1-2 Ahupua`a
North Kona District
Island of Hawaii
RC-0244
PREPARED BY:
Michael Desilets, M.A.
and
Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D.
PREPARED FOR:
Curt A. Cottrell
Nd Ala Hele Program Manager
DLNR-DOFAW
1151 Punchbowl St., Room 224
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Ramon Perez de Ayala
Pua`anui Partnership
3735 Diamond Head Circle
Honolulu, HI 96815
June 2004
RECHTMAN CONSULTING9 LLC
phone: (808) k:'oo-ru -r toll-h(,(' [a\: (Shh)40 ,-_o()5
e-1w3il: koll ri-eckiI1:)ncun ultinr.c'III)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, CULTUEAL, ANi} 1i1STOFICAL LS
EXHIBIT L
RC-0244
Archaeological Inventory Survey of a Grant
Increment Road Remnant Property
(TMK:3-7-6-08:005 por.)
H61ualoa Ahupua` a
North Kona District
Island of Hawaii
RECMTMAN CONSULTING
RC-0244
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
With the perinission of Pua`anui Partnership and the Na Ala Hele Program of the Department of Land and Natural
Resources -Division of Wildlife and Forestry, Rechtman Consulting, LLC conducted an archaeological inventory
survey of an approximately 800 meter long corridor within TMK:3-7-6-08:005, Holualoa 1-2 Ahupua`a, North Kona
District, Island of Hawaii. The survey resulted in the recordation of one Historic Period site: State Inventory of
Historic Places Site (SIHP) 50-10-37-24211. This site is a rock wall -lined road that encompasses the entire project
area. Background research indicates that the road was constructed in the late 1890s, presumably to provide grant
recipients access to their parcels. SIHP Site 50-10-37-24211 is considered significant under Criterion D for
information it has yielded relative to late nineteenth and early twentieth century land use. Specifically, this roadway
identifies patterns of non -vehicular movement that late nineteenth and early twentieth century government grant
recipients used during the course of their daily activities. The current study has fully documented this roadway and
thus exhausted its research potential. No further work is recommended for this site.
ffn
RC-0244
Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................... I
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................................ I
BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................................................4
CulturalContext.....................................................................................................................................................4
Holualoa1-2 Ahupua`a..........................................................................................................................................6
Historic Maps and Mahele Records........................................................................................................................6
PreviousArchaeology............................................................................................................................................7
Discussion............................................................................................................................................................13
PROTECTEXPECTATIONS......................................................................................................................................13
FIELDWORKRESULTS...........................................................................................................................................14
SIHPSite 24211...................................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSIONSAND DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................18
SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION AND TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................19
APPENDIXA.............................................................................................................................................................20
REFERENCESCITED...............................................................................................................................................26
Figures
1. Project area location (portion of USGS 7.5 minute series, HI)..................................................................................2
2. Tax Map Key 3-7-6-08 showing study parcel...........................................................................................................3
3 Detail of 1928 Hawaii Territory Map.........................................................................................................................8
4. Portion of 1928 Strip Map showing roadways in the vicinity of the project area.....................................................9
5. 1955 plan of the lower portion of the study area.....................................................................................................10
6. 1957 plan of the upper portion of the study area.....................................................................................................11
7. Detail of northern side of SIHP 24211 stone wall...................................................................................................14
8. Plan view of SIHP Site 24211.................................................................................................................................15
9. Eastern terminus of SIHP Site 24211. Note paved surface and structures to left and terraced parking area to right,
viewto the northwest.............................................................................................................................................16
10. Section of SIHP Site 24211 about 35 meters makai of Mamalahoa Highway, view to west................................16
11. Section of SIHP Site 24211 approximately 210 meters makai of Mamalahoa Highway, view to west ...............17
12. Site 24211 makai of more recent lateral wall descending toward Hualalai Road, view to west ............................18
Tables
1. Traditional Hawaiian vegetation zone classification.................................................................................................4
2. Findings from selected archaeological studies in Holualoa 1-2 ahupua'a..............................................................12
1v
RC-0244
INTRODUCTION
At the request of Ramon Perez de Ayala of Pua`anui Partnership (Partnership), Rechtman Consulting, LLC was
contracted to address concerns the Partnership had with respect to a written Attorney General (AG) opinion
(Appendix A) about the nature and disposition of a roadway that bisects a parcel (TMK:3-7-6-08:005) owned by the
Partnership. In particular the Partnership was concerned with both ownership and historic preservation issues. The
AG opinion indicates that the roadway may be a public right-of-way owned by the State of Hawaii under the
jurisdiction of the Board of Land and Natural Resources. If the AG opinion were ultimately correct, then the
roadway would be a discrete land unit separate from Parcel 005. While this study does not specifically address the
ownership issue, it does contain an archaeologically derived description of the roadway property as a discrete land
unit within TMK:3-7-6-08:005. As such this archaeological inventory survey provides a significance assessment for
the site, and offers a treatment recommendation. Permission to undertake this study was given by both the
Partnership and the NJ Ala Hele Program of the Department of Land and Natural Resources -Division of Wildlife
and Forestry.
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
The project area consisted of a narrow mauka/makai corridor running between Mamalahoa Highway (mauka) and
Hualalai Road (makai) in H61ualoa 1-2 Ahupua`a (Figure 1). The surveyed corridor bisects TMK 3-7-6-08:005,
measures approximately 800 meters long, and between 1.5 and 5 meters wide (Figure 2). Elevation ranges from
1000 to 1360 feet above sea level. Terrain in the corridor slopes in a makai direction at an approximately 6 to 20
percent. Surface topography was generally smooth with occasional very rocky and irregular areas. Sato et al. (1973)
classify soils in the upperslope quarter of the project area as "Honuaulu extremely stony silty clay loam, 12 to 20
percent slopes (HVD)". Soils in the Honuaulu Series consist of:
...well drained silty clay loams that formed in volcanic ash. These are gently sloping to moderately
steep soils on uplands. They are at an elevation ranging from 1,000 to 2,500 feet and receive from 60 to 80
inches of rainfall annually, mostly during the summer months. The mean annual soil temperature is between
65' and 68' F. The natural vegetation consists of Christmas berry, guava, hilograss, and molassesgrass. (Sato
et al. 1973:19)
Soils of the Honuaulu Series are particularly suitable for coffee cultivation and pasture. Macadamia nuts,
bananas, citrus fruits, avocado, and other vegetable crops are also grown to a lesser degree.
On the lower three quarters of the project area, soils are classified as "Punaluu extremely rocky peat, 6 to 20
percent slopes (rPYD)". Punaluu Series soils are used mostly for pasture and consist of-
... well -drained, thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. These soils are gently sloping to
moderately steep. They are on uplands at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 1,000 feet and receive
from 60 to 90 inches of rainfall annually. The mean annual soil temperature is between 72' and 74' F. The
natural vegetation consists of koa haole, Christmas berry, guineagrass, natal redtop, and sand bur. (Sato et al.
1973:48)
Current uses of the land surrounding the project area include coffee cultivation and pasturage on the upper
slopes and abandoned pasture on the lower slopes. Much of the project area is overgrown. Grasses and shrubs
dominate the upper half of the project area while young trees populate the lower half.
RC-0244
Project Area
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2
RC-0244
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3
RC-0244
BACKGROUND
This section presents background information relevant to the project area and its general vicinity. First, the project
area is placed in a cultural -historical context relative to traditional Hawaiian and early historic subsistence and land -
use. Following this, more specific information regarding H61ualoa 1-2 Ahupua`a is presented. Next, the results of
archival research on Mdhele records and historic maps are summarized. The fourth sub -section discusses previous
archaeological research in H6lualoa. Finally, the background material is summarized and discussed relative to the
current project area.
Cultural Context
The project area lies within what has been termed the Kona Field System (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970; Schilt 1984).
This area extends north at least to Kau Ahupua`a and south to Ho`okena, west from the coastline and east to the
forested slopes of Hualalai (Cordy 1995). A large portion of this area is designated in the Hawaii STHP (State
Inventory of Historic Places) as Site 50-10-37-6601 and has been determined eligible for inclusion in the National
Register of Historic Places. The basic characteristics of this agricultural/residential system as presented in Newman
(1970) have been confirmed and elaborated on by ethnohistorical investigations (Kelly 1983) and summarized by
Cordy (1995). The construct is based on the Hawaiian tenns for the major vegetation zones used to define and
segregate space within the region's ahupua `a (Table 1). These terms were used by the native Hawaiian population to
delineate land claim boundaries during the Mdhele. These zones are bands, roughly parallel to the coast, marking
changes in elevation and rainfall.
Table 1. Traditional Hawaiian vegetation zone classification (After Newman 1970 and Kelly 1983).
Zone Approx. Elevation Limits (ft) * Agricultural uses
kula Sea level — 500 Sweet potato, paper mulberry, gourds
kalu `ulu 500-1000 Breadfruit, sweet potato, paper mulberry
`apa `a 1000-2500 Taro, sweet potato, sugar cane, ti
`ama `u 2500-4000 Banana, plantain
*above sea level
The current study parcel is located at an elevation which places it within what has been termed the `apa `a zone.
The `apa `a zone is between 300-750 meters (980-2460 feet) above sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 140
to 200 cm. The dryland cultivation of taro, sweet potato, ti, and sugar cane dominated this zone. There are, although
infrequently recorded, archaeological indications of permanent habitation in the `apa `a (Burtchard 1995; Haun et al.
1998; Kaschko and Rosendahl 1987). The early chroniclers observed habitation at these elevations, but many of
these may have been for temporary field houses. Archaeological expressions of burial and ceremonial areas are rare
in the upper elevations (Kawachi 1989).
Kuaiwi are a prominent feature of the landscape within the 'dpa'a (Cordy 1995; Newman 1970). These are low,
broad, long piles of rocks that were multifunctional. These walls were a by-product of land clearing and rock
removal from the planting area. Kuaiwi are oriented upslope-downslope with shorter, perpendicular connecting
segments. Specific fields are thus marked by the rectangular pattern created by the kuaiwi and cross -walls. The
cross -walls function as soil traps and retaining features, creating terrace -like areas to enhance planting. Kuaiwi can
also function to move water downslope in a controlled manner, ensuring optimal distribution of the available runoff
water (personal observation, Rechtman Consulting on going research in Kahalu`u Ahupua`a). The presence of
kuaiwi is indicative of "formal walled fields," as opposed to the scattered planting mounds and terraces, or "informal
fields." However, the distribution of soils suitable for agriculture determines, in part, the locations of the formal
walled fields, and there is a direct relationship between suitable soils and older lava flows. Consequently, areas of
young lava flow in the `apa `a do not always have kuaiwi (Burtchard 1995; Hammatt et al. 1987; Haun et al. 1998).
The archaeological record contributes to an understanding of how the Kona Field System developed over time.
Precisely how the record is interpreted is reflected in the various chronologies proposed for the system (Burtchard
1995; Cordy 1995; Haun et al. 1998; Hommon 1986; Kirch 1985; Schilt 1984). The chronology and terminology
outlined by Hann et al. (1998) is used in the present discussion, and the chronological summary below is abstracted
from Rechtman et al. (1999).
4
RC-0244
The Kona Field System was not brought to Kona as a fully developed system; but rather, it reflects a
developmental adaptation to the area that was concomitant with the evolving sociopolitical structure and increasing
population of the island. The first inhabitants of Hawaii Island probably arrived by at least A.D. 600, and focused
habitation and subsistence activity on the windward side of the island (Burtchard 1995; Kirch 1985; Hommon 1986).
To date, there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of the Kona region during this initial, or Colonization
(A.D. 300 to 600) stage of island occupation.
There is also little indication that during the subsequent period, Early Expansion (A.D. 600 to 1100), much
activity was taking place in Kona (Burtchard 1995). Through the first half of the Early Expansion Period, permanent
habitation was still concentrated on the windward side. It is likely that windward residents traveled to the leeward
Kona coast for resource extraction purposes (Cordy 1995). By the latter half of the Early Expansion Period,
permanent habitation was beginning in Kona (Cordy 1981; 1995; Schilt 1984). Habitation was concentrated along
the shoreline and lowland slopes, and informal fields were probably situated in areas with higher rainfall.
Agricultural fields and habitation areas expanded across the slopes and coastal area of Hualalai during the Late
Expansion Period (A.D. 1100 to 1400) (Burtchard 1995; Cordy 1995). The earliest fields may have been located in
the southern portion of the system (Schilt 1984), with new fields expanding northward over time (Haun et al. 1998).
The development of the extensive formal walled fields sometime during the initial stages of the Intensification
Period (A.D. 1400 to 1600) marks the initiation of the Kona Field System (Schilt 1984). The development of the
fields may in part be a by-product of the need to extract more subsistence resources from an increasingly limited
agricultural base. Radiocarbon data indicates that the population in Kona increased dramatically during this period
(Burtchard 1995; Haun et al. 1998; Schilt 1984).
By the time of the Competition Period (A.D. 1600 to 1800), the environment may have reached its maximum
carrying capacity, resulting in social stress between neighboring groups. The resulting hostility is reflected
archaeologically with the frequent occurrence of refuge caves dating to this period (Schilt 1984). This volatile period
was probably accompanied by internal rebellion and territorial annexation (Hommon 1986; Kirch 1985).
During the first historic period (Haun et al. 1998), Last of the Ruling Chiefs (A.D. 1778-1819), Kalani`opu`u
was chief of the Island of Hawaii and often resided in the Kona District. This period covers Kamehameha's
consolidation of control over the island to his death at Kailua in 1819. The period ends with the overthrow of the old
religion, which took place when Liholiho, Kamehameha's heir, broke the traditional kapu laws and won a battle
against the supporters of the old religion at Kuamo`o, along the southern coastline of Keauhou. Early historical
accounts emphasize that modern day Kailua Town during this period was a significant political seat and population
center. The Kona Field settlement and subsistence system continued to operate in the area through the first few
decades of the historic era (Handy and Handy 1972).
The second quarter of the 19th century, the Merchants and Missionaries Period (A.D. 1820-1847), was a time of
profound social change in Hawai'i. Kamehameha I died in mid-1819, and a council of chiefs supported
Kamehameha's son Liholiho as successor (Kelly 1983). Liholiho gained the council's support in exchange for the
distribution of the profits from the sandalwood trade and the bounty of the land that moved up the hierarchy from the
various ahupua `a under his control; privileges previously retained solely for the ruler. Within six months after
Kamehameha's death, Liholiho, Ka`ahumanu, and the Queen mother Keopuolani broke the kapu prohibiting men and
women eating together. This act of "free eating" symbolized the end of the entire traditional kapu system. The
changes in the social and economic patterns began to affect the lives of the common people. Liholiho moved his
court to Oahu, so the burden of resource procurement for the chiefly class lessened considerably. However, some of
the work of the commoners shifted from subsistence agriculture to the production of foods and goods for trade to the
early Western visitors. Introduced crops, such as yams, coffee, melons, Irish potatoes, Indian corn, beans, figs,
oranges, guavas, and grapes (Wilkes 1845) were grown specifically for trade with Westerners. Other commodities,
especially sandalwood, were collected to purchase Western goods, often to the detriment of agricultural pursuits. The
arrival of the missionaries to Hawaii in the 1820s brought further changes to the social and religious systems of the
islands.
The socioeconomic and demographic changes that took place in the period between 1790 and the 1840s
promoted the establishment of a Euro-American style of land ownership, and the Great Mdhele was the vehicle for
determining ownership of the native land. During this Legacy of the Great Mdhele Period (1848-1899), the Mdhele
defined the land interests of the King (Kamehameha III), the high-ranking chiefs, and the low -ranking chiefs, the
konohiki. The chiefs and kon.ohiki were required to present their claims to the Land Commission to receive awards
RC-0244
for lands provided to them by Kamehameha III. They were also required to provide commutations to the government
in order to receive royal patents on their awards. The lands were identified by name only, with the understanding that
the ancient boundaries would prevail until the land could be surveyed. This process expedited the work of the Land
Commission and speeded the transfers (Chinen 1961:13). During this process all lands were placed in one of three
categories: Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne), Government Lands, and Konohiki Lands. All three types
of land were subject to the rights of the native tenants. In 1862, the Commission of Boundaries (Boundary
Commission) was established in the Kingdom of Hawaii to legally set the boundaries of all the ahupua `a that had
been awarded as a part of the Mdhele. Subsequently, in 1874, the Commissioner of Boundaries was authorized to
certify the boundaries for lands brought before them. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old
native residents of the lands, many of which had also been claimants for kuleana during the Mdhele. The information
was collected primarily between A.D. 1873 and 1885. The testimonies were generally given in Hawaiian and
transcribed in English as they occurred.
H61ualoa 1-2 Ahupua`a
The small amount of traditional Hawaiian history available on the several ahupua'a of H6lualoa is provided by
Kamakau (1961) and I`i (1959). It is clear from these references that, like much of the Kona coast, H61ualoa was the
haunt of chiefs. H6lualoa Bay, in particular, was noted for its fine surfing. Several months after Captain Cook's
demise, Kalani`opu`u is said to have surfed there (Kamakau 1961:105). Kamehameha also surfed at H6lualoa.
According to I`i, it was there that he, "learned to surf and to glide with a canoe over the waves" (I`i 1959:6).
Furthermore, "These lands were occupied by the chiefs because the surfing there was good, and the food abundant in
ancient times."(I`i 1959:6). In a more general sense, I`i also claims that, "It was in the Holualoa lands of Kona that
the chiefs dwelt in olden times, from the time of Kamehameha, the great chiefess [Keakealaniwahine] of Hawaii,
and earlier."(1959:6). Although it is difficult to verify the antiquity of chiefly presence at H6lualoa, its shoreline was
clearly an attractive draw in the period immediately preceding contact and thereafter.
The particulars of life for the inaka `dinana are not recorded for H61ualoa specifically. It can be surmised,
however, that local inhabitants utilized the coastal area for its marine resources. In fact, H61ualoa Bay was known
historically as a habitation place for fishermen and their families (Handy and Handy 1972:287). Occupation was
probably relatively dense in the resource -rich coastal area. Ellis (1963) records the bay as the location of the village
Kaluaokalani.
As described in the previous section, the inland and upland areas of the ahupua `a were part of the Kona Field
System. It is therefore appropriate to use the major vegetation zones outlined in Table 1 to estimate settlement
densities and land -use in this area. H6lualoa 1-2 was probably very similar to the many other surrounding ahupua `a
of the Kona Field System. Population was likely concentrated in the lower part of the kula zone where one would
expect to find agricultural plots, permanent habitations, chiefly residences, and ceremonial centers. Stokes reports no
less than nine heiau in the land of H61ualoa 1-4 (Stokes and Dye 1991:55-63). Most of these are built on or near the
coast and fall well within the kula zone. Two heiau are in the coastal portion of H6lualoa 1-2 and a third is at
approximately 600 ft elevation. One other heiau within H6lualoa 1-2 has no provenance information.
As one moves away from the coast, permanent habitation becomes less frequent and temporary field shelters
more common. Agriculture, bird hunting, and plant gathering were practiced at the middle and upper elevations. This
pattern of land -use persisted into the early Historic Period, but with the introduction of new crops and rapid
population loss in the early 1800s, major changes were well underway. Cattle ranching was introduced in the mid-
1800s and persisted well into the twentieth century in much of the Kona District. Coffee was also introduced in the
early to mid- 1800s and was soon cultivated commercially on small plots. Cattle ranching continued into recent times
in H61ualoa (Soehren 1980a; Fager and Graves 1993) and coffee is known to have been grown extensively in the
1990s at elevations similar to that of the subject parcel (Collins and Hammatt 1993).
Historic Maps and Mdhele Records
In an effort to understand historic transportation infrastructure within the project area, an archival search for historic
maps and Mdhele records was conducted.
Thanks to the efforts of an abstractor working on behalf of the DLNR-Division of Forestry and Wildlife, we
have a good general outline of land conveyance for the project area (see Appendix A). Land in the project area was
originally awarded to Victoria Kamamalu in 1845. By 1887, the parcel was owned in common by a hui of 75
grantees. In 1897 a partition action was filed and the parcel containing the project area was conveyed to Elizabeth
Pilipo. In 1914 the allotments, including Elizabeth Pilipo's, were surveyed. This 1914 survey included, by court
RC-0244
order, the widths of all roads, trails, and rights -of -way. Among the roads surveyed was one that coincides with the
current project area. This road is depicted as a 12-foot wide corridor running mauka-makai between the former
upper Government Road (now Mamalahoa Highway) to a point makai of Kailua Road (now Hualalai Road). This
road was probably constructed sometime in the late 1890s to provide the hui grantees access to their land.
Several other early maps of the project area were also located. The earliest is a 1928 Hawaii Territory Map.
This map does not show any roads in the immediate vicinity of the project area (Figure 3). However, a set of maps
("Strip Maps") made in prelude to the preparation of Tax Maps and also dating from 1928, does show a network of
roads in the Holualoa area. Specifically, the roadway in question is depicted as a dashed line beginning at
Mamalahoa Highway and extending several hundred feet below what is now Hualalai Road. Below Hualalai Road, it
turns 90 degrees to the south and connects to a roadway that runs from above the Holualoa School Lot to the coast (Figure 4).
In the mid-1900s, a series of plan maps were prepared by surveyor John D. Weeks. These show lot subdivisions
and the study roadway as they appeared in 1955 and 1957. The 1955 map shows the lower portion of the study area
(Figure 5); and the 1957 map shows the upper portion (Figure 6). These maps seem to exhibit an attention to detail
in the mapping of rock walls, and reveal both intact and missing sections of the walls that border the roadway.
These early maps do not resolve the question of the antiquity of the road within the project area. For this, early
TMK maps are more useful. According to these, there were three kuleana awarded during the Mdhele that were
located adjacent to the project area (LCAw. 7746:1 within TMK 3-7-6-08:005 and LCAw. 6107:1 and 10770 mauka
of Mamalahoa Highway). Research was conducted on the original testimony and register documents for these
awards to see if a trail was mentioned. Usually if a kuleana is adjacent to a trail, the trail is mentioned in the
boundary description. No such mentions were made for any of the three awards. This suggests that there was no trail
at the time of the Mahele (1850s) and supports the idea that the current roadway was established when the grant
increment was created (in the 1890s). Such roadways were commonly established in Kona for grantees to gain
access to their parcels. In fact, in the grant increment just mauka of the project area there are no less than ten such
short roads shown on the 1928 Strip Map (see Figure 4).
Previous Archaeological Studies
Numerous archaeological studies have been completed within Holualoa 1-2 ahupua `a (Table 2). Many of these were
small scale survey projects conducted near the coastline at very low elevations (Rosendahl 1978; Sinoto 1979;
Soehren 1979a, 1979b). This work produced positive findings including historic era ranch walls, enclosures,
terraces, platforms, and mounds. A 1979 Rosendahl survey of a small half acre parcel near the coast was particularly
productive and identified a number of features associated with the Holualoa Complex (SIHP 2038). Features
included a modified outcrop, a pit, an alignment, two platforms, and two artifact scatters (Rosendahl 1979). Moving
slightly mauka, a number of surveys were performed along the proposed Ali`i Highway corridor, which runs through
the lands of Holualoa 1-4 (Ching et al. 1973; Dunn and Rosendahl 1991, 1992; Hann et al. 1998; Hommon and
Rosendahl 1983). This corridor parallels the coast at an elevation range of 30 to 80 feet above sea level. Hann et al.'s
survey, the most complete undertaken, identified 72 permanent habitation features, 33 agricultural features, six burial
features, seven temporary habitation features, one possible heiau, and 10 ranch walls.
Hammatt's nearby 23 acre survey south of the Kuakini Wall also produced a broad range of traditional
Hawaiian features associated with habitation, agriculture, and burial (Hammatt 1979a). These findings agree with the
settlement pattern outlined in the previous section. The near coastal region (lower kula) was clearly an important
region for habitation and subsistence activities well into the historic era.
Moving mauka into the upper kula zone, numerous surveys were conducted between the Kuakini Wall and
Mamalahoa Highway (Connolly and Gunness 1979a, 1979b; Hammatt 1979b; Schilt 1984). Much of this work was
for the Komohana Kai subdivision (Connolly and Gunness 1979a, 1979b; Dye 1978; Hammatt 1979c). Connolly and
Gunness provide the most comprehensive survey data. They identified 136 sites and site complexes representing a
broad range of traditional Hawaiian and historic era site types (Table 2). The sites and features are functionally
associated with agriculture, temporary and permanent habitation, burial, religious practice (e.g. shrine and heiau),
and ranching. To the north, Hammatt also reports features associated with habitation, agriculture, and possibly burial
and religious practice (Hammatt 1979b). Schilt's findings along the section of the Kuakini Highway Realignment
Corridor falling within Holualoa 1-2 suggest a similar pattern of surface remains (Schilt 1984). Agricultural features
were prominent in the area and included modified outcrops, 12 garden plots, and garden plot complexes. Three sites
(a midden scatter, two platforms, and a cave) were interpreted to be habitation related. All were tested with only the
cave producing datable material and artifacts. Schilt concludes that the area was subject to short terra, sporadic
occupation between 1500 and 1600, with seasonal or increased frequency of use thereafter. It is significant that
simple agricultural features such as modified outcrops dominate the area to such an extent that 75% of the survey
area could not be systematically recorded.
RC-0244
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3
RC-0244
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9
RC-0 2 44
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10
RC-0244
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PLAN SHOWING
SUBDIVISION OF A PORTION OF ALLOTMENT 63
OF THE PART/TION OF THE HOLUALOA Hui LANDS \
.Being a porli-n of R.P, 447S, L.C,Aw. 77/3:43 to V, Kamamalu
AT HOIUALOA 16' 2, NORTH KONA, HAw,471, T, H.
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Figure 6. 1957 plan of the upper portion of the study area.
11
RC-0244
The above studies provide much useful information on the low elevation kula zone of Holualoa 1-2 Ahupua `a.
Following the trend of development, archaeological investigation has been quite intensive below 500 feet elevation.
The preceding information, however, is probably of limited utility in developing archaeological expectations for the
present study area. For this, one must move farther up the slopes of Hualalai into the kalu `ulu and `apa `a zones.
Hammatt et al., for example, conducted a survey and testing project on 174 acres that extends from the upper kula
well into the mid-kalu `ulu zone (Hammatt et al. 1992). This area is reported as being heavily disturbed by historic
era ranching and coffee cultivation. Despite this, a total of 71 sites were recorded including 12 agricultural features,
three burials, three permanent habitation sites, and 39 temporary habitation features. Historic era sites were also
plentiful and all seem to relate to commercial endeavors such as ranching or coffee cultivation (Table 2).
Yet higher on the slope, in H61ualoa 4 to the south, Collins and Hammatt surveyed 4.3 acres at an elevation
comparable to that of the present study (Collins and Hammatt 1993). Their findings include a total of 68 features
within six site areas. Ninety percent of these features were interpreted as components of the Kona Field System. The
features included depressions, enclosures, mounds, kuaiwi, retaining walls, terraces, and others. Twenty-two fields
were identified. Other sites identified on the parcel include a historic cart road, a wall complex, an agricultural
enclosure and terrace, and a hearth. A radiocarbon sample from the hearth returned a date range of 1653 to 1955.
Another relevant study is Allen's 600 acre survey of a parcel extending from Puapua`a 1-2 to H6lualoa 1-2
Ahupua `a (Allen 1984). Part of the parcel is located immediately east and mauka of the present study area and is
entirely within the `dpa `a zone. As such, Alien's results are particularly useful for developing a set of archaeological
expectations for the present project. Unfortunately, most of the area had been previously disturbed in an effort to
improve the land for use as pasture. Despite this, 19 sites were recorded including historic era habitations, boundary
walls, and agricultural complexes. One system of rectangular walled fields and an `auwai were identified as being
part of the Kona Field System. This site was in the western (makai) portion of their project area.
The most recent work near the present project area was performed by Rechtman Consulting, LLC (Desilets et
al. 2004) on an 11.7 acre parcel to the north (TMK 3-7-6-08:020). Systematic archaeological survey identified one
large site complex encompassing the entire study parcel. The site is designated SIHP Site 24166 and consists of an
assortment of residential/agricultural tenant homesteads, dedicated agricultural plots, pasture, and a
residential/commercial structure with outbuildings. A total of 26 features were recorded in eight walled survey areas.
The features are predominantly early to mid twentieth century residential structures and outbuildings. Terracing is
present across much of the parcel and is clearly associated with small-scale coffee cultivation. A network of access
roads also runs through the property. These roads, typically lined with stone walls, allowed tenants access to their
homes and gardens. One possible traditional Hawaiian feature, a kuaiwi, was recorded. To the north of this feature, a
1 x 1 meter test unit was excavated in a small double enclosure. No cultural remains or subsurface features were
found.
Table 2. Findings from selected archaeoloLyical studies in Holualoa 1-2 ahunua`a.
Study
Type of Project
Acreage
Zone
Feature types
Stokes 1919
Survey
-
kula
Four heiau.
Rosendahl 1978
Survey
1
kula
Recent enclosure and wall.
Soehren 1979a
Survey
.5
kula
Historic terrace and platform.
Soehren 1979b
Survey
.03
kula
Enclosure wall.
Sinoto 1979
Survey
6
kula
Historic ranch walls and mounds.
Rosendahl 1979
Survey
.5
kula
Platforms, alignment, pit, modified outcrop,
artifact scatters, ranch walls
Hammatt 1979a
Survey
23
kula
Habitation platforms, lava tube, paved
depression, U-shaped enclosure, possible
platform burials and mounds, historic cemetery,
agricultural terraces, retaining walls, and
agricultural mounds, possible shrine.
Hammatt 1979b
Survey
22
kula
Habitation platform and cave, ranch wall,
agricultural mounds.
Connolly and
Survey
103
kula
Modified outcrops, agricultural terraces,
Gunness 1979a,
depressions, and mounds, platforms, midden
1979b
deposits, possible burials, shrine, possible small
and large heiau, habitation caves, other habitation
features, ranching features.
Soehren 1980b
Survey
16
kula
Enclosure wall.
continued on next page
12
RC-0244
Table 2. Continued.
Study
Type of Project
Acreage
Zone
Feature types
Schilt 1984
Survey, testing
17
kula
Cave, enclosure, midden, stone pile, platforms,
walls, modified outcrops, garden
plots/complexes, historic road and walls.
Allen 1984
Survey
600
`apa `a
`auwai, walled fields, historic boundary walls,
agricultural complexes, habitations.
Rosendahl 1989
Field inspection
6
kula
Modified outcrops,
Hammatt et al.
Survey, testing
174
kalu `ulu
Terraces, mounds, permanent and temporary
1992
habitations, burials, historic railroad bed, ranch
walls/ pens/runs, coffee terracing, historic
habitation
Haun et al. 1998 Survey 15 kula Terraces, walls, enclosures, modified outcrops,
mounds, burial features, possible heiau, ranch
walls
Desilets et al. 2004 Survey, testing 11.7 `apa `a Terraces, walls, historic structures, possible
kuaiwi
Discussion
Overall, the results of previous archaeological study in H61ualoa 1-2 ahupua `a demonstrate two important features
of Contact Period Hawaiian settlement and subsequent historic evolution. First, the studies show that the Kona Field
System land -use model derived from ethnohistoric and historic accounts is born out archaeologically for H61ualoa 1-
2. Permanent settlement appears to be concentrated in the kula zone and, to a lesser degree, the kalu `ulu zone. As
one moves upslope, temporary habitations become the dominant residential feature (Hammatt et al. 1992). By the
time one reaches the `apa `a zone, no habitations are reported. Agriculture is present in all zones but becomes almost
the exclusive traditional Hawaiian feature at the higher elevations. Indeed, the functional diversity of traditional
Hawaiian features seems to decline with elevation.
The second point illuminated by the archaeological data is the process of historic landscape modification. With
the coming of cattle ranching and commercial coffee production, large portions of the Kona Field System were
converted to other uses. At lower elevations, walls were needed to keep cattle from homes and gardens. Agriculture
continues with the introduction of new crops. In the upper elevations, particularly the `apa `a zone, two
complimentary phenomenon affect land -use: First, the local population is devastated by the introduction of new
diseases in the early 1800s. Soon thereafter, new commercial enterprises such as coffee cultivation and ranching
move into the now under-utilized, but relatively lush uplands. The relationship between reduced population and
abandonment of much of the Kona Field System bears further investigation, but the archaeological data seem to
suggest that the lower elevations continued to be exploited for small-scale homesteading (hence extensive wall
systems) while the upland areas shifted to commercial enterprises such as ranching and small-scale coffee
cultivation. By the late 1800s, ownership of even the upland areas had been subdivided and a system of access roads
constructed for the use of new landowners.
With respect to the project area, archival data provides additional resolution. Between 1887 and 1914, a series of
roads were constructed to provide grantees access to their lands. A historic road, coterminous with the current study
area, appears on the first surveyed map of the H61ualoa grant allotments. This road is also present on maps later
drafted in 1928, 1955, and 1957. The 1950s maps, in particular, show stone walls on either side of the road for most
of its length. Finally, it is significant to note that Land Commission Award testimony and register documents for
adjacent and nearby kuleana lots do not reference any traditional trails. This suggests that the present road does not
overlie a traditional Hawaiian trail.
PROJECT EXPECTATIONS
Based on the background information summarized above, a set of archaeological expectations for the project area
can be formulated. Historical data indicate that the project area consists entirely of a historic road. It is expected that
evidence of this road will be present in tenns of rock walls bordering the alignment. The land use history indicates
that twentieth century fanning and ranching activities may have impacted portions of the roadway by the removal of
sections of the bordering walls and by breaching the roadway alignment with more recent ranch roads and cattle
walls.
13
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FIELDWORK RESULTS
Site recording in the project area was performed on June 3 and 4, 2004 by Amy Kasberg, B.A., Michael Desilets,
M.A., and Robert Rechtman, Ph.D. One stone -lined historic road was fully mapped and photographed. This road
encompassed the entire project area and was designated State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) Site 50-10-37-
24211 (see Figure 2).
SIHP Site 24211
Site 24211 is a historic road that was probably constructed sometime in the late 1890s (see Background Section of
this report). The road is bounded on both sides by dry -laid stone walls (Figure 7). The walls are constructed of
pahoehoe cobbles with core -filled interior. Core -fill was not present in all places along the wall, however. Cross -
sections observed in collapsed areas showed that simple stacking of similar sized cobbles was also common.
The walls are typically 80 centimeters thick and range from 30 to 150 centimeters in height. Average height was
about 100 centimeters. Significant variation in wall height was introduced by the surrounding topography. Interior
and exterior wall heights were therefore often quite different at any given point. The width of the road between the
walls also varied. At its broadest point near Hualalai Road, the subject road measured 5 meters wide. At its
narrowest, the road measured 1.5 meters. Overall, however, the road maintained a fairly consistent width of about
3.5 meters.
Although the present recording effort did not include any areas outside the road or its bounding walls, it was
clear that a larger system of walls and ranch roads was present to the north and south. An interconnected system of
more recent walls, pastures, and roads probably extends a great distance over the adjacent lands.
Figure 7. Detail of northern side of SIHP 24211 stone wall.
Narrative Description
The following narrative describes the historic road from its mauka juncture with Mamalahoa Highway to its makai
intersection with Hualalai Road. Refer to Figure 8 below for a visual representation of the road, its walls, and other
recorded features.
14
Recent gals
"Ha�v 'T " i'� Survry markcr�
mce �'9
J
Cate 1
S
Figure S. Plan view of S1HP Site 24211.
Gates 1
K
3 ,
. wall collapse
TR' Dov,n slope
Rockwall
RC-0244
From Mamalahoa Highway, the subject road heads due west and provides paved access to several houses on its
south side. No wall is present on the south side, but on the north side the road is bounded by a retaining wall for a
raised, terraced parking area (Figure 9). West of the terrace is a walled vacant lot or pasture.
Figure 9. Eastern terminus of Site 24211. Note the paved surface and structures to left and
the terraced parking area to right, view to northwest.
Asphalt paving extends from Mamalahoa Highway for a distance about 25 meters, at which point the roadway
surface is rocky basalt gravel, soil, and tall grass (Figure 10). At 45 meters below Mamalahoa Highway, a gate is
present in the wall that borders the north side of the roadway. Starting at about 100 meters from the highway, there
is a 12 meter gap in the north border wall. The next thirty meters of the road appears to have been entirely covered
over. What was probably once the southern wall along the roadway now serves as a retaining wall for a broad
terrace that stands up to 100 centimeters tall. At the eastern end of this terrace, near the retaining wall, is a brass
survey marker that reads "Hawaii Territory Survey".
Figure 10. Section of Site 24211 about 35 meters makai of Mamalahoa Highway, view to west.
16
RC-0244
Downslope from the terrace, the roadway along with its bordering walls resumes and run through an area
presently planted with coffee. Coffee plants dominate for some 65 meters along a section that is particularly well
preserved. From this point to about 200 meters below Mamalahoa Highway, the road and walls run downslope to
with only occasional breaks and gaps (Figure 11).
--- .sv
.;z; � ` �'� qr .v� ,fir �""�a- S- -�• ,
_ aka ss .A 42
Figure 11. Section of Site 24211 approximately 210 meters makai of Mamalahoa Highway, view to west.
At about 220 meters below Mamalahoa Highway the vegetation changes to overgrown grass, vines, and shrubs,
and the surrounding landscape becomes predominantly overgrown pasture. The course of the roadway at this point is
a relatively steep grade. Forty-five meters into the pasture lands, a more recent ranch road cuts across the study
roadway. The ranch road truncates the historic roadway walls. The wall along the north side of the roadway begins
again 5 meters downslope. On the south side of the roadway, the wall is collapsed or non-existent for a distance of
20 meters. The roadway and walls run another 100 meters with only small collapsed portions present on the south
side. One hundred meters below the ranch road, another ranch road breaches the subject roadway. This lateral road
lies at about the mid -point between Mamalahoa Highway and Hualalai Road and is the most prominent of all the
breaks. As a result of this second ranch road the study roadway has been obliterated for a distance 15 meters. A dry -
stacked rock wall was constructed on the makki side of the more recent ranch road. The historic roadway and
bordering walls are visible again on the makki side of the lateral wall, and are in good condition for the next 105
meters (Figure 12) with only one break for a pasture gate in the southern border wall.
At about 270 meters mauka of Hualalai Road, the historic roadway widens considerably to about 11 meters
before contracting again to its standard width. An internal wall section is present within the widened area, but its
function could not be determined. A pipe was also recorded at the eastern end of the wide section and is likely a
property boundary marker. Another such pipe, this one with a yellow plastic cap, is located 40 meters to the west in
the center of the road.
At about 120 meters mauka of Hualalai Road, a cluster of features is present. These include a cattle gate, lateral
walls extending off from both the north and south sides of the roadway, and another survey pipe. The roadway and
walls run another 30 meters to the west before widening to a 5 meters. The roadway continues at this width for about
40 meters. The section of roadway is vegetated with coffee. At 40 meters mauka of Hualalai Road, a terrace has
been constructed across the subject roadway and its walls have been obliterated for 5 meters on the south side and 3
meters on the north. The walls resume thereafter and run unbroken to Hualalai Road, at which point they make
opposite right-angle turns and run parallel to Hualalai Road.
17
RC-0244
Figure 12. Site 24211 makai of more recent lateral wall descending toward Hualalai Road, view to west.
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
Archaeological survey of a narrow mauka/makai corridor running between Mamalahoa Highway (mauka) and
Hualalai Road (makai) produced one historic site: S1HP Site 24211. This site is a historic, rock wall -lined road
that encompasses the entire project area. Background research indicates that the road was constructed in the late
1890s, presumably to provide grant recipients access to their parcels. Coincident with the current study area, the
road extends for over 800 meters and averages 3.5 meters in width. Rugged topography along much of the road,
as well as the presence of very narrow section, suggest that it was not used for vehicular traffic. More likely, the
road was for pedestrian and horseback (perhaps horse-drawn cart) travel.
The road has clearly been modified since its construction. Breaks are present where newer roads provide
access to pasture lands, and some additional gates have been created. The road is presently overgrown with
vegetation along much of its length. Except for its extreme mauka portion where it is asphalt paved, the road
does not appear to have been used for decades.
18
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SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
RECOMMENDATIONS
The above -described archaeological site is assessed for its significance based on criteria established and promoted
by DLNR-SHPD and contained in the Hawaii Administrative Rules 13§13-284-6. This significance evaluation
should be considered as preliminary until DLNR-SHPD provides concurrence. For a resource to be considered
significant it must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and
meet one or more of the following criteria:
A Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history;
B Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
C Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a
master; or possess high artistic value;
D Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history;
E Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the
state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the
property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts —these associations being
important to the group's history and cultural identity.
SIHP Site 50-10-37-24211 is considered significant under Criterion D for information it has yielded relative to
late nineteenth and early twentieth century land use. Specifically, this roadway identifies patterns of non -vehicular
movement that late nineteenth and early twentieth century government grant recipients used during the course of
their daily activities. The current study has fully documented this roadway and thus exhausted its research potential.
In a meeting with Curt Cottrell, Na Ala Hele Program Manager, he indicated that, if our information was accurate,
this historic roadway would not possess the characteristics that would give it a high resource value; and that, subject
to approval by their Hawaii Island Advisory Council, Na Ala Hele would likely not pursue any public access issues.
Therefore, no further work is the recommended treatment for this site.
19
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APPENDIX A
R `i �,��R;�.:. tip,
LIKI7A LI'iOLE p i 3 . �^ r i}'- 9 - PARK J. BE�hNE
;,•ski ER.N�R d�143 FI 9 �!�.� 1, ED A`TZ-RN"c"GENERAL
FRS7EFJTYATTD.F.4c" -NERAL
STATE OF H CMA]' Ai j :7
DEPAR-MEN7 GR THE ATTO: NEY GENE?AL
!_ANDr7RANSPOR7A71D\ DIVISt(71�
ROOM G, :KEKL�AKt�UA SJLD7dG UqP7 OF 1 r1.` `
465 S':.L'-H KING $7REET j'�r+.l.�il �-'IL i�i,- ?i r,•�. _
NevJ_._., HAYv.ci.9l:8tO S
v'. iN .
January 20, 2004
r 1..0 oi' ora'Nd .- Pet Gr _ lr ounS
Cha-roerscn o-f -�he 3oard cf ward and
'_��G:lr �1 �eSC1rC2S
a1a i noku emu; ci r R,,:>om. 13 0
c of I, =awa-i 96313
Re: 0L'a nit"_-s}:7. n C'-FDC': i'i1•:i _ ::Oa..':.l.a_ :'a Tra4_1
Dear C__airperso-1 young:
-i
a
t4
Q
L
mn_mc ran. -gum dated xvcvAThUr 2,'.c.l, from. Mi chae'
� ;-1P_�Sfira Qw of t: e D-vision o= Farc-stryjamd `Kildlife, co'Ll r
IE-al adv`c� av to Lhe v,wner6hin of a-2-�oow ;t,;. tra,_1 In
clualoa, Kcwti Kcna. Hawaii. ,tie iDelievs that --he
rail is
trail u_ der the jurisd_cz:ion of t'-ie Scard �f Nand and
::atonal Resc�urces..�.....�._.._._.__.._-..__..,_......_�._._..__._---------. ...----....._.
'rief Statement of Facts
"lie Lza-,_ :, -i QuCSt=Qn l"Holll^dQa Tra_` _ `; r s t roi_gq'n _a a
or-g_ynal' y awa27;9ea to "" ctoria Ka^.amalu in -
_84 2y i ,
th_=,xz_- mesne Mon.,•eyances., she hand was caned by 7,D cranre.cs
as-er...nts _rn common, o, rin _-necuai sha_-e8. n
_ 5�, a part~tisn aczaon wa:s filed, any cc>mn? ss_cners -re
a,OC-_edl C oversee tic p2.'_"t,-t1rJ= , Y` :•iaU ur-til 1914 tha-_
Fne -a-ids ,'rerc slur,Teyed and Maid o-at o- ma-ps s _c,v- n3 each x,ui
mem-er's ai�D`.mentfsi and shares. 1_'1E map a -so s-'1D::'ed,
�arsu.ant to =—Lr- c-der, the zd is ow al- r a -as ra__s and
20
RC-0244
The Hor_oraxle Peter T. YC 1-19
ar_uan,, 20, 2�Q
q�t 2
'ter 7.he 'map ::as rf7t'C Wi'_ 1 the cC'dr-, the
cdm.':.ssloners executed deeds is c:-ie _ aAvivaai uu, me-,,-.Lers for
each of t1ieif fits descr,_'bed by -metes and bounds s'arve'v
hie i;diUaT Ga Trail rat: through Lo* +r1, -vihi:'h, under t'_^_e
D?rC1U1on, was co:rveved to rliizaNetr, 2i'1_po. The deed to -^,z
n=, however, ciearl', exc?adea Cne TOi' cidG TTe�lr �CltlY]G
Rersrvin,- and e_xception :,CZ, i 6:1 and the trail �rtTT
upper Lover'7ierit ?cad 40 thte Ka.11ua -ROadr :vf2 Ch rung
t._rouah Ict 141, ;C Tfee Land.) for :5 shares in
a1 o inert �63,
There :Ls no in a —cation in the eed to whom ti-,a '�-7olualca
Trail is reserved. iicz has -Na Ala Fele peen able to 'iscovez-
3P_' ] n �r la:'.1C7 YLG���1 1C Gi1S OS1 1�:: Dr oLY.gersh]_p `,f the
No mays O- the area i:reda:9 the _314 neap. Qn Lhe map,
`e F.::)_I-ja' Tral, iS ClEarly dp:icted as a. 12-tOOt 4;_dt tra11.
-he tTaff 1s also dep].C_ed CI'_ 1950 and 1960 tax. maps. KCW2",e.,.
a 1994 s llaiJisi-on map fails to d_-Ii :eaz_e the Holua_ca irati
A.cc=d ^q to Na F,la Hele sta-f , the -rail is dear-v
diace-c-ab} e on the ground for al:�out 1 , 5 i
�. h from. four Lc ten feet with 3-,foot hig h� rock .walls on
eit-"Ier sid Some seC."_^ris Cf --he r c.'f ',7va118 .^_a ire .r-ee_- kiccked
7`'•+1,GG"- ;ii::�r Z"1, the cu_-_-e'_':t owner of the k.rcper-._y lro'..gh
wr: c_7 _ne Holualoa Trail rt ns, is the propr_etpr cz a sec and
I:.reakf sI es a-1is_sm.en- ❑n tie _ Waperty. He is seekira Cawr,4y
of Favai= ap;:"-o EU fcr t:e cor7struc-_I T": of a restaa-rant and
c :�C1 TMi .ne moms fc'r hf s bed and breakfast . ?i scale ❑z 4'_7e
=oiler is a'sc befr_ ccnsidered. The proposed sale z�,paars to
i ,Cl u: ,e th_ a 7
Atla'ysis
A. Own ersh p mq__gq-Sr,izih
?y5 a� �%? Cla� Il'att2T; ?"c:;a=.^_.' e,SS C,� '•.vl1�Li_�r ti�B !-�G�•�i?�C�
Tra 1 is ai pll, Iic t? a_i or not, 1'_ is not cwned b"v
::as claim co t: e �:ra4_1 c'-.fier
._rG1 1 1 .Lii,_-i7� his ov,,nersnip to Elie>��,A..r. o, i-,po. Tne
'662
21
RC-0244
rz2 •_rarab�e Pe'.:er `�. Yo�a:'s
4
nn
L'J� 2'w34 '�.
Pace-
V1,47ambeth Pl ipo 'XT-licit lV eXC�Ud�d tl d Yip 'Lc.
S rh could : of _"a Te ac s_ d
1._ere are , Trigg rr. i
try-1 L_'1?"vt:.gP. t�-if3t Ch21—: GL tit_
g_ r'abliC -.rail,
nire� ^ax t}:e Hel-.;aaoa Trail is a public _L_ra T caned by the
c ver nest rGcTtires an a a'}rsis urdeY Hawaii Pe:'ised SLa sites
tr s 1 §2 64 -1 , which, it pert inert Part, provides
74382 1
(bj ;11 grails, and other ncnveh•icular
ric i=s-of-vra°r in the Stale declared to be
-.bl- riart� -oi-ways by the :^igh ays act of
w 4
or opened, laid out, or cuiyt b',' the
c rarrmen} or oc rer,.,; se created or vested as
r crht"s-cz_way at any
11Gii�"ei :_CUlc:r 'JU-•_ic. 1_
�'T e , are
-•e thereaf cer, or
t`ie a 'ar
decwared to be pu�iiW Lrai7 s. _ pudic
Lrail is ure'cr the J?lrisa-cr-cr_ of the st at.e
bcar,` � f la;:d, and na-L :ral reSCUrces '. n ess
it -,aas�created by or dedicated to a
paYticul,,��ar cc�nty, in wr:ic:� case it shall
UTiuer the sdic, il_-n. of that
�t� C7�f'rieQ, said cut, or b'cilt by Pr_VLce
parties and dedicated or surrea, Bred to the
Nub"ic �ase, are declared to be public
hic'n.vays or p'.:n1ic trails as fell, wa.
Dedicauio% e p'wi�lic i1g,:�aVS or
trails shall be deed._af
conveyance _zamiv-a `he �ta�e as
grantee i��tre u se cz a sate
highway it trail an- namina the
cc•ar,tV as grantee in the case o_- a
coui:ty h'g'nway cr a= The deed
o± con,jey�,%ce s:iall tie delivered
tc a ncd accepted by the _'recccr of
_Yar.sUOrtatian my tie case of a
or the i)Card cf :Cann
11,4 _atv _ �5c'_.rC83 1- Lhe cas
cf-a s4ace _r_ :Ll. T_, are case o-
count:v trail
.he dried coal_ be deli-,,ered "o aro
22
RC-0244
P 2 2 4
4f d
U-fre ]taken place nc WT ua�
tQ have
'.i e "5 Q
4-- AS- exercis& NOT TIT
SKY
c 3
county ;- _g nqs :v or
tram
x K
closed,.
hiss.- �Zate o , ! -
- $� shall cCnt-. u '1 :��1 ti',�-1YF}
v=
a= :�f rrs' xn:
`�vLer 1"_.
"! FOB,' Ms
hc
.a1Y t__ 10M ty - -
irrerF ,= _v a0 ,.� r - rry?3
C' :he Scats as :bra — _by - .-.
iP
r--~ _1lI�v"l�•` -' _� - mod= LT5 f
- a imn se'
rigs _1,
��=: r_y=;r. p TL1CL
Wal
as
zemalm
23
RC-0244
r' ab_e f-e a r
TV 2134
ng 3
By cxCO OTY and yeserving tere Zrall r.n Qe in the does
f}'t
an aLyeap Duzstanding right owned ly- =gird
5v RAW. SO, 173. 445 P.M. SNT 342 . .,81 . 14e fact tom rA
G'�-i=BST 4wr3 in Ohe : arli :u n sa;Icn did not aw _s the :folalna
ev4denC4 of dAy ZZherAsh =i7icn __ Ohe 101,zlca 7;4=1,
pT—onyiy LL ggosts t: o he Eclus-Jn _raw- wa; ; wwl hr
,,,Srnment az- - unto of the jaxtMan acrica. InSead, ^'a are
I:i _ -tee:=�:"
r- _ -- a=,aijablr 18 ar7a= li` war iYoT wanclupOn of
_
l.acz of contrary e•�+=�dsnOnV C :OrPvrz clan;, cf _ -- ___
.731_ lv jnfer to juris ].'y _C_'1 at r e
..... .._ '=- �'i it P oward V -W and Moral Raacn-les
i urnE o �,�iatler _._ trail cu=renn`_- is ,vj1 wu=Rr vZ
:].Loan
MVa - � vJ dace_ 1u =0u �c Wn last
ry�n j ,; i,,�� y.,,k wa=xoi . - appear s =o _V a nw- ehimlaa
+s'_anl, a'nT'} - n � -e-t ldV under zreyjurlsilmzUsn of t_Ye
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RC-0244
REFERENCES CITED
Allen, M.
1984 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Waiono Meadows Development Project Area, Puapua`a
1st and 2nd, Holualoa 1st and 2nd, North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-5-15:2,12 and 7-6-
2:1,14). PHRI Report 119-070584. Prepared for Waiono Meadows Ranch, Ltd.
Burtchard, G.
1995 Population and Land Use on the Keauhou Coast, the Mauka Land Inventory Survey, Keauhou,
North Kona, Hawaii Island. Part L• Narrative Volume. International Archaeological Research
Institute, Inc. Prepared for Belt, Collins and Associates and Kamehameha Investment Corporation,
Honolulu.
Chinen, J.
1961 Original Land Titles in Hawaii. Honolulu: privately published.
Ching, F., E. Neller, S. Palama, and P. Griffin
1973 The Archaeology of North Kona, from the Ahupua`a of Kahului to the Ahupua`a of Kahaluu.
Surface Survey: Realignment of Alii Drive. Hawaiian Archaeological Journal 73-2.
Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc.
Collins, J., and H. Hammatt
1993 Archaeological Inventory Survey of a 4.27-Acre Parcel in the Ahupua`a of Holualoa 4, District of
North Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-7-03:14). Cultural Surveys Hawaii. Prepared for Flying
Hammers Construction, Inc.
Connolly, R., and J. Gunness
1979a Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey at the Komohana Kai Subdivision (Unit 1) Site (TMK:3-7-
6-13:31), Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii. Manuscript 3-042079. Science Applications, Inc.
Prepared for G.C. Development Co., Inc.
1979b Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey at the Komohana Kai Subdivision (Unit II) Site (TMK:3-
7-6-13:7,26: and 3-7-7-04:20), Kailua-Kona, Island of Hawaii. Ms. 3-042179. Science
Applications, Inc. Prepared for G.C. Development Co., Inc.
Cordy, R.
1981 A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian
Islands. New York: Academic Press.
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Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii.
Dunn, A., and P. Rosendahl
1991 Preliminary Report: Phase l(a) - Site Identification, Phased Intensive Archaeological Survey, Alii
Highway Phased Mitigation Program, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 900-
052191. Prepared for R.M. Towill Corporation.
1992 Preliminary Report: Phase I(b) - Testing of Potential Burial Features, Phased Intensive
Archaeological Survey, Alii Highway Phased Mitigation Program, North Kona District, Island of
Hawaii. PHRI Report 1170-081792. Prepared for R.M. Towill Corporation.
Dye, T.
1978 An Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Four Alternative Sites for the Kailua-Keauhou
Elementary School. Ms. 031078. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
Ellis, W.
1963 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of a Tour of Hawaii, or Owhyee... Honolulu: Advertiser
Publishing Co.
26
RC-0244
Fager, M., and D. Graves
1993 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Holualoa 3rd Development Parcel, Land of Holualoa 3rd, North
Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-7-04:35). PHRI Report 1231-073092. Prepared for
Dillingham Partners.
Hammatt, H.
1979a Archaeological Survey of a 23 Acre Parcel Holualoa Ahupua`a, Kona, Hawaii Island.
Archaeological Research Center, Hawaii, Inc. Report 14-157. Prepared for Joseph G. Kealoha
Realtor.
1979b Archaeological Survey of a 22 Acre Parcel at Holualoa Ahupua`a, Kona, Hawaii Island.
Archaeological Research Center, Hawaii, Inc. Report 14-161 H. Prepared for Kalani Sunset
Corporation.
1979c Archaeological Survey and Excavation at the Proposed Komohana Kai Subdivision, Holualoa,
Kona, Hawaii Island. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. Manuscript. Prepared for G.C.
Development Co., Inc.
Hammatt, H., W. Folk, and D. Shideler
1992 Archaeological Survey, Testing and Excavation of a 174-Acre Parcel, Holualoa, North Kona,
Hawaii. Cultural Surveys Hawaii. Prepared for Gamlon Corporation.
Hammatt, H., D. Shideler, and D. Borthwick
1987 Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations of a 15-Acre Parcel, Kealakehe, Kona, Hawaii
(TMK 7-4-17:30). Cultural Surveys Hawaii. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc.
Handy, E. S. C., and E. G. Handy
1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press,
Honolulu. (With M.K. Pukui)
Haun, A., J. Henry, J. Jimenez, M. Kirkendall, K. Mally, and T. Wolforth
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District, Island of Hawaii, vol. 1, Summary. PHRI Report 1320-052798. Submitted to County of
Hawaii.
Hommon, R.
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Approaches to Evolution and Transformation: 55-88. Cambridge: University Press.
Hommon, R., and P. Rosendahl
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Hawaii. Science Management, Inc. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates.
I`i, J.P.
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Honolulu.
Izu, Y.
2004 Letter from Deputy Attorney General Yvonne Y. Izu to the Honorable Peter T. Young Regarding
Ownership of Holualoa Trail. January 20, 2004. On file at Rechtman Consulting, Kea`au, Hawaii.
Kamakau, S.
1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: The Kamehameha Schools Press.
27
RC-0244
Kaschko, M., and P. Rosendahl
1987 Full Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kealakekua Ranch Makai Land Subdivision, Land of
Kealakekua, South Kona, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-8-2-02:2,33). PHRI Report 244-100186.
Prepared for Kealakekua Ranch, Ltd.
Kawachi, C.
1989 An Upland Habitation and Agricultural Complex in North Kona, Hawaii Island. Master's Thesis,
Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii.
Kelly, M.
1983 Na Mala O Kona: Gardens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawaii. Departmental
Report Series 83-2. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepared for
the Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii.
Kirch, P.
1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Newman, T.
1970 Hawaiian Fishing and Farming on the Island of Hawaii in A.D. 1778. Department of Land and
Natural Resources, Division of State Parks.
Rechtman R., J. Henry, and T. Wolforth
1999 Inventory of Ho`omalu on Ali`i Subdivision, Kaumalumalu and Pahoehoe Ist Ahupua`a, North
Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1881. Prepared for Nohona Partners, Inc., Hilo.
Rosendahl, P.
1978 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the 72-Unit Development Site (TMK:3-7-6-14:3 and 3-
7-7-04:22,23,27,47) Kailua-Kona Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 5-122078. Prepared for Gray,
Rhee and Associates.
Sato, H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr.
1973 Soil Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office
Schilt, R.
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Realignment Corridor. Departmental Report Series 84-1. Department of Anthropology, B.P.
Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepared for the Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii.
Sinoto, A.
1979 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of Six Acres in the Ahupua`a of Holualoa 1 and 2, North
Kona, Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepared for Brehm
Construction Company.
Soehren, L
1979a Letter Report: Parcels 10, 12, and 13 of TMK:7-6-14, in Holualoa, North Kona. Prepared for Mr.
Hiroshi Kasamoto.
1979b Letter Report: TMK:7-6-15:15, Holualoa, North Kona. Prepared for Zuzak and Associates.
1980a Letter Report: Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey on the Parcel Identified by Tax
Map Key 7-7-04:43, Situated at Holualoa 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Mr. Khanbaba
Cohen.
28
RC-0244
1980b Letter Report: Archaeological and Historical Features on the Parcel Identified by Tax Map Key 7-
6-21:14, Situated at Holualoa 2, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Golden Triangle Real Estate.
Stokes, J., and T. Dye
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Wilkes, C.
1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838-1842, Under the
Command of C. Wilkes, U.S.N., Volume 4. Philadelphia: Loa and Blanchard.
29
ATTACHMENT - E
Exhibit 6
swtica of Hartz met rit r i3mis cm Korea Fists rLRr-al!; r 7 p;4r;Jlp� rewr- of s;"o-iii- %-A
EXHIBIT M
Below are communications with
Mr. Tam Pvhaku Stone about the twin walls and the slide with a Kona Vista Board members
Below are communications with Mr. Toni Po iaku Stone about the twin walls and the slide with a Kona Vista
Board members
On Mon, Jul 1, 2019, 8:55 AM Tom PohakU Stone <> wrote:
To answer the question regarding the walls -YES. Not all holua slides had walls but rrearly all those on
Hawaii Island do. The purpose was to hold the rock in the slide in Borne sections and in areas that needed
to be raised. When you mention moving of logs from mauka-nlakai that is an important point because the
koa forest line was at a lower elevation when we were gathering the great trees for our wa'a, papahe`enalu,
etc. This was the main purpose of the slides thousands of years ago, which overtirne changed to reflect an
association to the gods of the wan kale (upland forest) and the spirituality we connected with then and now.
The physical cultural landscape found cl (lie hblua slides is the telling of the story what made these specific
areas important to our cultural practices especially since this massive complex is connected to Pa`ao, his
lineage, and the great Ali'i Nul of this mol<rjprjni (island). There were several significant complexes along this
coastline but none as yiancleur. KaneakFi in l(eauhou/Kahalu`u is another, Waha'ula, Mo`okini, and Kahikinui
(Maui) were the earlier complexes established for migration purposes and the change in religion. The
Halrialoa complex solidifies the cornpkzto adaptation to the established religion of Pa'an.
On IMon, Jr.l 1. 2019 at 8 15 AM john
Tom,
Thank you for taking the tirne to educate rne. It is greatly appreciated. The history of Holijaloa is truly
remarkable, and I knew I have only snatched the surface.
One question I have, the intact portion of the holua at the Hoivaloa inn has a rock wail on both sides.
Would these walls have been built at the same time? Perhaps k. koup tho, logs contained as they
traveled down. I have found, in the proposed development area a section, of parallel rock walls. Do any
of the other Holuas have walls?
I again thank you for all your help. Very respectful and grateful, John
On Mon, Jul 1, 2019, 6:35 AM Torn wrote:
Aloha John,
i ,, i ,, I have not f:r r, , nntact for some time but I have been going through all my records and into
for .l : area. You are nol k c;ing to f nd much in any library about that slide because I'm the person who
did study of that area. ,l lot of development has changed the cultural landscape in the area over the
yeas-: vith it rely native cultural and architectural landscape so it's a puzzle. Hblua
ti and it has been my academic focus archaeologically and culturally. I have
Bile. 1 educatior, to cur community regarding the significane of the rerrraining
f,yrt is to °Nate the cultural landscape into the development process if
it will save the physic %lith that said, there is a direct correlation between the
116lua,'ca slide, Keolonahihi, Keakealaniw, ; pine, Kamalumalu, Kealakowa'a, and Kamoa (Lyman)". The
development of Kona over the years has s, �,irated (destroyed) the physical connection of the slide to
EXHIBIT N
,.F 7 7ht0A10 1n.1k AXA
l`f &'t' Yr3fioo Mail - _Fwd^_: ^_ 7infra^_ of "_Holuslon^_ htrps://niail.yalioo.com/d/searcli/keyword--subjecl%3A%22FNA, l°1,..,
the greater complex that had existed. The coastal area of this complex has now been protected but riot
the mauka sections that are still undeveloped. It's at this point the emphasize should be on protecting
what is left of this great complex. We do know that Kameharneha I was trained in this complex which
included learning to holua slide and surf. I would advise you to look at the greater picture and focus on
what is left ut the entire complex and how this would benefit the cultural history of Kona. Sorry I'm not
on island to assist, but at this point I believe the development will destroy more. If you need someone
with Hawaiian cultural/traditional arch itecturallarchaeologicaI, background let me know. I can assist but if
You need someone to do ire -depth research, prepare presentations, or provide community education we
can discuss this. Her-ify Kekalruna provided the most detailed archaeological record of this area.
Knowledge, interpretation, and understandinn of trip-, - dt, 1r 41 citric n„ A how it's all intertwined is
Significant
Me ka ha'aha'a
Tnrn P, haku Stone
Kanalr.r (K38) is a 501 c 3 non profit organization dedicated to cultural & ocean education based on
traditions of our kupuna.
ATTACHMENT - A
Parcel ID760210160000 Situs/Physical Address Market Land Value $741.300 Last 2Sales
Acreage 37.936 Mailing Address KONATHREELLC Dedicated Use Value $0 Date Price Reason Qual
Class APARTMENT 101 HUALALAI ST Land Exemption $0 12/3/2015 $300000 INVOLVED ADD'L PARCELS U
HILOH1967203865 Net Taxable Land Value $741.300 7/8/2013 0 NOTOPENMARKET U
Assessed Building Value $0
Building Exemption $0
Net Taxable Building Value $0
Total Taxable Value $741300
Brief Tax Description LOT237.936 AC DES POR RP 4475 LCAW 7713:43 RP 8217 LCAW 3360 TOG/ESMTS
(Note: Not to be used on legal documents)
Parcel ID760210170000
Situs/Physical Address
Market Land Value
$641.600
Acreage 30.901
Mailing Address KONATHREELLC
Dedicated Use Value
$0
Class APARTMENT
101 HUALALAI ST
Land Exemption
$0
HILOH1967203865
Net Taxable Land Value
$641.600
Assessed Building Value
$0
Building Exemption
$0
Net Taxable Building Value $0
Total Taxable Value
$641600
Brief Tax Description
LOT 130.901 AC DES POR RP 4475&8217 LCAW 7713:43 AND 3360 HOLUALOA SUBI/EXCL USE ESMT
V-1
(Note: Not to be used on legal documents)
Exhibit 1
Last 2 Saks
Date Price Reason Qual
5/11/20180 RELATED INDIVIDUALS OR U
CORPORATION5
1/21/2016 $100000 OTHER REASONS 11
EXHIBIT 0
Loll
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