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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0372.059 2024-2026P/SPECIAL/PCPLUED 10/8/2025 BILL 66, DRAFT 2 / COMM. 372 GEOENGINEERING Weather Modification- Articles- Dates- Government- Websites Compiled by Kalei Kailikini on October 6, 2025 Hawaii County Council Member Jtnr-,, "qc wtC6, District No. a '• 4 to I 1 Preface I first discovered weather modification in 1997-98 when a friend gave me a book, "Angels Don't Play This HAARP - Advances In Tesla Technology" by Jeane Manning, born in Cordova, Alaska, an experienced magazine journalist, co-authored "Suppressed Inventions and Other Discoveries", and Dr. Nick Begich, from Anchorage, Alaska. He received his doctorate in traditional medicine from The Open International University of Complementary Medicines, November 1994. His first major story on HAARP published in October 1994 in Nexus, an international magazine. I lived in Anchorage, Alaska from 1966 to 1970 which initiated my reading that book. After graduating from Molokai High School I studied at Alaska Methodist University and the University of Alaska. Returned home in 1970, worked in the Savings & Loan industry for 11 yrs. In 1981 I began my 38-yrs. career in Marketing & Sales at the Honolulu Advertiser; the Honolulu Star -Bulletin and the last 10 yrs. at the Hawaii Tribune -Herald, Hilo, Hawai'i. Photos: GeoengineeringWatch ora left to right: Tennessee Bans Climate Engineering; H.A.A.R.P.; Chem -Trails Climate change is happening by man, Yes! Global warming by nature -No! Factual evidence confirm the US Government & Military or "man" have been manipulating the weather through geo-engineering. These facts were hidden for decades systematically from the people. But, as Abraham Lincoln said: "You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time." As elected officials, you are responsible by the County Charter to secure our safety. Blaming nature for the recent drought in Waimea, may not be the answer. Be responsible elected representatives by learning and continuing to research weather problems made by geo- engineering. Watch the video, "Climate: The Movie (The Cold Truth)" at this link: httl2s://www.bitchute.com/yideo/vA914Hcfps8o . Most of these papers are from ZEROGEOENGINEERING.COM proving we are not weather conspiracists. We are concerned citizens who care that our families, friends, and communities are safe. Please join us to promote geo-engineering awareness & safety solutions for Hawaii island residents. 2 r 1. National Security Council - May 2, 1972 2. US Public Law 94-490 National Weather Modification - October 13, 1976 3. Chapter XXVI Disarmament - December 10, 1976 A. States That Have Passed Legislation Banning Geo-engineering/Weather Modification 5. Executive Office of the President, Office of Science & Technology Policy- Dec. 13, 2005 6. Rep Greene Announces Hearing on Weather and Climate Control -Sept. 13, 2025 7. Outlaw and Defund Atmospheric Manipulation -Sept. 8, 2024 8. Why Are Governments Gaslighting the Public on Geo-engineering? December 2, 2024 9. 2023-2024 Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment - January 3, 2022 10.White House Pushing Ahead Research to Cool Earth by Reflecting Sunlight -Oct 13, 2022 11. Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations - January 3, 2018 12.Weather Modification Test Technology Symposium 1997 USAF -June 9, 2025 13.1971 US/USSR Space Agreement - April 13, 2025 C14.1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiments - March 1, 2025 15.Rainmaking Is Used As Weapon by U.S. -July 3, 1972 16.Atmospheric Physics: Heating Up The Heavens- H.A.A.R.P. -April 2008 17. The Need for Climate Control Study Program Nov 1960-CIA Declassified- 12/2/17 18.1956 U.S. Senate Record Details Congressional Authorization for Cloud Seeding... 19.1949 USSR Scientific Report -Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seeding -Aug. 25, 2025 20.The Project Skyfire Cloud -Seeding Generator - US Dept. of Agriculture 1957 21. Project Stormfury - U.S. Dept. of the Navy, US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA- May 1971 22.Weather Modification in North Vietnam & Laos (Project Popeye)-January 13, 1967 23.A Recommended National Program in Weather Modification (excerpts)- Nov. 1966 24.Project Skywater (excerpts) - 2009 & reprinted July 2013 25. H.R. 3838 Funding for Military Activities DOD, DARPA, Dept. of Energy - 9-9-25 26. Cloud Seeding Might Not Be as Promising as Drought -Troubled States Hope- 3-16-22 3 vca.l.nuulr[LU E.O.12958 ssammded Sect3S sc So.,.6ry,�Sm.�n oq�oo/aoo� By z,�l Dma oz 1 0� NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL WASHINOTON. D.C. W306 /^ May 2, 1972 National Security Decision Memorandum 165 TO: The Secretary of State The Secretary of Defense The Secretary of Commerce The Director, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency The Director of Central Intelligence The President's Science Adviser SUBJECT: International Aspects of Weather Modification The President has reviewed the Under Secretaries Committee's report on international aspects of weather modification, as forwarded by the Chairman's memorandum of February 1Z, 1972, and has considered the views of the interested agencies. In continuing to advance civilian weather modification research and development efforts and to apply this technology for human benefit, the President has decided that: -- The United States shall further International cooperation and understanding in this rapidly developing field and conduct its programs with maximum openness and within the framework of clearly established operational and procedural safeguards C designed to protect the interests of the United States and of other countries. -- The United States will not encourage requests by other coun- tries for assistance in the conduct of operations involving a high risk of damage or where the effects cannot be foreseen with reasonable assurance. With regard to assisting other countries, each request for assistance shall be considered on the basis of its own merits. -- The United States shall continue research bearing on climate modification, but no climate modification operation (civilian or military) shall be conducted until its total impact can be predicted with great assurance and without the specific approval of the President. �r�i 2 -- The NSC Under Secretaries Committee shall be responsible for continuing review of the international aspects of weather modification generally and of U.S, activities affecting other countries or outside U.S. territory, for instituting and over- seeing implementation of appropriate guidelines for such U. S. activities, for reviewing any requests from other countries for assistance in weather modification activity, and for report- ing any policy issues for the President's decision. For these purposes representatives of other interested agencies will participate. The President has decided not to propose at this time legislation for the licensing and regulation of weather modification activities. The President has decided to defer decision on the matter of policy govern- ing military aspects of weather modification. Henr A. Kissinger cc: The Secretary of Interior The Secretary of Agriculture The Administrator, Agency for International Development The Director, National Science Foundation C41 Cd C 8 PUBLIC 1.AW 94-490-OCr• 13, 1976 . 90 STAT. 2359 Public Law 94-490 94iii Congress An Act To authorise and direct the Secretary of Commerce to derelop a national policy Oct- 13, 1976 on weather modMention, and for other purposes [5. 33831 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States oaf America in ,Congress assembled, That this ,Act may National Weather be cited, as the `National Weather Modification Policy Act o£'1978 , Modification SEC, L DECLARATION OF POLICY. Policy Act of 6. 15 a Fnmrxes.—The Co mess finds and declares the follow' (� following: u 15 USC 3311 note. (1) Weather -related and hazards, including drought, 15usc33onote. hurricanes, tornadoes, Bail, lightning, fog, floods, and frost, result in substantial' human suffe iiig and loss of life, billions of dollars thm and the (3) The u the severe ec to gress in weather cation n n"TNeuMAI LLf. GIWFPu1fNY' I4 F�NMLTIDN GPO i related as the re expect to disaster relief, require a propriate Federal action vent or alleviate such disasters and hazards; and Weather modification programs may have long-range and ected effects on existing climatic patterns which are not con- ey national boundarim wosm—It is therefore declared to be the purpose of the, Con- Policy. is Act to develop a comprehensive and coordinated national Research and odifieation policy and a national program of weather uiodifi- derelopment arch and devclopmentr Pr" to determine the means by which deliberate weather modifi- can be used at the present time to decrease this adverse t of weather on a' leulture, economic growth and the gen- nblio welfare, and to determine the potenfta� for weather feation; to conduct research into those scientific areas considered ikely to lead to practical t@chniquea for ;droaght prevention :viaticnand other'foiriiis of deliberate.weathar modification; to develop practical methods and devises for weather leation; to make -weather modification research findings available to aced pardes- to assessie economicq, asocial' environmental, and legal t of an oparatioil weather inaiucation �'rogrsm'; to develop both national and internatlenal mechanisms led tom., ' ' B conflicts which may arise with respect to the `ul uses of weather modification; and 90 STAT; 2360 PUBLIC LAW 94-490—OCT 13; 1926 (7 to Integgrrante the results of existing experience and studies in weat�r modification activities into model codes and agreements for r.guiation of domestic and international weather`modifieatioa activities. SEC. & DEFINITIONS. 15USC330116t& As used in this got �1) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce. 2) The term."State" means any State of the United States,the Dis- trict of Columbia, or any Commonwealtb, territory, or possession of the United States. (3) The term "weather modification" means any activity performed with the intention and expectation of producing changes in precipita- tion, wind, fog, lightning, and other atmospheric phenomena. SM 4. STUDY. 15USC330note. The Secretary shall conduct a comprehensive investigation and study of the state of scientific knowledge concerning weather modifi- cation, the present state of development of weather modification teeh- nologgpp, the problems impeding effective implementation of weather moMostion technology, and other related matters. Such study shall include— (1) a review and analysis of the present and :past research efforts to establish practical weather modification technoIogy, par- ticularly as it relates to reducing loss of life and crop and prop- er destruction; 2) a review and analysis of research needs in weather modifi- cation to establish areas in which more research could he expected to yield the greatest return in terms of practical weather modifi- cation technology; (3) a review and analysis of existing studies to establish the probable economic importance to the United States in terms of agricultural production, energy, and related economic factors if the present Weather modification technology were to be effectively (4) an assessment of the legal, social, and ecological implica- tions of expanded and effective research and operational tveather modification projects; (5) formulation of one or more options for a model regulatory code for domestic weather modification activities, such code to be based on a review end analysis of experience and studies in this area, and to be adaptable to State and national needs; (6) recommendations concerning legislation desirable at all levels of government to implement a national weather modification poll and program' (7S a review of %e international importance and implications of weather modification activities by the United States; (8) a review and analysis of present and past funding for weather modification frem all sources to determme,the sources and adequacy of funding in, the light of the needs of the Nation;. (9) a review and analysis of the purpose, policy, methods, and funding of the Federal departments and agencies involved in weather modification and of the existing interagency coordination of weather modification research efforts; r PUBLIC LAW 94-490—OCr. 13,1976 90 STAT. 2361 R A a review and analysis of the necessity and feasibility of ng an international;agieameut.concerning the peaceful •oust — ne or more options for a model inter citing the peaceful uses of weather modi- tion of national weather modification and analysis of the necessity and feasi- an agreement. SEC. L REPORT. (a) Ia Craxsuec.—The Secretary shall prepare and submit to the President and the Congress, within 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, a final report on the findings, conclusions, and recommenda- tions of the study conducted pursuant to section 4. Such report shall include: (1) a summary of the findings made with respect to each of the areas of incestigatroii sppecified m section 4; (2) other findings which are pertinent to the determination and implementation of a national Polley on weather modifications; (S) a recommended national policy on weather modification andd a recommended national weather modification research and development program which is consistent nzth, and likely to con- tribute to, achieving the objectives of such policy; (4) recommendations for levels of Federal funding sufficient to support adequately a national weather modification research and development program; (5) recommendations for any changes in the organization and involvement of Federal departments and agencies in weather modification which may be needed to implement effectively the recommended national policy on weather modification and the recommended research and development program; and (6) recommendations for any regulatory and other legislation which may be required to implement such policy and program or for any international agreement which may be appropriate con- cerning the peaceful uses of weather modification, including rec- ommendations concerning the dissemination, refinement, and possible implementation of the model domestic code and interne- tionai agreement developed under the specification's of' section 4. Each department, agency, and other instrumentality of -the Federal Government is authorized and directed to famish the Secretary any information which the Secretary deemsnecessa y to carry out his func- tions under this Act. (b) OrEpmor erm Coriswz&Tmw.—The Secretary shall solicit and consider the views of State agencies, private firms, institutions of of the study required by section4, and in the prepara- Submittal to President and Congress. 15 USC 330 note. Cooperation. SEC L AUTHORIZATION FOR APPROPRIATIONS. (s) There is authorised to be appropriated to the Secretary for the 15 USC 330 note. purposes of carrying out the provisions of this Act not to exceed ,000,000. C 90.STAT. 2362 PUBLIC LAW 94-490—OGr. 13, 1976 (b) Section 6 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the report- ing of weather, modification, activities to the Federal Government", approved December 18, 1971 (85 StaL 736; 88 Staf, 1512; 15 U.S.G. 880e) is farther amended bystriking oat U1,973,1974,.1915 1976, and 1977 ? and inserting in lieu thereof 11978 through 1980,b. c Approved Oct 13 1976. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY - SENATE REPORT No: 94-859 (Comm. on Commerce). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, VuL 122 (1976): May 21, considered and passed Semm Sept 20, considered and passed Hoe, aended. Sept 28, Senate concurred in mm in House amendments. C C CHAPTER XXVI DISARMAMENT 1. CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES New York, 10 December 1976 ENTRY INTO FORCE: 5 October 1978, in accordance with article IX(3). REGISTRATION: 5 October 1978, No. 17119. STATUS: Signatories: 48. Parties: 78. TEXT: United Nations, Treaty Series vol. 1108, . 151 and depositary notification C.N.263.1978.TREATIES-12 of 27� October 1978 rectification of the English text). Note. The Convention was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 31172' of 10 December 1976. In application of paragraph 2 of the said resolution, the Secretary -General decided to open the Convention for signature and ratification by States from 18 to 31 May 1977 at Geneva, Switzerland. Subsequently, the Convention was transmitted to the Headquarters of the Organization of the United Nations at New York, where it was open for signature by States until 4 October 1978. Ratification, Ratification, Accession(a), Accession(a), Participant Signature Succession(d) Participant Signature Succession(d) Afghanistan .................... 22 Oct 1985 a Democratic People's Algeria ........................... 19 Dec 1991 a Republic of Korea.... 8 Nov 1984 a Antigua and Barbuda..... 25 Oct 1988 d Democratic Republic of the Congo.................28 Feb 1978 Argentina ....................... 20 Mar 1987 a Denmark ........................18 May 1977 19 Apr 1978 Armenia ......................... 15 May 2002 a Dominica 9 Nov 1992 d Australia .........................31 May 1978 7 Sep 1984 ....................... Egypt.............................. 1 Apr 1982 a Austria ........................... 17 Jan 1990 a Estonia......................... 14 Apr 2011 a Bangladesh ..................... 3 Oct 1979 a Ethiopia .......... ................ 18 May 1977 Belarus ...........................18 May 1977 7 Jun 1978 Finland ........................... 18 May 1977 12 May 1978 Belgium .........................18 May 1977 12 Jul 1982 Germany4,5.....................18 May 1977 24 May 1983 Benin Jun 1977 30 Jun 1986 ..............................10 Ghana .............................21 Mar 1978 22 Jun 1978 Bolivia (Plurinational Greece........... 23 Aug 1983 a State of) .................... 18 May 1977 ................. Brazil ............................. 9 Nov 1977 12 Oct 1984 Guatemala...................... 21 Mar 1988 a Bulgaria .........................18 May 1977 31 May 1978 Holy See ........................27 May 1977 Cabo Verde .................... 3 Oct 1979 a Honduras........................ 16 Aug 2010 a Cameroon ....................... 18 Apr 2011 a Hungary ......................... IS May 1977 19 Apr 1978 Canada ...........................18 May 1977 11 Jun 1981 Iceland ...........................18 May 1977 Chile ............................... 26 Apr 1994 a India ............................... 15 Dec 1977 15 Dec 1978 Chine 8 Jun 2005 a Iran (Islamic Republic ............................ of) ............................. 18 May 1977 Costa Rica .......:.............. 7 Feb 1996 a Iraq ................................. 15 Aug 1977 Cuba...............................23 Sep 1977 10 Apr 1978 Ireland ............................ 18 May 1977 16 Dec 1982 Cyprus ............................ 7 Oct 1977 12 Apr 1978 Italy""""""....................18 May 1977 27 Nov 1981 Czech Republic' 22 Feb 1993 d XXVI 1. DISARMAMENT l C Ratification, Ratification, Accession(a), Accession(a), Participant Signature Succession(d) Participant Signature Succession(d) Japan .............................. 9 Jun 1982 a Russian Federation ........18 May 1977 30 May 1978 Kazakhstan ..................... 25 Apr 2005 a Sao Tome and Principe.. 5 Oct 1979 a Kuwait ........................... 2 Jan 1980 a Sierra Leone ................... 12 Apr 1978 Kyrgyzstan ..................... 15 Jun 2015 a Slovakia;........................ 28 May 1993 d Lao People's Slovenia ......................... 20 Apr 2005 a Democratic Solomon Islands ............ 19 Jun 1981 d Republic...................13 Apr 1978 5 Oct 1978 Spain .............................. 18,May 1977 19 Jul 1978 Lebanon ......................... 18 May 1977 Sri Lanka........................ 8 Jun 1977 25 Apr 1978 Liberia ............................18 May 1977 St. Lucia ......................... 27 May 1993 d Lithuania ........................ 16 Apr 2002 a St. Vincent and the Luxembourg...................18 May 1977 Grenadines ............... 27 Apr 1999 d Malawi ........................... 5 Oct 1978 a State of Palestine ........... 29 Dec 2017 a Mauritius ........................ 9 Dec 1992 a Sweden........................... 27 Apr 1984 a Mongolia ........................18 May 1977 19 May 1978 Switzerland .................... 5 Aug 1988 a Morocco .........................18 May 1977 Syrian Arab Republic..-.. 4 Aug 1977 Netherlands (Kingdom Tajikistan ....................... 12 Oct 1999 a of the)6......................18 May 1977 15 Apr 1983 Tunisia ...........................11 May 1978 11 May 1978 New Zealand? ................ 7 Sep 1984 a Torkiye ........................... 18 May 1977 Nicaragua ....................... I I Aug 1977 6 Sep 2007 Uganda ........................... 19 May 1977 Niger .............................. 17 Feb 1993 a Ukraine .......................... 18 May 1977 13 Jun 1978 Norway ..........................18 May 1977 15 Feb 1979 United Kingdom of Pakistan .......................... 27 Feb 1986 a Great Britain and Panama ........................... 13 May 2003 a Northern Ireland ....... 18 May 1977 16 May 1978 Papua New Guinea........ 28 Oct 1980 a United States of Poland ............................18 May 1977 8 Jun 1978 America .................... 18 May 1977 17 Jan 1980 Portugal ..........................18 May 1977 Uruguay......................... 16 Sep 1993 a Republic of Korea.......... 2 Dec 1986 a Uzbekistan ..................... 26 May 1993 a Romania .........................18 May 1977 6 May 1983 Viet Nam ........................ 26 Aug 1980 a Yemen' ..........................18 May 1977 20 Jul 1977 Declarations and Reservations (Unless otherwise indicated, the declarations and reservations were made upon ratification, accession or succession.) ARGENTIM0 The Argentine Republic interprets the terms "widespread, Iong-lasting or severe effects" in article I, 92mparagraph 1, of the Convention in accordance with the itions agreed upon in the understanding on that article. It likewise interprets articles II, III and VIII in accordance with the relevant understandings. AUSTRIA "Considering the obligations resulting from its status as a permanently neutral state, the Republic of Austria declares a reservation to the effect that its co-operation within the frame work of this Convention cannot exceed the limits determined by the Status of permanent neutrality and membership with the United Nations." GERMANY' "With the proviso that the correct designation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Russian language is 'Federativnuju Respubliku Germaniju'." "The correct designation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Russian language following the pre position.'sa' in the Russian text was spelled out in the afore -mentioned proviso as 'Federativnuju Respubliku Germaniju'." GUATEMALA Guatemala accepts the text of article III, on condition that the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes does not adversely affect its territory or the use of its natural resources. XXVI 1. DISARMAMENT 2 r C C KUWAITto This Convention binds the State of Kuwait only towards States Parties thereto. Its obligatory character shall ipso facto terminate with respect to any hostile state which does not abide by the prohibition contained therein. "It is understood that accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other hostile use of Environmental Modification Techniques, done in Geneva, 1977, does not mean in any way recognition of Israel by the State of Kuwait. Furthermore, no treaty relation will arise between the State of Kuwait and Israel." NETHERLANDS(KINGDOM OF THE) "The Kingdom of the Netherlands accepts the obligations laid down in article I of the said Convention as extending to states which are not a party to the Convention and which act in conformity with article 1 of the Convention." NEW ZEALAND "The Government of New Zealand herebydeclares its interpretation that nothing in the Convention detracts from or limits the obligations of States to refrain from military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques which are contrary to international law". REPUBLIC OF KOREA "It is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of Korea that any technique for deliberately changing the natural state of rivers falls within the meaning of the term 'environmental modification techniques' as defined in article II of the Convention. "It is further understood that military or another hostile use of such techniques, which could y cause flooding, inundation, reduction in the water -level, drying up, destruction of hydrotechnical installations or other harmful consequences, comes within the scope of the Convention, provided it meets the criteria set out in article I therefore." SWITZERLAND Because of the obligation incumbent upon it by virtue of its status of perpetual neutrality, Switzerland must make a general reservation specifying that its co- operation in the framework of this Convention cannot go beyond the limits imposed by this status. This reservation refers, in particular, to article V, paragraph 5, of the Convention, and to any similar clause which may replace or supplement this provision in the Convention (or in any other arrangement). 11 TORKIYE "In the opinion of the Turkish Government the terms 'wide- spread', `long lasting' and 'severe effects' contained in the Con- vention need to be clearly defined. So long as this clarification is not made the Government of Turkey will be compelled to in- terpret itself the terms in question and consequently it reserves the right to do so as and when required. "Furthermore, the Government of Turkey believes that the difference between 'military or any other hostile purposes' and 'peaceful purposes should be more clearly defined so as to pre- vent subjective evaluations." Territorial Application Date of receipt of the Participant notification Territories United Kingdom of 16 May 1979 United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Great Britain and Dhekelia in the Island of Cyprus, Association of Northern Ireland' Caribbean States, Brunei, Solomon Islands and United Kingdom Territories Notes: ' official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-first Session, Supplement No. 39 (A/31/39), p. 36. 2 With the following declaration with respect of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region: In accordance with the provisions of Article 153 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and Article 138 of the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the People's Republic of China decides that the Convention shall apply to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. 18 May 1977 and 12 May 1978, respectively. See also note 1 under "Czech Republic" and note I under "Slovakia" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. See note 1 under "Germany" regarding Berlin (West) in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. 6 The German Democratic Republic had signed and ratified the Convention on 18 May 1977 and 25 May 1978, respectively. See also note 2 under "Germany" in the "Historical Information" section in the front matter of this volume. 6 For the Kingdom in Europe and the Netherlands Antilles. See also note I under "Netherlands" regarding J Czechoslovakia had signed and ratified the Convention on XXVI L DISARMAMENT 3 Aruba/Netherlands Antilles in the "Historical Information' section in the front matter of this volume. 7 The accession shall also apply to the Cook Islands and Niue. 8 Democratic Yemen had acceded to the Convention on 12 June 1979. See also note 1 under "Yemen' in the "Historical Information' section in the front matter of this volume. 9 The Government of Argentina has specified that the understandings referred to in the declaration are the Understandings adopted as part of the report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to the General Assembly at its thirty-first session, published under the symbol A/31/27. [Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to the General Assembly (Volume I, Annex I).] A 10 On 23 June 1980, the Secretary -General received from the Government of Israel the following communication concerning the above -mentioned understanding: "The Government of Israel has noted the political character of the statement made by the Government of Kuwait. In the view of the Government of Israel, this Convention is not the proper place for making such political pronouncements. Moreover, the said declaration cannot in any way affect whatever obligations are binding upon Kuwait, under general international law or under particular conventions. Insofar as concerns the substance of the matter, the Government of Israel will adopt towards the Government of Kuwait an attitude of complete reciprocity." 11 See note 2 under "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" regarding Hong Kong in the "Historical Information' section in the front matter of this volume. XXVI 1. DISARMAMENT 4 States that have passed legislation banning geoengineering / weather modification: States with enacted legislation banning geoengineering / weather modification State Law / What it prohibits / Key info Effective date, penalties, notes SB2691 / Prohibits intentional injection, release, or Went into effect July 1, 2024. Tenn HB2063 dispersion of chemicals, compounds, IndepNews+2Duane Morris essee (Public substances, or apparatus into the state's Government Strategies+2 Chapter atmosphere for the express purpose of SB56 Bans similar activities: altering weather, Effective July 1, 2025. Penalties Geoeng temperature, or intensity of sunlight by include up to 5 years in prison, Flori Fl da meeting intentionally releasing substances into the fines (e.g. up to $100,000), and and atmosphere. Makes such acts a felony; sets (revoking certain authority / Weather up reporting & oversight, etc. Duane Morris reporting requirements etc. Mont Bans many geoengineering practices like Passed March 6, 2025. Duane ana SB473 solar radiation management and Morris Government Strategies stratospheric aerosol injection, while C States with proposed l introduced bills to ban or limit geoengineering / weather modification (not yet fully law): These are examples of states where bills have been filed, but as of the latest info, they have not yet all become law. Kentucky — bill(s) introduced to ban theoretical geoengineering and weather modification. Louisville Public Media+2Duane Morris Government Strategies+2 Montana — SB473 proposes a geoengineering ban but with exceptions (e.g. cloud seeding) and awaiting approval of all passage and approval by governor. Duane Morris Government Strategies+22eolawwatch.com+2 New Hampshire — similar proposals. Vermont Daily Chronicle+l C• Rhode Island — bill(s) introduced. Duane Morris Government Strategies+l Pennsylvania — proposed bills. Duane Morris Government Strategies+l C EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502 December 13, 2005 The Honorable Kay Bailey Hutchison United States Senator 284 Russell Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Hutchison: This letter is in response to S. 517*, "the Weather Modification Research and Development Policy Authorization Act of 2005," reported out by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on November 17, 2005 (Senate Report No. 109-202). While the Administration recognizes the Committee's interest in weather modification research and development, there is a host of issues -- including liability, foreign policy, and national security concerns -- that arose in the past and should be adequately considered before the U.S. Government undertakes the coordinated national research program this legislation would require. The Administration respectfully requests that you defer further consideration of the bill pending the outcome of an inter -agency discussion of these issues that the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) would coordinate — with the Department of Justice on legal issues, with the Department of State on foreign policy implications, with the Departments of Defense and State on national security implications, and with pertinent research agencies to consider the reasons the U.S. Government previously halted its work in this area. At the conclusion of this review, the Administration would report back to you on the results of these discussions so you are fully apprised of all possible issues associated with authorizing a new Federal program on this topic. \ Specifically, the Administration believes concerns in the following areas must be better understood: 1) Local Political & Legal Ramifications Because small scale weather modification (e.g., cloud seeding) may promote rain in one area to the detriment of another, weather modification could result in inter -state (including Indian Tribes) litigation or private citizen litigation against the modification programs. The legal and liability issues pertaining to weather modification, and the potential adverse consequences on life, property, and water resource availability resulting from weather modification activities, must be considered fully before the U.S. Government could take responsibility for this new research program. 2) International and Foreign Policy Implications • Small and large scale (e.g., hurricane) weather modification efforts could benefit the United States to the detriment of other countries (such as Canada or Mexico). Given global weather patterns, whether one country "owns" its weather so as to assert intra- border control with extra -border consequences, must be considered under present international conventions. • The manner in which such a program could benefit or harm the present U.S. positions on foreign policy matters, such as global warming/climate change, should also be considered. 3) National Security Implications The U.S. Government's previous weather modification programs were part of our Cold War history; restarting them today could promote (possibly hostile) foreign responses. • In 1978, the United States became a party to an international treaty banning the use of weather modification for hostile purposes. While modification for peaceful purposes is allowed, whether well-intentioned programs could be considered "hostile" and perceived to violate this ban should be considered. 4) Research Issues • The Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) primary atmospheric and meteorological research focus is on improving weather forecasting, which has proven to save lives and property. NOAA abandoned weather modification activities some time ago in favor of other research areas that more directly relate to the agency's core mission and responsibilities. • Redirecting funding to focus on weather modification can shift funds away from other important programs such as research to improve weather forecasting capabilities for severe weather events and research to better understand climate variability and change. In addition to discussing these concerns on an interagency basis, and in recognition of your interest in this area, OSTP would be willing to charter a study to address the above issues. This study would be conducted by the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI), a federally chartered research and development center that provides objective, technical advice to OSTP. The study would address the history and current status of weather modification research. Such a study will help us understand the technical position of this field of science, the significance of the issues discussed above, and the field's historical context. The Administration requests that you not move forward with your legislative proposal until a better understanding can be developed of the full range of possible implications. thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, John H. Marburger, III Director cc: The Honorable Ted Stevens, Co -Chair Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation The Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, Co -Chair Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (End) ZERO Erl4r51, DrIIS[E4li D1>I\\1\/IRPI\TIO\1\ Till I4RIII I" 1'-1[�a ....I'.:... a -. I'. .\, I. NOT THIS Home About History Take Action - USA -States w Articles � Contact #ZG Rep Greene Announces Hearing on Weather and Climate Control 13 September 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Hearing is to be held September 16th, 2025 at 10 AM Eastern Time. Would be important to address U.S. military / NATO activities in this area, U.S. Congressional weather and atmospheric research funding, ICAMS, U.S. / United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) partnership, and the backbone of weather monitoring and experimentation: NEXRAD, satellites, and wireless communications infrastructures. Ultimately Congress must stop funding atmospheric interventions, repeal current policies and prohibit weather control. "WASHINGTON—Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency Chairwoman Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) today announced a hearing titled "playing God with the Weather — a Disastrous Forecast." During the hearing, the panel will hear from witnesses about weather control and geoengineering activities, including the federal government's role and the potential unintended consequences. Members will also examine the ethical and legal issues surrounding the use of weather and climate control technology." cowunrec on GVERSIGNr Published: Sep 11, 2025 About I Committee Activity Greene Announces Hearing on Weather and Climate Control Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Disastrous forecast.' During the hearing. the panel will hear from witnesses about weatner 23 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I H. R. 4403 Representative Greene introduced the "Clear Skies Act" _ "to prohibit weather modification within the United States, and for other purposes" The bill would provide criminal penalties of $100,000 for each violation and up A RILL to 5 ... Continue reading -a ....... ................... ■11�1111161117f�1�16161�I�ifII1�IIIli�Iif�ilfyliri�IEli�11111�1918 9 September 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com UWonC enG No.189 H.R.3838 Congressional spending bill H.R. 3838, "Streamlining N.11.za1 Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and A BILL ax....:,•. --• National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year fuu'nilix mxl I.r .M n 2026;' streamlines appropriations for military activities - 21.1 of the Department of Defense (DOD). The bipartisan ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 2 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Congressional spending prioritizes weapons and wars. s_zzss BILLIONS in appropriations are provided in S. 2296, the - "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026". The 1,454 page document includes funding for the Department of Defense ... Continue reading A BILL H. R. 4016 A BILL 19 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I USA Constitutions in 48 States include the requirement: "in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power! This essential foundation safeguarding the freedom of the American ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Por Mill I■1610■IAmilli 11111 1111111iIiTiIIEIITI6I EU TTT111 30 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I The Federal Weather Enterprise has been rebranded to the Federal Meteorological Enterprise. Introduced June 6, 2025, H.R. 3816 is the reauthorization of The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (H.R. 353) which ... Continue reading BI�I�t11617f�illli� III■181■■I■f�i i H. R. 1115 31 March 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I HR 1115, The Weather Radar Coverage Improvement Act, was introduced in Congress to replace or supplement the Next Generation Radar, or NEXRAD system. The proposal aims to fill "gaps" in NEXRAD coverage over the ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv 1914111111fill19INS114511 Sponsor: Rep. Lucas, Frank D. [R-OK-3] (Introduced 01/06/2017) Committees: House -Science, Space, and Technology Latest Action: 04/18/2017 Became Public Law No: 115-25 LINK TO Full DOCUMENT_BILLS- 115hr353 TITLE IV —FEDERAL WEATHER COORDINATION H. R. 353-2 Sec. 408. Department of Defense ... Continue reading -a ........ .................... PUBLIC LAW 115-25—APR. 18, 2017 131 STAT. 93 (1) Improving the fundamental understanding of weather consistent with section 101, including the boundary layer and other processes affecting high impact weather events. (2) Improving the understanding of how the public receives, interprets, and responds to warnings and forecasts of high impact weather events that endanger life and property. (3) Research and development, and transfer of knowledge, technologies, and applications to the National Weather Service and other appropriate agencies and entities, including the United States weather industry and academic partners, related to -- (A) advanced radar, radar networking technologies, and other ground -based technologies, including those empha- sizing rapid, fine -scale sensing of the boundary layer and lower troposphere, and the use of innovative, dual -polariza- tion, phased -array technologies; (B) aerial weather observing systems; (C) high performance computing and information tech- nology and wireless communication networks; (D) advanced numerical weather prediction systems and forecasting tools and techniques that improve the fore- casting of timing, track, intensity, and severity of high impact weather, including through— (i) the development of more effective mesoscale models; (ii) more effective use of existing, and the develop- ment of new, regional and national cloud -resolving models; Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept rn en�hin� lA?l llhon,wrinn CoMnrn Ti v..n..:mnn4e n.+d Annl_ ... a uavu avll, vvaca vault v)aucau uerca auacuua, uaiu <vaua- yses of Alternatives; (F) atmospheric chemistry and interactions essential to accurately characterizing atmospheric composition and predicting meteorological processes, including cloud micro - physical, precipitation, and atmospheric electrification proc- H.P-4302 e- ..-.- ............. 10 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Re: The United States Weather Industry) Proposed legislation titled "Improving Atmospheric River Forecasts Act," authorizes appropriations of $15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030 for weather management. Congressional weather control efforts of ... Continue reading Source Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy The NQAA, SABRE Project r 20?5 rie,v I-IstrJ T',e"I -esc i ig! [S qw U11915IRM19111111 1111111H IIT111111111AR11f1111911191 NEW II11 2 September 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) "works closely with other Offices, Laboratories, and Programs within NOAA, the University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), and ... Continue reading BI9111��111111111f�11811161616161Ei11�11�I6i�111 f51 ■III��III 5 September 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is a leading proponent of atmospheric experimentation and a partner of the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services (ICAMS). ICAMS "is the formal mechanism by which all relevant ... Continue reading rti Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ■I611III9II1AIE IFIIIIIHE11611149151111Bt6111111111 29 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I"Public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific - technological elite! -President Eisenhower, 1961 The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has been on the leading edge of promoting atmospheric experiments since the mid 20th century.... Continue reading 24 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com "Background: The mesosphere and lower thermosphere, at about 50- 120 km altitude, is often called the "ignorosphere" due to being too high for investigations using balloons and too low for probing with satellites. The ... Continue reading ........ _ .................. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy FOR MN 1-xv 0.1 A. 15 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I The CIA declassified Climate Control MEMORANDUM below dated November 22, 1960, states: "Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the ... Continue reading 13 August 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Weaponizing the atmosphere I "One application, from the fusion of nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, and microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS), is Smart Dust, networked molecular particles capable of measuring, collecting, and sending information remotely."— Quote ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv 3 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I An aspect of weather control that is becoming more widely understood is the use of electromagnetic radiation and microwaves as tools for observation: monitoring, data collection, and surveillance. Electromagnetic radiation may also be used ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ....... ................... liedefining Nma apans Cnv,gin6 C.gabiane e, 9n,mx��i.m. nd dkmnimLn�Ng•� 16 February 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I The Unrecognized Infrastructure of Weather Modification There are two federal laws specifically addressing weather modification. Additionally, there are 27 states plus Washington, D.C., that have some sort of pro - weather modification policies. (Florida and Louisiana repealed ... Continue reading 24 April 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Modification of the weather is not the only possible application of atmospheric experimentation. Legislation to enact policy related to weather modification activities is crucial for reigning in these unregulated interventions. Some bills are leaving ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Fmmnyop.hS ., >M MY tolr�y ofViewY -•.ac m aesee �cran, �. _iemm 1980 1 by Colonel Paul E. Levy I Major Michael A. Aquino "...this weapons system uses existing communications media. It seeks to map the minds of neutral and enemy individuals and then to change them in accordance with U.S. national ... Continue reading June 2, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I "In this Plan, we address priorities under the umbrella of science -for - service, guided by the priorities contained in the WMO Strategic Plan 2024-2027, and by a set of principles for Advancing Weather Research to Reduce ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie PoH Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ZERO Home About History Take Action NOT THIS USA -States � Articles � Contact 7ZG Outlaw and Defund Atmospheric Manipulation September 8, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I To halt harmful weather experimentation being conducted without public consent, it's necessary to defund and outlaw atmospheric manipulation, with measures that include enforcement and penalties. Governments and armed forces must be subject to prohibition on polluting atmospheric interventions. Related Military Chaff Contains PFAS The Atmosphere As Global Sensor? Activities once branded "geoengineering" are now discreetly bankrolled under terms such as "weather and air chemistry," and "atmospheric research." These rebranding efforts mask the continuation of hazardous programs that are slated to be funded through at least 2028. 72 structure or systems with an unfunded contingent liability in the event of cancellation. (f) REPORT. —Not later than two years after the date of the enact- ment of this subsection, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Rep- resentatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Trans- portation and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report evaluating the following: (1) The effectiveness of the initiative required under sub- section (b), including applied research discoveries and advanced modeling improvements achieved. (2) A best estimate of the overall value of high -resolution probabilistic forecast guidance for hazardous weather or water events (as such term is defined in section 406) using a nut -gen- eration weather forecast and warning framework. (3) The needs for cloud computing, quantum computing, or higgh-ppeerformonce computing, visualization, and dissemination collaboration between the Department of Energy and the Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (4) A timeline and guidance for implementation of the fol- lowing: (A) High -resolution numerical weather prediction models. (R) Mothndc fnr mootino tho rind rnmnatino nunntum Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept lla) IN ur:ve:a.u..—mere are autnonzea to oe appropnatea to A W e WL Ll . Ul VCCwuy MLu L Wnmpuwrxu l�V. W wry ULL4 W M title— ,oOfwwC— (A) 57 00 sau orize eahlaboratories and cooppeerative institutes; [(B) 530,758,000 is authorized for weather and air chem- istry research programs; and [(C) $20,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(bX4); [(2) $148,154,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which- -iTl�i $ST'L*8, Is au onz or weather laboratories for weather and air chain - is authorized for the joint technology scribed in section 102(b0h laboratories for weather and air chain - is authorized for the joint technology laboratories cooperative institutes; 73 [(B) $41,896,000 is authorized for weather and air chem- istry research programs; and [(C) $20,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(bX4); and 154 1 4 000 for fiscal ear 2023, of which— isMAis authorized or weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; [(B) $42,396,000 is authorized for weather and air chem- istry research programs; and [(C) $20,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(bX4). [(b) lmarAmcim—No additional funds are authorized to carry out this title and the amendments made by this title.] SEC. 110. AUTHOPJM170N OP APPROPR1AT10NS. (a) AUrmoR1zAr1ON of APPROPRIATTONs.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carryout this title the following: year ��g, of which — ((A) $90 its authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,000,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,000,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,000,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title. is au rue for weather laboratories Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept tmnc{or�initintina d~rihed in�rartinn 709. 1(4) of thi¢ tiflo nlillIc 4. A11 (3) $158,116,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which— T R09TR is aut4onzeafor weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,603,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,402,O00 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,302,000 is authorized for theoint teehnotoxy transfer initiative described in section 102(i)(4) of this tittle. (4)159 697, 000 or {seal year202,7 of which— 1,7` is`o au rtze r weather laboratories and cooperative institutes; (B) $30,909,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program; (C) $20,606,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and (D) $15,455,000 is authorized for the ,p�ooint technolooggy transfer initiative described in section 102(C4) of this title. (5) $161,294,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which — Source Several key U.S. federal laws need to be repealed to end these activities: • 1.5 U.S. Code Chapter 9A — WEATHER MODIFICATION ACTIVCI'lES OR ATTEMPTS; REPORTING REQUIREMENT • The National Weather Modification Policy Act of 1976 • The Global Change Research Act of 1990 • H.R. 353 T'he Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 Additionally, the recent reauthorization attempt of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act must be halted. Though it passed in the U.S. House, it has not yet cleared the Senate. [Contact committee members HERE to OPPOSE H.R. 6093] This initiative, under the guise of H.R. 6093 (The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023), would continue publicly funded atmospheric experimentation. It's important to be vigilant and recognize that bills which fail to pass can easily be renamed, renumbered, and resubmitted. H.R. 6093 The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023 118 rII CONGRESS He ZD SERe 6093 SESSION Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy To improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- tration's weather research, support improvements in weather forecasting and prediction, expand commercial opportunities for the provision of weather data, and for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 ffivs of the United States ofAinerica in Coiigress assembled, Sou rce In parallel to these federal policies, a number of states (including Washington, D.C.) have enacted weather modification laws without public consent. For a comprehensive list of U.S. State Policies refer to pages 61 & 62 of IT'S RAINING, IT'S POURING, WEATHER MODIFICATION. Potential problems associated with these activities include: ( • increased air, water, and environmental pollution including electromagnetic radiation • harm to people and all of nature • danger of flooding, drought, extreme weather conditions e environmental hazards such as the widespread use of silver iodide (AgI) in cloud seeding Pub C hem About 8109 Submit Contact COMPOUND SUMMARY Silver Iodide PubChem CID: 24563 ttt3 � Structure: 20 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy i t:nemwat aaretY: EnvirgvpnaMN .V 10 011QMc '.no I C Molecular Formula: Synonyms: Molecular weight: Dates: W.2" Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet Agl Silver Iodide 7783-96-2 Neosiluol Silver iodide (Ag0 Neosilvol 234.773 9/mol Modify: Create: 2019-10-26 2005-03-26 Pub ed° Advanced Soil rce Save Email > Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Nov:133:433-41, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.028. Epub 2016 Aug 9. Potential risk of acute toxicity induced by AgI cloud seeding on soil and freshwater biota C Fajardo 1, G Costa 2, LT Ortiz 3, M Nande i, M L Rodriguez-Membibre 3, M Martin 1 S Sanchez-Fortun 4 Affiliations t expand PMID:27517140 DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.028 Abstract Silver iodide is one of the most common nucleating materials used in cloud seeding. Previous cloud seeding studies have concluded that A91 is not practically bioavailable in the environment but instead remains in soils and sediments such that the free Ag amounts are likely too low to induce a toxicological effect However, none of these studies has considered the continued use of this practice Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy nn11n< I.no C Several U.S. states, including New York, Pennsylvania, and Montana, have constitutional provisions that explicitly grant their citizens the right to clean air, water, and a healthy environment. These legal protections are becoming increasingly relevant as both state and federal atmospheric research programs permit the release of known pollutants including electromagnetic radiation. Internationally, progress is being made. In 2023, Mexico enacted a ban on solar geoengineering experimentation. Meanwhile, twelve U.S. states introduced legislation to prohibit geoengineering experiments, including solar radiation modification (SRM). Tennessee successfully passed this legislation into law in 2024, reflecting a growing movement to prohibit these hazardous practices. But wait, how did we get here? In 1962, Vice President Lyndon Johnson discussed control of.the weather, stating: "he who controls the weather will control the world." Source Three years later... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie Policv Approvtla rvr rttlwtlatl ctltl vv�n : wh-nuroo�cvw:w'aw�rcw r �wcv-< mfm .n•rmv +.n..n.. _11n nl"Mc '.nl inc wniin nuu5n A Washington September 14, 1965 Dear Jack: COPY I thought your report to the Cabinet Monday on weather was exceptional. This is a field in which I want us to move ahead to make a breakthrough I am convinced is possible for us. Please express my appreciation to Secretary Hollomon and Dr. White for their contribution to the Cabinet and presentation to the press. I understand that both did fine jobs. If you think it appropriate, I would like to have your suggestions for a letter of commendation to Mr. Dunn and his staff in Miami on the job they did during the recent hurricane. Sincerely, /sl Lyndon B. Johnson Honorable John T. Connor Secretary of Commerce Washington, D. C. Approved For Release 2003/02/27 : CIA-RDP68R00530A000200110020-2 Letter to the Secretary of Commerce from President Johnson September 14, 196- Weather Modification Report Source What is Meteorology? Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy u,n n/1"Ic 1.1,, necessary for an assault on the problems of climate control. Control of any kind requires capabilities in all these areas. Meteorology is just now beginning to acquire such capabilities." Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013106/06 : CIA-RDP78-03425AO02100020014-2 • F 2. The Technological Basis for the Reexamination of the Feasibility of Climate Control Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the problems of climate control. Control of any kind requires capabilities in all three of theme areas. Meteorology is just now heginningto acquire such capabilities. Achievement of an understanding of the large-scale physical processes of the atmosphere has been a continuing process over many decades. However, during the past several years the systematic exploita- tion of observational information on a global scale has led to a coherent description of the manner in which the large-scale physical processes in the atmosphere operate to provide for the maintenance of the global Source The people of the USA and around the world didn't vote for any of this. The World Meteorological Organization (W MO), part of the United Nations (UN), has significant influence in coordinating global weather research policy, but it is not an elected body. The WMO's top decision -making group is called the World Meteorological Congress. This group, along with its Executive Council and six Regional Associations, plays a leading role in international decision -making and coordination of weather experimentation. One example is solar radiation modification (SRM) experimentation. In June 2023, a White House report mentioned the WMO's World Climate Research Program (WCRP) as a potential partner for international SRM collaboration. The WMO includes 193 member nations that collaborate and advance global weather experiments. llesnitp.the lark of nnhlir rongentunelertPd intPmatlnnathMiPq and nrivate nartnerc am driving fhe nnlicieq. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their 1 Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv WCRP_� World Climate Research Programme Strategic Plan 2019-2028 i s 'y i 'rA i �� tom. 4�.'. T •, $ jf wMow- �d. A •_ y. •�. +.yam_,-..... c. Source WCRP Atmospheric Processes And their Role in Climate (APARC) "The activities of APARC are governed and coordinated by the APARC leadeTship team that is composed of experts from around the world who dedicate their time to APARC's international activities. These include the R\RC Scientific titeeri Ig Group (SSG), who serve to guide APARC's scientific focus, targeted activities and their leaders, the WCRP joint Science Committee liaisons, and WCRP Secretariat officer, as well as the APARC International Project Office (IPO) that is located in Oberpfaffenhofen and sponsored by DLR." WCRP World Climate Research Programme * About WCRP unesco e . Core Projects Lighthouse Activities WCRP Academy Events News Resources Atmospheric Processes And Core Projects their Role in Climate (APARC) APARC AMJ�ak�r APARC website Founded in 1992, APARC (formely SPARC) is a core project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). APARC coordinates international research efforts that apply knowledge of the atmosphere to understanding of how atmospheric chemical and physical processes interact with Earth's climate system. APARC activities are organized under three overarching ( Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept Source Reference NOAA — Department of Commerce 2025 Budget Estimates NOAA Weather Modification Reports Make Sunsets Sulfur Dioxide Strategy Sulfur Dioxide I S02 1 CID 1119 — PubChem (nih.gov) NOAA Climate Prediction Center NOAA Weather Modification experiments through electromagnetism. 2023-2026 NASA FY 2025 Budget Estimates Department of Energy FY 2025 Budget DOE FY 2025 Science FY 202S DOE Budget Justification National Science Foundation 2025 Budget Request to Congress DO'D FY2025 Budget Request US Global Change 2022-2031 Strategic Plan Congressional Appropriations U.S. Senate March 2024 NOAA, NASA, Department of Energy USGCRP FY 2024 Our Changing Planet Congressionally Mandated Research Plan and an Initial Research Governance Framework Related to Solar Radiation Modification 2023 WMO Basic Documents 2023 WMO Future of Weather and Climate Forecasting 2021 WMO and World Bank sign action plan to scale up collaboration 2019 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy nnvmc I.na World Weather Research Programme ImOlernentation Plan T June 2, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I "In this Plan, we address priorities under the umbrella of science -for - service, guided by the priorities contained in the WMO Strategic Plan 2024-2027, and by a set of principles for Advancing Weather Research to Reduce ... Continue reading Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology Management Group 2018 CAeM Operating Plan: 2016-2019 update and 2020-2023 preparation Link To Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology 2018 Link To d06_Att1_wmo- sp-2020-2023-scheme-29-Nov-2017 Link To WMO Satellite Activities and Strategic Perspectives WMO CPrivacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept N11Y1c 1.41 rd- C Peer Renew Report on Global Preolpltation Enhancement Ac tles �aa�rr.P> o� a. :Yt iA.h Y' © World Meteorological Organization, 2018 The WMO Expert Team on Weather Modification acknowledges with gratitude the financial support provided by the United Arabian Emirates and would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. Link To FINAL_WWRP_2018_13DF "An ... Continue reading United Nations (UN) WMO National Weather Modification Projects I ZeroGeoengineering.com I WMO e-Library World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Research Programme 1984 and 1985 "The present publication is the tenth of its kind and is based on ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept A ■101111111Ilia mill 1111f�i11�1819fiyI111111�Ci61111111111111111111 July 16, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I NOAA budget SST proposal — $6,560,975,000 to own the weather in 2025 ESTIWI.s I Controlling the weather has been a priority for the m United States and other governments for decades. In -� 1961 President John F. Kennedy ... Continue reading July 30, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I What is global change research ? "...the nine most terrifying words in the English language are: I'm from the Government, and I'm here to help." ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept 1 -1 In N19NC '.49 June 20, 2023 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Acknowledged in the 2022 EU report, Geo-engineering: JAC TECHNICAL flEPORT A roadmap towards international guidelines, is the GRo,Hnipneennq A ROMmaO TDM'arla history of "research" to deliberately change the climate, Inhmallonal GUlEellnes and the secret cooperation between the Soviet Union and United States on ... Continue reading $ ........................... ■IIIIIIIIf�iIBI1111f1�11111�1�11111€ill XePurl on Critical Per. and P.1,11.aro dk,l Subvlanca U. e....... _._ .... ........ August 18, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Worldwide efforts are underway to ban Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), known also as "forever chemicals." From the Clean Water Action factsheet, PFAS are defined as a class of human -made chemicals that are incredibly persistent ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept —P in 06/I1N< 7..N I 2020 1 CIA FOIA Library lWeather Modification, Meteorology, Weather Forecasting, Satellites, Cloud Seeding I *Note: Agency has removed many source links. ZG downloaded files are included for this reason* _ 29 June 2016 1 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) Geoengineering Link ... Continue reading PlasmIII■■n.19011B BIBIII■I9116111■191■191■111minim 1911911111■■I■ a = }rr >ea �• ZeroGeoengineering.com I CIA Publication Date: July 14, 1952 1 Declassified August 19, 2011 1 LINK TO _Document_CIA-RDP80-00809A000700070284-8 LINK TO THE PROBLEM OF THE APPLICATION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE FORM OF AEROSOLS ( Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept nrionc 1.:11 13 August 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Weaponizing the atmosphere I "One application, from the fusion of nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, and microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS), is Smart Dust, networked molecular particles capable of measuring, collecting, and sending information remotely."— Quote ... Continue reading Im CI11111111Bill 1III 1111111IN1117oil mill 111m111111111 BI gig 1111 IN 111111111 11111■/1111111 March 6, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I NATO's Role in Shaping Environmental Policies Key Points: NATO's Influence on Global Standards Environmental Protection as a Racket Evolution into Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) EPA's Historical Failures IT ALL STARTS HERE... NATO is a ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polio Close and accept nri ai�c -r.w June 26, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I OP-ED By PA Sen. Doug Mastriano Weather and climate modification are becoming increasingly prominent topics in public discussions, particularly considering current climate conditions and ( extreme weather events. Although geoengineering might seem novel to some, the ... Continue reading Send a message to your legislators to ban atmospheric manipulation I IERE More info email: directorR�'zerogeoengineering.com To get involved in your state email: contactGAmericans4aCleanAtmosphere.com Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy I, - nI I,,c zoo ZERO lilt itni Ulillil]4ML ❑t MXA IVIMl \110%1\flll i;1!i.. NOT THIS Home About History Take Actions USA -States � Articles— Contact #ZG Why Are Governments Gaslighting the Public on Geoengineering? 2 December 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Everyone knows about geoengineering. There are decades of paper trails leading back to programs, proponents and budgets. Meanwhile, there is major opposition and lack of public consent to geoengineering reflected in legislation to ban atmospheric interventions. Perhaps mainstream media, academics and government agencies keep rebranding and gaslighting the public about geoengineering and other atmospheric experimentation to avoid liability. 2007 EPA Geoengineering Report Acknowledges Potential Legal Liability for Adverse Consequences: "Minimizing or at least efficiently handling any resulting legal liability for alleged adverse consequences. It appears likely that any attempt to implement engineered climate selection will result in lawsuits claiming damages for adverse weather conditions allegedly resulting from the project." -p.4 NCEE/� NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 11 at vcvcugtatcct mill; ■a a uc a-u at ocu otcp a uttaa to "munt 3 Climate Change Control, How Could It Best Be Implemented? Alan Carlin Working Paper Series Working Paper # 07-04 January, 2007 JN,ZED ST4TFS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Center for Environmental Economics o 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (MC 1809) Washington, DC 20460 ;F~lgL PROSE' o http://www.epa.gov/economics If Geoengineering Is the Best First Step Towards Global Climate Change Control, How Could It Best Be Implemented? Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Abstract If, as argued elsewhere, geoengineering represents the most efficient and effective first step i towards a solution of the global climate change problem, it is important to analyze how such a l geoengineering effort might best be organized. A number of possible organizations are discussed and criteria are proposed for judging between them. The paper concludes that since different phases of the program can be carried on by different organizations, involving one or a possibly only a few countries would appear to offer advantages for the early and less politically sensitive research and plan development while international organizations would appear to offer important advantages for the later implementation and maintenance phases. An important question is whether the international organization should be very broadly representative of all nations, such as the United Nations, or have a narrower membership, say of developed countries willing to contribute resources towards actually implementing a plan once it has been agreed to. C Keywords: Global warming control, global climate change control, implementation, organizational analysis Subject arras: Climate change. environmental policy, institutional issues: general Introduction There has been increasing interest' in 2006 in the possibility of using geoengineering to solve, or at least to help solve, global climate change problems. Geoengineering has been defined by Keith'- as "intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment." The particular proposals that have received the most interest involve adding small particles to the stratosphere to scatter a little of the incoming sunlight so that it does not reach the Earth. The result would be a reduction in global temperatures that would offset the higher temperatures which many scientists believe result from increasing levels of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere. This approach is very different from the currently popular proposals to attempt to reduce man- made emissions of these gases in that average global temperatures would be directly determined by explicit human decisions rather than indirectly affected by human decisions to increase or decrease greenhouse gas emissions. I have previously argued that such intentional reductions in solar radiation reaching the Earth. which I have referred to as engineered climate selection, represent the most effective and efficient first step towards solution of most of the problems associated with climate change. The practical question arises, however, as to how engineered climate selection (or other geoengineering approaches) might actually be implemented in organizational terms. Even the best program may turn out badly if it is badly implemented. It is particularly important that such a program be well and carefully implemented because of the risk of unintended consequences ° Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Presumably the goals of any such implementation might usefully include the following: (1) Global political legitimization of the activity. People and governments are likely to want some assurance that their interests are being heard and taken into account by any organization that would be charged with carrying out geoengineering projects. (2) Rapidly reaching physical climate change control goals. Since one of the reasons for selecting engineered climate selection and some other geoengineering approaches is the rapidity with which they could be implemented from a technical viewpoint, this should also be an important criterion in selecting an organization to do the implementation. (3) Capability for intermediate course corrections in case of important new information. Although it is well established that at least some technical approaches to engineered climate selection would be effective in controlling global temperatures, there are a 'William J. Broad, How to Cod a Planet /Maybe)," N.Y. Taws. June 27, 2006, PJ. Cru6m Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sultitr ltijection.s: a Cnnnihurion r(oResins e a Polin Dilrmtna:'. CLLUATK CH9FGF Aug. 2006: T.M.L Wigley, A Combined Mitigatutwreoenginearing Approach to Climate Stabilization, SCL, October 20, 2006: Scientists: Pollution Could Combat Global Warming. Associated Press.. November 16. 2006. available at htts/lwww nnc m/2M)ITECH/sc' nce/11/16/x e.warmine.aggindex.hLm1 Z [}avid Keith, Geoengineerig the Climate: History• and Prospect. 25 ANNUAL REVIEW ENexotr ENv®toN 245 (2000), available at huo://wwµ i�1y c:J-kei�hlperorrsl't6 Keith'OOo C�oenyiceerinp HiStCSRandProscect a atf s Alan Carlin, Global Climate Change Controb Is Them a Better Strategy than Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions? 155 PENN LAW REV. No. 6 (hate, 2007), forthcoming. 4 Op. cit., Section 6 ( number of unanswered questions that need research and development.5 Such research may result in the need for mid -course corrections in any implementation program, and therefore the need to provide for an organizational capability to bring this about. (4) Careful implementation and testing. Given the risk of unintended consequences, careful testing, subscale experiments, and quality control of all aspects of the program would be essential. (5) Minimizing or at least efficiently handling any resulting legal liability for alleged adverse consequences. It appears likely that any attempt to implement engineered climate selection will result in lawsuits claiming damages for adverse weather conditions allegedly resulting from the project.6 Unless these are prohibited in some way or greatly minimized, this could greatly impede the program. (6) Minimizing implementation costs. Since one of the reasons for selecting engineered climate selection is its very low cost in terms of resources, this should also be an important criterion in selecting an organization to implement it. (7) Organization has positive view towards program and capability to manage high technology projects. Those strongly opposed to engineered climate selection are unlikely to be willing to give it a serious try. Implementation Phases There would appear to be a number of phases that any engineered climate selection or other geoengineering program might ideally follow: (a) The first phase might be research to better understand any critical uncertainties of such a program and try to find ways to reduce any that may be found. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy possimy wtm mcwtncauons mat trey may want. n/1111z 1.11 (d) The fourth might be to implement the plan and possibly revise it on the basis of new information gained after plan approval. (e) The last might be to maintain the resulting system after initial implementation. Not all these phases need be carried out done by the same organization. Some Alternative Implementation Organizations The quickest and probably simplest approach (A) would be for one nation with the needed technical and financial resources to carry out all phases of the project, perhaps with the assistance of contracts to the best qualified aerospace or possibly other companies to carry out each phase. To my knowledge there is currently nothing to prevent such a nation from doing exactly this. The cost would be quite small compared to major military weapon systems and the administrative procedures for such systems development are fairly well established in most countries with large military development programs. And the initial implementation could 'Lowell Wood, Earrh Albedo Engineering, presentation to Energy and Engineering Study Group, Ltwrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, April 7. 2005. See supra note 3, Section 6. ! probably be accomplished in a few years time if there were no delays caused by non -technical Issues. One obvious possibility at the opposite extreme would be (C) the United Nations. They are already deeply involved in climate change issues and have an established organization to deal with them. An intermediate possibility (B) might be an organization of the countries listed in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol that are interested and willing to make a financial contribution to the effort. One existing such organization might be the OECD. Another possibility might be NATO; although it does not include several of the Annex I nations, it does have experience with huge aerospace procurements. Since the less developed countries have been adamant in their view that the climate change problem has been caused by the developed countries and that it is the latter's responsibility to solve it, the choice of an organization representing developed countries would seem appropriate. Presumably only those countries willing to make a financial contribution would be involved so as to minimize the number of players and improve the speed with which decisions can be arrived at. It would also seem reasonable for the organization to retain control over all policy issues but to contract out the actual implementation, presumably on the basis of competitive bidding. Comparison of Organizations using Criteria So how do these organizational alternative fare in general in terms of the criteria listed at the beginning of this paper? (1) Global Political Legitimization Of the three options listed above, the greatest political legitimization would presumably result fmm ttsinp W1 the United Nations. _Reurictinu_ the countries involved. a¢ in IRl arui nar iculadv Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy -A :w UAV"VG l UM U LMI 51MV IGWG vVl\ MC 11w ly w IG Wt w gsvmGl bpM A.'W 11u luus a solution. Thus (A) would be the best, followed by (B) and then (C) under this criterion. (3) Capability for intermediate course corrections in case of important new information This criterion relates to the structure of the endeavor —in this case whether there are provisions for such mid -course corrections. Presumably this capability could be equally well included in all three —although there may be differences between them in how long they might take to actually implement the plan. (4) Careful implementation and testing This once again relates to the structure of the endeavor and could presumably be included in all three organizational approaches. (5) Minimizing or Handling Any Resulting Legal Liability for Alleged Adverse Consequences As discussed elsewhere,7 this is likely to be a significant problem with regard to any of the three approaches. Presumably there are ways to set up a geoengineering climate change control program that either minimizes such liability or at least provides for an orderly way to settle such 7 Op, cit. disputes. This is obviously an important area for future legal research on this topic. To what extent would the exemption provisions of the Federal Tort Claims Act apply if the geoengineering were carried out solely by the United States Government? What if the alleged damages occurred elsewhere or other governments or organizations were involved? A simple- minded answer would seem to be that the fewer countries involved the fewer the complications, but this may be overly simplistic. So the application of this criterion will be summarized as unknown but possibly favoring fewer countries being involved. (6) Minimizing costs Presumably the more countries there are involved, the higher the cost of deciding what to do. And the greater likelihood that some country or countries will have to be "bought off' by added expenditures desired by that country. So using this criterion, the best approach would appear to be (A), (B), and (C), in that order. However, since the costs should be modest, this may not be a major consideration. (7) Organization has positive view towards program and capability to manage high technology projects The United Nations has been so closely identified with an emissions reduction approach to global climate change control that one can question whether they would be likely to give geoengineering a fair trial. It also may not have much experience running high technology aerospace projects. So count this criterion as favoring (A) of (B). Conclusions with Regard to Implications for Choice of Organization in General Legitimization (1) appears to favor (C), the United Nations, while criteria (2) and (6) favor (A), a single country approach. Criterion (5) has an unknown impact and needs further research, but may possibly favor (A). Criterion (7) argues against (C). The other criteria appear to be neutral between the various approaches. Discussion Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie _Policy would appear to he fundamental to a successful effort. If so, that leaves (B) and (C). Option (C) N looks somewhat unwieldy and cumbersome, but offers some advantages in terms of increased political legitimization. 7be experience to date, primarily the experience in drafting the Kyoto Protocol, is not particularly encouraging since in order to gabs LDC support, the developed nations felt that they had to agree to shoulder the entire bill, which in turn contributed to lack of support for the Protocol in the United States and Australia. One possibility would be for one country to carry out (a) the research, since no implementation decisions would be made during this phase. In the case of the United States, one possibility might be the use of an organization modeled on the US Defense Department's Advance Research Projects Agency (or ARPA-E for short) such as Lane has proposed.s A draft version of (b) the implementation plan might also be done by a single country, but interaction with other countries ' tee lane, Strategic Options for Bash Administration Climate Poling. AEI Press, Washington. DC, 2006, at 90-95 and political legitimization would be more important as the plan development progressed in order for it (c) to be accepted by other countries. Phase (c) would clearly be better done by an international organization. Finally, the (d) actual implementation and (e) maintenance would also be better handled by a politically very legitimate international organization. Conclusions It would appear that there would be some advantages for (a) research and (b) initial testing and implementation plan development to be done by a single country (as under approach A). or at least a small group of countries (as under approach B), while (c) plan acceptance, (d) initial implementation, and (e) maintenance is carried out by an international organization such as under approaches (B) or (C). In that way it might be possible to capture the advantages of using approaches (A) or (B) under criteria (2) and (6) for the initial phases while emphasizing legitimization (1) in the later phases by using (B) or (Q. Source EPA Is geoengineering the first best step towards global climate change control 2007 Related Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept _,A nil'llc 1.n4 R BI GiEi�i� is§If IEi31Ii;i�l� i`al��bl�li'EIf1lIE6Iblblbi �Ibi(bl6iliEE �i ACCRI A Report on the Way Forward as W ee M1e Review of Rnearch Cape and Prioririn y.neM MM1erni.u.a..W a.reae LrnpM,ee L 8 \'rnCe.lu PIUMe+P Mebryn, OiIL ZeroGeoengineering.com I An August 2008 report details the systematic process of distributing chemical aerosol emissions on a regional and global platform via aviation. The FAA developed the Aviation Climate Change Research Initiative (ACCRI) in partnership with the EPA, NOAA, NASA, ... Continue reading The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) was established by Congress in 1990 and is comprised of 15 federal agencies including the EPA and FAA ( via the Department of Transportation). .�. I1IjI'l a .- e 0 0 Ili On n. ameba x_ TITI� �4 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Source Close and accept ..Cn N,o Plc 1.14 ZER Home About History Take Action - USA -States � Articles � Contact #ZG 2023-2024 Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment January 3, 2022 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I EPCAPE 2023-2024: Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment I Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv ARM Mobile Facility 1 40"As Guest Instrument Guidance Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment Image Source The U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) agency are among numerous alphabet agencies collaborating with national and international partners to engage in a wide range of questionable experimentation in our atmosphere and environment. As Eisenhower stated in his farewell address to the nation in 1961, "Public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific -technological elite." EPCAPE (Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment) is scheduled for February 15, 2023 — February 14, 2024, in the eastern pacific, north of San Diego, California to study cloud aerosol interactions and radiative properties. LINK Is there a relationship between increasing weather extremes and man-made "weather" resulting from such experimentation? Safety regulations and the prohibition of hazardous weather interventions are urgently Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv IV,ONC I.nC r C C "The focus of this project is to characterize the extent, radiative properties, aerosol interactions, and precipitation characteristics of stratocumulus clouds in the Eastern Pacific across all four seasons at a coastal location, such as the Scripps Pier and the Scripps Mt. Soledad sites in La Jolla." Campaign Data Sets IOP PARTICIPANT DATA SOURCE NAME Raquel Rodriguez Monte Multi -Frequency mm-Wave Radar such as the CloudCube. Its, W., and G-bend retrievals Raquel Rodriguez Monte Multi -Frequency mm-Wave Radar such as the CloudCube. G-bend Radar Instantaneous Doppler Spectra Raquel Rodriguez Morue Mult4requency mm-Wave Radar such as the CloudCube. G-band Radar Doppler Spectra Moments Lynn Russell Particulate Mauer and Gases Lynn Russell Gulckdook plots EPC Data Sources NAME FULL NAME AcsN Aerosol Chemical Speciabon Monitor ACSNCDCE ACSM, corrected for composition -dependent collection efficiency AERI Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer AERINF AERI Noise Filtered AETH Aelhalometer ADD-MFRSR Aerosol Optical Depth (ADD) denved from MFRSR measurements AOP Aerosol Optical Properties ACS Aerosol Observing System Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv FINAL DATA Order Data y Orde,Data x Older Dora Order Data a Order Data i BROWSE DATA Browse Data'_^ Browse Date r3 Browse Data ,? .Browse Data Browse Data Browse Data 2 Browse Data t; Browse Data {', Close and accept Related: White House Promotes Environmental Warfare SO2 Aerosol Injection • Zero Geoengineering NSF Funding Sulfate Aerosol Injection 2023 • Zero Geoengineering NOAA Chemical. Sciences Laboratory Schedules & Flight Planning • Zero Geoengineering HAARP RF Radiation "Experiments" Underway • Z,ER0 5G To learn more about advocating for a ban on Geoengineering and other atmospheric hazards, please email: d i rec torC(t,ze rogeoen gin eering. com. b Documents Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ADAPTATION White House is pushing ahead research to cool Earth by reflecting back sunlight PUBLISHED THU. OCT 13 2022.1:35 PM EDT UPDATED TUE, OCT 1a 2022.3:59 PM EDT toCatherine Clifford O IN:CATCLIFFORD' dCATCLIFFORD KEY POINTS WATCH LIVE SHARE f The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy is coordinating a five-year research plan to study ways of modifying the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth in order to temporarily temper the effects of global warming. There are several kinds of sunlight -reflection technology being considered, including stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening and cirrus cloud thinning. ` Stratospheric aerosol injection involves spraying an aerosol like sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, and because it has the potential to affect the entire globe, often gets the most attention. While arguments of moral hazard have handicapped research efforts, the idea is getting more urgent attention in the worsening climate crisis. LIVESQIBEgM FREE ACCOUNT CNBC r Full frame sun, Climate change, Heatwave hot sun, Global warming from the sun and burning Chuchart Duangdaw / Moment / Getty Images The White House is coordinating a five-year research pl_n to study ways of modifying the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth to temper the effects of global warming, a process sometimes called solar geoengineering or sunlight reflection. The research plan will assess climate interventions, including spraying aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight back into space, and should include goals for research, what's necessary to analyze the atmosphere, and what impact these kinds of climate interventions may have on Earth, according to the White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy. Congress directed the research plan be produced in its spending -plan for 2022, which President Toe Biden signed in_March. Some of the techniques, such as spraying sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, are known to have harmful effects on the environment and human health. But scientists and climate leaders who are concerned that humanity will overshoot its emissions targets say research is important to figure out how best to balance these risks against a possibly catastrophic rise in the Earth's temperature. *LIVESOWONI FREE ACCOUNT CNBC Stanley Robinson's science fiction novel, "The Ministry for the Future," a heat wave in India kills 20 million Mplg and out of desperation, India decides to implement its own strategy of limiting the sunlight that gets to Earth. Chris Sacca, the founder of climate tech investment fund Lowercarbon Capital, said it's prudent for the White House to be spearheading the research effort. "Sunlight reflection has the potential to safeguard the livelihoods of billions of people, and it's a sign of the White House's leadership that they're advancing the research so that any future decisions can be rooted in science not geopolitical brinkmanship," Sacca told CNBC. (Sacca has donated money to support research in the area, but said he has "zero financial interests beyond philanthropy" in the idea and does not think there should be private business models in the space, he told CNBC) Harvard professor David Keith, who first worked on the topic in 1989, said it's being taken much more seriously now. He points to formal statements of support for researching sunlight reflection from the Environmental Defense Fund, the Union of Concerned Scientists, and the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the creation of a new group he advises called the `ClirnaLe Overshoot Commission, an international group of scientists and lawmakers that's e evaluating climate interventions in preparation for a world that warms beyond what the Paris Climate Accord recommended. To be clear, nobody is saying sunlight -reflection modification is the solution to climate change. Reducing emissions remains the priority. "You cannot judge what the country does on solar -radiation modification without looking at what it is doing in emission reductions, because the priority is emission reductions," said Janos Pasztor, executive director of the Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative. "Solar -radiation modification will never be a solution to the climate crisis." Three ways to reduce sunlight The idea of sunlight reflection first appeared prominently in a 1965 report to President Lyndon B. Johnson, entitled "Restoring the Quality of Our Environment,Keith told CNBC. The ( report floated the idea of spreading particles over the ocean at a cost of $100 per square mile. A nne nerrent rhanue in the. reflertivity nfthe Fnrth wmild rnct $5On millinn ner vear. which _Ift OL1VEs4WJE0M FREE ACCOUNT CNBC human importance of climate." The estimated price tag has gone up since then. The current estimate is that it would cost $10 billion per year to run a program that cools the Earth by 1 degree Celsius, said Edward A. Parson, a professor of environmental law at UCLA's law school. But that figure is seen to be remarkably cheap compared to other climate change mitigation initiatives. A landmark report released in March 2021 from the National Academies of Sciences,. Engineeri g, and Medicine addressed three kinds of solar geoengineering: stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening, and cirrus cloud thinning. Stratospheric aerosol injection would involve flying aircraft into the stratosphere, or between 10 miles and 30 miles skyward, and spraying a fine mist that would hang in the air, reflecting some of the sun's radiation back into space. "The stratosphere is calm, and things stay up there for a long time," Parson told CNBC. "The atmospheric life of stuff that's injected in the stratosphere is between six months and two years." Stratospheric aerosol injection "would immediately take the high end off hot extremes," Parson said. And also it would "pretty much immediately" slow extreme precipitation events, he said. "The top -line slogan about stratospheric aerosol injection, which I wrote in a paper more than 10 years ago — but it's still apt — is fast, cheap and imperfect. Fast is crucial. Nothing else that we do for climate change is fast. Cheap, it's so cheap," Parson told CNBC. "And it's not imperfect because we haven't got it right yet. It's imperfect because the imperfection is embedded in the way it works. The same reason it's fast is the reason that it's imperfect, and there's no way to get around that." One option for an aerosol is sulfur dioxide, the cooling effects of which are well known from volcanic eru tP ions. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, for instance, spewed thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, causing global temperatures to drop temp ro arilY��y about 1 degree Fahrenheit, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. *LIVES4W-M FREE ACCOUNT IRA CNBC r A giant volcanic mushroom cloud explodes some 20 kilometers high from Mount Pinatubo above almost deserted US Clark Air Base, on June 12,1991 followed by another more powerful explosion. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo on June 15, 1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century. Arlan Naeg /Afp / Getty Images There's also a precedent in factories that burn fossil fuels, especially coal. Coal has some sulfur that oxidizes when burned, creating sulfur dioxide. That sulfur dioxide goes through other chemical reactions and eventually falls to the earth as sulfuric acid in rain. But during the time that the sulfur pollution sits in the air, it does serve as a kind of insulation from the heat of the sun. Ironically, as the world reduces coal burning to curb the carbon dioxide emissions that cause global warming, we'll also be eliminating the sulfur dioxide emissions that mask some of that warming. "Sulfur pollution that's coming out of smokestacks right now is masking between a third and a half of the heating signal from the greenhouse gases humans have already emitted into the atmosphere," Parson said. In other words, we've been doing one form of sunlight reflection for decades already, but in an uncontrolled fashion, explained Kelly Wanser, the executive director of SilverLining, an ,DNA @LIVESM1111S 11M FREE ACCOUNT CNBC "This isn't something totally new and Frankenstein — we're already doing it; we're doing it in the most dirty, unplanned way you could possibly do it, and we don't understand what we're doing," Wanser told CNBC. Spraying sulfur in the stratosphere is not the only way of manipulating the amount of sunlight that gets to the Earth, and some say it's not the best option. "Sulfur dioxide is likely not the best aerosol and is by no means the only technique for this. Cloud brightening is a very promising technique as well, for example," Sacca told CNBC. Marine cloud brightening involves increasing the reflectivity of clouds that are relatively close to the surface of the ocean with techniques like spraying sea salt crystals into the air. Marine cloud brightening generally gets less attention than stratospheric aerosol injection because it affects a half dozen to a few dozen miles and would potentially only last hours to days, Parson told CNBC. Cirrus cloud thinning, the third category addressed in the 2021 report from the National Academies, involves thinning mid -level clouds, between 3.7 and 8.1 miles high, to allow heat to escape from the Earth's surface. It is not technically part of the "solar geoengineering" umbrella category because it does not involve reflecting sunlight, but instead involves increasing the release of thermal radiation. Known risks to people and the environment There are significant and well-known risks to some of these techniques — sulfur dioxide aerosol injection, in particular. First, spraying sulfur into the atmosphere will "mess with the ozone chemistry in a way that might delay the recovery of the ozone layer," Parson told CNBC. The Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987 regulates and phases out the use of ozone depleting substances, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which were commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioners, but that healing_process is still going on. Also, sulfates injected into the atmosphere eventually come down as acid rain, which affects soil, water reservoirs, and local ecosystems. IA OLIVEsgwA3= FREE ACCOUNT CNBC C41 The question, then, is whether these known effects are more or less harmful than the warming they would offset. "Yes, damaging the ozone is bad, acid deposition is bad, respiratory illness is bad, absolutely. And spraying sulfur in the stratosphere would contribute in the bad direction to all of those effects," Parson told CNBC. "But you also have to ask, how much and relative to what?" The sulfur already being emitted from the burning of fossil fuels is causing environmental damage and is already killing between 10 million to 20 million people a year due to respiratory illness, said Parson. "So that's the way we live already," he said. Meanwhile, "the world is getting hotter, and there will be catastrophic impacts for many people in the world," said Pasztor. "There's already too much carbon out there. And even if you stop all emissions today, the global temperature will still be high and will remain high for hundreds of years. So, that's why scientists are saying maybe we need something else, in addition — not instead of — but maybe in addition to everything else that is being done," he said. "The current action/nonaction of countries collectively — we are committing millions of people to death. That's what we're doing." For sunlight -reflection technology to become a tool in the climate change mitigation toolbox, awareness among the public and lawmakers has to grow slowly and steadily, according to TyMIr FFIgenhauer, a researcher at Duke University who studies public policy and risk. "If it is to rise on to the agenda, it'll be kind of an evolutionary development where more and more environmental groups are willing to state publicly that they're for research," Felgenhauer told CNBC. "We're arguing it's not going to be some sort of one big, bad climate event that makes us all suddenly adopt or be open to solar geoengineering — there will be more of a gradual process." OO LIVESRl869A11! FREE ACCOUNT CNBC rd- A man waits for customers displaying fans at his store amid rising temperatures in New Delhi on May 27, 2020. - India is wilting under a heatwave, with the temperature in places reaching 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) and the capital enduring its hottest May day in nearly two decades. Jewel Samad ( Afp / Getty Images Research it now or be caught off guard later? Some environmentalists consider sunlight relfection a "moral hazard." because it offers a relatively easy and inexpensive alternative to doing the work of reducing emissions. One !xperiment to study stratospheric aerosols by the Keutsch Group at Harvard was called off' in 2021 due to opposition. The experiment would "threaten the reputation and credibility of the climate leadership Sweden wants and must pursue as the only way to deal effectively with the climate crisis: powerful measures for a rapid and just transition to zero emission societies, 100 % renewable energy and shutdown of the fossil fuel industry," an open letter from apponents said. But proponents insist that researching sunlight -modification technologies should not preclude emissions -reduction work. "Even the people like me who think it's very important to do research on these things and to develop the capabilities all agree that the urgent top priority for managing climate change is A *LIVESGI111ISIi! FREE ACCOUNT CNBC Keith of Harvard agreed, saying that "we learn more and develop better mechanism[s] for r C governance. Doing research is also important because many onlookers expect that some country, facing an unprecedented climate disaster, will act unilaterally to will try some version of sunlight modification anyway — even if it hasn't been carefully studied. "In my opinion, it's more than 90 percent likely that within the next 20 years, some major nation wants to do this," Parson said. Sacca put the odds even higher. "The odds are 100 percent that some country pursues sunlight reflection, particularly in the wake of seeing millions of their citizens die from extreme weather," Sacca told CNBC. "The world will not stand idly by and leaders will feel compelled to take action. Our only hope is that by doing the research now, and ii and best methods for any future Correction: The Climate Overshot sunlight reflection. VIDEO 21:22 How nuclear power is changing Ift CNBC H-10 visas mderstand the upsides tement ofsupport for CLIVESCIMO !FREE ACCOUNT ZERO 11L,AL4 Utt l a I R A I 111 LN AV 1A1IK%LUION IA Ilit. LkK I • . ,1 1 1 ,_.. ... .III 11 f. ,A NARRL- ib � NOT Home About History Take Action w USA -States i, Articles i, Contact #ZG Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations 3 January 2018 1 ZeroGec engi neering.com I H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, "Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations," in IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 20736-20753, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2755678. "Since weather plays a dominant role in military operations, therefore, any ability to control it can bring a significant change in the war scenario. ",o u A h aa. h,. J ,., , h- .r .: .A..n:.. t.n.'.n,. ��. 1 . Wi .'1111,, . ..., :hH Au Ih. an kLa..lnv„r..IveJ lu p6:..a .,i. •.n. :, 1 .. , y1 � 1 `•• Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations Hemani Kaushal. Member IEEE and Georges Kaddoum, Member IEEE Abstract— Laser technology has observed a great advancement over the last few decades. This technology is used for a wide range of applications including medical sciences, military, industrial manufacturing, electronics, holography, spectroscopy. astronomy and much mare. Military operations often demand a secure and timely transmission of a massive amount of information from one place to another. Until now, the military has relied on the radio spectrum for eReetiye communication, which is vulnerable insecurity threats and susceptible to electromagnetic interference (FNII). Also, this spectrum is hard-pressed to ravel the current bandwidth requirement for high -resolution images, on -air video conrerencing and real -lime datu Transfer. Therefore, the hlcus has shifted to visible and infrared (fR) spectrum using laser technology which is capable of providing secure data transfer because of its immunity to ENII. The probability of intercepting a laser signal is very low due to Its narrow beam divergence and coherent optical beam, looking the laser a suitable candidate for secure military tactical operations- Resides the communication aspect. the highly directive nature or a laser beam 6 also used as a directed energy laser weapon. These highly powerful and light weighted directed energy laser weapons are very cost-effective countermeasures for airborne threats. Furthermore- laser sensors 1 INTRODUCTION Laser technology has observed great scientific developments and engineering improvements that make it usable for various commercial, industrial. medical and scientific applications. The lairs have already brought great benefits in photography, spectroscopy, holography, d.,a storage. surgery and much more. It uses the phenomenon of stimulated emission to generate a coherent optical Manz that offers a wide variety of functionelities for various applications. There are variety of lasers available in the market today with different wavelengths. spectral bandwidth. power levels, operating efficiencies and temporal characteristics. This increasing maturity of lasers and compact optical systems have enhanced their capabilities for military operations. Military officials have indubitably always been interested in laser technology, even before the fiat laser was invented. especially. since them devices can bring technological revolution in warfare. when used as range- finders. tareet desiccation. sensors. active illumination. data Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy In this paper, we are providing our readers with a the 1970s to mid-199K the use of radio frequency (RF) MIMIC Pee o.eo from, with a laser beam that has been scattered from the object that is to be imaged. Although creating a holographic image is now a mature technology, however building then in an open air uncontrolled warlike scenario is a big challenge. In any war scenario, the army officials can use holographic projectors to present a bulk of information, in a huge shared display manna, in order to improve soldiers performance in the decision making process. Further, the touch surface technology, with interactive modules and embedded features like zooming, panning, rotating, eta, can provide an enriching environment for better decision making in the war scenarios [II IL This idea was explored during the 1991 Persian Gulf War but was not implemented for some technical reasons. Thcrefmca this technology provides a collaborative and interactive environment, offering a geopolitic and geographic view of an operational arcs, resulting in a mul-time picture of the battlefield scenario. Although this technology is yet not under development, however researchers are still working to understand the capabilities of this technology to impm)e battlefield intelligence and military planning. Besides higher bandwidth, lascrcom is used where anti -jam is required ar RF spectrum is not available. he use of laser, as directed high-energy weapon, requires sufficient amount of power in Mega Warts to now substantial damage to the distant target. However, later weapons ate an inherently inefficient method to destroy targets as these weapons -if handled improperly- can cause damage to the target as well as the user. These weapons require sufficient cooling between firing, so they offer certain problems for ground vehicles, especially for hand-held lass weapons. Also, during highly tmbulcnt. weather conditions including heavy smoke, dust at humidity, these weapons may deflect from the actual path and can miss the target. The military is still working on many engineering problems, in order to compensate for beam wander due to bad weather conditions or movement of target or motion of platform. Further, these HEL poses a significant threat to sensors or military equipments in the battlefield. These sensors may require a protection mechanism such as lair jamming feature built into the sensor platform to cmum the reliability and integrity of these devices in a hostile ,ISa)S,Slc:m,:fEEn Tra�iaw.,aaLmcfmt2 �g ee R..'��rmd®cm¢-d Jy.F! Jmehv�m rez�¢d, ha reyca}cnecv:cc^arh.wxq�^a1FiFpns,nm 5¢ ttplrwwwlceny.7akL�-ufea.)m:arC,.k-..N-iea>'=t5.'Lv+nt�st k) emsb:ova Link to Applications of Lasers for Tactical Military Operations Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth5s atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere United States Patent 1191 1111 Patent Number: 4,686,605 Eastlund lash Date of Patent: Aug. 11, 1987 [541 NUTHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALTERING A R©Gloti IN TILE rARnrs ATMt3SPIDIM TONOSPHERE, AND/OR MAGNETOSPHME [751 Inventor. Barnard J. Easd®d, Spring, Tcx. [731 Asigna: AM Inc, nos Angcia, Calif. 1211 ApPI. Nat 69a,233 P1 Fired; Jan. 18, 1985 1511 t11L CL• 11115116/64; HQ5C 3/00; HASH 1/46 [521 U.S. Ct. _.,_ .._... 361/131; 39/1.11: 380/59; 244/t5g R 1591 Fled of Smreb 3611230. 231; 244/158 R. 376/1M., 89/1,11: 3MA [561 References Cited PUBLICATIONS Liberty Magazine, (2/35) p. 7 N. Teds. New fork Thea, (9/22/4()) Section 2, p. 7 w. L Lan- mroa. New York Times (12/8/15) F 8 Col. 3 Primary £_.anurrcr—Satvatorc Ceagmlod Auarney, Ageat or Firm —Roderick W. MacDonald irrl ABSTRACT A method and apparatus for drering at lust one sc- teeed region which rmtmaliy exists above the urtNs surface. The tc*n is excited by election cyclotron resocaace beating to thereby increme its charged pain. etc density. In one embodfineat, circularly polarized etretrnmagaelie radiation is ransmined upward in a direction subtuatially Parallel to and along a Beld line wluch enmds through the region of ptamu to be a[ - toted The radiation is umumtned at a frequency which caches cleetma cyclotron resonance to beat and aaei• erase the charged parielca This incnea a in energy can ame ionization of neutral panicles which are than absorbed as pan or the region thereby inaeating the charged panicle deca ty of the rogioo. 15 C7drm, 5 Dnwing Ffaarra Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept mm�l�c o.co Lank to US Patent 4686605 r= Articles, Documents Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ZER++ KLL ALSL OIIIBIRAIt IiLMA] IV IKYIN11U] IN 'Ill[ LAI<. N� nl r I I I. AvU LLIMATI SIli ]IS IS A NAR ON NAILRL I we NOT T Home About History Take Action- USA -States � Articles w Contact #ZG Weather Modification Test Technology Symposium 1997 USAF 9 June 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Cloud seeding, HAAR13 laser to trigger lightning, and other weather modification weapon systems capabilities. Advanced Weapon/Instrumentation Technologies, John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory, Presentation by Dr Arnold A. Barnes Jr. I "This paper considers such concepts as hole boring for surveillance; the use of space mirrors for night battlefield illumination, modifying the environment, enforcement of curfews and similar civil control measures; use of carbon black to retarget precipitation; fog dissipation; and cirrus enhancement." n Test Technology Symposium '97 'The Army Aker Next How Will We TestT" WEATHER MODIFICATION Dr. Arnold Barnes Hanscom Air Force Base, MA O Aps.,,t - Compressed Power PDmt hle (729 Kb) a Weatherl7ndificabon L P.otemlal Weather Modification Capabilities .AF2d25 a Tauy_Ima r Potencin WaatMc Modification Capandiba AE2025 e S41arActryiq a'jii a P_otantial Weather L'Wiflution_C llabilli AE.2025 a History of Air Farce weaMer Hodifir lion Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept a Modelinoaod-simidation ♦ Cloud =0 O h Earth ♦ Chances IRO [ ba 23 Ao 29.4 2= UTC Chances UHC ProdUa33Aer Iagg 2000 t1TC ♦ SIRYQIO] cts an Do0 Op1JaVppS.dIldtcy£(g05 \ Ptendal W -- Cnoah'h AF 2025 ♦ Storm ModifiraHon iLLIR—�emS— W [h F sts ♦ New Weama-s � *S"' n. Test Technology Symposium `97 Session B: Advanced Weapon/instrumentation Technologies John Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory by Dr. Arnold A. Barnes, Jr. Senior Scientist Optical Effects Division Phillips Laboratory 19 March 1997 M9l W.♦Urer ModlRuHmMUGPAIAA 70102 I POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES OE ENFMY FORCES AF 1 2025 ENHANCE FRIENDLY FORCES Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv • Decrease Comfort Level/Morale I • Maintain Comfort Level/Morale ns 97 M w> Storm Enhancement • Deny Operations Precipitation Denial • Deny Fresh Water • Induce Drought Space Weather • Disrupt Communications/Radar • Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal • Deny Concealment • Increase Vulnerability to PGM/Recce Detect Hostile Weather Activities Storm Modification • Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather • Improve Communication Reliability • Intercept Enemy Transmissions • Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation • Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal • Maintain Airfield Operations • Enhance PGM Effectiveness Defend Against Enemy Capabilities Weather Moafh,a!J vucraan& 7W2 2 TREATY ISSUES °N¢tns U�,•� — The U. N. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification, which went into effect 5 October 1978, applies only to "widespread, long-lasting or severe" environmental modifications. » Local, non -permanent changes, such as precipitation enhancement, hail suppression , fog and cloud dispersal, are permitted under the U. N. treaty. — Since 1978 the official Air Force position has been that weather modification had little utility or military payoff as a weapon of war. — The official Air Force position needs to be reevaluated: » In the light of 19 years of scientific advances » In the light of advanced weapon systems which are more environmentally sensitive » To prepare against technological surprise weather MORlficatbNPIJGPNAA 70403 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy -A \�•#A IN Em ISM IRIN _= Close and accept ��qp.pl�o l- HIGH FREQUENCY ACTIVE AURORAL RESEARCH PROGRAM "s 99 Weather Mod0lcmiOWPLrGPNl 197"02 6 HISTORY OF AIR FORCE WEATHER MODIFICATION • PREVIOUS WEATHER MODIFICATION WORK BY THIS LABORATORY'S PREDECESSORS — FIDO; VW11 II —Clearing of Supercooled Fog at Airfields in Alaska and other cold regions; 50s and 60s —Hole Clearing with Carbon Black; 50s and 60s — Hole Clearing with Silver Iodide, etc.; 50s through 70s — Hole Clearing by Helicopter; 60s and 70s —Ho Chi Minh Trail Muddying; 60s and 70s —Contrail Suppression; 70s Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy C CLOUD SEEDING • WEATHER MODIFICATION USING CARBON BLACK (1) MIT — Increase Precipitation » Muddy dirt roads to decrease tractability Flood fields and small rivers Decrease troop comfort level Decrease tractability by snow or freezing rain when the temperature conditions are right — Decrease Precipitation # Dry out roads/fields for improved tractability » Deny freshwater to troops in semi -dry regions Wwhr rMo ifi,.H UGMAAB/970403 9 1 CLOUD SEEDING (cont.) J U • WEATHER MODIFICATION USING CARBON BLACK (2) — Increase Cirrus Cloud Cover » Deny visual satellite or high altitude reconnaissance Decrease light level for night time operations — Dissipate Fog . llnnmmr fnr vicunl rnlAl Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Open airfields for landing / recovery Close and accept TT$12 Weather Motlificatio PUGM"EVVW 2 10 STRATEGY FOR RE-EVALUATION OF CLOUD AND FOG - MODIFICATION • PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEATION • CLOUD PHYSICS AND RADIATION • COMPUTERS AND NUMERICAL WEATHER ( PREDICTION (NWP) MODELS 1V Weather MOEIfieatiorJPUGPP/ SIWU0211 MODELING AND SIMULATION • WARNING- MUST TEST AGAINST REAL DATA Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Pollcv • WEATHER FORECASTS GET TIMELY FEEDBACK — NWP BASIC EQUATIONS CORRECTED EMPIRICAL TTS-97 Weather MuGi1I0ab0 L(GPAIAABN7W212 CLOUD COVER OVER THE EARTH • CHANCES = CLIMATOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF CLOUDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATIONS — COMPLETE GLOBAL COVERAGE EVERY HOUR FOR ONE YEAR \ — IR & VISUAL DATA FROM SATELLITES — CLOUD/NO CLOUD (C/NC) FOR (5 KM)'-2 AREAS • SERCAA = SUPPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOUD ANALYSIS AND ARCHIVES — REAL-TIME COVERAGE FOR OPERATIONAL USE — BEING DEVELOPED BY PUGPA — INCLUDES CLOUD HEIGHT INFORMATION TTS'97 Weather M0C1lCatl001PUGPPA M7M0213 CHANCES IR DATABASE �a 2-41 APR 14Qd 2nnn 11T(. 'S., Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy r C Tt55I Weather Motlificatj*WUGPXJ B!97O 214 MIT I- CHANCES C/NC PRODUCT 23 APR 1994, 2000 UTC Weather MoalFlofiDWVUGPNA 97 W215 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie li Pocy ,i 1 ULUUU 11VIrAU 10i UN uUU Amal OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS • WW II - Aborted Missions, FIDO • VIETNAM - Operation POPEYE • GULF WAR - Aborted Missions • CIDOS -CONFERENCES EVERY 18 MONTHS 23-25 September 1997, Naval Warfare Center, RI POC: Donald Chisholm, PLIGPA, 617-377-2975. TTS'9> Weather Modlfcallor PUGPNA GMU0216 POTENTIAL WEATHER MODIFICATION CAPABILITIES AF 2025 'y/to#s Uyp. •so I Precipitation Enhancement • Flood Lines of Communication • Reduce PGM/Recce Effectiveness • Decrease Comfort Level/Morale Storm Enhancement • Deny Operations Precipitation Denial • Deny Fresh Water • Induce Drought Space Weather • Disrupt Communications/Radar • Disable/Destroy Space Assets Fog and Cloud Removal Precipitation Avoidance • Maintain/Improve LOC • Maintain Visibility • Maintain Comfort Level/Morale Storm Modification • Choose Battlespace Environment Space Weather • Improve Communication Reliability • Intercept Enemy Transmissions • Revitalize Space Assets Fog and Cloud Generation • Increase Concealment Fog and Cloud Removal Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept r f TSTORM MODIFICATION ;4*70P0 lS 57 • ENERGY REACHING TOP OF ATMOSPHERE FROM THE SUN — 1340 WATTSlmz = 1340 joules m-2 sec-1 — 1.7 x 1017 joules sec-1 - 4 x 107 Tons TNT sec-1 = 40 Megatons TNT sec-1 • SMALL THUNDERSTORM — 7 x 109 joules sec-1 - 2 Tons TNT sec-1 • LARGE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM — 7 x 1011 joules sec-1 - 200 Tons TNT sec-1 • MAJOR STORM SYSTEM — 7 x 1013 joules sect - 20 Kilotons TNT sec" • HURRICANE — 7 x 1014 joules sect - 200 Kilotons TNT sect • AVAILABLE MAN RETRIEVED ENERGY SMALL • CHAOS "BUTTERFLY" EFFECT UNPREDICTABLE WaaNw Mo ifi aboN UGPNN\8l870M2 18 IMPROVEMENTS IN WEATHER FORECASTS • SATELLITE WITH 26 IR CHANNELS — 2004 PROJECTED LAUNCH — WILL PROVIDE WORLD WIDE VERTICAL TEMPERATURE PROFILES BY 2020 • CHAOS SEEMS TO BE LIMITED TO ACTIVE REGIONS — LOOK FOR THE "BUTTERFLY" Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 13AAA 4A IIAVQ LV'TV a� VA V r • MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN CLOUD FORECASTS BY 2010 M 1] WaaMer Modtficafio UGMAABI920a0219 NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS MORE11 .SENSITIVETOTHE ATMOSPHERE 157, R • COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTNING • ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND LIGHTNING • NEED TO INVOLVE WEATHER OFFICERS VERY EARLY i — VWV II RADAR EXAMPLE • THE ATMOSPHERE CAN HELP AS WELL AS HINDER — CLOUDS AND THE AIRBORNE LASER — LASER LIGHTNING ROD TO TRIGGER LIGHTNING — LASER FOG CLEARING AND HOLE BORING its 9v Weather Moditmfb UGPA/AA WU02 20 -MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN SHORT TERM FORECASTS BY 2010 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy .1 ncAl R4IANR1=C IN PRF'RIPITATInN r -CLOUD MODIFICATION - SURVEILLANCE/COVERAGE -HOLE BORING -CREATE/SUPPRESS CIRRUS/CONTRAILS -IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION -ENERGY REQUIREMENTS TOO LARGE FOR MAJOR STORMS -TREATY RESTRICTIONS -NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS PUSH THE ENVELOPE -THE ENVIRONMENT MUST BE CONSIDERED FROM THE START OF THE CONCEPT/DESIGN FOR ALL NEW WEAPON SYSTEMS rra IT weather 21 Link to 1997 Weather Modification Symposium Advanced Weapon Instrumentation Technologies Power Point "Few in the civil sector fully understand that geoengineering is primarily a military science and has nothing to do with either cooling the planet or lowering carbon emissions." -Matt Andersson Former executive adviser, aerospace & defence, Booz Allen Hamilton, Chicago Geoeughmeriilg o This art,cle .s more than 13 years old At war over geoengineering 14u9Rb aa]Ifi1N1 E51 < Share Few in the civil sector fully understand that geoengineering is primarily a military science and has nothing to do with either cooling the planet or lowering carbon emissions (Report, 6 February). While seemingly fantastical, weather has been weaponised. At least four countries - the tIS, Russia, China and Israel - possess the technology and organisation to regularly alter weather and geologic events for vanous military and black operations, which are tied to secondary objectives, including demographic, energy and agricultural resource management Indeed, warfare now includes the technological ability to induce, enhance or direct cyclonic events, earthquakes, draught and Flooding, including the use of polymerised aerosol viral agents and radioactive particulates carried through global weather systems. various themes in public debate, including Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy r Related Future Strategic Ls ec/FLturc Warfare [Circa 2025] -tmaoma Wonaue r:m,omr�i anumaw. .Fso,wmi�TrenN Ww w� 2 July 2018 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com 12001 NASA document describes future weaponry and outlines warfare capabilities inclusive of a scenario to "Takedown" the U.S. by 10 People and <$10M . "PSYWAR", RF/Microwave Towers, Mechanical Micro Dust, Chemical Anti-functional/Anti personnel weapons ... Continue reading 18 March 2018 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I August 1996 1 Authors: Col Tamzy J. House, Lt Col James B. Near Jr., LTC William B Shields (USA), Maj Ronald J Celentano, Maj David M Husband, Maj Ann E. Mercer, Maj James E. Pugh ... Continue reading x c ............................ Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie Policy r 3 PrWrams 0 0000 'e' ....... ........... ........ 5 June 2022 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Operational Defenses through Weather Control in 2030 "Advances in technology are beginning to bring weather phenomena under our control. Greatly increased computing power and micronized delivery systems will allow us to create specific perturbations ... Continue reading 2005 1 By Agriculture Defense Coalition and Calif orniaSkyWatch I WELCOME TO THE ATMOSPHERIC & WARFARE TESTING SECTION OF THE ADC WEBSITE Source "This section is dedicated to informing everyone about the number and scope of atmospheric and upper atmospheric tests that ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept r April 24, 2023 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com Iln Lt. Col. Thomas Bearden's 2005 book, "Oblivion — America at the Brink," Bearden provides a summary of some weather engineering capabilities. A key component of weather weapons is electromagnetic (EM) radiation, a hazardous physical agent, ... Continue reading July 25, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com 11993 Air War College research report, "Weather Modification: The Ultimate Weapon?" discusses aspects of weather modification including history, weapons capabilities, and inadequate, poorly defined treaties that are full of loopholes. The conclusion states, "Offensive weather ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept B idI6161�I�I�BB'BII� IIIB6I�I ■I�i�I�IA �I�IB'f�i�l�l�l ■ B 001 f�II�IB■IbI�81�I�1A i�ll�i�BBI�Ifi�1�178'f6161616161r� "In considering the prospect of controlled weather modification, we are acutely aware that just because science and technology may develop the capability to modify weather there is no reason to assume that society should automatically use that capability." Link ... Continue reading 5 June 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I RAND Report: International Legal Mechanisms for Managing the Geopolitical Risks of Geoengineering "Domestic geoengineering legislation: Until consensus on the development of a comprehensive international governance mechanism is reached, domestic legislation may effectively manage at ... Continue reading $ ........ _...— .... ........ c Articles, History ` Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept ZERO AIL 1i0S1aS I\UMILAItON 1] THL LAAIJi . 1%t X, III I: All, I, ..,.i .. .:1 :. CA[URL. NOT i Home About History Take Action w USA -States � Articles � Contact #ZG 1971 US/USSR Space Agreement 13 April 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I November 2, 1971 CIA memo below from the Weather Modification (WX) Technical Coordinator, Office of DOD and Interagency Affairs, on the subject of the US/USSR Space Agreement. The document outlines goals and techniques of experiments undertaken by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in partnership with the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Field experiments were coordinated at analogous sites in the USSR in Tsimlanski and Ustyurtski, and in the USA, South Dakota and Arizona. Additional locations targeted for experiments in the USA included Southern Appalachian, Cascade Mountains, Chesapeake Bay, Gulf Coast, South Florida, Bucks Lake, and California. This US/USSR partnership provided the foundation for current global weather experimentation "within the framework of international cooperation of the WMO," aka United Nations World Meteorological Organization. µ, A•.n �„ ` Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS ti. • SPACE ADMINISTI ,TION 'e- WASHINGTON. D.C. 20546 V,A - DD/STi' H[M.Y TO NOV 2 �i p IFE -1a, 7 ATTH OF WX NENORA"UH Tne CTA/Dr. Dnnal.d Stain4noar Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy SUBJECT: US/USSR SOnce ARreement Attached is the press release and test of the recowmendations of three joint US/USSR working groups which met in Moscow, August 2.6, 1971. Please destroy the advance copy previously sent you since the Soviets have accepted our suegcated revision in the taxty namely, redesignation of "Joint Coordination Group on Natural Resources" to "Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Envirosm:ent (pp. 9.11, 13 and 15) and on pp. 14 "natural resources" has been changed to read "natural environment features." Note especially pp. 9-16 re Joint Working Group II - Natural Nnviromsent. t Myron W. Krueger Attachment of stated V J ` err x NASA review completed i" `m Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74600681R000100150004-2 Joint Working Groups were established with focus on Near Earth Space, the Moon, and the Planets, a second Working Group on the Natural Environment, and third Working Group on Space Meteorology. Experiments included the use of aircraft, satellites, microwave sensors, calibration of instruments, and the sharing of data. Approved For Release 2005/02/17: CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 pp,��� ��/ C NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (202),755-8370 lY E 7Y J A I WASHINGTON,D.C.2OW T6IS: (202) Q55-8347 FOR RELEASE: upoN RECEIPT Richard Friedman (Phone: 202/755-3897) RELEASE NO: 71-210 I „e inocn enanv wev %OrArm Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy imL— .,,A en.e. aA."inEe+rArEnn AnA nnor,c c.o� I t.0 t.p blVltpl LiGi VI.P M..--- — - — ----- r the Soviet Academy of Sciences have agreed to rapid exchange of findings of special interest by the U.S. and Soviet probes now approaching Mars. This exchange is one of a wide range of recommendations by Joint Working Groups under a space agreement negotiated last January by teams led by Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator of NASA, and Academician Mstislav V. Reldysh, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. All the recommendations have been approved. Other approved recommendations by a Working Group on Near - Earth Space, the Moon, and the Planets include the continued exchange of lunar samples; working seminars to consider scientific objectives, strategy, and results, and cross -calibration of instruments; and expert consideration of the principles of constructing a common lunar coordinate system. Approved For Release 2005102/17: C� mp74B00681R000IGXt 220, 1971 !" Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 . - 2 The recommendations of a second Joint Working Group on the Natural Environment include experiments in remote sensing of the environment at sites in the U.S. and the USSR, with each country carrying out the research at its own sites, and joint efforts in remote sensing of the ocean to relate satellite measurements to sea surface measurements. The recommendations of a third Working Group on Space Meteorology include a review of the existing methods of tempera - Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy receiving cloud cover data from satellites (APT receivers; -or Dorn countries will be as nearly identical as possible; and coordinated meteorological rocket soundings along selected meridional zones Cin Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The U.S.-Soviet agreement under which the recommendations were made and approved is one of two major bilateral space accords negotiated in the past year. The other provides for joint determination of compatible space rendezvous and docking capa- bilities. -end - • APT - Automatic Picture Transmission system. Approved For Release 2006/02117: CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004.2 Recommendations of the Joint Working Group on the Natural Environment Investigations Over Land The Joint Working Group recommends: —The conduct of multi -purpose aerospace and field experiments on the environment, using similar methods and sensors, in a number of sites in the US and the USSR. Two of these sites in the USSR are similar to sites in the US. They are referred to as analogous sites. The remaining sites are complementary in the two countries. Each country will carry out research in its own sites; Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RD1274800681R000100150004-9 i 'II. Recommendations of the Joint Working 1 Group on the Natural Environment I . i A.. Investigations Over Land The Joint Working Group recommends: -- The conduct of multi -purpose aerospace and field experiments Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy rererrea. to as the analogous sites. ine remaining sites C are complementary in the two countries. Each country will carry out research in its own sites; -- That the results of these experiments be exchanged in the form of technical reports containing conclusions, analysis methods and original data with sufficient completeness that the analyses could be repeated or accomplished by alternative methods by other investigators. -- That close cooperation and coordination be maintained throughout the conduct of the experiments. The subjects of cooperation and coordination shall include: general methods employed in the experiments and methods of instrument calibration including, where necessary, exchange of calibration standards. -- That within 90 days of the acceptance of these recommends - Lions, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration each dosignate a group of scientists as members of a Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Environment to be responsible for carrying Approved For Release 2005/02117: CIA-RDP74BOO681R000100150004-2 The sites recommended for cooperative study follow: Analogous sites USSR 1. Tsimlanski 2. Ustyurtski USA 1. South Dakota 2. Arizona J J Approved For Release 2005/02N7:CIA-RDP74B00681R000100130004-2 10 out the recommended coordination and cooperation on the working level. The first meeting of the Joint Coordination Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 4 Environment should establish a schedule for exchange of infor- mation and data concerning the projects (described later in this document) in the analogous area. At the same meeting they should establish a schedule for the selection of the research projects in the complementary areas for which information and data will be exchanged and the program for the exchange of reports. As individual results become available the Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Envirnment should carry out specific exchanges of data and results for related and com- plementary projects as soon as possible during and after the acquisition of data. The Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Environment should also be responsible for carrying out the cooperation and coordination regarding experiment methods and calibration methods and standards. The sites recommended for cooperative study follow: Analogous Sites USSR 1. Taimlanski (460401-47040' n.lat., 430 to 44*30' e.long.) a flat steppe plain, cultivated in the main, composed of friable deposits. 2. Ustyurtski, corner coordinates: Point A (430N-540B), PointyS BB(43°40'N-5'7°3t0'EE)), Point 0 (41°N-6600B))n,�P�oint D (4ppl&o &rQr Ifel ae ��' /o21iT� DP� 88'1R000 015000�1low sea level depressions. Complementary Sites USSR 1. Caucasus 2. Balkhash 3. Chatkalski 4. Sikhote-Alin USA 1. Southern Appalachian 2. Cascade Mountains 3. Chesapeake Bay 4. Gulf Coast 5. South Florida 6. Bucks Lake 7. California Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00881R000100150004-2 ' Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy c «n7 o+i .rely P1 nb Anv 1 n..A -------♦ -- ­., _V iP _ PQi iV P.. VIfi Pi .... 1 2. Arizona ecological site (320 to 350 n.lat., 103° to 1121 w.long.) - a desert area that includes rapidly r growing urban centers and an eastward addition to this site that is underlain by gently folded sedimentary rocks. Complementary sites USSR 1. Caucasus, 2. Balkhash, 3. Chatkalski, 4. Sikhote-Alin. USA 1. Southern Appalachian, 2. Cascade Mountains, 3. Chesapeake Bay, 4. Gulf Coast, 5. South Florida, 6. Bucks Lake, 7. California. -- It is recommended that the Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Environment, in an early meeting, review the complementary sites and related investigation topics and recommend definite projects for selected sites for addi- tional study and exchange of results. Approved For Release 2005/02117 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 12 Aerial and space surveys and supporting ground observations and measurements of and within the analogous sites are recommended. These should includes Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy I and microwave surveys. 2. Related ground —based geophysical, spectrometric, meteorological, geological, soil, and geobotanic observations and measurements. -- The basic physical problems of atmospheric transmission, absorption, scattering, emission and refraction as well as questions of spectral reflectivities, emissivities and penetration radiation into solid materials must be addressed. -- The Joint Working Group on Natural Environment recommends that the following research topics be pursued cooperatively in the analogous sites: At Tsimlanski, USSR, and South Dakota, US: 1. Water and snow inventories, 2. Hydrogeology, i 3. Structural geology, 4. Agricultural crop inventory and productivity estimates, 5. Microclimatology (shelter belts), 6. Soil mapping, and soil moisture and conservation studies. At Ustyurtski, USSR, and Arizona ecological site, US: 1. Structural geology, 1 j 2. Forage grass and shrub inventory, Approved FoaReleMspplkW2bff :"AfiDiANW1M@0'RAWIge deposits, Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP741300681R000100150004.213 .4. Archeology, 5. Soil mapping, and soil moisture and conservation studies. Each research topic will require specific types of remote sensor data collected at specified intervals. To illustrate these data requirements, the data required to undertake snow [ inventories, with the aim of evolving a model for predicting I! Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Develop Infrared Aircraft Weekly in measurements of^ � model for photography, or space- snow water content of predicting thermal craft aoeumula- snow, hydrologic water run- imagery, tion and history, climato- off from passive melt logical history melting microwave, periods f snow radiometers, and gamma ray detectors -- It is recommended that the Joint Coordination Group on the Natural Environment define similar specific data requirements for each of the other research topics early in the planning process. B. Investigation over the Ocean 1. The Joint Working Group on Natural Environment, in considering oceanography, notes the following: (a) The USSR has a national program to deploy several research ships in the eastern tropical Atlantic in 1972 primarily for meteorological purposes. They will also continue to have in 1972 and following years operational meteorological satellites (Meteor) in orbit equipped with infrared radiometers. In 1973, the USSR proposes to send one oceanographic research vessel to one of two sites in the North Atlantic where ln.rge horizontal temperature r*radients prevail: (1) the Gulf Stream east of Cape Approved For Release 2005/02/17:CIA-RDP74800681R000100150004-2 In 1974, the US plans also to participate in the international meteorological tropical experiment (GARP/GATE) in the Atlantic with several research vessels and several aircraft. Approved For Release 2005tO2117 : CIA-ROP74B00681R000100150004-2 14 Hatteras, or (2) the polar front between Iceland and Canada. They will deploy many research vessels and several aircraft and spacecraft in support of the international GARP/GATE tropical meteorological experiment in the lLhlpml,ic in 1974. (b) The US has a national program involving aircraft to develop remote sensing technology for all natural environmental Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy sateiiiues kl'ivo/vVAA) in oroit equippea witn inirarea raaiom- eters. In 1972 they will also have an experimental earth resources satellite (ERTS A) to measure reflectances in several bands of the visible. Ia 1973 the US may launch an ERTS B l satellite (multispeetral visible and IR), Nimbus E (IR and microwave) and Skylab (multispectral visible, IR, Passive and active microwave). In 1974, the US plans also to participate in the international meteorological tropical experiment (GARP/ GATE) in the Atlantic with several research vessels and several aircraft. 2. The Joint Working Group on Natural Environment recom- mends the following US/USSR joint efforts in remote sensing of the ocean in the interests of better management of fisheries, safer and more efficient marine transport, and improved predic- tion of weather and roughness of the sea. -- NASA and the Academy will exchange satellite and surface data accumulated during the USSR program deploying ships in the eastern tropical Atlantic in 1972. The purpose would 11 be to compare satellite infrared temperature measurements Ind to to Approved For Release 2005/02l17 : CIA-ROP74800681R0001001500W evaluate the utility of infrared and visual images to describe sea surface conditions. NASA and the Academy will name, within 90 days of the date of this agreement, experts to the Joint Coordination Group on the Natural /. Environment to plan and execute this effort. -- The aforementioned exports will plan implementation of all agreed -upon joint efforts, will schedule and carry out ! E exchanges of information on techniques, methods of data 1 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Arnl VAS A by n7-h A.. 1-nnY,«i n..na -- NASA and the Academy will also charge the aforementioned experts to study the opportunities for expansion of the above mentioned national efforts to further the objectives stated below, and within six months of the date of this ar,eeement to recommend cooperative efforts as necessary. Objectives 1. Sea Surface Temperature To: (a) Relate satellite and aircraft microwave and infrared measurements to direct surface temperature measurements. (b) Develop understanding of the effects of surface conditions (i.e., spray, foam, and surface films) on the above. Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RDP74BOO681R000100150004-2 Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100160004-2 16 2'. Sea Surface :toughness To: (a) Determine the ability of visual and IH images end passive and active microwave instruments from satellites to measure sea surface conditions, including roughness. (b) aelate suca measurements to two-dimensional wave spectra theory and surface winds. 3. Ocean Biological Productivity To% (a) Determine the utility of remote visual spectrum for detection of phyto-plankton and its relation- ship along with surface temperature, to biological productivity of the ocean. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy iw, oca tuU Close and accept To: (a) Co-Cheirmen: A. P. Vinog dov Date: Map and describe the ice cover in polar regions of the ocean by means of Iit and microwave measurements from aircraft and satellites. onar Jaffe Date: G Approved For Release 2006/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 Approved For Release 2005102117:CIA-RDP74600681R000100150004-2 17 III. Recommendations of the Joint Working Groups on Space Meteorology. A. Meteorological Satellites. 1. Having discussed the possibilities for cooperation in the development of methods for meteorological measurements from satellites as well as the interpretation, processing and application of the data acquired, the Joint Working Group recommends the followings (a) Experts from each country would prepare and exchange by 1 June 19%2 a "Technical Note" on temperature sounding from satellites with emphasis on: a review of existing methods, analysis of problems to be solved, a list of required experiments, proposed cooperative programs and adequate references. (A recommended format for the "Technical Note" is contained in the Appendix.) Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this welosite, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept (c) A joint experiment would be organized in 1973-74 3 on temperature sounding by satellites of both countries over Western Europe, including the exchange of data on spectral intensities measured during this experiment, and the provision of basic additional information such as orbital data, slit function, resolution, etc. The experts designated under (b) will plan this experiment. Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 18 2. }�xchango of information on methods of inicrownve measurement now beinG developed in both countries indicated the strong interest rend capability of both sides in microwave methods which may be applicable to the determination of precipitation zones, ice conditions, and sea surface roughness and temperature. (a) It is recommended that simultaneous conventional and microwave aircraft observations of these parameters be conducted in conjunction with direct observations from ships (if the latter are available), and that such a program be conducted jointly by both countries.in the international waters of the Bering Sea beginning late 1972 or early 1973. Aircraft would also be used with the ships to observe directly the atmospheric and surface parameters which are needed to interpret the microwave measurements. If microwave observations from both US and USSR satellites are available over the experimental area at the same time, these data should be incorporated into the joint experiment. The end product of this Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy V UbG 1'V awl Vile ubifi�o Guv GVvt eeu Vl e11V1rVtlmetlGal taeaburetaellGa r _11^ 1L19N9 1.11 available, and a comparison of these analyses. j (b) It is recommended that each side produce a plan describing its contribution to the joint experiment and that 1 both sides exchange these plans by January 1972. These plans i 1 Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004.2 Approved For Release 2005/02/17: CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 19 should specify the exact time and location for the experiment, the parameters to be measured by in;:truments, the accuracy, spatiol end spectral resolutions of the measurements, and the format of data to be exchanged. 3. The Joint Working Group, recognizing the importance of remote sensing of temperature and height of cloud. tops, and stressing the lack of adequate data on emissivity of clouds, recommends that the existing data on emissivity of clouds of various types in the B-12 micrometers "window" be exchanged by 1 February 1972, and that future efforts be coordinated by correspondence. 4. (a) The Joint Working Group recommends that Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) signal characteristics of the two countries should be such that requirements for ground receiving equipment be as nearly identical as possible. (b) It is recommended that both sides, after conducting appropriate experiments, mace known the basic parameters of their respective systems under development for the direct broadcast of images from meteorological satellites. It is expected that no significant modification of equipment now being used to receive APT data from US satellites will be required in Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy VV—Vxj"1 MC11L n 1 ^C 11 All 1)1Z 1.11 A. Aleks 1ftov Date: t • o8 &Igr Release3,045J02117 t Approved For Release 2005/02/17:CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 20 AppENDIX TO PETEORM-GICAL SATELLITES TEtWUUTURE SOUNDING FROM SAMMI LIVX 1. Summary of existing methods of observation and of inversion of radiances to temperature profiles. 2. Problems requiring additional work and status of solutions: a. Influence of clouds b. Influence of aerosols c. 00 concentration and its variation d. `L'rinsmission functions a. Necessary a priori information f.Optimum form of instruments for operational application 3. Experiments and studies which would contribute to the solution of above problems (e.g., balloon -borne spectrometers, CO2 measurements, laboratory tests). 4. Proposed cooperative programs (including form, mechanism, schedule). 5. References. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy A-- .M C-. D-I-ws- 9AACM114? &@A._O TAMA 04OA 4M4CMAA.A ..pp vvev r m r�e.enae evvsrvu .. . v.e.-r.vr . Ywvw . wvv wv . vvvvwe Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74800681R000100150004-2 �.. Sounding Rockets. 1. The Joint Working Group recommends that the primary scientific aim of meteorological rocket soundings along two selected meridional zones in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres be to investigate the processes characterizing the physical state of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Accordingly, appropriate research topics are: (a) the investigation of the cyclic processes in the tropical stratosphere, such as the annual, semi-annual and quasi -biennial changes, and their relation to processes in the extratropical latitudes; (b) the investigation of the large scale strato- { mesospheric meteorological processes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; (c) the investigation of the seasonal transitions of the circulation and intra-seasonal phenomena, such as strato-mesospheric warmings. Data from the proposed networks could also be applied to the study of solar -terrestrial relationships and high altitude climatological investigations. Additionally, the acquisition of these data is of great importance for the calibration and improvement of temperature sounding by means of meteorological satellites. Together with other existing and future meteorological rocket sounding activities, the two proposed meridional systems could serve as a foundation Tor the development of an ultimate global meteorologicakl rocket sounding network. 2.e_US§4_1idFome�oro}oioal Service will be n n + niw ono+wenm a+Donn+m+ennn+ n Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy '_1 Close and accept Approved For Release 2005/02117 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 IIeisse island; Volgograd; Molodjejnaya; one or two research s ships in the Indian Ocean; and will coordinate with India i sounding programs by Soviet meteorological rockets at the international range, TERLS (India). The USSR Hydrometeorological Service will also make necessary arrangements with France con— j cernin; the launching of N-100 rockets from Kerguelen Island I beginning in 1973- The sounding results, obtained from these Istations, will be transmitted to the US side, with the approval i of India and France under arrangements to be made by the Soviet side. NASA will assume the responsibility for the rocket soundings at Wallops Island and will coordinate with Brazil, Argentina (EXAMETNET members) and France for launchings at Natal, Mar Chiquita and Kourou. NASA will also make the necessary arrangements for soundings at Thule (Greenland); Ft. Churchill 'Canada); Cape Kennedy; Antigua; and Ft. Sherman. Both sides will explore the possibility of increasing the number of stations in the meridional networks with jparticular emphasis on higher latitudes. jIt is recommended that the parameters to be measured are temperature and wind. 3. The Soviet side will use the M-100 meteorological rocket with an altitude capability of 100 km, providing temperature and pressure measurements up to altitude of 80-90 km and wind data up to 60 km. I The American side will primarily use the Space Data Loki Motor and Dart equipped with the Space Data Instrument and sensors, having an altitude capability of Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Annmvad Fn, Rataaea 7MCMIM7 • r.IA_Rr137ARAAARIRAMHnn14AAAd-7 �3 i p �i 11 A/1111c 4.11 ...rr.-. . �. 70 km. This sytem wil'l�piwvi a empe$a�ure and'w measurements up to 60 km. It is recommended that the following technical documentation be exchanged before the end of 1971: (a) Technical descriptions and specifications of systems to be used, including the flight and ground facilities; (b) Descriptions of the measurement and processing techniques, including examples of processing; (c) The description of sensor calibration techniques. Both sides would schedule their respective launchings, each Wednesday, if possible, the International Day of the Geophysical Calendar. It is recommended that the two sides exchange alerts of stratospheric warmings and make additional soundings during these periods, as well as during the spring and autumn transitions of circulation. Enphasis will be on those stations located in high latitudes. 4. It is recommended that the exchange of rocket ( sounding data begin in January 1972• Data of two kinds will be exchanged: (a) for operational use and (b) for scientific use. For the transmission of operational data, the WMO ROCOH code will be used. These data transmissions should be made within seven days after launching. For the exchange of data for scientific purposes, the WDC-d form should be used. Data for scientific use should be dispatched by air mail within 1 - 2 months aftor launchings. 5. The working Group recommends rocket system inter - comparison tests, since these are much needed for this program. Approved For Release 2005102/17:CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004.2 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept w..........n 1. +1.w A�+a - - - - - - - - +n U- n. P4-4--+lw -P 11 .111)1C 4.11 L QOVw V" .ua ua �a uvn wyyccu' w vo owsa Lua.cu �iy compatible. The intercomparisons should be conducted within the framework of international cooperation of the WMO, if possible. Other approaches which may be more feasible and convenient for both sides should be explored. 6. Both sides note the necessity to exchange some analyses (i.e., space- and time -cross sections) and to present scientific results in regular scientific seminars and symposia such as COSPAR and IUGG. Co-chairmen: . A. �j' "ekSandSov (�s �7�eppOr �J Date: 6+ J �✓"�1:*� S Approved For Release 2005102117:CIA-RDP74600681R000100150004-2 Approved For Release 2005102/17 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 US MEMBERS OF JOINT WORKING GROUPS participating in meetings August 2-60 1971 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept nagnawapnare ranai Erwin R, Schmarling -- Chairman Kinsey A, Anderson Norman P, Ness James I. Vatte Planetary Panel Henry J. Smith -- Chairman Robert S. Kraemer Michael S. McElroy Donald G, Rea Wolf V, Viahniac Lunar Panel Lee R, Scherer -- Chairman Noel W. Hinnors Frank Pross Natural Ernvironmont Leonard Jaffe -- Chairman William A. Fischer Marvin Holtor E, P. McClain Meteorological Satellites David S. Johnson -- Chairman Morris Topper -- Vice -Chairman John W. Firer Arthur W. Johnson William Nordborg Meteorological Rockets Norris Tepper -- Chairman Frederick G. Finger -- Vice -Chairman William W. Kellogg John F. Spurling Approved For Release 2005/02/17 : CIA-RDP74BOO681R000100150004-2 lr . - Approved For Release 2005102117 : CIA-RDP74B00681R000100150004-2 LIST of Members of the Soviet Working Groups who participated in the Conference 1 Moscow, 2-6 August 1971 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy G. I. Petrov Close and accept N-1c ' NlaVlc LAI 04 A. I. Tsarev M. Ya. Marov I. A. Zhulin S. S. Kryukov Ir. Working Group "Study of the Natural Environment" A. P. Vinogradov -- leader A. M. Obukhov K. Ya. Kondrat'yev A. Ye. Basharinov Yu. K. Khodarev V. B. Komarov III. Working Group "Space Meteorology' A. A. Aleksandrov -- leader I. Subgroup "Meteorological Satellites" I. P. Vetlov N. K. Vinnichenko D. P. Zakatov V. G. Boldyrev II. Subgroup "Meteorological Rockets" L. A. Aleksandrov I. S. Moshnikov A. V. Fedynskiy A. P. Perov NASA NO Approved For Release 2005102117 : CIA-FOP741300681R000100150004-2 Link To 1971 US Soviet Space Agreement NASA: 50 bears Ago: The United States and the Soviet Union Sign a Space Cooperation Agreement Oldfield, J. D., & Poberezhskaya, M. (2023). Soviet and Russian perspectives on geoengineering and climate management. WIRES Climate Change, 14(4), e829. https: / / doi.org/ 10.1002 j wcc.829 "Soviet science contributed significantly to our understanding of anthropogerdc climate change and, as part of this, played a central role in the emerging science underpinning climate modification and geoengineering initiatives. A key focus of discussion was the use of stratospheric aerosols linked to the innovative ideas of Mikhail Budyko and colleagues. This work had its origins in what has been termed the theory of aerosol Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept _c�, nr 1 1Ilc c.91 a,csl a (, c es, = I aNYKQ'. 3n neo ureter 2e13 I Aco sa . la January M23 nW: 10.1e112/W M ADVANCED REVIEW WIRE, WI LEY Soviet and Russian perspectives on geoengineering and climate management Jonathan D. Oldfield' `University of Bifmngham. Birmingham. UK 'Nottingham Trent University. Nottingham. UK currespondenco Jonathan D. Ohlfieid. University, of Birmingham. Birmingham, UK. Email j.Snldtieidssibham,u,uk Funding inforounrn Ana and Humanities Research Council, GrantiAward Number AH/I004431/I Edited by: Matthias Heymann, Domain FAitor and Mike Hulme, Editor in Chief I Marianna Poberezhskaya2 Abstract Soviet science contributed significantly to our understanding of anthropogenic climate change and, as part of this, played a central role in the emerging sci- ence underpinning climate modification and geoengineering initiatives. A key focus of discussion was the use of stratospheric aerosols linked to the innova- tive ideas of Mikhail Eudyke, and colleagues. This work had its origins in what has been termed the theory of aerosol climatic catastrophe, which gained prominence in the Soviet context during the early 1990s. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the ideas of Budyko concerning the use of strato- spheric aerosols were advanced by Yuri lzrael and his collaborators. The asso- elated body of work gained traction during the 2000s and engendered a wider debate concerning the efficacy of geoengineering solutions amongst Russia's climate scientists. The legacies of this scientific discussion are also evident in recent high-level international debates such as those linked to the activities of the IPCC. While significant geopolitical obstacles refrain in the way of an international agreement linked to the possible deployment of geoengineering measures, interest continues to grow. The maturity of Russian science in the area of geoengineering and climate modification emotes that it remains an important voice within the broader scientific debate. At the same time, the progressive isolation of Russian science from the international scene due to wider geopolitical events risks deflecting attention away from contemporary popular and political debate in this area and alienating this rich scientific tra• dition at a critical Juncture. This article Is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary Perspectives Climate, History, Society, Culture > Technological Aspects and Ideas KEYWORDS aetosols, ge engmeering, lttmL. SOWN Union riot b an open a amek utNer the temp of the Cre:IIM1S Como,% AIIMIw1Nn Uwe. Whuit permits use, diAribunoa AM regoduction In MY medium, W.Med the o vino wort 1s ryepedy, tiled. C M23 The Ambma. tense. Closese Change Nbhehed by wary eerindluh LLC. MAE, Cam chants 2W.14:eW hliN:l:doi.mg/le.leD1,'Wtetl19 wirea.wiry.mnoclinukrnange 1 taf14 Link To Soviet and Russian perspectives on geoengineering and climate management Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv • _e n^J r1/11MC 4.11 Related 1980 JPRS ID: 9411 USSR REPORT EARTH SCIENCES 1981 JPRS ID: 9844 USSR REPORT EARTH SCIENCES ■IIIIIII�II�EI■I'.E6iIC�Ifi181�b11I6I5IbIfdI6IIiEbIEiGl6hlbN 30 September 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report Climate Geoengineering: A Growing Foreign Policy and Public Perceptions Challenge, but Currently a Low Technical Threat [REDACTED] "Among the scientists, activists, and media following the issue, geoengineering is controversial ... Continue reading 0 ................... ........ 11HU1b1910HEER1BEEN 111E191811RHI i'A211919ifl iEbl *_ 2020 1 CIA FOIA Library lWeather Modification, xa Meteorology, Weather Forecasting, Satellites, Cloud Seeding I *Note: Agency has removed many source links. ZG downloaded files are included for this reason* 29 June 2016 1 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) Geoengineering Link ... Continue reading e....... ................... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie ,,.Policy Close and accept 1111 1111 1.11 911MMMITI TiVIMMIAM111f, ( 25 October 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Global GAtmospheric Research = Code for Weather Control I The 6E PPL gTMOSpHERIL United Nations (UN) World Meteorological Organization RESEgHCM VRO4PgmMe (WMO) became a specialized UN agency in 1951 and is the heart of the UN's global weather machine.... Continue reading No 5 0 ..... .. .. .................. The NA5M R,w fmtt.K +p � I 14 December 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I As a result of Operation Paperclip, Dr. Wernher von Braun was among the NAZI scientists, engineers, and technicians brought to the United States after World War II to lead the NASA space program. For decades ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 1111111C 4.1 1 C Continue reading World Weather Research Programme Implementation Plan 1:PZ_ .......................... 6 April 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I The objective is atmospheric chemistry, not geoengineering. Research = Experimentation. The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project was formed in 1990. Without borders, IGAC facilitates global atmospheric chemistry research, with funding from National Oceanic ... June 2, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I "In this Plan, we address priorities under the umbrella of science -for - service, guided by the priorities contained in the WMO Strategic Plan 2024-2027, and by a set of principles for Advancing Weather Research to Reduce ... Continue reading IL Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie Pollcv r 116uggig raw 191U 1191619119181NEEKIER119106111919191451 BI I�'�IEf6;BiZE ;: Isla�l�Ebl�I March 6, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I NATO's Role in Shaping Environmental Policies Key Points: NATO's Influence on Global Standards Environmental Protection C as a Racket Evolution into Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) EPA's Historical Failures IT ALL STARTS HERE... NATO is a ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Poli�v 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/ 11970-usaf-report-documents-russ.. r ZER Home About History Take Action � USA -States w Articles � Contact #ZG 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiments 1 March 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com 1 1967 Russian report, DISPERSION PATTERNS OF AEROSOL PARTICLES IN A FREE ATMOSPHERE, documents aerosol dispersion performed by aircraft and analysis of fallout. "At present the spraying with aerosols is conducted from a low altitude and during a slight wind. As a rule, the released powders are polydispersional, associated with the fact that a considerable part of the substance in the form of very fine particles is carried great distances and falls beyond the boundary of the treated territory." p.7 €Tr-Mr-24-283-69 0 r Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept ...... 1 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 Pb 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https:/Izerogeoengineering.com/2025/ 11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. D © G I rnar? DNtrmamn at sNs dacumam k udlwAod. It may I* reamo to I" Cktarw4 owo, Depa7U Mt of CDrMaWm far awe at etel8enefj twt%iG. 5k "In this work the results of experimental investigations of the dispersion of solid particles from a source ` located in a free atmosphere are examined. The dispersion of particles in an atmosphere is of considerable Cpractical interest..." 11 DISPERSION PATTERNS OP AEROSOL PARTICLES IN A FREE ATMOSPHERE 0. M. Petrova and A. N. Miroshkina The dispersion of solid particles of irregu- lar shape, 100-1000 um in diameter, from heights of 500-8000 It, and spheric particles, 30-100 Out in diameter, from heights of 500-1000 In was in- vestigated in a free atmosphere. Sand and plastic luminescent particles were used as indicators. The distribution pattern of the particles on the earth's surface was studied. Empirical formulas, enabling one to calculate the surface particle density, falling from an instan- Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Pollcv Close and accept given. 2 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 Pit 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-runs. Introduction In this work the results of experimental investigations of the dispersion of solid particles from a source located in a free atmosphere are examined. The dispersion of particles in an atmosphere Is of considerable practical interest. Thus, for example, the dusting of agricultural crops in order to eliminate pests or plant diseases is performed by aircraft by dispersing a suitable material. In similar vein, there is sanitary treatment of reservoirs to prevent the spread of the anopheline mosquito, the introduction of FTD-MT-24-283-69 i "For operations in sparsely populated regions (the experiments of 1956) for releasing sand from an aircraft specially made canisters equipped with a parachute were used... ... For releasing particles over populated regions (experiments of 1957-1960) a special cassette with a capacity of 200-250 kg of sand 200-300 um of size fraction or 100 kg of plastic particles was used." The dyeing of the powder was done in an alcohol solution. By laboratory experiments were determined the norm of dyeing — for 1 kg of powder 10 g of dye dissolved in 1,25 4 alcohol was required. When dyeing with rhodamine 6Zh the quantity of dye was increased to 15 9. Upon completion of dyeing the remaining alcohol was drawn off by a suction filter and the powder was washed with water until a colorless filtrate was obtained and was dried on special stands at a temperature of 30-350C [1]. When using colored powders as aerosols the stability of the dye to solar radiation is important. An experimental check showed that all the rhodamine was sufficiently stable. Auramine turned out to be less stable. Release of .particles. The release of the colored powder and sand was done f".11- ^ waft of different types with the help of devices of different systems. The systems and techniques of release were selected of such design, so that the source of the particles was, as far as possible, instantaneous and pinpointed. However, even 4n this case, in initial moment a .-J icWf,4 in the direction of mnvexsont_ nF_ Ehe aixJ±.Fa£k ..and thn Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy suffieieritly good approximation. 3 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 Pb 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.conV2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. For operations in sparsely p{s ti # S regions (the experiments of 1956) for releasing sand from an clreraet specially made canisters equipped with a parachute were used. At the instant of opening of the parachute the canister was opened and the sand dumped for 1-2 a, and the empty canister was lowered in the parachute. The opening of the canister occurred 1 a after its release from the aircraft. Special attachments made it possible to release from 2-4 canisters simultaneously, the capacity of each was 150-200 ks. For releasing particles over pj*u* d regions (experiments of 1957-1960) a special cassette with a capacity of 200-250 kg of sand 200-300 pm of size fraction or 100 kg of plastic particles was used. The release time of powders from the cassette was 1-2 a. f3 "The presence of the first maximum can be explained by the features of the source of particles used, which at the time of release forms a cloud of sufficiently high concentration. In a number of cases movement of this cloud was observed, but more exactly the nucleus was an entity. It was possible to track the moving cloud from the aircraft for 10-30 minutes, depending upon its color and atmospheric composition; these observations permitted one to calculate the average speed of its movement. Comparison of results of the aircraft measurements with ground data (Figs. 6b and 7b) shows that the first maximum made up the fallout of this nucleus as an entity." pantiole density in the region of the second zone on the average is of the order of less than in the first zone. The area of the first zone is 4-9 km2, the size of the second zone is considerably larger. The presence of the first maximum can be explained by the features of the source of particles used, which �."INk"A;i1w, �- 3 • rX a .,, _, OOOKMW` ". lRWa in a number of cases movement or this cloud was observed, but more exactly the nucleus was an entity, it was possible to track the moving cloud from the aircraft for 10-30 minutes, depending upon its color and atmospheric composition; these observations permitted one to calcu- late the average soeed of its movement. Comparison of results of Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: COnkie Polic - Close and accept 4 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 Pr 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ.. experiments, More detailed knowledge on this pnenomenon are presented in [71, Based on very approximate calculations for the proportion of particles carried by the nucleus of the cloud, nearly 1/14th of the total number of particles in the cloud can be accounted for. The main mass of the cloud, having a minute density, is dispersed due to atmospheric turbulence and will form a secondary diffusion maximum of concentration on the earth, already in accordance with the fallout rates of individual particles. A picture obtainedof the trace on earth's surface as being spotty is usually somewhat incorrect. This spottiness can be deter- mined by a number of circumstances. Aside from pure statistical error connected with the number of particles on the plane table and estimated according to the law of Poicadn, the certain irregularity of the near -ground surface (microrelief; uneven vegetation, etc.) plays a role; unaccounted for features of the position of the plane table, the offset of variability of the wind. These circumstances have a greater effeet in the propagation of light particles falling out over a large area than on the heavy ones. 23 '...to use the theory of turbulent diffusion in the interpretation of the obtained results. However, the solution of many applied problems requires simple measures, let alone approximate methods of calculation, in the propagation of various kinds of pollutants in the atmosphere. There, it would be expedient for us and very important to obtain simple empirical formulas in calculating the surface concentration of a pollutant, spread in a free atmosphere from high altitude sources." equation of turbulent dispersion of foreign bodies, ejected in a free atmosphere, are given for certain special cases, for example, in 13, 10, 11, 121. Prom what was said it is clear that, as yet it was not possible to use the theory of turbulent diffusion in the interpretation of Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv obtain a'l"°l#i+fti,.EitttYe�daihiti^Ama� r.. Close and accept 5 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 PN 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. R tt t .on `,• %t't + to i d$t v �. x°t :'.Am "0* The attempt to estimate the coefficients of the turbulent dispersion of a pollutant in an equation, solved on the assumption that these coefficients are constant, is done in the following chapter. Here, let us stop to consider the empirical dependences and set up the problem to determine the basic parameters of the trail of failing particles in the function of the source data of the experiment — height of the release (H), rate of fallout of the particles (w), speed of the average wind (u) and the number of parti- cles at the source M . The results of experiments presented in Table 7 serve as source material for given target. The experiments encompass a wide range or fall velocities of particles, from 0,07 to 3 m/s, and different heights itrom 500 to 8000 m), The determination of the location of maximum 2artlele density (xmax), If the particles were transported only by gravity and average wind, then all of them would fall at a distance xmax • uH/w from the projection of the point source, In case of actual atmosphere in this picture the effect of atmospheric turbulence, resulting in the dispersion of the pollutant, applies. If the particles are coarse (their fallout speed is high), then the determining factor in their propagation is gravitational fallout, and the effect of turbulence is comparatively small. With a decrease in the size of the particles in the process of propagation, 13a 91 25 DATA MANDLJMG ME free atmosphere, aerosol dispersion, chemistry, air pollution, atmospheric turbulence Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 6 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 Pr 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. UR 1 45 TA413LATION 1 NONE (U)- A comprehensive description and analysis are presented, of experimental studies of the dispersal and fallout of solid particles (luminescent sand particles, 100-1000 Mu in diameter, and luminescent plastic particles, 30-100 Mu in diameter) dis- persed at heights. of 500 -8000 a in the free atmosphere and falling out at a rate cX from 0.1 to 3 mfsec. The traces of the aerosol particle fallout were measured to determine the relationships between their principal characteristics (sur- face concentrations, positions of zones of maximum particle concentration, amount of surface concentration dispersion) and total amount of particles ejected, the wind speed, and rate of particle fallout. The information presented includes; description of experimental procedures (preparation of lumi- nescent particles and location, descriptions period of opera- tion and sites of test sites); methods of aerological observa- tions (pibal, aircraft); and identification and grouping of four types of atmospheric stratification, The field results are graphed, tabulated, and sumLArized in detail. Empirical relationships investigated related to analysis of the pprac- tical utilization of the equation for turbulent diffusion and the coefficient of turbulent mixing in the derivation of a t WTO ovespinmr, o6c 60 .I" ', ' Link To DISPERSION PATTERNS OF AEROSOL PARTICLES IN A FREE AT1v1OSPHERE Readers may note similarities in the study of pollution dispersion modeling adopted by the EPA and promoted as'research' by academic institutions. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy. Close and accept 7 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 PN l970USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Brperiu«nt... bttpo uwo/xou5/lly/o-uoupzopuo-nuouonom-rnoo. -- 24APO 2O181ZERO8eoenQhn$ednQ.00mIAUGUST 18741C|A-Q5^WSSIRWeather Modification Exchange 1@52"ABOVE REQUEST BASED UPON SOVIET - DELEGATION'S INTEREST |NGAINING FAMILIARIZATION WITH METHODS OFEVALUATING RESULTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION EXPER|MENTS!'Link To DucumnentSourca:https//wvvvxola.gov/readingroonn /docm/2|&-RDP79~00798AO01000070009~1.pdf �� �°� ..~.. ........... ........ 5April 2Q21|Zng.cxom IDecember 16, °-- 1Q781Director ofCentral |nteUiQencalState Department ~ review jAppoovedFor Release 2O0706M8jBothChina and the USSR began weather modification programs .^~~ and experimenting inthe 18501s,under the term "meteorological" science. ^//The ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept Tofind out more, including how Uocontrol cookies, see here: Cookie PodiQt 8ofl2 983125,6:40P? 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. r 1916191981119111€i3 E0119 9111t610=1151 R A®811 1 1111a1�IBiffil1y1M1NIgo 81191-119W 7 October 2018 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I September 1975 1 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) I This report focuses on Soviet developments in weather modification, climate modification, and climatology during the period from late 1973 through mid-1975. Current Soviet work ... Continue reading 1952 Germany — Research on Weather Modification I CIA Report Declassified 1999 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com "This is an example of basic physics research which can be applied to meteorology and weather modification. The experiments were performed in physics laboratories, but they ... Continue reading 0 ....... - —..........I—. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Poll v Close and accept 9 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 P11 1970 USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Experiment... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/11970-usaf-report-documents-russ. fl l i�idi� i�i�I Ifl i�i1E61�R 1110I ERIRAWylMIIIJEl ... 2020 1 CIA FOIA Library (Weather Modification, Meteorology, Weather Forecasting, Satellites, Cloud Seeding I 'Note: Agency has removed many source links. ZG downloaded files are included for this reason* _ 29 June 2016 1 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) Geoengineering Link... Continue reading r �] RffiYIAT TOTHR IXINQABSR peen Yu a NelionN weN�na RlcdfiaUen RAunrcN Aoym %fNF 4RHHO AATM 13 September 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Need For A National Weather Modification Research Program is a 1974 Government Accounting Office (GAO) report that documents early funding and legislative efforts to coordinate federal weather modification programs. Participating agencies included: Defense Advanced Research ... Continue reading .............. ................ .. ............... .................. ... .. ........ .. ........ ....... ... . Privacy & Cookies This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 10 of 12 9/13/25, 6:40 FD l970USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion 8npertoxod. ll . � W«aM«m� 15November 2O24|ZunoQeoengineehnQ.uonl|2OU3 United Nations (UN)World Meteorological Organization (VVM<])and Global Atmosphere Watch (GAVV)Report. `**~ "Aerosol impacts depend onparticle size. Onamass basis, two populations ofparticles, with charect*rliadoa||ydifferent sources, sinks, sizes ... | w.^u.NmMoxEm*°o""*w"` Continue reading �� n^v--. .^~'.'—'^^ Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use ��... ... .... ... ... �... ... ... �� Tofind out more, Including how tocontrol cookies, see here: Cookie Poll l470USAF Report Documents Russian Aerosol Dispersion Brp*doeot. x0002O25/D . March 6, 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I NATO's Role in Shaping Environmental Policies Key Points: NATO's Influence on Global Standards Environmental Protection as a Racket Evolution into Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) EPA's Historical Failures |TALL STARTS HERE..NATO i$a... Continue reading ^^^^^~^^.~^ 16 Ardclesi3Oistory Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use ��... ... ���... .... �����'��. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie PoliQt ZERO BLL.iLfL DUIDIHAIL IILNAVIV LXVlAIIUA1AMIL I>x!t'.-.II. AV NOT THIS Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles � Contact #ZG Rainmaking Is Used As Weapon by U.S. 3 July 1972 1 By SEYMOUR M. HERSH I The New York Times I CIA.gov Approved For Release 20W04114 CIA RDP74600415R000500090001.3 �•:LMOitA1ll'v �: v'Oit "i :.., a..i,. ii n.� SL;SJc.CZ. Senate Arrnc,: iicrek. Story ru "lt a:r.rrak:r. i. 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To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 25X1 Att, Distribution: Original - Subject I - AJDCi I - t:x/Dir I - DDP 1 - CITE 1 - SAVA rm+a raa liw1K p„JaMt r� F - Approved For Release 200SOQ14 CiA.RDP74900415R000500090001.3 Cloud Seeding in Indochina Confirmed -Chemical Also Employed to Foil Radar J Approved For Release 2009/04/14 CiA4RDP74B0o415R000500090001-3 • :... a. i. .:..-«.411� 1U ✓1.JVu � .. .. �. ;:.:.,.a a ... .. w :x.. �S 77 1.. ..... c ...c . . . .:..a ._: Al - Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv a144,.y \'WnJt a4'.. ... ..'.:..�. . .. a'i.h Liu, cII, _ �:�-. .nw «—..y.•.ua.. .. _.. Y.0 ♦+n M'..'., n. aati.i::.: qp] Yi Y.• .: i; :i6�:r to .., M e.: ,.: , OY r, Ni A lilt :. ..; a - -.•f'�.Y[:? .a:i .ui .5 Y. ,� ifK .L. .. o - !ir 619tNU :N Li .a-Z •. pw. •: '»^, u i1w i'. :dl 'FM90A Cola LG,. r.. :a f. is .. .. :. p iaec.-It ti:.4e :at :...a. A Nixr.� A4A - eYr- : .. F. liui ➢3a u. ut <.�: . .. .. .-..`. Lill:4p.'..GQ.Y utYQ :....1.:.. . au 1,9 ..:OdiJu.l ::... -A:.{i afY s33Y A$ Lu Mr N"._i Vm ,W«•• Y.U.. , N'.::. LfiLS aYCd�uff fuv4- ....: -_._i. a, xr a,. � ... :.La. OawO ei •+�.'Mu ,MW. ..Q :.1 :1:.: f.,• 1 ate+ -ar ._... _ ....c:::� a. a :::Lssq• Approved For Release 2009AW14 . CIA-ROP74BOD415ROODS00090001-3 WASHINGTON, July 2—The United States has been secretly seeding clouds over North Vietnam, Laos and South Vietnam to increase and control the rainfall for military purposes. Government sources, both civilian and military, said during an extensive series of interviews that the Air Force cloud seeding program has been aimed most recently at hindering movement of North Vietnamese troops and equipment and suppressing enemy anti-aircraft missile fire. The disclosure confirmed growing speculation in Congressional and scientific circles about the use of weather modification in Southeast Asia. Despite years of experiments with rainmaking in the United States and elsewhere, scientists are not sure they understand its long-term effect on the ecology of a region. Some Opposed Program The weather manipulation in Indochina, which was first tried in South Vietnam in 1963, is the first confirmed use of meteorological warfare. Although it is not prohibited by any international conventions on warfare, artificial rainmaking has been strenuously opposed by some State Department officials. It could not be determined whether the operations were being conducted in connection with the current North Vietnamese offensive or the renewed American bombing of the North. Effectiveness Doubted Beginning in 1967, some State Department officials protested that the United States, by deliberately altering the natural rainfall in parts of Indochina, was taking environmental risks of unknown proportions. But many advocates of the operation have found little wrong with using weather modification as a military weapon. "What's worse," one official asked, "dropping bombs or rain?" All of the officials inter viewed said that the United States did not have the capability to cause heavy floods during the summer in the northern parts of North Vietnam, where serious floods occurred last year. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Most officials interviewed agreed that the seeding had accomplished one of its main objectives —muddying roads and flooding lines of communication. But there were also many military and Government officials who expressed doubt that the project had caused any dramatic results. The sources, without providing details, also said that a method had been "developed for treating clouds with a chemical that eventually produced an acidic rainfall capable of fouling the operation of North Vietnamese radar equipment used for directing surface-to-air missiles. In addition to hampering SAM missiles and delaying North Vietnamese infiltration, the rainmaking program had the following purposes: 4 Providing rain and cloud cover for infiltration of South Vietnamese commando and intelligence teams into North Vietnam. 4 Serving as a "spoiler" for North Vietnamese attacks and raids in South Vietnam. n Altering or tailoring the rain patterns over North Vietnam and Laos to aid United States bombing missions. 4 Diverting North Vietnamese men and material from military operations to keep muddied roads and lines of communica tion in operation. Keyed to Monsoon The cloud -seeding operations necessarily were keyed to the two main monsoon seasons that affect Laos and Vietnam. "It was just trying to add on to something that you already got," one officer said. Military sources said that one Main goal was to increase the duration of the southwest mon soon which spawns high -rising cumulus clouds — those most susceptible to cloud -seeding— over the panhandle areas of Laos and North Vietnam from May to early October. The longer rainy season thus would give the Air Force more opportunity to trigger rainstorms. "We were trying to arrange the weather pattern to suit our convenience," said one former Government official who had detailed knowledge of the oper ation. According to interviews, the Gentrel Intelligence Agency in itiated the use of cloud -seeding over Hue, in the northern part of South Vietnam. "We fast used that stuff in about August of 1963," one former C.I.A. agent said, "when the Diem regime was having all that trouble with the Buddhists." "They would just stand around during demonstrations when the police threw tear gas at them, but we noticed that when the rains came they wouldn't stay on," the former agent said. "The agency got an Air America Beechcraft and had it rigged up with silver iodide," he said. "There was another demonstration and we seeded the area. It rained." A similar cloud -seeding was carried out by C.I.A. aircraft in Saigon at least once during the summer of 1964 the former agent said Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Laal i Policv i., .....—..,,.., .... ,....e ,c,a nn1,^Ic zao 4 A e A- cJC U Ao or 0! W.—C Approved For Release 200910414 CtA-RDP74BOO6415R0D0500090001-3 Expanded to Trail The intelligence agency expanded its cloud -seeding activities to the Ho Chi Minh supply trail in Laos sometime in the middle nineteen -sixties, a number of Government sources said. By 1967, the Air Force 1._A — ^-- F____ -'A 114- Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this webste, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy A number of former CIA and high-ranking Johnson Administration officials depicted the operations along the trail as experimental. The art had not yet advanced to the point where it was possible to predict the results of a seeding operation with any degree of confidence, one Government official said. "We used to go out flying around and looking for a certain cloud formation," the official said "And we made a lot of mistakes. Once we dumped seven inches of rain in two hours on one of our Special Forces camps." Despite the professed skepticism on the Part of some members of the Joluison Administratiory Military Men: apparently took the Weather modification program much more seriously. According to a document contained in the Pentagon papers, Defense Department's secret history of the war, weather modification was one or seven basic options for stepping up the war that were presented on request by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the White House in late February, 1967. The document described the weather program over Laos— officially known as Operation Pop -Eye —as an attempt "to reduce traficability along infiltration routes" It said that Presidential authorization was "required to implement operational phase of weather modification process previously successfully tested and evaluated in same area." The brief summary concluded by stating, that "risk of compromise is minimal." A similar option was cited in another 1967 Working document published in the Pentagon papers. Neither attracted any immediate public attention. The Laos cloud seeding operations did provoke, however, a lengthy and bitter, albeit secret, dispute inside the Johnson Administration in 1967. A team of State Department attorneys and officials protested that the use of cloud -seeding was a dangerous precedent for the United States. "I felt that the military and agency hadn't analyzed it to determine if it was in our interest," one official who was involved in the dispute said. He also was concerned over the rigid secrecy of the project, he said, "although it might have been all right to keep it secret if you did it once and didn't want the precedent to become known." The general feeling was summarized by one former State Department official who said he was concerned that the rainmaking "might violate what we considered the general rule of thumb for an illegal weapon of war —something that would cause unusual suffering or disproportionate damage." There was also -concern he added, because of the unknown ecological risks. A Nixon Administration official said that he believed the first use of weather modifi cation over. North Vietnam took place in late 1968 or early 1969 when rain was increased in an attempt to hamper the ability of antiaircraft missiles to hit. American Jets win the panhandle region near the Laotian border. Over the next two years, this official added, "it seemed to got more important —the reports were coming more frequently." It could not be learned how many specific missions were carried out in any year. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy .C,Q n/,ZYIC 1.10 The chemical, he said, "produced a rain that had an acidid quality to it and it would foul up mechanical equipment —like radars, trucks and tahlta." "This wasn't originally our planning," the official added, "it was a refinement." Apparently, many Air Force cloud -seeding missions were conducted over Mirth Vietnam and Laos simply to confuse or "attenuate" —a word used by many military men —the radar equipment that controls anti aircraft missiles. The planes used for such operations, C 130's, Must fly at relatively slow speeds and at altitudes no greater than 22,000 feet to disperse the rainmaking chemicals effectively. A number of officials confirmed that cloud -seeding had been widely used in South Vietnam, particularly in the north along the Laos border. "We tried to use it in connection With air and ground operations," a military officer explained. One Government official explained more explicitly that "if you were expecting a raid from their side, you would try to control the weather to make it more difficult: " This official estimated that more than half of the actual cloud -seeding operations in 1969 and 1970 took place in South Vietnam. Much of the basic research was provided by Navy scientists; and the seeding operations were flown by the Air Weather Service of the Air Force: By 1967, or possibly earlier, the Air Force flights were originating from a special operations group at Udorn air base in Thailand no more than four C-130's, and usually only two, were assigned in the highly restricted section of the base. Each plane was capable of carrying out more than one mission on one flight. One former high-ranking official said in an interview that by the end of 1971 the program, which had been given at least three different code names since the middle nineteen -sixties, was under the direct control of the White House. Interviews determined that many usually well-informed members of the Nixon Administration had been kept in the dark. In the last year there have been repeated inquiries and publicly posed questions by members of Congress about the weather- modification programs in Southeast Asia, but no accurate information has been provided to them by the Department of Defense. "This kind of thing was a bomb, and Henry restricted information about it to those who had to know," said one well placed Government official, referring to Henry A. Kissinger, the President's adviser on national security. Nontheless the official said, "I understood it to be a spoiling action —that this was descriptive of what was going on north of the DMZ with the roads and the SAM sites." Another source, said that most of the weather modification activities eventually were conducted with the aid and support of the South Vietnamese. "I think we were trying to teach the South Vietnamese how to fly the cloud -seeding missions," the source said. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy .,.....,.L .,r,....L.,,.., ..,..,.. .. y .......... ..........,........,..,,,.L ..., .,,...,......, ,.,,..L.... .C,Q (119P1[ I.,. One Government source did say that a group was "now evaluating the program to see how much additional rain was caused." He would not elaborate. Link To A version of this archives appears in print on July 3,1972, on Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Rainmaking Is Used As Weapon by U.S Approved For Release 2009/04/14 CIA-RDP74B00415ROp0500090001.3 NEW YO iX =VIZ5 a,V r+ksgon i I\ VVea.l-joill vrJi War ar WAsIi1NGTON—Dr. Gordon J. F. MaalbnaW, A Pmre:,ent grophys,cist woo had just completed a Into, as vim pmixkut of the DrtcoI, Deptnnreni's . ;inatauta of urfemse Ana;yus, Pub. hsued in 190 a lalle.notvd but chilling xudy on me milwy p.nrntlsl of meteroing'"I Warfare. Ile Lsteda Actin. ,her of options arAdable to those woo wMAd Gucsc to tamper with not"& Among lbr'in: Y Altering the World's tnnxraluro nekeo ng mmerials ,r to Pie eae:h's appCt A:moaplgq (o athrr iba0rb :fight tlherehy cooling the sarroce be:awl w absorb outgoing beat (;hereby heaung Mile surfan below). This tecnroque xould be targted at a spmi6e east, aiTrlg;,enng tidal waves by set. ding off a series of underground m. plosions ,ion„ the edge of the Conti. -neat Shelf, or by prooueing a aatur]t .Canhquake. A guxled wild wave could Marriott;), aenweed by Marrt;), w.aping the energy mleasc smarms. *Changing the physical rlakmp of the atmoxphere by c,e,Png, wish a rocket Of nnilar weapon, a "hole^ in the Important Aron: layer between .In and 10 miles up tnal .s reaponslble for absorbing much of the ultra -violet Might Cart learn tilt {an. Without Oro pmlttuvr layer of ozone, a mat¢uar lonr, of osygm. the rad:auon would he total to *if hsa:aa, plant ,,it aninai Lre that could not take abe"er m ins affected area below. Dr. MacDonald (Who is now a 'member of the Wiutr llnuse Counc.l on hnvifenmrnul Qwldy) roar!, n clear that his esany Was based only on spa. alalifn. Last weei, however, it beCam, known that At treat port of hn mau- .w weather AMAM had Men sccteuy -in use by the United States since the .1a60y, Air Force planes, supponcd by the Central )atoLLlgmocs Ageecy, bow berg Wang a syswr,,.l:O war of . ca U. Illai.q:.On trA.Ir Or lap:.. 4anY bnti.w, Arr,.h vie:.n.,m A. 5.:.:.,F v,,;. i'hr _,.Pz suppcs,.: .._.. fire. p: dvide CUVC- - V.rin..a.: �• t r:m:: L a ,,,.t,,e NOlil. a.11 .._ . . .. momm,]l of men A" 1.... ".... ...... 'i Lr t ., rSPeG:.5e01i1 Yiif!-mw,:. t. mu..n• was ll.;.. by the i in M3. but a Was not Ile 1 at a ;roue Of Aa Form WAS crewed w to (arc. nII jjo sat down to a S,g brava- siof'+ •-..moq" late one of uW V,- 4Cs W.., Parl K.}:,4 At l.:r A. Form Gn,ar,Jgr Resow,% TAbora. t1u," al ;.JaR'om[, F'.e.j cur 1 aJ:crd, Maas. "i:lr idea was to cT e :".e rain .::;d neum the tra .. ...... of SAatl.cast As.a," W.:cm A year, r.:r i CIA b-„an A 1:'.g:..y u.: ' .. .: ax• ng pruje over r.:c It: C!:. : Tra.: in Lms, kl... W: as liym"",.ert v. .. .., the Sufic D , er t.w:y a :hrecllve fr;, - halt to t, t McmwixlcrgnM. d� m:i.c ea_A"• From 1969 through at least ur;y I:na year, wcauPtr Warta:, was a mvrn Oprratinn being Circled by tic JAint Cmols of Staff wrJ, W'S.:r Haase aryuwtrnu TM fact that the prcgnm existed at 4:1 came to light on:y tut we'll in Tae Sew YorA Tines au:, d..p,te .n Cvtn,slve inveaL g.tny .t c 13 rot be fcarnrd how saemsafuj i.:e program had bee„ how m]oy r.c„oas ware Condmfd M WhtL= it wax s:::; bc.:lg used in eonnom'�on wah :he hnvy bombing of North v Le rn the: I,: towed th,e enemy of:e,.s.ve last Ap:.i. baking ram h., I-,,- l" Calf f. r,:3e. SQCAlulf :a" aar.ed ❑at .'a- lad by as mu,i, as 40 per a,a alter seed. by dale panx:es. Other chc. .ma; iaci..d- fng 4ry ion• a:w have beta LLtd r'.L.1 succem bop: in the Unwed States sad in Sm.:,.,ast A,.,. 11,wary AMI Govrr:a:.r:.: aneraa:v, 'adcnowkage tlui there A :roe praise 6Ckn4uC ILWWP119e Of cu aF_an•nrge impact of CIMd smdmg ,.d Pr.cli- caAy nest Of U.'tonee']n. CGGiogiCa eff"t of CShnping the wnw.a of UP" ra 19" social acaGtiu bow .i'.CG :uii K,..,„,-i:.M1g Litt wM]:.•.e( L a.. MitiL.:ai:On M'iL. xnd .:N:s, .uy .sae a C ... tile. , fiat gftiWoe ..1iCr �a' w4Jad hiPo oaw'a'd nY ,. watt ! ' ah scope Ot gas n.. -..rnl wucrlu,.c.n,; M. pae... :y uY ::Isl.. vu.p L,.:are uA tcccs. Artdlrst.y tYi., ri.tS :..ay fesi:'m fix gfeaur :,ua:.::;; pan taat+tmu. ,king WI[i, b..v.r, Sou efo,wn. Ta:.:iu a:y. ;ion an ro ,cltl a weai.rrn:.k- . ,.. _ c. .. ...: cryy.. A. P. at,:_ •. n s' s. - and '.:enry resulted .n...r,_4M, aba,: it w tAase w:q had An aww --svvy. a it.'au-' Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Close and accept .t la nn]Plc 1.10 Link To Full_Congressinai Document_CIA-RDP?4B00415R000100110006-9 Approved For Release 2002/01110 : VA41pPUB00415R0001001100 -j July f0, 1972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD —SENATE S 11SI:i rhaep hem the F mer by hmnt OMOOO lout all tegltltyskAl watiare. In fan ellort to oeNeures- mtddrthr gaff.. end Iteu:ht a tug mgity anrga, of aglow out t [rote akm Mr. AtMtin F10..rile lIN fnte40r OW tIM Or tbmYCWa doeefed lOsaM gehMrlat It O6LNr aerlNprneal. tea [dead mirb pNJaa ad Me FK`M`M for ray<tlierdamerapae onnmt-►ar {tag FMkaBb% Wa aer thoo Mad ree'vinR a alnminnpt cow by flNnma hr COM-COU M Auatnow end Me ft.!Mnlae for rtrw xt or Mtmmtum Mane Agla a iitulh ApMr1W. Mila[V ai„aat All er IIN OCmpenrl poxv. O eR e0b to retunwbut prier We. Mr. Anglin tested alto the tndtpeudeut mm:nt. hr hie C.Loany. M a ..lung[ or Whier atndfa into the Wbl MoTlagnmtetWI ,upact a u: Ve pe aa.at dasltned W wk W Aaimntae their Lem that. Item UM Mount am eerifetMn W ooe matHMiR b Iof dw- paai a wagb print. . That way, M a" -we'a be able te wake rein men taiaeugeet emafrb t a but for Be te the she ttadttmuYaksd, see a tag Ogmpgnr'f anaia in a Progress, is IQ llMrida mtrua epeNttoat a oPCIIAD the seattdaed of Ittlat Air the mltmo,cy-type wNYwa ague iturver, the otlm The ptotbm-befante lamb. M pwtrba far mar then roue ware, b ttr loottuw W. trot 10. Mr.,tondo gaud. -We tai,ea W time, flea VIA fteY1IN, nut go rnl Urfa whhge dbif and Ilea, W uaprerM Vonoth Oar angle. TVoae enaerpaw were ...erred W the tuna% Yes the Very Bea rbkb fnrlcb eferepae FnvabMd. The CMn1MnY'a farm better hfam Im..,- rnL Mr. Atatin tatty, did bat cnwban tea p ont huge" wbfe tt rM Inaugurated: but sear, dW W the CKNIUMulnd mesa er Me ant'lty. MM felted w bagr a VaMul"111Y. With 14 ladgMuel atepOMr�a es eater babona beVer pay gu beall9a wed a- ptgreA bag th abdi situational falilrlea. the Nm of tbf rMrm bat pNanm la te reabillre the one mWMay Maa forge am W Nat Me. Mptbld of lodog Of Me roekMe W A partly afth mew tkmtgnT genpaweM Teen [oath Mr. Austin ailed Mf pro• tract -" Me bet:n" a Me brtrmlht,` be lrsgd that i Ilh glade ru,pbrtaUmt But ...i Inarluta, Mg luwlOUM prodeo• tMIT reM to yeltla IT. The eat te the Compe,hT. a add, ro IOUlp other Slippery pewabbgl, trabban duhh gag sot ""ety, -rhig naetw ban At Mkly ed to a tho , •'The la otHata a."Ol At Inb • mar ptMtsbb npe+atieo au g bker rrtid+a oat tnrertawpt.^ PROUIXIMON OP OMPUYSICAL MODIFICATION ACTIVITY AS A 'FA' MN OF WAR atntere Nu deal. i hxsa scheduled bear- Inga M July 2e Ned 27, IM. to receive lmuw,ony eel Sertato Re"ta on 281 Which I IULLadiMed earlier thh, Year, 77W resdluLLm, wlwh grew cotuw:ared by 8C111Uan liar.., CAst, cola^". CMae g. 11ARr, R,n.u., liumpuRir, JAY$". KeN- ecer. Mt6ovaxe. mortuVxa Nargoe, Ryttta+OA, 7yxxVT, and Uxµiegt er- IMMOBS Me better Of Me &i to that the l7nitcd Sate, thbold Beck the agreement of other exrrnlmenta to a protwmd trtmiy Vr'ohlb:W16 the um of any a„- v,ronntcntal W teoviu-XIl nludilh-U0n w ilvity gee a wdaPan of war. Or tied carI y. ant out of am rerltefcll of raperiubnta- um with respect tlher" I bellere that the arulcles referred W above will be of emat Iti Lemat to a num- ber of ecnbtoft. I thaetfaro "it want• mow consent that th er be printed In the Ractan. Then being rho olhWuo 1, the itg ns agree ordered to be P2 Mad In uW RacoMF. be folloe't: ewAeeat Nn IY U. Y NItt"ga gee UA— Otovb efemwh ng i Mx law conra(m-- C.." Aaaa Rgrl-0rcv 7 T,U. naafi Illy aeymaw M, na(b) W.wnlgarett. JN:r a+ —Tit UNIM gouge I,y been aaelir RMdla( chWW drat Nat, Vlguwm, Lea au eaulh Vbtnun W 1.- MYw greet ton1e01 uw ta1uWI rM m:I:Wr Fo"Y' . ex,sernmtus shiers. bout mrUMS, Mad ..:aaxy, veld d.aw Ma a:.Wft agree, M ollergle. oust the We Teta 400daadtet pfot.tm ba bees gonad mat Nmu uY at bmuIriwx moauwwt a NeeM VMtwunrr trhope awe ftr'lPmwt gnd so intguixt ewerby an Wlraan math. AN. Tee die VOO." 00ne veld eroNnt apgevb- Uon a CotMrrtlaW and smeaunc ..Ma gbmnt the AN a tagewer IDM MUM111 m 11t- eoutho tt Aga. ikapue Year! a eaperm t, g e1M relvaatlwa m Me Unread alias and 1111bfrt, vtmuga gra mt MAN May nh- derteaad Iw loot -teem Gnat m the $..Way N a Neat. Mgt Vreaa earswM The rN:tgg Into l"Mom In ilWgcnma. wbitn we, Grtt Vied In bauh rtateam In 1003, a hM find. prnM1rmM IW Of metaea- 100at anthem.. Altheh,h It b ea tMu»hna or May late"MuoaM eohee uguth. " weir.. MuamM ralhatabmt beat kanm airo-au Opposed bl tone apge D.1,o1 unit aul.r,ele. it would wet be deterhtmod whether Mg "featioa wan WIM omtd,oted In cargo- tww With the NTNnt xurM VateaatbN %d- amtlN a ng NnaoM Amerima boanhipt a uM vac.. 11hae enough ..xi. .1tN mosey at:..Mr, am oaeon.meet ameeaa aba expreg" Oe+1d tart r. ,e pm -et bW auged dnmatm mahtu TN tlonaNT enodlo Pros bee. aka (ale Ing a ra Shed ,'h Oren M O, e.ga la guy V t tlaee Hg1 a ..0 Won," Mat ttatY- any pin Me ere uag, runts:', a utong N fmd,ttg gig nartwnm vt Tatra: rbberm radar eQtdpmwtt wire tar dkrtttog nufKA,t a ads:l l)C t hbtopauug :.Ax mbe: h. at.e eaaY:lat Noah VMuamaw 1h"Itaw o, the ruamndlly pNgNr Rae Ug taliperft Fun -1",nd1a2 t.lo and tuna Neer for M- nit.U. of tents vietxermW f:unwWa au Inullttpny Maur ante la'drM Vletram. law ad r a-1FMMf" ter earth vbn• AAmw NWta and Ivan, In InAM, l'itttem. 'Alwrirle or W a';ut 'tot W. patwreut erect xecUt Vietnam au Late Me V,urad bums, bomtelr.r mbapns. - lotraeung Nate VabwmNe obut ate aKar1N tam auntarr 0,atautte b " attlditl made Muff maJr i:ea of roa,- mu join:ba m optetuoa e1,111 t0 waram:.r 1u0 Hood- !hy ope"Men. neOeMan!T wM0 ary'ad b Ite tag ,non ealavlai aMMnt tea NaLaos use rieMa'n ritn wyilm to b add hn Ii W aawl:dat gnM%at eon UM.dl O grog 0.=Nr a..M- MIW I;1 OelRe r:d gel let earn Rant eat b ItoMMa. aft d•ar"goe ee W. am,itt- war a 6"4 wnage tpaMy cet"N' In 'Inud c{pne+•-eat mat auwgp rat W timid ad NIO U9M the peewee:[ YW , lea , Nato 91 nou recap n m te w:r, fxbbte T.w iayK ntnr warn.. y W rna:a taro nha Ab Tap mar ngptfrtunuy W tntea I'MaWkWou. IWO `Wb rm 0I se b arnoui0 ambler µ\ to mean In s,::t ru gol Moonwt:.ena.' grow ag forma Ctwanthe Q' onti g bad debuts toreINEsr3npMslat. Aecerdthg a InrtrrM d g CgbUW in. se :ueeta Aat HI , la Md rtM tea MR Blow. Sounit ova HIM, a tea nath'I" pan of South AIe:. -'lrf Nm [Dead that Men C is W., idd.-It a< :Par.^ tee ogmN bw.t. I" Oil Yld. `Vita & g DUm rtMtng re, Wr- Fp 1h MN [resort rroo. Mt nno'd Btu ..Tear aAVld Ilgt th, atOYtQutWt S" at N- bet we ant petty three ha bai pN at tn. they bnt rt Ol teniat., Mat r,fa Ug !trot M>mt they rpUldaY Mt(on,` U.t tbrma gteln out. ^tee asa<r uu as Nr ♦o.utca paegb- brau ant nee It A MN hp wl'.b Yliter tOd.dM,' ae w"e age ao anamwe, xdemoure:Ma and ou tuarad trM atR it I%at cos A eendae deWeebdlry IeY althea end bT CLA. Nrgrafl m 1late. Mawe eta dgr- tna tea aauar a late. f hgrgr K1Nl VrMlYallrea ha,Datg .tang N raja Mr. PE.'.i.. ale. Pmtideot, Y eh.,oinuu, ir;.ah.1M M 100r, cog eta,* Depertmtal The iru.:: ygnte Aagna Bat gnded Iia of the Subconlmleue a1 OoeMM and In• enia'N1e pmt+attd that U. toped Swag, by wood-w,11at geCetUa b ant Na C:u ,he Mrtatmtal Envltoure enl. I hit" ban dmlberalrlY Mugging 144 eat"ou raiOrau m supply Iran fa Late attaiai:ea M l::t Very much eo.-teemed Me the unoA[bal pate a ttabcld➢e, . bkmt Movl m- AIM1aen-gra:let A aamt»r of LiMftrhmfht And untrondrt ed reports that the United meow a Mg of undawA pmporeima. Out many amgata N Via gpertuon haft found gut Mid. BY St"'. tag Ar yxa had be. mode trer,.eat a:.lmw0, a ow terror Oov- Stairs ha alL®tpte,1 b modify weather Wndlltefw In SWMAdstht Agee a, Ill- nttis want n111a [Wtag vNttw aeglna. lghtneni d,n M•a,,-,. UO,,, rge, anu%, ttnur ent of warfare. ll(E adID111tVy Xapen. "Wlat1 wawa," one ORtul awML -drop- den UAt LhO .- -f W.Fe Nn1ned It. age`Y bee • mdit- Dunnt the, treent ScIuitt merge. a ping CmebgerNlnY dab :tom we, While Rour te d0 :W, be number of InformaUre Article, wncera- Au of :tea omciW lour.Mived Out Mat mete. Inn thla Subject Appeared in the prtiz, the trotted Runde did not boa nag tape,ul;- A numtw of toraer CIA. goo haO•rauk. Antony thfwe "it articles wl'Iten by sty b two bogy doadtnt damt tea stun- tot Jab— MmlNstrefbn emntaas dtWMad Bruce Da Sheet In Vie Peurldence Jour. O'gre M ug nos her.. pert of NorM Y M*m, tea trpmatMee duet out Vail a eepere- Ilal And Egening nuliouit: Sto"Wr M. sheer rrrwg daatRRd o0dior O%A re.:. tarow, Ilersh and John Noble W Uford, M the OR.rlr.:ll• Uw Willie I ales bee gas DO- dt.11Aed conthu.t cat the lug de Toe ,OM a the vt bad tan Yrt mggmq '.t Nev, Yak limes of July 2, 1 a72: Oo panlognt VV,g.0 oglat ratan. -M* b ees a thor b Me pM:esker it rtl phN W pNdnct tea man. a a sNdme aparM og t Wun Aoy sue. Victor Ohllrlada.LW:Ba/At•.�.� vetttwwtfgan eeaa,etmgsn,t. _- Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv .0 11 N1111< 1.10 Approved For Release 2002101110 : CIA-RDP74600415R000100110006.9 811346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE July 20, 1972 dhea. ono, A bumped awe* inch" of rain yam, pwaen May kt the bWM Yaad the laa -we H pnre4ll. la .v.r-Ndtil tread. mad in aloe wD)eel in doolUnr Ili tee bottle On aM Of Om M•o" IN bo w. vWd W Alen it We eaaltatuva 'NIM W an4 draaar4 epNAunwe" a )hart"? aYtr. WYm WI.,Ive the Le"am. as Me OTQr e.PlLk ' .* liana bid mien WAD nu.0 W n .t WePfw Variation pert of UnM ..Norm al the iahnome A& aitudrT 1"m .PpLWntly tank Old fJOT.mlmrnt V: *W o+pLlMd Mre eapllW 11T thm «I: YIN War* tAimtuM A Laid InontiI• by U, KaWatal AnMmT W QdellOW. an MA datt of LIM Vr.Uad dufea se"a, aid minNlnitml, the WwMw mdlnwtlon pf•[I+m ril tram Mtl, Ala . you MW:Itl try to mntmi till alm,u4r W make at man 4tCmult.' TLH Or AT W4 InkrMWteal tmuonlrYuwl P1gllrld In hVeddi nu>. /magan lyl r0 a 4the meal d b Ito btlmatRd MY4 mOe a pelf UN u .kDW m iwt Nhany LLfaurinWO[ LIM to{n> pd VIll Pe fal !theme A.,NMILI.tl In IyfA end "L 'h lave taw" aWhat am.9 $Mi We haitaad a" aaf d L dalimmaw lean aT � IL .ar, nonU,rr Im W ,yy of 1KrW an phi., W & ,th Ir "I law YW t 4t band er,h An pror14M ad, hHaUan w uKlni Ib Klan inhe forM. tlen >tN OL t. eaWa Wda n .M rm Of hao rood lVo a Vniti Krood 1Woiatl"'dWl- " ,Tally Chen[* W dtaQ b the yo,st-I'VIng N► Ml M.T u44 Nett. IA-ff tea he bl I IDage a MM dl "m leather ndrtl'M OY Katy ' aden b tend ALL Nora Qatm h/ Mo Alr WwMw 9W110e at eauh[ i rWaIOW and MIU AA PaVan ' pmplly and .su011.I.W, pWM. Wnhol I. T do W,AM llon,rMIAL ap•hra a All . 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W111r1E an Ina tiny BttfW b ^ta] UoAhw I alonemaxi preen«« pnl'Yr03Y •LH- ead In YIN a>w am nwht. treat fQmM hllh• 'L. o.T4W LAW M as nd ^ In I.fy1T Oalv.Nl. y, lua O( Oer 1 1«lrptll,pllY) y«pp1,1a%eaa I., sYSY4n "tad mad "Lie / The WfaT +urnmary emdadM by Wlln1 t114 a 1 h ale pro. InwHwN f h d boar, Irma. Nabh had 14ep [wen w Imal u.aao ad"Slan acUrltT w A waapoe W lm>. W ,ha aenyltr U WI OY4] TwearaD toOajMrvNlaattOa wi+t. in"'}kk to ONnp1.1n11N H .'.U".' A nlnllw "ILOU >oa el Ili in weMw )MT din Ofplt Code LIYNYY more Lily wdll:! OkM twn4lkn:w. WWay,tkll , It :le ,nn AextaW W raQwo i .nMNm :lnlw MmWI)btlin, te Naexhig Vdw,n,Mwt pnnlMbod inIle :atafn• dm Palen. K.1Mdr auraadd any dtad tM Wb it. ... »me. lahorn r,wMat many la-W1 0idA .do 1t"L.MHla.'ni.a In hoortNd Yxdew III A IWtar.er V Katd 110 PUNY aNwtfea. Till, LWWd,4 WeIM NIW".In- IAlntl,m nw been bent in Ue aan. UndleaMw Wiintd far Ali ratYnARnt. in 'amNtu.Id t.YOMe Yen IIR«IWrea end jr,"Ita. baNeltr. a MndlhY tad bl•.Iq. al. 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Klninler, Me y'ewdWl't M11«er ra MU-Nal --"ItKaNtwr. MO amantlmeut Me D«Pw:nrant of Mlrtwx An. LhlN,h it mMlt he -beau an "'I.% b Wp it wcr•f It you did I, oaW and 4W.,t Ant XOMAletw, III* wl ulj Y. W.'1 904ertwn4 ,I b W t "it" tw- Add de. orand Koer,Urh T.:"te Ae",,Y It-TOTMU- aid Lweert'l, d IHA.rmIM bOM mW 1, 111114 lien pho odienj An DdMnY kOinall 'rkd Ironwood fedlltd Wad MArn'.1 M by *Orly"To M NDM Aa tnlho Oo MAD OI we DYd with LIM maM aM Mt "M Aten... ern" kind Of I:KIFni With ,)I* nlrnnlV irLt Y loQOVM W dAILA, Ml W.-to n. a dmb.1 Ono taller neen DlPartmant dwha who AIWMw ea,LTW Wild that men, W the Malt -.'an lndk'ttbu MAI U1t h4lr b Y Wb be At ennyn aid u'.1 LM mtllmmklu[ UVA" r IN4l nOm,U WN,,j. tKLItWIIT lM aaw a AM, *o kM1'M talent Of Ned'1wt ' nldhi HWan WN, A Wn«IOned the [en• enl T,Ue III file ltlamb fir w 111""I N " UVA aandWW Wi,11 LIM ntd Lad LVpPaxr W ,14 9euM Twalmtewie.'I oh,k A A'Wa try. WtW Ttw &M ame GYw!,.4n1 MRl1PWtrd1'w ofl tar--samaa�pd In"%* ld ."U111 Or dmU* -- Ind W Lech Me Lluuth VwuawYte hM MYaim Q> U4 UMMMV and 111b+lOna;' IN, WOTW It awd,:otod "Pra•.PIU Urn tndmalu. LIM pwpew� In Me Tn1hpi.Nal to 1PW, la N.t revel!!, W odd". W Ma Alan odd*. a" India In INIT• Area MInado mad III. ktw Ilnotrl.•ouln, OY W 1,1.1 A NIOm Mnr, 1".. a adktwt WY IWt Mann 1, Ww hapw+nd. I. ion xhen'IM mef. 1.1 mM rnddh I, I,e ,14 "pay WOM•i M. WmaN b Iall away, In'fe.0 Lad; in nown - All w the ftoY of IL dmMa+nal,. I., I4 IM Qnt nt midi• he IMIU VI IPn V of lot PIaW In nary trauma Nan ft1 wa om, swonam at Ine A), Turco dalnhrYN R.4131 Lann YeW el Vo.da, Tae aM.1to or, ado .,Ions In kA l n,O Add In- Yd IOW W WAY IV IenO:Ahn.h T)Nd in belfard, MI'le.. mad At f4fli1ppinw Clad Trlaa, out »w rhollho t. t W yam Ue tan- amaelld Ir: an atY P P«t Ina AV WwY Ill. ds K1 bnmlq tea+ "fill* OtivWen e tw,e U4 year, an" fY4b w M. I,, of ."WWMfl mlMlla. W all Aowhaa M M'YrpM)t41[Ind Ill" Me5 IM board W the WO.all, Ol"Al, AM ChairWe ! mLN e pw MIOD law,W I". )ran In Manb.rw V,,V, minOpemWnn. 4 Vr.T DW IW mrw.w. nlelaWOtod1H. ihm U4 Imes AOb DOt ate Ala balder. over liveMlerorniho. OTte O.m I" I.M. UIk Od1CW "dad, 11" eW Vt lw IWwtl, M.W, Ono Oopnmint An. dd r, that a Tell. 1.•1,bout hanle , lot NY4 in rind.. In lead and It", had -it Wtr1Yd M `OL non IopwwnhUY iM pWY Ara Mmtn[ roan 11"LAMU).- anon, Nw •leper .ro NA1.9 Md poonw. W pm ate, ,nnM Addal.&I nln MY asaWb.. rNllwn MIMIa«l. In Vol!" a LLt 11OWw VVAM Nitn.u. YnYa Ir>lt.Y mlood M"a it W,Iw nat be LOWIIed IYOW AULOT WOaldo it. WOu14 Unit a)aWmw. Mw throw Armed W m.b w nLtMN. "ouch, mlWatu W"aeM1IW OWL nl Ally Trar. T4 a.pwtmeol. candid" by WY Nnuao:,e: alien W.11-In W1IM4 WOMW AWAY that N\ly A.0 Nn.n Aat QtrtRat. w Ll4NYaxjm Ae OOWOIa And AtalrwPhorlC Admmalntiaa. W,Nnlab M LeIPonYwO IW de.Nwh,AL a WN ptrl(M ed vnevo>d^ draOW Or Mr, WOO. are kind Or thamlW K.nt MWUW M LIM Nwm Mntu* Ilene. Mel oftak .Gwleall P John NaWe WulaN) 1 I NI•nOrraJT tdM.twt -MMS )LnT My wlla:rnxlt"Lad in oWu1 land W NcaM bylaw! AiIW 7. f mnulWkbd •ItyMlniohlM 11m, 44eaWY Ln .,III nit moo LAM, ttadrY- Wale W.1.0tatnd lMt dun 5,nw ♦ Dh of WnInnnIll Oro on"hor p' Amd- The clwmYM. b. am "ptadllwd a mi. dead Ih• MWt.,wAn W of [IOtld-Nealnd. ISCOY.,N min W o,l. hrdlWnl IN, Or tat L7TW M K+IHeanNMnW Yt4ine4 that add an "Lo Quality b It aL LI NONd fOnl Op mWbo km K.tPmtOhuk* Indian law. NM ewl me pbh, bn[•Yml ImpKt M We Owed, o1 A "LIM Or the "I'M W rid YnaeyY Allyn WLd l In L rr•tel•I.mw InteTIYN 'era kur I And w.W- "flak Ndnit oAd.ohy In An, PlMnlnd,- TaleOOWDAIlOrA rtat.Iy . lad b I"Oao overt aadad MknLMY OWT U4 uA W Matter ro . fm by at ale, M:L.• OtaW: Mean An be an tho card. of Wand Wn>O4ed WInWIM the O'b"Al Added. -H N a Ieaotln - AppmnnUT, mYny my pbnA NoNdamodind m Ufimum de ALL InktTinlent o: Alf.re, yoo.Wn[ xtll dolt In GAW L UVAM- W. WfU41r awwltoa. PW M W N„laar neinlMAIN, reWM[k I""Wil/ N`N"M adeygle WWI WW41LOYd ~ NULth vY K nwWt'd IvwlK'11. Via nnet.2 U. U4 awMmOnd in waWnd rhea. altb OuTW llNenW u Wd4ft dry W.ao Uhnn AAll anal O'h W cnam- Tam end dt.* .Implf M amf " W %t s. TWW to W. at Ile laden W imk Mwoon, low wt4rteaU nut:at. The AW-e Word Lifted by madly mnitury wool- the ILOW eQalpmenl Mw Wnt"- An""' w>ir,d: 'It w Chrloe Mat MwMrr mMnfiWWw Toead 00nonmrnt Y ayerwlr4 etwat oJ0 anal m1amlw. The pt.. OWd Int ""I np• )lend w a awpan Or Am ben t14 pOh"AW m"Ited 4.a lr M tIWMM-n,olaW.YPb nn ont10K. O•Iaft ml.t d> as Ia).111011 A.W anyof alt"W" drama,"*1 Mw W. W **Alain[ �W-ola* and Qnllt pOa1O11 datcn. _ intoatadl.aM end W rau. 'y Lt t W. LOQ tewr.e bT Wbleb .Chan Old fr dl.l+Ilrplaoleel4ri epReleelse 560210�pR6trC trw 0 �Wh, ,11 t VIA adwLV011. VI Ahg ben Bonn MAIL 00`4 Wall D.w • fen Q.mtw pad i ♦: Nan aamWlmnlm. in Ie1L, Yen did Amwfeat eapWlmanw MeldW weulw b1' Vl.eaot J. aWAdw W olMa had 1. dwdtq kW been arYdf and In aa,ItD VYM in din , trW n arer bra NDMWow ednewvx+ W dead alr'4hrd. Approved For Release 2002I011110 : CIA41DP74B00415R000100110006.6 Jury P0, 1971 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- .rrNA-rP Leer. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polity Orly w-ar eiMt Land., NnYb Y earn awe In•kW.a WAYe:-n-VII7 ro Club{ lu Air AOLuwt = trwklM Witt AAnn* by meuaeln..A.e vw..._.1..... r.•.. .. n> mod Woe ka M.1a. w• .. W..a..... . . •lMill b iW OC"t Ulm pew ISrFd olW Heavily "tit tlry &IS Waal Ylm4h a NI Y elltwf Min r A . Rlttr WNm Y wdinAW' mrd Y Me seem. Iq Isms beWtar IDS "1*m pry Nanal.e a 'namely Ye am It Y mM MoeUM an asann; allpe ld MAtr mar a treks, In awm enema, Seat a sari IWaW pro. aftcap W.r asses -le, a mapeasr law Mils, dlopaeU IYse af0t'sh an real Y Mla, Tel. SMW be Vas L" d aaperimMY tem ",a W NfelAtW m "A', be rnu:raphwi Y m, ouch Y halinme.a A[I, -I nil ly1m df reef pg .111% ulet eoala m4r A 1340-:1 YMIa Malawi, AS, eTMtra In 9M%U. art ALI. hiss apt US 'Y MWk Lh4fp4 ­w Ow, be rYu-mY{IL1e rAs peal allLs be ttu [MIL; Wye • n•IISY ralmlitr pled wll ysrpf In d ftJ •J- 1 Y _Ape I Mink taint Iltty IUMW U." 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APMarA h:lniY papiwnY that .ale Me;a hailers Leal We SAW., I, L sale' Snes'; +4 w ptvparilul Mln•aaAdeaba aIDni ub No Call - ,Iwww alas 4yntb Wtb4t'.syVl• ripe, tyuala YOWYA, eptas 'ela...,m• Palen U, tam l a lie rwmitl y tllY niant- is yaln. ltiesSr. a M bold And �I' IYIi, Wale piralelaLtlr.. Ya0 Rep. :0nnt:S Eli. fa'us MYa n, rT :o to asp YY nOM dale llit lk Inella, to tlla{ arrpti `!pt(n VYh YIQ AM.hes AYn OrcL a al lty b sa'j a all ,, IIA11 Yai elear. On an b et rah Ari w Vppjla fier r: es, pales .,- Of ea.lb40r w a a of, lbw , rja6 alit, bay Of Ima antha shies Is pies arban, TTraVb tab. beam re Mllag lass a1Yct 4Wm ws in Lhe mils, 1: Gry1uYY4 irtfte, benlna an L WY U fYl. Alta ib Ande Ice pwi as lad nK Ant. S, #a fpralell CfuagFl 1nm Ina dDr,, y ed is u I ll. yetl,l be It1Ya W Tat lLY Wry �Esripwa in 4, Dep es, b ms US, S4C(w tie pOlenl WIy OaY. cal pprih,illtty�4ma ba64 apb1Y W.Im "am And DI a aYnY ILL. tanetY Ville ". Matlatlr and L, Peal IS tie optavllat yam Menial and kawnkKnll Jpbp C `w[a1l taY AHdfN." WeYlt r la:•,a "Y p 01111 am _ Isse [yap-vukbllrin aydlanYMllJ aw. .U. 4YLa1� pal' ica lms has mmeII mreVUW At l4ty..-Y 4ONLw m an hame,; rnmYphwe W Mrsa6b try SU:n'•nLYp[d. elta,nll ISable pearly KUwan,.t mAn„a Ieweadenlp be luudtty Aem4ny 7 Basis YA'it aWl b a 1:4Wt AriAfWpi 1". aaYILtmw Lau uses &A,f41 pnlptNte Vlip YaaM w f4ar-empb$1YW aces Ye aba:nr 1pawClt:[IT:' fa April. M1lAY pOMtRa RflAtblK ♦ ty,wt y atVa:ar waneM•�, VIA wa eta ay adj Wllig. tlJngmR, reel('. an: YW u1t1eY411 dlTaalu,d MI ti n. In"n" C"'InaLd J. Wullild pm11K1gid on. •l. scented LWU•RIM LW: •'wnJ LbK patnl saran L9WLia. be bYM 8 LO,lnfry apalt4ib-tp bras Wwlyry J wK tie. anLLK �seatll,. j l: a e:tdlernr "•Whale aw:ta01 1tY b:8bls tWpYrd Dr. Y.ttlwµla, Mad anal 1"" llu wtlr MILLS, 9 elm Iate3lam a [,taAlpe cumtlw ar a1a L'My-Ipp.11nrA. Ums"WY tbrrWYd to tba aatlrr «ta u. bm eewl0 V11aeM, yea yet belly d4 D-LJ l:ann4 abr VYYYWJ` b 4Yi, et Dr'l[Lm„u,. PrbHe A LOW anrnblp A4nlent tlw p"Lerw pert df aranig apOa[.. riWdn>- LW . An;Kd 410'W '40 "" allele temsbaa L,"b3aC..l MArfilO. allies'Ib,U b w'A't my Yn rlrWlpwnt," t'lD Vasty "te a0anmrlY er eaaAit4aV 1411 r bilp reliancesaw erryer A1r. Win" typt M-Indl9 0Ml Ngth Vvlyr; puuealr.t !erred Ie fie m b 7AIM wr :n fawa- cbilaa, a1 — sera,ow" -f Ud.,d,:A kWSV Mr0.irt011 LOr aTt Ask nbOOt Ibs Or CNnbdaY de 11:, OWE of ibn. kln. Varl rental Vidtbanl Vaatime -mat uut.wile n e1 Dic low taw Aa1ta pya by nYeW. ale henna, be 1W,A, ryes Tlyl leer "rsau,e" atmlay ,rwa. mAk111g 'ID, salt debt na adb W ONO a Us IAy r nbtcb a Yta-Yckai anal pttTer ,Md. 1111d 1Yam w a .W". IpaW, by ibrb.tetn 4 g der V1r ulcer Men MW 1 p: alb w has iLQ i .Im. "H mess Earls[ y4i a WwtapYi apy,I r9 L, m Le nips tIK VWIAY tPaW w4W race Ilu4ny.p rim loebd twtlplW. orm prtlelw .pl Y eewlbrl:Op W.r l famed 'flip fieriness �. ne N4,p.' DeWawmt (reWylLww4 •rp,ps ellmafa VILL AtnliaWt Mtute:l. 'As amity aroaaa Mle+h aam4autM map neW. llae "'alaJq Clew ML,11KtW Vane r aY mkt It ben 'naW ee(wa4lt Les' :ur m.khw MI.- It btOmvmY amlett:;ap Amvtte atnpy -`UDU a belbns beaaCr'k, Ir lei Rlop stud[ rLM;r.ana Inro.81t InlerbStbtW WepWfllell LLra tad4 in 4A yL4 d1a-mm1t1, aarrY U bW. In aj. tltbep pM111MI -"Ind, ray W b a aertryl Ylraprpr b rlaE,r1 aOglMe ell and a Inter VWeLlf l' A. 'neat; ept' 1t ula pens, palY Randal: Ile Itww 11, ,, 1001. "U'Uie11Y1nrW ldtlNelMbl l,.r NM:f Y:d 1 d1.YNaea m.ay,m4rt (or Ile t J • InKa. , al,Ma1linsit tan law rid" her.., IIVr was riD,A t),aoal , M, Y alge sad huer. •era, 1 . nestle mr14t1ap: pale OtlniA Wd Lld.1 YYaas aria In little• J.II ISM .111, mastlOp.ST[ ealil•1 dx be ,,v tl a Wr• 7lead s, dOa'l,t en 1, a na en, bey taranb- Ina Amga.t, late. erm aaovgla"U'ViaW re "'n, vrmt ftA W w OOr. AWbn l holm mat fAwbOlY Ed am L'LVLeb anal Ytttrhna,ofW wW aa� 4bd, aala ar Wr,h and tanlrllrea ltasttlen Vall .teetwp�aglriVied M uldMAnrdakeeneIbe'DerpUm- p.L'1U LL a9" ad that llw O B, ltY mill• absa+tY taw modlflrtlW.' rlY["UrY rUa fill t» k.nl aardWaA Catty Calaf., Yy tbs le ash rid ayJ nlwfl-trrr "ME, kY.k- •LN, YnrlbbkW In iaa W:apl omJ OW n unlit bWUtb aClenwt mYnrifq., '1prA1A4arA1 b6ltne, 1TaIAr,,p p ivot, ram r1a blgnlrtlpµwbluLa Nne [ .. a Yu. 4Un'li"msbasauu11Yy Pw:b:ual-e:A•os peps ap pblrams UMW drip dpL• At jtldVay Lihi related fee eta lark w avu+bY t1p[bbat4 deem.. ^w:4m A p tf L Wpibs )ISMS gypllN aowy p1e,y ty r� r�-4arouglrl UUM1- (norar J. V. Yftraq, p0eM471hOyell��Eaf6aCUYaaV R�0g140014YVIW.7.a c:wm WneY w w w Ih, 14aalal.th p .WurW men OCu4:il on M'11Opt°°neY Q{r{It1. Y 1v,eaae LLgr stem ISelahAnuldl View, No" nIn-ml4rk era rer rIN) ^ Wpd bald TlmplA MIrlb4T WVWSMd Inslam wttrtatg Inl'SWW u.1 W,M. Approved For Release 2DO2101110 : CIA-RDP741300416RD00100110006-9 81131S COtiGRESSIONAL RECORD —SENATE July 20, 19,2 a rem lttuh bl'il I.::. The Ynbunt a r- Ib Ilik'" tam..'Le. a t\M-I.L.Inlar pTla. rani myafl.:l?iAlmd male Cg-arstat-4 ,tale Y nsgi u,' o: ISM weer w W b W A VrpbawLTr alp omylydbbb aMlaOp' maul a< i ly 1T41 dAnsmW W riape. SNellites fA vhaw sly IS tkwtlawt taw Be,W.pas be J. at l..a Tar And / ilk pr wpt,- Lily blletunly Wawa: "YW:re ObfbpmtA m m Yeans4,m." be r�L'Wa malt aw► USE Wild, W* htea,WlJ any 10rOa In uY W1. hart pal UUM p[tun,ea, sew thmommi 9ulbklT a pUm smame. ellrNte ama eau. Hearth Vltlnaln Lem aeyYui0a b9 brig AW. knbMYtliro •t bed IndMtW Least ML VUi prbUpbly Slspya be tb1 ew.' SLY, it ODIIpW, physical mWtplatbp W lnal . Jdlneei by 14 batD, agwas (kg ,.ran arph.::o AW .iOWs. Aa+meute b RpaY by pone Drxoart^ A UspW US',n Ries Saab the plhpUMS [Lf the 1,,,1 Nwla ,sUmm need. bate Ora js p IltaaytpreJ, CYb, Cbgwr, Vainsab. HLI:, Nn„Iws JSVILa, Kah ye 14104410111. Narn. Alnch tcbw:lp:t^i D-. timer Witte t"6in"d rtd Llwe "IJIM sary W emkaam9 plawle duMa by the Pop fO pill, t[Obeiet, h]W,M WM limit VA. Wpba.eralne pa Wee Ma TUSUL''T "a WDI'LaYll he br prt.,rld a n U t.aNti.{op 'Eyeing the the Valam aW sneaGas' btxr• Taw AAU%m ea lies iiporlasell teat AWalae bawl, Vh{yb be W40 kWM Ma,Wpdo. Ot•m, rnt A trams' Le by ball ther VY dearep1a 10 pr[ the rbe . .R rIHs4tat rpYmas• cad LWLYaa Ina aL. AS errlamab w Im abmawtari mien amp •pa 2kl<a •ralrea.. _Iralb V4t�-oar, 1'reatw Hewn V. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy •jy 1y pYg aacaae,' Nh1Y Wdea. -tbaV kstbbY NWp1t�V0pM'L UWw lleerMayer' �m �1bg a6wy W IO1 p�01m..__ .. _e 1n n111 Vre 1.1( the hbn a mlNtnarnale ciWt$n he list re this elge[Itim WmbbiVii, rep V'Numr mpol• hertihm I Ulinb el kne•:•ae„ebh people .lid Mile this. N Wve lArlmll:ts reps" hiiltles far n ,fYlag NINm reamer ,rah IarT[. And t 1. IeAeOBaOL hot N reel b peemlda Qaeslmrrws W mere Atp,blettertrd AAmowyry p•tNfb mat ease "pnd,CtablY^ M thvdinei be weep. Are: held Ma (ehl[b ern W "Maria from mrWdal: Oumuhv e*Ieii inmtt hhmeaoe, m the troptes,11n narlb." lYb" aatd, l vii AM" Sewn "I. 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Nn fepOrle uiri rl her ebr+tdKee. pellb- Pell b undtrtm,re(eA W the i alimbiW te,bp Ill. 191410104 9 10 (•[ U the peer l!W It Wrypa1 Me see, slat urtr, id tilt tat rimdent M he test the l-`es l N wl:l rhea b brat N bels seethe! rr. "i eKrienibss nWi a•t•Imseed sere taro Is a0. Shen I :.::.t lttmdlwtr m.:t ., m bT TUri et 1Nhar si n'ae, Il.e seethe" IN east. el fps. Aemr ,010W rearitibi few, APat I hbmmtni. Weal m eleil a.tetlig Mr. Apt I hblr MP Well W1kA keep W mu.::q tame[ me Atl.Dbe a "it" arid w lie rAsxie'- tebthe ;L paMfwetr rat lle pexlnaslrme at m., memo board at U.. Pertlauhe. 'I eel me Hems ,teat l rw+. t.r." steep a fro al M Uear Wl 61 b..` a W dtble W der, [mere b:.Wb 1. l l d lhAAe base phaaticod iron bond tr •ttere- ,,As they ih ld W is I ••,•i a\t n : bites a n• each el rpelp b u Y ideal Uim[ 6W Ill"' ed[e see here OS ram aL(I::.ef K iM itNd.' 1M . er. um[ tam e:,eaoa me rertlter le pb¢''�ed In iN le W. snmu 1. U.. reatasaa PAp. re. 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RK.[a t4 u,else Tlallke "W AedWmn n.:1mmR each u N*a y1 6an.hAAYap wVnitikaill W. W a¢e oa I.I. TT? Meer, be the dleiteeun he doh rut Aer turMns rwbef tree a eeePb {S1 B.Me Wslln} a erefte C8, pressure derlb[ the 1:#Y-PeltM see somWbing tritmnnlx MI. -it Ion eft v: itenineibN,-'1L< Peth"M W I. ii,,.- .lest tells reY OalbmL Befit Wlv, UUnnliwd the aipalpt W dAmeae duel by Imlm'ilh6 K W their'.:I:e even iris Atllady —Y bibAaur. lYl bells. n, Bellew Pei: N¢t a IDiYi b .OTmp:Nr lnlnryarsatWT m. blerieg he Ira• pen UW umi spew N kW a[Ni deb:nT W Is JW:TAw, a -t Nentiu W tle. bnrr:llia the P. I don't m1Nr 11 h m 6au'.,mp, Anw liner ter legblatim af'•:ra npulrins estqut mo,bet."be told Scherer 0118"lte. }test e¢t.eUW. left-Mleg Y1d N4rhltpD, •'I etmp[IT belle. thereat her. beep OMded 1n $WtttM/( A1,e the b:n1tY) i.i• 'm. Alr peiD. ree:ba illnl:l'.mii®MIIYIIK{ amnt.sam N dl•aalrl yarn. •Pher b "" title daubs, he mT mW6' A[ilan sly `raUi V#trei:,efe.' 1'he bcleete for Vtet¢W, Chlceto Q:ix- deR. CtAirhonl Pe:: mH d¢rfpa w Werrxr ..,e ittW. end •:. eebptlnt bmmuuka• that. s.J IDedf Petite bT'le tepM6 fed tY elm-♦ rM1:Vel Mtl.eer [rolls W Kbe:leN end WadeHb eh , ^let "1161 she Poetic. W R hb 'A'..hinglGn MLn lases; ebUL Dird riles , a m.hser awe pro/p• lneetNd IN ebe J. 90 Oa4jeH[emtel RetNd. the Iratadab papem-amain: "11N a S. goy- nlann: Blest of I.. 't'raN icxlPr x.u1nW 1tee 1.,. need the Wlast¢i rinnUpea: et:'ittlbe bee emibertM Or . NW T Heir .red nnlfmtke, tt tee CeOL1p1LL'•I itan rest IbUM 'I, WhittYf the ODW.CLN ref uA prvi thaw" J. W WNf.r. (that) Mll)d pi ..1. he mid. Kt it. Is, lbe lade OaM'IntKme all djAi the eNrbn.'i am MCW FLrpteeK W A g.,eew Iyl: iris Iie be:brSe LM mtllLrT CampK.kH'1 .mat Wessi it .,.it creaN fam1M .. - bra ball mMllrj Claude. parbape ONWllmg -[. II.W bog the u:b pm).et been W t1. Ualvselty W Cenuatkut Gbildiste Delete ea tees m tied. b that term Is., Ir— selihii Wesel Ten pnttdn a rather dmA,led T,omm ids.. ebeVa¢A's of the "I'li ll bob-.nbq WbeN b NWtb Vfn'.am. lie grid draret"" W the. proNctt ACedemY W p[I.hCm' .'either M"itifils-U b his, AIp 1WbVm sheds¢[ him bt!W CpObitCfi6 .,. 1R TI14t ape'.0 erar+'It. ill Ulb pert. Pnllri, llkeria! All Iir angeabd he U." 110 has produmd thrreatW erns Tile reltb Was era .",irted! urgla a rrmN rapt would sees mr.IT sew seebedyHt prrUDnt W site 110 Cal M.+Iti -4. Whet era " Wre berm glen,- ihb .titer see Ii go ,I;to en<turata taNrb- •Re:l IparessIc tle leer Uetnm Of eh"!.rat Pilo Diet tree Sec User yeuei tbbl re.uer ree"i:lettx..'m `tl A pettiest tea "ere I. Ner,h N SwtU Viesi arm b it. D[P•rtmebt aordixtx,i Any pay." A 3DT1 AtadeL:i mwit' mied the Upsets pimM tlaod• trheeL kll:v6 Dear®Hate he red. gtntBNapOMHra t'Nbd K.tlOO.fmdurt® pereeN Deperhatti ittlest I j1b .d. YR:Jr eperm•P'I.rtrd reader .1ftm- tlpr'r t'inm6r if m, le'tennt m ter pamea W dpitmWla .il NathR mtdllttra m PtbR rhlz m It," VMY bra tha eep.blllty re a tpr0 perle[N Axis rher Are they belK 9nW btlerw QO thIR MAIOp6tWd flMeaGG. Used, himmm mt:fW:. Ws. Ih A ohetp rs c1 0 "rr Is,11 fiGb�pdVppoe�yI�,�p1a hl M6tIa^'t 11 D0 2Q,;i>r�7(E''�¢, '�Q0010011 000pq:wm hsrrie PPinTa g�lreAea`f5`tab IRiI .ta'tte Ihtt shires. mllltArT mu,�tis Ohat+tlttm beanea rl Ji Sea. J. u::.iam Pu:- :ire fol:hwlHg QaY, tee. JahPecr rep;m Ili, bed been to wffd to 'oo,rN TM,, web teed N amber mWb• bri[ht W Aysh h mey Wm INuwd N ton- rytnis ywuerl . _ Approved For Release 2002/01110 : CIA41DPUB0041SR000100110006-9 Jidy 20, IM' CONGRESs10NAL RECORD —SENATE she dtlMlOf of drtetlr w h sad 9"llt. IKarilg. After rlltlpa the a ra✓•.I,aTN !W trh Bark[, hluats Ile's wit ehMher WW b Mr. JWn. eel. e[Am tAw Wa tot a "to, N bw eirstir p hn Ixaf. RI, Hr, JohMen rn, its. 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To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Ohm Iw - ' G.mbeelle ere we! .sew 4maa tact. 1{hwatr. be e1eld.a Be pF mall I,N er me urn d year, Herr thhese . . aw:itiss M 4 VSH'C-THP .TSn Cu 13TC5\ TIMSISAWARON NATURE. NOT Home About History Take Action - USA -States � Articles � Contact #ZG Atmospheric physics: Heating up the heavens April 2008 1 Author: Sharon Weinberger I NATURE HEATING UP THE HEAVENS Battling rumours of death beams and mind control, an ionosphere research facility in Alaska finally brings science to the fore. Sharon Weinberger reports. fs a N rangdovlan scenario that only the Pentagoncodd dram up: North Kama. In the throes da mlhrycoup.launrho a naler weaponthat eapludo 12tikllome. ins abowthe Finh. ncc blast flls the aunoa" arc partially abaurbccibetween 100 kdu ictru a rid 350 kilometres in altitude. accelerating eleciroro there and'hrating'the ionosphere (aee graphic)- In e6ni. HAARP allows act" enlist, to turn the lormsphee, the uppermon facility u wed to Induce mau psychwts In a Chinolrlllgf. In fact. NAARP is a unique cane of cold war -era military goal, medungwith Kientigc msearch, and then matrwni nit thr Itnkage Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ahJhenlhe rsnaathlr nuwrve mar turd even neelc warts inwracn Rrranhn.lu.`alnslr HAARV vu r. tars onetn. ha 4m,uld �rt more i mprobade. mlecti rig radinwaves i non the ammphcm to force thew energetic cIcc- trahsaut Oforbit. Yet this is exactly what the US Department of Drfahw is looldrtg at In a nutlet lowsphenc rewaeeh fardlty In Alaska. 'Dee Nigh Frequency Aches Auval Research Program i11AARP) has been entwined with cnot cowrie am cc as birth. Origi tally env I, dowsed as, a way to facWtatc cam murdattons with nucleararmd submarines, HAARP took almost two decades to budd an has incurred around VSS250mWbnincorutructkon and opaanng cosa.11 comam of 360 radio t ram` minces and 190 amcnnas, and coven some 14 hectares near the town of t'.akons about 250kilo ictre.nonhad of Anchorage. With 3.6 mepwatts of power at its com. mind HAARP is the mad powerful fans spheric heater in thr warid. At its heart is a phase array radr this routs radio wows that no uwd IIA ARP to create an anific W aurora and otherwise windy the basic physics of how charged particle, behave in the aciewphere. kspaimcras haw been ongoing fa wceral yeah, but the facility didn t reach full paver u ntfl last lone. As yet it may he ton early to saws, wheeler Its research poem W has two worth the time and mirnccy, invedd In it, par tic ularly Si wn the rver-chs aging judifics. tkom for budding it. The facility, which has born passed around varying military agen- cies, including the Office of Naval Research. the Air Force Reaearch Wraatory and the Defense Advanced Resarch Prgech Agency (DARPA), is perhaps the only research facility that hashd to lustifyitaelf "being neither a death brain shied at Rwsis we a m mil-con- tral device. Su prevalent are the con"acy theories that IIAARP hu earn been rcferrd to in a Tom Clancy and, in which a flctional 1s200a Ndwa lublhMhq at up en cameos am nuclear nmhdaion, when US and Swlet submarinesprowled the deep was, "aged in an elaborate game of hide and ark By staying underwater, the subma. noes awoded detation.bul they also couldn't communicate well — the deeper they went. the weaker the contact signal became. Then, in 195K Nicholas (hrowfil w, a physicist at the Lawrence UvermQr National Laboratory in Calihsmla, proposed wing extremely low fregwncy, (ELF) wavesto mmmumcalc with submarines underwater. Hh ides. adopted so Protect Sanguine. eventually led to de dcvel opmcm of operational facilities in Michigan and Wisconsin. But that were mired mean. trowrey, They were bugs— needling 135 kib. metres of smah na wirc to transmit the signal — and many tmkettepton to their godsend to thepossblednnmahW effecuon tiheheaith of people living nearby. The Navy eventually Link To Full -Atmospheric physics: Heating up the heavens_452930a "Battling rumours of death beams and mind control, an ionosphere research facility in Alaska finally brings science to the fore." KENNEDY/NAVAL RES. LAB. It's a Strangelovian scenario that only the Pentagon could dream up: North Korea, in the throes of a military coup, launches a nuclear weapon that explodes 120 kilometres above the Earth. The blast fills the atmosphere with `killer' electrons that would within days knock out the electronics of all satellites in low -Earth orbit. It would cause hundreds of billions of dollars of damage, and affect military, civilian and commercial space assets. If this doomsday scenario sounds outlandish, then the possible response may sound even more improbable: injecting radio waves into the atmosphere to force these energetic electrons out of orbit. Yet this is exactly what the US Department of Defense is looking at in a major ionospheric research facility in Alaska. The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) has been entwined with controversy since its birth. Originally envisioned as a way to facilitate communications with nuclear -armed submarines, HAARP took almost two decades to build and has incurred around US$250 million in Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy AFRLIONR With 3.6 megawatts of power at its command, HAARP is the most powerful ionospheric heater in the world. At its heart is a phased -array radar that emits radio waves that are partially absorbed between 100 kilometres and 350 kilometres in altitude, accelerating electrons there and `heating' the ionosphere (see graphic, right). In effect, HAARP allows scientists to turn the ionosphere, the uppermost and one of the least understood regions of the atmosphere, into a natural laboratory. It is one of several ionospheric heaters scattered around the world. The facilities create unique opportunities to study the fundamental physics behind how plasma and electromagnetic waves interact. Researchers have already used HAARP to create an artificial aurora and otherwise study the basic physics of how charged particles behave in the ionosphere. Experiments have been ongoing for several years, but the facility didn't reach full power until last June. As yet it may be too early to assess whether its research potential has been worth the time and money invested in it, particularly given the ever -changing justifications for building it. The facility, which has been passed around varying military agencies, including the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is perhaps the only research facility that has had to justify itself as being neither a death beam aimed at Russia nor a mind -control device. So prevalent are the conspiracy theories that HAARP has even been referred to in a Tom Clancy novel, in which a fictional facility is used to induce mass psychosis in a Chinese village. In fact, HAARP is a unique case of cold war -era military goals meshing with scientific research, and then maintaining that linkage even after the end of the war. If the conspiracy theories surrounding HAARP draw on fantastical ideas of death beams, then the real history of the facility is almost as colourful. Death beams and submarines HAARP traces its origins back to cold war -era concerns over nuclear annihilation, when US and Soviet submarines prowled the deep seas, engaged in an elaborate game of hide and seek By staying underwater, the submarines avoided detection, but they also couldn't communicate well — the deeper they went, the weaker the contact signal became. Then, in 1958, Nicholas Christofilos, a physicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, proposed using extremely low frequency (ELF) waves to communicate with submarines underwater. His idea, adopted as Project Sanguine, eventually led to the development of operational facilities in Michigan and Wisconsin. But these were mired in controversy. They were huge — needing 135 kilometres of antenna wire to transmit the .........1 ....A ......... ♦....1.........�. a... �, a.. aL ..:.. ......1....�A a.. at .. �......:Ll— ��a�:..-..�a..l ..{Y....a...... aL .. L,...IaL Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Another approach to ELF submarine communication was to take advantage of electrojets — currents of charged particles that flow through the ionosphere and could act as a virtual antennas, transmitting messages to submarines. Once this idea was proven experimentally' in the mid-1980s, physicist Dennis Papadopoulos, then of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, began trying to drum up support for a new facility. At the time the Pentagon was shutting down over -the -horizon radar sites that had been designed to detect Soviet bombers attacking the United States — including one in Gakona, an ideal location because it is underneath an electrojet. So Papadopoulos, who is now at the University of Maryland in College Park and has served as a scientific adviser for HAARP since the project's inception, argued for building an ionospheric heater there. The facility would help the Navy to study ELF waves, it would provide scientists with an ionospheric heater and it would guarantee continued life for the military site in Alaska, something that Alaskan Senator Ted Stevens, famous for steering congressional dollars to his home state, also liked. "That," says Papadopoulos, "was the genesis." A L A S K A Gakona, site of HAARP But even before construction began, people started to speculate about what the facility could be used for and why it was being built. In a news conference in 1990, Stevens talked about bringing energy from the aurora borealis "down to Earth so it could be used" to solve the world's energy crises, earning him the mockery of physicists. Others such as Nick Begich, the son of another Alaskan lawmaker, began claiming that HAARP was really intended as a missile defence weapon. According to Papadopoulos, these claims, although far-fetched, were based on a sliver of truth: Bernard Eastlund, a consultant to one of the firms building HAARP, had filed a series of patents making extraordinary claims that HAARP-like technology could be used as a defence shield by transforming natural gas into microwaves, which would knock out incoming Soviet missiles. The idea, jokingly dubbed the "killer shield", was even reviewed by the JASON defence advisory group, but was dismissed as "nonsense", according to Papadopoulos. From annihilation to defence With the breakup of the Soviet Union, submarine communications no longer seemed as crucial, and HAARP needed a new raison d'etre. Supporters proposed new tactics, such as studying ELF waves' Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy "Scientific research to better understand Earth's ionosphere is a worthwhile endeavour." After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, however, the military found a new use for HAARP. In 2002, a panel headed by Anthony Tether, the director of DARPA, recommended that the facility be used to study ways to counter the effects of a high -altitude nuclear detonation, which would release energetic electrons that could cripple low -Earth satellites. Electrons are produced naturally in this region when the solar wind, a stream of energetic particles flowing from the Sun, slams into the magnetic envelope that protects Earth. The planet has its own self-cleaning mechanism to rid itself of the particles: it eventually dumps them lower into the atmosphere through natural auroras and lightning. Scientists are now looking at whether they can accelerate this process by creating `whistler' waves, which would kick the electrons into low enough altitudes — around 100 kilometres — where they would rain out naturally. No one knows for sure whether it will work. "It is what we call a data -starved area — theory is ahead of actual observations," says Paul Kossey, HAARP's programme manager at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. Several experiments are being done to look at this possibility. Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, for example, is involved in the One Hop Experiment, which uses HAARP to inject very -low -frequency waves into the magnetosphere to create whistlers. The investigators use a buoy and ships in the South Pacific, where the waves fall back to Earth, to measure the presence of whistler waves2. Mitigating the radiation from an atmospheric nuclear detonation would require an entirely new facility, and the technology would be daunting. In 2006, a New Zealand -led group of scientists published a paper3arguing that any attempt to remediate radiation could lead to worldwide blackouts of high -frequency radio waves, disrupting communications and navigation. And some say that countering such high -altitude nuclear detonations is simply unrealistic. "I think scientific research to better understand Earth's ionosphere is a worthwhile endeavour," says Philip Coyle, a former associate director of the Livermore laboratory who served as the Pentagon's chief weapons tester during the administration of President Bill Clinton. But, he adds, they don't know how much energy they would need to flush the electrons, or how, ultimately, injecting this much energy would change the ionosphere. In the meantime, there are plenty of straightforward science questions for HAARP to look into. The ionized part of the atmosphere has long captivated researchers, going back to the days of Nikola Tesla, who dreamed of using it to send electricity around the world. In 1933, scientists found that changing the electron density in the ionosphere could alter the propagation of radio signals 4. That discovery eventually led to the development of ionospheric heaters to study these and other effects. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy iauiauUu wuwi6 UU uio owi ULCU w ULU uiaui wuac Ua Ja1CULLC •auuic Ui FULUIL iaa ucaui ui ■ ULUO i space exploration," says Michael Kosch, the deputy head of the communication systems department at Lancaster University, UK. Other areas include looking at the processes that cause an aurora — when electrons in the magnetosphere collide with the uncharged particles of the atmosphere, creating the optical emissions often seen as brilliantly coloured lights in the night sky. One of HAARP's most cited accomplishments is the creation of the first artificial aurora visible to the naked eyes. On zapping the ionosphere, HAARP created a green aurora between 100 and 150 kilometres high — in the middle of a natural aurora. "That was something you couldn't predict," says Michael Kelley, a physicist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, who has been involved with HAARP. processes involved in creating auroras.B. MARTINSON/AP Other ionospheric heaters around the world include a lower -power US facility in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, which has been offline since a flood several years ago (although plans are under way to refurbish it), and one in the Russian city of Vasilsursk, which has struggled with funding issues. HAARP's closest peer is a powerful ionospheric heater at the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Scientific Association in northern Scandinavia. EISCAT's heater has cost roughly $24 million to build and operate to date, and was the first to create an artificial aurora, even before HAARP. HAARP, though, has the highest power as well as the most advanced optics and diagnostic equipment. But most of all, its phased -array radar means that the signals can be steered and controlled digitally. It can also create multiple beams, which can be shaped, or changed instantaneously to sweep north, south, east and west. "I think the main thing that makes it unique is that it has a much wider frequency operating range," adds Kosch, who has also worked extensively at EISCAT. HAARP operates between 2.8 and 10 megahertz, whereas EISCAT operates between 3.9 and 8 megahertz. "It can operate in a much lower frequency range than the one we can use here in Europe," Kosch says. As HAARP was only finished in 2007, scientists and Pentagon officials involved in the project concede that management issues, such as allocating time at the facility, are still in the formative stages. In fact, one of the most recent HAARP experiments is something that's not likely to show up in the scientific literature at all: an experiment done in January that involved sending radio waves to the Moon and then having amateur radio enthusiasts and a receiving antenna in New Mexico measure the reflected signals. But Papadopoulos says that the experiment was more for the amateur radio community than for scientists. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy "HAARP can operate in a much lower frequency range than the one we can use here in Europe." At the moment, time at the facility is divided between researcher -directed work, which takes place during `campaigns' of two to three weeks, and military needs. "It's a fairly complicated situation in which we support new researchers, and new people, by getting them involved in the campaigns, which is relatively cheap," says Kossey. "Then of course we also fund [military] proposals and contracts that come in under broad agency announcements, in which researchers propose research that is of interest to the various organizations." And even though HAARP is a military -owned facility, academics say that access has not been a problem. Umran Inan, the lead scientist for the Stanford work, says that Stanford has been one of the most frequent users, with numerous graduate students and foreign scientists working at the site. "Obviously, there are security arrangements, because it's a US Department of Defense facility," says Kosch. "I'm a foreigner — escort required — but I am already so familiar to the people there, and so familiar with the facility, that it's not really a major problem" HAARP's evolution may not have been straightforward, but it is, in the minds of many scientists who work there, a success. "HAARP has been a boon to science in this area, and I think the managers that run HAARP, from the very beginning, have involved the community," says Inan. So unlike many other Department of Defense facilities that are built before there is a clear rationale, "in this case the community was involved from the very beginning, so the properties of the facilities were all defined with the involvement of the community. Now, I think it's a thriving success," he says. As for HAARP's original legacy, as an antenna to send signals to submarines, that era has come and gone with the end of the cold war. "The communications for submarines is not as important any more," says Papadopoulos. "There are," he acknowledges, "no submarines from the other side." " Sharon Weinberger is a freelance writer in Washington DC. . References 1. Barr, R., Rietveld, M. T., Kopka, H., Stubbe, P. & Nielsen, E. Nature317, 155-157 (1985). 2. Inan, U. S. et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L24805 (2004). 1 Article 3. Rodger, C. J. et al. Ann. Geophys. 24, 2025-2041 (2006). 4. Tellegen, B. D. H. Nature 131, 840 (1933). 1 Article 1 5. Pederson, T. R. & Gerken, E. A. Nature 433, 498-500 (2005). Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Holes in Heaven? HAARP and Advances in Tesla Technology Link To Video Thanks to PL for sharing this article with ZG! Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv ULIIRIRAIL 111 MAN IAILRI LA IIU] 1A r)IL Lk' I I I I,'..- I I)'. ( Vn b A NARON %Ar6R[. NOT Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles w Contact #ZG The Need For A Climate Control Study Program - November 1960 - CIA Declassified 2 December 2017 1 /EROGeoengineering.com I "The technological Basis for the Reexamination of the Feasibility of Climate Control Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the problems of climate control. Control of any kind requires capabilities in all these areas. Meteorology is just now beginning to acquire such capabilities." 22 November 1960 1 MEMORANDUM FOR: GENERAL CHARLES P. CABELL I Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/06 CIA-RDP78-03425AO02100020014-2 Ff' L• , 22 November 1960 MEMORANDUM FOR: GENERAL CHARLES P. CABELL SUBJECT : Climate Control Attached is a paper prepared by the Research Division of the Travellers Insurance Company on the need for a climate control study program after discussions with Dr. Thomas Malone (Chief of the Division) and his staff. I trust you will find it interesting. 1 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy xesearcn enairman Attachment: (1) As Noted Declassified in Pan - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/06 CIA-RDP78-0342SA002100020014-2 -- I ,..k!i„ ,p, 1 >i _-; ,, ii, nl _ Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013t08/06 . CIA-RDP78-0342SA002100020014-2 THE NEED FOR A CLIMATE CONTROL STUDY PROGRAM 1. Introduction Control of the weather environment involves the complete spectrum of weather phenomena. As a function of the time and space scale associated with such weather phenomena, different types of human activities are affected ranging from those of the individuals, through the complex operations of large industrial and military organisations and the activities of entire societies. The concept of weather control has meaning only when it is discussed in terms of the specific operations for which it is to be used. The techniques which are and can be used for control of the weather environment vary with the scale of the operation considered and with the specific goals which are to be achieved by such weather control. Large scale climate control requires the modification of the global weather patterns by altering and interferring with the large-scale physical processes which are associated with the characteristic motions on the scale of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Many proposals have been made regarding means of altering the various physical processes in the atmosphere which might affect these large-scale atmospheric circula- tions. Most of these proposals have never been subjected to detailed scientific feasibility analyses. These proposals fall into several general categories. In general they can be categorized by whether they seek to alter processes associated Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013108106 CIA-ROP78-03425A002100020014-2 I Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy_ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013108M CIA-RDP78-03425A002100020014-2 with the energy and momentum or moisture balance of the atmosphere. For example, proposals have been trade to alter the energy balance of large areas by altering the surface albedo. Proposals of this nature Involve changing surface albedos by the use of substances of appropriate absorptive or reflective characteristics which differ from thp. natural surface. An example is the proposal that polar areas be covered with layers of coot. Other proposals are made to alter the energy balance of the atmosphere by injecting dust and other particulate matter into the high atmosphere which might alter the input of solar energy to the atmosphere. Proposals for altering the normal energy cycle of the atmosphere extend also to the alteration of the chemistry of atmospheric substances especially in the high atmosphere which rnight also effect the radiational balance. Proposals are made to alter the moisture balance of the atmosphere by the alteration of the evaporation mechanisms. These proposals suggest spreading various kinds of film upon large bodies of water thus cutting down evaporation and fnterferring with the moisture cycle of the atmosphere. Furthermore, when films are spread upon surfaces to alter their evaporation potential the mechanical effects of the surface are also altered, winch might affect the momentum balance of the atmosphere. Proposals are also made for altering the momentum balance of the atmosphere. These proposals generally involve a modification of the surface frictional stresses by changing the frictional drag coefficients over large areas of surface. Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/06 CIA-RDP78-03425A002100020014-2 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy the means necessary for an assault on the problems of climate control. Control of any kind requires capabilities in all these areas. Meteorology is just now beginning to acquire such capabilities." Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013i08J06 : CIA-RDP78-0342SA00210DO20014-2 2. The Technological Basis for the Reexamination of the Feasibility of Climate Control Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the mesas necessary for an assault on the problems of climate control. Control of any kind requires capabilities in all three of these areas. Meteorology is just now beginning,to acquire such capabilities. Achievement of an understanding of the large-scale physical processes of the atmosphere has been a continuing process over many decades. However, during the past several years the systematic exploita- tion of observational information on a global scale has led to a coherent description of the manner in which the large-scale physical processes in the atmosphere operate to provide for the maintenance of the global circulations against the dissipative effects of friction, and the manner in which they operate to transform the solar energy into the kinetic energy of the organised large-scale atmospheric circulations. Theoretical studies have led to an understanding of the reasons why the atmospheric physical processes operate in the observed manner. In combination these studies have led to the formation of the first consistent rudimentary theories for the causes of the fluctuations of the large-scale atmospheric circulations. The attainment of such a theory holds broad implications for the manner in which climate control studies should be conducted. Much as the Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ZERO Iltt>L\i ULillLkall fit \ii\I\TERt'ENTION I\THE EAIIIN1'%[ 11 I'll 4`.11,1 `'T=!i +},11V �, 411%K 0N NATURE. NOT THIS Home About History Take Action � USA -States w, Articles � Contact #ZG 19S6 U.S. Senate Record Details Congressional Authorization For Cloud Seeding Experiments 12 June 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I "I wish to say that when history is written, I think the work of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control and the value of the experiments on modification of clouds will be considered among the most important results from the tasks authorized by this Congress." — Mr. Case of South Dakota Senate Congressional Record below dated July 26, 1956, documents discussion of provisions for the Advisory Committee on Weather Control and cloud seeding "experiments" conducted in the State of South Dakota. "Congress became interested in weather modification as early as 1948. However it was not until 1953 that through the efforts of your distinguished Senator Francis Case, assisted by Senators Clinton Anderson, of New Mexico, and Warren Magnuson, of Washington, that a bill was finally passed and signed into law creating the Advisory Committee on Weather Control. This bill was signed by President Eisenhower on August 13, 1953, and created an 11-man committee to study and evaluate public and private experiments in weather modification. It is now known as Public Law 256 (67 Stat. 559)... ...the Committee will not proceed under the assumption that weather control, including rainmaking, does 'work' or does not'work.' It will aim to examine all the evidence with scholarly care and scientific impartiality." Approved For Release 2004/08/25 : CIA-RDP63T00245R000100200008-0 13296 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD —SENATE July 25 Mesa, that the Federal Department of Labor would have Authority to conduct compllence IMpeCtl➢na" on will conducted Caere the program. The atnior Sensor from Florida Also mie—d to the responsibility of the Bec- eetary of Irbar tr the amevamrnt were adopted. Nbthing can be clearer than that the state- ment of the (louse committee Is MDtrolling with respect to the application of Reori l• satloh Plan ft Ie. The genets A."Urd the I ask unanimous consent for the present consideration of the report. The TIFEMMINO OFFICER- The m- port a•IH be meal for the information of the Senate. The leglslethe clerk read the report. (For conference report, sec House pro- ceedings of July 21, I968, pp. 12830-12631. Condataslowal. RDCORD.) The PRFSITITTI tl IT'll" Jt. is thera tag preeipttstlon artlfi<lally were first du - Covered alma- 10 years ago there frt -till many questions rehashing to be, answered and beeaose an many of tD- anewen are un- known the whole quenldn of weather modl- fi<atbn using present scientific Uttrntques V full COn4ovetnY. Thete are many today Who feel that cloud weeding earl ComPletely moalty the weather and that the day of abea- join weather Control he on the Mrlson. There are many more, and probably moat of Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv v """ — w•�. "" ehalrman of the committee, whether the weather until they have oasrved repeated ne «sled by the managers on me pert of the . „r....,...., . Cot .Ir ,A... , h., neaitive aemonsustiona slmcit with mstbe- ..r I W1111C 4.1q r .Wiled to Inttaao Ma nc ntstsSystem Dmklta.� enforcement rosponetmtftr under Me High- way Act Is mmpanble W tbat cooled 1n oaeb record Morseling ""or under too Mike. Seem Ae6 out It is NUM17 elm that the Memory a Labor by MO Most! rspenef- buity Al eomNmuni Mmret'" Chic r the bsh.Y Act, he be has with rtgset to Davis- projects. There IS an Inconsistency Wtween the on- forceseent rspomwil q a the SaKeemy a Comapns and the wmdlwunt functions of the geesome Of tabor under the Highway Auk During Me 6 years a.. WO1wbn of PeP�.ned by the gebwasxhihav• having M Pd envy enforcement reeponalb1114 and lhmt a the RRM,AI, a labor hale Wen mutWllY me PRESIDING OFFICER. is open to further amendment. H there be no further amendment to be proposed, the 0umtion Is an the ep- grtlaement of the amendments and the third reading of the bill. The amendments were ordered to be engrained, and the bill be read a third time. The bill was Mack the third time, and placed. Mr. HAYDEN, Mr, President. I more that the Senate insist upon its amcnd- menu, reaueat a Conference thereat with the House of Representalves, and tent the Chair appoint the conferees on the part of the Senate. The motion was agreed to: and the receding Officer IMr. Blau In the chair) appointed Mr. HAVI". Mr. R1ssuL, Mr. CRAvn. Mr. •ELLSWOER. Mr. HILL. Mr. Dare rs, Mr. SALTOW&TALL, Mr. Yonim. and Mr. 6NCwLAPO the conferees on the part of the Senate. bin HAYDEN. Mr. rrendent. I fur- ther ask unanimous Consent that the clerk be given authority to change the section number: If ncCOseitry. The PRESIDING OPIvICER. Is melt oblect1On7 Without Objection. It Is go ordered. SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION BILL, 1951—CONFERENCE REPORT Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President.I submit a report of the committee of confereatee on the disagreeing votes of the 3 Houses on the amendments of the Senate W the bill tH. R. 12136) making suPplesnental appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1057. and for other purposes. pNvwlom, gory The bin the the Rafe of a AdyentatlCo to the pro- vision for the A. whit Committee on Weather Lone Bi. which provision urea inserted In by the Senate. Mr. HAYDEN.DH. Ya, that Was agreed WMe, CASE of South Dakota. Mr. President. this Item waa not Included In the bill at the time when It was payed by the Heise of Representatives. became at that lima the President had not signed the bill extedDns the Ufe of the Advisory Committee on Weather Ctln- tml. I recognW the lateness of the hou4 and I shell not dettin the Senate; but I wish to her that when history Is written, I think the work of the Advi- Committee on Weather Control and OR mOnl- vd among from the I may Yy that I Man priced me a papCapt, Howard T. Orville. chair- menof by Me, Caounittee, presented by him at a eonferenet on weather central. held Snake of Dakota. Invitation the South Gov. JoeFoal. I ask unamme s consent that the state- ment by the Clairtnarl of the Advisory Committee be inserted at this Point in the Rt 10. There being no oblection, the state- ment was ordered to be printed in the Recoap, AS foB1w2: APlrtOal S:OYYtTIQ OM WYrw4 COMnOt ley Cap, Heararl T. Ce11116, eholrme". Fnes I bit Natlrtt [.IVWOn. Sandie A"ItWa Core I Centlornm it to Indeed a pleasure tee the Wrath" Contra: to meet With we dloun- gwg g.ntl,tatn tram South Cakota needed by Ill! f acellenry. oev, Jun PbY. We sincerely bof a when MIA day s OvAt rout will all Anus a better urMsretending of what to m.ont by clam seeding experiments end Iuu Will nova a deeper .,,Moh lore of We CalAbintift auto ilmltatlen. a PM*A1 Cloud .AJAR tt'ehniaVAI and cyan more important the peat dlakallles In dyWmining teartly wh.t everts be'. wt. Omatnq0 when Cloud geading eepwlmtnts. carrled out. You t'llh note LessI nave used M, term "e.anbwnu- U mooetwo With the cloud W cWph TAehee etheY Move v1101Muh W emDbarne the feet Met WWdb,tat much W d. lanced tl art aloud Yedini and bow t9 Obtained ermlm wa,t cad ea B anr. box been ...e4 when aloud YlOing nPv*IsePts arc cMe, Itns or to erne. If m+} germ luesen b time of role that glen though Ma Present tsMniOuas of east- maueel cartantP because of the WidNy digeent opinions As W the ameunnes of cloud Yedlag and because of the uemeruloae oeondms let- portance of scan method, a Increasing Pro- dyltstlon In the Western drought gtstas, Interested fic"Im AS early a HAS. Mart , It Was not bout leek that through the events of Nor distinguished genktAe Mere.. Gas. Yn,/ed by awnsteeo (XIM w Ano.amr, a Washington, that n WAS eaken. Rod W.KLAW ffinall passed was etsned by prsMene gsenhowtr an Au,- gmt U. lees. and created an 11-mere DAW- ,head e emeomii weeahaftiltather �Ildcatten spliver , w Ins It u now ,m Y Punts Lew fed lay Shot. rs hweaMilk.iv a lmt,se Consist d a fp Ms In hen Drente life'. *asdgPsed stand In 1n Me dN , ,ennse, Incen lNn, srid peel. naY, and a mwbEra rCMI m tntYe I— nnmtns department. Them y Pre teem 'an,h life R to appointed by Om We' ...... a Weembr a, fed, and eon. This par tW gsmts m Jorow its >b, nett. TbY Il•ntAn CpmnttttH W. Its PAR mAet- IPg oe DseemWr le, ado. AL Nis drat A, .elute Committee adopted lour gmafng PrmclptA, to .more that Its 0,1u- Wit would be sceparull 1n ill respl.tw These Prinetplee are - y , the Committee till boat Its eOnClu- ,We. OR !acts obpM.d and intxlson4d. and not any praconceleed muau. naparlments W doe nave tug hied IRA% blather Control My .,actually provide Wrsdu W WICul- Wn, industry, and OOwlnment. Without Nch a hint a Substantial b."taW the Con - gee. would met likely cam here created this malmitter However, the tiommttlee Will tot Proceed under the asomptlon that we.tbn tontroL inCluding nueft"aing, does 'work" or does nee 'Week.' IL Will Nm to eaeml. all Me evfnsnns with scholarly earn Commntee ratmgnsas the coal basic Almon dealing "listed to in. show. and Is. There L else t Road W ,d ..m of orovleu.. er.M- ode to, reliable evuusiven m Wv.cAoe-conarot activities. The COmmitMe Will encourage Net, nYoreb in Industry at our universities am utroughOut Covpnmeot. 'Tbud. Me ComrNtue will "I.M. and Will "left, the Infotmauon activated by And Me opinions held by all mdlvlduan and trout having an Intent In the bete of Weather control. It will 4tMleal, mnsarr All facts and Opanmm grtlmat to he study. "lcurM, Me Committee Will not act to any WAY prejudicial to responsMle mat. vloues and eon.. Attempting to modify Me wAatber." 9nsoo that unto tW CbntmlUes hes— t. Held . Ideal At 1r n'#etloge, Approved For Release 2004/08/25 : CIA-RDP63T00245R000100200008-0 "You will note that I have used the term "experiments" in connection with the cloud seeding. The use of this term is intentional to emphasize the fact that there is still much to be learned about cloud seeding and how to determine what results, if any, have been obtained when cloud seeding experiments are conducted over an area. "...account from the Sioux Falls Daily Argus-Leader for July 19, 1956, dealing with experiments in cloud seeding by the use of jet planes, as carried out by the South Dakota Air National Guard;' Aooroved FaLRelease 2004IM25 : CIA-RDP63T00245R000100200008-0 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept Mls dueu •u,e,u e.n W..n,«.,,u Vi v.V,tG. .IGNdARM a. CDLa1ntl mmpiste_ibfatmatban Cow- Stydn atanwmt. Wells ed Matt. Bob Perkus. Ally Cuatd n I I IPIc c.'l't A .. 6• WtWItM wim`w Bought me adOw of moat a the mains aCennab In the world who M faioular with one pbwO at anaba M the red a Onamee madtdatloa. d Dnnbped an .vsloatbn ptugtw eon• An" of two pdndpal Pheea, a a menial one ard.atudya me physeal Paateco. You wen bear much more a tin Irogrw tole Wterbean from CAM P. A. Harry, our ObW idontlac adWer. The Nmmitw was "latelyhaMbsppM in in operations prior " July 1, 1964, due to last of funds Avery modest budget WAS granted by OuttgreM an July 1 and ton PW- mufed setting up a stag headquarters in Wwhm,ton. D. C. As mat a you knew, the ant OteNnn worawy was Charlss Qard- .", Jr., a Mun eon from 1101141" a. Dear. AI" you Wdl be etworted in knowing mat Our admmninan assistant. Mw ItOW09 IiunUvotd, le ono a natie It South DWtots- amen this Woe a i Posy Commltn due to an out a Masers" an Jun* so. IPW, at. was Cause mina Want other memo a the "mnldal sat. add than the Department of Agriculture and Wwoologini Sunny seleted In furbishing several peWne who were willing to ComO wim me Cdnmitte for about d yenta To. CionuWtt".. 1S Pefm"1lJ aon(aned with three .oxen a weather woodla i.l.. a done Boding a ooddnend by the eom- Metanl cloud -seeding aomPada 1. The toohmcsl espacte. Hw effeotite n aloud Madingl Wes it Indiana or dectaa rWaali or le men m effe tt y. u the swwtes to (1) awn Are M me sa tmatin and men Is a poaltin effort men what soundable benean may be exPecnd from loud aemngl Data Shorts. our vise chard an, headed a group a wanMu s and buWne"man met has Clearly nude a sWay a me bmallb On be obtained If a 10 patent hens" In rainfall is Produced. S. N me answers to it) and (21 tee In Me afarmsun men ma 0bountt" h" been directed to roert On the Pre,nmt imm¢- dttaly on the advlssmlit, of the PedetW or otherwise, those and carry out wnmer modrdauon eti"ties. up to me present Sale the Commits" has found petal Ane to (t) and (2) above. but roes ho na"n to rocommed PadaW regulation at this time. It has found: (a) That aupar000led etratiaed davits a, be dissipated by aircraft "edipg hem Our tee a silvery iodide. lb) Water ending a wain tomWus Claude will fat"" orwipi"don undo favorable t pmtme and pnnture muditiotu. it) Dry roe sled silver tcdldd eemng a odMWw dotes date aAM fat abate the treating fine end wapertun at top —So- C. will Monte pr<dDitatIM (d) 0nund garMtOr Write iodide seeding M the three Pedde Coast Star" has produced avarag , increase, In PrOCIPI"tin a 0 POICaut to 11 percent from late winter and early spring etaema Thane wuln canna be to. n,n,t w omw ate n oo" wane of me Dena to seedlUnn ing aamr Ulterior mobOP0140 Onoataamttkin ft. n2$--.99 la It sandy me oommlttw n paying Pat- timlar Attention to any tmearen leading to aft, dnW"ry Of hw typo a ndOuAnng .grate and new methods of dlpenMe than agmia. "Van by AA�tant Sion uT Awould IQK0 to �Idahl. front me Deportment a IIutelor, when be, amtn up me nlatbn between doua exding and Migs- uOn: whil"the studies to date other hops Of autos snutwl tOcrsese of water auPPV. then " Wfee the present wopa or whollao km hedge, little Ilbllbood that artlftelally mauead precipitation own star Nhutun for initiation M hmet of the Areas now requiting IMilagom Predpitabn cannot he awed whan then Is humectant rathq in lento in the ate. wee itr as it town nW, treat factors such as tempeeature must be 11,01, 1 . Thus. It may nee W"" be ➢oatble to cauee M. when nwNIW for we drop. Than ere ales time, when retool, will; needed for soma drape, ant r bring dam- age tar even we " others, Air mnninon" M NO .uy sentle out It -mid be ffi- the total annual ninth In .don and state will probably still be a fnouon a Chet re- quina fen WopA and Mah of It will be at times when it anus be fully med. Dean- ,atn Will alit be required to Ooteave water for be When faded, and C... ln and rented War" Will .t111 b- needed to convey me woe' to me mast pot a uM ^ Mr. CASK of South Dakota. Mr. President, I *list art unanhnOw COiIlent to have Printed in the Riscoto At this point an account from the etaux Paaa Datiy Argue -Leader for duty 10, 106R, tleadng With expCDill In Cloud eeed- InR by the WN of Set planes, u carried on by the South Dakota All National dmtd: Bud oleo kit editorial from the lime newapaoor, Commenting upon the result. obtained. There behng no ottlection. the Article and editorial Were MdOMd to be printed In the Rxcom, as follows: LY.Oua ax"lxd Is e"a awCtrwntlt D,e•ae.rut, ]➢.—Scum Dakota IW we - we, reported to a m antarena here. Me Arst Stanve by a m.tte Navy rOpeen"tite on the NAMosa Author, Commutee an Weseer Control, told the Wnfannn. The plane, Greying A converted la" tube (let Owdet "Read) with as Munde a Orr in on each dighk sueasannny .ado we could, In me eo thAMMO , Part Of the State on a days We" "d arranRem<bte fa the aptel- mente wtea made In Waming"n a weeks no in WnfMnG with Smatte rhenth Cana not. Joe, IM". and Lt Col. D. L. (Duk*) CornlnR. Oita a W du Ousts Plana of ins Ham Htihtar interWrrtor equadrop st abur .m o specially egWpped torts "Peal. mente on July 5. O Te ran" , we tee Area. "rLa n wind site weme n eerrted not ea W- eather H<u'O 4uol at Sfovatrans, wonited StMas, wuva -_ m"aamc. desigtube and a lrn d w Italian for a laic tube be, placed im dry mean at ohs ad1 Sh* tube, yofIndia with dry its, wte enehed " me bony et trapdoor T-M let trainer. his lean ylwo lot �Ooptill, trommnYthtvugh Me tube and euper000ung it while tau wren prevehted dhUnke Of in, from Sleeping. avow avttaam a>m rover aim art mva Thee uper-cooled W eau spread ant the tape a entan Claude at none tf And G SP Solon feet whueme let purder lans wee traveling about an rune per hour, leapt for one trip ant the West River and bear Plekstown, ail algbta Wan fkMd ant the "ai Weer Ores. Miner of eM wan dote near Sloux !Wit to permit ground a well " Aft abbla ntim- Wells and every lotto ended peomxea ralna, many of ttshe mMLLW alter the Plane had made to ran otte the top. The Found ountrM kept In tdld ebntet with Me pilot and learned stet the thuds rase tgha It. top of as along he had roan reported idea IIAW fat within ti Minorco. Pugh" wen m JWy a.10. is. is, Is, and IT and Wells gave fasUrCtbna W the Pilots on day. When Chid formatlOM wan dor right fan ending and when thin wen a"en thuMe eat in me bra. Tani MCa rat.. "Thine war a aomple" changeover In me formauOn a We obUds ASS@ ending and ma feu from then Boa effort win run. - wells said. "Cis one flight. era Clouds es ran" a t were eMed and one a Lhem droppM tdtea mtbn d fin m the abuse nW CorNag. U.J. John Souut and ht"fa Merger book turtu PSotlng me on me aePofinentW flight. A dbhe .of Wong on each night to otter, - act of the leading net C Aing deerlbed flying through ' the cloude after "equal And laid. ends, Wee- churning in than end I 'There Were a rot of skepta Amore my boya at Ant." Cwntng added. "Hut ther pined me in alibiing many "Intel"$ W It cow. - Wells Wee the dry lee dnppeerea at the rat of about one Pound for every 4 mum, while normal loud reeding wind dry 1" re. quire, hoe ti to da pounds only 4 ell". He added. 'Then Is an abundance of monntre M the dmde out ban." roes orate Ilia. Cbeer"or gb" opened the lowest, nMet- f atb" tnntarodae by attnlg test ram in. aeaae pragrsnu should be nnoQ~d In an edWt to p"tWa mnre.tMt rainfall for el. apbm Arvid S ts. Do ass arrangements hall ham made to "nduet futtixr etpert. meats by the State. "Were going t try out soma now ideas." Pbw said. "I MIW that the" Dro$nma tee Will pretty main of a Amble. HWev Selo booms .search hasa bean improving me saes " Two other mMben Of the a`Muo H Wm- T.O" an wather M A" Deane A. HwaM T. South New York. aM geed s, M. r2als of South Dalton d"ta College, assumed it n.sed Cris o to ope e. Qe a Sea t"t a dafa h- M " pro an Me W-" Cuter and nfears ma teed Sian Prom" a ralu Pregra*Oe M inn tit". Other Pnkmte we Charles Jan Gar dner. fmaWlnil > a te. 0. e D.t.. aid Jack Oneonta, Approved For Release 2004108125 : CIA-RDMT002451IR0001002000084 "The experiments were carried out in cooperation with the United States Weather Bureau station at Sioux Falls which tracked the seeding operations by radar;" "The experiments with the "seeding" of rain clouds by jet airplanes in the Sioux Falls territory are an interesting development in this new field of scientific exploration. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie POIiCy Close and accept 3 .. 13288 Approved Fo�,FF� 1 �&4WjW`.t�l8- 6 jW5 000100200008-0 July 25 Rapid City, r*PresmtW$ commercial rain i sale comp ntes. Joan =I AS Rate Hmofna The experiments with the "WMtm- of Mtn domda by in all a the aeux Palle territory are ea wUraUbt GNlop- mot in thU Dew Sold at Kuetdae .nPWSY than. aconrmag W the repots. the Jets have mule a.T.MI tau under a program .ug- matow narrow C'erwo by One Jew TOW Sun W Earl Ua Sass Willed Me We Clouds she Precipitation occulted. One piles old the reo,von was Moc.bas when he dropper the to, On a rind. He cited aD imuM, when • elow he had Seeded me 2n0o tint immediately arter- Wor —an apparent medic Of the ughonlnr of Its welaht due an the precipitation a sass. a the meet." it was ourying. Soh fun produced results, LM report mid. Tea Jew traveled through ant shove the Cloud. at about $50 =this an tour. Cot. but. Carnlng min Odd thlngo took churning In theN. after the �he nntunetd m de cethher nt Ing OM Inel RL "and I new Out of it fat." Ttim he swed:'TMre were a hat of ak pat file among my pilots It Scat but altar John me in Wll.vin, LM.b umoMim In It Vow. — The eaperua.nU Provlded natln W W' have that the NU acharred mouns butar Ann four than other tram of urpl•no. All of thle points up to another IDU beting Chapter In the program = ".tiler Control. The experlm U MAY here Wen ths denture for a bather peull, end sa=whet mail. non pattern In the sumot lRoL, am during July— easy tow that struck limited arty and bypassed oWers. Obviously It in wrong W ClsWty today'. rainmaking win the room of some 60 and W Y.,, Agin. The culler attempts wed inn. atte"tule, and awn mbrepreontM. out three of today are a OMIng um. flon can be proland, the teat here demotalrucri. whin cotmliont are right. Hut tDm •ea CrneUea Problems teat MST devetop. In fat, Alto* already ham ds• ,eloped. Thin may W a house ar A." e. In respect W the right to seal dwUW.- mring cw , The. may be question. about halt resulting from the Activity. Tian may W norwo m when the rain (Site In bens when It Int dashed. Thera may M maece a m " rainfall. In any event. .it of It IS ea..mely mure"lst Are In . tw mote 1,4610 We my ktmw muds mat. Shout It Mr. CASE of -South Dakota. Mr. President, I may gay to the Senate that the on of Jet Diana for flood aeedlna— the dropping of dry Ice In Cumulus clouds --is a new thing. The let plane ha made it Possible to get on top of and higher clouds, and to dose with some remarkable results. On six trials between July 6 and July 11. an I recall. Success was obtained In each Instance. In view or the fact that the Conarpa is se repeatedly called upon to bring rellef In one form or stoWer to drouaht- strieken areas. the algnldcafine of this matter Is not to be underestimated. Therefore, I have Included In the Ran. Pop Life artiste and the editorial from tie Sioux Palls Daily Argus-Leader. I also ask unanimous torment to have printed at this point In the Reroao a re- port by Mr. Howard J. Wells, an expert of the Advisory Committee on Westier Control. who WIN ant to South Dakota AS an observer during the conduct of these trial. In the report he details the inaldelnts and the circumstances under which the flooding vase carried on, and the results which were obtained. I am sure they Will be of mtergA to ONry Member of the Salute. I think they hero $rest algnllifume for the country as a whole. There being M objection. the report was ordered to be Printed in the Recose, as follows: ROMOT ar fiowAm :. W.. ASMIMIT C-- ttlriQ aw WNTltta Nrrrx04 gmaF Pants, a. Dan. Thurabav Jul, S. ]IN: Dina Ahede PWtM re ire Air National Guard Terremal It the Sioux Pole Aln)(St. I wea Introduced W IA. Out Dean. I" drning are nest. and w iMPCeted the av"Jul aircraft for LM PrOJ- mt Ove CA7. aa, e-311 to overhaul and t T-9 Jets news found.Wtobl. fee conduct - Ins the iwlsd. Duuq the srunpen. A meal Mti. wan =ad. for In. O 7. D.. sheds sod I aamlMm . ame. a dry we at. tents a petted W. wCnl to LM Goned Mates Weather Surety and meta W. Clark, nines, In chetge. ZI-Ythag it w MM OM, and all pronnu inn very Interested and m- npeatn'.. we 0. a Seat tin dem=rlM- rain In COIOMI CTMIIg's am. owing led Friday, "IT e, Nee: We briefed Colonel Oa rinig fin nook meeting run In We 047. About a0 pounds 1f b rentaln ` from � Thund. dsmONUatlOrt wa aloe top of ale summes elewa. we. about 14AM feet. Good raulw Win by ob.ervathon out red, were Moore". Tbts w. a tingle drop method- and It wee . wMnderful expirlenre fat W crew. Alan the col=ti sew the fe- mlU. which as .n lmportaut put at the operettas. e.twGr. July 7. too: After Looking Liter the weethee at the W.thec Suresu, It wes det-1 it not w weed due W esNN tnldm- slarew throughout the van. The remainder or the day was #Ppotnt Getuag 6 suitable sultanate which offuld be aced an Jet an - ,raft. ITS result w. Wits a Jew baiu. Alto tripping Mtanmu= central from the ln.lds a the .Veralt. Sunday. July s, loin'. This was a very sow smmng day. The T-73 equipped with aU- prwr proceeded "I =mussed Spet plan. It Was abandon to ..d parp ocular to the Wind and 0 mom ...y fnm the station = . oaring ar Via dq.TICS. ThU Would bang the =MIN vn over the start= in about 1 hour. A Chose plena accompanlyd the tn01nA plan. W watch in. dlspwr In Mprralbn. That mMing wes Conducted on top a rioters Worunif tach. are forth ARMS a 00- rulU line. Compkw thane, deer win noted In about 30 minute. The th.aGnbrm. which formed at fat end of the rue we,. or ..to here been. Huard by Steel., es the ppine,* tuned around at tarn eno = the tun I6 Mi. Le true, then We In underamtling *I- raq It LWDing "Ita. INS dwpnttm "it a puree of dry Ice to 60 mwuten. W about I pound per every s Tau. Nam the pilots could .. very gene uxului .na was goosed at the growth. A x.mha MA win merle In toe aitsti oee. but ins ebWe win Mi fwmwa due W sub- sld.nre In lbe etmtwDhen. The. "to on rauiu W speak of of=Gy. Jury a. 1eM � Tate was a fair and. Ing GY. '1hs T-3a molt procwGd at PIa00 test (hood, were vlslble at the atatiw, led alt avaia d. eying pnabnel were etsndlng by b ebeerve Uar ,mall U. Wo ore 1. to lect With the pia.. thmagh ratio. ana tat pilot tan Word when Ma dlapen.r w. aPened. The 4yeeppt 0lohed we a mil. distant from if. atatlon. Nell, was observed is tat tom Line, hew al the elatd Its about 30 mint.. The top ins cloud. W aC enee With ins PIW I report, VMS at the nu = 3.000 feet In .bout a va nuUa gvuyOW Was NIT Ise- Pnee d. Tubular, July 10, 145e: The bottle was mMlGd W else greater wtwt The T-a was out arm hit the top of LNes .buds bout W mote apart. that* of teem clouds bats s InCha of role, to Sioux Cliff. The othar two were Oberved W $Ire rain, but bow mUCh wo unknown. WMneedaIr. July 11, 1956, and Tnuruly. July 13, tees: T7.re win Won Pressure beer the area. TTts lima win wd W lmteuet Pilott, .ad men In =at a ar C Friday. Jul, 13. 1e641: The fineaut Droved • fall.,. are spent the dsy in workle, with plbU In . ahnpla motbOd of when W week Sao whin list to. Saturday. July lb, ta50: Again. we dolded ant We teed because let moue M.m m arm and tWINOo warnings. Sunday. July is, 1"0: A wait front was Cream" the "into Aluthweat W nortbamt SILL, thunderstorm reported earth of ux- tlen. we deolded to conenot 000folon trying ae alow lbws thuadmatme'.. GOOd velum at uatlMu with also of light he mM,.te Min failing Monday. July le. )VIC Air Over the nation wig rat dry W OW.N. but . moist mM out expola d W meet' down from the action. At 1330 beat hap of cumutw tamehi could bel a. to the Mrthwext Ind west. Tee Sight de- parted from led are and reported mMmaa Wunds.torms tarough Etta north copal the State. Captaln Sugar decided W .out only Cwbds tan w.n buttoning. ON cloud win .sews. And IS the W... deaeandM W ob.,o bin., rain Commenced W tau aDpoxlmaUly 13 W to minutes out, renung. Tutada,, Jut, 17, lets: Weak front South and outhwet to nWm aorweast through .... hat of the swan Mth thutdushant. ON. The Split want to and of the stale are aeea- Clear all WI* = the knit. ow W 121100 rm4 efeem afaada tyro on. served to tore end math to," W a0.000 toot. This Wet moved suutM.t Ire light r•I. all.. wen tailing tom the blow of the owud by 1700. The PRESIDING OPPICER. The quesit in is on agreeing to the confortraw report. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Mr. President. this is the conference re. port on the n bill, tastNLP7Damemai apg ropti- RuonThe PRESIDING OPPICER. That Is correct. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina, Mr. President. I wish to thank the con• ferets for keeping in the bat 131e Item of $36.000 for the building of an elevator at Anderson, S. C. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ovenklii is on agreeing to the conference The report win agreed to. Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. Praldent, I Link that the memMe Iran the House of Rep- "wrintives announcing the Action of the House on certain amendments of the Senate be aid before the Senate. The PRESIDING OPPICER laid be- fore she Senate a mesate floor the House of Repretenatves announcing Its action on Certain amendments of the Senate to House bW 12138, which wan read as follows: 1. Tan Naw W noNaa.arrres, V. W. July 13. nee. st,aleM. T7h.9 the freua Made, r1MM has dwagreement W the amendments of th. seMts numbered In, U. se, ae 46. U. a. m, and et In uh. bill (R. N. /)tee) entitled Approved For Release 2004/08/25 : CIA-RDP63T00245R000100200008-0 Link TO Congressional. Record July 1956 Cloud Seeding Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv n"111r c.nl r Related CLOUD SEEDING THE TKHNV MOF FRAUD AND DECMI ,A crimlmP/roeW d--pW M THE TM4TA1`6 NATURAL MEAMR ASSOCIATION. INC. gb:FI.W 6dM CLOUD SEEDING THE TECHNOLOGY OF FRAUD AND DECEIT (A criminally conspired complex) by THE TRI- STATE NATURAL WEATHER ASSOCIATION, INC. The purpose of this publication is to expose the fraud, deceit and dangers of uncontrolled and unregulated cloud seeding; to reveal ... Continue reading . O„yR 13 September 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Need "Pon For A National Weather Modification Research Program is a 1974 Government Accounting Office (GAO) report that documents early funding and legislative efforts to Need For ANalional WRa[Ee' coordinate federal weather modification programs. MPdih[ation Pamrch Program Participating agencies included: Defense Advanced Research ... Continue reading SYTNR fUMMAV46fl 46YSRiL OITH6 L'NITIy yIAT&Y e. .... .. . .......... ........ Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept nrro lnc <n� 3R 24 April 2018 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I AUGUST 19741 CIA -US -USSR Weather Modification Exchange 1952 "ABOVE REQUEST BASED UPON SOVIET 5?°;"r•.. '�`� DELEGATION'S INTEREST IN GAINING FAMILIARIZATION WITH METHODS OF EVALUATING RESULTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION EXPERIMENTS." Link To i rrYlY Iw..M�°.1���MR tv" jix . Document Source: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom /does/CIA-RDP79-0079BA001000070009-1.pdf 5 April 20211 ZEROGeoengineering.com I December 16, 1978 1 Director of Central Intelligence) State Department review jApproved For Release 2007/06/18 1Both China and the USSR began weather modification programs and experimenting in the 1950's, under the term "meteorological" science. "//The ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polity r 2020 1 CIA FOIA Library (Weather Modification, Meteorology, Weather Forecasting, Satellites, Cloud k Seeding 1 *Note: Agency has removed many source links. ZG downloaded files are included for this reason* _.. 29 June 2016 1 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) Geoengineering Link ... Continue reading 13 April 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com 1 November 2, 1971 CIA memo below from the Weather Modification (WX) Technical Coordinator, Office of DOD and Interagency Affairs, on the subject of the US/USSR Space Agreement. The document outlines goals and techniques of ... Continue reading oui; Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept nr,Qnc 1.11 1952 Germany— Research on Weather Modification I CIA Report Declassified 1999 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com "This is an example of basic physics research which can be applied to meteorology and weather modification. The experiments were performed in physics laboratories, but they ... Continue reading ■II1161111fi1111oII11111ll111U111111111111191gill 11INE11 f1161116 25 October 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Global Atmospheric Research = Code for Weather Control I The c EGRni nrMGSP„ER,United Nations (UN) World Meteorological Organization RESEARCH PROGRRMMf (WMO) became a specialized UN agency in 1951 and is the heart of the UN's global weather machine.... Continue reading N..5 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 1Vf441c 4.11 C 24 May 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Missing from the following well researched discussion of cloud seeding is a key element of research ethics: the willing participation of the individual(s) and informed consent. State legislators in Idaho are asking important questions ... Continue reading 7 May 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Donohue, J. (2025). Cloud Seeding Activities in the United States (2000-2025) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281 /zenodo.14925812 We present a structured dataset of reported cloud seeding activities in the U.S. from 2000 to 2025, including the ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Police Close and accept ()/II,'C 1.11 vz•e n-m�-s aaa - ad See u;eg P'l ark et S1p:,. Sr Air", & :.. . us n ,y is. sj 'iyp� iAer.di Cio� cf � -ui:�g a tad Gu>urid cloed Yeedingj, 6y iecbnlque. SGlacisgeeic and Bygrascopic), By rar.et Arta .:ghcPvooc Area Urban Area, Agriculture E: F✓arer Supply, and Ocher,;, ay :!cud tit CO?Age Ar $ ,: Y 1 )diwF. Dry tie F. C.11i Af ' dr i v'!` *ic^., krA -31 Tip 5 January 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Fortune Business Insights I"The global cloud seeding market size was valued at USD 375.6 million in 2023 and is projected to grow from USD 406.4 million in 2024 to USD 684.2 million by 2032...... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy.. A A ZER SYSTEMS 15 A WAR ON NATURE. Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles. Contact #ZG 1949 USSR Scientific Report - Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seeding 25 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I A CIA declassified report written in 1949 and published in 1952 provides details on cloud seeding experimentation and the leading role of meteorologists. "Soviet meteorologists were the first to organize systematic studies of active influence on the atmosphere..." NOTE: In 1971, the US (NASA) and USSR (Soviet Academy of Sciences) entered into an agreement to conduct field experiments in weather modification. CLOUD SEEDING AND RELATED RESEARCH IN THE USSR "Up until recently, meteorologists have devoted most of their attention to the problem of weather forecasts and the use of these forecasts to reduce the harmful effects of weather vagaries. However, the final goal of our study of atmospheric processes must unquestionably be the solution of the problem of active influence on nature; i.e., the problem of controlling the weather and developing methods to combat dangerous atmospheric phenomena..." r for Release 201 CLASSInaT% TTCOAfllmff m CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NIFONMATION PROM FONIION D MENTAL ON "NO BROAOOA6Ts CO no COUNTRY t@91 DATE OF SUBJECT 9cieotiTlc - a INFORMATION IA9 o9U'E>s�, �4mvlcp, c3Nd NOW NNSIIC PUBLISHED P-Phut DATE UST. I I N 195E WHERE PUBLSHED LU we NO OF PAGES R DATE PUBLISHED 109 Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 50X1-HUM Close and accept I of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Ply 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.conV2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geopby. A _"'••"` N.aritfle fro 11 • eedH (p.nloPr.t o! wtaorolo® in eb tHSR), utnro•evortlsar W w-bz, ix WA57.Hat9). n n clam pIDlZlel AID PN[ATBD MEAan n1 ffi iwg P. X. f .tq L utter lntmation m thO orpan tiom W 4r of the Nlentl.t. .seslotld !o tht. r.port CY b f-M Sa M du.aarY No 51J 4 mtll —eftu, tltaorolpgl.te hh" dey stint of tbir at4tt./an W the Drtbla of Watbr torsctlb aed the uN of the4 rote u W tsdaca the hutCul atfNG oY vasthar apcist. 9er.nr, tha tied goal N ouf et,o, of ataoapherie p 41NW Nat VO tl Uotlbly be th, solutim a thn Drobir of .htdn wl.o m Yt,mi 1,." the probltl of nwtro A& the tl th" avd dmlWIW setbode to eabat djWp stanpherlc ybnptla. ID tb light of onr proYnt ksorlWdp of at 1ph.rit Praea..as not the mr•grq,lPg teoh- IIicat .ad etlrp Igaonee. at our o--, this P bbn is stir .o bopleYly 1tl01D Y it sight flr.t apT . The euca..fui mtbad. M1ok n alroody bn for cabatlsg the tint aattm frtlY sad the Pr—IWg a risasta is thlW I" clouds .tl fop Which has bee emdu: Tcently are proof N Lh1. tact. Ntin� NaLwmtm lei ,sya tLr sort to orpoitr eygtegYlc ft g * a It " em T T' mO Nafn Stltltuta, ttrleh WY Or iud wgenfned !t 1934 Y the Itltitab of Bap.rftlotsl Nrtearolop %Wroautlbly eb 4W." l Wtltu of Naprltl Me4orolo� Md u its ,ioSc t k the .olatiw a tb Drotltl at Ntin wlu.,. on th. ataoepbro. 7%W fist Tan o< tke itltitup tlro tltueflly spent m organ1Yt3OW1 tltluroa, V. X. MID .kiy labroetad sotl Issattaot a I.t Nl uti.ts in thi. ILld hod a slobs a! thtl e w to Wok at Cb Stltiu", InClYdlet pro- fessor V. N. AMMY.r, V. V. HsbiLrWh, O. I. PrvssakoW, and afhers. Hut tl.t of th. rogudrad Rr.ontl2 htl to be traitld h, the PtltpWtlb leUl .bip tltbWI. Moog the N1antlat. Wbo has eontintld tlsir W 1a this fUM aP W th. protlnt aro S. t. Nlryakhin, P. N. NnW1 , H. V. Nactwr , V. L. Oa kly, V. A. Hola'TW, .m V. Y.. H1btnlre.. Al I J "This work was not limited to theoretical and laboratory studies, but was also conducted in natural clouds and fogs. For the latter purpose, well-equipped expeditions were organized and specially equipped airplanes were used. The first experiments on throwing various solid particles and powdered ice into clouds were conducted from specially equipped airplanes as early as 1940..." Release 2011 COAFldEAE COdPI1d6'flAL ib drat etperisant. InelWei thoY oa tb pr tiaa of PS u tam tha flnt .atom fraau, .ni oa tb dLpartll eM <roatian a fogs, N w!l tl Pro• llsin.ty atadlsa at tb pnoibilities of IDflaeatiag clouds by eL trital, Chen. ieu. Notltinal, aawcal aut otbr tlthad.. F. these enperlai,s and f@ labmutory stPdies, tb IYtIWta denlaped tar, o®pleg in.tnrsb Y bu11t n W mats, facluding . potlrlul Teal Coil to coat limy a ptasldtl Z.M lurt&XINtim, and a 'fag ehtlb.r,' W Which fop wry s""" W tltntal fop cotll b. fcaed order lshotgtorf cmditSoa. Thu Chae0ar WY "a to study tb praprtles of tap by Ybtectirg thtl W tariw ty of ph". errNu. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ' esp.risastat .tudLs DY R'otNga w A. Aim asd otHan m_tu. Y4tdd1.} SOX1-NUM Close and accept 2 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pb 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. A 3 >ut or uM ror tat rtaim K drop I= tbo WI.. M electric cbargae cPm thU fu1m; tbo otdies DP P. P. billevfcb m the eoogulotitd of drop oed tbo 1 f .* of ultre$ods oocn atioM opt eO.K.Utlml tbo tort of v.la. Xkendrvr on the aboorptloe of ultruooic pct tiop by rater vapor: the cork a K. P. Klry%ftla and 1. P. 4 orokor on the ovaporatioo of dsop$, M tbo feuureaent Ol Doo"itr at ]nv te0grat,ry4, etc. Plool&o M Otte tbo Dario$ K $totlee of tbo COPI&W%Um of MUr oop m brgrtocoplc aubstoa:0. (cieatlun of artlffciiol fdg`, ad the vork of Prota$- oor 1. 1. ddrtrev and ls. e. S*Lw oo the chalul au1"a or p J'Jto. tip ad to CM atodf of codepattan botul. 9 rmi w net hatted to Cully egvipped alrplebad u ooLrb u ly400 v t➢ the po tieiptiot of P. Q. Pa,uotaer. wortoostelyo tbeso eaprisota Mrt iotorrvtad by tba vat. The orporisnte m tb 1w dry ice Soto clods vale➢ note beet eodtcted abr zscontly cod pbUcltod H.dolf it fortdV pmu nn rad$oted in the Ma before V M ciao = ad nut v tboot dba union of tbo acbool a eaprleontal netaorologUU ritb too u➢dol of tbeoptlani Uuatoglsto and vorkert 1n Mbtr Dnnrbos of urtomoUpo vbicb Mo bmu&t abort by the imorporatim of tb I Jttu of ftori oe Matao,ology loot tbf IYit 0"pbreicel OLerntory at tbo begimUg of YorM Vor no Wd a van beooflclal affect ad 1" to the Cr Win studUo aov b.1o% ccodoctod et the W . Qoopb,ogfe OUernUrf• bo utloa of tboot, ud aojnTlAed bu ca$platelr JratlHed tUelf ad w a p,eotqu .Ito for further propv... -p- carngarndl COIRDEMAL Link To 1952 CIA Declassified Cloud seeding and related research in the USSR Related Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv 3 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pn 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. r ■1■■1111111■■NI515191111 BIT9155119151551A1I519IB191519 24 April 2018 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I AUGUST 19741 CIA -US -USSR Weather Modification Exchange 1952 "ABOVE REQUEST BASED UPON SOVIET DELEGATION'S INTEREST IN GAINING FAMILIARIZATION WITH METHODS OF EVALUATING RESULTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION EXPERIMENTS." Link To Document Source: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom /d ocs/CIA-R DP79-00798A001000070009-1. pdf e.......................... 019191J1919111911113�I��I�I�I�1551 �15151�1 e_ B . ...... ................... 7 October 2018 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I September 1975 1 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) I This report focuses on Soviet developments in weather modification, climate modification, and climatology during the period from late 1973 through mid-1975. Current Soviet work ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Poli y Close and accept 4 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 PN 1949 USSR Scientific Report - Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. 12 June 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I "I wish to say that when history is written, I think the work of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control and the value of the experiments on modification of clouds will be considered among ... Continue reading 0 ..... ..................... 5 April 20211 ZEROGeoengineering.com I December 16, - -- --� 1978 1 Director of Central Intelligence) State Department " review jApproved For Release 2007/06/18 113oth China and the USSR began weather modification programs and experimenting in the 1950's, under the term "meteorological" science. "//The ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this wehsite, you agree to their use. Close and accept To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 5 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Piv 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. 1 March 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com 11967 Russian report, DISPERSION PATTERNS OF AEROSOL i PARTICLES IN A FREE ATMOSPHERE, documents aerosol dispersion performed by aircraft and analysis of = fallout. "At present the spraying with aerosols is conducted from a low altitude ... Continue reading oci•�� 13 April 2025 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I November 2, 1971 CIA memo below from the Weather Modification (WX) Technical Coordinator, Office of DOD and Interagency Affairs, on the subject of the US/USSR Space Agreement. The document outlines goals and techniques of ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 6 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pb 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... htrps://zerogeoengineering.conV2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. r 1952 Germany — Research on Weather Modification I CIA Report Declassified 1999 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com "This is an example of basic physics research which can be applied to meteorology and weather modification. The experiments were performed in physics laboratories, but they ... Continue reading Fibl�BIFIII�Fi1151�B1E6iIGIf11919151!`:U1114E19191flbl�l� BlEECI1191EI5EI;19I rim IaI191CIIEI 1 f FIa'�IE i� 2 December 2017 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com 1"The -- technological Basis for the Reexamination of the ` Feasibility of Climate Control Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the problems ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 7of11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pb 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. r 11205191110II9IH1961U iINIE flfif� HIA119HIEN"O,Ebl 2020 1 CIA FOIA Library (Weather Modification, Meteorology, Weather Forecasting, Satellites, Cloud MR Seeding I *Note: Agency has removed many source links. ZG downloaded files are included for this reason* -- 29 June 2016 1 Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) Geoengineering Link ... Continue reading $ ..........— ............. flblEi7l�IIr�IBI'ie�lf�ifi'BI�IyIGi�l5l�hhl�Ee;l��ldiyl6 30 September 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report Climate Geoengineering: A Growing Foreign Policy and Public Perceptions Challenge, but Currently a Low Technical Threat [REDACTED] "Among the scientists, activists, and media following the issue, geoengineering is controversial ... Continue reading 8 I ......................... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 8 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pb 1949 USSR Scientific Report —Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. BI8111a■BII `: 14 December 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I As a _ °21 result of Operation Paperclip, Dr. Wernher von Braun was TM1c NAfiA�Ama among the NAZI scientists, engineers, and technicians PawrtA fam m brought to the United States after World War II to lead the NASA space program. For decades ... Continue ..� reading .................. ...... I. BIIt�151Eiiilifi�lli�l61l;1i€�II�IEI€i�iafi�EIf iV21919 R1119111E 25 October 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Global Atmospheric Research = Code for Weather Control I The United Nations (UN) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) became a specialized UN agency in 1951 and is the heart of the UN's global weather machine.... Continue reading 0 .......................... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 9of11 9/13/25, 4:54 Ph 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... https://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geophy. 0==Z=M=0 "Few ` = 1 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I in the civil sector fully understand that geoengineering is primarily a military science and has nothing to do with _ either cooling the planet or lowering carbon emissions... While seemingly fantastical, weather has been ... Continue reading stO .e ....- ..................... ( 2 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I ---_ Congressional spending prioritizes weapons and wars. sSzzse BILLIONS in appropriations are provided in S. 2296, the ---• ----_ "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year Nm 2026" The 1,454 page document includes funding for the Department of Defense ... Continue reading waw , Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy. Close and accept 10 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 Pb 1949 USSR Scientific Report — Geophysics, Meteorology, Cloud Seedin... bttps://zerogeoengineering.com/2025/1949-ussr-scientific-report-geopby. ...— . . .......... ...... I. ■ Articles, History 15 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I The CIA declassified Climate Control MEMORANDUM below dated November 22, 1960, states: "Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the ... Continue reading 27 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Patent RU2488265C2 SUBSTANCE: invention relates to research of upper atmosphere of Earth and circumterrestrial space by the method of artificial luminescent clouds and may be used, for instance, under active effects at atmospheric processes.... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: rookie Polio Close and accept 11 of 11 9/13/25, 4:54 PP 1 L ZER SECALSE DELI81 A WAR ON NATURE. Home About History Take Action � USA -States, Articles � Contact #ZG The PROJECT SKYFIRE CLOUD -SEEDING GENERATOR UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1957 IiT Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept A t L IhTERMOCRTAIN fOREST +AID RAW UPERIMENT SIMON ;FOREST Sifivm MITED STATES DEPARNINT Of A latTURE :O.gdea. 6tah ReedW Bailey. Director RESEARCH PAPER M AI _uDA9�'_?:23- Prue%t Si<ti dire i�? "Research completed to date indicates that cloud modification for purposes of lightning suppression requires the production of enormous quantities of silver iodide nuclei. These nuclei may be dispersed either from ground- based equipment or from similar equipment mounted in aircraft." Link To Full Document THE PROJECT SWIRE CLOUD -SEEDING GENERATOR INTRODUCTION 1957 -_dM� one of the aims of Project Skyfire is to determine the possibility of preventing lightning fires or reducing their severity by cloud -seeding. Research completed to date indicates that cloud modification for purposes of lightning suppression requires the production of enormous quantities of silver iodide nuclei. These nuclei way be dispersed either from ground - based equipment or from similar equipment mounted in aircraft. In addition to befog able to produce a relatively high output of silver iodide nuclei, cloud -seeding generators for experiments in ligntaing suppression should be economical and simple to operate; easy to transport and service in rough, mountainous country; and be safe for use in highly flammable forests. This publication presents the reasons for development of the generator, summarizes calibration procedures and results, and describes the equipment. The gener- ator calibration and development program will be covered fully in a later report. The project Skyfira cloud -seeding generator is designed to produce silver iodide nuclei for experiments performed in devising techniques for lightning suppression. This generator produces freezing ny�lei by volatil- izing a silver iodide -acetone solution In propane £lase. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy a, u.c geuuawa xa+aa uc w++a wcaeu ea a+ata ueauyy a+ a ue �e au�+ueuaaa o.cac. 1. 1 <•usuuuvu vs ass pcaaw.wua.e sues.. was-aw ae aaeau SILVER IODIDE SMOKE (ZWERWTOFS �. Several different types of silver iodide smoke generators were used during exploratory field programs. During 1956 an airborne string -type generator, designed for Skyfire operations and mounted in a Cessna 180 air- craft, was operated for about 60 hours, In addition, three ground -based string -type generators were employed several times near Flagstaff, Arizona and Missoula, Montana. Late in the 1956 field season a network of 10 acetone -burning generators was used at the Montana test site. The two general types of generators tested, string- and acetone - burning, differ mainly in the manner in which the silver iodide is injected into the flame to form a smoke of silver iodide crystals. In the acetone - burning type, silver iodide is first dissolved in a solution of acetone and sodium iodide. The resulting solution is then sprayed into a flame by pro- pane gas pressure through an internal -mixing paint spray nozzle (fig. 1). The mixture of propane gas and acetone solution bums in a flame holder. Link To ADA952223- Project Skyfire 1957 Related PDT _ Preventing fire froin the Sky According to PubChem, silver iodide (AgI) is an environmental hazard and is a combustible agent. According to PuWed, no studies have considered the continued use of cloud seeding with AgI on the same geographical areas and the potential cumulative effect of AgI on the environment and biota. Add itionaliv, AgI is found to cause DNA damage. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy PROJECT STORMFURY — Zero Geoengineering https://zerogeoengineering.com/2018/project-storntfur3 r ZER BECAUSE OFTHIER ATE HUMAN INTERVENTION IN THE EARTU'S W EAl HER AND CLIMATE SYSTEMS IS A WAR ON NATEWS, Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles- Contact #ZG PROJECT STORMFURY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE I NOAA I Miami, Florida May 1971 1 Project Storm Fury "The project which was formally established in 1962 has as its principle objective experimentation directed towards changing the hurricane's energy exchange by strategic seeding from aircraft with silver iodide crystals." $ e • •Bi g• ✓.4A as F- M VIRM MW Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept 1 of 5 9/13/25, 7:41 PM PROJECT STORMFURY - Zero Geoengineering https://zerogeoengineering.com/2018/Project-stormfury M MR less a aw *Y, rs.,l.; f' *abrypAa ras4ass x.. ..vt... . "let ST-IRMYuat - isa*al topoft 191'0 . awaw's a.3. Pssaj we*tbar Afroice co=*" sat pwa.. aas.ir+r» «y r4aa t.,i i."rwe S. ts,ffi. 9ssal Vasbboa Sasrae4 tau. AURA Aaportaeat of t%* Son aatiaaal Aurritsae moo* a was., WAabiastao levy ror4 LA4orstvey Gran SSpdG-17993 Aasbiasiosr a„s. 203P.O. aoA U65 Swx<. aw.�, .d AYa,* Yarn ptMoatr Gary,w . paacLd tarot sa4lsa, Pia, 1144 f#aat *ad takiaasl. late%we fcai¢Act43A Aasss2 Bt are 14t9 „ ou .c.... ae . s a aiaz fartcr*at at rosrparea *spAA ,. p*rt-+at of **treat (son) praarsa of stleat£fit sAa*ria*st* 4wsi se4 o *afters to* strutturo sat ar asses of tropical cyst as a*A their ot**tt*l For ao4lfitat£oa, It* "*at what4 vse rarsalty *stxh1$4b4d 1962 has As its priatapal ot,isazdra txz ria€caza*.ia* 4, r**let tav�*�r44 "AA004 the h*rrltao4`s emerge ettbaeg* bY' stratt,itt **rota free aarttsft vith silver zoA144 trgstal*. ?b* crystals ere d£tpeased fro* prrasa4a41t 44etsa4 d*raiapt4 b} the V.S. 0aef. 74s %ypazaasis tails fw, a. ac*sara4l* t*et*aat is the aartaa* via# Velocities Aear t4* tenter of the %torn, AOFF *sA sOAA **lont$sta apt aircraft, supptta*at*4 4r t4ost of A" O.G. Air Porte, have eoafarst*b to S7 al4PUPY ttp*rtmontal. oferotiooa sines 1¢&8 Vbta to* protest oa€tas. T6a 1970 ksyrttssa 10*504 feathers so troptc*1 *yet*h** vaaoh var* *libels far s**sta* exp*€Astate to spat* at this, or perhaps booshao of it, the ipTO seams* vas , irf **+♦N, ,.arir asi. a i#a*.roa+, SY... a r tat -MAT fT 4t ra rat4a€t por$e4 for yr4Jaet STOOMPU%T to data. M**t%ar *04iricatios The results at tb4*m vartaas r*a*asab surrit*ata *at€rlti** *to 40". Trap$.eai eysloA*a tl*ad. phyaies Pf rotachnia 01044 ***"a _.... __. __..............'... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie PoliQt Y Close and accept 2 of 5 9/13/25, 7:41 Pb PROJECT STORMFURY — Zero Geoengineering https://zerogeoengineering.com/2018/Project-stormfur3 r ffoJatt si O xa *%&MU%W ib At tst agfesaaat attaaex is* tape *f m4 00 6twumst of wfaose, 'ipfs 464 10, tjW uotiasol ViNowt NK b provided by tht hataeoat =taeata ttoa ~ Uaat # f•tr1 TWO Mfe't ?s oiot of a t,ario% of t Mpart. to be Pftpa+a4 * tot of rat* of 40 4¢r esw 46 acof uItk t* froiett St AT later ua'...... f t.. "di0awa oap#as of zrar, tvv%'t autarttaa fra 0, C t ifaathar sefaita cowmwt boverso"A of tea aaar Yafttt. ataW Yarn Yiegtto. e. t, 20 ti as twa.t search ', ont7trf f, 0. tqa SM, tAtwfn°tr of at Y6 $_.. Qw#1 etas, ftof146 13124., *he ttittohet Ufftttaw tte-hurttl WArltory tail the Nitit Veatpaf 'w0te to. a4. #0 ut tp}rovo, retdw a4, or ~60 grey PropriWey pfodttct or 0"Ortetdry "terfal **Ati#4+4 to gim4woa or to this ubli€.atfsit is *,by 44rrr0IIhh or Why pf ot0ii i0hith xa014 [a41t44e or t"IT Chit tke igtio"I r- fittao frararch t4orii9ry of ty'e tiev4 atur urvftd r- tih4 iptfoaes, rites" Ms, of es r"t 04s pmor'sUry 0"Avitt of iwterfaf ationad harei#1 or Blest two as its por s4 tit toteot to eaeti 40-e011y er iO4ir"O7 titfefttsrt itrsi"t ie to V10 or porthtiN of i�1f licr000. ........... .......... ................ ....... ... .... ....... Privacy & Cookies This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. Close and accept ; ..........; To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Pallcv 3 of 5 9/13/25, 7:41 Pt PROJECT STORMFURY —Zero Geoengineering https://zerogeoengineering.com/2018/project-stomifur3 A a o= no g#r Rely successful 44e4int opera lot An Rerria o to 4 1 made it>*st #robot thaws, otddl#$ otstri- its be atarret4 out va a 370 store to Provide fartftr tNi- sot#so of the e114ttiveoets of the tttholfivt, the 19i holaicaas aassoa, however. pr000te4 " trovital cytloaea smith lou* s1#ptale for tf 4l"o 4 btrioubu. la dusts of Olt. or perhaps becovso of it, the 1#70 seow was #*4a t- adly the *not Productive raaaorra period for Project 4Tdkl 90 to ale. fartsa diloops� ttbirrb4uratay firy« 1001 rrFt# sST�Mhio-i Ohio - )too *Wrisaoatsg and oa a dots y*tteerf+yp rfss#aa it iroPirs'1 9}s iorot Ifs 4ry-rso exartises at" nowt fro# too goat! Ststiso 440441"Ot Bolds. poorto ftfto, oa y1 thmalt It duty, ;oad tea ewers falloxe4 iaordfattiy by the t4w4vtae fixorcists 4arlot the fast p 4aft of out 40, tine �9�Yt4# vol toroaa "" spa a deployed to orto Bito auto It a teorod oa If "at that 0*04441 statue porothy Might otiotap into a rrftaae and sore foto tlho Uri tau_ suite if she did sot t4tsasify and ham oiigibis for o otialifttAtloo siverf- t* she could still W#v# rovf#d a rod stare for a ST t. ITAT aaaaftorlop siastoa It r oteesiretained SoM tdsat#y staalo. 9a this bases, the tuft forres or+tad to foorto Rics as 20 sit. ktOW% twwtvrf. started towastes afar trossd do islood of artiosgot, sad the op= #Liao ravertod to a 404-4aihsmfog Mssioa to p+vWor badil salad isfon atioa be a troottal reve< Mitt tho tack of eligible Stores in 1970, the hurri. cans rass" retorts wife Iateasitia4 out carries out aftt- 0s4 y ttoaal loterrwptloas, The recant of Chase varto rtsmith aatiritia art extremely iaiereatinp Partt4alar1; as �r relate to fetvro ST04KFURT operations, #ad life naro $l>NO toot rsas#ta are girth to the 4Pan4itet to tbis rv. part, Of fall ioterast fa this castuttiot is sPpao41a a apseh 1ptta1a 1000 and utter oxplaaatioo for the a#pArAft Sottal. fa of too 1469 " lo" ex rfaowtt than was possible with teat Fro-salatfos hypothesis-, the oftiaisa paorata4 by law "Detbie* work Alto rt- smltod to increatdd srpbasia "fog piato4 on the fr4jott oie too psva st. In Islet Project STORMFOOT was dril" ta4 a National Pilot proiott by the lottroepartwtotal Committee far At spktrit *aoieose (I CM and fast 440.tioaal SOMUSt fvodiag vas aafia ovaMl 'bra io eta F1.1171 boo€#4t of too Department of Cos rcea Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polo v Close and accept 4 of 5 9/13/25, 7:41 PT PROJECT STORMFURY — Zero Geoengineering https://zerogeoengineering.com/2019/project-stormfury Cd I3 tr Articles, Documents Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Source Close and accept .... .............. ...... , 5 of 5 9113/25, 7:41 P! �1 • Nr(Al1lIltI11111l i%iLHLV,.1A11ICA1AIIUV1AIIII .AEIl; ItI.,'1.IA[".111>,1 A,I- h>IIU,,iI, PI NOT THIS Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles � Contact #ZG Weather Modification in North Vietnam and Laos (Project Popeye) 13 January 1967 1 Office of the Historian I FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964-1968, VOLUME XXVIII, LAOS I Project Popeye.pdf AUJi HISTORIAN Home Historical Documents Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968,Voiume XXVIII, Laos FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964-1968, VOLUME XXVIII, LAOS 274. Memorandum From the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Kohler) to Secretary of State Rusk 1 Washington, January 13,1967. SUBJECT Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy -in n"'Inc 1.10 i. The Department of Defense has requested our approval to initiate the operational phase of Project Popeye in selected areas (map at clip)' along the infiltration routes in North Vietnam and southern Laos. The objective of the program is to produce sufficient rainfall along these lines of communication to interdict or at least interfere with truck traffic between North and South Vietnam. Recently improved cloud seeding techniques would be applied on a sustained basis, in a non - publicized effort to induce continued rainfall through the months of the normal dry season. Background 2. A test phase of Project Popeye was approved by State and Defense and conducted during October 1966 in a strip of the Lao Panhandle generally east of the Bolovens Plateau in the valley of the Se Kong River. The test was conducted without consultation with Lao authorities (but with Ambassador Sullivan's knowledge and concurrence) and, to the best of our knowledge, remains unknown to other than a severely limited number of U.S. officials. 3. During the test phase, more than SO cloud seeding experiments were conducted. The results are viewed by DOD as outstandingly successful. (a) (b) (c) (d) 82% of the clouds seeded produced rain within a brief period after seeding —a percentage appreciably higher than normal expectation in the absence of seeding. The amount of rainfall induced by seeding is believed to have been sufficient to have contributed substantially to rendering vehicular routes in this area inoperable. Since the end of the rainy season, the communists have failed to undertake route repairs and there has been no vehicular traffic. In one instance, the rainfall continued as the cloud moved eastward across the Vietnam border and inundated a U.S. Special Forces camp with nine inches of rain in four hours. DOD scientists consider that the experiment demonstrated a capacity to raise and maintain rainfall under controlled conditions to the level at which the land is saturated over a sustained period, slowing movement on foot and rendering the operation of vehicles impracticable. 4. In our view, the experiments were undeniably successful, indicating that, at least under weather and terrain conditions such as those involved, the U.S. Government has realized a capability of significant weather modification. If anything, the tests were "too successful" —neither the volume of induced rainfall nor the extent of area affected can be precisely predicted. The only absolute control, therefore, is after the fact, i.e., to halt cloud -seeding missions. Discussion Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv ..tn nnoinc I.qo installations. With respect to Laos, the objective is to extend rainfall through the dry season (which began in November and continues through April or May), keeping the ground as near the saturation point as possible and obstructing traffic that normally fords streams during the low water period. 6. The assets required for this program are estimated to be very small: extra personnel for existing weather reconnaissance aircraft based in Thailand plus two C-130 aircraft modified for cloud seeding operations with crews, plus supporting personnel. The initial request totals only 33 additional personnel for assignment to bases in northeast Thailand. The cost of the equipment and seeding materials is so low as to be insignificant. 7. A corollary phase of the operation would be to conduct intensified weather reconnaissance and additional experiments in weather modification over international waters in the South China Sea, from Philippine bases —one principal objective being the development of techniques to dissipate cloud cover as well as to induce abnormal rainfall. 8. The proposal differs, in our judgment, from previous weather modification efforts by: (a) being operational rather than experimental (b) having military rather than economic or welfare purposes. Approval could thus be considered to constitute a precedent -making decision with major implications for the future. It raises questions in the political, legal, economic, biological, and psychological spheres, many of [Page 547 ]which cannot be answered adequately in advance of conducting the operation but which are discussed in the following paragraphs. 9. Urgency. DOD wishes to inaugurate operations at once. A prompt decision would (1) enable 7AF to take maximum advantage of present rainy season conditions along coastal areas of North Vietnam, and (2) permit operations in Laos with minimum loss of time between the end of the rainy season and efforts to recreate rainy season conditions along the infiltration routes. With respect to Laos, the period of heaviest anticipated infiltration activity is at hand. 10. Impact in Target Areas. The target areas within North Vietnam are areas of relatively high population density including the town of Dong Hoi, but at least for the first part of the operational period the areas would be undergoing rainy season conditions even in the absence of the proposed operations. It seems reasonable to conclude that the effect of the operation, at least during the normal time span of the wet monsoon, will fall within the range of weather and terrain conditions already experienced at least from time to time. If the operation continued into rice harvest periods, crop damage could result unless seeding was temporarily suspended. The target areas in Laos, by contrast, are characterized by relatively low population density, but the proposed program would drastically change the weather patterns over the next few months —creating to some extent rainy season conditions during normal dry weather periods. The increased rainfall will inhibit military movement more than civilian movement (to the extent the former is more dependent on motor transport). The effect on military traffic will be a...............1... a.. .1:FF:....la: o.....1.-..0.1., no......:.........1 r.....7...........7.........i....a .... al.....oa....a an ..,1.:..1. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy „an nnor�c -r.�o indicators of the extent to which wet weather conditions can be re-created during normally dry periods. But DOD believes the induction of rainfall to be feasible, and to the extent its predictions are realized there would be an undoubted favorable military effect. The road network over which vehicular movement takes place in Laos, despite improvement as well as extension over the past two years, passes through many low-lying areas and is vulnerable to interruption in bad weather, in narrow defiles, along hillsides, and at innumerable stream crossings where bridges do not exist or have been destroyed and where fording is normal practice. Interruption of road traffic would not only retard the normal rate of movement but would also force concentration of trucks that would be more vulnerable to aerial attacks at points known to us because we created the bottlenecks. Infiltration of troops, on foot, cannot be halted by creation of wet monsoon conditions, although there would be some retardant effect. The [Page 5481same effect would, of course, apply to the freedom of movement and morale of friendly roadwatch and guerrilla teams operating in the same area. The impact on civilian population will be much the same, in kind, and greater in degree, than that discussed below with respect to areas outside the target zones. The psychological impact will be perhaps greater than any other effect, particularly when conditions characteristic of the rainy season are unexpected. 11. Impact Outside Target Areas. In North Vietnam the impact of successful Popeyeoperations outside the designated area should be slight. The added rainfall would reach the sea over short distances in the coastal areas where operations would take place or would occur in the mountainous border area that is sparsely populated by tribal peoples. There would likely be some spill over in the form of increased rainfall west of the target areas. There would be some hypothetical effect of an adverse nature in Thailand where, during the northeast monsoon, normal rainfall might be somewhat diminished as the distance west of the mountains along the Vietnam -Laos border increases. However, as a practical matter, rainfall in the dry areas of northeast Thailand is so slight in this season that any difference resulting from the proposed operation is not likely to be either discernible or meaningful in terms of the water table. In Laos, there will likely be discernible effects to the west of the proposed areas of operation, toward the Mekong River. These effects cannot be quantified but give us some concern. If the operations approached the goal of keeping the infiltration routes impassable, they might be substantial. Project scientists estimate that it might be necessary to induce rainfall of up to six inches per month, once the ground was saturated, to keep it in that condition. The following are the types of effect foreseen: (a) In areas where rain falls out of season, the life cycle of plants and animals may be affected. Villagers may unwisely seek to alter planting seasons in the face of uncertainty as to the future implications of the weather changes they experience. If Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy _rn 1.10 cultivation of secondary crops could well be adversely affected in limited areas. (b) Downstream from the areas of rainfall, there will be effects on the water level, diminishing as tributaries broaden toward the Mekong. Unless monitored to limit induced rainfall to the amounts needed to attain project objectives, intensive sustained operations could produce serious localized flooding. Even at the required tempo of operations, it seems [Page 5491probable that there will be changes in normal water flow. Farmers, for example, who normally move during the dry season across country, through dry stream beds or through shallow fords, may be inconvenienced if not endangered by the unexpected rise of water. In view of the uncertainty as to the extent to which wet -season conditions are likely to be created, we should assume in acting on the DOD proposal that there will be appreciable consequences outside the target areas. Project scientists are satisfied that the proposed operations would not induce disasters in the form of large and uncontrolled storms. But with respect to Laos, at least, the more successful the operation proved to be with respect to its military objectives, the greater would be our uneasiness with respect to the likelihood of unwanted side effects. The outside estimates of the range of effect of the seeding of a single cloud is an area 50 by 100 miles. If not large meteorologically speaking, any such range would be sufficient to carry the impact into heavily populated friendly areas. 12. Consultation. There are thus legal, and perhaps moral or philosophical, aspects to the question whether the US should utilize the capability we seem to have developed to alter weather conditions significantly. We cannot lightly assume responsibility for unilaterally altering climate, and possibly landforms, in other sovereignties, and particularly for initiating weather warfare with an uncertain extent of injury to civilian populations. The Legal Adviser, I understand, has undertaken a comprehensive study of the legal implications of weather modification —a project that cannot be completed in time to affect the decision on the pending proposal. Your decision should, however, be made in the light of these uncertainties. With respect to North Vietnam, we believe that as an interdiction measure Popeyeoperations would be less harmful to the population and area affected than bombing. With respect to Laos, Ambassador Sullivan has approved the project and indicated he would not plan to consult Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma. His concurrence, however, was based on an assumption that the proposed operations would be conducted under conditions comparable to those of the experimental phase. We believe conditions would be different, notably in that ground saturation might occur during normally dry weather periods and, if successful, be sustained indefinitely. We do not believe a program of this import should be launched in a friendly country without the knowledge of responsible authority, in this case the Prime Minister. 13. Possible Publicity. The DOD proposes to conduct the project under conditions of strictest secrecy. noting that nublicity would create vulnerability to communist charges of US ( Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and acceptuse. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy -1n nil QYlc 'lno, experimentation the disastrous Mekong flood of September 1966. More irrationally and perhaps with less certainty, there might be many occasions in which uninformed groups in non- communist as well as communist nations would blame the US for climatic abnormalities with which we had no connection. There are apparently still enough people who blame nuclear experimentation for freakish weather phenomena to justify great caution in this regard. We see no way to quantify the political/psychological burden the US might be required to bear in the future but it must be considered a factor relevant to your decision. At the same time, it seems highly unlikely that such operations could remain secret indefinitely, and our assumption should be that they will become known. In the first place, the altered weather will be observable, in contrast to the experimental phase conducted during normally rainy periods. Disclosure of planned weather experiments in India would make it likely that the connection would become apparent. Secondly, the possibility of a US seeding aircraft being downed cannot be discounted. Thirdly, there is virtually no aspect of military operations in Southeast Asia which has not over time become the subject of leaks or at least of speculation in the press. The possibility of incurring a severe psychological handicap is therefore one of the problems we foresee in connection with the operation. Even though the adverse impact might be less if the operations were to be announced than as if they simply became known, we believe it is preferable that security controls be maintained as long as possible. The principal advantage of this operation, from the security standpoint, is the relatively small number of individuals involved. Nevertheless, we should be prepared to respond to disclosure by acknowledgment and to anticipated charges by arguing that the action was a more humanitarian attempt to reduce aggression against South Vietnam than r undertaking bombing, or firing rockets and guns. But we should anticipate that this line would \\ not satisfy critics both national and international, and it is possible that the issue could be brought before the UN. If the reaction were bad, we could anticipate being blamed for atypical weather phenomena in other areas, whether we were responsible or not, and being accused of using the Vietnam conflict for another type of experimentation with unorthodox and "illegal' methods. The history of communist campaigns against "germ warfare" and chemical warfare might be repeated. 14. Military Effect and Counter -Effect. As previously stated, the results of Operation Popeye should be to add a further impediment to the infiltration and support effort moving from North Vietnam through Laos and into South Vietnam. It is not possible to predict to what degree [Page 5511this infiltration will be impeded by Popeye; however, as a minimum, even if the flow of men and materials is not reduced, Operation Popeye should force the North Vietnamese to pay a heavier price for what they are able to move. The question naturally arises as to the extent to which the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong might be able to turn this relatively simple technique against us in the current conflict. The present conflict appears to offer a unique opportunity to employ cloud seeding techniques without serious possibility of retaliation in kind. This is based on the fact that successful use of the technique on a scale that could be militarily significant requires almost unrestricted use of the air over the tartret area. In addition. we are not as dependent on mnvine lame numbers of ( Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy ,.cn nr, vr�c zoo While the possibility of effective counter -action in the present conflict may be small, the initiation of cloud seeding as a military measure may well have serious long-range military implications. In essence, it would establish the precedent for altering weather and even climate for military purposes. At some future time, in some as yet unforeseen way, this could prove to be militarily disadvantageous to the US. It is difficult to accept the premise that lack of precedent alone would stop some future use of measures for altering weather or climate should they give promise of providing a militarily significant advantage. But the political consequences of "first use" could prove, as in the case of nuclear weapons, highly relevant to any subsequent efforts to control application of the technique by agreement. Recommendations 3 1. That you approve initiation of Phase II of Project Popeye, with the proviso that use of weather -modification techniques be considered still in the experimental phase until additional data are available on the effects. We propose to select among the areas proposed by Defense those which are of highest military priority but to exclude areas of relatively heavy population. We would thus concur on the assumption that Defense experts believe there will be a substantial military benefit from seeding operations limited to the areas authorized. To that end I will, if you agree: [Page 5521 (a) Limit authorization at present to those operational areas marked in red on the map attached (one in North Vietnam and four in Laos), with the understanding that additional areas among those proposed can be considered on the basis of experience or that operations can be immediately interrupted if the side effects become unexpectedly adverse or criticism too heavy to bear; (b) (c) (d) (e) Obtain DOD understanding that weekly operational summaries and special incident reports will be made available to State, in order that monitoring of the operation can be carried out on a current basis and side effects in and outside the target areas can be evaluated; Ask Ambassador Martin to obtain concurrence for positioning in Thailand of the limited assets required, and obtain his views whether this operation could be mounted from Thai bases [less than 1 line of source text not declassified]; Instruct Ambassador Sullivan to consult and obtain concurrence of Lao Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma before operations are commenced; Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy .r.a.. u......wao.. "%. AL W......a.... v V. m wa. o.. &. v. &. &., vy... u.....m u.. nnaflc 1.�o launched against North Vietnam. (f) Consider ways to supplement aerial observation in order to ascertain the nature and extent of effects outside target areas, without breach of security; (g) (h) Obtain DOD understanding that, because the operation could not be denied if exposed, any compromise of the security cover would require acknowledgement, and develop public affairs materials against that contingency. Undertake a review of the results and implications of Popeye in the light of the legal study of weather modification as soon as it is available and, with DOD, explore the longer -range strategic implications for the US of the use of weather warfare; seek, with ACDA, a general policy on meteorological warfare. That State's approval of the DOD proposal in this modified form be made conditional on the President's being advised, and that you consider a joint presentation to the President with Secretary McNamara, in order that he be made aware not only of the significant military advantages anticipated but also of the uncertain but ultimately far- ranging implications [Page 5531of weather warfare in the political, legal, economic and psychological spheres.4 1. Source: Department of State, Central Files, POL 27 VIET S. Top Secret. Drafted by Hamilton.® 2. Not printed.® 3. Kohler wrote the following note on the first page of the memorandum: "I have serious doubts —may I discuss this with you." According to a February 7 memorandum from Kohler to Unger, Rusk also had reservations and, after consultations with Kohler, agreed to approve the operation "on a strictly experimental basis" in the five limited areas. Rusk wished to be kept informed of the progress of the project and wanted it to be understood that his approval was not a commitment to approve further steps in the project or broader application of it. (Department of State, Central Files, POL 27 VIET S)® 4. In a March 18 memorandum to Secretary of the Navy Ignatius, McNamarastated that, contrary to JCS recommendation, he had disapproved the operational use of the 7th Air Force's OPLAN Popeye. McNamara noted that the testing of Popeye at the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake demonstrated that it was "a potentially powerful weapon against lines of communication in Southeast Asia." McNamara suggested the establishment of an environmental research unit to develop and test the feasibility of weather modification in Southeast Asia. (Washington National Records Center, RG 330, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 71 A 4919, Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy LID K.to source I a so Ha z o >' � 3 93 1CAS Report No. loa November 1966 A Recommended National Program In Weather Modification A Report to the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences by Homer E. Newell Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applicatioe National Aeronautics & Space Administration Washington, D.C. Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences W U a 0 a 0 C DONALD F. HORNIG, Chairman Special Assistant to the President for Science and 'Technology JOHN S. FOSTER, JR. Department of Defense J. HERBERT HOLLOW Department of Commerce PHILIP R. LEE Department of Health, Education, and Welfare TSdNB F. BATES Department of the Interior HERMAN POLLACK (Observer) Department of State WILLIAM F. McKEE (Observer) Federal Aviation Agency JACK V. CARISON (Observer) Council of Economic Advisers GLENN T. SEABORG Atomic Energy Commission LELAND J. HAWORTH Rational Science Foundation JAMES E. FEBB National Aeronautics and Space Administration GEORGE L. MEHREN Department of Agriculture WILLIAM D. CARSY (Observer) Bureau of the Budget HERBERT SCOVILLE, JR. (Observer) Arms Control and Disarmament Agency S. DILLON RIPLM (Observer) Smithsonian Institution CHARLES V. KIM Executive Secretary INTERDEPARTMENTAL Ctt ITTM s • ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES J. HEMERT HOLLOMON, Federal Council. for Science • _a National Science Foundation Department of Agricult] RICHARD A. PRINDU Department of Health, Education, and Welfare JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND (Acting) Atomic Energy Ccuni.ssion HERMAN POLLACK Department of State LEE LOEVINGE'R Federal Co®unications Comi.ssion SAiGM A. LAS Y&= (Observer) Bureau of the Budget DONALD M. McARTHUR Department of Defense HOMER E. REdELL Rational Aeronautics and Space Administration THCMlAS F. BATES Department of the Interior JOSEPH D. BLATT Federal Aviation Agency DAVID Z. ROBINSON (Observer) Office of Science and Technology JOHN R. SISVERS (Observer) National Academy of Sciences CLAYTON E. imm (Observer) SHERMAN A. BMIS Office of the Federal Coordinator for Executive Secretary Meteorological Services and Supporting Research FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WAOHINOTON. D.C. 20230 ICAS Report No. 10a November 7, 1966 FOR DR. DONALD F. HORNIG Subject: Weather Modification Program At its meeting of March 29, 1966 the Federal Council asked ICAS to prepare a report outlining "who is doing what in weather modification, the future plans of the agencies (particularly Commerce and Interior) and their interrelationships, and the considerations that should affect decisions on the division of responsibilities for research in weather modification." Forwarded herewith is a Report prepared for ICAS by Dr. Homer E. Newell, the NASA member of ICAS. It has been thoroughly con- sidered by our Committee and is endorsed as the ICAS response to the Council's request above. J. Herbert Hollomon Chairman L r A Recommended National Program In Weather Modification A Report to the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences by Homer E. Newell Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications National Aeronautics & Space Administration Washington, D.C.' 1 October 1966 A RECOMMENDED NATIONAL PROGRAM IN WEATHER MODIFICATION INTRODUCTION The earth's weather has a profound influence on agriculture, forestry, water resources, industry, com- merce, transportation, construction, field operations, commercial fishing, and many other human activities. Adverse effects of weather on man's activities and the earth's resources are extremely costly, amounting to billions of dollars per year, sometimes causing irreparable damage as when human lives are lost in severe storms. There is, therefore, great motivation to develop effective countermeasures against the destructive effgcts of weather, and, conversely, to enhance the beneficial aspects. The financial and other benefits to human welfare of being able to modify weather to augment water supplies, reduce lightning, suppress hail, mitigate tornados, and inhibit the full development of hurricanes would be very great. Over the past twenty years experiments have been conducted on weather modification, particularly on the effects of seeding clouds with such materials as silver iodide crystals. The results are limited. Under suitable circumstances it has been possible to augment precipitation by ten to twenty percent, and to reduce the frequency of fire -producing lightning strokes. Effects on hail production have been noted, sometimes suppression and sometimes augmentation. These results probably would be of only passing interest were it not for the potential importance to mankind of further progress in this field. Perhaps the most significant result of the experiments to date has been to bring about a change in attitude from one of skepticism to one of cautious optimism. The limited success to date is encouraging, and underscores the C i importance of pressing forward with the necessary research to understand the dynamics of weather systems that will have to be dealt with in any efforts at weather modifica- tion. The gradually accumulating evidence of positive results from efforts at weather modification led the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences, in November 1963,to appoint a Panel on Weather and Climate Modification "to undertake a deliberate and thoughtful review of the present status and activities in this field, and of its potential and limitations for the future." The Panel made its report at the beginning of this calendar year (Ref. 1). The composition of the NAS Panel is given in App. I, together with a list of the Panel's recommendations. Elaboration and discussion of these recommendations may be found in Ref. 1. on June 16, 1964, the Director of the National Science Foundation announced the appointment of a Special Commission on Weather Modification. To assist in its review of the field, the Commission activated seven subgroups to study the physical, biological, statistical, social, international, legal and legis- lative, and administration and funding aspects of weather and climate modification. The membership of the Commission and a list of the principal recommen- dations of the Commission are attached (App. II). Farther elaboration and discussions of those recom- mendations may be found in the Commission's report and the report of the subgroups (Refs. 2 and 3). * Final Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate Modi- fication to the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, National Academy of Sciences -National Research Council; "Weather and Climate Modification," volume I -Summary and Recommenda- tions, Publication No. 1350, 1966, pg vii r 3 With the growing conviction of positive and poten- tial results, a number of government agencies have been developing plans for research and ultimately operational programs in weather and climate modification. Some of these plans stem from the desire to use weather modifi- cation to meet specific mission responsibilities such as development of water resources, protection of crops, protection against forest fires, etc. Other planm -froat­d—ireat'responsibility for furthering our under- standing of weather and its uses. A summary report, "Present and Future Plans of Federal Agencies in Weather -Climate Modification," dated June 20, 1966, was prepared for the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences (ICAS) by a Select Panel on Weather Modification (App. III). Whereas the ICAS Select Panel report reflected a desirable vigor in pressing forward in this important field, nevertheless, it raised a number of questions as to the soundness and adequacy of proposed plans, the validity of cost estimates, the availability of trained people to meet the schedules proposed, overlapping of research activities, duplication of proposed facilities, responsibility for coordination and reporting, and responsibility for regulation and control. To discharge its responsibilities, ICAS must provide answers to these questions and make appropriate recommen- dations, To this end, the Chairman of ICAS, Dr. Herbert Hollomon, asked me to review the proposed plans and to submit recommendations that might be adopted by ICAS for a report to Dr. Donald F. Hornig, Director of the Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President. TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THIS STUDY The terms of reference for this study are set forth in the memorandum from Dr. Hollomon to me (App. IV), specifically requesting me to formulate a National Weather r Modification Program along the lines delineated in the report of the ICAS Select Panel on Weather Modification. APPROACH I have taken the ICAS Select Panel Report (App. III) as my starting point, and have used the NAS Panel and NSF Special Commission Reports (Refs. 1, 2, 3) as sources of expert thinking on the subject. In order to penetrate in sufficient depth into the problems involved, I put together a panel of.NASA experts, the constitution of which is given in App. V. We met a number of times with representatives from the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), the Interior Department's Bureau of Reclamation, and the National Science Foundation (NSF), to hear briefings on program plans and budgets, to discuss proposed schedules, staffing, facility construction, and operations, and to review in some detail the validity of cost estimates. we received from these agencies a considerable volume of supporting documentation. Appendix V also includes a chronology of Panel meetings, and a list of material reviewed by the Panel I elected to concentrate attention on the above four agencies, since their programs, as set forth in the ICAS Select Panel Report, project to over 98% of the total national weather modification activity in 1970. Because the programs of.the Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Agency, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration were such a small part of the total, they were not reviewed in detail. In assessing the validity of cost estimates, I sought to determine realistic and reasonable orders of magnitude. Particular attention was paid to assessing * Henceforth the NASA Panel will be referred to simply as "the Panel." R the realism of the estimates of manpower resources and availability, and their impact on possible rates of growth. I also sought to separate those areas meriting early attention from those of a longer range nature that could be approached more slowly. The observations and recommendations contained in the following sections are based on the Panel reviews and deliberations. it should be emphasized that the recommendations deal with the major problems, on.the assumption that if the major problems are resolved the remaining pieces can be fitted into place. RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES Certain principles were developed which underlie the program recommendations. it is recommended that these principles be accepted in the development of the National Weather Modification Program. It is intended that the principles apply to all agencies involved in weather modification activities, and not just to those whose programs are discussed in detail in this report. The principles are: 1. There is sufficient potential payoff indicated by the results of past research to justify continuing basic and applied research in the area of weather modification. 2. The potential dollar savings in lessening the destructive effects of weather, and the poten- tial gains in enhancing the beneficial effects, are so great that expenditures of appreciable dollars on weather modification research and application can be justified. 3. There is a need for a single agency to assume responsibility for taking the lead in developing a well-rounded national program of research on A weather modification, properly related to weather observation and weather research. (Such a lead agency would, however, not have authority to control the content of other agency programs.) 4. It is of value and desirable to maintain multiple agency approach to weather modification research and application, with independent funding for the different agencies. 5. An agency that has a major mission responsibility requiring weather modification, for example, augmenting water resources or minimizing forest fires, must be an active participant in the total weather modification program, but with the agency's mission focusing and broadly defining its activity. 6. To achieve the most effective application of weather modification to its mission objectives, a mission agency must understand the basic problems, and hence must be involved signifi- cantly in related research. Thus, while the agency's mission should focus its participation in the weather modification program, the mission should not too narrowly confine that participa- tion. 7. The various agencies participating in the weather modification program must support each other with their experience and capabilities. In areas where several federal agencies have needs for laboratories and large facilities, joint use should be made of such facilities. Similarly, existing competence should, in general, be used by other agencies rather than duplicated. In particular, the central agency having responsibility for focusing the national program into a properly balanced and integrated total must not attempt to A 7 do everything itself for everybody; rather, it should build judiciously upon the activities, capabilities, and mission responsibilities of the various participating agencies. 8. A formal procedure must be developed to achieve continuing visibility and coordination of the total weather modification program. 9. There must be regulation and control of weather modification activities, especially as those activities increase in magnitude and frequency and become international in scope. This is required especially to provide a mechanism for protection against harmful consequences of weather modification activity but also to permit valid experimentation. OBSERVATIONS I found that the budget figures in the ICAS Select Panel Report did not reflect the current status of agency program analysis and planning. Indicated rates of growth in the Select Panel Report were unrealistically high, in some cases by a factor of two or more. P As well as I could determine, the various agencies are counting in large measure on using the same people at various contractors and universities to help carry out the planned programs. ESSA appears to have the kind and quantities of people required to mount a vigorous program in weather modification research, but the ability to build up program activity at anything like the proposed rates would depend upon whether these people can actually be reassigned from their present duties. In general there was a large disparity between projected manpower availabilities and requirements. This serves to emphasize that proposed rates of program growth are indeed too high, and also that a vigorous effort should be made to increase the total national competence in the weather modification field. There are a few areas of sufficient immediate promise to warrant moving ahead on experimental operational pro- grams. one is the seeding of orographic clouds in western areas to augment water precipitation for increasing water supply. Another is the seeding of dry, shallow storms in the Rocky Mountain regions for suppression of the kind of lightning that causes forest fires. In other areas it appears too early at the present time to under- take operational applications of weather modification. What is needed at the present time and for the immediate future is a program of research, including some field programs, directed toward understanding the physics and dynamics of weather systems to provide a scientific basis for further experimentation in weather modification. 91 Cd In general, the proposed program content for all four agencies appears sound, being based on assessments of potential practical returns, or on a recognition of the need for research. Except for questions of undesirable duplication, my criticism lies not in the subject con- tent of proposed programs, but rather in the areas of program phasing, proposed rates of growth, and the validity of dollar estimates. R A r 10 PROGRAM THRUST, ASSESSMENT, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Major Thrust of Program it is recommended that the major thrust of the National Program in Weather Modification for the immediate future be in the direction of under- standing the physics and dynamics of weather systems to provide a sound basis for experimenta- tion in and application of weather modification. This will require programs of field experimenta- tion to extend and apply the results of laboratory and theoretical research. Budget 1. It is recommended that the agencies partici- pating in the weather modification program give early attention to the development of valid budget figures, with particular atten- tion to realistic rates of growth, and valid estimates of manpower availability. 2, While I'recommend a vigorous National Program of Weather Modification, I feel that the size projected for FY 1970, including major facilities, might reasonably be little more than half of that given in the ICAS Select Panel Report. Because the various agencies were unable to provide firm budget estimates, I was in no position to develop a definitive budget. I have, however, plotted some trends in Fig. 2 of App. VI which quantitate in a rough way my recommendations relative to the specific agency programs. The numbers used were arrived at from dis- cussions with the agencies and among ourselves. The numbers may well have to be changed after the agencies have completed their analyses of actual requirements; r 11 in the meantime, these may be taken as indicating my judgment as to reasonable orders of magnitude. Department of Agriculture Program I believe that a weather modification program of about $600K in FY 1967growing to $7M in FY 1970 is justifiable. About half of the FY 1970 figure is for facilities, including purchase and operation of small aircraft and a much needed research laboratory. If research yet to be done shows a mission -oriented program in hail suppression to be warranted, the FY 1970 figure could be larger. The Department of Agriculture program, projected through FY 1970, can be considered in terms of two major categories: 1. Direct modification of weather 2. Ecological and supporting research These relate in the main to the suppression of specific harmful effects of weather phenomena, and a study of the effects of weather modification upon farm and forest crops and on land management in general. The direct weather modification portion of the program includes primarily an expanded lightning suppres- sion effort and a new effort directed toward hail sup- pression, the Department states: "Project Skyfire of the U.S. Forest Service is performing an active research program aimed at suppression of lightning which causes some 10,000 forest fires annually in the United States. A field experiment is testing the effects of very heavy seeding with silver iodide on lightning storms. The results to date show a 32 percent reduction in cloud - to -ground lightning from seeded storms. A specially instrumented field area utilizing three radars and a network of lightning sensor stations is used for the 12 cloud seeding experiments and for studies of lightning characteristics. The type of lightning discharge most likely to ignite forest fires has been identified. high output airborne and ground based silver iodide generators have been developed. Utilizing data from the experimental area and a network of lightning survey stations, physical and mathematical models of mountain thunderstorms are being developed."* Project Skyfire is providing the basis for achiev- ing a significant reduction in lightning damage in the forest areas of the western United States, which is of appreciable benefit to the country. The objectives of Skyfire clearly fall within the mission responsibilities of the U.S. Forest Service, which should continue to be responsible for the project. The present program has been underway for over ten years. From the data presented to the Panel, it appears that this .effort has been underfunded in rela- tion to its potential value to the agency's mission, and to the Nation. I recommend, and regard as minimal, the following effort proposed by Agriculture: 1. Expanded lightning investigations at the Missoula Experimental site and at the Northern Forest Fire Laboratory. 2. Performance of larger scale seeding experi- ments in two well instrumented experimental areas in the National Forests of the Northern Rockies. A capability should be developed, by strengthening research resources already available, to operate these experimental areas either separately or simultaneously. * United States Department of Agriculture, Summary of Weather Modification Research Program presented on June 28, 1966. 13 3. The concentration of research on determining the seeding effects on lightning discharges having long continued current portions. Evidence now available indicates that these hybrid discharges are of major importance_in igniting forest fuels. 4. Continued research in the development of high output silver iodide smoke generators and in the development of seeding systems for use in forest protection. 5. Continued research in the development of a lightning fire intelligence system including storm tracking, discharge measurements, and lightning risk evaluation in the forest fire danger rating program. Most of the Agriculture budget is to support the above program, and includes all necessary facilities such as observational networks, operation and acquisi- tion of research aircraft, cloud seeding equipment, radar, and a special laboratory for lightning studies. These facilities and the increased efforts they support represent, in my opinion, realistic growth. There is at the present no substantial Department of Agriculture effort in hail suppression. The Depart- ment states: "The Department of Agriculture research program in hail suppression is in an embryo stage. The main activity is preliminary planning of a long range research program."* The Department of Agriculture's mission responsi- bilities for crop protection were well documented and defined to the Panel, and are the basis for an active *United States Department of Agriculture, Summary of Weather Modification Research Program presented on June 28, 1966. r' 14 i interest in hail suppression. No scientific details were submitted, however, to justify undertaking a large- scale program at this time. Scientific results to date are inadequate for defining a valid program to apply hail suppression techniques to such applications as crop protection. I recommend against the expansion of Agriculture's hail suppression efforts beyond a modest effort for the time being. I recommend that the Environmental Science Services Administration, in close cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, take the lead in the develop- ment and conduct of a program to understand the basic physics of hail -producing storms, and of hail -suppression mechanisms. I recommend that, as the necessary scientific rationale is developed, the Department of Agriculture take the lead in conducting large-scale field experiments in hail suppression, particularly in the western plains area where hail damage to agriculture is most severe. Should this become achievable in the 1970 time period, the total Department of Agriculture weather modification budget for FY 1970 would have to be larger than the $7M indicated earlier. The ecological and supporting research portion of the program includes three areas: biological responses to weather modification, boundary -layer energy exchange, and remote sensing in support of weather modification. At present, there is little work under way in the first area, and only modest, early efforts exist in the last two. I feel that Agriculture's experience and in-house capabilities in such areas as ecology, boundary -layer energy exchange, and basic research in support of their excellent lightning suppression program require augmenta- tion. These efforts are pertinent to a program of weather modification research and application, and are otherwise part of the Agriculture mission. In some regards, however, I do have concern. Field observations related to changes r 31 L Project Skywater Jedediah S. Rogers Historic Reclamation Projects Bureau of Reclamation 2009 Reformatted, reedited, reprinted by Andrew H. Gahan July 2013 r Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................... Project Skywater........................................ The History of Rainmaking ....................... Postwar Science and Legislation ............... The Politics of Project Skywater................ Technology, Testing, and Implementation Conclusions ................................................ Bibliography .............................................. Government Documents ............................ Secondary Sources ..................................... Other Sources ............................................. i ............................................................ i .... ........................... I .............. ... .......... I ........................................................... 2 ........................................................... 8 ......................................................... 12 ......................................................... 19 ......................................................... 29 ......................................................... 32 ......................................................... 32 ......................................................... 33 ......................................................... 33 r Project Skywater In 1961 Congress allocated funding for the creation of a weather modification program headed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Project Skywater came fifteen years after Irving Langmuir, Vincent Schaefer, and Bernard Vonnegut of the General Electric Laboratories in Schenectady, New York, successfully demonstrated that "seeding" clouds with nucleating agents like dry ice (carbon dioxide) and silver iodide produced rain. Skywater aimed to demonstrably prove that there was a practical basis for weather modification, as it was popularly called, in terms of cost -benefit and environmental sensibility. Nevertheless, the task was both daunting and singular. The science behind rainmaking was embryonic and not thoroughly tested against the complex variables that govern the weather. Moreover, never before had Reclamation embarked on such a project: a program of taking water management to the skies, of extensive coordination with government and non -government entities typically not involved in surface or ground water issues, of collecting data over a large area, and of understanding a system as large, unwieldy, and unpredictable as the weather. In 1964 a report of the National Academy of Sciences produced by a panel of experts from the scientific community and government agencies gave a grim diagnosis of the changing of weather. The report critiqued "present efforts which emphasize the a posteriori evaluation of largely uncontrolled experiments," and instead proposed "patient investigation of atmospheric processes coupled with exploration of the technological applications." It predicted that even after a very costly and lengthy period of study and testing, not everything could possibly be known about the atmosphere. The program required "integrated large-scale studies" on r the structure and dynamics of convective clouds, the physics of precipitation, the initiation of convection in the boundary layer, the effects of cirrus and dust layers on the radiation balance, the dynamics of severe storms, such as thunder- and hailstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes, and the role of convection therein.' Reclamation's Project Skywater was a cog in a larger wheel to address the need for an integrated program on artificial changes in the atmosphere. Reclamation concentrated studies and testing in the western states, principally in the upper Colorado River basin and along the Sierra Nevada in California, for the purposes of managing and mining water resources, as well as for national defense, public health, and technological development.' Never well funded, the program had a decidedly mixed cost -benefit, environmental, and operational record that never convincingly supported a sound basis for a national, extensively funded weather modification program. The History of Rainmaldng If the scientific basis behind rainmaking is a modern phenomenon, people, for ages, have attempted to manipulate the weather. Primitive societies had rainmakers employing a number of techniques to produce rain, from hanging frogs on trees to blowing water from special pipes to other forms of homegrown weather magic. In some American Indian societies native peoples offered human sacrifice in return for rain; in China people used huge paper dragons to induce rain; in Italy rainmakers stripped statues of wings or banished the statues of saints until rain appeared. Dr. David Livingstone 'National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Scientific Problems of Weather Moderation; A Report of the Panel on Weather and Climate Modification, Publication 1236 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1964), 1-4. ' United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Project Skywater: An Introduction to Rivers in the Sky, December 1973, 1; the stated purpose of the program was "to explore, develop and. determine the feasibility of applying the technology of weather modification to meet the Nation's increasing demand for clean water." 2 reported that, in Africa, natives burned charcoal and other local materials to make rain. Supplication to gods for rain has been with humans for centuries. In time religious explanations for rain gave way to scientific or pseudo -scientific observations. Sometimes the modern notions built on earlier ones. The idea that firing artillery into the sky would induce rain, for instance, stemmed from the correlation noted since antiquity that rain followed the battle. Rain came not because the gods found the carnage offensive or because the blood, sweat, and tears from the slain produced the condensation for rain. Rather, some believed that the sound of the cannon induced the rain much as the crack of lightning produced the same result. A common method of rainmaking was burning, but not until the nineteenth century did weather modification experiments take on the air of scientific authority. James Pollard Espy, considered by some to be the father of the U.S. Weather Bureau, devised a theory of explaining how clouds formed that put him well ahead of his time. Noting that hot air expanded as it rose, resulting in a drop in temperature and condensation of air vapor, he predicted that man could generate a cloud if he created hot air rising in a column. There he gave the scientific basis for the idea that burning/fire created rain —a phenomenon observed since antiquity. Espy proposed burning large areas of land —say, 40 acres of timber every twenty miles in a continuous line north to south spanning the length of the country —and assured that the farmers and manners would always know in advance when the rains would commence, or nearly so, and when they would terminate; that all epidemic diseases originating from floods and droughts, would cease; that the proceeds of agriculture would be greatly increased, and the health and happiness of the citizens much promoted." rNo such schemes were carried out. After one petition came before the U.S. Senate, John J. Crittenden of Kentucky urged his colleagues not to give Espy power to cause rain because "he may also possess the power of withholding it, and in his pleasure, instead of giving us a navigable river, may present Lis with rocks and shoals and sandbars." It was probably a good thing that Congress never funded Espy's schemes since burning requires a lot of fuel and energy for yielding, arguably, a scant inch of rain.' Espy conducted and proposed his methods in the eastern states, where natural precipitation could support agriculture and water shortage was not acute. West of the hundredth meridian, however, water manipulation became a matter of survival. The usual method was to manipulate the water once it reached the ground. The Hohokam civilization, in central Arizona, is a remarkable yet cautionary tale of the creation of a complex hydraulic irrigation society in the Southwest that flourished until water scarcity led, as archeologists believe, to a complete collapse in the fifteenth century. The first Euro-Americans to traverse the plains region and the far West mostly perceived the land as wind-swept and and, largely unfit for settlement. In the plains region the lack of water and wood made the plains unfit for agriculture and even modest - sized populations. Although the explorer and map maker John C. Fremont suggested that cattle and farmers could subsist on the native grasses and soil on the plains, overland immigrants to the West fatuously passed over the plains with hardly a thought of lingering. Yet old notions of what the land could support shifted as the East's populations moved westward following the call of boosters and agricultural enthusiasts claiming that "rain followed the plow" —meaning that planting trees and crops altered ' Clark C. Spence, The Rainmakers: American "Pluviculture" to World War H (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 9-11, 15. 4 climate conditions creating more moisture. Congress even encoded in law the notion that man could alter the western environment by passing the Timber Culture Act in 1873, which gave ranchers an extra 160 acres of land if they agreed to plant trees on at least 40 acres of it. Indeed, some believed that empirical evidence proved the theory right, by the fact that the late 1870s and early 1880s were wet years and hardly typical climatic behavior on the plains. As climate conditions returned to normal, water was in short supply, and farmers adapted to that reality by dry farming or using drought -resistant crops or pumping irrigation water from shallow underground aquifers.° The idea to devise schemes to draw water from the sky stemmed from the age-old need to locate a reliable water supply. The alluring profit of entering into the rainmaking business brought people of varying background and knowledge to the task. Their methods ran the gamut from burning and releasing chemicals into the atmosphere to concussion and electricity. A common method was to release dirt, sulphuric acid, or salt that latched onto condensation nuclei in the atmosphere. One idea on the plains was to build a mammoth artificial ramp a mile high and miles across to lift air as it naturally rises horizontally across the mountains. The problem was that the rain produced by the artificial mount would leave other areas high and dry, to say nothing of the material and money needed to build such a ramp. A number of other schemes ran head-on into technical and financial improbabilities, such as ideas to use airplanes simultaneously to blow air from their propellers into the atmosphere, or to warm air on the ground which would then rise. 'Howard R. Lamar, ed., The New Encyclopedia of the American West (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1998), 447-8, 1114-5. Some rainmakers gained special notoriety. During the drought years of the late nineteenth century Frank Melbourne and Clayton B. Jewell made good money convincing farmers that their chemicals induced rain. Another avid proponent of rainmaking was Robert St. George Dyrenforth of the Department of Agriculture. No one was more infamous than Charles M. Hatfield, so successful at making rain that according to one historian "he was accused of washing out dams and credited with saving millions of dollars worth of crops and defying not only the U.S. Weather Bureau but the elements as well"' Even after supposedly inducing 20 inches of rain in San Diego in 1916 and escaping liability for resulting loss of life and property, Hatfield continued to collect upwards of $4,000 for one inch of rain.6 Probably some sincerely believed they could call upon the elements at will even r as they recognized the betting odds. The stories are rife with naivety, gullibility, deception, faith in progress and science. It might appear perplexing in hindsight why people would pay well for services of questionable validity, but water users facing shortage and a failed crop might have seen rainmaking as a legitimate risk to take. Moreover, although no one could prove the validity of rainmaking, neither could they disprove it. Who was to say that sulfuric acid or other particulate did not bring down the rain? How could a farmer desperate for water dismiss as fraud or luck the accurate predictions of a rainmaker? A reason these questions could not be answered, people believed, was because no one had systematically studied the working of weather systems. Centuries of rainmakers wielding magic, religion, and pseudo -science to modify the elements had relatively little ' Spence. Rainmakers, 80. e D. S. Halacy, Jr., The Weather Changers (New York: Harper & Row, Publisbers, 1968), 55-78. rto show for these efforts. Unfamiliar with weather systems and how they worked, most rainmakers employed a healthy dose of guesswork, quackery, and fraud in their work. Still, there was not a clear or discernable break between what may be called amateur and professional rainmakers. Even as scientists gathered more data for understanding and predicting the weather, the modem science of rainmaking, according to one historian, owed a great deal to earlier inquiries into weather systems.' In 1930 three European scientists pushed the experiments and science further than ever before. August Veraart of Holland triumphantly proclaimed that the dry ice he dispersed into the clouds caused it to rain, but his voice was so loud and his claims so extravagant that he was dismissed altogether. At the same time a duo from Scandinavia and Germany experimented with freezing vapor on ice crystals in clouds and claimed that "at comparatively slight expense, it will, in time, be possible to bring about rain artificially." None of these men garnered much credit for the first successful cloud seeding. That honor goes to Irving Langmuir, Vincent Schaefer, and Bernard Vonnegut of the General Electric Laboratories in Schenectady, New York, in 1946. Langmuir's work on cloud seeding is a footnote in a long and storied career as a chemist and inventor. As a researcher, associate director, and consultant at General Electric, he advanced many fields and earned top honors for his work, including the Nobel Prize in 1932. Schaefer was Langmuir's assistant who gained recognition for having serendipitously discovered how to form ice crystals in his home ice box —dry ice —which is solid carbon dioxide. In November 1946 he confirmed, in a four -mile long stratus cloud, —what he tested in his ice box —that ice crystals formed when clouds were cooled. Not long thereafter, the 1 Halacy, Weather Changers, 79. r" younger Vonnegut found that silver iodide could be used to seed clouds to produce rain and snow.' Postwar Science and Legislation According to Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, in a speech delivered before the American Meteorological Society, the Bureau of Reclamation took interest in weather modification in 1947, a year after Schaefer's seeding demonstrations.' It was not entirely surprising that Reclamation would jump into a new field of water management —not after several decades of broadening water operations to power generation, urban water supply, and recreation. After initial setbacks, the Great Depression and war era had remade Reclamation, perhaps most of all by planting a sense of supreme confidence in engineering and technology and human solutions. If Reclamation could construct the ( world's largest darns and power western cities with electricity, why could it not control the weather? Even still, Reclamation did not immediately take part in the flurry of weather modification schemes in the wake of General Electric's cloud seeding tests. Rather, Langmuir coordinated with the Army Signal Corps, the Air Force, and the Navy to initiate Project Cirrus. The cloud seeding project reportedly produced numerous successful rainmaking demonstrations and gathered statistical information that other government and private entities later used. During the same period, a disparate community of enterprising meteorologists and privately funded individuals constituted what one critic called "a flock of quick -buck artists who traveled around the countryside s Halacy, Weather Changers, 80, 87-88. ' "Water Resources in the Sky: an address by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall," Congressional / Record, 112 (January 29, 1966): 1489. convincing water -hungry farmers that they had the secret to the old Indian Rain Dance."10 Farmers, public utility companies (Bonneville Power Administration paid $59,000 for rainmaking services), the sugar industry, aluminum companies, and others spent millions hiring contractors to seed the skies with carbon dioxide and silver iodide. In 1951 one seeding company had under contract over 300,000,000 acres in the United States." The rush to these rainmaking ventures seemingly reflected the confidence in the new cloud seeding technology and potential. The men advocating and profiting from the new era in weather modification tended to be meteorologists —men like Irving P. Krick, a member of the U.S. Army Weather Board that forecast the weather for the D-Day invasion, who after the war built a lucrative cloud seeding company and a name in statistical and long-range weather forecasting.12 In those early years following the war, r weather scientists and lay persons alike spoke of weather control enthusiastically and ` assuredly. Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution, told a congressional subcommittee, "I have become convinced that it is possible under proper circumstances to make rain.... we are on the threshold of an exceedingly important matter, for man has begun for the first time to affect the weather in which he lives, and no man can tell where such a move will finally end."" Although experts came to believe that weather modification was possible, it was still unclear when and how often the proper conditions existed to make rain or whether rainmaking could be undertaken on a scale large enough to significantly impact the 10 "Drought in Western States and in Florida: Remarks by Senator Peter H. Dominick of Colorado," Congressional Record, 117 (August 6,1971): 30626. ' "Committee to Study and Evaluate Public and Private Experiments in Weather Modification," Congressional Record, 97 (October 8, 1951): 12738; "Research and Experimentation in Weather Modification," Congressional Record, 98 (June 21, 1952): 7777. 12 Halacy, Weather Changers, 95-96. "Congressional Record, 98 (June 21, 1952): 7777. 9 economy. Also sketchy was the impact of cloud seeding agents in local areas or areas even as far as 3,000 miles away, as Langmuir believed. To answer these questions required no less than a massive data -driven program under auspices of a larger apparatus than private interests could provide. The need for a national, closely coordinated effort to develop the technology, test the methods, and evaluate the outcomes was acute. In 1951 ten senators —eight from the Reclamation western states —sponsored a bill in Congress that called for creation of an independent committee to evaluate the enormous body of data generated by private and public weather modification experiments in the country. Initially, the act included a controversial amendment that gave government agencies authority to indemnify contractors for experiments conducted for the government. Fearing that the amendment "might expose the Government to substantial damage suits arising from the experimentation," lawmakers removed section 10 from Senate Bill S. 2225 while considering the bill.14 However, law makers felt it essential for the government to take the lead in developing the science and technology to address the efficiency and feasibility of weather control. The government might help to protect farmers from kooks and scam artists, against fraudulent claims and promises, and against too much water derived from rainmaking. A significant step in a government role came in 1953 with creation of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control, pattemed after the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.15 Like the nation's vast groundwater stores, which by mid-century had increasingly become valued as sources of agricultural and domestic water, water resources in the atmosphere provided a common good. The question was how to regulate and manage a 14 Congressional Record, 98 (June 21, 1952): 7778; "Joint Resolution of Legislature of New Mexico," Congressional Record, 101 (May 5, 1955) :714. ( 15 Congressional Record, 97 (October 8, 1951): 12738; Congressional Record, 98 (June 21, 1952): 7777. 10 Cresource that belonged collectively to the public. No legal, scientific, or physical means existed to control or regulate rainmaking. And no political mechanism to regulate weather manipulation could be created until more data existed on how various agents reacted to different atmospheric conditions, etc. Still, in the minds of some, the government could not hesitate any longer to intervene in the "uncontrolled and indiscriminate efforts of many groups and persons to modify climates." In March 1955 the New Mexico Legislature passed a senate joint memorial urging the Congress to pass a law prohibiting cloud seeding or other methods of rain induction until there was enough information to regulate it. Reportedly, "a good many people in the Southwest' believed that rainmaking may be partly to blame for recent drought. Although there was no evidence to support this hypothesis, tinkering with the weather made some people ( nervous. 16 The Advisory Committee on Weather Control, created by Congress in 1953, reported at the end of 1957 that the program of rainmaking required more basic information and practical experimentation. It recommended sponsoring a research program through grants and contracts to various federal agencies, universities, industries, and research institutions. Senator Francis H. Case of South Dakota subsequently supported a bill giving the National Science Foundation authority to build a research program, but it was a start and absorbed only a tiny fraction of the 1959 federal expenditure of $7.4 billion for scientific research and development. Proponents of tapping the atmosphere for water commonly compared the miniscule public funding of rainmaking to the massive NASA program. As Admiral Luis de Florez of the U.S. Navy Reserve commented in 1961, "I do not imply that we should curtail our space programs "Congressional Record, 101 (May 5, 1955): 5714. II r in any way, but I do mean that our atmospheric conditions constitute the greatest single factor controlling the existence of life on earth, and that reshaping the conditions of inner space to our own advantage should accompany the attempts to master outer space."'", The Politics of Project Skywater A long and varied history of rainmaking, then, preceded Project Skywater. Reclamation did not originate the idea of rainmaking or usher it into the modern era. Rather, it gradually assumed a leading role in determining how extensively rainmaking would be used in the future. In 1961 Congress appropriated $100,000 out of the 1962 Public Works Appropriations Bill for research to increase rainfall through cloud seeding. The project was an experimental program designed to bring together the best minds in meteorology and the physical sciences in the public and private sectors. The initial and ( subsequent appropriations to Skywater went in large part to universities and private research organizations contracted out to perform the research. A team of physical scientists, meteorologists, electronic engineers, technicians, administrative personnel, and others based in the Engineering Research Center in Denver, Colorado, headed the program from Reclamation's end. Project Skywater complemented the general research program already initiated by the National Science Foundation as well as the specific weather programs studying hurricanes at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and fog dispersal at the departments of Defense and Transportation. The difference was Skywater directed most of its attention to augmenting the nation's water supply. In the early years the project did laboratory work to use previously acquired information to 19 "Weather —Take It or Make It," An address by Adnt. Luis de Florez of the U.S. Navy Reserve, Congressional Record, 107 (April 3, 1961): 5433-34. 12 rdevelop cloud seeding techniques. Reclamation later tested this information when it developed larger field experiments and programs to test the practical application of seeding technology. Reclamation conducted tests in the West's mountains to increase winter snowpack and, later, on the high plains and other areas to develop cloud seeding techniques in the summer months. In addition, Reclamation performed theoretical and intellectual work on economic, environmental, and sociological aspects of weather - altering technology. Project Skywater was essentially a whirlpool of ideas, centrally directed by Reclamation across a broad area, with cooperation and coordination on the national, state, and local levels. What Skywater needed to get up and running was a healthy infusion of cash, but no such expenditures were forthcoming. Project proponents pointed to the abysmal ( funding in the early years. In 1965 Reclamation received a mere $1.1 million for weather modification, and the next year another $3 million, largely for research in the Colorado River basin. The enormous expenditures on the space program and even ocean, land, and other atmospheric studies frustrated proponents of weather modification and Project Skywater in particular. Senator George McGovern spoke of the congressional funding for Skywater as "a pittance compared to the billions we are pouring into space exploration and, more recently, the development of a supersonic transport plane of questionable utility."" Weather modification received a boost in 1966 with Interior Secretary Stewart Udall's speech before the annual meeting of the American Meteorological Society in Denver. Udall cited the crisis of polluted air and water and the desperate need to clean " United States Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Public Works Bill, 1962, S.Rpt. 1097, 87" Cong., 1" sess., September 20, 1961, 28; "Rainfall increased over non -mountainous areas by South Dakota scientists," Remarks by Senator George McGovern, Congressional Record, 114 (January 31, 1968): 1683. 13 rthe nation's skylines, rivers, and lakes. These, he argued, were common goods and essential resources which needed protection for future generations. Udall spoke in the tradition of conservationists who advocate environmental ethic not for protection's sake but for nature's utility to man. To that end he put faith in human solutions and technology. The secretary reminded his audience that for decades the government had been at the forefront in damming, diverting, and powering water on the earth's surface, in taking water where it pools and channeling it to a field or a power generating plant or a city for drinking water. "Yet with all our planning and building and looking ahead to try to outguess the future," Udall claimed, "we find ourselves still at the mercy of the weather." The secretary pressed the point that society had not achieved total control over nature, particularly the elements. Udall continued, ` [W]e must make progress in orders of magnitude greater than we are now making. Many ways of hastening this progress are open to us and we cannot afford to neglect any of them. But to my mind the most logical and challenging is the one which most stirs the imagination. This is worthwhile utilization of the water resources of the sky. Then Udall waxed eloquent about "the idea of enormous rivers of water flowing over us in the atmosphere; of huge pools of moisture poised above our heads; of enormous reservoirs in vaporous state sailing majestically over mountains, or pumping into them and dropping their precious burdens too soon." What might it take to tap into and manipulate that enormous water supply? No less than total control over the knowledge of water in the atmosphere by bringing together the best minds, the latest technologies, and mapping out weather patterns. The secretary urged Congress to recognize the national importance for this research claiming, "We have no alternative but 14 to be knowledgeable of the water budget of the atmosphere, day -in and day -out, over any part of the United States, over the Nation as a whole, over this entire continent and the oceans which bound it." Then, in issuing the challenge he evoked the spirit of Reclamation emphasizing that it was not a question of "`Can we do it?' but rather, `How soon can we do it?""' Udall was not the lone voice of support in the early years of Project Skywater. Politicians, Reclamation's commissioner, and others spoke of the good and necessary step to fund fully the nation's weather modification programs. Floyd Donrmy, in a speech given in 1967, spoke of "[t]he wealth of water in both ocean and atmosphere, evident to all, [that] has, through history, just evaded mankind's eager grasp." "We have been like the legendary Tantalus, who was doomed to stand neck deep in water which flowed away as he bent his head to drink it, and to reach everlastingly for luscious fruit hanging just before his mouth, only to have it swung away out of reach by the breeze," he said. Dominy emphasized the great strides researchers had made, "Now we are near to breaking the spell and winning the prizes both from the limitless sea and from brackish inland waters and from the atmosphere that carries moisture above our heads."20 Many were sure that the day was not far distant before humankind tapped these waters. Utah's senator Frank E. Moss spoke of the need for the largest proposed distribution system in the world —the North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWPA)—because he took it for granted that water would be artificially engineered from the oceans." 19 Udall speech, Congressional Record, 112 (January 29, 1966): 1488-W 20 Floyd Dominy, An address before the annual Rivers and Harbors Congress Convention in Washington, D.C., June 1967, Congressional Record, 113 (June 21, 1967): 16708-09. 21 Senator Frank Moss, An address at the Conservation Congress for the Pacific Northwest, Wenatchee, Washington, March 7, 1967, Congressional Record, 113 (March 21, 1967): 7487. 15 rIn its early years, Project Skywater gave some reason for optimism such as when, in 1968, the South Dakota School of Mines Institute of Atmospheric Science generated evidence that increasing precipitation over a non -mountainous area was possible." Nevertheless, for all the talk of the future of rainmaking, the data to support claims or provide irrefutable proof was not there. At first Reclamation engineers said, vaguely and quite imprecisely, little more than that weather modification might augment water supply in drought ridden areas or, conversely, prevent rainfall in flood -prone zones. Directly correlating rainmaking efforts in the sky to water storage and distribution on the ground was essential to winning support and situating rainmaking in the context of Reclamation's mission, but no one could say for certain how that correlation worked and what the benefits were. Reclamation's best guess was that weather modification in some areas had the potential to increase surface water by 10-20 percent. In the Colorado River basin alone they claimed cloud seeding could add two million acre feet to the Colorado River.=' Even after several years into the project, all this seemed a long way off. Nevertheless, a number of supporters of Project Skywater remained convinced that the problem lay in the lack of government funding. But the project, like Johnson's Great Society, became a casualty of the Vietnam War and shrinking government budgets. Even still, expert coordination and liberal finding was unable to solve every problem. A Skywater press release on March 17, 1968, reported the challenges the project faced. Progress, while quite substantial, has served also to identify many problem areas which must be solved before operational capability can be achieved. "McGovern speech, Congressional Record, 114 (January 31, 1968): 1683. "Don my speech, Congressional Record, 113 (June 21, 1967): 16709; McGovern speech, Congressional Record, 114 (January 31, 1968): 1683, 16 These areas include knowledge of —what atmospheric conditions are best suited for seeding, the amount of artificial nuclei required to achieve best results for given conditions. The behavior of nuclei inside real clouds, measuring and evaluating the effects of seeding, determining meteorological side effects, and the legal, social, biological, and other implications of precipitation management.24 Thus, by the late 1960s a shift occurred in the rhetoric praising the potential of tapping the "rivers in the sky." In the late 1950s Science Newsletter reported that in a poll of meteorologists nearly half believed humans could prevent hail and lightning within ten years and steer tornados and hurricanes within 50 years." They predicted no less than total lordship over the elements in less than two generations. Years later the scientists who held that view revised their thinking as they confronted studies and data pointing to the highly unstable, unpredictable, and complex nature of weather. Moreover, a sea of change in the basic assumptions of how water management operated washed over the Reclamation's operations. It was becoming clear that the best places to dam and distribute water were running low; that the quest to control every western water system alone was ineffective in solving the water crunch; that water managers must consider the impact of their operations on ecosystems and the health of water systems and living organisms. These new realities and societal assumptions began to chip away at the traditional enthusiasm for technology's capacity to control nature. Not that the notion of rainmaking was necessarily wrongheaded or technically impossible. Evidence suggested that making rain or dispersing fog clouds was possible, but others schemes like steering hurricanes were less probable. The disappointment and disillusionment of total control "Colorado River Basin Project Act, Remarks by Senator Frank Moss, Congressional Record, 114 (September 9, 1968): 26153. as de Florez speech, Congressional Record, 107 (April 3, 1961): 5434. 17 f formed the basis of a new weather modification plan, more tempered and down-to-earth than originally conceived.28 Even as scientists and policy makers acknowledged all that they did not know, weather modification remained big business in the private sector and a preferred strategy to confront the nation's growing water crisis in public government. Reportedly, in 1965 seventy-nine weather modification projects operated in the United States and other countries of the western hemisphere —sixty for rainmaking, the others for fog dispersal and hail reduction. Private commercial firms seeded clouds for fanners, increased snowpaek above dams for power companies, abated hail for ranchers, and dissipated fog for airlines.'-' In 1967 when Senator Peter H. Dominick of Colorado introduced legislation to fund weather modification efforts in the upper Colorado River basin, he acknowledged that "we have much to learn about the effect of weather modification upon ecology and we must be equally aware of the legal ramifications." Accordingly, he proposed twice as much funding to study the results and effects of the program than for the practical experimentation of weather modification. His plan attempted to complement Project Skywater by enlarging the scope of research and direct application of increasing rainfall and snowfall in the upper basin. Dominick and other politicians sympathetic to the idea of increasing the nation's water supply by cloud seeding frequently argued their case by stating enough information existed to verify that weather modification was possible and 26 See Scientific Problems of Weather Modification, 34. 2i Halacy, Weather Changers, 4-5. 18 ZERO RLI. AUSE DELIRLRATE HLMA! 4lei _lk a IN THE LARr H'S 1+LA'! 111 r, A]11 CLIMATE SYSTEMS 15 A WAR ON NATURE. 101 Home About History Take Action � USA -States � Articles w Contact #ZG H.R. 3838 Funding for Military Activities - DOD, DARPA, Dept. of Energy 9 September 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Congressional spending bill H.R. 3838, "Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026, ' streamlines appropriations for military activities of the Department of Defense (DOD). The bipartisan 1,240-page document (drafted by AI?) contains similar language to S.2296, the "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026, ' which is also a military appropriations bill. H.R. 3838 priorities include: weather operations, psychological operations, unmanned aerial systems payloads, Space Force weather services research, fifth generation wireless (5G), electromagnetic warfare, offensive and defensive cyber operations, space operations, advanced technology and sensors, NATO research and development, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Department of Energy (DOE), Research, Development, Test, & Evaluation programs, microwave systems, artificial intelligence, applied research, and classified programs. Union Calendar No. 189 119rnfYlXII)NtiN 1.He Re 3838 •r �rsu;l� [Report No. 119-231] To aatllorizo approprinfiouR for liu•al war 9026 lilr mililary ai-thilinc of Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Close and accept I\ THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATBTS Jvv'r 9, 292.5 Nr. wlomts of .Ualaono (for Itimo-if and Mr. SMITH of Washingtou) intro- 1 (luml till` rolinvilig hill: whie11 R'as refemA to tilt- Committer. on Arnletl Serl'letN AvorsT 19.2025 Relxtrhxl with all atnwldineut, eonaaitteil to the Conunittev of the IChole llonxr on the State of the I'uion, oral onleroll to Ite ptillhxl I:;t ikr .era all aaer the '-', ins etauw• axI i,W-K the Ion Iaintnl in italiol I Fur mxt of innrxln,xvl Init we• "qm err bill ax ialealwvd na .Inne !l, 2W.31 63 1 tion of facilities, (are applicable to fiords autharized to be 2 appr-opriated for the Delxtrttnent of Defense for resea)-ch, 3 development, test, and eratnation.". 4 SEC. 217. EXTENSION OP AUTHORITY FOR ASSIGNMENT TO S DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS b AGENCY OP PRIVATE SECTOR PERSONNEL 7 WITH CRITICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOP• 8 MENT EXPERTISE. 9 (a) (e) of section 232 of the 10 Carl Lenin arttl Hoteatrl P. "Buck" McKean Xotional De - Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 13 ".S`evtetnbcr 30. 2025" and insettitw "Nevtentber 30. 20,10". 14 (b) TEeILVIV.iL 1.11F.1\"1),IIF1.\'T.—h`tlbSertlf)IL (0(2) oj' 15 such srrtion iv amended by striking `:section 2302" and i)n- C16 scrting 'sertion loll". 17 SEC. 81& POST -EMPLOYMENT RESTRICTIONS POR PARTICI- I8 PANTS IN CERTAIN DEFENSE RESEARCH. 19 (a) PRINCHUL lXV VTlf UTgR8 1N COVERED 20 RF,'sE.uN71 PRf)JEfTV,—Brcept a$ prnrlided Under xnb- 21 section (e), as a condition of becoming ar remaining a prin- 22 ripal inrestigalor of a coveird defense irsearrh prgjert, a 23 person shall agree that daring the .7-year period &fjiuni)U/ 24 rue the last day the pemon is a principal irncestigntor of 25 such research, such person may not seek or accept emplay- •RR Save RR 99 1 hility gaps are ident�fred in the process of planning specific 2 demonstration activities. 3 (e) a(,7II7TIEs.—The demonstration carried oat pur- 4 suant to subsection (a) shall include the following: 5 (1) Electromagnetic spectrum operations. 6 (2) Electnmiagnetic awijare. 7 (3) Operations that blend kinetic and non-ki- 8 netir effects. 9 (4) (rjjei ores in tits 1 (rmfrt' ern�ironnrernt. 10 (b) Joint all Domain Command and Contort 11 (commonly known as "JaDC2"). 12 (6) Information uwofare, including the fallowing: _13 _ - -. t.lI IwlrtliiwrteQ s11v'ai11n1irr_. avd. iremA.. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy nnv�c c.�, to attons. 17 (C) Electra neignetic warfare. 18 (D) Space operations. l 19 (E) Psychological operations. 20 (F) Public affairs. 21 (G) lVeathcr operations. 22 ((j) TIN''LlYR FAIR COVILETION OF INITIAL DE.u- 23 carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary 24 shall seek to complete an initial demrnnstotion, inter•- 25 connecting two or morr ranges or testing sites of hrvr or -HU sass RH 521 1 SEC. 859. ENHANCED SECURITY STRATEGY FOR PRIVATE 2 FIFTH GENERATION INFORMATION AND CON- 3 NUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES. 4 (a) IN GE.\$'RAL.—d'ot later than 90 days after the 5 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense 6 shall rcguipe, a coil tractor fir a proenrement related tofifth- 7 generation wireless technologyfor private networks on nnili- 8 tary installations to provide the infmrnation described in 9 subsection (b) to pronate enhanced u-irrIess netrror'k seeu- 10 rity regnirruwents, including supply chain risk ❑nanage- 11 nwent. 12 (b) LCFOR.ILITBN' DEs(BIBE).—The inioonation de- 13 scribed in this subsection i4 as follows: 14 (1) A harrlu•are bill of materials for a procure- 15 inent deseribcd in subse(Iion (a). 1F. A)1.. A dnaiwti offan. nr. 1An .fen ulas.ranfnlinn nod Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Poli y nnov+c c.n, C ty (c) PRIORITIZdTIO.V.—i1'rth respect to a procurement 20 described in subsection (a), the Secretary shalt prioritize 21 the use l f• private networks that employ Open-XIV ap- 22 proaches, including cloud -native eapabilities. 23 (d) DEFIV1T10.Vx. In this section: 24 (1) The term "military installation" has the 25 meaning given in section 2801 of title 10, United 26 .Mates Code. .tut seas aft 685 1 1941) is amended by adding at the end the.%olloming nerr 2 patwittenph: 3 ,((;) Cu.',•rtr tvi, Arvioxyr.—To such rilent and 4 in such anmants as are prorided in appropriation 5 arts, the Co -Chairpersons of the Commission nary 6 enter into contnvrcts to enable the Commission to dis- 7 chnrrlr its duties under this section.". 8 SEC. 1099. FRAMEWORK FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND 9 FOREIGN DISCLOSURE POLICIES. 10 (a) FILIM.40VORh later tho.rr 180 11 days r4fter the date of the enactment of this Art, the Ree- 12 retary of Defense shall produce it frnnrerrvnk• to rcrise (lilt/ 13 update fire terhnolayy hnr�sfirr polities gj'thr militrrryl dc- 14 lnarlments and theNational Disclosure Policy. 15 (b) Fta-ummuK ELE.IIE.V4:11,—T71e ,j'rttaneas)rk lnrr- 16 duccd pursuant to sahsertion (a) .shall include the following. 17 (1) c1 comprehensive assessment of policies rr- 18 yarding the tronsfcr of ernetying and adnanced de Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy 21 sy#tents, missile (lefeulte, (machine learning, cybenveit- Close and accept ni,lin< <.�, r 22 rity, quantum technoltxdies, hypersonies, autonomous 23 systrnrs, and inch other technologies as the Secretary 24 determines appropriate, to enable the transfer of such .ffii Seas ati 6S6 I rhfense ite7as to allies and partners o' the United 2 States. 3 (2) Ouidelines for balancing national security 4 considerations with the need to sharr in%rniation and 5 teclrnntaily with allies and partners of the United 6 States to enhance interoperahility and burden Aar- 7 ing. 8 (1) A process to gather, consider, and, as appro- 9 prlate, incorporote input from industiv stakeholders, 10 in accordance with subsection (d), to infm'rn revisions 11 to the technology transfer policies of the militaiij de- 12 partments rind the National Disclosure Policy to en- 13 able the tramvjer of defense items to allies and part- 14 nem of the United States. 15 (t) Recommendations for updating the tech- 16 rmlogy transfer policies of the military departments 17 and the ational D44rlosure Policy to accommodate 18 the use Of e7!lCrging and advanced defense ite7ns in 19 multi-dornain operations, Joint military e"rcises, 20 and allied operational requirements. 21 (5) lterhanisms to enable the military depart - Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. 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To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polic Source Close and accept r C �i�lllll��ldif 151iEEii5l�lAlEEii�Elfili51515151�15i1f1515iGfif I glia11TM14191 89161; R9151114�IFITi19115fifi 2 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Congressional spending prioritizes weapons and wars. S. zzss BILLIONS in appropriations are provided in S. 2296, the .. ... ..... ..... "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026" The 1,454 page document includes funding for the Department of Defense ... Continue reading p f[ILL Bl�iylbi!`:Eii61515i�151�1�15E151Ei�'i�I�IbIS€151 �€Ei�€5151�I�IfEifillel [eM Olmly Mn IRB ANW 19 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I USA Constitutions in 48 States include the requirement: "in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power." This essential foundation safeguarding the freedom of the American ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie POlicv Close and accept [Bill 16l6iEneiAci i 2WiEEii3IiEbI��lE�3�y�E���b� 30 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I The -'' H.R.3816 Federal Weather Enterprise has been rebranded to the --=- Federal Meteorological Enterprise. Introduced June 6, 2025, H.R. 3816 is the reauthorization of The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (H.R. 353) which ... Continue reading 0 .................. Sponsor: Rep. Lucas, Frank D. [R-OK-3] (Introduced 01/06/2017) Committees: House -Science, Space, and Technology Latest Action: 04/18/2017 Became Public Law No: 115-25 LINK TO Full _DOCUMENT-BILLS- 115hr353 TITLE IV —FEDERAL WEATHER COORDINATION H. R. 353-2 Sec. 408. Department of Defense ... Continue reading e........ _ .................. Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: LDDkie2DILcy Close and accept 10 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Re: The ,.•=- H.R.4302 United States Weather Industry) Proposed legislation titled "Improving Atmospheric River Forecasts Act," authorizes appropriations of $15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030 for weather °°' management. Congressional weather control efforts of ... Continue reading 24 August 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I "Background: The mesosphere and lower thermosphere, at about 50- 120 km altitude, is often called the "ignorosphere" due to being too high for investigations using balloons and too low for probing with satellites. The ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv Bliiliil�Bl�IfI;I�i�I81i61�E�lilldl fii' 10 April 2018 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Lockheed Martin "The primary spray aircraft, all delivered in the late 1980s and early 1990s, feature upgraded electrical connections, paratroop doors with a sealable port that accommodates the four -inch diameter pipe for the spray nozzles, ... Continue reading .......................... Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy r 11 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I Potential adverse effects on environmental resources resulting from proposed military training exercises off the coasts of Hawaii and California in December 2025 are detailed in an Environmental Impact Statement/ Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (EIS/OEIS). The ... Continue reading Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Polsi v MUM l 13 August 2024 1 ZeroGeoengineering.com I Weaponizing the atmosphere I "One application, from -� the fusion of nanotechnology, wireless sensor networks, and microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS), is Smart Dust, networked molecular particles capable of measuring, collecting, and sending information remotely."- Quote ... Continue reading `7 0 .......................... e.......................... 15 July 2025 1 ZEROGeoengineering.com I The CIA declassified Climate Control MEMORANDUM below dated November 22, 1960, states: "Technological developments of the past two decades have provided the understanding, the techniques, and the means necessary for an assault on the ... Continue reading 16 February 2025 1 ZeroGecengineering.com I The Unrecognized Infrastructure of Weather Modification There are two federal laws specifically addressing weather modification. Additionally, there are 27 states plus Washington, D.C., that have some sort of pro - weather modification policies. (Florida and Louisiana repealed ... Continue reading IL Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie PDlicy EJ Fmm FSVOPm MmdWv. 'll�e Fn �cL,SYNYrny V . .......... ........ Gr Articles 1980 1 by Colonel Paul E. Levy I Major Michael A. Aquino "...this weapons system uses existing communications media. It seeks to map the minds of neutral and enemy individuals and then to change them in accordance with U.S. national ... Continue reading LPrivacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their Close and accept use. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policv a PART OF STATES NEWSROOM ENVIRONMENT A COMMENTARY Cloud seeding might not be as promising as drought -troubled states hope 70 years of research into the effectiveness of cloud seeding are mixed i WILLIAM R. COTTON MARCH 16, 2022 8:09 AM W X f in u 00 41'" d A man cross-country skis at Bear Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park. (Alex Gary Gareis/NPS Photo/Public domain) Tlzis convnentari originally appeared in The Conversation. On mountain peaks scattered across Colorado, machines are set up to fire chemicals into the clouds in attempts to generate snow. The process is called cloud seeding, and as global temperatures rise, more countries and drought -troubled states are using it in sometimes desperate efforts to modify the weather. But cloud seeding isn't as simple as it sounds, and it might not be as promising as people wish. As an atmospheric scientist, I have studied and written about weather modification for 50 years. Cloud seeding experiments that produce snow or rain require the right kind of clouds with enough moisture, and the right temperature and wind conditions. The percentage increases in precipitation are small, and it's difficult to tell when snow or rain fell naturally and when it was triggered by seeding. How modern cloud seeding began The modern age of weather modification began in the 1940s in Schenectady, New York. Vince Schaefer, a scientist working for General Electric, discovered that adding small pellets of dry ice to a freezer containing "supercooled" water droplets triggered a proliferation of ice crystals. Other scientists had theorized that the right mix of supercooled water drops and ice crystals could cause precipitation. Snow forms when ice crystals in clouds stick together. If ice -forming particles could be added to clouds, the scientists reasoned, moisture that would otherwise evaporate might have a greater chance of falling. Schaefer proved it could work. On Nov. 13, 1946, Schaefer dropped crushed dry ice from a plane into supercooled stratus clouds. "I looked toward the rear and was thrilled to see long streamers of snow falling from the base of the cloud through which we had just passed," he wrote in his journal. A few days later, he wrote that trying the same technique appeared to have improved visibility in fog. A colleague at GE, Bernie Vonnegut, searched through chemical tables for materials with a crystallographic structure similar to ice and discovered that a smoke of silver iodide particles could have the same effect at temperatures below -20 C (-4 F) as dry ice. Their research led to Project Cirrus, a joint civilian -military program that explored seeding a variety of clouds, including supercooled stratus clouds, cumulus clouds and even hurricanes. Within a few years, communities and companies that rely on water were spending $3 million to $5 million a year on cloud -seeding projects, particularly in the drought -troubled western U.S., according to congressional testimony in the early 1950s. But does cloud seeding actually work? The results of about 70 years of research into the effectiveness of cloud seeding are mixed. Most scientific studies aimed at evaluating the effects of seeding cumulus clouds have shown little to no effect. However, the results of seeding wintertime orographic clouds — clouds that form as air rises over a mountain — have shown increases in precipitation. There are two basic approaches to cloud seeding. One is to seed supercooled clouds with silver iodide or dry ice, causing ice crystals to grow, consume moisture from the cloud and fall as snow or rain. It might be shot into the clouds in rockets or sprayed from an airplane or mountaintop. The second involves warm clouds and hygroscopic materials like salt particles. These particles take on water vapor, becoming larger to fall faster. r a An illustration of cloud -seeding processes. ( Naomi E. Tesla/Wikipedia/CC BY 4.0) The amount of snow or rain tied to cloud seeding has varied, with up to 14% reported in experiments in Australia. In the U.S., studies have found a few percentage points of increase in precipitation. In a 2020 study, scientists used radar to watch as 20 minutes of cloud seeding caused moisture inside clouds to thicken and fall. In all, about one -tenth of a millimeter of snow accumulated on the ground below in a little over an hour. Another study, in 2015, used climate data and a six -year cloud - seeding experiment in the mountains of Wyoming to estimate that conditions there were right for cloud seeding about a quarter of the time from November to April. But the results likely would increase the snowpack by no more than about 1.5% for the season. While encouraging, these experiments have by no means reached the level of significance that Schaefer and his colleagues had anticipated. Weather modification is gaining interest again Scientists today are continuing to carry out randomized seeding experiments to determine when cloud seeding enhances precipitation and by how much. People have raised a few concerns about negative effects from cloud seeding, but those effects appear to be minor. Silver ion is a toxic heavy metal, but the amount of silver iodide in seeded snowpack is so small that extremely sensitive instrumentation must be used to detect its presence. 11lle VVorlo in 6U l i that .51MIa�si iiitii'y �f&�� eY�, fob'.�i,�i[�b�Y�S�eb'Ai�rY;}YFbi�3 pYo tfltfft3Y�Y�tfCk�ahtflt7lk to our g �3,YYgr�&Slh3gppg�X51gii14�1�SN�A}]repuP+lishingytticle7ines�o2ltse My home state of Colorado has supported cloud -seeding operations for years. Regardless of the mixed ISWILLIAM R. COTTON AKr J 4gRyW pK01Y0S f1B c[�neteorologyatColoradostate • • �� �A�r A9Bi9 MORE FROM OUR NEWSROOM A