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Home My WebLink AboutCOM 0493.000 2000-2002Harry Kien Mayor Dixie Kaetsu Managing Director Peter T. Young De�auty Managing Director r U? County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 • (808) 961-821 L _ P KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 • Kailua-Kona, lar ai ]40, (808)329-5226 • Fax (808)326-5663 January 16, 2002 Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members: Hawaii Couy General Plan evasion As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 5-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action is the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures regarding the above -referenced matter Sincerely, 1 Harry Kim Mayor Enclosures cc: Planning Department (Note: Transmittal b., listed on page 1 Geraldine Giffin's Jan. 16, 2002 letter, of Planning Commission Chair is on file in the Clerk's Office, COMM.AM Noa VV3 File No. Ref. TO: def. LAc..,_�lr 4 ZLUL Harry Kim Mayor County of Hawaii PLANNING COMMISSION 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 Honorable games Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members of the County Council: HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN REVISION Geraldine M. Giffn Chairperson We are pleased to transmit for your review and consideration the proposed revisions to the General Plan. This transmittal includes the following: a. Draft ordinance adopting the revised General Plan identified as Appendix A, and the repeal of Ordinance No. 89 142 (1989 General Plan) and all subsequent amendments thereof. b. Revised General Plan identified as Appendix A. C. December 21, 2001 Draft utilizing the Ramseyer format. The Ramseyered draft is to identify the latest version of the Planning Director's proposed changes from the 1989 General Plan. d. List of proposed Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map changes proposed by the Planning Director. e. Planning Commission's letter of October 19, 2001, requesting that the Planning Director consider certain modifications to his proposed amendments. f. Planning Director's November 30, 2001, letter in response to the Planning Commission's suggestions per letter dated October 19, 2001. The Planning Director's letter explains why he did not adopt certain changes suggested by the Planning Commission. Also included is a list of the changes suggested by the Planning Commission that the Planning Director agreed to. Honorable James Arakaki, Chair and Members of the County Council Page 2 Much effort went into the development of the General Plan revision document during the past 2'/z years. After months of public hearings and deliberation, at its meeting on December 21, 2001, the Planning Commission voted to transmit the draft General Plan for your favorable consideration, except for certain specific proposals objected to by the Planning Commission, as detailed in its October 19, 2001 letter. During deliberation of the proposed amendments to the General Plan, we recommend that the County Council also consider those changes proposed by the Planning Commission that the Planning Director did not initiate as outlined in his letter dated November 30, 2001. Although the Planning Commission by a majority vote does not agree with some of the proposals prepared by the Planning Director, the General Plan document is still a culmination of the collective and coordinated effort of the Planning Department, Planning Commission, other governmental agencies, and the general public. Through such cooperative effort, we were able to finalize the revisions to the General Plan for your consideration. The Planning Commission also wishes to thank and commend the Planning Director and the Planning Department staff for their tireless and painstaking dedication that has made this review both possible and accessible to the concerned public. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact the Planning Department. incerely, ,y Geraldine Giffin, Chair Planning Commission GG:smn p:wpwi n60\norm\gp\ 12-28-01 Enclosures cc: Harry Kim, Mayor Planning Commission Chris J. Yuen, Planning Director Ivan Torigoe, Deputy Corporation Counsel Long Lange Planning Division COUNTY OF HAWAll December 21, 2001 Deft Element Page Introduction 1 Economic 28 Energy 68 Environmental Quality 79 Flood Control and Drainage 85 Historic Sites 107 Natural Beauty 129 Natural Resources and Shoreline 150 Housing 157 Public Facilities 206 Public Utilities 244 Recreation 279 Transportation 306 Land Use - Introduction 337 Land Use - Agriculture 356 Land Use - Commercial 367 Land Use - Industrial 379 Land Use — Residential 390 Land Use - Resort 407 Land Use — Open Space and Public Lands 421 Plan Implementation 426 Amendment Procedures 430 [AN ORDINANCE ADOPTING THE COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN AND REPEALING ORDINANCE NO. 439, AS AMENDED. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. Purpose. It is the purpose of this ordinance to adopt by ordinance a General Plan in compliance with Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter. SECTION 2. Requirements. Section 3-16, Hawaii County Charter, mandates that the General Plan contain the following: "A statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the county for residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of [our] natural beauty and historical sites; the most desirable density of population in the several parts of the county; a system of principal thoroughfare, highways, streets, public access to the shorelines, and other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvements of public buildings, the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit, and other purposes; the extent and location of public housing projects; adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matter as may, in the council's judgment, be beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the coordinated development of the county and to promote the general welfare, and prosperity of its people." SECTION 3. Statement of Assumptions. The following Assumptions were the basis by which the General Plan was developed: Agriculture Agricultural employment, especially in the sugar industry has been declining over the past ten years. At best, employment in the sugar industry is projected to decline slowly if normal attrition through retirement continues. Alternatively, national and international economic and political forces could result in the demise of the industry. Factors affecting this decline will be the expansion and labor demands of the macadamia nut, papaya, flower and other diversified agricultural industries. 2. Tourism The County's visitor industry is poised for rapid expansion, and employment in tourism is expected to increase substantially. 3. Other Basic Industries There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aquaculture, astronomy, renewable energy, and research -development. Introduction SECTION 4. Council Policies Statement of Development Objectives, Standards and Principles. The Council's policies for the long-range comprehensive physical development of the county and the statements of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the county are set forth as follows.] [SECTION 5. Courses of Actions. The courses of actions necessary to promote the policies, development objectives, standards and principles as incorporated in Section 3 are hereby set forth for the various elements within the designated districts.] 2 Introduction [INTRODUCTION This section provides an overview of the General Plan with respect to its history, the program and planning process used in its development and the intended means of implementing the plan. The introduction also presents a discussion of the County's historical trends and alternative employment and population projections. OVERVIEW OF THE GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements which embody the expressed goals for present and future generations.] INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE GENERAL PLAN The Counly of Hawaii's General Plan is the golicy document for the loss rasa e coma rehepsive development of the island of Hawaii. The purRoses of the General Plan are to: • Guide the pattern of future development in this Coup& based on long-termgoals; • Identify the visions, values, and priorities imaportant to the people of this County; • Provide the framework for regulatory decisions, capital iml2rovement priorities, agggisitioan strafe ies4 and other Rertinent government programs within the County aaNanization and coordinated with Mate and Federal programs. • Improve the physical environment of the County as a setting for human, activities; to Weare it more functional, beautiful, healthful interesiin , and efficient. • Promote and safeg gard the public interest and the interest of the Couaa4y as ae whole. • Facilitate the democratic determination of communily Rolicies concerning the utilization of its natural, man-made, and. human resources. • Effect jaoiitical and technical coordination in community improvement and development. • Inject loam -range considerations into the determination of short-range actiow% and im lementatiom Introduction History of the Plan General [plan] Plana studies in the County of Hawaii were initiated in the late 1950's[.] and were limited to garticular regions of the island such as the Hilo Dona Kohala Hamakua and Puna Districts. As such, these initial gEneral plans lacked a compreheaasive9 coordinated,: and integrated overview of the entire County. The first of these studies, "A Plan for Kona [,]", was completed in 1960 and encompassed the districts of North and South Kona. "A Plan for the metropolitan Area of Hilo" was completed in 1961 for the districts of South Hilo and Puna. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan" was completed in 1963 and covered part of the district of North Kona and the districts of North and South Kohala, Hamakua and North Hilo. These regional plans were adopted by Ordinance No. 317 in July 1965, as the General Plan for the County. The district of Ka'u was the only area in the County not covered by this plan. With the adoption and ratification of the County Charter in 1968, the General Plan emerged as a major policy document. Section 3-[16] 15 of the County Charter states: "The county council shall adopt by ordinance a general plan which shall set forth the Council's policy for long-range comprehensive physical development of the County. It shall contain a statement of development objectives, standards and principles with respect to the most desirable use of land within the Countyfor residential, recreational, agricultural, commercial, industrial, and other purposes which shall be consistent with proper conservation of natural resources and the preservation of our natural beauty and historical sites; the most desirable density of population in the several parts of the County; a system ofprincipal thoroughfares, highways, streets, public access to the shoreline, and other open spaces; the general locations, relocations and improvement of public buildings; the general location and extent of public utilities and terminals, whether publicly or privately owned, for water, sewers, light, power, transit and other purposes; the extent and location ofpublic housing projects; adequate drainage facilities and control; air pollution; and such other matters as may, in the Council's judgment, be beneficial to the social, economic, and governmental conditions and trends and shall be designed to assure the coordinated development of the County and to promote the general welfare and prosperity of its people. J The Council shall enact zoning, subdivision, and other such ordinances, which shall contain the necessary provisions to carry out the purtrose of the General Plan. 1'j No gublic rovernent, pm ect, subdivision, or zonkg ordinances, shall be initiated or adopted unless the same conforrrrs to and ifnglemeents the General Plan, Uc Amendments to the General Plan may be initiated by the Councilor the Planning Director. " 4 Introduction The first General Plan document to be completed after the ratification of the County Charter in 1968 was adopted by ordinance on December 15, 1971 by the County Council. Upon adoption of the General Plan in 1971, the Council laid the foundation for establishing a comprehensive planning program for the County of Hawaii. This program consists of three interrelated parts arranged in a hierarchy Is described below[.] and illustrated in. Figgre I. The General Plan represents the first level and encompasses long-range goals, policies, [and] standards, and courses of action for the entire County. The General Plan. also provides the legal basis for all of the other elements of the County's planning structure. As such, the General Plan is the highest order, or "umbrella" plan. It establishes the outer limits or boundaries within which the County must operate. The second level consists of short and middle range plans [which] Lhat further define the long-range goals and policies of the General Plan. These plans are related to specific regions or districts (Hilo, Kona, Kohala, Ka'u, etc.), functions (recreation, agriculture, drainage, highways, etc.)[;], and [for] specific areas within a region (Kailua-Kona, Downtown Hilo, etc.). The third level consists of specific mechanisms to implement the two higher levels of the planning hierarchy. These include the Zoning and Subdivision Codes[,] and both the operating and capital improvement program budgets. Introduction Figure I Functional Plan fecreation Sewerel®e'atsaa Historic Sites Etc. erating Budget General Plan Program GENERAL PLAN Communft bevel9prnent Plan Hilo Koran Kohoia Etc. mal Improvements Pr ram (CIP) Area Improvement Plan Hilo bowntam i enL* € PIar4 ICailma ViiIM_[ia Plzen Etc. Land Use Development Cosh KoniPaS1 .5hdivigiar Other Codes and 13 gulaatioras The initial development of the General Plan program, undertaken between 1968 and 1970, [investigated, analyzed, and evaluated concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or standard methodology. The General Plan program] was funded through an agreement between the County of Hawaii and the [Federal ] USS. Department of Dousing and Urban Development through the former State of Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development[.] (currentiv the State Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism . The initial General Plan study program was conducted over a 36 -month period and [was] completed by the Planning Department with the technical assistance of professional consultants in the fields of drainage and flood control, historic sites, sewerage, economics, and water. The General Plangrogram is structured to investigate, analyze, and evaluate coneurrenttv all aspects of. the Coun T under a common or standard methodology. The preparation of the General Pbn_involves the process of planning and Brovides the opporhmilL to broaden the base of citizen particiDation, review, and understanding. The 1971 General Plan required five and ten year comprehensive reviews and updates. The reviews and updates are intended to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the General Plan and to accommodate major changes and trends [which] that may occur within the County. The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map in 1978 [and which] that led to several changes to the map. Other changes [which were made include] included the addition of an Energy element and amendments to procedures for the comprehensive reviews and proposals for specific amendments to the General Plan. 6 Introduction The first comprehensive ten- ear review of the General flan was initiated by the Planning Dggartment in the mid-1980's and completed with the. adoption of Ordinance No. 89 142 by the Hawaii Counjj Council on November 14 1989. This comprehensive revision nrouam. resulted in. varions revisions to sulpRorting data as well as to the individual stud elements and ]Land Use Pattern; Allocation Guide and Facilities ma s. The [Revised] Current General Plan Comprehensive Review Program The planning process utilized for the current comprehensive review and revision of the General Plan included an assessment of the General Plan elements relative to new data., laws, and methods of analysis. Each study element was then analyzed and evaluated in relation to all other elements, County and district goals, and the land use pattern. Potentially, a change in one ele=_nent could affect other elements as well as the land use pattern. Similarly, a change in County and district goals could potentially be reflected in all elements and in the land use pattern. The comprehensive review of the General Plan gathered and assessed the data related to each element [in order] to identify present conditions and problems and future possibilities. The study elements [which are] utilized in the General Plan included the following: Economic [Activities]: Describes the human, capital, and natural resources used to produce goods and services for consumption in local and overseas markets. Energy: Describes the energy situation for the County and explains the incentive for promoting energy conservation and the development of indigenous energy resources including solar, wind, hydrologic, and geothermal. Environmental (duality: Identifies the factors affecting the island's environmental quality and describes the precautions and safeguards necessary to maintain and improve the quality of the environment for the physical, psychological, and social well-being of residents and visitors. [Flood Control and Drainage j Flooding and Other Natural Hazards: Pertains to the conservation and protection of life, improvements, and natural resources from excess runoff due to either man-made improvements, natural causes, or inundation from tsunamis and heavy seas. Historic Sites: Identifies [artifacts and] sites and buildin s of historical and cultural importance. Natural Beauty: Identifies areas of unique natural beauty [which] Haat are a principle asset of the island, and [which require] encouragg programs for their conservation, preservation, and integration with other elements. Natural Resources and Shoreline: Describes the valuable and often irreplaceable natural assets of the island [which require] and encourages programs for their prope management and protection [and wise use]. 7 Introduction Housing: Addresses the requirements for and the quantity, quality, and distribution of housing units in the County. [It] This element also addresses critical housing problems of the County. Public Facilities: Pertains to the location and distribution of facilities for education, [and] public safety, [and for] social, [custodial and] health services[.] and other g2vernment operations, Public Utilities: Describes the distribution of power, light, and water[,]i the collection and [disposition of waste, sewage,] disj2osal of sond waste and sewage; and the provision of Esther communication [facilities which] utilities that are essential to the efficient functioning of a [modern] community. Recreation: Examines the requirements of the County for active and passive outdoor activities, cultural events and pastimes, as well as attendant facilities and areas. Transportation: Describes the requirements for air and water transport terminal facilities linking the County with the rest of the State and overseas areas, and the island's network of streets, highways, and roads. Land Use: Studies the relationship of human activities to the uses of land and the location, spatial. relationship, and topography [of land uses]. This element is subdivided [according to uses] into the following designations[:] according to uses: Agricultural: Encompasses all types of agricultural endeavors[,] and specified industrial uses, residential and ancillary community and public and accessory uses. Commercial: Comprised of industries in the retail trade and service categories and certain non -noxious enterprises from other industrial classifications. Industrial: Includes uses [which] that may not be compatible with commercial areas (such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards) as well as other industrial, manufacturing, or wholesaling uses. Multiple Residential: Includes duplexes, apartments, town houses [; all] and shnilar° types of residential structures and ancillary community and public uses. Open[j She: Includes conservation lands, forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, and potential natural hazard areas. Public[J Lands: Includes Federal, State, County, and University owned lands. Resort: Consists primarily of areas with basic amenities and attributes [which] that attract developments of visitor accommodations and related facilities. 8 Introduction Single -[family] ;l' amity Residential: Consists of single-family detached houses and ancillary community and public uses. Each study element has been divided into sections [which are] described below. Introduction and Analysis: Describes the element and summarizes findings, County -wide characteristics and features, trends, changes, and problems [are discussed], as well as the outlook and opportunities for the immediate and distant future. The analysis also addresses the element's interrelationships with other elements. Goals: [Indicates the desired long-range directions and seeks to provide a cohesive and comprehensive framework within which social and economic programs and governmental effort can be coordinated.] Indicates the desired long-range directions and situations enunciated h commnni rou s officia _ expressed in the past or im lied in governmental programs. Provides a cohesive and comprehensive framework for the coordination of social and econo iRrogra s and governmental effort= Policies: States the methods or strategies [which] that should be undertaken to attain the stated goals [stated]. These are action and program oriented and involve the formulation of standard procedures, program evaluation and review, rules and regulations, ordinances and laws, budgeting, specific projects, etc. Standards: Concerned with qualitative and quantitative criteria by which situations can be evaluated or benchmarks established. Standards are basically "yardsticks" or indicators, minimum conditions or levels of quality necessary for the well-being of the public. Courses of Action: Many study [element] elements require a more precise and definitive discussion of community concerns and problems. These sections attempt to identify specific alternatives on a community, district or regional basis. As an aid to the understanding of the inter -relationship of the components of the General Plan, the separate elements of the General Plan may also be described as follows: The Introduction and the Economic element describe the foundations and factors [which] that generate population and economic opportunities and growth on the island of Hawaii. The Environmental Quality, Energy, [Flood Control and Drainage,] Flooding and Other. Natural Hazards, Historic Sites, Natural Beauty, and the Natural Resources and [the] Shoreline elements describe those natural and social conditions [which] that influence and set parameters [to] for development opportunities on the island. The Housing, Public Facilities, Public Utilities, Recreation, and Transportation elements describe those services, facilities, and improvements [which are required] necessary to accommodate the growth of population and support the economy. The Land Use element describes the distribution, pattern, and location of the various activities addressed in the other elements of the General Plan. 9 Introduction [flan Implemenntation One of the most critical phases of the planning program is the implementation of the General Plan. It is the use of the plan rather than its mere existence which is of benefit. Public understanding and support are vitally necessary as the responsibility for the development of the island of Hawaii rests not only with the administrative and legislative branches of the County but with all people who live here. Widespread discussion will promote the understanding of unique and innovative concepts which are presented in the plan. Implementation of the General Plan requires the development of middle and short range community, functional, and area plans. It also requires a systematic review of implementing ordinances such as the zoning and subdivision codes and the adoption of amendments to these codes in accordance with policies and standards of the General Plan. The implementation of the General Plan is also related to the capital improvement and operating budgets. The capital improvements budget encompasses public improvements and facilities to accommodate the anticipated growth, and the County operational budget encompasses programs and services. Both are major components of the implementation of General Plan policies. Implementation of the General Plan policies also require the adoption of ordinances to establish programs such as historic sites, housing, area improvement financing, areas of natural. beauty and the like. Although fifteen years have elapsed since the adoption of the County's planning program all of the major components have yet to be put in place. Furthermore, the planning process must be viewed as a continuous non-linear and dynamic process instead of a static and linear one. Unanticipated opportunities as well as unexpected delays necessitate adjustments to programs, standards, and policies. Nevertheless, standard procedures must be followed to insure implementation in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. The following procedures shall be required to provide the necessary guidance: The General Plan, and any comprehensive review, should be widely distributed for review, discussion, and comments. Input from community organizations shall be solicited to assist and advise the Planning Department, Planning Commission and Council. The Planning Commission shall hold public hearings in the principal communities throughout the County. After the completion of the public hearings for the revision program, the Planning Commission can suggest modifications to the Planning Director and/or submit the revised General Plan with recommendations to the Mayor for transmittal to the County Council. 10 Introduction After its deliberation, the Council shall adopt the revised General Plan ordinance as the official County of Hawaii policy. After the enactment of the revised General Plan Ordinance, the Planning Department shall prepare drafts of revisions to existing and proposed new ordinances to address any amendments to the Plan. These drafts shall be submitted to the Planning Commission for review and recommendations prior to transmittal to the Council for consideration and action. The County administration shall prepare a Capital Improvements Program which will insure that all County projects are in accord with the General Plan. The Capital Improvement Program budget shall be submitted to the Council for consideration and action. Federal and State agencies should be officially requested to recognize the General Plan and any amendments thereto, in the formulation and implementation of their projects and programs. Community Development plans and Urban Design Guidelines should be prepared or amended by the Planning Department for administrative purposes and adopted by resolution by the Planning Commission. These will show current and proposed public and private capital improvements and services, existing zoning, areas appropriate for allocative land use acreage and any other information which will assist the Planning Department and Commission to implement the General Plan. The General Plan for the County of Hawaii should be thoroughly reviewed at intervals of not more than ten years. Land use acreage allocation should be reviewed at intervals of not more than five years. All review processes shall be a joint effort of the communities, residents, and the County government.] 11 Introduction COUNTY [TRENDS] PROFILE The County of Hawaii encompasses the island of Hawaii, which is the southeasternmost and largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. The land area of the County is approximately twice [that] the combined, laud area of all the other islands of the State. The island of Hawaii has a diverse climate, topography[,] and scenic beauty. Environments [range from] include dense tropical forests; majestic snowcapped mountains; active volcanoes; black, white, and green sand beaches; deeply eroded valleys; and large expanses of grazing land. Each [of the districts provide] district provides a variety of settings for human activity, land and resource utilization, or wilderness areas of minimal human intrusion. The County of Hawaii has expanded into new fields of industry such as astronomy, hid technolm , renewable eneM, health and wellness agricultural and eco -tourism diversified agriculture and a uaculture. The Coun 's continuing saa ort of research and development in these eme , 'nj fields will erasure a gromising future for the island's economy and its resid-ents. 5.Mcific €:xam lcs include the estabibigment of the Agricultural Research Center of the Pacific conversion of the old: sewer treatment plant near Pub! B&I in HBO to an a uaaculture faci!Lq, and the construction of an agricultural waters stem in Ka.'u. The County's overall economic outlook remains mixed due to the Countw's de endence on the condition of the State's econora . Since 1990 the State's ecoraom has been in a period of decline. While there are opportunities for Mansion into new and existing.industries external factors such as the world economy mu have an impact on the County's future ecortoarty. [Agriculture] Throughout the County's historya riculture has played an important role in the County's economy [throughout its history]. In the late 1700's, [Hawaii] Hawaii's 1tjM1tural industry began by provisioning ships. During the 1800's, sugar production and cattle ranching emerged as leaders of the modern agricultural industry. These industries dominated the island's economy and social fabric well into the 1900s. The 1980's and 1990's saw the demise of sugar cultivation and the steady decline in cattle production. These once dominant industries have been re laked hfully diversified a riculture including flowers and nurgeKK Rroducts,coffeemacadamia nuts tiroical. fruits v etable cram orchards, aquaculture,,and.forcsla. Import replacement and expansion of Mort Broducts and markets are increasing. The three leading agricultural industries within the Coun 7 are flowers and nurse rodutwts v M ctab1es and macada nuts. Combined these three a ulturall: industries accountedfor over 50 per cent of the total value of a 'cultural production in the Coun in.1997. When, com ared statewide, the County of Hawaii produces 35: er cent of fresh ve etables 72 per cent of bananas 30 per cent of coffee 95 er protocol and technology. [Sugar, ranching and diversified agriculture continues to be an integral part of the County's economy. Commercial growing of nearly every tropical and semi -tropical product have been 12 Introduction attempted here. From early experiments, the coffee, macadamia nut, papaya, and cut flower industries have emerged. Experimentation with new agricultural products will continue to contribute to the island's agricultural economic base. In addition, many of the County's manufacturing concerns are closely associated with agricultural activities.] Within the past [twenty-five] fqr_q years, tourism has emerged as the primary economic activity on the island. Much of the economic growth experienced during this period can be linked with the expansion of the visitor industry. Both the statewide and local economies have been faced with an economic downturn n since 1990. Visitor arrivals to the island eakcd in 1991 at 1 189 000 and sulise uentl ° declined to a low of 1079000 in 1994 before rebounding to 122864000 in X998. The mainland economic recession of the early 1990's and the Asian economic crts in 1.997 si ifrcant - m acted Hawaii's visitor industrX. These events ern hasized the de nden = of the local econppy ug2n the visitor industEy a nd its vulnerabi!Lq to external influences. While the touristindustry is expected to continue growing,it has matu=re to a ant where hea!Lhl growth will demand a reinvestment in the destinations around the world. In 1970, just prior to the initial adoption of the General Plan, the population in the County of Hawaii numbered 63,468. The 1970 census count was the first to show an increase, albeit small, since 1930 [. Population in modern history] when the population peaked at 73,325 [during that year], largely as a result of the importation of labor for the sugar industry. The population decline between 1930 and the 1960s was primarily due to the increasing mechanization of the sugar plantation, limited job opportunities in other economic sectors, and the outmigration of residents. This decline was reversed during the 1960s with a modest growth of 2,140 residents between the 1960 and 1970 census. Since 1970, the County's population has continued to grow. The 1980 census registered an island -wide resident population of 92,053 people representing a growth of 28,585 residents or a 45 Rtr cent increase over the 1970 census. The 1990 census revealed as resident population of 120J17 residents, or an increase of 31 per cent over the 1980 resident gopulation. [Estimates prepared by the Department of Planning and Economic Development suggest a population of 106,400 in 1985] The census registered 148 677 residents in 2000 a 24 Rer cent increase over the 1990 resident population. [These estimates represent the County's population approaching the islands native population in 1779 estimated to have been between 100,000 to 150,€00.] The Coup antici ates that its resident RMulation will grow at an annual rate of 1.95 Rer cent to 200 2>04 g.Er cent between 2005 to 2010 and 2.1 2er cent between 2010 and 2020. Projected estimates for 2020 indicate an isla=nd resident population of 217,718, or an increase of 46 per cent over the estimated 2000 population of 148,677. Table 2 summarizes the growth in Hawaii County's job count, by industry, from 1970 to [1984.] 1997! [The data indicates a shift of employment from agriculture towards tourism and other service categories. While there have been substantial increases in non-agricultural categories, farm and agricultural employment have also increased, particularly in those districts which are not primarily dependant on the sugar industry. Another noticeable change is the 13 Introduction absolute decline in construction and manufacturing jobs between 1970 and 1984.] Since 1980, em to went trends within the Counly have appeared to shift from the none -service indust to the service indust in 'obs such as wholesale and rete trade finance,.hotels etc. 1n 1980 the service industries accounted for approxhnately 61 per cent of the private indust of the total wa es earned. `Phis growth in the service industa is mainly attributable to the growth in the Counly's tourism -sector. [The value of sugar, diversified agriculture and construction output increased during the 1970s. These increases together with net gains in the travel industry provided support for a period of unprecedented growth in employment and population in Hawaii County. Hawaii County's employment expanded at an average rate of 3.4 percent annually since 1970 as compared to 2.3 percent between 1960 and 1970. The County added a total of 16,050 new employees since 1970. Since 1970, statewide employment increased at an average rate of 2.8 percent or more than 10,000 new jobs annually, compared to an average rate of 3 percent and about 6,500 jobs added annually during the previous decade.] Employment within the County in 1980 totaled Oil L5oar a pggglation base of 92,053 residents. In 1990 em to •agent increased to 5&200 un;a RMIntion base of 1291 .17 represenling representinga 3.05 pgr cent and 2.71 jar cent annual coppounded increase res ctivel . The 2000 census showed a gogulation of 148--677 and an em lov ent -base of 69,937. For the year 20291 the Planning De artment anticipates a RoBulation, of 217,71 llwith an employment base of 106 492. ;vera a annual can to amen rowth rates are antaei ated at 2.05 Mr cent between 1999 and 2005 2.11 per cent between Uneaar toyment rates for the Counly of Hawaii dropped drastically from 1980 6.2 per cent to 1990 3.8 Der cent due to the strong econoM,during this period. As 1hLCounly entered the economic downturn that extended throughout the 1990s,its unemployment rate increased to 10.2 per cent hl 1997. Per capita income during these same periods abo saw a corresj2onding stK2ng increase during the 1980s and a decline in growth during the 1990x. 14 Introduction Table 1. Population, Hawaii County [1930 - 1985] 1930-2000 Change from Previous Census Year � po; ulatkl�- 'Change tr Poputatiw ! 13ercertagc 1 1930 73,325 N/A N/A 1940 73,276 - 49 -0.1% 1950 68,350 -4,916 -6.7% 1960 1970 61,332 63,468 -7,018 2,136 -10.3% 3.5% 1980 92,053 28,585 [31.1145.0% [ 1985 106,400 14,347 15.6%] 1991# 120 17 28,264 30.7% 2000 148,677* 28,360* 23.6% * U.S. Census, 2000 15 introduction Table 2. Job Count By Indusla 1970-[1984] 1997 16 Introduction 1970 of Total 1984 % of Total i° Change[ 1970-81 Contract Construction 1,670 5.72% 1,150 2.72% -31.14% Manufacturing 2,990 10.24% 2,800 6.62% -6.35% Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% -16.67% Non -durable goods 2,870 9.83% 2,700 6.38% -5.92% Food Processing 2,350 8.05% 2,350 5.56% 0.00% Transportation, Commercial, and Utilities 1,400 4.80% 1,950 4.61% 39.29% Trade 5,110 17.51% 8,250 19.50% 61.45% Wholesale 1,260 4.32% 1,450 3.43% 15.08% Retail 3,850 13.19% 6,800 16.08% 76.62% Finance, Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1,350 3.19% 51.69% Services & Miscellaneous 3,760 12.88% 8,100 19.15% 115.43% Hotels 1,750 6.00% 3,800 8.98% 117.14% Other Services & Misc. 2,010 6.89% 4,300 10.17% 113.93% Government Federal 4,370 360 14.97% 1.23% 6,700 600 15.84% 1.42% 53.32% 66.67% State Local 2,950 1,060 10.11% 3.63% 4,350 1,750 10.28% 4.14% 47.46% 65.09% Agriculture 51830 19.97% 6,200 14.66% 6.35% Sugar 1,900 6.51% 1,350 3.19% -28.95% Self -Employed 2,280 7.81% 2,400 5.67% 5.26% Other 1,700 5.82% 2,400 5.67% 41.18% Total Non -Ag, Wage & Sal. Total Non -Ag, Self Emp. Total Self -Employed 20,190 3,170 4,360 69.17% 10.860 14.94% 33,200 2,900 5,300 78.49% 6.86% 12.53% 64.44% -8.52% 21.56% TOTAL JOBS 29,190 42,300 44.91%] 16 Introduction County of Ha_wpjI Data Book, 9998 State Deg artmont of Agriculture Statistics,1997 N/A - not available 17 introduction 1970 % of Total 1984 % of Total 1997% - - of Total % Chan 1970.97 Contract Construction 1670 5.72% 1150 2.72% 3, 810 7.33% 128.14 /0 Manufacturing 2,990 10.24% ?,800 6.62% 1920, 3.70% - 35.79% Durable Goods 120 0.41% 100 0.24% 210 0.40% 75.00% Non -durable moods 2870 9.83% 2,700, 6.38% 390 0.75% -86.41% Food Processing Transportations, Commercial, ?,350 1,400 8.05% 4.80% 2,350 1,950 5.56% 4.61% 1,320 3.260 2.54% 6.28% -43.83% 132.86% And Utilities Trade 5.110 17.51% 8� 250 19.50% 14,810 28.51% 189.82% Wholesale 1,260 4.32% 1, 3.43% 2.%70 4.56% 88.10 Retail 3,852 13.19% 6,8049 16.08% 12,440 23.95% 223.12% Finance Ins. & Real Est. 890 3.05% 1,350 3.19% 2,740 5.27% 207.87% Services & Miscellaneous Hotels 3,760 1,750 12.88% 6.00% 8100 3,800 19.15% 16,090 30.97% 327.93% 298.86"/0 8.98% 6 980 13.44% Other Services & Misc. 2010 6.89% 4800 10.17% 99x110 17.54% 353.23% Government &J70 14.97% 4%,',00 15.84% 2,.440 18.17% 116.02®/0 Federal 360 1.23% 600 1.42% 650 1.25% 80.56% State 3P50 10.11% 4.,.A35Q 10.28% 6,530 12.57% 121,36% Local 1,6064 3.63% 1,:,50, 4.14% 2,2260 4.35% 113.21% Agriculture 5,830 19.97% 6 14.66% 4,950 9.53% -15.09% Six 1900 6.51% j,350 3.19% 0 0.00% -100.00% Self Emg!loyed Other 2,280 _1,700 7.81% 5.82% 2,400 2 400 5.67% 5.67% 1__,800 3,150 3.46% 6.06% -21.05% 85.29% Total Non -Ass. Wage & Sal. 20,190 69.17% 33,200 78.49% 49,450 95.19% 144.92% Total Non-.Ae. Self Em. Total Self -Employed 3,170 4,A60 10.86% 2, 5,300 6.86% 12.53% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 14.94% ...................... . TOTALJOBS 2„9,,190 42�30i3 51,950 ��79 County of Ha_wpjI Data Book, 9998 State Deg artmont of Agriculture Statistics,1997 N/A - not available 17 introduction STATEMENT OF ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions were the basis by which the General Plan was develoRed: Agriculture Since the mid-1980s, the Counly of Hawaii has seen a dramatic shift in its agricultural emplovment profile.. The, suggr industKy was the island's most significant economic contributor from the mid -1800s to jjjjMjk production year of 1983., Sauce 198 the sugar indust Ky stead !y declined until its ultimate demise in 1"7 with the closure ofbe last ..sugar operation in a'u.. The Mand of Hawaii has sduce established itself as the center of diversified aW:culture production, research and.education in the State. Hawaii's new agljcul are industa is characterized by a few ll re. oprations such as agrrg.SL & eofo _ _ _ a and ranching along with many smaller fami!X-owned farms thatproduce. a multitude of high gualilE fresh and Rrocessed products for local gg.d export markets. Ag!icultural empLo icanit, as former yment will increase siglifi _ from eXpandira: g. gVotourbm enter rises; The apansion of the, ind'u-si-a-will be facilitated by the establishment of a new air ca distribution center and gost-harvest proces dug facilities that wfll allow for significant lucre-23CS in the volume and. types of products exported to the continental United States and foreign countries. AgIlealtural research and education will be gLe �&Lly enhanced. Tourism The Cougtj will continue to pursue the development of a strong multi -market base for the vidtor industry � that includes. direct oversea flights to one growth of the eraise shin indust a, s-trong.resort -based em to centers and lnfe rated. product dieveLopment for local products that can gglerate a healthy small business ee2ngmic base. The C2yntX's visitor indusia will continue to successful grow and expanal. .,,Likewise , can to in the visitor indusla and its related industries will continue to grow. Other Basic Industries There is tremendous potential for expansion in other industries such as aquaculture, astronomhrenewable eneM, research and devSlogment and social events such as cultural festivals and athletic events. 18 Introduction EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION PROJECTIONS The County's General Plan is a policy document [which] that sets forth [guidelines] the direction for future activities [in] on the island of Hawaii for the next few decades. In order to plan for the future, it is necessary to understand both historical [trends] and future trends related to the number of residents and visitors to be served and the kinds of facilities and resources needed to fulfill their needs. In traditional public planning efforts, entire plans have been based on the achievement of the projected levels of population. In many of these cases, where population numbers are goals, plans become obsolete when the projected number of residents is not achieved or is surpassed. Thus, the p MIIation projections presented within the General Plan are not intended to be used as goals. Rather, this General Plan effort uses the projected levels of population as a guideline in land use planning. The projections represent what could reasonably be expected to occur in the future. The goals, policies, standards, and recommendations of this plan are intended to be flexible enough to [cope with] accommodate population levels below or above the projections stated in this section. Employment and population projections for the County of Hawaii were developed through the analysis of relationships between economic activity, employment, and population. The analytical approach used entails the forecasting of employment in basic industries and the relationship that changes in employment have [relative to] ugon population. [An econometric model was developed and utilized to project total employment and population.] [Basic industries which receive] Primary Income Generators are those industries that generate income from outside the County. Thi are assumed to be the foundation of the local economy and the key to the development of the island. [Industries which are considered basic are] PrimaKy Income Generators include agriculture, tourism, the manufacturing of export products, and research and development These 1Primary Income Generators, in turn, "drive" the secondary industries or those enteEgriscs that service the Primary Income Generators or the [Secondary industries are those enterprises which service basic industries and/or population. Retail and wholesale trade, bakeries, utilities, financial institutions, and local government are examples of industries in this category.] Three sets of projections were developed for the comprehensive review program, Series A, B, and C. The major variables in each of these projections [was] were the rate of growth of the visitor industry[.], the construction of tine groposed State prisorn, the ealaarnsiorn of the UniversiA of Hawaii at :Hilo and the utilization of apost-harvest treatment facift for export agrLic ltural products, [Flans for resort complexes and other factors were considered in the forecast of hotel rooms.] It should [again] be emphasized that the projections are not statements of goals. The 12ogulation ,Rrolections, and the strength of the correlation: between primary economic ggnerstors and p2Rulation growth,must.be viewed with caution. The 1989 General flan contained a :similar set of economic and R2Rulation pmojections.. 'V'isitor 19 introduction arrivals from 1990-2000, a primary economic generator, grew far less than projected. The 1989 "Series.A99 projected a 35 12er cent growth in westbound visitor arrivals in the 1990- 2000 periodithe actual number beret =increased. A riculture the other major primany economic sector, lost 'obs because of the loss of the su :ar industry. During the same time eriod the counIlls,poggLation grew about 24 per cent just slighfly less than the 1989 Series A Rrojection of 27 ger cent. It g22esm, that there has been substantial population. zLowth not striven by economic opMrtunftics in the Blifflanindustries. This mn be due to ins mi ration of eo le seeking other amenities such as a clean environment and rural. life- le. Series A Series A is the most conservative projection. It assumes [the demise of the sugar industry and modest expansion] a l ger cent annual growth rate in the visitor industry. [The overall 1985-2005 rate of growth for Series A of 2.0 % per Baum is less than the 2.9% rate of growth of employment in the County during the last five years.] It also assuages that the, rogosed State prison wifi not be constructed, 'gala growth at the Universjtx of Hawaii at Hilo will be limited to 16 positions ver vear, and the paRnaindustry wiil gEow at an annual rate of l Der sent. Without the constg ction of the REMosed State grison on the island2,000 construction jobs over three years and apgroxiMgel ° fl 000 Mrmanent 'ohs to rugs the facilit will not be reaped. SERIES A POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [2005] 2020 20 Introduction [Resident Population Westbound Visitors to County Hotel Rooms @ 70% Condo Units @ 50% Tonal Visitor Units 1985 106000 837000 4100 2000 6100 1990 122000 1096000 5300 2400 7700 1995 138000 1337000 6400 3000 9400 2000 155000 1485000 7100 3400 10500 2005 173000 1553000 7600 3600 - 112001 20 Introduction Resident rotaolationCoean Total Visitors to Motel Room IInvent2a 1985 10539OO 76� 0 000 7 511 1990 12x317 1,171,000 82952 1995 137,290 1089 84 00O 993575 2000 148,677 123, 1 103041 2005 159J97 1 82, 3,700 10 503 2010 175 88 13.600 10,877 2015 193,118 1,434,200 112177 2020 213,452 15073400 1_113421 lEeonoanic Assr ssanen 6 PK F Hawsib January 2000 U.S. Census, 200€1 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2005] 2020 21 Introduction [PRRAARY SECTORS Hotel Sugar Div Ag Jobs New Jnd Total Primary TotalTotal Secondary 1985 3900 2600 6500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800 1990 4700 1200 6700 100 12,700 34,200 46,900 1995 5700 0 7300 300 13,300 38,400 51,700 2000 6400 0 7800 300 14,500 43,300 57,800 2005 6800 1 0 8400 i I 300 15,500 48,300 63,800] 21 Introduction Economic Asswssment I=mo Hawaii, Januaa 2000 Series B Series B projections were developed as a medium series. These projections represent,a moderat ,r°owth rate [lie] between Series A and C. [Sugar employment is maintained and the] The overall per annum employment growth rate anticipated in Series B [is approximately 3.7%.] ranges between 2 per cent and 2.2 per cent, 1t also assumes a modest 2 Per cent annual rowth rate for visitor arr iva1, clan:. g.red to a historical _rowth rate of 1.45 per cfnt between the Xears 1977 and 1998. This ro'ection also assumes that an additional: 70 new ositions will he created at the Un versi , of Hawaii at Hilo to accomm2date the additional 1,000 students ex .ectad to be carolled within the next ten years. Finally theestablish men of the Ili Call (enter will nl mately ereate an add$ld-onal 300 new jobs. SERIES B POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS IIAWAII COUNTY 1985 - [200512020 1 l,BRS Y $® NIx` RY SECTORS IIo el &u�"e l7Yo�'g$uitu, Services Westbound Hotel Rooms @ VC hors o 70% Condo Units @ 50% Total Visitor Unfits 1985 106,000 New Industries Total Pr%Mar Tote Second Total Jobs 195 3,950 5650 21800 0 12,400 30,000 422400 1090 6,250 5,750 2300 2 14,250 42 5�6� 986 1995 5�R550 41850 12750 o 12PI50 39.800 51,950 2000 6520 5103 11650 356 132729 56,154 69.2883 2005 62936 51358 1,650 517 143461 622349 7621810 2010 72295 5,665 1,650 690 151300 69,334 638 2015 7e636 6 35 1650 774 16,195 777 089 933254 2020 7,969 62969 1,650 870 17,458 85,992 10324500 Economic Asswssment I=mo Hawaii, Januaa 2000 Series B Series B projections were developed as a medium series. These projections represent,a moderat ,r°owth rate [lie] between Series A and C. [Sugar employment is maintained and the] The overall per annum employment growth rate anticipated in Series B [is approximately 3.7%.] ranges between 2 per cent and 2.2 per cent, 1t also assumes a modest 2 Per cent annual rowth rate for visitor arr iva1, clan:. g.red to a historical _rowth rate of 1.45 per cfnt between the Xears 1977 and 1998. This ro'ection also assumes that an additional: 70 new ositions will he created at the Un versi , of Hawaii at Hilo to accomm2date the additional 1,000 students ex .ectad to be carolled within the next ten years. Finally theestablish men of the Ili Call (enter will nl mately ereate an add$ld-onal 300 new jobs. SERIES B POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS IIAWAII COUNTY 1985 - [200512020 22 Introduction [Resident Population Westbound Hotel Rooms @ VC hors o 70% Condo Units @ 50% Total Visitor Unfits 1985 106,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100 1990 124,000 1,096,000 5,600 2,600 8,200 1995 148,000 1,396,000 8,600 4,000 12,600 2000 180,000 1,713,000 11,900 5,600 17,500 2005 217,000-7 1,800,000 J 13,900 6,400 20,3001 22 Introduction Economic A ssaaaenL EKF Hawaii, .lanuary 2000 U.S. Census, 20 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- [200512020 Resident Population `I'otIf Visitors to Coaan-- Hotel Room Inv�entou 1985 105 90® 760000, 73511 1990 1.203317 1,1714000 8„1952 1995 137,2903 1080 9,575 2000® 148,677 1,265,700 104041 2005 1593908 14000 10.513 2010 1764937 1,551,100 104892 2015 1954965 117123500 113,200 2020 2172718 1,8902700 11x452 Economic A ssaaaenL EKF Hawaii, .lanuary 2000 U.S. Census, 20 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- [200512020 23 Introduction [PRIMARY SECTORS Hotel Sugar Div Ag New Ind Total Primary Total Secondary Total Jobs 1985 3,900 2,600 6,500 100 13,100 29,700 42,800 1990 5,000 2,100 6,700 300 14,100 34,900 49,000 1995 7,700 2,100 7,300 500 17,600 43,700 61,300 2000 10,600 2,100 9,800 500 23,000 53,000 76,000 2005 12,400 2,000 8,400 500 23,300 65,700 89,0001 23 Introduction Economic Assessment, Pel' ITaai' januaKy 200€1 Series C Series C [is an optimistic outlook of the County's future. It is assumed that 17,800 hotel rooms plus additional condominium units Will be built in the County by 2005. The average annual growth rate of employment in Series C is 4.7%.] grojects a more rapid growth. It assum" that visitor g owth rates are in the 3 per cent -plass ravage as compared to the Series B a sorar.ption of a 2 Lwr ce-at M%1h rate. The construction of the plogosed State prison will enerate 2,000 construction 'gabs over three ears and 1,000 permanent 'obs to support the facifily.. This grojection also assn -es that the M,ma indus - will grow at 4 per cent rather than 2 pSr cent, because of the utilization of a post-harvest treatment facility. SERIES C POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [2005] 2020 PRINLARV SECTORS I1atel -- -- - r�gricultu Manufacture Services _ Westbound VCounsyo Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ l� New Industries Total Primary Total Secondga Total. .blas 1985 32950 5,650 2800 4 12,400 30,000 422400 1990250 1,242,000 5 700 2 00 0 14 50 442 736 562986 1995 2000 5,550 6,642 4,150 5,103 1,750 1,650 0 356 12,150 13,751 39,80 56186 51,950 693937 2005 77014 5r358 11650 607 14,629 6227797 773426 2010 7;417 54665 1,650 870 154602 70,359 85,961 2015 11819 66 135 1,650 954 16 558 75 952423 2020 8221 6,969 1,650 1,050 17,890 88602 106492 Economic Assessment, Pel' ITaai' januaKy 200€1 Series C Series C [is an optimistic outlook of the County's future. It is assumed that 17,800 hotel rooms plus additional condominium units Will be built in the County by 2005. The average annual growth rate of employment in Series C is 4.7%.] grojects a more rapid growth. It assum" that visitor g owth rates are in the 3 per cent -plass ravage as compared to the Series B a sorar.ption of a 2 Lwr ce-at M%1h rate. The construction of the plogosed State prison will enerate 2,000 construction 'gabs over three ears and 1,000 permanent 'obs to support the facifily.. This grojection also assn -es that the M,ma indus - will grow at 4 per cent rather than 2 pSr cent, because of the utilization of a post-harvest treatment facility. SERIES C POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985- [2005] 2020 24 Introduction [Resident Westbound VCounsyo Hotel Rooms @ Condo Units @ Total Visitor Population 70% 50% Units 1985 106,000 837,000 4,100 2,000 6,100 1990 129,000 1,242,000 8,600 4,000 12,600 1995 167,000 1,500,000 12,200 5,800 18,000 2000 212,000 1,664,000 15,000 7,000 22,000 2005 258,000 1,973,000 17,8008,400 26,200] 24 Introduction Economic Assessment PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 26300 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- X200512020 Resident lr 2 lation Total Visitors to Couply Motel Room Inventory 1985 105,900 7603000 72511 1990 120,317 1,171,000 8,952 1995 137t290 190842000 93575 2000 148,677 1,278,700 10,041 2005 166,576 134892900� 10,519 2010 1882031 1,7292200 10s906 2015 211,357 2,004,600 11,223 2020 232323 2x!232900 11,487 Economic Assessment PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 26300 EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS HAWAII COUNTY, 1985- X200512020 25 Introduction [PRIMARY SECTORS _._..................._..... .. Hotel Sugar Div Ag - New Ind - Total primary - Se ®Total Total Jobs 1985 3,900 2,600 6,500 100 13,100 29,700 42,8013 1990 7,700 2,100 8,000 300 18,100 39,900 58,000 1995 11,000 2,100 9,400 500 23,000 53,900 76,900 2000 2005 13,500 2,100 16,000 2,000 9,500 9,600 500 500 25,600 28,100 66,400 79,700 92,000 107,800] 25 Introduction Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, 3 uary 2000 [The economic activity experienced by the County over the past five years reflects growth in the County's population and employment. The projections indicate that there will be heavier dependencies on tourism.] Economic actin within the County is anticil2ated to grow at .a moderate rate with a Contin iu 9 altla a..& declining, de -pendency up®n the tourism industay. [At present 9.1 %] In 2000, approximately 9.3 Rer cent of the County's employees [work] were end bI [in] hotels. By [2005] 20209 hotel workers may account for employment in the total workforce ranging from[ 10.7%] 7.7 per cent in Series A to [ 14.8%] 7.3 [ser cent in Series Series C. Population Distribution From the estimates of the islandwide resident population, other estimates have been made [which attempt] to project the distribution of population over the districts of the island. These are not intended to be included as population achievement levels for the districts, nor as firm statements or descriptions of future conditions. They are based on assumptions of potential employment growth rates described in the previous islandwide employment and population estimates, past district growth trends, and trends in the distribution of population [over] on the island. 26 Introduction PRIMARY SECTORS H®tel _ Agriculture ManufactureServices New Industries Total Pri .. Total Secondary Tota! ,lobs 1985 39950 52650 22800 0 12,400 30,000 423400 1990 62250 57003,13 00 142250 422736 563986 1995 5.550 4,850 1,750 0 12.150 39,800 51,950 2000 6651 5 126 11 650 356 13,783 56,205 69,988 2005 7 071 5,420 1 50 1607 15,748 65.784 81,532 2010 7,534 5,797 1,.650 1,87016,851 75,466_ 92'm 2015 3. x.010 6,280 19650 1,954 172894 863087 103x981 2020 $,5067146 19650 2,050 19=152 97,954 117 06 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, 3 uary 2000 [The economic activity experienced by the County over the past five years reflects growth in the County's population and employment. The projections indicate that there will be heavier dependencies on tourism.] Economic actin within the County is anticil2ated to grow at .a moderate rate with a Contin iu 9 altla a..& declining, de -pendency up®n the tourism industay. [At present 9.1 %] In 2000, approximately 9.3 Rer cent of the County's employees [work] were end bI [in] hotels. By [2005] 20209 hotel workers may account for employment in the total workforce ranging from[ 10.7%] 7.7 per cent in Series A to [ 14.8%] 7.3 [ser cent in Series Series C. Population Distribution From the estimates of the islandwide resident population, other estimates have been made [which attempt] to project the distribution of population over the districts of the island. These are not intended to be included as population achievement levels for the districts, nor as firm statements or descriptions of future conditions. They are based on assumptions of potential employment growth rates described in the previous islandwide employment and population estimates, past district growth trends, and trends in the distribution of population [over] on the island. 26 Introduction District Resident PoRulation Distribution Year [2005] 2020 (Series A B C Puna 39,790 49,910 59,340 S. filo 44,115 55,335 65,790 N. Hilo 1,211 1,519 1,806 Harnakua 5,363 6,721 7,998 N. Kohala 5,363 6,721 7,998 S. Kohala 19,203 24,087 28,638 N. Kona 43,250 54,250 64,500 S. Kona 10,899 13,671 16,254 Ka'u 3,806 4,774 5,676] Economic Assessment, PKK Hawaii, JanuaKy 2000 27 Introduction A B C Puna 57,105 58,246 63,491 S. Hilo 483815 492791. 540274 N. Hilo 1.9842 11879 2 048 Ramal-ua N. Kohala 71184 7 11,053 112273 72988 12,289 S. Kohala 23,947 24,426 262625 N. Kona 41,447 42,275 42 S. Kona 136 142092 15 61 Ka'u M43 81408 92165 Total 21324:L2 2172718 � 237,223 Economic Assessment, PKK Hawaii, JanuaKy 2000 27 Introduction ECONOMIC INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The development of sound public policy requires an understanding of the economic factors affecting the planning area or region. Such factors are largely responsible for growth or lack of growth, and any planning effort which does not take them into account cannot be very effective. In varying degrees the other elements of the planning process are affected by the local economy. [The existence of population in any given area is based in part on economic reasons.] Population usually settles, expands or declines within a given area in some correlation to economic opportunities or the lack of them. Besides affecting the number and density of population, economic activity has a direct bearing on income level, which to a certain extent determines the standard of living of the individual. Different types of employment influence the social character of communities. The size and character of [the population in turn] a commun will define its [needs] need for housing, transportation, public utilities and facilities, special combinations of land use, recreation, and [so forth.] other forms of Rublic and social services and facilities. Economic studies are thus one of the necessary first steps in developing plans for public and private actions. Government has a responsibility to identify, understand, forecast, protect and promote local economic sectors and to balance economic growth with desired environmental, social and other objectives of the [host] community. Government has many policy instruments available to influence and guide developments, investment, and operation of private and public interests. The economy, however, should not be considered as the [only goal] primary focus of the General Plan. The planning process is geared towards the achievement of a higher quality of life for the residents of the County. Working towards the goals, policies, and standards of [this] the economic element are only one aspect of accomplishing this desired end. The [Island] island offers several amenities conducive for economic growth. Many of these are natural amenities such as a favorable and equitable climate, scenic vistas, high mountains, deep [oceans,] ocean, active volcanoes, large land areas, and an environment [fairly] generally free of pollution. Despite these amenities, there have been a number of problems that [tended to retard or limit growth on] have limited the growth of the island. Most imported goods [have to] must be [transhipped] transshipped through Honolulu. The distances from the population [center] centers of Honolulu, the mainland, and other major markets have limited the growth of export products from the Big Island. [With the exception of sugar, only products] Products [which] that are unique and/or have high value (such as macadamia nuts flowers and nursery products, coffee, and papayas [are] have beensuccessfully exported [, such as macadamia nuts, flowers, coffee, and papaya]. 28 Economic As the [island of Hawaii's] Couu 's population and its tourism industry [grows] grow larger and the export volume increases, more favorable rates on overseas carriers may be instituted. The relatively small population in the State, coupled with the distance to mainland markets, creates a disadvantage for local businessmen. [This situation is commonly called a "pocket market".] The size of the State's population does not allow for efficient operations, and when exportation is considered in order to expand [the] a Rarticular market, the entrepreneur is faced with high transportation costs. [Physical catastrophies,] Natural disasters, such as tsunamis, volcanic activity, flooding, and droughts, [have also retarded growth on the island.] are events that have and continue to shape the economic develo went on this island. For example, while volcanic activitE has destroved h -manes and historic features it is also the Coun 's lar est single tourist attraction. In addition to actual physical damage, the fear of the recurrence of natural hazards [presented]rets a psychological barrier for investment. Measures to protect life and property have been planned and instituted throughout the County. Further [control] hazard mitigation measures are reported in this plan. The economy of [Hawaii] the County has experienced significant changes over the past [two] three decades[.] since the adoption of the County's first comJRrehensive General Plan in 1971. [While agriculture remains an important part of the County's economy, it has been eclipsed by tourism as the primary contributor to the County's economy. Despite these changes, most of the communities maintain a rural character.] Sugar cultivation was the lead o agricultural activity during the 1970s and early 1980s. The latter half of the 19808 and throe hout the 1990s saw the decline and eventual demise of the sugar induston this such as the Asian economic crisis the Persian Gulf War, and a brief economic downturn in the U.S. Mainland have contributed toward the State continuing in 9. Rrotracted economic doldraum. Nevertheless the CounIX was still successful in attracting several world-class events and saga= the comRletion of several major Lroiects including the opening of the 351 - room Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel and the 243 -room Huualalai Resort, the start of direct national and international flights to Kona, the filming of the movie N'ater wor°id, and the arrival of the PGA Seniors MasterCard Tournament of Chamigions at the Hualalai Resort and Golf Course. Agriculture [With sugar as its leader, agriculture] Agriculture currently constitutes a major economic sector of the island of Hawaii. Including processing, the agricultural industry accounts for about [10 percent] 9.5 per cent of the island's employment. [Besides sugar cultivation and processing, local] Local agricultural pursuits [consist of] include the raising of cattle and other livestock, the 29 Economic growing of coffee, macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers and nursery products, vegetables, aquaculture, forestry and several processing plants [which] that utilize locally grown products. [Agribusiness is basically conducted on two levels. On one end of the spectrum are the three sugar plantations which account for a large percentage of agricultural employment. At the other end are the small, family -operated farms and ranches. The latter accounts for about three-fourths of the people engaged in agriculture.] Some large corporate agricultural ventures such as macadamia oast 121aatatiuns, operate on the island. However, diversification of the indust has led to smaller o erationsrodugLm an ever increasin array of fresh vegetables, fruits, forestry, and aquaculture products. Hawaii County accounts for approximately one-third of the [sugar] fresh vegetables produced in the State of Hawaii, over half of the beef consumed, [all] one-third of the coffee grown, most of the macadamia nuts, and varying percentages of the other crops and livestock. The total value of agricultural [marketings rose 181 percent from 1970 to 1984, in part a result of higher prices.] marketing declined approximately 20 r cent between 1985 and 1997. The number of fauns and livestock operations during this same Beriod increased from [2,500 to] 2,650 [in the same period.] to 3,319 operations. Acreage in farms, however, declined [15 percent during the 1970 - 1984 period.] 57 Rer cent between 1985 and 1997. [Diversified agriculture (non -sugar, non -pineapple)] Agriculture has shown substantial growth on the island [of Hawaii]. The island accounted for [56 percent] 55 per cent of the [diversified] crops in the State in [ 1984] 1997 while livestock on the island accounted for [27 percent] 18 per cent of the State total. [These shares have remained relatively constant since 1970. The island's total diversified agricultural sales total has risen by 271 percent between 1970 and 1984.] While the County's share of statewide agriculture production has remained relatively constant, its livestock roduction has been steadily declining since.peaking in the late 1980s. Much of ex orted to mainland feedlots to be "grain -finished" before slaughter. New ventures in forestry an&auuac€alture have exuanded opportunities and show promise for the future. One of the most pressing problems faced by today's agricultural industries is their ability to attract labor. Agriculture is facing increasing competition for labor from other sectors of the economy, such as the [rapidly expanding] visitor, retail and construction industries. There is also a demand for a greater number of personnel with technical and professional agricultural training. A related problem is the housing shortage [which is found throughout the island.] for both minimum wage and seasonal labor. Competition from urban [forces] uses for agricultural lands has intensified. The protection of [prime] iva 2rtant agricultural lands, however, has long been a policy of the County [of Hawaii] . The [pocket market situation and transportation difficulties mentioned earlier in this section ] relatively small Rouulation of the State and its isolation from overseas markets are limiting factors for the production of agricultural products for local consumption and export. 30 Economic The State Department of Agriculture, the Department of [Planning and] Business, Economic Development[,] and Tourisan the University of Hawaii [, the] ®College of Tropical Agriculture, and the County have programs to assist the industry. The opportunities for the expansion of agriculture on the Big Island seem to be immense. The demand for fresh, locally grown groducts continues to grow as restaurants, grocery stores and hotels seep the lei"hest quality products for their guests. Export products grown mostly on the Big Island, such as coffee, papaya, macadamia nuts, and flowers, [have expanded rapidly over recent years.] also continue to expand. These commodities and others, such as ginger, guava and other tropical fruits, have potential for growth. There are also new high value crops which have the potential to be successfully cultivated [here]. One such high value crop is Kava Awa a medicinal last which has.the.12otential to be a viable cash cr®. I.:ocall small Uowers as well as a few- IaLrge growers are Rroducing Kava. Vanilla bean., cacao nutraceuticals hard waeod forestry Rroducts, and medicinal plants are other types of high value crops that hold much raomise for growth. The expansion of the agriculture industry can also be measured by the success of overcoming,some of the restrictive overnmental rggalations that Rrevent maly locail rowan products from being ex ortcd to domestic or foreju markets. Concerns rc ardin the transmission of Want Ugsts and diseases during ex ort have or could be ade natal addressed bar current treatment orprocessing, technologies. The development of new protocol and groceming facilities for guaarantine treatment will assure the further expansion of theagricultural indus [With the introduction of intensified pasture management and a feed lot operation located on the island coupled with changes in consumer patterns, there is also a potential for cattle ranching expanding.] In order for Hawaii's cattle industry to strengthen, new techniuues need to be level®ped for raising. foragkfinished cattle to compete in the markewace with venues such as processed meats and re -fabricated meals to market locaft raised cattle. flv creagn a market niche for forage finished beef raanehers will be able to keen.. cattle in Hawaii, increasing production weights an revenues for the State econoany. Forestry As one of the most heavily traded commodities on the global market and the tenth 1 r est indu-,La sector in the world!, forest products, ffown, in. Hawaii m#j be able to capitalize on: its central Pacific location excellent aow-ing climate and the availabilj_q of vast expanses of former sugar lauds. Hawaii's growth rates for forest Broducts are among the fastest its the world. As a result at Fast 24,000 acres are now bejMg cultivated for eucalyptus production, with thousands of additional acres being Rlanned. Dozens of landowners within the CountEgre current! j involved with the commercial production of forest groducts, both eucallyptus. and higher value hardwoods such as toon maRle, and koa. A 1981 State Division of ForesLa and Wildlife study identified approximately 801,000 .acres 31 Economic of former sugarcane land as ideal for the establishment of a forest imitation. An additional 100,000 acres of asture and brush lands were identified for longer -rotation forest plantations. The study concluded that there are aimle lands available on the island to establish a forest plantation industly. Fishing. and Aquaculture Fishing and aquacultural activities are also basic economic sectors. The commercial fishing industry on the island accounted for [$3.7 million in 1984.] $6410041600 in 1997 and remains the second lamest commercial fishing producer in the State. The Count's commercial>fishin -industa has shown a stable catch and poundage sold during the past five years ending in 1998. This stabilLq in the local fishing industry is ex ected to continue for the foreseeable future. [Fishing has long been a part of the island's economy while aquaculture has shown renewed emphasis only in recent times. This industry remains in its infancy with only a few operators. Recent activities at Keahole may hold promise for significant future expansion.] The deep cold coastal waters off Keahole Point are nutrient rich and pathogen free. [Experiments with the water have proven successful growing media for a variety of marine products.] The Natural Luer - Laboratory of Hawaii Authojk MLIIA) is a State - funded facility located on 8311 acres of land at Kasahole, North Kona. The facility grovides support for various research; commercial and educational programs that seep to Iocate at the Natural Lice - Labor_ators, of Hawaii AMIkorill project site to tape advantage of its uiaiguer resources, includigg its cold, nutrient rich ocean waters and .high solar insolation. Microal a , lobsters abalone, ornamental fish and other sea vegetables and animals are grown. at Natural EneKa Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. The Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resource Center is a joint effort by the University df Hawaii at Hilo the Couni y, State and the Keaukaha Hawaiian Homelands Communi!l Association to estabUsh a research and training facility in Hilo for local a uaculture farmers and universLq students. The center has the ca ace to create water of an saline , or temperature necessary to raise fish. Operation of this center is expected to generate approximaLebl $650,000 annually to the local economy. Value added benefits are expected to add another $3,000,000. A uaculture operations Coun -wide have grown from eight operations in 1982 to fo -three>in 1996. During this same period annual revenues have grown from J90,600 to $13,200,000 The Comity accounts for 37 or cent of the total gquaculture operations within the State but accounts for over 80 per cent of. the total production and over 84 per cent of the production valueWhile most of the production from aquaculture farms is now sold localh. there are large markets overseas that these producers would like to tap. To assist the export of producb. overseas the State has an A uaculture Development Program (ADP). This organization provides a varieA of support services to the aquaculture induLtU2 such as information dissemination business counseling,,marketing, animal health rnaiiaaeiiiei$t4 and research and dev louuient funding. , The key to the future Urowth and 32 Economic success of the aquaculture industry in the County is the ability of Natural Ener Laborato of Hawaii Authorily to obtain funding to increase the flow of deep sea water to its facilities and tenants and the ex anion of its seg ort facilities. These improvements will encoura-e longer residency at the facility by its current tenants as well as attract additional projects. The Federal government has shown its support of Hawaii's aquaculture indusia by approving 9000000 for Hawaii aquaculture initiative in Jul 1997 of whish $1 X00 0 Inas been: ARgropriated for Tro tical .LAuaculture Research. In addition the vent -are ca ital partnershiR :HMS Hawaii Manage ent Partners announced in December 1998 their commitment to contribute un to $10,000,000 to he island entre reneurs finance their a uaculture operations. Manufacturing [Manufacturing or processing activities in the County of Hawaii have mainly been related to the agricultural industry. About 50 percent of the employees in the manufacturing sector are involved in the processing of sugar. Other forms of manufacturing associated with agriculture include the processing of macadamia nuts, the production of jams and jellies, and preserved vegetables. The food processing enterprises, excluding sugar processing, accounted for approximately 700 employees in 1984, 30 percent of the total manufacturing employment.] Congress recently funded construction and committed to staffing tine USDA's ARS (Agricultur2l Resource Services . Pacific Basin Agricultural Resource Center in Hilo. The gurpose of the facilftj is to im rove the well -beim : orf Hawaii and the Pacific Basin b streng!henjBX the agricultural scctor>-, forti in small farm rofitabili , and sustainabili by increas jag cfflcieangy of farming 12ractices, identification of preservation and im rovement of Urmplasm ada ted to island environments tine development of t controts and: post-harvest technology, and increasing the value of products through the develolrnaent of valvae added processing, Other manufacturing activities are service-oriented, such as bakeries, printing and iron works. These operations are usually located close to population centers or transportation facilities. Visitor Industry [The visitor industry has become the County's major economic activity in the past decade. The number of westbound visitors to the island of Hawaii in 1970 was 446,400. By 1984, the count showed 760,900 visitors. The hotel inventory during the same period grew from 3,200 to 6,944 rooms. Employment in hotels, services, and trade also experienced similar increases.] Tourism became the primaly economic generator in the Counly during the 1980s. From 1982 to 1990, visitor arrivals grew at an average annual nate of 5.66 Ilea• cent. Visitor arrivals started to decline in 1991 dare to recessions in. the United States and Japan and the advent of the Persian Gulf War. These external events impacted visitor arrivals until 1996, when direct flights from Jgpan to Kona International Amort at Keahole were initiated. Iia 33 Economic the eight years ending in 1998, the annual visitor arrival growth rate was 1.18 per cent, much less than the previoaas eight years. The growth of Hawaii County in terms of employment, population, income and economic activity during recent years has been more closely tied to the visitor industry than any other sector of the economy. Employment opportunities spurred by the growth of this industry has been the catalyst for economic growth in the County. As tourism became the primary economic generator during the 1980s, a shift in: employment from the non -service to the service industa-,, sector was evident. In 1980 the service industKX accounted for apgroximatel3T 60.6 per cent of avers a em lfr ment rising to 71.E per cent in 1990 and 78.5 per cent in 1997. The Counjy expgrienced the lar est Uowth in hotel job count statewide with ars average annual growth rate of 5.2 per cent between 1981 and 1997. The principal visitor destination area of the Big Island is the South Kohala-North Kona region in West Hawaii. The single most popular attraction is Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. [There is] The island continues to attract substantial investor interest in the visitor industry [on the island of Hawaii. To date, over one billion dollars of planned construction of resort -residential complexes have been announced in addition to the substantial investment already in place. Most of these plans are for the Kohala-Kona coastal areas. Resort developments have also been announced for the district of Ka'u. By and large the west side of the island has dominated the visitor market and this trend is expected to continue into the future]. Various resort and resort -residential complexes are currently under construction or are planned for construction in the near future. Most of these developments are concentrated in West Hawaii in the Kohala and Kona Districts, which will continue to accommodate the County totale€l 9,fa55 uaaits in 199, as from 11.952 units in 1990. Bed anal breakfast unitsg although not as si ificant part of the total visitor unit count leave been the fastest &Lowing segment of the indusqN growingfrom 55 units in. 1990 to 171 units in 1998. Historical the Coe€n ° records the lowest visitor unit occupanSI rates of all the major Hawaii -an islands. Oniy in 1998 did the Cougbt 's occuuancy rate famaft surpass that of Kauai. Continued investor interest in resort and resort -residential development in the County suggests an economic future that promises new jobs and more commercial, recreational, and cultural activities. Along with these promises of a "better" life is the realization that the visitor industry is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as the national economy. High quality development, however, seems less subject to these factors. The key to orderly growth lies in proper planning and controlled development. The cruise shies industry is a potential growth area. for the County. In recent years, annual exuenditures are estimated to range from $16,000,000 to $23°000°000. Cruise slam visitors are expected to continue to increase in the future due to the recent resu ence and gopulap:11,of this industry along with the projected construction of additional cruise shl S. 34 Economic The Coun 's natural beapq, historical and cultural attributes and its numerous educational institutions and proffams lend themselves to provide the catalyst to allow new niche markets to flourish. eche markets for the Count, y's visitor industry, such as ecotourism, health and wellness tourism and educational tourism. have growth potential. The health and fatness resources of the various luxury hotels look towards health and wellness tou:n'sm as one of its tar et markets. The Mansion of tourism should include careful Manning to identiitF, ]promote and preserve the island's unique resources. Research and Development [To a limited degree,] Hawaii County has participated in the research and development industry through the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa Observatories, the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, Hawaii Volcano Observatory, and various agricultural research centers. The University of Hawaii at Hilo [College has become a four-year institution] has and will play an increasingly important role in this community. The university complex itself is an important economic force. The University of Hawaii at Hilo's Long Range Development Plan (1996) reguirements necessary to accommodate the pro'ected growth in enrollment. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority [(NELH)]ESN LHA) at Kcaholes North Kona is currently involved in research and development in energy, materials and aquacultural projects. Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) park, an intetl part of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, is located adjacent to [NELH] NELHA and is being developed for similar projects on a commercial scale. [NELH will soon be involved in geothermal -related research at the Hawaii Geothermal Project site in Puna.] The County is also Rariaci2S#ng in the development of the Pacific Aguaculture and Coastal Resources Center at Keaukaho, South Hilo for research in the sj2awning activities of several figh snecies and providing a research and training facility for university students and local farmers. The USDA's PDARC facility will brim° substantial research resources to Hawaii. [Further, interest has been expressed for several years in developing a space launching facility in Ka' u. Technological advances are occurring in many sectors and is not limited to the "high tech" computer industries. These changes brought by such advances have and will continue to affect Hawaii's industries.] The summit area of Mauna Kea has the worldwide distinction as the best international center for observational astronomy. Mauna Kea.curren!h accommodates twelve of the world'e, most state -of -the art telesco c facilities. The newest telescope is the $300,000,000 Subarea telescope developed by the national Astronomical Observatory of 35 Economic Japan. The recent coMpletion of the UniversLq of Hawaii -Kilo Institute of Astrononay complex at UniversLq Park will sir rt the relocation of the Institute of Astronorn staff from USI-NIano to UIQ -Milo. The UH -Hilo is also working to offer a Bachelor of Science d ee in astronoffly to allow observatories to faire local astronomers. Approximately $619,000,400 of capital investments into the Counly have been made by flee antro oany indusla, including the creation of approximately 270 permanent 'obs. Astronomical activities contribute ay2proxLmate 50,000,000 annuall • to the Coun 's econoara -. Military presence within the Couna y is represented by the United States Army. The - U.S. Arany o erates a field training f'4acifi at the Pohakuloa Training Area on fauna Kea are not located on: this island.. The De . artment of Defense appropriated direct ex ditaares or obli ations of L37 300 000 within the Coun in .1997 an increase of 84.E Rer cent over 1937 a ro riatiorasa However the Federalgovernment's downsizing and restmeturing of the U.S. militgEy ma eventual , lead to base closings. As a result militarx activities ane not be a, mayor economic sector in the foreseeable fixture. Secondary Industries Secondary industries, such as government, construction, trades (retail and wholesale), utilities, financial institutions, and professional services are most often located close to population centers. Population usually locates close to employment centers [which,] Lhat, in turn, are based on primary income generators, such as tourism or agriculture. Major transportation facilities also attract secondary industries. Annual emplo Ment in the secondary industry between 1930 and 1990 increased a and 1997 increased by on%r 1.2 per cent annually, a dramatic slowdown in the growth of em to eat within the secondsEy industry slue to the protracted growth of the focal economy. The secondary economic sector ease to went accounted for 67.3 per cent of the County's workforce in 1997, compared to 69.7 per cent in 1990 and 60.5 per cent in 1930. The largest secondary employment sector is the wholesale and retail trade, which re orted the ffeatest percentage Min.,in avers a can to ment of 73.6 per cent between 1930 and 1990, but a mere 2.3 per cent between 1990 and 1997. The services sector has replaced the government as the second largest secondary economic sector in the Cour y. The major governmental, service, commercial, transportation, and educational center on the island of Hawaii is the city of Hilo. Of the island's population, approximately 30 percent [resides] reside within the city limits. Key to the growth of the city [have] leas been [the] its transportation facilities. Until Kawaihae Harbor was constructed on the west coast of the island, Hilo Harbor was the only deepwater port in the County. [Hilo's General Lyman Airport] The Hilo International Airport has been improved to accommodate [inter -continental jets] later e�- 36 Economic aircraft while [Kong's Ke -chole] Kona International Airport at Keahole has been receiving direct national and international overseas flights. [In addition to the developing urban center at Kailua, there are many other communities throughout the island, which, for the most part, are small and rural in nature. These communities, ranging in population from 300 to 1,500, constitute the remainder of the "urban" areas of the County.] The feature economic outlook for the County is uncertain clue to the state of foreign economies and its impact on tourism. Tourism is expected to continue as the RKjMa economic Merator in the near term. As a result the services industry is expected to also be as dominant factor in the facture of the County. The Coun 's vast guantily of natural resources and laud will suRport the future growth of the Coun 's mora -service industries especially agriculture. The willingness of the County and its residents to innovate and expand into new fields of indusLa win hel the future ex rasion of the entire econorn . As the primary sectors of the econoW expand, the expansion of the secondaKy economic sectors will follow accordan�ly. EnteEprise Zones The Hawaii Enterprise Zone (EZ) program is a partnership )between State and Coupovernments and the private sector to stimulate via tax and other incentives certain typcs of business activity, job preservation, and job creation in areas most apRroRriate or needed. To be eli `ble for EZ benefits at least half of a firm's annual gross income must be derived from: one or more of the following activities — agricultural production or processings, manufacturing, wholesaleldistribution, .aviation or maritime repair/maintenance, telecommunications switching and delivery s stems information technology desiM and production, medical research/clinical trials/telemedicine or for- profit training Brograms in international business maana Ment or environmental remediation= `'within the Counft of Haawaii, businesses that satisfy all of the re uirements will quaff= for thefollowing tax benefits for up to seven consecutive ears: 1 t00 per cent exem tion from the General. Excise Tax CET and Use Tax every jear contractors are also exem t born the CET on construction done within an EZ for an EZ -enrolled business); 21 an 80 per cent reduction in State income tax the first year (this reduction �®es down IO per cent each naar for six more ears)• an additional State income tax reduction. c ual to, 80 pereent of annual Uneua Io meant Insurance premiums the first year this reduction goes down 10 per cent each year for six more years); and 4 a three:year exemption from any increase in County propel: taxes resulting from new construction in an EZ by EZ -enrolled businesses. Within the County ®f )Elawaii$. Enterprise Zones )gave been establishes) witlaira ortions of 1he filo Ilamakua North Kohala North Kona South Dorsa and the I£a'u districts. In 1999 there were approximately 40 EZ -enrolled businesses located throughout the island. 37 Economic Employment Employment opportunities have increased by over [13,000] 22,700 jobs [during the period] from 1970 through [1984.] 1997. The 1980s saw emplUment grow at an annual compounded growth rate of 3 per cent. From 1990 to 1997, emplUment grew at an annual compounded rate of only 1.6.1 per cent, a reflection of the County's recessionary economy during this eriod. [The industry category experiencing the largest increase was hotel employment, followed by retail trade. This is evidence of the impact that the visitor industry has had on stimulating the County's economy.] Employment in secondary industries also expanded. The largest employment decrease was in the sugar industry which [reduced labor needs in harvesting and processing.] saw the closing of the island's last sugar processing facility in 1997. Unean to ment rates during the 1980s and 1990s followed a similar trend as can tnment. Unem to ent rates dronped drasticgUy from 1980 to 1990 6.2 Rer cent to 3.8 per cent res ectivel due to the Coup is strong,ccog2My during this 12eriod. As the econoan slowed during the 1990s,Unem to meant increased to 10.2 per cent by 1997. For 1997, the districts of Puna and a'u experienced the highest a nemp1gyment rates at 15.6 per cent and 14.8 per cent, respectively. The following table depicts the shifting of employment between the major sectors of the County's economy. It indicates that the County's economy has shifted from an economy dominated by agriculture in 1960 to a more diversified economy with a significant service- oriented component. Estimates - County of Hawaii Planning Department [Much of the increase in employment, especially in hotels and retail trade, has been absorbed by the women in our population. The current ratio between Hawaii County's total employment and population is the highest in the State. The participation rate indicates that the County's labor supply has been largely utilized. This situation indicates that new labor demands may have to be partially met through in -migration.] [Rising wage levels and more secondary workers caused per capita personal income to rise from $4,059 in 1970 to $9,396 in 1983.] Per capita income in the County grew at an annual compounded rate of 5.18 per cent duriu the 1980s and 2.91 per cent through 1996. The increase during the 1980s are reflective of the strong economic conditions that existed 38 Economic 1960 1970 1984 1997 Percent Employed in Hotels 2.2% 6.0% 9.0% 13.313.4% Percent Employed in Other Services 5.4% 6.9% 10.2% 17.5% Total Service Employment 7.6% 12.9% 19.2% 31.0% Percent Employed in Agriculture 27.0% 20.0% 14.7% 9.5% Estimates - County of Hawaii Planning Department [Much of the increase in employment, especially in hotels and retail trade, has been absorbed by the women in our population. The current ratio between Hawaii County's total employment and population is the highest in the State. The participation rate indicates that the County's labor supply has been largely utilized. This situation indicates that new labor demands may have to be partially met through in -migration.] [Rising wage levels and more secondary workers caused per capita personal income to rise from $4,059 in 1970 to $9,396 in 1983.] Per capita income in the County grew at an annual compounded rate of 5.18 per cent duriu the 1980s and 2.91 per cent through 1996. The increase during the 1980s are reflective of the strong economic conditions that existed 38 Economic at the time with a corresponding decrease in per capita income gKowth during the recessionary periods of the 1990s. Median household income also increased at a healthy rate from 1980 to 1990, increasing from 516,975 to $29,712 at an annual comRounded rate of 5.76 per cent. Durin this period, eveEX district within the Counly also recorded increases -in. median fam:jl • household income with the Ueatest increases occurring in the districts of South Kohala and forth Kohala (11.43 per cent and 8.29 per cent, res ctively). According to statistics from the State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, there has been a shift in employment trend from the non -service industry to a. dominant service industr within the Coun . In 1980 service industries w holesale/retail trade finance hotels etc. accounted for approxhnaltly 61 -Der cent of the private indus workforce and 49 tier cent of the total wages earned. k, 1997, the service industries dominated the private indust ,, accousating for approximately 79 per cent of the total workforce and 74 per cent of the total wages earned. This shift in cmployment trends has significantly chap ,ed the economic made -uta of the County as workers have in-mitgratcd to the Big Island to meet the demands of em to ment owth in the service industry,which is rimari , fueled by the tourism sector. Additional) non -service industry worker primarily in agriculture, adjusted and shifted to new eMgIp anent opportunities in the service industries as agjcultural jobs dwindled. Upon completing high school, an increasing proportion of the County's youth have pursued higher education. However, despite this trend, there is still scarcity of employment opportunities for the college-educated who desire to return to the island. Population The population of Hawaii County has grown steadily since [1970. District estimates for 1984 also show changes in the distribution of population. The South Hilo district still contains over 40 percent of the island's population. The remainder of the nine judicial districts have resident counts ranging from 1,576 in North Hilo to 18,226 in North Kona.] 1980. According to the 2000 U.S. Census the Coun 's ulation increased 23 per cent between 1990 and 2000. Dung the samee�riod, the State's opulation grew by 9 per cent. The d trict of Puna saw the largest increase at 51 pIr cent foilsswed is South Kohala 44 per cent North Kohala 41 per cent),I'u 31 per ce &tJ North bona f28 per centSouth Kona >12 er cent), North. Kilo (12 per cen%. Hamakua [10 per cent) and South Kilo (6 tier cent). Utili ng Series B, the Counly's population is projected to grow 46 per cent to 217,718 from 2000 to 2020. South Hilo,currently the most PoRulous district within the Countv. will be eclipsed by the Puna. District in 2020 with an estimated poj2ulation of 58,246 com tired to South ilo's 49,791. 39 Economic Projection of Resident Population by District Year 2000 to 2020 (Series B) District 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total 148,677 1593907 1763938 195,u965 217,718 Puna 31,335 36,351 42591 492801 58,246 South Hilo 47 463273 473477 48,614 49,791. North Hilo 1 720 1 643 1 720 1,798 1,879 Harrmakua 64108 561196 6561 6,933 7328 North Kohala 6,038 6622 77 17 99446 119273 South Kohala. 13131 15,659 182184 212072 24,426 North Kona 28,543 30,467 34,024 37,922 42,275 South Kona 8.,,589 10,253 11,414 12,681 14092 Ka'u 55 827 6,443 77 450 77 698 8,408 Fconomk Assessment. PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [The growth of district populations in the last twenty years is closely associated with the existence of visitor industry facilities in an area. North Kona and Puna experienced the largest increases. The population of North Hilo and Hamakua declined. The district of Puna, in spite of the closing of the Puna Sugar Company, grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent reflecting the continuing settlement on relatively less costly lots created decades ago.] The Puna District will continue to Merience relatively strong population growth due to the availalailit�= of relative inexpensive lots that were created around the 1960s. The growth of the population in North and South Kohalas, North Kona and South Kona are closely associated with the continuing growth of the visitor and agricultural industry within these districts. GOALS Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life[.] throe economic development that enhances the Coun 's natural and soul environments. Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, [and] social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii. • [The County of Hawaii shall strive] Strive for diversity and stability in [its] tlae economic system. 40 Economic • [The County shall provide]Provide an economic environment [which] that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural, natural and social environment. • Strive for are economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation. • Strive for diversification of the econoMy b strengLhening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. • Strive for full employment. • Promote and develop the island of Hawaii into a unique scientific and cultural model. where economic tains are in balance with social_apd_p�sical amenities. Devel2pment should be reviewed on the basis of total impact on the residents of the County, not only in temps of immediate short r economic benefits. POLICIES • [The County of Hawaii shall assist] Assist in the expansion of the agricultural industry [,especially diversified agriculture,] through the protection of important agricultural lands, development of marketing plans and programs, capital improvements [and other programs], and continued cooperation with appropriate State and Federal agencies. [• The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation.] • [The County of Hawaii shall continue to encourage] Encourage the expansion of the research and development industry by working with and supporting the [university,] Unniversiq of Hawaii at Milo and Nest Hawaii. the Natural Enemy Laboratory at Hawaii Authority [private sector], and other agencies' programs [developed to aid the County of Hawaii.] that support sustainable economic development in the County of Hawaii. [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the development of a visitor industry [which is consistent] that is in harmony with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. • [The County shall require] wire a study of the significant cultural, social and physical [impact] imRacts of large developments prior to approval. [• The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.] 41 Economic [The County shall encourage] Encourage the [expansion] sustainable development of the fishing industry, various forms of aquaculture, and other fresh and [ocean] sea water-based activities. [The County shall support] SMpport all levels of educational, empl2yment and training opportunities and institutions [for its residents]. [• The County of Hawaii shall study the feasibility of establishing a business development loan program.] [The County's capital] Capital improvements program [should] shall improve the quality of existing commercial and industrial areas. The [County of Hawaii's] land, water, air, sea, and people shall be considered as essential [economic] resources for present and future generations and should be protected and enhanced through the use of economic incentives. [• The County shall strive for full employment.] • [The County of Hawaii shall] Continue to encourage the research, development and implementation of advanced technologies and processes [in existing and potential economic endeavors]. • Support the development of him technolM industries. • [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development and utilization of by-products from alternate energy conversion projects. [• The County shall conduct a re-evaluation of all economic goals and policies, particularly in the area of tourism, coincident with any County -initiated overall land use acreage allocation and General Plan review.] • [The County shall identify] Identi and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. • [An] Enc®ura a active liaison [between the County and] with the private sector [should be encouraged] with respect to the County's requirements for establishing [business] businesses on the island. [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the [continuing] development of the retirement industry. 42 Economic [• The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • [The County shall promote] Promote a distinctive identity for the island of Hawaii to enable government, business and travel industries to promote the County of Hawaii as an entity [separate and] unique within the State of Hawaii. • Identify the weeds of the business community and take actions that are necessary to improve the business climate. • Support research and development that would lead to the removal of marketing restrictions on Hawaiian fruits and other perishables. • Assist in the development of a filen and video industry program to market Big Island sites and coordinate film and video activities on the Big Island. • Assist the further development of agriculture through the protection of important a i ltural lands. • Assist in the promotion of the agriculture industry whose products are recognized as being produced on the island of Hawaii. • Encourage the establishment of open farmers markets to allow local ayricult€iral vroducers to market their groducts. • Assist in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand opportunities for local ggricultural products for ezport as well as to the local market. • Encourage the further development of the overseas capacity of Hila International Airport for the ez ortation of agricultural crops. • Encourap-e the healthiweliness industry. • Encourage new industries that provide favorable benefit -cost relationships to the people of the County. Benefit -cost relationships include more than fiscal considerations. [STANDARDS The island of Hawaii should be developed into a unique scientific and cultural model. The island should become a model of living where economic gains are in balance with social and physical amenities. Development should be reviewed on the basis of total impact on the residents of the County, not only in terms of immediate short run economic benefits. 43 Economic • New industries which provide favorable benefit -cost relationships to the people of the County should be encouraged. Benefit -cost relationships as used here include more than fiscal considerations.] DISTRICTS The following is a brief analysis by judicial district for each district. The entire County, however, is an economic system [and there are] with many interrelationships and [interdependencies] interdeMdence among the various districts. Each district is an integral part of the County and is treated as such. The courses of action shall be consistent with and supportive of the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the overall economic element. PUNA Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 %Change 1970-80 ° o Change Puna District 5,030 5,154 11,775 2.5 128.5 Keaau 1,334 951 776 -28.7 -8.4 Mountain view 566 419 545 -26.0 30.1 Pahoa 1,046 924 925 -11.7 -0.1 Other 2,084 2,860 9,529 37.2 133.21 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census 2000 Hawaii CoustK Department of Research and Development [Population] The RoUlation increased in Puna as a result of employment opportunities in agriculture as well as job opportunities in [the city of] Hilo [and in agriculture within the district].Also contributing to this increase was an in -migration into subdivided areas due to the affordability of narcels within Puna. The table alcove reflects the continuinz population zrowth within the Puna DistAct. The population in Puna during the past 30 years has increased at a substantially higher rate than the growth in employment. 44 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 ° /® Cleanse /o Change Puna 11,751 202781 31 35 76.8 50.8 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census 2000 Hawaii CoustK Department of Research and Development [Population] The RoUlation increased in Puna as a result of employment opportunities in agriculture as well as job opportunities in [the city of] Hilo [and in agriculture within the district].Also contributing to this increase was an in -migration into subdivided areas due to the affordability of narcels within Puna. The table alcove reflects the continuinz population zrowth within the Puna DistAct. The population in Puna during the past 30 years has increased at a substantially higher rate than the growth in employment. 44 Economic Puna is primarily an agricultural district. The area also includes part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, large [undeveloped] substandard subdivisions, forest reserves, and several small concentrations of population. Most of the subdivisions were created prior to the adoption of the [Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance] Zoning Cade in 1967 and are in agricultural zones. [Diversified agriculture] Agriculture in the form of truck farming in the Volcano area; papaya [groves] in the Kapoho area; and flowers, principally anthuriums and [vanda] orchids, in the Mountain View, Pahoa and Kapoho areas are important. The papaya and flower industries [have experienced rapid growth in recent years] continue to experience moderate growth. Factors currently [inhibiting the] lisnitin growth of these industries are the shortage of labor, housing, processing requirements, and plant disease. Over 90 per cent of the State's papaya production comes from this Counix, with the ma'op: from the Puna district. The infestation of Puna a a _a by the ringEpot virus in the 1990s resulted in 1997 production levels fallin)Srcent from 1992 Lroduction levels. It also resulted in the dispersion of a a a ascrea a to other areasof Puna South Hilo and Hamakua to escape the virus. With the acce ta€sce of the gneticaail =-en 'reeved and: disease -resistant Rainbow variely and the recent opening of a ost-han est treatment faciii - the future roduction of JMPM within the Puma district is ex ected to imcrease. The CouU& also produces most of the State's bananas with the Puna district accounting for a lame percentage of production. The banana. industry in Puna. is expected to gEow at a moderate rate. Geothermal resource utilization is a small part of the existing economy of Puna. Future [potentials remain uncertain though they may be] expansion of the geothermal indusia within the district is promising [if implemented properly]. Except for the Kulani Prison project, there are no major government installations in the Puna district. The Kameharnehaa Schools East Hawaii Campus opened in the Fall of 2001. The campus will. he able to accom- modate an overall student IDOpulation of apgroximaLeh 2,100 students in grades -12 and become a major em to ent generator in the Puna District. The visitor industry has very little visible effect on the Puna district other than some roadside stands[.] and a few visitor accommodations, such as bed and breakfast and vacation -rental operations. There are a number of visitor attractions frequented by tourists, such as the lava -inundated foraner Kaimu Black Sand Beach[,] area, portion of the Volcanoes National Park, and the Painted Church. Puna's population will probably continue to grow [at its past rate.] at a rapid rate. The major sector of its economy will continue to be agriculture, such as papaya, macadamia nuts and flowers. However, there are several problem areas [which] that have already been mentioned as well as others such as capital requirements [which] that have to be overcome for expansion. There is also potential for a limited amount of visitor facilities in the form of small 45 Economic accommodations and support facilities, such as recreational areas, botanical parks, and others. Puna also will continue to serve as a residential area for [some] people working in [the city of] Hilo. Courses of Action [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of the agricultural industry by providing support services [, such as co-operation with other agencies in developing manpower training programs,] to commodity gromps and other organizations such as farmer's cooperatives, protecting important agricultural lands, and requesting and providing necessary capital improvements. [• The overseas capacity at Hilo's General Lyman Field is extremely important to the development of Puna's export crops. The County shall continue to encourage the further development of this facility.] • [There is potential for limited visitor facilities in the form of small accommodations and support facilities, such as natural areas, botanical gardens, and limited commercial facilities.] Resort growth should enhance and be in keeping with [this] the area's rural character. • [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Puna should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • [The County shall support] Support the development and utilization of geothermal resources and by-products consistent with the environmental, social, economic and other goals expressed elsewhere in the General Plan. [• Assist the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii in acquiring land adjacent to geothermal exploration sites to expand research programs or alternative uses of geothermal by-products.] 46 Economic SOUTH FILO Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 % Change 1970-80 % Change South Hilo 31,553 33,915 42,320 7.5 24.8 Hilo City 25,966 26,353 35,303 1.5 34.0 Hakalau 650 742 249 14.2 -66.4 Honomu 663 737 560 11.7 -24.0 Papaikou 1,591 1,888 1,565 18.7 -17.1 Other 2,683 4,195 4,643 56.4 10.7] Economic Assessarment, PIF l•Iawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census. 20041 -Hawaii Count'y Department of Research and Developsnent Population growth [has occurred primarily] in [the city of] Hilo [while] and in the older plantation based communities little on the [Hamakua] coast north of the city declined[.] or saga- little growth. Between 1990 and 20�the_population for Ilio increased by 6.2 per cent. [The city of] Hilo [(hereafter referred to as Hilo)] is the County seat and the only metropolitan area on the island. Hilo also functions as the island's industrial, commercial, distribution and population core. Approximately [30 percent] 33ear cent of all Big Islanders live in this city. The rest of the population is scattered [in other settlements] throughout the island. [Sugar is one of the largest single industries in the South Hilo area. Although plantings of sugar cane are found within the city limits, most of the cane is grown in the rural areas. Hilo Harbor serves as the primary shipping point for the sugar industry. A number of related industries are also located in the city, such as fertilizer distributors, petroleum product distributors, machine and equipment dealers, repair facilities, and some light manufacturing. Several crop and livestock businesses are located in South Hilo.] Sugar was one of the l&rZest sinLyle industries in. South Hilo. The commercial growing of ornamental plants is naw the laMest.agricultural product grown in the district. Bananas and JRRRRlas are some of the either major rosluctswn the district. More thaw half of the total acres a cultivated 47 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 °/® Chan�gg °/® Chan e South Hila 422278 44s639 47,186 5.66 662 Economic Assessarment, PIF l•Iawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census. 20041 -Hawaii Count'y Department of Research and Developsnent Population growth [has occurred primarily] in [the city of] Hilo [while] and in the older plantation based communities little on the [Hamakua] coast north of the city declined[.] or saga- little growth. Between 1990 and 20�the_population for Ilio increased by 6.2 per cent. [The city of] Hilo [(hereafter referred to as Hilo)] is the County seat and the only metropolitan area on the island. Hilo also functions as the island's industrial, commercial, distribution and population core. Approximately [30 percent] 33ear cent of all Big Islanders live in this city. The rest of the population is scattered [in other settlements] throughout the island. [Sugar is one of the largest single industries in the South Hilo area. Although plantings of sugar cane are found within the city limits, most of the cane is grown in the rural areas. Hilo Harbor serves as the primary shipping point for the sugar industry. A number of related industries are also located in the city, such as fertilizer distributors, petroleum product distributors, machine and equipment dealers, repair facilities, and some light manufacturing. Several crop and livestock businesses are located in South Hilo.] Sugar was one of the l&rZest sinLyle industries in. South Hilo. The commercial growing of ornamental plants is naw the laMest.agricultural product grown in the district. Bananas and JRRRRlas are some of the either major rosluctswn the district. More thaw half of the total acres a cultivated 47 Economic statewide for flowers and nursery products are located within the County, which also accounts for over half of the total statewide revenue of flowers and nursery products. [Hilo is also known as the Orchid Capital of the world, as flowers are grown extensively throughout the vicinity. In addition to orchids, anthuriums have been making remarkable progress in marketability.] Several kinds of manufacturing operations are located in Hilo, including the processing of food, fruit, [sugar,] livestock, and garment manufacturing. [The forest reserves represent a large, virtually untapped economic resource.] [With the establishment of a four-year college there is potential for further research and development industries in the city. Already established in Hilo are the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, agricultural experiment stations and astronomy related base facilities. Tourism in Hilo grew then declined between 1970 - 1984, beginning with 1,308 hotel and condominium units available for visitors in 1970, then peaking at 2,152 units in 1976 and returning to 1,313 in 1984.] 'There were 1,165 visitor accommodation units available in 1998, a decline of 11.3 per cent since 1984 and a 46 2er cent decline since its peak in 1976. Hilo continues to attract its share of visitors to the CoVjLty with agRroximately 380,000visitors 30 pSr cent Iu €997. As the center of business and g2vernment within the Coun _ Hilo accommodates numerousbusiness and local travelers for special events such as hulas competitions and Morting mals The South Hilo district will also benefit from the continued mwth of the cruise ship irrd which h saw a substantial increase in island - wide arrivals from :124 000 in 1997 to 1.14 000 in 1998 with annual ex enditures estimated to ran a from X16 000 to 1L3,0_00,0_00. Overall the future,growth in tourism in the South Hilal district is ang aced to remain at current levels. [Commercial endeavors are being expanded. The largest project is the recently completed Prince Kuhio Plaza, anchored by Liberty House, Woolworth and Sears. Numerous other office buildings, shops, and services are serving the growing needs of the island community.] Hilo with its population size, harbor and airport facilities, higher education complex, and new investment has potential for economic growth. [There are, however, some problem areas. Major] However,many public facilities, such as the airport facilities and the university facilities in Hilo, rely heavily on State funds and [this] the County must compete with other areas of the State. [A new shopping center has intensified the competitive situation between new and older commercial areas. Finally, the recent declines in the visitor and sugar industries in east Hawaii are resulting] The closing of Hilo Coast Processing Company and Harnakua. Sugar Coanpany in 1994 resulted in some [declines] _decline in allied sectors. New economic [base] based activities in [east] Plast Hawaii are needed if the city is to continue its role as the island's commercial and service center in the future. 48 Economic There are several sigLmificant proiects that could propel South Hilo's economy in the near future. Subject to the avaflabilily of funding,construction of the Saddle Road improvements could commence in. hate 2001 and wffl substantially reduce the commute time hetween Hilo and Kailua-Kona,. Alreardv in oneration is a Dost -harvest fruit treatment Courses of Action • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State to provide the necessary funds for the development of the university complex and airport facilities. [The County shall also provide] Provide necessary support services and facilities to aid the development of these complexes. • [The County shall continue] Continue to implement a program to revitalize historic downtown Hilo. [• The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • [Manufacturing] EncouE a manufacturing operations [which] that utilize local raw materials, such as [bagasse,] macadamia nut shells[,] and timber [should be encouraged]. • [The] Assist the fishing industry [in Hilo should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • [The County shall continue to assist] Assist in the formulation and implementation of management education and manpower training programs[.] to strep then the overall; skill levels of its work force to be compatible with existing and saner 'ng industries. • [The County shall support] Su Xport the development of a master plan for lands within the vicinity of the University of Hawaii at Hilo to incorporate a "college town" concept utilizing an appropriate mixture of residential, commercial and other land uses to complement the university's infrastructure. • [The County shall explore] EIRIo the feasibility of expanding the Afoolc- Chinen Auditorium into an athletic -exhibition -conference facility that can attract additional activities and visitors to the Hilo area. • Supj rt the efforts of the Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center to renovate the abandoned sewage treatment plant in Keaukaha into an aguaculture center. 49 Economic Coordinate with the University of Hawaii at Hilo to establish an aguacuitural program along. accessible areas of the Hilo coast for research, demonstration, and deveIgpment Purposes. Support the construction and development of the USDA's Pacific Basin A&ricultural Resource Center facility. NORTH HILO Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 %Change 1970-80 % Change North Hilo 2,493 1,881 1,691 -24.5 -10.1 Laupahoehoe 407 452 503 11.1 11.3 Ookala 562 486 401 13.5 17.5 Papaaloa Other 449 1,075 319 624 267 520 28.9 -41.9 16.3 16.71 Economic (Assessment PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, X1100 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [Population] The p2pulation in North Hilo has [declined] been declining for more than 50 years. However, in the 10 year period from 1990 to 2000, there was an 11.6 gir cent increase in. 2oRulation. [One of the major factors attributing to this decline has been the decrease in the demand for workers of the district's major industry, sugar.] The major population and service center for the North Hilo district is Laupahoehoe. Like Hamakua to the north, the North Hilo district is agriculturally oriented. On the arable lands of the lower elevations [, which stretch] from Honohina-Ninole to Ookala, [sugar cane dominates the landscape, with smaller acreages of diversified crops scattered in between] former sugar came lanais are being cultivated in smaller acreages with a diverse r &%ge of crops as well as planted in eucah3os -frees. Lar• c tracts of land within the district are used for cattle Slazin and logjLng of native and glanted forests. Macadamia nuts inger, bananas, tro teal folia a orchids. tro aal fruits cacao lcav assorted lea ve ctabl pajRgya and taro arm some,2f the other yffjigultural products gKown in North Hilo. 50 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 °!o Cleanse °/® Change NorthHilasllilo 1,679 12541 11720 -8.2 11.6 Economic (Assessment PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, X1100 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [Population] The p2pulation in North Hilo has [declined] been declining for more than 50 years. However, in the 10 year period from 1990 to 2000, there was an 11.6 gir cent increase in. 2oRulation. [One of the major factors attributing to this decline has been the decrease in the demand for workers of the district's major industry, sugar.] The major population and service center for the North Hilo district is Laupahoehoe. Like Hamakua to the north, the North Hilo district is agriculturally oriented. On the arable lands of the lower elevations [, which stretch] from Honohina-Ninole to Ookala, [sugar cane dominates the landscape, with smaller acreages of diversified crops scattered in between] former sugar came lanais are being cultivated in smaller acreages with a diverse r &%ge of crops as well as planted in eucah3os -frees. Lar• c tracts of land within the district are used for cattle Slazin and logjLng of native and glanted forests. Macadamia nuts inger, bananas, tro teal folia a orchids. tro aal fruits cacao lcav assorted lea ve ctabl pajRgya and taro arm some,2f the other yffjigultural products gKown in North Hilo. 50 Economic [The Hamakua Sugar Company represents the single most important source of income and employment for the residents of this district. Manufacturing in this area is limited to the processing of sugar cane. It is expected to remain stable as newer and better methods are utilized and as lands are more efficiently cultivated for sugar cane growing. The amount of land available for growing sugar cane, however, is limited. At higher elevations are large tracts of grazing lands, native and planted forests, and the sparsely vegetated slopes of Mauna Kea. Some of the planted timber stands and certain species of native hardwoods have been logged.] There are no visitor accommodations in forth Hilo. Given current land uses, it is not antici ated that this area willprovide overnight visitor accommodations aside from indgpendent lied and breakfast operations. Economic growth under present conditions is limited in the district. [The young have continued] Residents of North Hilo, esMeially the young, continue to leave the area because of the lack of employment opportunities [and social life. The mill at Ookala will cease operations and the demand for labor will continue to lessen. Diversified agriculture]. Agriculture shows the greatest potential for growth. Courses of Action • [The County shall, in cooperation with other agencies, assist] Assist the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in North Hilo]. A program to expand [diversified] agriculture should be developed and implemented. [The County shall work] 'Work with community groups [to search for alternative forms of employment.] and organizations to identify and develop potential co a industries.. [• The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] • Support the development of a native hardwood industry. 51 Economic s_u Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 X970-80 /o 0 0 Change /° Change Hamakua 5,221 4,648 5,146 -11.0 10.7 Honokaa 1,247 1,555 1,944 24.7 25.0 Kukuihaele Paauilo 424 1,059 310 710 331 758 -26.9 6.8 -33.0 6.8 Other 2,491 2,073 2,113 -16.8 1.9] Economic Assessment, PKf Hawaii iuuaaarj 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii Counly Department of Research and Development Hamakua's population has grown over the past [ten] 30 years[.]; even when faced with the closing of sear operations in 1994. [This] The continuing growth of the district's population has been largely due to [increasing] the , glob resort [activity] activities in the neighboring district of South Kohala and the continuing settlement of the rural homestead areas. There has been some internal movement in this district into the town of Honokaa, which represents the commercial and residential center of the district. There are several smaller communities [strung out] along the Belt Highway [which] that serve primarily as residential settlements related to the former sugar plantations. At the higher elevations= there are scattered homesteads and ranches. [The towns of Honokaa and Paauilo act as the main trading areas for this district.] Visitor accommodations are available at a 19 -unit hotel in Honokaa as well as various bed and breakfast oRerations scattered throughout the district. The economic mainstays of this area are [sugar,] cattle, macadamia nuts, and [diversified] various crops. These are the greatest sources of income and employment for Hamakua. There are numerous cattle ranches and several different varieties of [diversified] crops [at the higher elevations.] in the district. Of these, macadamia nuts are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of agricultural development. Other crops grown in this area are taro, watermelons, tomatoes, ginger, lava, coffee. and other vegetables. [A cattle feedlot and slaughterhouse operation have been developed and should increase the role of the Hamakua district in the beef industry as well as promote diversification of sugar -related products.] 52 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 lEiannlcua 5,128 554,5 6,108 8.1 10.2 Economic Assessment, PKf Hawaii iuuaaarj 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii Counly Department of Research and Development Hamakua's population has grown over the past [ten] 30 years[.]; even when faced with the closing of sear operations in 1994. [This] The continuing growth of the district's population has been largely due to [increasing] the , glob resort [activity] activities in the neighboring district of South Kohala and the continuing settlement of the rural homestead areas. There has been some internal movement in this district into the town of Honokaa, which represents the commercial and residential center of the district. There are several smaller communities [strung out] along the Belt Highway [which] that serve primarily as residential settlements related to the former sugar plantations. At the higher elevations= there are scattered homesteads and ranches. [The towns of Honokaa and Paauilo act as the main trading areas for this district.] Visitor accommodations are available at a 19 -unit hotel in Honokaa as well as various bed and breakfast oRerations scattered throughout the district. The economic mainstays of this area are [sugar,] cattle, macadamia nuts, and [diversified] various crops. These are the greatest sources of income and employment for Hamakua. There are numerous cattle ranches and several different varieties of [diversified] crops [at the higher elevations.] in the district. Of these, macadamia nuts are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of agricultural development. Other crops grown in this area are taro, watermelons, tomatoes, ginger, lava, coffee. and other vegetables. [A cattle feedlot and slaughterhouse operation have been developed and should increase the role of the Hamakua district in the beef industry as well as promote diversification of sugar -related products.] 52 Economic The closing of sugar o _ rations has made lands available for various crops. A la.a e timber o ration h Witiaated pjanfin.8 of eucah321gs in its effort to establish a 15.,000 -ac re On Ju .�2 § a mint .announcement was made by the Hawaii Forestry and Con mu -pities Initiative s a Hoa Mahi'ani and the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to cultivate a -acre garcel of State land at Ookala with hiph value hardwoods such as :koa mild kamanl . aho n hessantwood and HArM with 25 Rer cent of the area dedicated to the restoration of a lowland nate min€orest. The groject b M ue in that the land under the jurisdiction of the DLNR Division of ForeLta and Wildlife will be activeb, managed b , a consortium of communily grouREfrom the Ookala-Lau ahoehoe area with technical s tance rovided h flaresand other natural resource e, its from the ate the l uiversi o l aw:aii and several federal Menciess including the USDA Forest Service and the ?natural Resource Conservation Service. ComMpniresentotion in the Broject,includes the North Me Communily Cou ncfl tlne Laulpahoehoe Train, Museum, and the Laup hoehoe High School. Manufactwing within the d to ct is limited to the processing of [sugar,] macadamia nuts [, beef and other food products.] and other agricultural products. The fly-mcgl alt co- generation. ower lant at Minas will enEoura a other ma nnu€acturin aetivities by rovidin thermal e-neEM waste beat= that could be utilized for drLing of macadamia nuts or Maculture act-ities. [At the present time Hamakua does not directly play a significant role in the tourism industry. There is a total of twenty hotel rooms which are primarily utilized by local travelers and construction workers. The Hamakua area also serves as a residential community for people who work in South Kohala.] The astronomical facilities located ateg Manna Kea are also art of the Hamakua areas within the Mauna. Kea lee An Area Reserve. Maung Kea is considered the world's gEemier site forground-based astronomical a bservato es. Mauna.Kea is home to 13 ohserystaries and includes 1.2 of the world's mast state-of-the-art to sco es. More majortelesco s are located on ?Mauna Idea than on api other sin lc mountain eak i the world. Mauna Kea is wide recd ized as of e-rin o timaam coadltions for o tical infrared and milllmeterlsub il_limeter measurements. In ad -dation the local avaiialnill ? of 1 VMrt, technicians and pLrsonnel also conja'bute to make 1Mauna. Kea one of the finest astronomical sites in the world. Astronomy has con t0buted 53 Economic over $619,000.000 in capital investments to the State as well ase� nerated apl2rozi ately 270 Rernmanent jobs. Courses of Action [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in Hamakua] and continue to cooperate with theagricultural sector and other appropriate agencies to provide the necessary services to assist agriculture. [For example, the County can protect important agricultural land from urbanization through zoning. Capital improvement programs should be tied into enhancing agricultural areas.] • [Although there is potential for limited visitor facilities in this area, the County shall allow] Allow the development [which] of limited visitor facilities that will not detract from the natural beauty of the area. • [The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] Develop a tourism industry that will small business develotamemBt bA, maintaining the plantation lmeritage of the area. • Diversify time economic base and enhance historical aspects of the area including existing.ranching operations and the former sugar indusgy. • Support the growth of a forestry industry within the district. • Support tine growth of astronomical research and development. NORTH KOHALA Profile *Note: Kapaau Statistical boundary changed for 1970 census.] 54 Economic 1960-70 1970-80 [Population 1960 1970 1980 %Change °%Change North Kohala 3,386 3,326 3,256 - 1.8 -2.1 Hawi 985 797 798 -19.1 0.1 Kapaau 937 237* 614 -74.7 159.1 Makapala 353 201 191 43.1 5.0 Other 1,111 2,091 1,653 88.2 -21.01 *Note: Kapaau Statistical boundary changed for 1970 census.] 54 Economic Economic Asscsjj to P1C1± 1iawaei. January 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii County. Doartment of Research and Development Population in North Kohala has grown [only slightly in ten years.] significantly over the last 2� 0 years. [A major factor preventing a more substantial decline due to the closure of Kohala Sugar is development in South Kohala, particularly the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel.] The growth in population between 1980 and 2000 can be attributed to the continuing.develonment of various resod coin lexes along the South Kohala coast as well as a Vowing number of Deoiale who wish to establish their retirement home within the district. New entrelrreneurial activities, both in health and wellness and eco -tourism enterprises, also contribute to the growth in tion. Cattle, nursery products and macadamia nuts are the major agricultural products. On smaller acreages, truck crops are grown. [The cattle industry which utilizes the bulk of the land area is the second most important source of income for the area.] The largest tracts of grazing land extend from the top of the Kohala mountains to Akoni Pule Highway. [There are several hundred acres of macadamia nuts in the area. All production from these orchards are transported out of the district for processing.] Another important source of income and employment is tourism and its related service industries. Chalon International Inca2 a major landowner within the district, has develo d plaits for a 240 -unit resort and residgntial,development adjacent to Mahukona Harbor. Economic conditions in Hawaii and Japan have delalgd the construction of this proposed resort. [Major tourism facilities, however, are not located in North Kohala, although the area does contain] There are many natural and historical amenities within the North Kohala district that are conducive to the development of tourist related facilities. There are many residents of this district who work in the adjoining district of South Kohala. [There are several sites in this district with the potential of becoming small resort areas. To date, however, no significant resort development has occurred in the district.] [The] Besides Chalon International, Inc., other major private landowners within thethe distict include [are the Kohala Sugar Company, Bishop Estate, Richard Smart] Kamehamehai Schools, Parker Ranch Foundation Tru st and Kahua Ranch. Together with the State of Hawaii, these landowners account for 90[%0]Lr..cent of the land in this district. The Upolu Airport can serve a limited number of flights. There [is no regular] are no regularly scheduled [service] flights to Upolu by the [three] two primary inter -island carriers. [With the completion of the Akoni Pule Highway, a circuit into the district was formed. Prior to the completion of this project, the North Kohala area was serviced by a single highway which 55 Economic 1900-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 /v Change°/® CChha,,,ngee North Kohala 3249 4 291 6,038 32.1 40.7 Economic Asscsjj to P1C1± 1iawaei. January 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii County. Doartment of Research and Development Population in North Kohala has grown [only slightly in ten years.] significantly over the last 2� 0 years. [A major factor preventing a more substantial decline due to the closure of Kohala Sugar is development in South Kohala, particularly the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel.] The growth in population between 1980 and 2000 can be attributed to the continuing.develonment of various resod coin lexes along the South Kohala coast as well as a Vowing number of Deoiale who wish to establish their retirement home within the district. New entrelrreneurial activities, both in health and wellness and eco -tourism enterprises, also contribute to the growth in tion. Cattle, nursery products and macadamia nuts are the major agricultural products. On smaller acreages, truck crops are grown. [The cattle industry which utilizes the bulk of the land area is the second most important source of income for the area.] The largest tracts of grazing land extend from the top of the Kohala mountains to Akoni Pule Highway. [There are several hundred acres of macadamia nuts in the area. All production from these orchards are transported out of the district for processing.] Another important source of income and employment is tourism and its related service industries. Chalon International Inca2 a major landowner within the district, has develo d plaits for a 240 -unit resort and residgntial,development adjacent to Mahukona Harbor. Economic conditions in Hawaii and Japan have delalgd the construction of this proposed resort. [Major tourism facilities, however, are not located in North Kohala, although the area does contain] There are many natural and historical amenities within the North Kohala district that are conducive to the development of tourist related facilities. There are many residents of this district who work in the adjoining district of South Kohala. [There are several sites in this district with the potential of becoming small resort areas. To date, however, no significant resort development has occurred in the district.] [The] Besides Chalon International, Inc., other major private landowners within thethe distict include [are the Kohala Sugar Company, Bishop Estate, Richard Smart] Kamehamehai Schools, Parker Ranch Foundation Tru st and Kahua Ranch. Together with the State of Hawaii, these landowners account for 90[%0]Lr..cent of the land in this district. The Upolu Airport can serve a limited number of flights. There [is no regular] are no regularly scheduled [service] flights to Upolu by the [three] two primary inter -island carriers. [With the completion of the Akoni Pule Highway, a circuit into the district was formed. Prior to the completion of this project, the North Kohala area was serviced by a single highway which 55 Economic wound through the Kohala mountains.] Upolu Airport is used occasionally by sightseeing air taxa services using both fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. flight training activities, medical emerggngy flights, and the military. Courses of Action • [The County shall aid] Aid in the expansion of [diversified] agriculture [in the district by providing direct and indirect assistance.] through the protection of important agricultural lands. • Resort facilities compatible with the physical, social and economic goals of the residents of the district should be [encouraged.] considered. [• The County shall work closely with the people of the district and with industry to plan alternative uses for the lands affected by the termination of sugar operations.] • Encourage the establishment of an open farmer's market in forth Kohala. • Assist in the formulation and implementation of education and mAppower training Rr€ g ams to strep&then the overall spilt level of the local residents to compete in existip& and cmergim sustainable and environmentaa, sound industries and businesses. • Work with communities and residents (communLq &Eoups and organizations) toidentft and develop potential cottage industries and provide fiexibilLgT is land use to accommodate these potential cottage industries. • Support efforts to promote small business development that is consistent with the rural, agriculturah and historic character of the area. • Assist the comma-nities and residents in diversifying the economic base in wa s that are consistent with the rural agricultural, and historic character of North Kohala. 56 Economic SOUTH KOHALA Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 % Change 1970-80 % Change South Kohala 1,538 2,310 4,607 50.2 99.4 Waimea 657 756 1,179 15.1 56.0 Other 881 1,554 3,428 76.4 120.61 Economic Assessment. P1F Hawaii, ,3annari 24900 U.S. Census, 20490 Hawaii Counl Department of Research and Development The primary economic activities of this area are tourism, cattle ranching, [and diversified crops. Other activities which contribute to the economy are education and] awriculture, Rublic and private educational institutions, scientific research associated with the [Mauna Kea] observatories[.] located on Mauna Kea and health and wellness organizations. Due to the growth in tourism. within the district, the population of South Kohala increased dramatically over the past 30 years. The benefit of this gEowth for the residents Kawaihae Harbor is the second deepwater port on the island. The Kawaihae small boat harbor [add] adds to the inventory of amenities in the district and provides limited recreational and commercial sport fishing activities. The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which began operations in 1965, opened the door to [the] resort development of this area. [The areas which surround proposed developments have attractions for tourists and residents alike.] South Kohala has evolved into one of the world's Premier resort destinations with luxury hotel complexes. Hunting on the slopes of Mauna Kea and the Kohala mountains, deep sea fishing, world-class golf courses, hiking trails, historic sites, sandy beaches, and a diversity of [climate] climates are some of [these] Lhe attractions[.] available to tourists. There is considerable investor interest in South Kohala. The three large [resorts] resort complexes in the district - Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lara Resort, and the Waikoloa Beach Resort — [have the capacity to accommodate 8,000 hotel rooms and a like number of 57 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 %® Chaff %® Change South Kohala 41607 93140 132131 98.4 43.7 Economic Assessment. P1F Hawaii, ,3annari 24900 U.S. Census, 20490 Hawaii Counl Department of Research and Development The primary economic activities of this area are tourism, cattle ranching, [and diversified crops. Other activities which contribute to the economy are education and] awriculture, Rublic and private educational institutions, scientific research associated with the [Mauna Kea] observatories[.] located on Mauna Kea and health and wellness organizations. Due to the growth in tourism. within the district, the population of South Kohala increased dramatically over the past 30 years. The benefit of this gEowth for the residents Kawaihae Harbor is the second deepwater port on the island. The Kawaihae small boat harbor [add] adds to the inventory of amenities in the district and provides limited recreational and commercial sport fishing activities. The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which began operations in 1965, opened the door to [the] resort development of this area. [The areas which surround proposed developments have attractions for tourists and residents alike.] South Kohala has evolved into one of the world's Premier resort destinations with luxury hotel complexes. Hunting on the slopes of Mauna Kea and the Kohala mountains, deep sea fishing, world-class golf courses, hiking trails, historic sites, sandy beaches, and a diversity of [climate] climates are some of [these] Lhe attractions[.] available to tourists. There is considerable investor interest in South Kohala. The three large [resorts] resort complexes in the district - Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lara Resort, and the Waikoloa Beach Resort — [have the capacity to accommodate 8,000 hotel rooms and a like number of 57 Economic condominiums. This potential growth can become a major economic factor on the island. One of the emerging problems is labor supply and another is the availability of housing.] currentl� account for 40 Rer cent of the total hotel rooms within the County. The South Kohaala district is one of the best destinations in the State for world-class golf courses. During the period between 1950 and 1995 tern pro2Srtics were developed totaling 3,400 visitor units. The larmer of these resort properties include the 547 -unit Outrigger Waikoloa leach hotel the 350 -unit Manns.Lani Pal hotel & Bun glows the 1240 -unit Hilton Waikoj2a NJIL V& the 539 -unit Orchid at Mauna Lani and the 351 -unit 1%a una Beach Prince Hotel. [The cattle ranching industry utilizes most of the land area, and pastures are found from the higher slopes of the mountains down to the seashore. Parker Ranch, one of the largest privately owned ranches in the world, has its headquarters in Waimea. The cattle industry utilizes feed lot operations. This technique opens the door for the expansion of the cattle industry and silage crops.] Although tourism is currentl • the leading -economic industEy in the districl, the area is also well known for cattle ranch.inz vegetable production, egg production.and.. other formas of ggdE€altr M Waimea is one of the most productive areas for vegetable crops on the Big Island. Cabbages, celery, lettuce, daikon (turnip), peppers, broccoli and carrots arejusi some of the : Metables grown [here]. Experiments are being conducted on different crops as well as on the improvement of those presently grown. The agricultural industry, especially truck farms, has potential for further expansion. This industry, faced with competition for resources from tourism and other urban forces, needs governmental assistance. The cattle ranchiaa industry utilizes most of the land area within the district with astures situated on the higher slo es of the mountains and eztendin down$ to the sea. Parker lameh, one of the Iarest aarava€tely owned ranches in the world Ian as its head uarters in Waimea. The closing of all feedlots within the. Conan ;leas resulted in the and local consumption. The educational sector includes Hawaii Preparatory Academy (HPA) with a 1999 tot"d enrollment of [600] 575 students in grades K through 12, which [including 2401 includes 190 boarders [frown 23 countries.] from ffades 6 through 12. In addition, Parker School is a day school [of 122] with a 1999 enrollmentof 129 students. [Parker School includes the New Kahilu Theatre which is among the top five theater facilities in the State. HPA is also building a performing arts center.] Waimea has three Rerforming arts venues: Kahilu Theatre, Gates Performing Arts Center, and Parker School Auditorium. ium. The Canada -France Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Idea has its base facility in Waimea. The base[, which is under expansion,] has a [full time] staff of [47] 51 and an annual operating budget of [$4.2 million] $6,200,400. As several planned telescopes are built on Mauna Kea, additional base facilities may choose to locate in Waimea due to its desirable environment. [In late -1986,] Waimea is also home to the heasdguarte€^s of the W.M. Keck Observatory 58 Economic [Telescope base facility was announced for development in Waimea.] on fauna Kea the lamest optical and infrared telescopes in the world. The headers emRlovs about 80 Reople and has an annul oUrating budget of $1:0,000 ,000. Courses of Action [The County shall assist] Assist in the development of agriculture [in South Kohala] by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, [by] providing or having provided the necessary capital improvements, such as water, and [by] working cooperatively with [other agencies.] the agricultural sector and government, [The County shall work] Work closely with the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to provide [in providing] adequate land close to Kawaihae Harbor for industrial activities. [The] Recognize the diversity of climate, the quality of the ocean water and the natural beauty of the hills [which create a back -drop for Waimea town are natural resources that have attracted scientific and educational activities and that may attract research industries to the district. These resources should be recognized] as vital economic and social assets of the region [and should be protected] tole rotted through appropriate regulations. • Resort development in the district shall be in an orderly fashion and [shall be] consistent with the physical and social goals of the [people] residents of the area. [The County may utilize] Utilize tools such as incremental zoning to insure development that will best meet the needs of the County. • Encourage the preservation of the rural, ranching character within the town of Waimea. Support the growth of astronomical research and develoRment. 59 Economic NORTH KONA Profile [Population 1960 1970 1960-70 1980 % Change 1970-80 140 Change North Kona. 4,451 4,832 13,898 8.6 187.6 Kailua - 365 4,763* - 1204.9 Other - 4,467 9,135 - 104.5 *Census boundary of Kailua expanded for 1980 census.] Economic Assessment. Pk F llavvah, January 24100 U.S. Census, 201148 Hawaii Couuty Department of Research and Developanent Spurred primarily by the employment opportunities created by the expanding visitor industry, population has greajincreased in North Kona [in the last ten years.] over the last 30 ears. [Most of the population is located along the major highways of the district.] The of the visitor indusLa in recent years can be lamely attributed to the expansion of runway and terminal facilities at Kona International Ai ort at Keahole which now permits the arrival of national and international direct fligJits. Tourism [has expanded tremendously] continues to ex and in North Kona [, primarily in Kailua Village]. Currently, there are about [4,748] 4,081 visitor units in the area. During the veriod of 1980 to 1998. six new resort uroDerties were developed in North Kona for a total of 900 visiter units, including the completion of the 243 -unit Hualalai Resort at K.,aupulehu and 263 -time share unit Iona Coast Resort in Keauhou. North Kona now accounts for over 45 per cent of total hotel rooms on the island. The visitor industry [is expected to expand at a rapid rate] in North Kona[.] is expected to grow at a moderate rate. [One major problem faced by this industry is attracting labor and providing housing for their employees. Investor interest in the area has caused land prices to soar, especially in coastal areas.] Once the mpjor visitor industry area on the islands the North Kona district now shares this distinction with the South Kohala district. Man of North Kons's aging hotel, gMarties need major renovation. This effort beMwith the renovation of the Keauhou Reach Hotel in 1999. [Kona has traditionally been a coffee producing district and population has centered around the mauka coffee areas. The coffee situation has taken a dramatic upturn in recent years after many years of decline.] Most of the Big Island's coffee production is in the North and South Kona (Districts which has been producing coffee since the 1800s. Between 1982 and 60 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1950 1990 2000 °iv_ Change % Change North Kona 13748 22e284 284543 62.1 28.1 Economic Assessment. Pk F llavvah, January 24100 U.S. Census, 201148 Hawaii Couuty Department of Research and Developanent Spurred primarily by the employment opportunities created by the expanding visitor industry, population has greajincreased in North Kona [in the last ten years.] over the last 30 ears. [Most of the population is located along the major highways of the district.] The of the visitor indusLa in recent years can be lamely attributed to the expansion of runway and terminal facilities at Kona International Ai ort at Keahole which now permits the arrival of national and international direct fligJits. Tourism [has expanded tremendously] continues to ex and in North Kona [, primarily in Kailua Village]. Currently, there are about [4,748] 4,081 visitor units in the area. During the veriod of 1980 to 1998. six new resort uroDerties were developed in North Kona for a total of 900 visiter units, including the completion of the 243 -unit Hualalai Resort at K.,aupulehu and 263 -time share unit Iona Coast Resort in Keauhou. North Kona now accounts for over 45 per cent of total hotel rooms on the island. The visitor industry [is expected to expand at a rapid rate] in North Kona[.] is expected to grow at a moderate rate. [One major problem faced by this industry is attracting labor and providing housing for their employees. Investor interest in the area has caused land prices to soar, especially in coastal areas.] Once the mpjor visitor industry area on the islands the North Kona district now shares this distinction with the South Kohala district. Man of North Kons's aging hotel, gMarties need major renovation. This effort beMwith the renovation of the Keauhou Reach Hotel in 1999. [Kona has traditionally been a coffee producing district and population has centered around the mauka coffee areas. The coffee situation has taken a dramatic upturn in recent years after many years of decline.] Most of the Big Island's coffee production is in the North and South Kona (Districts which has been producing coffee since the 1800s. Between 1982 and 60 Economic 1995, the lona coffee industry experienced sales fluctuations between $2,100,000 and $1,700,000. Since 1995, thevalue of Kona coffee sales has steadiiy increased to approximately $16,200,000 in 1997. Coffee production on the other islands has far surpassed this island; which now accounts for one-third of the coffee produced statewide. Howeverthe market and rice for Kona coffee continues to row due to its distinct flavor and uuagly unique to coffee grown elsewhere in the world. Besides coffee, agricultural enterprises include cattle ranching and the growing of fruits [(bananas and avocados)], macadamia nuts, and vegetables, particularly tomatoes. Timber and fishing are small industries in Kona. Logging of native hardwood at one time provided a major source of income in the district. The [Kailua harbor] Kailua-lona Wharf is considered a major center for big game fishing and international tournaments [are] usually held annually. Quarrying operations for building materials are also conducted in North Kona. [Other forms of industrial activity include construction and printing.] The Old Kailua Industrial Area and the KaJoko Industrial Area provide the largest concentration of industrial acuities within West Hawaii. These industrial areas accommodate a wide ran a of Manufacturing, service, wholesale and retail activities. [The ownership pattern of land is characterized by a few owners holding vast parcels of land. In recent years a number of these owners have announced plans for large resort -residential complexes in Kona. An example is the Kamehameha Investment Corporation, which is the developer of Bishop Estate lands. Their master plan for the Keauhou area calls for the development of a resort -recreational destination area. This project is just one of several announced for North Kona.] The North lona district was once the anaior visitor destination on the island. However, this diitiuction is now shared with the South Kohala district due to the recent deyelo rent of nu crow: hotel corn lexes along the South Kohata coast. While the majority of visitor accommodations were once centered in Kailua-Kona, visito accommodation facilities now stretch: from the Kona 'pillage Resort to Keauhou. The North Moria distrust includes a ; rox matel 4 081 visitor snits including hotels resort condominiums, Iced and breakfast operations and other transient units. The 1,900 -acre Keauhou-Kona area provides approximately 1300 hotel and resort -condominium units. There are several government projects of significance to the district's economic future. A small boat harbor at Idonokohau has been constructed just outside of Kailua Village. This facility will complement the alreadyworld famous big game fishing of the area. Further north along the coast, the runway at [Keahole Airport] Iona International Air ort at Kenhole has been [built.] exi2anded to acco:rnodate larger aircraft utilized for overseas flights. [It replaced the old airport in Kailua which was considered inadequate to service the increasing air traffic in the area. Presently, the] The State [is initiating] has, completed an update of the [Keahole Airport's] master plan[.] for the -Kona International Airport at Keahole which will include extensive terminal, runwgy and support facili!y imBrovements. [Airport terminal and runway expansion is expected to be pursued after the master plan is revised.] 61 Economic [Finally, the] The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authol j ELHA) at Keahole Point [and the proposed Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park adds the potential for the development of a new industry in Kona and further diversification of the economic base of the community.]., an ocean science and technology nark utilizing deep cold seawater pumped from 2,000 feet off of Keahole Point, has demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of various technol€tMes and industries that use this unique, cold -water resource. Ocean then al eneM conversion a. uaculture air conditioning of buildings using sold seawater, and the growing of cold-clianate vegetables and fruits are just some of these successful activities. In 19£39. the 1170-gcr€ N.-ELHA complex hosted 26 Rrojects emnip ging more than 1.60 individuals and contributing #Mproximately $30,000,000 annua <to the local econoMy., Kona is considered the center for government, commercial and industrial activities for West Hawaii. In addition to being the center for g2vernment retail and banking services, Kona is also home to "bj&box" retailers such as Costco, K -Mart, and WatMart and internationals ortin events such as the IronMan Triathlon, the Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament, and the Senior EGA Tournament of Champions at the Hualalai Resort. Courses of Action • Resort development in the area shall be in balance with the social and physical goals as well as economic desires of the residents of the district. Necessary pollution controls [should] shall be available prior to development. Other necessary support facilities such as transportation and nursery facilities shall also be provided. [The County, in order to achieve greater diversity and stability of the economy, shall assist] Assist in the further development of agriculture, including [aquacultural] forestry and auuaculture activities [, in North Kona]. Necessary capital improvements [which] that will aid agriculture, such as water, should be given priority for funding. [The County shall continue] Continue to encourage development [and utilization of by-products from the University of Hawaii's Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) project.] of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority as a marine research and commercial facility. • [The County should explore the possibility of encouraging a small resident college and other nese industries in the area.] Encourage and sup2ort the developmen of Hawaii Communi _Coll a in Fest Hawaii including the Universjjty. of Hawaii Center. 62 Economic • [The] Assist the fishing and boating industry [in Kona should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. • [The] RecoMize the natural beauty of the area [should be recognized] as a major economic and social asset. This resource should be protected through appropriate review processes when development is proposed. • Improve Kailua Village to maintain its viability as a popular visitor destination. • Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Dona area. SOUTH KONA Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 % Change 1970-80 aha Change South Kona 4,292 4,004 5,809 -6.7 45.1 Captain Cook 1,687 1,263 2,025 -25.1 60.3 Kealakekua 579 740 1,039 27.8 40.4 Other 2,026 2,001 2,745 -1.2 37.21 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 2£308f Hawaii County Department of Research and Developffient South Kona's population has increased by [45.1 percent in the last decade.] aRproximately 12 per cent between 1990 and 2000 and 30 per cent in the Rrevious decade. The major trade and population concentrations are along the Mamalahoa Highway at Kealakekua, Captain Cook, and Honaunau. The primary economic activity of this district is agriculture, with [the] its most important [industry] industries being coffee growing and processing[.] macadamia nuts citrus fruits and cattle! ranchin . [Macadamia nut orchards have increased in acreage due to the massive orchards in the Honomalino area.] Within. the South. Kong district, roughl49.000 acres of macadamia nut orchards are lalanted with apjgroximately 2373000 macadamia nut trees. 63 Economic 1980-90 1990-00 Population 1980 1990 2000 !/® C� 6 Change South Dona 5,914 79658 8,589 29.5 12.2 Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 2£308f Hawaii County Department of Research and Developffient South Kona's population has increased by [45.1 percent in the last decade.] aRproximately 12 per cent between 1990 and 2000 and 30 per cent in the Rrevious decade. The major trade and population concentrations are along the Mamalahoa Highway at Kealakekua, Captain Cook, and Honaunau. The primary economic activity of this district is agriculture, with [the] its most important [industry] industries being coffee growing and processing[.] macadamia nuts citrus fruits and cattle! ranchin . [Macadamia nut orchards have increased in acreage due to the massive orchards in the Honomalino area.] Within. the South. Kong district, roughl49.000 acres of macadamia nut orchards are lalanted with apjgroximately 2373000 macadamia nut trees. 63 Economic The operation entails the second latest macadamia nut processor in the State, accounting for roug!k 20 to 25 per cent of all macadamia nut production. [Due to the upturn in coffee prices, the] The number of coffee farms has [increased in recent years.] fluctuated over the years with a high of 635 farms in the late 1980s to a low of 550 farms in 1996. During the same eriod coffee acres es have fallen from 3 000 to 1,260 acres. However, :the total value of coffee sales within the Counly has recovered: from its low_ of $3,700,000 in 1992 to a high of 516,200,000 in 1997. Although the price of Kona coffee has been quite volatile, it is still considered one of the mostpromising agricultural product town within the Counly. Compared to other coffee producing areas of the world, the Kona coffee growers have a comparative disadvantage because of higher wages paid to laborers and the [lack of technological advances in the industry.] to22graghy of tsrime Kona coffee landsa which limit< armers, to manual .harvcstin methods compared to mechanical hamesti�a methods utilised bX coffee growers. on other islands and in other Rarts of the world. [To date, there has been no successful coffee picking machine produced. Due to the higher unit cost of production, the profits of Kona coffee growers are relying upon high prices created by the gourmet appeal of the coffee. The marketing agreements between a variety of companies may stabilize this industry.] However, the manual harvesting methods utilized by lona coffee Owers ma = be a ;s' if.ut factor contributing to the superior taste of Kona coffee compared to other coffee grown throughout the State and the world. Also grown in the South Kona district are bananas, citrus crops (oranges and tangerines), [avocadoes,] avocado, [winter tomatoes,] vegetables and other truck crops, and macadamia nuts [which are expected to be one of the prime industries in the district]. Cattle ranching is also one of the prominent industries in the district. Manufacturing in South Kona is confined to coffee roasting and macadamia nut processing. Unlike the North Kona area, the South Kona district has limited accommodations for overnight visitors. [There are plans and proposals for developments, such as residential subdivisions and State park systems.] There are approximately gg units located at Captain Coop fflan:a: o Hotel caterer rimarily to local business travelers and a ricultural workers. A 730- lot a 'eukural-regidential and g2ff course communi and. 80 -unit r ate members' Lodge, development fflokidiAl is bein develo ed north of Kealakekua. Rix in South Kona. This develo ment will catcr rimari to out -of --state second homcbu vers. Courses of Action [The County shall assist] Assist the further development of agriculture by protecting important agricultural land from urbanization, and by providing necessary resources, such as water [, and through other assistance]. Resort development in the area should not destroy the natural resources and historical significance of the area. 64 Economic • [The] Assist the fishing industry [in the South Kona should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort with State and Federal agencies. [The County should encourage] Encourage ocean -based industries, such as aquaculture, in the area. • Encouraze eco -tourism and agricultural tourism as regional oRportunities. • Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bay to assure preservation of the region's unique environment and cultural resources. KAT Profile [Population 1960 1970 1980 1960-70 /o 0 Change 1970-80 0 /a Change Ka'u 3,368 3,398 3,704 0.9 9.0 Naalehu 952 1,014 1,161 6.5 14.5 Pahala 1,392 1,507 1,631 8.3 8.2 Other 1,024 877 912 -14.4 4.01 Population 1980 1990 2000 1.980-90 % Chamge 1990-00 %Change Ka'u 3„1699 4,438 5,827 20.0 31.3 Economic Assessment PKF Hawaii January 2000 U.S. Census, 2 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development [Population remained fairly stable in the Ka'u district. The major communities of Naalehu and Pahala experienced growth reflecting the plantations' effort to centralize these communities.] Located on the southern and eastern flanks of Mauna Loa, the Ka'u district is the largest on the Big Island. [This massive district is made up of barren lava fields, lush green acreages of sugar cane, large tracts of grazing lands, forest reserve lands, and macadamia nut orchards.] Althou K.a'u is the la est of the nine districts on the island the population of Ka'u is the second srnaflest only to that of North Hilo. Between 1990 and 2000. the Ka'u District mw n # aan,e- as.ccn,.t;"g-a- aZA i ate, engmevigtian- Miirh of the inereme in :the SPS.°a.lu 65 Economic Agriculture is the economic mainstay of the Ka'u region. [Sugar cane,] Coffee,. orchids, vegetables, flowers, cattle, and macadamia nuts are grown [here.] in this district. [The sugar company located here provides the basic source of income and employment for the majority of the residents.] ApRr®zimately $5,000,000 has been invested in an effort to establish a forestay indusyl on apjQrozimately 54000 acres that could generate 30 to 40 new jobs. Within the Ka'u area are several cattle ranches [which] that utilize vast acreages of grazing lands. Although employment in this sector is not large, it plays an important role in the area's economy. [The macadamia nut industry, like the cattle industry, does not have a large labor force, but as more trees come of bearing age, employment will increase. Many acres in the Honomalino area are in macadamia nut orchards]. The macadamia rout industry remains one of the prima:_a industries within the district. However, growing com etition from: forei producers are beidnning to affect the induspa_due to increased worldwide Rroduction, weakness Ira the Asian economy, and more aggressive marketing of these forei - grown macadamia nuts in the United States. Similar to the camgggfion faced by the once - dominant sem' ar JmdusLias future gEgwth of the macadamia nut indusLrX must guickil res end to the threat sof forei < comgSfifion by focusLnz on the uali = of Hawaii's macadamia nuts and developing alternative markets for the routs and its by -Mr C.Brewer & Co., Ltd., the major landowner in this area, [has a master plan for resorts along the Ka'u coast. They have developed golf and tennis facilities at Punaluu beach. The master plan includes the expansion of resort facilities there] continues its efforts to explore new economic initiatives within the a'u District in the absence of its sugar industEy. In addition to maintainigg the largest macadamia neat orchard in the Ka'u District C. Brewer & Co. Ltd. also en a ed in and promotes other forms of a . ulture such as yMetables and coffee roducf en. The establi-hment of a fors indus upon brads once utilized for sour cultivation is also beim explored. The existing Punaluu Resort and Seamountain Golf Course complex is the. center of tourism acthitywithin the l a'n District. however the oEh accommodatioaass available at this coca lex Li the 56 -unit Colon: - One at Sea Mountain. The,golf course remainsin o eratiora but no other facilities or amenities are available. The 12 -unit Shirakawa Motel in Waiohinu and various bed and breakfast operations provide the only= r° other -visitor accommodations within the distAct Courses of Action [Resort] Balance development [in Kau shall be kept in balance] with the social and physical environment of the area. Provisions for orderly development, housing, and pollution controls shall be implemented. [• The County shall assist the further development of agriculture in the area.] 66 Economic [The] Assist the fishing industry, other ocean based industries, and aquaculture [, located in Kau should be assisted by the County] through a cooperative effort -with State and Federal agencies. [• The County shall support efforts to stabilize and maintain the viability of the sugar industry.] [The] Reco„ze the natural beauty of the area [should be recognized] as a major economic and social asset. [This] Protect this resource [should be protected] through appropriate review processes when development is proposed. [• Preliminary to the consideration of any proposed space -related launch activities, the County shall require, in addition to standard EIS requirements, special impact assessments.] 67 Economic ENERGY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [Nationally, for the remainder of the 20th Century, most of the energy demand will be met with fossil fuels and nuclear fission. In turn, fossil fuels are fast becoming a scarce world commodity due to the increasing demand.] For the foreseeable future, Hawaii will continue to be dependent on petroleum to meet its eneM demands. Fortunately. Hawaii is [currently most vulnerable to dislocation in the global oil market, but is also] endowed with a variety of natural energy [resource alternatives which] resources that are renewable [or inexhaustible and potentially] Lor low polluting sources of electricity. Hawaii's [near total] dependence on imported petroleum provides the incentive for the promotion of energy [conservation] efficiency and the development of [technology] technologies to harness [local] natural [(solar, hydrologic, and geothermal)] energy resources[,] [solar, hydrologic, wind, and geothermal) and to convert solid waste into [an alternate] 11 fuel resource. Petroleum provides [approximately 60-65%] up to 75 per cent of the Island's energy needs. [One hundred percent] r�11 of the petroleum [products] used in the State must be imported [into the State] in one of several forms. Most of the petroleum consumed in the State is imported as crude oil, which is then processed [in the] at two local refineries, Chevron and [Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc.] Tesoro, both located at Barber's Point, Oahu in the Campbell Industrial Park. Both refineries receive crude oil from Indonesia, Alaska, Africa, Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf. Petroleum products, primarily jet fuel, fuel oil, and [liquid petroleum gas,] ro aneare also imported from California, the Caribbean, Singapore, and other areas to meet the demand not met by the refineries. [Synthetic natural gas] Propane, which is widely used on the Island of Hawaii, is also manufactured from petroleum on Oahu. Petroleum products are received [on the Big Island] at the Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors. Under normal circumstances, an estimated 30 -day aggregate supply of most petroleum products is stored at the oil terminals and tank farms. A major interruption of petroleum supply due to a lengthy maritime strike, a disaster at the source of crude oil supply, the sinking of a petroleum tanker or barge, or an aviation disaster at Campbell Industrial Park [, etc.] could seriously affect the County of Hawaii's petroleum supply. The island's economy is also vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of oil from the Middle East. The County of Hawaii must decrease economic vulnerability and energy costs. To do so, the County must combine the efforts of energy [conservation] efficiency and the development of natural renewable energy alternatives that reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase energy self-sufficiency. 68 Energy ELECTRICITY Electricity is a major form of energy utilized on the island of Hawaii. The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc., (HELCO) which is regulated by the State, owns [6] and operates a number of power generation plants in the County. Most of these plants operate on steam [energy] or combustion saes and burn imported fuel. Two [of the Hilo] plants in Hilo generate power through hydroelectric means[.] and a South Kohala location produces wind energy. A few [sugar plantations generate their own power by burning bagasse, wood chips, coal and fuel oil, selling their excess to the utility company and often buying power when their demand exceeds supply.] IndMndent Power Producers (IPPs) gggerate.nower using various fuels and resourcesand sell eue to HEUC: The methods of ower roduction include ower source and the excess heat enerated bl the ower plant will be used to further develots agriculture and product manufacturing in the district. [Electricity sold in the County increased 125% between 1960 and 1969, despite a population increase of 3.5%. The average annual residential power used in 1960 was 3,084 kilowatt hours. By 1969 the average amount of power consumed per household was 4,845 kilowatt hours. The population increased from 61,332 in 1960 to 106,403 in 1984 and correspondingly the average annual residential consumption increased to 5,827 -kilowatt hours.] The average annual residential ower used in 1990 was 6,794 -kilowatt hours (kWh). In 19991 the average residential usage decreased to 6,563 -kilowatt hours. Electric Utility for the Coun1l of Hawaii 1999 Customers Number of Customers Power Sold (1,000 kWh) & Percent of Total Sold Ratio of Power Sold (l0Q(3 kWh) to Customer & Percent of Total Number Residential 52,277 = (84%) 343,085 = (37%) 6.563 to 1 General Loads 9,654 = (15%) 308,493 = (34%) 31.955 to 1 Commercial Cooking and 3leatin 396 = (Less than 1%) 25,964 = (3%) 65.566 to 1 Large Power Service 65 = (Less than 1%) 234,889 =d26%) 34613.677 to 1 Street Lighting? 86 = (less than 1®/0) 3,879 = (Less than 1 no 45.105 to 1 Total 62,478 X100®/®) 916x310 (100®/®) 14;666 to 1 Hawaiian Electric Compp y, 1999 Estimate - Plaunim Department 69 Energy Residential refers to single -metered residential, customers and may include condominiums for visitor use but excludes master -metered apartment and condominium buildino msed. by residents as commercial customers. General Loads refer to general ljghtand/or power loads supplied through, a single meter. Commercial Cooking and Heating a2phes. only to commercial heating (heat pump water heaters), air conditions n& and refrigLration service. Lame Power service.is applicable to large fight -and/or power senjee supRfied and metered at a singe voltage and delivery Roint. The table presented on the previous Me clearly indicates that of the 62,478 customers of electrical power, approximately 84 L.).e.r cent are residential customers. However, of 916,3111 total Idlowatt hours used, residential customers accounted for approximatet 37 Der cent. This yields a ratio of about 6,563,kilowatt hours.per customer as ovDosed to Lal:ge Power Service customers that account for less than I per cent of the customer base but use 26 ger cent of the total kilowatt hours. These customers 3jeld as ratio of 3,613,677 kilowatt hours per customer. Power rates on this island are among the highest in the nation. One factor [which] h contributes to the [is situation] high cost of power is the present method of power generation. Mostof the electricity is obtained through the burning of imported oil. The cost of fuel, coupled with transportation costs., cause higher rates. [The two hydroelectric plants in Hilo cannot generate enough power to service the city's needs.] Additionaft, the size of the service area and leas of transmission and distribution lines necessary to transfer the power, to the load centers are signi:ficant factors. A good example is the fast growing loads in West Hawaii. The major.Merating nialts are located in East Hawaii. This re wires generating more in East Hawaii to compensate for losses in lines goigg over to West Hawaii. Other factors creating higher costs are the small market and the sparseness of population in a relatively large service area. [Power generating plants will be faced with increasingly stringent air and water pollution standards. Heated water discharge into the ocean, for instance, may be affecting the environment. The effects, however, are not fully understood at the present time. More stringent pollution controls for a better environment could possibly result in higher costs of power.] Except in a few instances, most of the power lines in the County are overhead [ones.] lines. Although underground wiring has an aesthetic desirability, there are several problems in establishing such a standard. Underground power lines will probably last longer but cost more to install, especially in rocky areas. There is a problem of common sharing of trenches with other utilities. Another problem [concerns the repair of breaks,] is repair and maintenance, for while broken lines will probably occur infrequently, they will be more difficult to locate. There has been, however, considerable progress in solving the technological problems concerning underground power lines. [Consumption of power will continue to accelerate faster than population growth as people become more affluent. Utility companies will probably design new plants which are more 70 Energy efficient and less polluting.] As affluence of the population increases, the consumption of power tends to accelerate faster than uotsulation growth. Studies of sources of energy other than the burning of fuel are being conducted. On September 1, 1998, HELCO submitted its second Int rated Resource flan (IRP) to the Public Utilities Commission with input from a public advis-oEy group. Electrical Entergy Self -Sufficiency for the Big Island The County of Hawaii must strive to attain energy self-sufficiency in order to minimize [the] its dependence on imported fossil fuels. A commitment by both the government and the public must continue [for] in research, planning, and development to attain the goal of energy self-sufficiency for the County of Hawaii. As a result of the 1974 and 1978 oil crisis, there has been concern over Hawaii's dependence on imported petroleum. In 1974 and 1976, the State Legislature enacted several significant bills [which were] designed to promote the research and development of natural energy resources, and the conservation of energy in order to foster a greater independence from imported fossil fuels. The State Legislature adopted Act 237 (Chapter 196, H.R.S.) in 1974, which [among other things,] created the position of a State Energy Resources Coordinator to review and formulate existing and proposed energy resource programs. Also in 1974, the State Legislature established the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI, Act 235) to foster development of local natural energy research at the University of Hawaii. The HNEI maintains cooperation and coordination between all levels of government and private organizations involved with energy related projects with potential for Federal funding, and serves as the central source of information on natural energy policies and programs. Act 236, adopted by the State Legislature in 1974, established the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) at Keahole (North Kona, Hawaii) to provide essential support facilities for future electrical energy research programs. The legislature selected Keahole Point through the criteria for development of three of the proposed natural energy programs (OTEC, Biomass conversion, and direct solar energy utilization systems). In 1976, the State Legislature adopted Act 189 which complemented the development half for energy self-sufficiency by the creation of tax incentives for the installation and use of "solar energy devices" and "alternate energy improvements" to promote energy conservation. These devices and improvements increase the level of efficiency, and decrease the utilization of electrical power [which] that accounts for 42[%] e�r cen of the total energy demand in the County of Hawaii. In January of 1980, a final report prepared for the County of Hawaii entitled "Energy Self-sufficiency for the Big Island of Hawaii" was released. The report recommended that the County government provide a favorable climate for energy savings and new energy production. 71 Energy It also recommended establishing an Office of Energy Coordinator. The Energy Coordinator [is to]: • [Coordinate] Coordinates and [provide] provides information regarding conservation and energy production; • [Organize] Organizes ride sharing and travel reduction programs; • [Assist] Assists business in obtaining information and financial support for energy-related development; • [Fund] Funds necessary information gathering programs; • [Monitor] ?Monitors the progress of energy departments; • [Recommend] Recommends changes in the county's energy program; • [Analyze] Analyzes the impact of proposed developments on the energy balance of the Island. In addition, the development of naturally occurring energy resources will become an increasingly important factor in determining future industrial activity on the Island of Hawaii. Gas Propane gas is wider avaailable and is a Major source of enemy for the Island of Hawaii. The two Rrimary methods usedin,delivering gLs are via an undeEground. nincline or tankleviinder refill. The Public Utilities Commission,reg3LIates the unde round as delivLa s -item in Hilo and along Alii Drive ire Kailua-Dona. Gas is delivered ky tanks or cylinders for the remainder of the island. The use of nromne .gas diversifies the island's enemy supply and creates less pollution Compared to elcctrjSi",neration and diesel emissions, -propane offers a cleaver less ollutin fuel. Alternatives like ro ane as offer o ortunities to lessen the island's do cndence on clectrici ,.and minimize land use conflicts created b - flee A n of lame -scale electric,generation, transmission and distribution facilities. ProUane can be used for self oeration (e.g. cogeneration, micro turbines) for large customers, thereby del the need to site and construct large' centralized electric generation facilities. [1.] Geothermal Enemy Geothermal Energy is natural heat energy from the earth that can be harnessed for direct thermal use and for electrical power generation. [There are] The four basic ways [in which] that this type of natural heat energy may be found[: 1)] are steam[; 2) ], hot water[; 3) ], magma[; 4)], Ind hot[,] dry rock. [The construction of electrical power plants using hot water, brines, or steam separated from hot water or brine deposits is the most probable development of geothermal energy resources.] Geothermal drilling on the Big Island started in the early 1960's. Initial wells were either found to be unsuccessful or once drilled, were not further developed. 72 Energy In 1972, the Hawaii Geothermal Project (HGP) was organized to investigate the development of geothermal energy in Hawaii, [and is] as a cooperative project involving Federal, State, County, and private funds. In April 1976, a successful well was completed near Kapoho in the Puna District, and HGP [has since] installed a power plant to demonstrate that geothermal energy is an economically viable natural energy alternative for the Big Island. The plant [has been in operation for several years.] commenced operations in 1982 and ceased in 1989. In 1983 and with subsequent amendments, the Legislature amended the State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, by authorizing the State's Board of Land and Natural Resources to conduct a county by county assessment of areas with geothermal potential for the purpose of designating geothermal resources subzones. Geothermal resource subzones may be designated within the urban, rural, agricultural and conservation land use districts. Only those areas designated as geothermal resource subzones may be utilized for the exploration, development or production of electrical energy from geothermal resources. Other amendments to the State Land Use law provide authority to regulate the direct use applications of geothermal resources. In addition, the 1983 Legislature set criteria for [legislatively] designating geothermal resource subzones. Three geothermal resource subzones were established by this legislative method. The Board of Land and Natural Resources has subsequently designated the Kapoho, Karnaili, Kahaualea, and Kilauea Middle Bast Rift Geothermal Resource Subzones. The geothermal resource subzoncs are shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide ITS PAG In A aril 1993, Puna Geothermal Venture `PGV cone leted its geothermal pewer lent On tlrs a oleo Subzone_on the East Rift Zone. The geothermal power plant, uses steam and Ftes.m : gated,. from hot water or brine resources at de the of around 5,000 sever to the 1IELCO rid PGV has been permitted €rnder, Geothermal Resource f rmit cncratlon hai dim.18ced near ;118 million gaHonsof fuel ail that would have been used for electr-ici ° roduction, The reduction in fuel oil use has resulted in a reduction in carbon dioxide .and althea° eminiong common to fossil fuel 1LLants and contributed to a cleaner envat"on€nent in Hawaii. [2.] Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest generators of electrical energy. On the Big Island, hydroelectric power fulfills [only a very small portion] about 5 ger cent of the County's electrical energy demand[.] at apy given time. On the Big Island, the percent of total demand supplied by hydroelectricity will probably 73 Energy [remain insignificant] sant igerease due to the reliance on normal stream flows and the lack of impoundment required to store enough water for continuous or increased energy output. However, small-scale hydroelectric units have been [installed] constructed at Hawi, Onomea, Wailuku River in Hilo, and Waimea [and others have been proposed for the Wailuku and Honolii Divers]. The Waailuku River Hydroelectric facility has the capacity to suDgly 11 megawatts of power to the electric gow er arid. [3.] Solar Enert Solar energy is the basis of many natural energy alternatives in Hawaii. Solar energy generates the global winds; stores energy in biomass through photosynthetic activity; warms the oceans, [can produce] produces electrical power directly via photovoltaic cells; and can be used directly for heating through solar heat collection devices. [Solar Devices/hnprovements:] There are two direct forms of solar energy applicable to households; solar heat collection and solar light energy to electrical power via photovoltaic cells. Solar heat collection is adaptable to domestic water heating, which accounts for [a major portion] approximately 30-35 tier cent of the electrical power demand [per] for an all -electric household. [Advances in the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electrical power is also applicable on a public utility scale as well as on a domestic basis.] Photovoltaic technology Lases solar cells that convert. suInfight into electricill. Industrial commercial and residential a vaatlons of photovoltaic technology are stflibeigg.Msearched. However, advances in Rhotovelulc roducts anal designs. In Ila, of 1"8. the Fauna. Lani Ba Resort installed a 100-Rilowaae Rhotovoltak,Mtem on the rooftop, covering 10,000s asare feet, The eneEa Rroduction is ex ected at IpAroNl atel _ 423 kilowatts er day and the measured roof tena eraat :re reductlon has exceeded 60 a ecs. This ro`ect as ex cted to save operation costs for the hotel providing eleetrigjV tea 2k r cent of the 350 hotel rooms and reducing air conditionin costsq The resultant success of the Rroject led to the installation of photovoltaic, > stews for the resort's g2if facilities. The photovoltaic s stern will also be used to recharge Nfausea L•ani's golf carts. These solar energy devices and improvements can be considered energy conservation technologies since their domestic use will possibly decrease the total energy demand in Hawaii County. [4.] Wand Ewer [The University of Hawaii, Department of Meteorology, initiated a five-year program in 1977 for Solar Energy Meteorological Research for the purpose of continuing wind surveys to establish the relationship between weather conditions and wind strengths, speeds, and distribution.] The process of Operating en2M from wind simgly eases the force and speed of 74 Energy wind to rotate the blames on windmills. This wind [Wind] energy can be used [directly] to generate electricity through windmill electrical generators or by pumping water into storage for use in hydroelectric power systems. [Wind energy technology has been advancing, but as yet is not competitive enough to be a serious natural energy alternative. Once the technology is developed, Hawaii will be in an advantageous position due to favorable wind regimes in many areas of the island.] Wind eneM is a relatively clean form of ener in that it 2roduces no emissions or chemical waste. Unfortunate wind eneM is inconsistent and electrical rids cannot.Mll solely on wind and must provide a back up,sugply from another source. Such is the case with the wind energy} generation farms at Kahua Ranch; I.alarnil Wand Farm, and Kamaoa Wind Farms [5.] Biomass Conversion Biomass is defined as "the total mass or amount of living organisms in a particular area or volume." Solar energy is converted into plant biomass through photosynthesis. [Biomass] Plant biomass can be used by [direct combustion] power plants to produce thermal energy, then steam to generate electrical power. [On the Big Island, biomass conversion generates about 34% of the County's electrical energy. Locally, bagasse, the fibrous waste of sugar cane processing, is one source of biomass in use. Other sources of biomass that have been used for alternate energy include forest products from planted as well as natural stands of native and exotic species.] Historically, biomass has been theme Island's best renewable energy resource. As recently as 1934 almost 13 Mr cent asf the Big Island's electricily groduction were stilt beim r€sv ided by two sn :ar processing com ani" that burned a mixture of biomass coal coal and fuel oil. Other uses of biomass .are currenLIX being reviewed b = both the Mbfic and private sectors. Biomass conversion is one of the proposed projects of the NELH program at Keahole point, and involves the cultivation and harvest of plant and animal life forms as a natural energy alternative. Biomass can also be considered solid waste, since it is the basis for most of mankind's organic refuse, and can be processed into ethyl alcohol. Alcohol fuel is adaptable for use in hydrocarbon combustion systems [which] that account for about 58[%] per ce of the total energy demand of Hawaii County. Through combustion, alcohol can generate electrical power (via heat and steam) which represents the remaining 42[%] per cent of the County's total energy demand. [6.] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion [Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a form of solar energy where the ocean 75 Energy acts as a solar heat collector. This process uses the thermal differences between the warm surface waters and the cold deep waters to power a turbine/generator for electrical power generation. The NELH program at Keahole point has installed an OTEC project plant to research the potential of this natural energy alternative.] The oceans are the earth's lar est solar eneM collector and storage s stem covering approximately 70 per cent of the earth'ssurface. Ocean Thermal Enema Conversion or OTEC is a pgwer prodoction method b. which eras is derived from the difference in tears raatures between the waren surface. and cold deep ocean waters. In 1974, the Nat -oral Ener; Laborat€ ly of Hawaii JTI{JI,M was founded. In establlshigg the NELH, the Hawaii, State L kf ture set aside 321 acres of land for research and development of alternative enema; resources, primarily O`I'EC. In 19843 The State Legislature set aside an additional 547 acres of land adjacent to NELH for the. comm- merciaal ex ansion of successful NELH research projects. This :rea was ca ed the llawaaa Ocean Science and Technology IROSTJ Park. However, in. 1990 the legLslaftire combined NELII and IIOST Park into the Natural EneM Laboratory= of Hawaii Authori = ITiELM. Where are now 26 tenant companies that o erate at NELIU. OTEC research began in earnest in 1982 owing the construction of the conduct ex c mcnts and is working with other o W72tions to Rian the construction of a 1 megawatt OTEC experimental faeili T and additional ocean: pipelines for sufficient water supply. GOALS • Strive towards energy self-sufficiency [for Hawaii County]. Establish the Big Island as a demonstration community for the development and use of natural energy resources. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of alternate energy resources. • Encourage the development and use of 112 icultural products and by- products as sources of alternate fuel. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the expansion of energy research industry. • [The County shall strive] Strive to educate the public on new energy technologies 76 Energy and foster attitudes and activities conducive to energy conservation. • [The County shall ensure] Ensure a proper balance between the development of alternative energy resources and the preservation of environmental fitness and ecologically significant areas. • [The County shall strive] Strive to assure a sufficient supply of energy to support present and future demands. • [The County shall provide] Provide incentives [which] Lhat will encourage the use of new energy sources and promote energy conservation. • [The County shall seek] Seek funding from both government and private sources for research and development of alternative energy resources. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate energy research and development efforts of both the government and private sectors. • [The County shall encourage] Encoura a the continuation of studies concerning the development of power [which] Haat can be distributed at lower costs to consumers. • Strive to diveriffy the enemy supply and minimize the environmental impacts associated with energy use . [• The County shall encourage the study of the effects of discharging heated water directly into the ocean.] • [The County shall] Continue to encourage the development of geothermal resources to meet the energy needs of the County of Hawaii. • Encourage the use of solar water- heating through the continuation of state tam credit Brorams throud the Building Code and in Counly construction. • Encourage ener -saving desmon in the construction of buildings. • Support net -metering, and other incentives for independent power producers. [STANDARD] STANDARDS • New power plants shall incorporate devices [which] that minimize pollution. Applicable standards and regulations of T tle 11, Chapter 46, "Communiq Noise Control" of the Hawaii.Administrative Rules, 77 Energy ADDlicable landards and remdations of Title 11, Chapter 53, "Ambient Air QualLq Standards" of the Hawaii _administrative Rules. Ap2licable standards and re lations of Title 11, Chapter 50.1, "Air Pollution" of the Hawaii Administrative Mules. 70 Energy ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The people of the County of Hawaii live in an environment with qualities that other areas have long since lost. Economic expansion and population growth in the County are bringing about more demand for products, transportation, services, energy, and other necessities [which] that could affect the environmental quality of the County. [Further, a higher standard of living and advances in technology are changing the life styles of people from "fix and re -use" to "discard and buy."] The County's basic industries, agriculture, tourism, and [research] scientific and technological enterprises, depend upon a "clean" environment for optimum [development.] growth. [Major crops, particularly flowers such as orchids, require clean air for healthy growth.] The aglicultural industrX de ends upon the availabilily of clean air, soil and water. The island's major visitor attraction, especially for tourists from large urban centers, is [the] its natural beauty [of the island, which is] accentuated by the quality of the air 1,, ands and water. The environmental quality of the County thus not only enhances the guality of life [of] for its residents, but is also a major economic asset. In order to maintain an ecological balance for the biological, physical, social, and psychological well-being of the island community, it is essential to control [abuses such as] pollution[.] develoR more effective solid waste and sewer treatment progEams, control soil erosion, water run-off, and sprawl development, as well as protect endangered plants and animal species. [The price for greatly disturbing aspects] Greatly altering asnecb; of the ecological system [is not only an economic but a social cost as well.] could destabilize its existing balance and translate into high economic and social costs. Increasing population and urbanization place a greater demand on [our] the limited [resource base,] natural resources, making their utilization and protection a vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii. The increasing number and affluence of residents and visitors will increase the rate [at which we consume] of'cons€m tion of [our] local resources[;], the [amounts] amount of sewage and solid waste[,] flitter, junk cars, and other scrap metals[;] the demand for electrical power [which] That will necessitate additional sources[;], and the number of motor vehicles in use. In urbanizing areas, the generation of pollutants will be greater with increased [residential] density[.] snd intensified use of the land. [The long-range intent is to establish an optimum environment with the least amount of cost. Through legal and technological means the quality of the environment can be maintained.] Pollutants may be classified by characteristics, such as organic or inorganic, by stimuli, or by the type of environment affected, such as air, land, or water. Legislation [of varying types] relating to the appropriate disposition of specific pollutants [have been enacted at different times. These are] is administered by [different] Federal, State, and County agencies. [Current legal controls are inadequate to prevent, abate, or control environmental pollution of the island at both the State and County levels. In addition, the] Tile large area of the County snakes it difficult to adequately monitor and enforce environmental quality standards. The General Plan is concerned 79 Environmental Quality primarily with those controls [which] that can properly be formulated and enforced by County agencies. Current sources of pollution are [becoming] a problem not only in the amount and type of discharge but also in patterns of dispersal [which] that cause local concentrations of pollutants. There is also a lack of basic information [of] on the existing [conditions] condition of the County's environment. This is needed to establish a baseline from which future deterioration of the air, land, water, and noise levels can be measured. In order to prevent, abate, and control pollution, [it must be possible to recognize] deteriorating conditions must be recognized before they reach critical proportions. Air The County of Hawaii a -long with the other counties comprising the island Stats en'o s the uaai ue ;situation of being co hicaliv isolated from any lame laud mass and major sources of man-made poltutants. The island's gtogrgphical isolation combined Frith QTc minimal locall • generated man-made air pollution has contributed toward glee IsLand of Hawaii's world wide recoggition for the clarity of its air at the summits of Mauna Kea and Manna: Loa. These sites offer some of the best area=s in the world for astrone combining optical clajja and accessibifily. As in. apy metropolitan area though, there is some air poflution. The major sources of air pollution are open burning[,] (_b gSrmit QWX), [the spraying of] s ra ed agricultural chemicals, modes of transportation, and fixed combustion sources[,] such as [sugar mill and] power plant [stacks.] emissions. Natural pollutants are also contributing factors. These can be orbic, [include volcanic gases, open spray, and] inclaadiRg plant [and insect products and fragments.] RoRensaud,spores,.,or anor aaaic, aaclat: iM. airboa�me dost and volc�anac uses.. Salt la€lened ocean MMY, thOugh nota RoButant in itself is as contributing factor towards increased ,amounts of suspended flarficulate matter. [The burning of cane fields before harvest is staggered and infrequent and usually occurs in rural areas. The spraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and branches of the State Department of Agriculture and Health. Smoke from sugar mills are regulated through State and Federal standards.] Prevailing [patterns of air circulation can cause local concentrations of pollutants. The northeast trade wind pattern on the windward coast is complicated by local upslope-downslope winds from the mountains. On] northeast trade winds and diurnal land and sea breezes scut ted bl, the Big Islaand's Log2graj2hy forms air circulation patterns that can create local concentrations, of Ullutants. The windward or eastern coast is dominated hl trades while on the leeward coast, [which is] the side of the island sheltered from the trade winds, the diurnal land [and sea breeze pattern prevails.]awaarmed upg1ope winds of the da and the cooling, nigktA downslope winds prevail. In areas where the toa h favors a ceaaal�ne ce of air currents the [Since this circulation pattern is self-contained within a limited area, as opposed to the trade winds which are part of a much larger circulation system, a concentration of pollutants can occur. The] potential is great for [smog] hM conditions to develop, especially if vehicular, 80 Environmental Quality volcanic, and other air pollution sources increase. [The Kona coast is typical of this situation.] Volcano induced smoz. known since the 1950s as vog, has been a long standing issue of concern. 1383 Kilauea -,Volcano haang lou eraa tive cycle at Pu'u ®'o with. brief pauses between erg€ tive vMnes. Volcanic gases are released at the rate of about 385 tons per da d€rrirn 9CUIRILS mases and 2 00 toms yler &I during active er~ar ions. Volcanic des are composed tri ari of sulf r, silicon, sodium, and chlorine with lesser amounts of ota, ium calcium, maggeaium, aluminum, titanium and iron. The sulfur, measured in the form of sulfur dioxide is believed to be oxidized into sulfuric acid an in edient in acid rain, in the uresence of sunlight and water. The effect of emissions from KHauea Volcano on the acidity of rain during noneru: five g2riodsragidly.decreases within six miles.,of the site and studies suggrest that the volcano's infiuence on the chemistry of rain is localized. However, this minimum level of imp -act is alteredwhen the volcano U activghLent2fin& Vog has affected those with chromic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. The snraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within mam divisions and branches of the State Depart ment of Alneulture and the State Department of health. Emissions from € other grivate and municipal sources such as power generation facilifies are coutroRed through [There am] State and Federal regulations [relating to air quality standards and air pollution control in the County]. Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health [is in the process of reviewing air quality standards and will amend its regulations.] conflnuous scrutinizes and u slates the State's standards and regulations to address current issues, either meeting or exceeding Federal standards, Water The waters of the County are [readily subject] vulnerable to contamination. These include fresh, marine, and potable water. As population increases and further development occurs, there will be an increased demand for drinking and irrigation water. Rpeleled water is currently being used for erosion and dust control at limed land fills and there [Tyre] may be a [possible] need ;n the future to recycle sewage and waste water for use in irrigation [and possibly as a drinking water source]. The major sources of water pollution are sewage, natural surface runoff, and [waste from] the b roduets of agricultural activities. There are [six] five municipal sewage systems with treatment plants [which] that serve limited areas. As a result, only a small portion of the County's sewage is treated. Most sewage is disposed of in private cesspools sc tics stems or private wastewater treatment plants that Must [or is dumped untreated directly into coastal waters or rivers. Raw sewage outlet: are primarily found along the steep cliffs of the east and north coasts of the island from older plantation housing areas. These methods of disposal inadequately] meet the State Department of Health's Water Quality Standards. The State Department of Health (DOH) intends to promulgate rules that will prohibit the installation of cesspools. 81 Environmental Quality [Because] Since much of the volcanic soil of the island is highly permeable and underground lava tubes are widespread [and], seepage from cesspools have been known to contribute to the pollution of coastal waters and may pose a potential threat to underground sources of drinking water. The State Department of Health is responsible for establishing, monitoring, and enforcing the Water Quality Standards. These standards are intended to protect the environmental quality of the waters of the island as well as to maintain the public health. Soil The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash. The young age and form of some of these soils make certain areas temporarily non-productive. Much of the volcanic soil is also highly permeable. Soil pollution has occurred with the accumulation of industrial, agricultural, and domestic chemicals and [by] the improper disposal of solid wastes, such as [rubbish,] refuse, old cars, refrigerators, stoves and other scrap metal, thus creating both unsanitary and unsightly conditions. There is no comprehensive program for the surveillance and monitoring of chemicals to be able to detect the rate and extent of accumulation[.] within the soil. Little is known of their short_ and long -[terms] term effects on the environment and public health. [In the future, increasing amounts and varieties of chemicals will be used and will accumulate in the environment.] Noise Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on people. Noise that is loud or out of character, especially from low flying aircraft, is [becoming] critically disturbing to residents. Residential and resort areas near the Hilo [airport] International AirRort are particularly affected. Noise levels will become increasingly more disturbing due to more jet service, vehicular traffic, construction, and the increasing size and density of urban areas. The Department of Health is responsible for establishing standards and regulations for noise control. [However, there are presently no State noise regulations for the Neighbor Islands.] State noise level re Mations and standards are uniform throughout the State. The Federal Aviation Agency has established noise guidelines for determining compatible land uses surrounding airports, however the regulation of surrounding lands [are left to] remain with the State and County. Increased air transportation activity and changes in aeronautical technology, [which] that could allow service by super -sonic aircraft[,] could change the "noise contours" that affect lands surrounding the Iona International Airport at Keahole and Hilo [Airports.] International Airport. In order to eliminate the likelihood of surrounding land use development conflicting with future airport activity and/or expansion, appropriate easements and/or covenants should be 82 Environmental Quality required in conjunction with land use approvals for lands in the vicinity of the County's two major airports. [GOAL] GOALS • Define the most desirable use of land within the County that achieves an ecological- balance providing residents and visitors the gualill of life and an environment in which: the natural resources of the island are viable and sustainable. • Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. • Control pollution, POLICIES [The County of Hawaii shall take] Take positive action to further maintain the quality of the environment [for residents both in the present and in the future]. [Minimum controls are established by the Federal and State governments; through its powers the County shall reinforce] Reinforce and strengthen established standards where it is necessary, principally by initiating, recommending, and adopting ordinances pertaining to the control of pollutants [which] that affect the environment. • [The County should keep apprised of and advise] Advise the public of environmental conditions and research undertaken [about] on the island's environment. • Encourage the concept of recycling agricultural mddustrial and municipal waste material. • [The County shall encourage] Enc. the State to establish air and water quality monitoring stations in areas of existing and potential urban growth. • Encourage the State to continue aircraft noise abatement stratwLes at Hilo International Airport and tine Iona. International Airport at Keahole. • Participate in watershed manaaennent projects to improve stream and coa=stal water guality and encourage local communities to develop such projects. • Work with the ap ran - riate Mencies to adopt appropriate measures- and provide incentives to control point and nonpoint sources of poilulinne 83 Environmental Quality • Support programs to prevent harmful alien species from becoming established. • Reguire golf courses to implement best management practices to limit leaching. of, nutrients to groundwater in areas where they may affect streams or coastal ecosystems, • Reuuire implementation of the management measures contained in Hawaii's Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program as,a condition of laud use 2ernittim • Review the Countydin and gnibhing ordinances to ensure thattrey adequately address,,Rotential erosion and runoff problems.. STANDARDS • Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels [which] that will protect and preserve the public health and well being, through the enforcement of appropriate Federal, State and County standards. [Environmental] IncoEgorate environmental quality controls [are to be incorporated] either as standards in appropriate ordinances or as conditions of approval. • Federal and State environmental regulations shall be adhered to. 84 Environmental (finality [FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE] FLOODING AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The problems of flooding in the County of Hawaii are attributed to [three basic factors:] ponding, surface runoff, high seas, storm surge. and tsunami inundation. Flood control is usually limited to confining runoff within natural or man-made [water courses] watercourses and standing bodies of water. Drainage involves the collection and conveyance of runoff. The problems of high seas and tsunami inundation are generally alleviated by structural criteria, building setbacks, and land use restrictions. The island [of Hawaii] is geologically very young and has not had a chance to develop defined [water courses] watercourses in many areas. These poorly defined [water courses] watercourses often overflow during rain storms. The South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, Ka'u, Puna and South Hilo districts are particularly [troubled with] impacted by this problem. On November 1, 2000, torrential rains stud East Hawaii. The National Weather Service reported al2groximaLe& 27 inches. of record rainfall at the HiloInternational Airport within a 2 -hour erieda 'Vlore than three feet of rain fell on some areas of the island, causidg. flooding in many areas of the Cougty. The highest rainfall total was at I'Monna area gggroximateh, 24 inches Mountain View, nearly 29 inches and Glenwood 26 inches. The record downfall overflowed streams and glifies, flooding roadways throe hout downtown Hilo and isolating neighborhoods in some areas of the eastern side of the islan& The districts of South Hilo Enna and -Ka'u were the hardest hit with roads bridges, ljower lines businesses and homes either lama ed or des. ro ed, in Hilo a gortion of Komohana Street was destroved and near Pahala three bridges.,and gortions of Hi wa =11 were washed uw a Dunng the he` t of the storm various sections of Iii hwa l 11 were im assable. most of the major storm damage on the highwpy highwayoccurred in the Puna and Ka'u Districts. Besides severe scouring of the roadwgx 72avement shoulders and ain ge outlets and inlets in Mountain Yip. nwood Volcano and Pahala as well as bridges at the Makaku u ford crossing,Kaalaalar Stream Keiawa Stream and Paauau Stream were darara cd be orad econorraic re sir. Portions of the hi h va from the 49 tea S2 anile markers were closed for a roximatel the weeks. Farms suffered he&U danra a to cro s and. massive erosion, tele hone senjee was disrupLedand some residents eaerienced ower declared for the island. 85 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards The coastline of the island is susceptible to high seas and tsunami inundation. Tsunamis may be of local or distant origination. Historically, those of distant origin have caused the most damage. [Of the 305+] However,f the nearly 305 miles of coastline, [however,] approximately 225 miles, or 75 per cent of the coastline is predominantly undeveloped cliff area and not subject to property damage[.] from coastal flooding or tsunami inundation. YDama ,c] Pro a damage from tsunami activity has [been experienced] occurred in [the] Hilo-Waiakea, [area, the] Laupahoehoe Point, [area, the] Waipio Valley, [area, the] Kawaihae-Puako, [area, and] some portions of [the] Napoopoo, Keauhou, and Kailua-Kona areas of the [Kona] coastline. Low lying coastal areas of Ka'u and Puna have been devastated by tsunamis generated by local, large [scale] offshore earth movements. Since 1819, the island has experienced about twenty- three tsunamis with a run up of two meters L6.56 feet or more. Due to the Lmuengy of tsunami events and w:arniMs, the Army Corps of Fugigeers initiated the Rlanniag or a tsunami Rrotection.Lystem after the tsunami of April 1946. B as con essional resolution ads ted in is 57 and alae Rivet and f ar bors Act of, 1960 authorization was giLen to ro osed tsaa:uaml.barrier project made the Rroject unfeasible. The project was subseguent , abandoned. [There are now warning] Warning procedures have been established to alert the public of the approach of a tsunami of distant origination. However, locally generated tsunamis give little or no warning for evacuation. An ongoing program to educate the public on tsunami hazards is needed. Present drainage and flood problems are mainly due to the development of vacant lands, which are often subject to serious flooding[,] without any commensurate, coordinated development of new drainage systems or expansion of the existing drainage systems. In many areas, the capabilities of existing drains, channels, and culverts have been exceeded during heavy rains. Additional problems occur when debris accumulates and clogs waterways. The absence of easements in drainage and flood courses also hinders maintenance. Except for the metropolitan area of Hilo and portions of Kona and [Waimea,] South Kolaaalaa, the majority of the existing flood and drainage systems [are] were provided by tlsc su ar plantations. [Each] In the past each plantation town [has] developed its own sewerage, water, and drainage systems. This policy of the plantations to "take care of one's own" has worked well in the past. However, [with the conversion and development of plantation land that has historically been planted in sugar,] government will need to take a more active role in providing flood control[.] and erosion mitigation on all developed properties via the Coun 's grubbing and agrading ordinances and -providing incentives to landowners and lessees to work with the United Stag D artment of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service RCS) in developing and implementing soil and water conservation plans. Since 1971, much progress has been made in alleviating flood and drainage problems and [in] establishing flood plain regulation. The general plan for the development of a comprehensive drainage system is the "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii." This report, along with newer reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, [and] the [U.S. 86 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS),] Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Fealeral EmeMengy Management A enc has guided the flood control and drainage improvements made to date. The "Drainage Master Plan" [needs to] should be revised and updated to include the new studies that have become available. Technical and financial assistance from agencies outside of the County has been instrumental in the progress made in drainage and flood control in Hawaii County. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has provided studies identifying the problems, needs and extent of Federal participation in flood control measures in particular floodplains. The [U.S. Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS)] Natural Resources Conservation Service has provided technical assistance in carrying out flood plain management studies. The [SCS,] Natural Resources Conservation Service, along with the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, also provides conservation programs to reduce and control surface water and sediment runoff for individual agricultural and conservation landholders. The continued assistance of these agencies is essential for further progress in flood control and drainage and erosion and sedhaaentation control in [Hawaii] tine County. In 1982, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published the "Flood Insurance Study" for Hawaii County. This study investigates the existence and severity of flood hazards in Hawaii. The flood boundaries for streams, and the flood insurance zones and base flood elevation lines are delineated [in] on the [Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (FBFM), and the] Flood Insurance Ratc Maps (FIRM) [respectively]. These maps are the principal result of the "Flood Insurance Study," and have been incorporated into Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program. Unfortunately, there have keenra oblems with the use and accuragy of the Flood Insurance Rate Ma s, It has been demonstrated that the current Flood Insurance Rate MaRs are haat ve ; accurate as to the location position, and formation of geogEwhic and Bolo 'c attributes., Thus it is sometimes difficult. to determine if a parcel is on the Flood Insurance hate Nla s. Furthermore there are many areas where there is no data to determine the, flawed Rotential. The absence of data does not mean an absence of notential flooding in any articular area. Therefore there is an .assum tion that flood risk i -s minimal if a parcel is not in a deli aced Flood Insurance Rate MaIR area. The State participates in drainage and flood control through the Department of Land and Natural Resources' [Division of Water and Land Development.] Engineering Branch.. Land Division. This agency is responsible for the implementation of a statewide flood control program, and [for] providing technical and financial assistance to the counties and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts. [Because] Hawaii Count] exercises flood plain regulations because of the need for better coordination between the construction of properly planned drainage systems and urban development [, Hawaii County now exercises flood plain regulations]. The "Flood Insurance Study," identifying critical flood plain areas, coupled with the appropriate rules and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has been incorporated into what is now Chapter 87 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards 27 of the Hawaii County Code [entitled] titled "Flood Control." This chapter serves to promote public health, safety, and general welfare, and [to] minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions [in specified areas]. Chapter 27, along with the flood control provisions within the subdivision, building, and grading codes, is the legal authority for Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program. The Big Island eXDeriences thousands of earthquakes each year, most undetectable, but some strong enough to be felt or causing. damage. Most of the island's earthquakes are related to volcanic activLq caused by MB=a movigg beneath the earth's surface and concentrated beneath the island': two active volcanoes Kilauea and Mauna Loa. Since 1868 there have been 14 +earth uakes gLeater than mg1n., itude sig most occurring on the south flank of Kilauca or Mauna Loa iggluding the Kaoiki rc 'om lionoaaasa €Iaaalalai and Kona alp expErienced earth usakes Ueater than 6.0 on the Richter scale. With an estimated magnitude of 7.5 to 8.1, the lamest Hawaiian carthguakc in 1{a'% where an carth uakc t ered mudflow and coastal subsidence groduced a tsunami that destroyed several villWs and Milt 79 geonle. In 1975, a magnitude 7.2 earthg„uake on Kilauea's south: flank generated a tsunami. that claimed two lives in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park destro ed homes inn>Punaluaa Earthguakes with mgUftude 5.5 and 6.6 have occurred gggroximately once every years in the aoiki r "on. locate between Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The most recent lar c earthquake with a magnitude b.6 shook the regions in 1483. The island of Hawaii Is sinking, or subsiding, at different rates for various reasons. Tide gauge data suggest. that llllo has sunk at a irate of 2.3 millimeters per year or ggproximateh, 4.5 inches in 50 vears. At the same time the sea level has risen about 1.8 millimeters r year, so Hoo has actually sunk about 8 inches relative to sea level in the 50- yearperiod. Other studies suggest a. -Ji htl shower subsidence rate of 2.2 mlilimeters er year over 391-00-0 years. Hawaii U slowk sinking ease to the great wSi ht of the island that sLewWinds the outer ' 'd laver of the earth. As the volcanoes row their wei ht is eater than. what the earth can suvRort. Large earth cakes also rod -ace coastal subsidence. l`hc magpitude 71 kala mu n earth wake in 1975,produced coastal subsidence of aRproximatch,10 to l l feet near Hala a 3.5 innclncs at K-aena. Point, 20 inches in. I£salaana. and nine inches is KaLwho, An earth €sake related subsidence event such as this is a uivale€at to.ggproximatelv, 1,500 ;ears of slow subsidence. Following the 1975 ala ana earth snake coastal areas near lLa ohs continue to subside at a rate of aRRroximatE.-Ij a few centimeters INr year as the lower east rift zonae near Iia oho slowly widens. Portion of KaRoho Vacationlsa:nd Subdivision Ironting the ocean are newly completely submerged Other areas of the island subject to earthquake -related subsidence 88 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards are located between Palimaa Point and Naalehalakekua Bay to south of Ilookena. The island is composed of five volcanoes two of which — Kilauea and fauna Loa -- areexpected to erupt frequently in the future. As such, the U.S. Geological Survey has identified lava hazard zones for the island. The U.S. Geological Sulyel Lava. Flow Hazard Zone Map divides the island €nto Zones I through 9 based on the robahili of g2 ra c bl, taya flows. Zone 1 is the area of greatest hazard, and Zone 9 the least. Hazard zones from lava flows are based on the location and freguengy of both historic and prehistoric era tions. The zonae boundaries are a. rozimate and the hazard posed.b , lava flows decreases as the distance from vents increases. Zane I includes the summits and rift zones of Mauna. Loa and Kilauea where vents have re meted been active in historical times. More than 25 ger cent of the area in Zonae 1 has been covered by lava since 1800. Zone 2 includes the areas adjacent to and downslope of the neurit active tarts of the rift zones. About 15-25 per cent of the area in Zone 2 has been covered b• lava since 1800. !.�' 1M-1 1 [• Conserve scenic and natural resources.] • Protect human life. • Prevent damage to man-made improvements. • Control pollution. • Prevent damage from inundation. • Reduce surface water and sediment runoff. • Maximize soil and water conservations. POLICIES [In areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action,] Enact restrictive land use and building structure regulations [must be enacted relative to the potential for loss of life and property.] in areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the imgact of wave action. Only uses [which] that cannot be located elsewhere due to public necessity and character, such as maritime activities and the necessary public facilities and utilities, [would] shall be allowed in these areas. [The County shall continue to review] Review land use policy as it relates to flood plain, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas. 89 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards • [The County of Hawaii shall update] UUP and improve the Flood Insurance Date M s and rather flood [way] maps in compliance with [Chapter 27] the National Flood Insurance Program g1VFIP) as needed. • Any development within the Federal Erneency Management Agency designated _flood Plein must be in comg iance with Chapter 27. • [The County shall promote] Promote and Rrovide incentives for participation in the Soil and Water [Conservations] Conservation Districts' conservation programs for developments on agricultural and conservation lands. • The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii" shall be reviewed and updated to incorporate new studies [available] and [to] reflect newly identified priorities. • [All development] Development -generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works[.] and in compliance with all State and Federal laws. • [The County shall develop] Develo a comprehensive program for the coordinated construction of a drainage network along a single drainage system. • [The County shall explore] Ex lore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems[.] and regglating.Iaotential flood inundation areas. • [It is the responsibility of both the government] The County and the private sector shall be responsible for maintaining and irnprovin[to maintain and improve] existing drainage systems and [to construct] constructin new drainage facilities. • Develop an int rated shoreline erosion management plass that ensures the reservation of saydj beaches and 2ubfic access to and alonthe shoreline; and the IRKOISCtiOR Of 2rivate and 2ublic reg e r from Hosed hazards and wave daffiagc. • [The County shall continue] Continue to promote public education programs on tsunami, hurricane, storm surge, and flood hazards. • Encourage grassed shoulder and swale roadway desigrr where climate and gEade are conducive. • Develop drainage master- pjans from a watershed perspective that considers non-st rctural alternatives, minimizes clr_annelizationprotects wetlands that serve drain c functions coordinates the r ulation of construction and 90 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards agricultural operation, and encourages the establishment of iloodglai ns as public green ways. • Encourage and rovide incentives foragricultural operators to particinate in Soil and Water Conservation District Pr® rains. • Where applicable natural drainage channels shall be improved to increase their ca aci = with s cial consideration for the Rractices of UrMrsoil , d forestKy anggement. conservation, and grassland ann • Consider natural hazards in all land use planning andpermitting. • Discourage intensive development in areas of high volcanic hazard. STANDARDS • "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, October, 1970, and as revised. • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 27, "Flood Control," of the Hawaii County Code. • Applicable standards and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10, "Erosion and Sedimentation Control," of the Hawaii County Code. • Applicable standards and regglationns of the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Soil and Nater Conservation Districts. DISTRICTS A general geographical description, a description of present flooding and drainage problems, and courses of action for the reduction of the flood and drainage problems are presented for the nine districts of the County. [Maps showing drainage plans, flood hazard areas, and tsunami inundation zones shall be incorporated as part of the General Plan.] 91 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards PUNA Profile The climate of the Puna District varies considerably from the rocky shoreline to the rain. forest areas in the upper elevation. Rainfall amounts are generally heavy and most of the district receives over 100 inches per year. The district is subject to heavy rainfall and there is record of severe flooding [in 1979 and 1980]. [Flooding] historically, flooding along the Belt Highway and [along] the highway from Keaau to Pahoa [were] had been the [major] most prominent problems of the district [but have been greatly alleviated due to highway improvements]. however, highway improvements have done much to alleviate the flooding on the roadways. [The] Curren ly, th lack of [extensive] development and the extremely permeable soils have helped to minimize major flooding[.] and daanage to life and asroperty. [As urbanization] However, as the amount of development increases within the district, [however,] flood problems [are. likely to increase.] will also increase. [The] Furthermore the conversion of land historically planted in sugar to other crops [could also] pay increase runoff. In this EM rd, Soil and Water Conservation District conservation programs can help lessen the potential problem. [The] Some of the flood hazard areas for the Puna district are difficult to delineate due to the lack of defined drainage ways. Recorded flood damage has mainly been caused by surface sheet flows [which] that are likely to occur anywhere when heavy storms strike. Examples of this [problem] are found in [Pahoa and Mt. View,] Fern Forest, Eden Rock, Fern Acres Orchidiand and Il waiian Paradise Parr„ In addition to these subdivisions floodin occurs in certain areas of Paboa. Other areas such as Hawaiian Acres. may be more defined. The floo€lin bclom° ML View: ma be the result of diversion of the Pmt. View waters -bed into some of the substandard subdivisions. [Agricultural lands along Wright Road in Volcano have a recent history of flooding and erosion. The Soil Conservation Service is currently studying the problem and possible solutions.] Systems [which] that incorporate diversion channels to intercept sheet flows and main channels to transport the flows away or through the area have been proposed for the communities of Keaau[,] &-nal Pahoa [, and Kalapana-Kaimu]. Alongthe Keaau-Pahoa Road, the State 1)e artment of Transportation QLQD has installed culverts to facilitate the movement of water and minimize overto I:n of the road in certain sections. In addition the DOT plans to rete those culverts that are ineffective or inadceeuate. Drainage systems incorporating the use of diversion channels to collect and transport surface flows safely through the area are also proposed for Mt. View. A portion of this system has been constructed [, and a study of the Glenwood/Mt. View watershed is being made by the 92 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Soil Conservation Service to evaluate the feasibility of constructing more drainage systems. Comparable systems would be applicable for the communities south of Keaau]. The entire coastline is susceptible to tsunami impacts[.] and hurricane storm si e inundation. [Most of the coastline, however] However, much of the coastline is undeveloped and/or has [steep] high cliffs. This renders most developed areas outside of the inundation zone and. [where development is] not subject to damage. On November 29, 1975, [a tsunami was generated by an earthquake centered approximately three miles offshore of Kalapana. (magnitude 7.2 on the Richter Scale). Two people were killed and property damage of about $1.4 million was incurred.] an earthquake measuring 7.2 on the Richter Scale centered approximatEly three miles off shore of Mala a generated a tsunami that Deal two pgole and resulted in $1,400,000 of PMMm � aaae. The total damage of the earthquake and tsunami amounted to [about] aRRrozimatel� [$4.1 million.] $4,100,000. Courses of Action • As [urbanization] devLlopment increases within the district, the drainage systems designed for the existing village areas shall be implemented. [These systems are designed to collect and transport surface runoff through the communities.] [Provide improvements as shown by] Conduct an uRdate of the County of Hawaii "Drainage Master Plan" and the "Mountain View Drainage Study"[.] and provide improvements as recommended by the updates. [• Support development of the Glenwood/Mt. View Watershed project. • Encourage diversified agricultural farmers to participate in Soil and Water Conservation District programs.] • Seek assistance to develop a comprehensive flood study for the subdivisions between and along Highways 11 and 130. Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real pro etre fully informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions. SOU'I H HILO Profile With the Wailuku River as a dividing line, the South Hilo district can be separated into two watershed study areas. To the north of the river, the coastline has abrupt cliffs 30 to 80 feet high that are broken by deep stream channels. Usable land areas have a ground slope of six to twelve per cent. Above the 4,000 foot elevation, the stream channels diminish in number and depth and have all but disappeared above the 7,000 foot elevation. Flooding problems in this 93 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards area are primarily caused by local water runoff from former sugar cane fields situated above the communities. South of the Wailuku River is a relatively flat plain of less than one per cent slope [which] that extends towards [the Hilo-Keaau Road.] Highway 11. Above [the road,] Hi M, 11, the slope steepens to approximately six to twelve per cent. Stream channels are poorly defined and disappear at elevations above 2,500 feet. [Since 1837, Hilo has experienced about thirty tsunamis, an average frequency of one every four years. After the wave of April 1946, planning for a tsunami protection system was initiated by the Corps of Engineers. Ey a congressional resolution adopted in 1957 and by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960, authorization was given to proceed on an offshore protection system which incorporated breakwaters and navigational improvements. Subsequent studies have revealed that the high costs involved in the proposed tsunami barrier project made the project unfeasible. The project was subsequently inactivated.] Waiakea Until recently, the existing drainage system was the result of uncoordinated development. Lacking a comprehensive plan, property owners have constructed and installed drainage facilities to protect their own interests. In many instances, these facilities have seriously concentrated flows and aggravated situations downstream. Many [of the] proposals of the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" have been completed in the Waiakea area reducing the flooding problems. Many [of the] culverts in upper Waiakea are inadequate. Roadside ditches, though small in cross-sectional area, are aided by the highly porous ground and are fairly effective even during heavy storms. One of the most serious problems faced by County maintenance crews is the frequent washout of cinder -gravel shoulders along road pavements. Another problem is the accumulation of vegetation growth and debris in waterways, which causes overflow. The Waiakea Stream Preliminary Investigation report prepared by Natural Resources Conservation Service in November, 1999 identified the channel constrictions At the Hoak& Kupulau,and Kawailani bridges as a a'or factor in the flooding of the Waiakea Strew Watershed. Several recommendations in the report suggests an increase in the level of naintenance for the Walakea. strew channe I reconstruedon of the three bridges to handle the 100- ear flood installation of a flood levee above the grogerdes aloe Kupulan Road, and Stream channel iMgrovements to manage the volume of a 100- ear florid. In the lower Waiakea area, storm damage is minimal due to the effectiveness of the Wailoa and Waiakea-Uka Flood Control Projects. The Waiakea coastal area is subject to tsunami and hurricane storm surae inundation and has suffered considerable loss to life and property from tsunami activity. 94 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Kaumana-Ainako-Wailaaku River Kaumana's drainage system consists of roadside ditches, culverts, and narrow channels. Except for the Ainako Avenue area, all of upper Kaumana's storm water runoff is discharged either through the Waipahoehoe [Stream] or the Alenaio [Channel.] Streams, The Chong Street Diversion No. 3 and the Wailuku-Alenaio Diversion No. 4 along Akolea Road serves to reduce flooding in the lower areas and the Ainako Avenue sections. The W;ailuku-Alenaio Watershed Reinvestigation report prepared by Natural Resources ConsernTation Service in December,1999 identified a new flood diversion alternative for the watershed. The alternative will control stormwater in Wainahoehoe and Raluiiki Streams and could Rrovide 100-vear flood grotection to communities on the south aisle of 1anrma.11ve in the vicinfty of Akoleaad and Chong Street The Conn has Egguested the Natural Resourm Consenration Service's assistance to further Aslan and- imjplement the new alternative. The drainage system in the Ainako-Wailuku River area is comprised of box culverts that pass the discharge of the Ainako River across Kokea, Koula, and Kapaa Streets. The residential areas bordering the Wailuku River have a system of collection ditches. Except during very intense storms, there are few problems in the area. Hilo Urban Area Between tsunamis and runoff from higher elevations, the commercial district has displayed amazing recuperative abilities. Prior to the completion of the Waiolama Canal in 1924 and the Ponahawai Storm Drain System in 1926, this area was a virtual "sea" during heavy rain. The construction of the canal and the storm drain system [have] has since provided some degree of protection for the area. The Alenaio Stream Flood Control Project, completed in 1998, begins just below Iia iolani Street and ends below Kilauea.Avenue with an earthen levee leading into the Waiolama C naL The project consists of three flood wally a 1790 -forst rectanguJar concrete -lined channel a 200 -forst concrete entrance transitions- and an 1130 -foot earthen levee. The ro'ect a -Iso included the reconstruction of four bridges located at iolani Ululani, ins suis• Streets.,an Kilauea Avenue. The Alenaio Flood Control groject mitigated much of the flooding that occurred in the Alenaio hood plain. [The Alenaio Channel discharges into the Waiolama Canal, conveying runoff from the upper area through the central business district. These major conduits in the downtown section are supplemented by pipe drains on Shipman, Waianuenue, Haili, Idlamo, Ponahawai and Ululani Streets.] Except for the northern section of the business district, all of downtown Hilo falls within the Wailoa River basin and within the area tributary to the Alenaio Stream. The State 95 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Department of Trans ortation T has indicated that there are periodic shifts of beach material along the Hilo bay front shoreline. In addition occasional storm events will close the roads at ba fent due to stogy: snr e. A studl detailing the level of storm surge .and. the periodic shifts of beach material is needed before a solution can be developed. [During periods of heavy rain, the runoff in Alenaio Stream has exceeded the capacity of several of the culverts in the drainage system downstream of Komohana Street.] The shoreline areas south of the Wailuku River are subject to damage from tsunami and hurricane storm surge inundation. Paukaa, Papaikou, Pepeekeo. Honomu, Hakalau These communities have no serious flood problems although Honomu and Papaikou have experienced minor flooding. These result from runoff from the areas above the communities. Although the entire coastline is subject to tsunami activity, the majority of the area [is] kas high cliffs and is not subject to property damage. [The only developed area affected by tsunami and high seas damage is the Hakalau Mill which is located at the base of the cliffs.] Courses of Action • The [remaining proposals of the] "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" by Wilson, Okamoto and Assoc., Ltd., January, 1967, shall be updated and implemented [as further need is shown. Some of the proposals include the construction or improvement of drainage channels and primary intercepting ditches and improvements to culvert systems]. [The Waiakea Stream improvements as described by the] The "Hilo Area Comprehensive Study for Flood Damage Reduction" shall be undated and [completed.] implemented, [• Systems to intercept flows from higher elevations to be discharged into the Waipahoehoe or Ainako streams shall continue to be implemented as described by the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report," the "Watershed Work Plan- Wailuku-Alenaio Watershed," or the subsequent amendments to these reports.] • The proposals of the "Final Report and Environmental Impact Study of Alenaio Stream" shall be implemented. Studies shall continue for the ugper Alenalo Stream, the umer Wailuku River and its tributaries, the upper Waiakea Stream and Palati Stream. [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Honomu, Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Paukaa areas [should] shall be uteri and implemented. [These systems involve the collection and diversion 96 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards of surface runoff into nearby gulches for disposal.] In addition, proper soil conservation measures shall be applied to reduce the amount of surface water and sediment runoff. • Assess the Rossibilitw of implementigg the recommendations of the NCRS's "Waiakea Stream Prelimivaly Investigation" and the "Wailuku-Aleuaio Watershed Reinvestigation" r nortss Encourage a Llgdy of storm sur a and the annual change in shoreline beaeb movement as a solution to the closing of the ba front highwpA during storm events. NORTH TALO Profile The district is characterized by an average ground slope of approximately [ten percent] 10 per with scores of deep intermittent and perennial streams. Other than runoff from former cane lands, there is little record of flooding in urban areas [being flooded]. Each community is in close proximity to one or more gulches [which] that carry flows from the upper watershed areas. The key to flood control within the district is to collect and divert surface runoff to the gulches. In addition, soil conservation practices are highly recommended. The flood hazard areas are extremely difficult to delineate. High intensity storms can produce localized flooding in almost any area. The only definite flood hazard area is Laupahoehoe School. The community of Ookala has not experienced heavy flooding although there are minor problems due to surface waters [coming out of] front the former cane fields above the town. There is no record of any flooding within the community of Ninole. The existing flood control system [provide]ros�.vided by the plantation is adequate. The community of Laupahoehoe has not experienced any extreme flood flows. However, there will be a need to supply flood protection for the community since Laupahoehoe School, which is located just to the south of the urban center, has experienced some flooding. Water [comes down] iiows from the former cane fields, [especially] when [fields have been recently harvested or when the cane] the natural ve etation does not form a complete cover. The community of Papaaloa has not experienced any serious flooding problems. With the projected expansion of the community, there will be a need to provide flood protection for the area. 97 Flooding and Other NaUral Hazards The North Hilo district is characterized by high sea cliffs, most of which rise 300 feet above the sea. Except for the Laupahoehoe Point area, development is not subject to tsunami or hurricane storm surge damage. Course of Action [Drainage systems proposed by the] 'I he Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Ookala and Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa areas shall be updated and implemented to alleviate problems of runoff from higher elevations. [These systems are designed to collect and divert surface runoff to the surrounding gulches.] HAMAKUA Profile The Hamakua District can be divided into two major watershed areas. The northern watershed, which affects the Waipio Valley area, extends upward into the Kohala Mountains. The second watershed extends to the peak of Mauna Kea and affects the communities of Kukuihaele, Honokaa, Paauhau, Paauilo, and Kukaiau. [Sixty-five years of records show that the district has suffered from twenty-six major storms and several times from high seas and tsunamis.] The majority of the flood damage in this area is felt by the [sugar industry, the] State[,] or the County through damage to improvements within former cane fields, roads, ditches, and bridges. Streams originating above and flowing through Honokaa have caused flooding in the town. The existing culverts within the town also do not have adequate capacity to handle volume flows. The communities of Paauhau and Kukaiau have not been subject to any high flood flows in the past and the only recommended flood prevention measures would be the construction of diversion channels above the communities to divert Nvater from [the] former sugar canc fields and into the surrounding gulches. Occasional flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road between Ahualoa and Waimea occurs when rainwater comes downn from the pastMes, and overto s the road. .4khough there are no mafl a€ion easur", planned at this ti -me. road im rovements have alleviated some of theood� and nn roved sheet flow. Localized drainage problems exist within the limits of Paauilo. These problems are caused by allowing surface waters to collect from large areas within the town and flow down 98 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards narrow roadways. [These] The problems could be eliminated if this water was intercepted and transported to the gulches for disposal. The only area that is subject to tsunami and hurricane stoma surge inundation within the Hamakua district is Waipio Valley and three other uninhabited valleys to the north. Damage in Waipio Valley has been primarily to crops caused by periodic stream meander' overflow[.], and stream blockages. Requested solutions and subsequent studies of the problem have found approaches to be economically unfeasible. Courses of Action [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Waipio-Kukuihaele, Honokaa-Paauhau, and Paauilo-Kukaiau areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems incorporate the construction of diversion channels above the communities which would collect and transport surface flows to surrounding gulches.] • SuDDort the use of natural channels and roper soil conservation practices to manage flood control and drainage problems. [A reduction in surface flows from agricultural and forest reserve land above the communities of the district is of prime concern. Proper soil conservation practices to reduce surface water and sediment runoff must be implemented. Examples of some of the practices include contour farming to reduce erosion and runoff, replanting with grass or woody vegetation in areas where vegetative cover has been destroyed, and providing protective cover for soil by leaving trash :end leaves on the fields, returning bagasse to fields or planting fast growing inter -row crops.] Implementation of proper flood control measures and soil conservation. practices shall. be used to minimize sheet flow, flooding, and sediment runoff from agricultural and forest reserve land above the communities of the district. • The Waipio Valley area shall be [kept open except] retained for limited recreational and agricultural activities due to its high susceptibility to flooding and tsunami inundation. • Encourage the State to develoU mit lion measures for the occasional flooding along the Hawaii Ilett Road between Ahualoa and Waimea. 99 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district is subject to occasional heavy rainfall [which] that creates heavy runoff. Streams collect water from the upper watershed and convey most flows safely through the urban centers. Although the gulches are generally smaller than those on the Hamakua coast, they have adequate capacity to handle storm flows. Other than damage to [cane field improvements and] highway culverts, there is no record of any [extensive] flood damage [within the district.] to structures. There are areas, however, which are subject to [minor] flooding problems. These include the town of Hawi which has [suffered from] experienced surface sheet flows concentrating along the highway within the town, the highway and road culverts at Lipoa Gulch, and Halelua and Pueka gulches. The community of Kapaau has problems similar to those of Hawi. The existing highway culverts are inadequate to handle peak flood flows and have caused minor flooding problems in the past. On each side of the highway, the Makapala area is relatively flat and is susceptible to flooding by the Niulii and Waikani Streams. The solution to the flood control and drainage problems of this district lies [within two measures. These are] in the practice of proper soil conservation in agricultural lands and forest areas to help reduce and retard surface water and sediment runoff [and improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity]. In addition, there are the improvements to natural channels to increase their ca achy. The North Kohala district has recorded runup from tsunami and hurricane storm. suM activity. Areas subject to inundation include [the] Pololu Valley [area, the Hoea Mill area], [the] Upolu Point Airport [area], and the Mahukona Harbor [area.] areas. Course of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] 'The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Hawi and Honomakau-Kapaau areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems propose improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity. This, combined with the practice of proper soil conservation, is the solution to flood control and drainage problems within the district.] 100 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards SOUTH KOHALA Profile The South Kohala district can be divided into two separate watershed areas. The Waimea Village watershed extends into the Kohala Mountains. [These mountains have high rainfall] Heavy rainfall occurs in these mountains and several intermittent streams [descend from them and] flow through the Waimea area. Upon reaching the Waimea plains, these streams turn to the west and flow toward Kawaihae across the extremely permeable lava flows of Mauna Kea. The Waikoloa stream has caused flooding within the town of Waimea during high intensity storms when waters overflow due to sharp stream bends and generally inadequate flow -carrying capacities. In addition, there is some flooding concern around the area abutting the Kawaihae road. The second watershed area above the Kawaihae to Anaehoomalu shoreline extends from the coast to the peaks of Mauna Kea to Mauna Loa. The area is semi -arid with few well-defined channels and infrequent stream flows. [There are two flood control projects are in progress within the district, both within the town of Waimea. The first project, which consists of a lined channel and flood water retarding structure for the Lanimaumau Stream, has been constructed under the authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Control Act. The second study and planned flood control measure is for a lined channel along the Waikoloa Stream northward from Lindsey Road. This channel will alleviate much of the flooding from the Waikoloa Stream.] High intensity storms have caused flooding along the [Mamalahoa] queen Kaahumanu Highway [at Puako and along the highway] from Kawaihae to Puako[.] , and at Puako. These storms are very infrequent and tend to create flash floods. High flows have been experienced in the Hapuna Beach and Spencer Beach Park areas due to the flash floods. The Puako Beach lots have also been subject to flooding. Iluriaag the eveni_ne of September g, 1996. heavy rains generated a..flash flood alone Agwaiakeakama Stream. The floodwaters overtopped the existigg €Irma a wa s causing damage t avatero cities articular the l ai:a Terrace Condominium at Waikoloa Vilta:ge, CounII roads and drainage facilities. In 1997, construction was completed on the Parker Ranch drainage improvements. The imp rovements diverted the Kamuela and Lanirmaaumau Streams toward o en astu -e land& Flo2fing has wane substantial damn a to the residential subdivision at the MT aura Kea Beach Resort, To iti ate the floodin tine develo er has constructed flood control measures off site and the State lie ar tnaent of TransR2rtaILonJntends to instafl three sets of new culvert game site. Time State De artment of Transyortation also intends to real! n and replace Waiaka Road. An added threat to the coastal areas results from fire [which] that leaves the upper slope areas with limited ground cover and thus mortr susceptible to flooding. 101 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards The entire coastline of this district from Kawaihae southward is subject to tsunami and storm su_ a wave inundation. Runup has been recorded in Kawaihae and Puako. [Course] Courses of Action • [Drainage systems proposed by the] The Hawaii County "Drainage Master Plan" for the Kawaihae, Hapuna Bay-Puako, Pauoa Bay-Honokaope Bay, and Waimea areas shall be updated and implemented. [These systems propose improvement to natural channels to increase their efficiency. These, combined with the practice of proper soil conservation with special emphasis put upon grassland and forestry management practices, would be the solution to flood control and drainage problems in the district.] • Conduct a flood shady for the Auwaiakeakua Stream. NORTH KONA Profile The North Kona district can be divided into two watershed areas. The area north of Keahole Point and the summit of Hualalai have very low rainfall and runoff. Rainfall for this area reaches a maximum average of 40 inches per year, but most of the area receives less than 20 inches per year. The soils [of] in the area are extremely permeable and there is no record of hazardous flooding in this area. The southern area, extending southward from Keahole Point, contains most of the urban development and is subject to increasing hazards from floodwater damages as land is more intensively utilized. The area is characterized by dry vegetative growth along the coastal areas and thick tropical vegetation in the upper forest reserves. The ground slope is steep, averaging approximately [fifteen percent.] 15 per cent. The steep slopes, shallow soils, frequent high intensity rains, and the lack of well-defined drainageways make many areas in the North Kona district susceptible to flooding and overland flows. Flash floods, primarily from overflows of the [Kawanui/Lehuula/Kainaliu,] Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways, have been identified by the [USDA, SCS,J Natural Resources Conservation Service's "North Kona Flood Plain Management Study." Flood water and sediment damage occurs along the entire coffee belt with the Kainaliu, Holualoa and Kailua village areas experiencing the heaviest damage. 102 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards The entire coastline of the North Kona district is subject to inundation by tsunamis. Kailua and Keauhou have recorded run up and damage from tsunami activity in the past. In addition, the coastline has also been subject to damage from storm waves. Courses of Action Drainage systems for the Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kaumalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe fiend drainageways shall be [developed and implemented.] studied and remapged to detelMine the actions necessary to mitiMte negative impacts. [These systems, in addition to the installation and maintenance of proper soil and water conservation practices could alleviate the major flood control and drainage problems.] • Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and debris producing areas. • Encoura the ma2ging of the f oodivays in North Kona to develop more effective flood control programs. • Encouran the use of natural drains eg ways as greenways in the development of the region. • Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauka areas to improve the capacift of the &round to absorb heavy rainfall. SOUTH KONA Profile Being geographically young, there are few well-defined drainage ways in the district. [The soils of the area are extremely permeable and few streams show evidence of reaching the ocean.] Overland and stream flows are rare and can only be detected when the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. The district is subject to sudden high intensity rainstorms that can strike anywhere and cause localized flooding. Flood prone areas have been identified by the [USDA, SCS,] Natural Resources, Conservation Service's "South Kona Flood Hazard Analyses." Coffcc and other agricultural lands are subject to erosional damage and roads and culverts are sometimes damaged by high flows and sediment deposition. The Sunset Coffee Mill Flood Prevention Project has provided substantial relief in the Napoopoo area. There are also records of minor flooding from Kiilae, South Keokea, Honaunau and Wailapa Streams. In general, an area within 150 feet of the stream channels can be considered 103 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards subject to flooding. Other areas with records of minor flooding include the areas along the Belt Highway in the area of the 1950 lava flows and at Hookena Road. The entire shoreline is subject to inundation due to high seas and swells caused by hurricanes and distant storms. Coastal areas have received damage to roads, harbor facilities and ocean[ ]front buildings. The shoreline areas are also subject to tsunami activity. This includes the coastline from Napoopoo to Honaunau and the Milolii village area. Tsunami runup has been recorded in two locations along the South Kona shoreline, in Milolii and Hookena. Courses of Action • [Drainage recommendations proposed by the] The "South Kona Flood Hazard Analyses" for the Kealakekua, Napoopoo and Honaunau areas shall be u ated Ind implemented. f These consist of diversions and catchments to collect and transport water and reduce peak flows from the upper watershed areas though the urban area. The practice of proper soil conservation measures and the improvement of existing drainage features complement these proposals.] • Establish and maintain appropriate vegetative cover in high rainfall, sediment and debris producing areas. • Encourage the use of natural drains ew„ays as greenwas in the deveion ent of the Km on. • Maintain and re-establish forest cover in mauler areas to improve the capacity of the ground to absorb hear rainfall. • Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real groperty are fully informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions. KA'U Profile The Ka'u district can be divided into three separate regions. The northeastern region is dominated by the Ka'u desert. The average annual rainfall here is approximately 20 inches. There are feel defined stream channels, none of which are perennial. The soils are very shallow, covering rough lava flows that are extremely permeable. The southwestern region [which] that extends westerly from the South Point [road] Road is characterized by moderate slopes, extremely permeable soils, and relatively young lava flows. The median annual rainfall varies from less than 20 inches at South Point to 75 inches at the 5,000 -foot elevation. There is little evidence of stream flow within this region and no record of 104 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards damage from flood flows other than the flooding of roads within the Hawaiian Ocean View Estates subdivision. The central region contains the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu. There are several streams within the region, none of which are perennial. Flood flows occur when the soils are saturated and rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. Storm runoff descends steep slopes behind the communities and causes flooding and deposition of sediment and debris in the communities. There are three existing flood control measures in this district. A flood water channel and debris basin in Naalehu was completed in 1965 with additional improvements and modifications completed in 1969 and 1982. The second project is within the town of Pahala and consists of diversion channels in the former sugar cane fields above the town and the improvement of Paauau Stream. [Since their construction, there has been minimal flood damage in Pahala.] The third project is within the town of Waiohinu. It is designed to collect flows from the watershed areas and transport them. around Waiohinu for disposal in the rock land area. This project has been implemented, but needs additional improvements. Although major flooding within the communities has been addressed, flash flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road still occurs. The Piikea, Keaiwa, Paauau, Punaluu, Hilea, Kawaa, and Honuapo streams often exceed the capacity of the existin bridges['] and culverts and flood the roadway. This temporarily closes the road and effectively cuts off this district from the Puna[/], Hilo and Konr [district.] districts. However, in the Piikea ford arM the State DOT completed the construction. of a new Piikea brid a in 1998. Inaddition to the bride improvements to the Piikea ford are Proposedwith the construction of three Ia _ e box culverts. At the Paauau strew they are plans for the construction of a new bride. 'There are also fans for the re IgE - seat of the Ninole bridge located gust vast Punaluu. A new culvert is proposed in the Kawaa flats r The entire coastline of the district is subject to tsunami and high seas activity, with the Punaluu and Honuapo Bay areas having been severely damaged from past tsunami activity. Courses of Action • Improve and upgrade existing flood control measures as necessary. • Continue proper soil conservation measures to complement the existing systems. Investigate potential solutions to prevent the closure of the Hawaii Belt Road due to flooding. 105 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Ensure that purchasers of hones and other real property are fully informed of hazards from lava flows and other volcanic emissions. 106 Flooding and Other Natural Hazards HISTORIC SITES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The heritage of a community is documented by its history [, a series of past events]. The physical evidence of such a documentation is often contained in archaeological and historic sites [which] that support the written or traditional legacy. The identity of a community evolves from the past. One way of understanding the present is through historic perspective, as [our] cultural values are basically derived from past generations. [A three-dimensional record of the past puts us in a better position to judge and understand our contemporary values, progress, and lifestyles, as well as to illustrate our history. Much of the early surviving history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the island of Hawaii. Archaeological evidence indicates that this island was settled by the Polynesians at least as early as 700 - 800 A.D. Tentative evidence also suggest that it is likely to have been settled as early as 300 - 600 A.D. Many of the significant figures of Hawaiian history before the arrival of Captain Cook had their domains on the island of Hawaii; Paao, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa, Keawe-a-Umi, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapainui. This is also true of many significant figures of the early historical times; Kalaniopuu, Kamehameha, Keoua, Ka'ahumanu, Keeaumoku, Kuakini and Kapiolani. The island was also home of special deities such as Pete and Her relatives, and Poliahu. Today historic sites are found throughout each district of Hawaii. The State's Historic Sites Section indicates that over 10,000 have been identified and that there may be a total of 100,000 - 300,000 sites on the island. These sites often provide information of Hawaiian history and culture prior to the arrival of Captain Cook and for which there often are no written sources. Other sites include those which have been significant in historical times. The historical process encompasses the development and evolution of Hawaii from the earliest settlement to the arrival of the various ethnic groups whose cultural lifestyles have blended to force what is now Hawaii.] According to the State Dgpartrnent of Land and Natural Resources' historic surveyed The othcr 9 mer cent of the Mand contains an undeterminable number of historic :and archeologrcal sites The abindance of Irlstoric sites canbe attributed to the fact that much of the early histoKy of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the Big Island. Archeological dataindihere as early as 600 A.D. Furthermoresi ilicant his it, fres such as Kamehameha I con tiered and ruled the Hawaiian Is nds from: the Big Island. The Historic Sites element also Inco : asses the recent ast such as the coming of the various ethnic groups that have blench to create todn's Hawaii. 107 Historic Sites There is continuing concern for the historic and archaeological sites of the County of Hawaii on the part of residents, governmental agencies, and private developers. [It is realized that once destroyed, historic sites and the information which they contain cannot be replaced.] As the early history of Hawaii was kept through oral tradition, the reconstruction of this period is [to a large extent] IaMely based on the physical evidence [of] and data recovered from archaeological and. historic sites. It is realized that once d€stroyedg historic sites and the information they contain cannot be replaced. Many landowners are becoming aware that Hawaiian artifacts used in daily living are being removed from their lands for or by collectors. Consequentlyg sites have been despoiled and information regarding the function of the site itself and the artifacts have been destroyed. [Increased land development and the prices being paid for artifacts by collectors endanger many historic sites. It is important to recognize that the history of this island is the history of those vvho live here. Public access to major historic sites has not always been available, and the information derived from sites and its significance have not always been distributed.] [The State's Historic Sites Section in the Department of Land and Natural Resources] The SH�PD is charged with a variety of tasks within the State's historic preservation program. [It keeps] The S -HPD maintains an inventory of known historic sites and promotes surveys to identify and document new sites. [It] The SHPD also has a program element to place significant sites on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and [also] coordinates the nomination of sites to the National Register of Historic Places. SHPD also administers the Burial Sites Program. This arogKgm man es those burial sites that are over 50 years old. Apgroximate±y 98 , er cent of the burial cases handled by the SHPD relate to native Hawaiian skeletal remains. Au on who wlshca to relocateor preserve in place previousLy identifle-d Hawaiian burials over 50 lean, old must obtain the apnroval of the nuareplLate. Island Burial Council that meets montht on its res MtLwe Islands- AM skeletal remains accidentaa discov red must be re rted to the S1 PD and iCou-n _ otice. If borjal remains are estimated to be tens than 54 ears old thev fell under the 'rrr°lsdiction of the Rolice. Wither Brorams suchas the Hawaiian Lilpftne Corridor- Pro ra seek to greserve historic sites by caaahlinA non= profit o aniz tior in the various Coun ; districts reserve historic sites and bur din Information rMarding his sites ma be obtained b17 contacting the SHPII. Archaeological investigations continue to be conducted on the island [of Hawaii], adding to the fast of known sites. These investigations= as well as cultural and historical research, are important in identifying significant cultural resources and helping to provide the basis for their protection and management. However, as indicated by the large number of estimated sites on the island, it is also important to establish criteria for determining what is significant. The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASA decision of 1995 allows native Hawaiians the right ht to conduct their cultural traditions and practices upon lands where those activities had been conducted in the past. 108 Historic Sites I Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. [Access] ARDropriate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest should be made available. Enhance the understanding of man's place on the landscape by understanding the system of ahupuaa, POLICIES Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised of projects. [The County of Hawaii shall incorporate sections to evaluate, manage, or protect historic sites, buildings and objects into appropriate ordinances.] Amend appropriate ordinances to incoMorate the stewardship and Rrotection of historic sites huildin s and objects. [The County of Hawaii shall require] R uire both public and private developers of land to provide [a] historical and archaeological [survey] survefs and cultural asessnnets, where a ro riatea prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance. • Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired[.], where appropriate. • [The County of Hawaii shall embark] Embark on a program of restoring significant historic sites on County lands. [Through a joint effort with the State, the County can assure] Assure the protection and restoration of sites on other public lands[.] thr2pyb ajoint effort with the State. • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the restoration of significant sites on private lands. • [The County of Hawaii shall collect] Collect and distribute historic sites information of public interest and [in conjunction with the State,] keep [a current] as inventory of sites. • [The County of Hawaii shall aid] Aid in the development of a program of public education concerning historic sites. 109 Historic Sites • Signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects shall be in keeping with the character of the area or the cultural aspects of the feature. • [The County of Hawaii shall develop] Develop a continuing program to evaluate the significance of historic sites. • Develop policies togrrotect Hawaiian. rights as identified under judicial decisions. • Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. • All new historic sites placed on the State or Federal Register after the adogtion of the general aalan: shall be included in the General Man. • Consider Keguiring Cultural Assessments for certain develop nts as part of the rezoning process. • Recoggize the imp2rtsnee of certain, natural features in Hawaiian culture b incoM2rating the cones t of "cultural landsca es" in land use Rlannin& STANDARDS The evaluation of the importance of specific historic sites is necessary for future action. The following standards establish a framework for evaluating sites. • Importance in the life or activities of a major historic person. • Associated with a major group or organization in the history of the island or community. • Associated with a major historic event (cultural, economic, military, social, or political). • Associated with a major recurring event in the history of the community (such as annual celebrations). • Associated with a past or continuing institution [which] that has contributed substantially to the life of the community. • Unique example of a particular style or period. • One of the few of its age remaining. • Original materials and/or workmanship [which] that can be valued in themselves. 110 Historic Sites • Sites with a preponderance of original materials in context and complexes rather than single isolated sites unless they are of great significance. • Sites of traditional and cultural significance. DISTRICTS The following is a historical profile of the districts. The brief historical sketches of each district are intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the island as a whole. The list of sites [which] That are included for the districts are those that have been officially placed on either the Hawaii Register or the National Register of Historic Places. It is important to understand that the listing of sites and their evaluation is an on-going process. Many other sites for the districts have been identified and may be equally significant but the process of evaluation and placement on a register has not been completed. New sites are constantly being [found] discovered and these must be evaluated in conjunction with those already known. PUNA Profile [In the history of the island of Hawaii,] Historically,the district of Puna did not have [a great] Much political influence. However, Puna is [most] closely associated with the volcano goddess Pele. For the most part, Puna followed the course of the adjacent districts of Ka'u and Hilo. No strong family lines evolved in the district [to have] for power over any of the other districts, and the lands of Puna almost always went to the ruler of Ka'u or Hilo. The most significant historical feature known in Puna [is] was the Waha'ula Heiau, located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Unfortuuate t it was destroyed in 1997 lav the ong,oigg cru #ion of Kilauea, This was the first luakini heiau (temples presided over by the high chiefs) to be built by the priest Pa'ao, circa 1275 A.D., and the last in use until its destruction was ordered by Liholiho in 1820. [Mackenzie Petroglyphs Malama-ki Hawaii Register King's Highway Malama-ki Hawaii Register Puna-Ka'u Historic District Various National Register] 111 'Historic Sites ----------- Abu uaa or Hawaii National Site Tax 1Vlaaaa Key R Register agister .Johnson Summer Hoare/Hale Ghia Co 1-1-05:19,42 Keaau x Hale Ohiaa Tract Historic 1-1-05: 24-26; District 29-33 Volcano x Star of the Sea Catholic Church, Kaiapaaaaa Painted 1-2-06:81 Kaimu x x Church Ala Loa 1-2-09:3 Kehena x Keauohaana<Ahupua'ai 1-2-09:3 Kehenai x Archeolo 'cal District Opihikao L+ v jgglical 1-3-04:18 ®gihikao x Church Residence King's Highway 1-3-07:26 Malaama Ki x 1-3-07:26 -3X8.1 MacKenzie Petro yphs Malama Ki x 1-3 Mountain View Theater 1-8-02:1 ®laa x Course of taction Sumort the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. 112 Historic Sites NORTH ANIS SOUTH HILO Profile In Hawaiian tradition, the district of Hilo played an important role. A cave behind Rainbow Falls was the home of Hina, the beautiful woman who bore the demigod Maui for the islands' traditional founder, Hawaii Loa. Pele herself shaped the area of Hilo by sending fingers of lava down the slopes of Mauna Loa. Kamehameha I spent part of his youth in the district and moved and overturned the Naha Stone, an omen of his later rise to power. In 1778, the first written reports of Hilo were made by Captain James Cook, who said that heavy seas prevented his landing at "Aheedoo." One of the explorers who came after Capt. Cook was Lord Byron, who first charted Hilo Bay. For years, the bay was known as Byron's Bay and the entrance to the harbor, Blonde Reef, was named after his ship. Following the explorers [came] were fur traders and other seamen who found the islands an ideal location for wintering and [for] obtaining provisions. By 1791 the exploitation of sandalwood began and Hilo's reputation as a port had emerged. At the end of the sandalwood era, Christian missionaries arrived, led by William Ellis. In 1822. Ellis searched [Ellis, in 1822, came looking] for a suitable location for a mission station. At [this] the same time, Hilo was the starting point of pilgrimages to the volcano and a market place for people from Ka'u to Hamakua. The main settlement of Hilo was initially located at the mouth of the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Until the arrival of David Belden Lyman and Titus Coan in 1832, the mission's effect was not [great.] simificant. By the end of 1837, however, two- thirds of the population of the area had relocated themselves to Hilo to join Coan's "Great Revival," leaving villages around Hilo deserted. When the mission eventually moved to the top of Haili Street from Waiakea, the new Christians followed. This established the present location of Hilo town. Close to the end of Coan's revival, new explorers interested in commerce came to Hilo. The whaling industry had a great effect on the local population, luring Hawaiians away from home with a [taste] promise of adventure and money. The whaling industry declined after 1868 when petroleum was discovered in far-off Pennsylvania. The great [tidal wave] tsunami and earthquake also occurred in this year. The sugar industry began [developing] to develop in the early 1800's [, but]. However a it was not until the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875[,] with the United States[,] that the industry [gained firm ground.] finale established itself. The treaty assured that no duty would be imposed on Hawaiian sugar[.] imported into the United States. [Before the turn of the century, labor was imported from Asia and Europe to satisfy manpower needs of the growing industry. New mills were established and by 1900 Hilo was sugar -prosperous.] Thus by the turn of the centUE, new sugar mills were established labor was being iml2orted frown. Asia and Europs and Hilo became: a. tha 1vira ceo omie °enter, The present population reflects the various groups who have made their homes in the area. 113 Historic Sites Most [of the] historic sites of North and South Hilo have been either destroyed by agriculture, urban growth, and natural changes in landforms. Those sites [which] that have been protected should [continue to be] remain as the area grows. Other sites, particularly historic buildings, should be the focus of these districts. These buildings, although not of ancient vintage, reflect the historic growth of the area. [SOUTH HILO Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register United States. Post Office Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register and Office Building W. H. Shipman House Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register Rev. D. B. Lyman House Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register District Courthouse Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register and Police Station Hilo Breakwater Eligible for National Register Hilo Iron Works Piopio ili Eligible for National Register Wailoa Bridge. Waiakea Eligible for National Register] (Kamehameha Avenue) 114 Historic Sites Site Burials Taia�s fey Ahupuaa r I8on Hawaii RG ister x :'rational i:!ter 2-1-13:1 Waaiaakeaa Burials 2-1-13:1 Waiaakeaa x lluriab 2-1-13:1 Waaiaakeaa x Burials 2-1-13:1 Waaiaakeaa x Kamehameha Hail 2-1-21:43 Ponahaawaai x x United Cou munj Church 2-2-20:2 Ponaahawaai x Volcanos Block 2-3-03:9 Punaahoa x x United State Post Office and Office Building 2-3-05:3 Piihonuaa x Hilo .Masonic Lode 2-3-05:7 Punaahoa x x District Court House and Police Statism 2-3-06.4 Punahoa x - x m Palace Theater 2-3-47:21 Punahoaoa x x S. Hata Budding 2-3-08:16 Punahoaa x x Michael Victor House 2-3-14:2 Punahoaa x W.H. Shipman House 2-3-15:4,5 Piihonuaa x x Rev. D.B. Itymaan House 2-3-16:24 Punahoaa x x Ludloff Residence 2-3-28:22 Punaahoa x Masao Kube Residence 2-3-28:44 Punaahoaa x A.J. Williamson Residence 2-6-06:11 Kalalau x x H. Taui oto Residence fflonomu `I'heaterj 2-8-14:15 Honomu x Yamamoto Store 2-9-03:18 Waaileaa x [Course] Courses of Action • [The County shall support] Support the development of Kalakaua Park and its surrounding area as the Kalakaua Park heritage Area and the restoration of its historic significance to Hilo. Identify historic sites within the South Hila District for inclusion within. the Hawaiian Hcritag Corridor Program. 115 Historic Sites HA IAKUA Profile Most of the early history of the Hamakua district centers on Waipio Valley. The valley was settled early and was the home of several strong rulers [since at least the early] as cark as the 13th century. Among the chiefs of Waipio were Liloa and his son Umi. The traditions regarding Liloa indicates he was the first to rule over the entire island [of Hawaii] and [that] his rule was one of peaceful diplomacy. In 1823, the Rev. Ellis counted 265 houses in the valley and estimated the population [to be] It 1,325. The number of residents has declined steadily since Ellis' estimate. The same is true of the once populated Waimanu Valley. Hawaiians also lived in the smaller valleys and gulches along the Hamakua coast and were known to cultivate taro. In relatively recent historical times, there have been Asian and European influences in Hamakua, due primarily to the sugar industry. These influences have erased much of the physical evidence of the earlier culture, but have also introduced a different perspective on historic sites. [Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Kaohe Hawaii Register/National Register Chee Ying Society Nienie Hawaii Register/National Register] Clubhouse Course of Action Coordinate with the community identify historical sites and building's for - inclusion in a heritage corridor program. 116 Historic Sites Ahu-2uaa or Hawaii National Site Tax Map Ivey Re 'on H 'ter Re inter East Hamakuaa Protestant 4-4-06.1 Keahua x Church Pa' auhau Plantation Mouse 44-06:22 P auhau x Mauna. Idea Adze uaM 4-4-15:12 9910 Kaohe x x Chee Yin& Sociel 4-5-09:9 Nienie x x Clubhouse Honok a Plantation 4-8-06:13 Kanahonua x Manager's Residence Course of Action Coordinate with the community identify historical sites and building's for - inclusion in a heritage corridor program. 116 Historic Sites NORTH MND SOUTH KOHALA Profile Historically, the present districts of North and South Kohala were considered to be a single unit. Kohala is the birthplace of Kamehameha L Mo'okini Heiau at Upolu Point is said to have been built by the priest Pa'ao in the 12th century. Other important historic events occurred in the district, particularly at Kawaihae. Kamehameha I gained complete control of the entire island [of Hawaii] after [constructing] the death of chief Keoua of Ka'u at the Pu'ukohola Heiau [where Keoua was killed]. It was at Kawaihae that John Young and Isaac Davis in the service of Kamehameha I cleared foreign arrivals who came to Hawaii. They persuaded Capt. Geor e Vancouver to [first] leave cattle in the area and [Capt.] Richard J. Cleveland to leave horses. In 1820, the brig Thaddeus, carrying a group of Christian missionaries, made its first anchorage at the village of Kawaihae. John Young is credited with the decision [of allowing] to allow the missionaries to disembark at Kailua. John Palmer Parker vas influential in shaping the character of Kohala. He started rarnchin in Kawaihae and hunted the large number of cattle [which] that had turned hild under the kapu or protection placed on them by Kamehameha[.] I. Parker eventually moved to Waimea where he expanded his operation into what is today one of the oldest and largest privately owned ranches in the [world.] United States. In 1832, the missionary Lorenzo Lyons arrived in Kawaihae. He established his station at Waimea and his parish included the districts of Kohala and Hamakua. Ten years later, Reverend Elias Bond took over the mission duties in [northern] North Kohala and [soon] established an excellent English school. Although the character of Kohala has changed through history, the district's relative isolation has preserved many pre -contact sites. The leeward North Kohala coast still [contain] contains many remnants of coastal fishing villages [which] Ihat were occupied from the pre- historic period through the early 1900s. Likewise, remnants of the large agricultural complexes [which] that supported the population are still found in both North and South Kohala. Mo'okini and Pu'ukohola Heiau still stand as monuments to the past, as do John Young's house site and the early Christian churches. 117 Historic Sites [NORTH KOHALA Lapakahi Complex Heiau in Kukuipahu Bond District Kohala Pilgrim Church Tong Wo Society Building Kohala District Courthouse Mo'okini Heiau Possible Heiau Vault Complex Makeanehu Complex Habitation and Burials Habitation Complex SOUTH KOHALA Pu'ukohola Heiau Imiola Church Puako Petroglyph Archaeological District Kiholo-Puako Trail Lapakahi Hawaii Register/National Register Kukuipahu Hawaii Register/National Register Iole Hawaii Register/National Register Pahoa Hawaii Register Halawa Hawaii Register/National Register Honopueo Hawaii Register/National Register Puuepa Hawaii Register/National Register Kehena Hawaii Register Paoo Hawaii Register Makeanehu Hawaii Register Makeanehu Hawaii Register Paoo Hawaii Register Kawaihae National Register Waikoloa Hawaii Register/National Register Lalamilo Hawaii Register/National Register Various Hawaii Register] 118 Historic Sites NORTH TH KOI-IALA Site Bond District T Tax Map Ivey Ahupuaa or Region Hawaiiation Re x l mer x 5-3-05:4, 5,17, 13 20 26 27 Iole Tomo Socieg Building 5-35-3-08:20 Ilalawa x x Kohala District Courthouse 5-4-05:1 Honopueo x x Nanbu 1lotclfflolv's Bakery 5-4-05:22 Honopue x Union ?dill Manager's residence 5-4-10:58 59 Puehuehu- Laaumama x Mo okini Heiau 5-5-05:20 Puuepa x x Kohala Pilgrim Church 5-5-15:25 Pahoa x Janes M. Hind residence 5-5-15:35 Hawi x x Hashimoto mouse 5-5-15:35 Hawi x Hawi Plantation .Manager's Residence 5-5-15.41 Hawi x -- 1leiau its Kukui aha 5-6-01:75 Ku x x Habitation Complex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x Vault Com2lex 5-7-01:21 Paoo x Makeanehu Complex 5-0-01:12 Makeanehu x Habitation and Burial Possible Heiau 5-8-01:12 5-8-01:13 Makeanehu Kehena x x Lapakaki Complex (District Various LaRakahi x m w/ multi le, sites Courses of Action Coordinate with the communities and residents of North Kohala to �denti historic sites and buildinp for protection and preservation. Encourage the,Rreservation of historic buildings and promote new development, that matches the style of historic commercial buildings in the I rea. Recog2ize the natural be&MA and history of the area as a major economic and social asset to be protected and perpetuated as part of the uni ueness of the island. 119 Historic Sites SOUTH KOHA.LA Course of Action Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. NORTH AND SOUTH LONA Profile The Kona districts have been very significant in the history of Hawaii. Before the arrival of [Capt.] Cain Cook, a large population was settled in villages along the coast. Various rulers lived in the area and have left evidence of the complex religious, social, and political systems [which] that evolved in Hawaii. In North Kona, the major complexes are located at Kailua, Holualoa, and Kahaluu. In South Kona, they are located at Kealakekua and Honaunau. When [Capt.] Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, he reported that the area was flourishing. It is well known that he was accepted as the god Lono and visited heiau and village sites at Napoopoo. Following [Capt] Ca resin. Cook's death, no foreign ships stopped in Kona for several years. In 1792, [Capt.] LaRtain Oeoe Vancouver arrived in Kona and left orange trees, grapevines, other plants, and cattle[.] for jLmg Kamehameha I and his chiefs. In 1812, Kamehameha I [, in 1812,] established his permanent residence and [his] capital 120 Historic Sites Ahu uaa r Hawaii National Site Tax Map Ivey Region Register Registe x Pay ukohola Heian National. 6-2-02:9,10,16 Kawaihae Historic Park (district w/ multiple sites 'Imiola 6-5--04:4 Waikoloa x x Old Lindsey House 6-5-06:42 Lalamilo x Portions of 6 -8 - Ala Loa Foot Trail 01:32,35 Southernmost Kohala and 6-86-8-22:32 Northernmost Kona 6-9-01:15 Various x Districts 6-9-07 7-1-03:22 Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Various x x Puako PetEo 1 6-9-01:15 Lalamilo x x Areheolo ` gl District Course of Action Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. NORTH AND SOUTH LONA Profile The Kona districts have been very significant in the history of Hawaii. Before the arrival of [Capt.] Cain Cook, a large population was settled in villages along the coast. Various rulers lived in the area and have left evidence of the complex religious, social, and political systems [which] that evolved in Hawaii. In North Kona, the major complexes are located at Kailua, Holualoa, and Kahaluu. In South Kona, they are located at Kealakekua and Honaunau. When [Capt.] Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, he reported that the area was flourishing. It is well known that he was accepted as the god Lono and visited heiau and village sites at Napoopoo. Following [Capt] Ca resin. Cook's death, no foreign ships stopped in Kona for several years. In 1792, [Capt.] LaRtain Oeoe Vancouver arrived in Kona and left orange trees, grapevines, other plants, and cattle[.] for jLmg Kamehameha I and his chiefs. In 1812, Kamehameha I [, in 1812,] established his permanent residence and [his] capital 120 Historic Sites in [Kailua.] Kailua-Kona, The royal family remained in Kona until the capital was moved to Honolulu. The districts prospered during the sandalwood and whaling eras, with Kealakekua serving as the main port. In 1820, the first missionary station on the island was established in Kailua. Although Kona has experienced rapid change since Captain Cook's arrival, it still contains many undisturbed historical sites. Most of these sites are of traditionally I lawaiian origin and can reveal information important in reconstructing Hawaii's early history. [NORTH KONA Hulihee Palace Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register Mokuaikaua Church Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register Ahuaaumi Heiau Keauhou National Register Hale O Kane Heiau Kealakehe Hawaii Register Habitation Site Kealakehe Hawaii Register Shelter and Pen Ooma Hawaii Register Wawaloli Habitation Ooma Hawaii Register Habitation Cluster Ooma Hawaii Register Lanihau Papamu Lanihau Hawaii Register House and Burials Lanihau Hawaii Register Honokohau Settlement Kaloko, National Register (32 Sites) Honokohau Kamakahonu (Residence of Lanihau National Register King Kamehameha I) Keauhou Holua Slide Keauhou National Register Kuamo'o Burials Keauhou National Register Kamoa Point Complex Holualoa Hawaii Register/National Register Kahalu'u Historic Kahaluu, National Register ]District (18 Sites) Keauhou Kamehameha. III Birthplace Keauhou Hawaii Register/National Register (Kauikeaouli Stone) Great Wall of Kuakini Various Eligible for National Register SOUTH KONA Greenwell Store Onouli Hawaii Register/National Register Pu'uhonua O Honaunau - Honaunau, National Register Place of Refuge Keokea Kealakekua Bay Various National Register Historical District Kahikolu Church Kahauloa Hawaii Register/National Register St. Benedict's Honaunau Hawaii Register/National Register Catholic Church Burial Cave Honomalino Hawaii Register 121 Historic Sites North Honomalino Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register Ahole Holua Complex Kapua National Register Qkoe Bay Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register Kaulanamauna Upland Kaulana-mauna Hawaii Register Complex Kona Field System Various Eligible for National Register) (e.g. Amy Greenwell Botanical (N. & S. Kona) Gardens) 122 Historic Sites NORTH KONA 123 Historic Sites Ahupuaa or Hawaii National Site Tax Man Ked R ... IZe inter Reg to ... ........ - x Francis li Brown Beach 7-1-03:34123 13 Puuanahulu x Residence - Bobcat Trail Habitation 7-1-04.6 Puuanahulu x Cave Smelter and Pen 7-343:3 Ooma x Wawaloi Habitation 7-3-43:3 Ooma x Habitation Cluster 7-3-43:3 Ooma x Kalaoa Permanent House Portion of 7-3- Ooma Site 10,205 4342 x x Ronokohau Settle enV-Kaloko- 7-3-09:2 Kaloko, Monokomau ?rational 7-4-08:3,10,25 Honokomau x Historic Park aleokane Heiau 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x Habitation Site 7-4-08:3 Kealakehe x Lanihau Pa: aims 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x House and Burials 7-5-05:7 Lanihau x Ka akahonu (Residence of 7-5-06:242 32 Lanihau x x King Ka ehameha I) Moku' aikaua Church 7-57-5-07:18 Keno uu x x ulihe' a Palace 7-57- -07:20 KA e x x Pua` a 2 Agricultural ricultural Fields Portion of 7-5- Puaa x Archeological District 14:23 x Hale Halawai o Holualoa 7-67-6-16:13 Holualoa x x Keolonamihi C lex//`l moa Point 7-7-04:12,282 31 Holualoa x x ComRle . istrict w/ 513 52, various multiple sites Ahu-a-'UnA Reiau 7-8-01:3 Keauhou x Kahaluu Historic District 7-8-10:2, 4, 35 Kahalu' u x istrict w/ multiple sites) Keauhou Holua Slide 7-8-10:30 Keauhou x 123 Historic Sites Coarse of Action Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi complexes as a condition of rezoning or Special Management Area permits for nearby progerfics. 124 Historic Sites Ahupuaa or Hawaii National Site Tax Ma Ke Regio R ter RMiLster Kuamo' o Burials 7-8-10:66 Keauhon x. Kamehameba III Birthplace 7-8-12.17 ' Keauhou x x (Iiaaaikeao li Stove) Coarse of Action Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi complexes as a condition of rezoning or Special Management Area permits for nearby progerfics. 124 Historic Sites SOUTH KONA -- Almor Hawaii National Site Tax Map Key It SILon I Register Greenwell Store 8-1-04:50 ®nouli x x Christ Church E isco al 8-1-05:8 Kealakekua x Kahikolu Church 8-2-07:6 Kahauloa x x I?aifulgui Soto Zen Mission 8-2-10:20 KalaamauBmi x x Portion of 8-2- Uchida Coffee Farm Kaawalo x x 15.13 Kealakekua Bay Historical 8-2 Various District istrict w/ multiple Various x �-3� Various sites Saint Benedict's Catholic 8_4-06.6 Honaunau x x Church g Pu'uhonua a Honaunau Honaunau, National Historical. Park 8-4-11:7 x Ke®kea (District w/ multiple sites) Burial Cave 8-9-03:1 Honomalino x North: Honemalino Comply 8-9-03:1 Honomaalimo x Kaulana ®koe Bay Cosm lex 8-9-03:1 Mfauna x Kaulanam aluna Upland Kaulanamal 8-9-06.2 x Complex una m Ahole Holua Complex 8-9-06:3 Kia x Course of Action Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. Adopt the Heritage Corridor Plan, which includes lands from Holualoa to Homanau. Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bay to assure preservation of the region's uniaaue environment and cultural resources. 125 If iistoric Sites I3W_Wj Profile The district of Ka'u has historically been a relatively independent district, isolated from the rest of the island. Historical data indicates that [it] &a'u was probably settled very early by the Polynesian voyagers. As population increased, the rest of the island was inhabited. Most of the early settlement in Ka'u consisted of small fishing villages. In 1791, Kamehameha I became ruler of the entire island [gaining the district of Ka'u when its chief Keoua was killed] after the death of Keoara4 the chief of Ks'u at the dedication of Pu'ukohola Heiau at Kawaihae. Ka'u later became the stopping point for seagoing travelers on their way to Hilo. In the 1860'x, Mark Twain lived in Waiohinu and wrote extensively about his stay in Ka'u. While living in Waiohinu he declared Hawaii to be "the loveliest fleet of islands." [Keawaiki Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Manuka Bay Petroglyphs Manuka Hawaii Register/National Register Platform and Mounds Manuka Hawaii Register Kuleana Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Ko'a Manuka Hawaii Register South Manuka Bay Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Malua Kipuka Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Platform and Shelters Manuka Hawaii Register Lava Tube Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Kaiakekua Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Habitation Complex Manuka Hawaii Register Manuka Bay Holua Slide Manuka Hawaii Register Heiau and Trail Manuka Hawaii Register Shrine and Heiau Manuka Hawaii Register South Point Complex Kamaoa National Register Kii Petroglyphs Waiohinu Hawaii Register/National Register Ainapo 'frail (Menzies Trail) Kapapala National Register Wilkes Campsite Kapapala National Register Kilauea Crater Kapapala, Keauhou National Register Whitney Seismograph Keauhou National Register Old Volcano House No. 42 Keauhou National Register 1790 Footprints Kapapala National Register] 126 € €istoric Sites Site - - — -- Manuka Bay Petroglylahs Tax Mgp Key _ 9-19-1-01:3 Ahuguaa or Re 'on Manuka Hawaii -, a x rational x Platforms and Mounds 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Kuleana Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Kon 9-1-01:3 Manuka x South Manuka llay Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Platform and Shelters 99-1-01:3 Manuka x Lava: Tube Complex 99-1-01:3 Manuka x Kaiakekua Complex 9-1-01:3 Manuka x Keawaiki Com lex 9-1-01:3 Kaupua a x Manuka. Ba> Holua Slide 99-1-01:3 Manuka x eiau and frail 99-101:3 Manuka x Kipuka Malua ComRlex 9-1-01:3,,6 Manuka x Shrine and 11ciau 9-1-01:3,7 Manuka x Habitation ComBlex 9-11-01:7 Manuka x South Point, Complex 9-3-01:1,33 7,11 Kamaoa x Mahana Archeological District Portion of 9-3- 01:2 Kaanaoa x Kapalaoa Archeological District Portion of 9-3- 01:2 Kasnaoa x - Ki -i Petro XbMhs 9-5-06:1 Waiohinu x x Kilauea Crater 9-9-01:1 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park x 1790 Footprints 9-9-01.1, 2 I &uapale Forest Deserve x 'Ainapo Trail fflenzies imaill 9-9-01.3 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park x Wilkes Campsite 9-9-01:3 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park x Ainahou Ranch House 9-99-9-01:6 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park x x Whitney Seismograph Vault 9-9-01:23 Hawaii x 127 Historic Sites Course of .A'ction Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. 128 Historic Sites Ahupuaa or Hawaii. ational Sate Tax MaR KeV No. 29 Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Old Volcano Howse No. 42 9-9-01:23 Volcanoes x National Park P Mauna Loa Trail Various Various x Puna-Ka'u Historic District Hawaii Volcanoes National Various Various x Park ist ct w/ multiple Sites Course of .A'ction Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors. 128 Historic Sites NATURAL BEAUTY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The natural beauty of Hawaii is a universally recognized characteristic and [as such is] one of [our] the most significant and valuable assets[.] of this island. In a relatively small area exists a great range of environments, from lush green tropical valleys to snow-capped mountains. [This diversity enhances the liveability of the island by providing a preference of physical settings.] Hawaii's natural and scenic beauty is the [manifestation] result of the [interplay] interaction of various physical elements and forces. Three primary factors contribute to the variety of environments: elevation, relative location, and geologic origin and age. A further factor is modification by man. The types of landform and vegetation depend on these basic factors. Due to different elevations and locations of the island, the landscape features have particular characteristics. These include barren fields of lava, heavily vegetated valleys, kiawe deserts, native forests, rolling grasslands, and rocky coastlines. The differences in the environment and the landscape features are important in giving identity to areas of the island and [in supporting man-made elements.] enhances the livability of the island by providing@a Rreference of physical settixno [As a resource, natural] Natural beauty [has many aspects.] is a multifaceted resource. It is an aesthetic resource experienced by human perceptions. [Natural and scenic beauty has] It is an economic [ramifications,] resource, as evidenced by the scale of resort development and by visitor -related activities. Real property values [also] further substantiate the economic value of Hawaii's dramatic beauty. [The comparison of a shoreline or mountain home with a panoramic view to a home across the street; or a condominium overlooking mountains and ocean as to a view of a neighboring condominium reflects the importance of scenic beauty. Another aspect is that the] Tine physical elements [which] that make up the landscape and the interrelationships of these elements are also of scientific interest. Investigating and understanding the physical environment are necessary [in order] for man to live in [balance] harmony with [it and not destroy it.] the environment. As the population increases, the desire to experience natural beauty will continue and may increase. If uncontrolled, the development necessary to accommodate an increasing population as well as resort development could have detrimental effects on the natural beauty of the island. Areas with special amenities of natural beauty have been and will continue to be the focus of pressure for resort development. Present regulatory process provide an assessment of impacts of development projects in order to protect, preserve and restore natural and scenic resources. [However, planning decisions lack standard methods for assessing aesthetic values and evaluating impacts. The cost of restoring or regaining natural beauty is greater than the cost of protecting it.] 129 Natural Beauty Hawaii's natural beauty is both an irreplaceable asset and [an asset that is] # part of the public trust. It is fragile and although often enhanced by man can easily be adversely atTected. Measures must be taken to insure its protection, both now and in the future, for the enjoyment of Hawaii's residents and visitors. Through the Zoning and Subdivision [ordinances,] costes, and the Special Management Area and shoreline setback regulations, the County of Hawaii has the means to protect the island's natural and scenic beauty as an integral part of the living environment of the island. Safeguards of this valuable asset are a major consideration [of] for any construction or development [which] that may alter, eliminate, or intrude upon it. They are also important so that man-made elements are kept in an aesthetic perspective with the physical surroundings. The County Arborist Advisory Committee was established to determine guidelines to identify the physical and botanical importance of trees and tree masses on the island. Criteria such as the aesthetic quality, rarity, cultural significance and endemic status are evaluated in designating exceptional trees or tree masses. Preservation for those selected are enacted by County ordinance or regulation. The Hawaii County Planning Department adopted Rule 17 that implements landscaping Muirements. The u : ose of the rule is to use landscaping uirements to create screens and buffers from noise lights, and litter; moderate the visual im apt and microchmates of paved 12arking lots and parked vehicles; enhance the street scaj2c of commercial and industrial areas; and promote ecolo 'cal and cultural values throe h landscaging with native and othg a _ ro mate lantse The importance of natural and scenic beauty and its true evaluation as an asset of public trust to be protected for future generations remain with the people of this island. While public planning and regulation are instrumental in achieving the goals set forth for this element, it is public awareness and interest [which] that will maintain the natural beauty of the island of Hawaii. GOALS Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. POLICIES • Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas. 130 Natural Beauty • [The County of Hawaii shall develop] DeyeloR and establish view plane regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values. • [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island. • Access easement to public or private lands [which] that have natural or scenic value shall be provided or acquired for the public. [Standard] demi criteria for natural and scenic beauty [shall be • Standard Develop sten developed] as part of design plans. • [The County shall consider] Consider structural setback from major thoroughfares and highways and [shall] establish development and design guidelines to protect important viewplanes. • [The County of Hawaii shall maintain] Maintain a continuing program to identify exceptional trees or tree masses. • Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully= considering the effects sof progosed construction during all land use reviews, • Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beau . STANDARDS The following standards provide guidelines for designating sites and vistas of extraordinary natural beauty [which] that shall be protected. • Distinctive and identifiable landforms distinguished as landmarks, e.g. Mauna Kea, Waipio Valley. • Coastline areas of striking contrast, e.g. Laupahoehoe Point. • Vistas of distinctive features. • Natural or native vegetation [which makes a particular area attractive.] attractive to a particular area. • Areas [which] that are harmoniously developed and enhanced by man [so as] to appear natural. 131 Natural Beauty The following describes the characteristic natural and scenic beauty of the districts of the County of Hawaii. Examples of sites and vistas are listed. The goals, [and] policies, and standards of the element shall set forth the courses of action for sites and vistas of natural beauty. PUNA Along the coast of Puna district the black sand beaches and tidal ponds are noted features of natural beauty. [The Kaimu-Kalapana Black Sand Beach is an often used travel poster scene of Hawaii.] The inland areas of Puna are lava land. Major areas of natural beauty are the 1960 Kapoho and the [recently formed] Pu'u O'o volcanic regions. [Its significance is] The Eggion is siafficant in that it represents the force of nature in altering the landscape feature into a cone and desolate field of lava. A portion of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is also located within this district. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Puna district. [Waiakolea Pond 1-2-03:5, 6 Kalapana Viewpoint (Ka Lae Ahole) 1-2-03:12 Kalapana Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-3-08:5 Pohoiki Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka 1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho Viewpoint (Puu Kukae) 1-4-02:2 Kapoho View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-02:31 Kapoho Kapela Bay (Black Sand Beach) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint -Shoreline (Hilo & Puna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint & Tidal pool (Makaukiu Pt.) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint-Shorelinc (Honolulu Landing) 1-4-03:19 Honolulu Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakahuila Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-01:25 Keaau Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4-02 Kapoho Viewplane from Pahoa- 1-2-04, 06, 07, 09 Kalapana Highway looking makai MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki 132 Natural Beauty Mango Grove along Kapoho- 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Honolulu Landing Road 1-2-04, 06, 07 09 Halepuaa 1955 Lava Flow (lilewa Cone) 1-2-10:1 Kamaili Ironwood Groves along 1-3-03:5 & Kauaea Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park 1-4-03:18 Nanawale Albizzia Grove along Pahoa- 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku Kapoho Road 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki Royal Palms fronting Keaau Middle 1-6-02 Keaau School 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka View of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa from Pahoa-Keaau, Volcano-Keaau Roads, and various Puna subdivisions Keahialaka Warm Springs Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Region] Pohoiki Albizzia Grove along Pahoa-Kapoho Road Site Tax Map Key Ahuppan or Region Viewplane from Pahoa-Kala Rana Highway looking makai 1-2-04, 06, 07 09 Kehenaa Blaek. Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Keke€kee 1955 Lava Flow ilewa Cone 1-2-10:1 Kamaili Ironwood Groves along Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-03:5 & 1-3-07:6 5i 26 Kaeszaea PdlalamaKj Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-3-04:71 ®pihikao MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki Keahialaks Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki Albizzia Grove along Pahoa-Kapoho Road 1-4-01:4 Kanishiku 1960 Lava Plow 1-4-02:1 Soho Kapoho Tidal Fonds 1-4-02 KaRgho Viewpoint uu Kukae 1-4-02:2 Ka aho Kapela Bay Mack Sand Beach) 1-4-03:13 Kahaawal Viewpoint -Shoreline (Hilo & Panna) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Viewpoint & Tidal lrool (Makaukiaa Pt.) 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai Ironwood Grove at Nanawale Park. 1-4-03:18 Nanawale 133 Natural Beauty Site 'Tax Map Key Ahu uaa or Region Viewpoint -Shoreline LHonolulu LagdLng) 1-4-03:19 Honolulu Mango Grove along Kapoho-Honolulu Landing Road 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Hale uaa with Mauna Kea in Background View irons Green Lake Hill 1-4-91:18 Kapaho Viewpoint -Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakabuila Cove with Stowe Beach 1-6-01:25 Keanu Royal Paslms Eronting Keaau Intermediate School 1-6-02 Keaau View of Mauna. Kea And Ni&up Ua ffs, m Pahoa-Keaau, Volcano-Keaau Roads and various Puna Various subdivisions Pu'u O°o Lava Plow Rekion Various The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. Tree Grove of Mangoes (Pohoiki Road) SOUTH HILO Tax Mag Key 1-3-08 The natural beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From various locations in the area, there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay provides a picturesque front yard for [the city of] Hilo. From the bay the land gently slopes upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Throughout the district there are waterfalls, [such as] includin the famous Akaka Falls and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Hilo district. [Banyan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-01,03,05 Waiakea Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area 2-1-03:2 Waiakea with Mauna Kea in Background Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with 2-1-03:17 Waiakea Mauna Kea in Background Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-03:19 Waiakea Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-05:1 Waiakea Ice Pend 2-1-06:10 Waiakea Viewpoint -Shoreline (Leleiwi Point) 2-1-11:5 Waiakea Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea 134 Natural Beauty Viewpoint-Shoreline (Keokea Point) 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Park shoreline Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea Lokoaka Pond, Akahi 2-1-16:1 Waiakea Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond Viewpoint-Shoreline (Waiuli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea Wailoa River Area Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-13:3 Waiakea Mohouli Fish Pond 2-2-29:27 Waiakea Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31:1 Waiakea Puu lialai 2-3-22 Ponahawai Rainbow Falls and Area 2-3-27:1,2 Piihonua (Wailuku River Park) Kaimukanaka Falls and .Area 2-3-27:3, 5 Piihonua Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua Viewpoint on hilltop 2-3-37:4 Ponahawai looking over Hilo Bay Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-02 Piihonua Bridge looking makai Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-03 Piihonua Bridge looking mauka Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua Alealea Point looking 2-6-15:1 Wailua towards Hilo Bay Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae Onomea Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26 Kahalii-Onomea 2-7-10:1 Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15, 2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02,3-1-01 Hakalaunui-Kamaee] 135 Natural Beauty Site Banyan Drove Scenic Area Tax Map Key AhuRaaaa:or Region __ ... Waiakea 2-1-01,03,0 Liliuol£a.lani .Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea ViewMint of Hilo Bay area with Manna Idea in Backround 2-1-03.2 Waiakea ViewRoint of Hilo Bay with Mauna Kea in Baclaground 2-1-03:17 Waiakea Coconut Isle MOkuola 2-1-03:19 Waiakea Reeds Bay (Shoreline 2-1-05:1 Waiakea lee Pond 2-1-06:10 Wakea View int -Shoreline Leleiwi Point 2-1-11:5 Waiakea Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea View oint-Shoreline Keokesa Point 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Lihikai(®nekanhakalaa) Beach Park shoreline 2-1-14:13 Walakea Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiaakea Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Wainkea Lokoaksa Pond, Akaahi Pond and Kionakapahu Pond 2-1-16:1 Waiakea Viewpoint -Shoreline (Wainli Point) 2-1-19:9 Waiakea Wailoa River Area Hoaki au Fish Pond Mlohouh Fish Pond Wsaiakea Fish Pond 2-2- 2-2-299::2 2-2-31::11 Waiakea Pfau Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai Rainbow Falls and Area CWailuku River Park) 2-3-27:1.2 Piihonua Kannaakanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3,5 Piihonua Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua Viewpoint on hilltop looking over filo Ba 2-3-371:41 Ponahawai Waiole Fafts and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua PeelLee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua Viewggint from lower Wailuku Bridge looking nnakai 2-6-02 Piihonna Viewpoint from lower Wailuku Bride lookingauka 2-6-03 Piihonua Alealesa Point looking towards Hilo Bay 2-6-15:1 Waflua 136 Natural Beauty Site Tax Map Key Ahoouaa or R -ion Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihoaaaaa Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihanua Honolii: Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae ®nonaca Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26; 2-7-10.1 Kahalii-Gnoaaaeaa ®nomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 ®no ea Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Mono= Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15,2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwil! Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02,3-1-01 Hakalauaa:aae-Kam.aae Bay or Pee ul Tree Old Riverside School The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. [Monkeypod (Suisan Fish Market) Coconut trees (Waiolaina Canal) Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) False Kamani (Haili Church) Surinam Cherry (]Hilo United Methodist Church) Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Falls Park) 2-1-03:27 2-2-04:2 2-2-27:1 2-3-12:9 2-3-14:7 2-3-27:1] Tree- Tax flap Key 2-1-03:27 Monkeypoal (Suisan Fish ]Market) Coconut trees aalolama Canal 2-2-04:2 Grove of Monkey foal Trees (Kaanehameha and Pauahi 2-2-04.35 Strea:ts Grove of Monka Pod Trees (Kaaaeehaneeha and Pauahi 2-2-04.56 Streets Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) 2-2-!07:1 Chinese Wee&i .g Banyan (Kilauea Ave,) 2-2-28:8 Indian Banyan fKalAkaga Parr 2-3-05:1 uinine(Kalukam Park) 2-3-05:1 Divi -Divi (Kalakaua Park) 2-3-05:1 Loulu Palm f Kalakaua Park) 2-3-05:1 False Kamaani (ll aili Street Church) 2-3-12:9 Surinam Cherrj(Hilo United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7 Bay or Pee ul Tree Old Riverside School 2-3-15:1 137 Natural Beauty Tree Tax MaR Key O is Lehua ainbow Falls 2-3-27:1 NORTH HILL One of the most outstanding areas of natural beauty in North Hilo is Laupahoehoe Point. The point juts out calmly, ending in a rugged coastline with pounding surf. In either direction along the coast are views of the high cliffs. The deep gulches with silvery green Kukui trees [contrast] contrasting with the darker green vegetation along the highway are also points of natural beauty, [especially] parficularl Honohina Falls in Nanue Gulch. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Hilo district. [View point of Umauma Gulch (makai from bridge) Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma Gulch (mauka from bridge) Nanuc Gulch--Makai Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) Maulua Gulch Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. Laupahoehoe Gulch Kaiwilahilahi Gulch Kilau Gulch Manawaiopae Gulch Kihalani Gulch Kuwaikahi Gulch Kaawalii Gulch 138 3-1-01:1,24 3-1-01:23, 30 3-2-01:1, 8 3-2-01:11, 17 3-4-04:9,11, 12 3-6-01:9 3-6-04 3-5-03 3-6-01 3-5-04 3-5-04 3-5-04 3-6-05,3-9-01 Wailua Wailua Nanue Nanue Maulua W Alaea Laupahoehoe Kaiwilahilahi Laupahoehoe Manawaiopae Kihalani Kihalani Waipunalei-Humuula] Natural Beauty Site View point of Umauma Gulch (makai from bride) Tax Map Key - ... . _..... Ahupuaa or Region Waiiaaa 3-1-01:1.24 Viewpoint of Falls an L'mauma Gulch (ma€ k a from 3-1-01:23,30 Waw ua€ua bridge) Nanue Guide-Makai. 3-2-01:1,8 Nance Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch and stream) 3-2-01:11,17 Nanue Maulaaa Gulch 3-4-04:9,11,12 Maul= Iki Kaiwilabilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwfthilahi Manawaiop ae Gulch 3-5-04 masaawaiopse Kiha@ani Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalanl Kilau Gulch 3-6-01 Laeapahoehoe Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. 3-6-01:9 Area. Lau ahoehoe Gulch 3-6-04 Lauaaaboeho€ Kaawalii Gulch 3-6-05,3-9-01 waigunalei.-Hum cls The following deal aced axes tional trees are adopted b ordinance. Tree I Tax Map Ked. Pana Kenikeni (Laupahoehoe Police Station) 1 3-6-69:31 142— U . The I Iamakua district is tropically lush along the lower elevations. The coast is marked by densely vegetated gulches and valleys highlighted by silvery green Kukui trees. The most famous of these is Waipio Valley. This valley is the most accessible in the series of wndward valleys. The natural and scenic beauty of Waipio with its waterfalls and tropical rainforests has attracted people for many years. Mauna Kea is also included in the Hamakua district and with Mauna Loa dominates the landscape along the Hamakua part of the Saddle Road. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Hamakua district. 139 Natural Beauty [Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3 4-4-16:3 Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nienie Vie�rpoint--Lookout Waipio 4-8-04:17 Lalakea Valley, Kukuihaele Windward Y.glla SgtSm � Hwai to Amini: Wstmasau Valley Area WaiRiq Valky Area. 4-9-01 to 15 Hiilawe Falls 4-9-09 Waipio Windward Valley System 4-9-01 to 15 Waipio, Muliwai to Awini Muliwai-A-,vini, Waimanu Valley Area Waimanu Waipio Valley Area] Sa$e Kalo�ta State Park Tax 101AKey --- ---- -- Ahupgaa 2rAc ion #cr 44-14:1 Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3 Kaohe Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie Nienic (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nknie ViMpoint—Lookout Waiglo Valley, Kukuihaele 4-8-04:17 Labkea Windward Y.glla SgtSm � Hwai to Amini: Wstmasau Valley Area WaiRiq Valky Area. 4-9-01 to 15 Wai io, lOquliwaa-Acini, �7�� Waimanu ana f41a1$�a � FallFalb 4-9-09 Wot iaa The f6 owing.des gjaated exceptional trees are adogted by ordinance. "free flax MaaR Key Ohin Lchua (Kalopa State Park) (1) 4-4-14:1 Hame (Kalopa State Park) 4--414:1 Kogyo (Kalopa State bark) (1) 4-4-14:1 Obia Lehua (Kajqj2g State Paark. 2 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua (Kalopa State Parr) (3) 4-4-14:1 Kopiko (Kalopa State Parr) (2) 4-4-14:1 Ohia Lehua aloo State Park 4 4-4-14:1 Koa Kalea State Parka Ohia Lehaaa (Kalopa State Park) f5) 4-4-14:1 4-4-14:1 140 Natural Beauty NORTH KOHALA The natural beauty of the leeward area of North Kohala is characterized by undulating hills and gullies. The and landform slopes gently from the eroded higher elevations of the North Kohala Mountains to the sheltered coastal waters. The shallow soil cover and grasslands are cut by numerous gullies which empty storm waters into embayments along the coast. Akoni Pule highway bisects the area along the lower elevation and provides distant views to both the coast and uplands. On the windward side of North Kohala, the landscape takes on the appearance of a tropical rain forest with lush green. vegetation in the valleys and gulches. At the eastern end of the highway is Pololu Valley and a view down the coast towards Hamakua. The Kohala mountains provide [background] to both these landscapes, and along the higher elevations of windward Kohala are green grazing lands with a panoramic vista of the coast. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Kohala district. [Windward Valley System Honokane Valley Islands off Awini Valley Pololu Valley Viewpoint-Pololu Valley Akoakoa Point Nanuc: Bay Area Kapanaia Bay Area Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt. Kauhola Point Upolu Point Old Honoipu Landing Kapaa Park Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-1-01 & 02 5-2-01:1 5-2-01:7 5-2-01:7,8 5-2-01:14 5-2-07 5-2-01:14-16 5-3-07:1 5-5-06:7 5-6-01:24 5-6-01:60 5-7-03:3, 4, 14 Keawanui Bay Area 5-8-01 Kaiopae Point 4-9-01:6 Waiakailio Bay Area 5-9-01:8 Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Highway Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain road Ironwood trees along Kobala Mountain Road Indian Banyan trees at Kohala Corporation office in Hawi] 141 Awini, Pololu Pololu Waiapuka Waiapuka Makapala Aamakao Makapala Kukuiwaluhia Kokoiki-Upolu Puakea Kapaa Mahukona Hihiu Puanui Waiaka Kahualiilii Natural Beauty Site Windward Valley System Mpokane Vallev Islands off Awini Vallev Pololu Valley Tax Map Key 5-1-01 & 02 Ahupuaa ar l egion. Awini, Pololu View int-Pololu Valle 5-2-01:1 MOW Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waite Nanue Bay Area 5-2-01:7.8 Waiapukat Kapanan.ian Bgj Area 5-2-01:14. 5-2-07 Makapala4 Aamakao Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt 5-2-01:14-16 Makapala: 1Kauhola Point 5-3-07:1 Kukuiwaluhia Indian Banyan tree-,; at Chalon International of Hawaii's office in Hawi 5-5-2:23 iIawi L, 'laolnn Poi 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-U olu Old Ifonoi sa Lanndin 5-6-02 Puakea Kapaa Park 5-6-01:60 K idlahukoanaa harbor and Park 5-7-03:3,4,1 Mahukona-%lihiu 1Keawanmui Bair Area 5-8-01 Kehena, Puanui Kaioi{� pae Point 5-9-01:6 Wa aler Waiakallio Bav Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii Coastline view=plane from A.koni-Pule Highway Various Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road Various Ironwood treesalong Kohala Mountain Road Various SOUTH KOHALA The district of South Kohala has two distinct physical environments, each with its own kind of natural beauty. The Waimea region lies in a plateau between the Kohala mountains and Mauna Kea. The Kohala mountains provide a backdrop of rolling hills and volcanic cones covered with pastures kept green by fog, fine mist, and rain. Mauna Kea provides a distant but dramatic mass as it rises steeply above the plateau. Viewed at a distance, (the built environment ofJ Waimea town lies nestled at the base of the Kohala mountains. West of Waimea, the land forms a long slope down to the and coastline; changing in 142 Natural Beauty color with drops in elevation from green to pale yellow and beige to the red and browns of the coast. The edge of the coast is contrasted with green kiawe stands, pockets of white sand beaches, and coastal waters. Barren lava flows stretch down from Mauna Loa and meet the sea near the southern boundary of South Kohala. Between these two extremes, the range of landscape quickly changes. Along the mauka road to North Kohala, there are impressive viewplanes to Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai. Thea&stures and u'u immediatek immediateabove Waimea Town have been identified as a vista svf exce banal natural beauq. This area is best defined by running an imaginary line from the to of the trees below Hok€ uls west to the trees at Hawaii Pre arate, A-cademv and east to the tree line above Church Row. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Kohala district. [Kawaihae Bay & Harbor Area 6-1-03:14 Kawaihae 1st 6-1-04:1, 3,20 Mauumae Bay/Beach 6-2-02:7 Kawaihae 2nd Viewpoint (Puu Makela) 6-2-01:25 Kawaihae 2nd Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd Kaunaoa Bay/Beach 6-2-02:4 Ouli Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd Upper Waipio Lookout 6-3-01:4 Waipio View of Kohala mountains 6-5-01:14 Waiauia Na Puu (Waimea) 6-5-01 Keoniki-Puuiki Puu Laelae Hokuula Puuiki Hapuna Bay/Beach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli Scenic countryside around Waikii 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa Puako Bay �A rea 6-9-01:2 Lalamilo 6-9-02:7, 8 Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuipuaa Pauoa Bay Area 6-9-01:3 Kalahuipuaa Anaehoomalu Bay Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu Wailea Bay Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo Viewplane along Queen Various Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka and makai Kiawe Forest mauka of Puako Beach Lots] 143 Natural Beauty Site 'Tax Maw Ahuguaaa or Region Viewpoint (Pastia Makelaf:) 6-2-01:25 Kawaihac 2nd Mauumac Bay/Keach 6-2-02 Kawaihne 2nd Kaunaos Bay/Beach 6-2-02:4 ®aaii Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihac 2nd Ohaiula.l,eaclfLS[Derscer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd Uazaser Waitsi€a Lookout 6-3-01:4 Wailfio View of Kolaala mountain 6-5-01 Waiauia Na Pun (Waimea) Puu Laelaa• Hokunis Puuiki 6-5-01 Keoniki-Pu uiki Waimea Church Row and Surroundin Churches 6-5-04:1-6.8 Waikoloa "Waimea Ha uP n Bay/T ach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo Kauaaaoa Point 6-6-02:38 ®tial; Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau) 6-6-03:7 Lalamilo Scenic countp side around Waiki3 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa Makaiwaa Iia anal Pond Keawanui 6-8-22 Kala�aa Pauoa Day Area. 6-8-22 Kalah!gpuaass Puako Bay Area 6-9-01:2.6-9-02:7 8 Lalamilo Anaehoomalu Bay Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomain Wailes Bay Area 6-9-02:2 Lalam to View1pisa€ae aloin Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway looking Various mauk a and as okaaii 144 Natural Beauty NORTH ANI) SOUTH KONA DISTRICTS The Kona districts have long attracted people because of their natural beauty. Although man-made structures are in some places dominant, the vast expanse of the Kona landscape is still the area's most striking feature. North Kona, in the area called Kekaha, is characterized by a sense of openness created by expansive areas of lava flows. Vegetation on the lava is comprised of low pockets of grasses and scrub trees. From the coastline, the land climbs slowly to the distant saddle plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. This long natural grade also contributes to the sense of openness and space. The rest of North Kona is dominated by Hualalai. [It's] Its steep slopes providc a green backdrop when viewed from the coast[;], or spectacular views of the coastline, ocean and horizon from higher elevations. Part of Kona's natural beauty is also due to the wide range of climatic conditions in a relatively short distance. Such variations extending from the coastal areas to the higher elevations are evidenced by changes in vegetation, producing a wide scope of differen€ physical environments. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Kona districts. North Kona [Puu Waawaa Kiholo Bay/Beach Area Keawaiki Hualalai Kaupulehu Opae Ula Pond Makalawena Kahoiawa Kakapa Bay Area Kua Bay Area Kukio Bay/Beach Area Mahaiula Bay/Beach Area Kaloko Pond Honokohau Fish Pond Keahole Point Honokohau coastline Aimakapa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa 7-1-03:2 Puuanahulu 7-2-01, 7-8-01 Kaupulehu 7-2-03:1,2 Kaupulehu 7-2-04:1 Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena 7-2-04:3,4 Awakee 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd 7-2-04 Maniniowali 7-2-04:5 Kukio lst 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula 7-3-09:2 Kaloko 7-4-08 Kealakehe 7-3-10:34 Kalaoa 7-4-08:4, 3 Honokohau -Kealakehe 7-4-08:10 Honokohau 145 Natural Beauty White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau Kailua Bay Area 7-5-04:52 Lanihau 7-5-05:23, 24, 32 White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keauhou 7-8-12 Kahaluu Bay Area 7-8-14 Viewplane from Kuakini 7-7 and 7-8 Highway going mauka & makai Viewplane from Kamehameha III 7-8-10 Road going mauka & makai Viewplane along Queen Various Ka'ahumanu Highway going mauka and makai) Site Keahuolu Keauhou 1 & 2 Kahaluu 2 Holualoa-Keauhou Kahaluu-Keauhou Tax Map Key I Ahmmaa or Region Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa Kiholo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa Keawaiki 7-1-02:8:7-1-03:2 Puuwaawaa; PuUnnahulu Hualalai 7-2-01.7-8-01Kau �tlehu lCaupulehu 7-2-03:1.2 Kate-idehu butt Bay Area 77-2-04 Manintowali ®tae LJ19 Pond Makalaweita 7-2-04:1 7-2-04:1 Makabmena. Makalawena Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3.4 Awakee Kakapa Bay Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd Kukio Bay/ach Area 7-2-04:5 Kukio ist Mahainia. Bay/Beach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko Honokohau Fish Pond. 7-4-08 1Kealakehe Honokohats constline 7-4-08:4.3 llonokohau-Kealakehe Aimakana 7-4-08:10 Honokohau White Sand. Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau White Sand reach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu Vie�,plane from Kuakini Highway going mauka & makai 7-7 and 7-8 Holualaa-Keauhou Viewplane from, Kamehaffieha Elf Road 2oine mauka & 7-8-10 Kahaluu-.Kcauhou 146 Natural Beauty Site Tax Map Key_ AbuDuaa.QL Region Keaaahou 7-8-12 Keauhau 1 & 2 Kahaluu Bay Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2 Vi lane along!Queen Ka'ahumang Highway-oa ine maauka and makai Various South Kona [Kealakekua Bay from 8-1-07:1 Keopuka Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1, 2 Kaawaloa Government Road 8-1-11 Kaawaloa Keei 1 8-2-02,04 Kealakekua Viewpoint 8-3-03:29 Kahauloa (2) Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei (1) White Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei (1) Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.) 8-3-04:5 Keei (1) Honaunau Bay & Scenic View 8-4-11, 12,13 Honaunau, from Ke Ala o Keawe Road Hookena, Kauhako Keokea Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae Hookena--Kauhako Bay Area 8-6-13,14 Hookena, Kauhako Milolii area 8-9-04 Milolii Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919 Various] SiteTax . ............. Kealakekua Bay from Kaawaloa Road and Lower Govemment Road Map Key L-. 8-1-07:1 8-1-10:1,2 8-1-11 8-2-02.04 Ahaa�uaa gar Region __. Keoarul�a, i€aa, Kaawaloa, aloa, Keala4e'1�aBa Viewpoint 8-3-03 Kahataloa (2) Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei 1 White Sacrad Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei 1 ViewRoint (Palemano Pt.) 8-3-04:5 Keei 1 Honaunau Bay & Scenic View from Ke Ala o Keawe 8-4-11,12,13 Honaunau, Keokea Road Keaha Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealla Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Ki€lae Hookena—Kauhako Bay Area 8-6-13,14 Hookena, Kauhako IWO! area 8-9-04 i'i'1il lii Lava flows of 1950, 1926 and 1919 Various 147 Natural Beauty The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. [Canarium sp. 8-1-09:1 Otaheite Apple or Wi 8-1-09:1 Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4] Tree Pili Nut Tax Map Key 8-1-09:1 Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4 Within the Ka'u district is located most of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The park is a natural area with a minimum of man-made objects blended into the character of the physical environment. The landscape is a contrast between open lava land with little or no vegetation and dense ohia lehua forests. In the southern part of Ka'u the natural beauty of the landscape is characterized by vistas from the mountain slopes to the ocean. The coast is highlighted by Manuka Bay, Green Sands Beach, and Punalua Black Sand Beach. The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Ka'u district. [Manuka Bay 9-1-01:3 Manuka Pohuc Bay 9-2-01:1 Kahuku Volcano area including 9-2-01:4 Kahuku National Park 9-9-01 Keauhou South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-01:1-3, Pakini Iki :7, 9 Kamaoa Mahana Bay 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 Pakini Nui Honuapo 9-5-14:1, 7 Honuapo Ninole Cove & Springs 9-5-19:12 Ninole Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-01 Punaluu Lava Flows of 1868, 1887, & 1907 Kaalualu Bay 9-4-01: 12,14 Kiolakaa Kawa (Kawaa) Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20 Kaalaiki 9-5-17:7 Hilea Nui View of Mauna Loa from Volcano -Kau Highway Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punaluu Waiohinu Park Na puu: Enuhe, Makanau, Various Kaiholena and One] 148 Natural Beauty Site Manuka Bay Tax Map leer Al uppaa err Region Manuka 9-1-01:3 Pohue Bgy 9-2-01:1 Kabuku Volcano area including National Park 9-2-01:4!9-9-01 Kahuku, Keauhou South Point Lae 9-3-01:1-3,73 9 PAW lleL Kamaga Mahana Bavllav 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 PAW Nui Kaalu lu B94-01:12,14 Kiolakas HonuaM 9-5-14:1,7 14onimpo Kawa "Kawaa) Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20. 9-5-17:7 Ksalaiki, ilea Nui Ninole Cove & S rias 9-5-19:12 Ninole Punalnu Mack Sand Beach 9-6-01 Punalun Lava Plows 2f 1568, 141$7, & 1907 Various View of Mauna Loa from Volcano-Ka'u Hkhway Various Scenic view of shoreline between Pahala and Punalnu Various Waioh.invi Park Various Na puu. Enuh Makanau Kaiholena and One Various The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance. [Kokio (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8 '®he (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8] Tree Tax Map .Kokio (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01 '®he (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01 149 Natural Beauty NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are those physical facts in our environment which are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable in our lives. They constitute a basic part of the General Plan, as they relate to every element and land use. If mismanaged or used without care, natural resources are for the most part irreplaceable. Increasing population and urbanization places a greater demand on our limited resource base. Thus, the utilization and protection of these are of vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii. The natural resources of the County of Hawaii are basically land, water, and air and include flora and fauna of the island, soils, geologic features, the geothermal steam, the climate, the wind, the sunshine, the deep ocean waters, and the shoreline. Some of these resources have been covered in the recreation, open space, natural beauty and water elements.] The natural resources of the island of Hawaii .are the physical and environmental assets that are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable. These natural resources include haat are not limited lo, the land water, air, flora fauna soils geologic features. geothermal steam climate wind sunshine ocean waters, and shoreline. Some of these resources are finite and irreplaceable. however, several are replaaceable at extreme cost and others are renewable. The island's Browing poDulaation and eManding urbanization laces a greater d wand € n the limited resource base. Thaws in order to conserve these resources hest management pLactices and enforcement of zoning and environmental laws are critical. Some of these resources have been covered in other sections in the Genera Ilan. Largest and youngest of the Hawaiian Chain, the island of Hawaii [consists of 4,037] covers a lad area of 4,02 square miles with 4.4 sguare Hailes of inland water bodies, and is still growing. The [island] Big Island as it is known today, was formed by five volcanoes and three [of them,] _ Mauna Lo Ha, mala and Kilauea, are still active. Extensive scientific research on active volcanic processes is being conducted. This is the only place in the [U.S.] United States where such processes can be continuously studied. Land and marine volcanic regions are also possible sources of geothermal energy. At [13,784] 13,796 feet above sea level, Mauna Kea is the tallest of the island's mountains. The topography of the island extends from craggy ocean cliffs and beaches of black, green and golden sand to [the] snow-covered mountain peaks [which are snow-covered] during the winter months. Vegetative cover generally corresponds with elevation and ranges from tropical rainforest to grazing land to barren lava fields. Leeward and windward directions are equally important in determining vegetation types and landscape characteristics. In some windward areas, rainfall reaches an average of 300 inches annually, while some leeward areas have virtually no rainfall throughout the year. [Rainfall has proven to be a scientific resource and is studied by the Hilo Cloud Physics Laboratory.] 150 Natural Resources & Shoreline Temperature drops consistently with higher elevation. Coastal regions are warm and semi -tropical, while frost is not unusual above the 4,000 -foot level. The purity of atmospheric conditions at higher elevations has attracted scientific research. Fresh and marine waters are important to the County. Potable water is an understood necessity. The marine waters of the island and the plant and animal life within them are of dietary, recreational, and scientific importance. The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava[.] and ash. The young age and form of some [of these] lava make certain areas temporarily non-productive. Throughout the islands there are pockets of endemic vegetation. These are important botanical remnants with scientific significance and are part of our natural heritage. Forest areas of both native and introduced species are additionally important as watershed areas and as natural means of controlling erosion. The flora and fauna, both native and introduced, [of the island] are used as nutritional and recreational resources by numerous residents. The island [of Hawaii] has more than 305 miles of coastline, but approximately 75[%] even is comprised of cliffs of varying height. The porous nature of the lava flows have produced unique ecological niches in the anchialine ponds along the coast. The coastline can be divided into seven general areas. The Hamakua coast, from near Waipio Malley to Hilo Bay, is comprised of a sea cliff 100 to 300 feet high. Along the Hamakua Coast are boulder beaches [which] that have formed at the mouths of valleys and the numerous gulches. From Hilo to Leleiwi Point to Keaau, the rocky shoreline of the Hilo coast is highly irregular. The Puna coast from Keaau along Cape Kumukahi to Kalapana is partly low sea cliff and partly the constructional surface of recent lava flows. The irregularity of the coast a few miles to either side of Pohoiki is the result of several earthquakes and subsidence. There are also black sand beaches on the Puna coast [which resulted from explosions caused by the generation of steam] that were created when hot molten lava [reaches] reached the ocean[.], solidified, 3,nd shattered in the surf. The coast of Ka'u and South Kona varies in composition and height. Sections are formed of soil, other areas are pahoehoe benches or a'a cliffs of varying height. The cliffs are especially high where the major sets of faults are close to and parallel to the sea. Several cones are present along the shoreline and some have adjacent black sand beaches. The low coastline of North Kona extends north from the end of the fault -controlled sea cliff of Kealakekua Bay to Kawaihae Harbor. Like the northern Puna coast, the shoreline is highly irregular [and has] with sea cliffs a few feet high. There are also pocket beaches found along bays between adjacent flows. The best beaches on the island are along the coast between Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae. 151 Natural Resources & Shoreline The west and north slopes of the Kohala volcano from north of Kawaihae to Pololu Valley are marked by sea cliffs of moderate to low height. The coastal cliffs are interrupted by pockets of boulder beaches at the mouths of the intermittent gullies and small streams. The coastline along the windward deep valleys between Pololu and `JVaipio [alternate] alternates between steep cliffs [which rise] rasing as high as 1,400 feet and boulder or sand beaches [which front] frontinl5 the deep valleys. The State's Shoreline Setback statute was passed in 1970. It established a restrictive zone 40 feet from the upper reaches of the wash of waves (20 feet for certain parcels) [in which] where construction and other coastal alterations are generally prohibited except by a [special approval-] variance procedure. The Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act (Public Law 92-583) was signed into law in 1972. This Act affirms a national interest in the effective protection and development of the coastal zone and provides assistance and encouragement to coastal States to develop and implement rational programs for managing their coastal zones. In 1975, the Legislature enacted a Shoreline Protection Act which established such an interim program through a Special Management Area (SMA) extending a minimum of 100 yards inland from the shoreline vegetation or debris line. Guidelines to manage and protect the resources in the [SMA's] SNIA were set forth by the Shoreline Protection Act. In 1977, the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act became law and incorporated many of the features of the Shoreline Protection law and mandated objectives and policies for the management of Hawaii's coastal zone. The Public Access Shoreline Hawaii (PASO decision resulted from the Hawaiian therm ri is and the governments' dulK toward protecting those l j .hts. In addition to surface and coastal natural resources,,, the island also possesses sub- surface resources. Areas in Puna have been dest ated geothermal sub -zones for the development of Motherma.l cnc= and other areas of the island contain geological features such as lava; tube caves. Lava. tube caves are among the island's more important geological natural resource. macre than 30 miles long.. Kau anaa Cave is an imRortsnt historic site foraned in the I88I Mauna Loa lava flow. Other large lava tube caves exist on Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and possibly Mauna Kea, Among the most significant of the island's natural resources are upland forests that provide the essential groundwater rechgMe areas.. AR groundwater sources in North and 152 Natural Resources & Shoreline South Konaultimatdy depend anon rechar a that Rrimarily occurs in a band between the 1,500 and 5,500 -foot elevations. In the lower rt of this band, rainfall dominates; from a roximatel the t 500 to&000400t elevation. Inthe.gRper.,Uart of this bared above the 31300 -foot elevation fog that collects on trees and da�i s to the ground is a ma'or contributor to the a uifer. In recoggition of the i s ortance of the mauka Koala area for watershed and other environmental valum the Counly, Council established a poligy in Resolution No, 330.961199!U that no lands in North or South Dona above 2,500 feet in elevationerxce t in the existing aleko Mau%a Subdivisions should be rezoned to lot sues less than 20 acres without a corresnonding reductions in,densily on conn nous lands. In Kaloko Martha, the Council, found that the concerns could be mitigated by suecific rezoning conrditiong which would re mire that at bast 80 per cent of the progerly be ke t in forest cover in the area alcove 313fl0 sect in elevation esolution No. 58-9ZT , A similar proveM whalee, rezoning the lower Rortion to a hither densily. [Activities initiated under the CZM program are closely related to the continuing environmental planning objectives of the State of Hawaii. Hawaii has long been recognized as a leader in the development of programs to enhance and protect the environmental resources. Of special concern are natural amenities significant to the overall well-being of the State and Nation and which attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to Hawaii each year.] GOALS • Protect and conserve the natural resources [of the County of Hawaii] from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. • Provide opportunities for [the public to fulfill] recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural resources. • Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources. • Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii. • Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas. • Ensure that alterations to existing land forms, [and] vegetation, [except crops,] and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake. 153 Natural Resources & Shoreline POLICIES • [The County of Hawaii should require] Ian users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse etTects on the environment. • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage a program of collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural resources. • [The] Maintain the shoreline [of the island of Hawaii shall be maintained] for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. • [The] Protect the shoreline [shall be protected] from the encroachment of man- made improvements and structures. • [The County of Hawaii shall coordinate] Coordinate programs to protect natural resources with other government agencies. • [The County shall investigate] Investigate methods of beach replenishment and sand erosion control. • [The County shall promote] Promote sound management and development of Hawaii's land and marine resources for potential economic benefit. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage public and private agencies to manage the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and significant natural resources of the County of Hawaii. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the protection of watersheds, forest, brush, and grassland from destructive agents and uses. • An identification and inventory of forest lands suitable for watershed purposes should be conducted jointly by County, appropriate State and Federal agencies, and private landowners. • [The County shall encourage and work] Work with the appropriate State, Federal agencies, and private landowners to establish a program to manage and protect identified watersheds. 154 Natural Resources & Shoreline • [The County shall encourage] Encourage appropriate State agencies to review and designate forest and watershed areas into the conservation district during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews. • The installation of utility facilities, highways and related public improvements in natural and wildland areas should avoid the contamination or despoilment of natural resources where feasible by design review, conservation principles, and by mutual agreement between the County and affected agencies. • [The County shall encourage] Encouraag the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of native Hawaiian flora and fauna within the Natural Area Reserve System. • Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping. • Develop policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected as identified under judicial decisions. • Ensure pubUe access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and huntin areas, including free public parking where appropriate. • Establish a astern of pedestrian access trails to Rlaces of scenie, historic, cultural, natural, or recreational valises. • Preserve and protect siggificant lava tube caves. • Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage important natural resources. • Within the Kona high rainfall/fo&drip belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive soil compaction. and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mittUted consistent with. managgment strate&sAhat encasurage the retention of existing Lerested and pasture areas, reforestation, minimal coverage by impervious surfaces and other stratgIies that encourage effective infiltration to undwaater. Implement Council Resolution Nos. 330-96 and 58-97 in land use aaggrovals. Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas with emphasis on native forest species. 155 Natural Resources & Shoreline The following shall be considered for the protection and conservation of natural resources. • Areas necessary for the protection and propagation of specified endangered native wildlife, and conservation for natural ecosystems of endemic plants, fish and wildlife. • Lands necessary for the preservation of forests, park lands, wilderness and beach areas. • Lands with a general slope of 20 per cent or more [which] that provide open space amenities or possess unusual scenic qualities. • Lands necessary for the protection of watersheds, water sources and water supplies. • Lands with topographic, locational, soils, climate or other environmental factors that may not be normally adaptable or required for urban, rural, agricultural or public use. • The Coastal Zone and Special Management Area as defined by statute and in accordance with the adopted objectives and guidelines. 156 Natural Resources & Shoreline HOUSING INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [The three primary functions of housing are to provide: 1) physical shelter; 2) a setting, both within the structure and in its neighborhood, for the day-to-day activities of the family members; and 3) the grouping of families within the larger neighborhood or community. Housing provides more than just shelter from the natural elements. It embodies the social, economic and emotional values of families and individuals. Collectively, housing represents a community's aspirations which are in turn influenced by larger economic and social processes.] Housing rovides more than 'fist shelter from the natural elements. Aperson's home is not only a glace of security and comfort, but also a place for entertainment and recreation, Housing also allows a erson to ex ress his/her individual living, s les b rovidin a lace from which one can seely a s cholo "cal sociolo 'ca economic and aesthetic balance. If the various functions that tale place in the home do not meet the individual's ersonal and social needs a housing.problem ingy exist for that gerson. Housing pLoares, therefore, influence and are influenced by the many diverse needs of a person or girsonso In an economic setting, the construction of housing is an essential contributor to business, industry and employment. The location of housing on the other hand is [dependant] de endent upon the location of other economic and employment opportunities, such as agriculture or resort developments. In the physical and environmental setting, housing and its residential land use component [, residential use,] utilizes a significant portion of the County's urban lands. The placement or settlement patterns of these residential lands and the form of housing [is a] are major [influence] influences on the environment and aesthetic setting of the island. In the social and human realm, [the adequacy of a house is a major factor of a family's sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.] ad trate housing is one of the primaKy factors that grovides a Berson a sense of votisfaction and w eH basiia& For most families, it is a major expenditure of the household income and represents, in varying degrees, long term commitments to a place and/or community. In turn, these commitments contribute to a community's sense of well being and stability. When the cost of land, land improvements and home con0ruction increases be amid a commensurate rise WgSrsonal. income it tends to discourage and Rrevent many uadividuats and fainflics from Rurch,asing a home. From governments' perspective, adequate housing for [its] residents is part of the considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Dousing and residential use of land is a generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balanced by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other capital [improvements] imRrovement projects [which] that service residential areas. Thus, the provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of 157 Dousing government. The availability of housing is [dependant] dendent on a number of interrelated factors, including the availability of appropriately zoned land [, the availability of infra -structure,] and infrastructureo and the [costs] cost of raw land and [the] its development [of the land]. The Housing element must consider fixture costs of constructing a house and the ability of individuals to purchase or rent these units. In the social sense, the provision of housing needs to consider the kinds of people who reside here or are likely to reside here and [what the] their preferences [are] with respect to type, size, location and other factors. In the collective sense, the Housing Element is related to all other elements of the General Plan. It is most directly related to the Land Use element, Single family and Multiple family residential sections. Moreover, the Housing Element is directly influenced by the growth directions [which] that the County wishes to take. The Role of Government Since the 1930s, the Federal government has played a major role in the provision of housing and home ownership through direct housing construction projects, home mortgage insurance programs, loan programs for special groups such as veterans and farmers, and direct subsidies to State governments. The Territory of Hawaii and subsequently, the State of Hawaii, through the Hawaii Housing Authority, has been responsible for administering Federal housing programs. Until the mid -1970, the State Hawaii Housing Authority served as the major agency to develop rental housing projects for low income families and [to] provide housing for sale to low and moderate income groups. In 19950 three State housing gFencres, including the Hawaii Housing Authorily, were consolidated into the Housing and Communi T Develo meat Co oration of Hawaii :ii CI3C h Hawaii Cornmuni 1 10 ment Co oration sof Hawaii seeks to expand the suR Iy of safe and affordable housing; provide for well-main inte mated housing ro'ects; assist residents in reaching higher lever of self sufficiency, and effectively address the housin& needs of Hawaii's residents. In addition, through a 1920 Congressional act, lands have been set aside for eligible native Hawaiians for residential and agricultural purposes. Through the State Hawaiian Homes Commission and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, houselots on a leasehold basis are made available to eligible native Hawaiians. In the mid -80s, the Department established an accelerated program to provide lands for residential and agricultural purposes. Since the adoption of the County of Hawaii's General Plan[,] in 1971 Federal housing and community redevelopment programs have been reorganized under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. This federal legislation placed much of the initiative for addressing community housing needs to the local government level. Additionally, county governments have been granted similar and parallel authorities to 158 Housing the State's Hawaii Housing Agency. As a result, the County [has] established [a] the Hawaii Counly Housing Agency HCIIA and [an] Lhe Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD)[.] that Rrovides staff services to the HCHA. The [Housing Agency] Hawaii County Housin A, enc which is comprised of the members of the Hawaii Counly Council has the capability to develop affordable housing either on its own, in conjunction with the State, or through joint programs with the private sector. The [OHCD] Office of Housing and Communj_q Develo ment administers the Federal Section 8 rental assistance program benefiting low income families, manages several housing projects and administers grants funded under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. Consequently, the County has the authority and the funds to directly address the housing problems of the County along with the Federal and State governments. Since 1975, the [Agency] Office of Housing and CoMMyniiy Development has developed on its own, and/or coordinated various housing projects with other government agencies, developers, and nonprofit housing corporations. These projects have been aimed at providing housing for a variety of need categories such as employee housing, low and moderate income groups special needs groups and [for] the elderly. [To date 1,795] Since the construction of the first affordable housing project in Hila in 1951 approximately -&0 units, both single family and multiple family units have been constructed or rehabilitated through various projects of the [Housing Agency] Office of Housing and Communiiy Develogmeut, [Hawaii Housing Authority] Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii OIECRCH) and the private sector. In 1999, there were apgr ximately 1,L99 contracts for rental assistance thio h: the Office of Housin and Com- muni Develo menl with 474 penons on the waiting lista The Housing and Communily DeveloRmea:t Corporation of Hawaii has also Rarricipated in the 1arovision of housing units for low income grouRs. While the County has been granted more authority in the provision of housing, in recent years, the programs administered by both the Federal and the State governments have changed. The State's programs are giving greater emphasis to distributing funds for housing and/or rental programs and ser= U as a coordinator of financing programs and has placed less emphasis on both direct housing construction activities and the management of housing programs. The State as a major landowner, however, has the ability to release lands for housing projects. In support of the Coun 's ongoing efforts to provide ade uate affordable Iaousin to its residents the Hawaii Counly Council established an affordable housingotic in 1993 th:ro h: the ado tion of Ordinance No. 98 1. The objectives of this affordable housing ole are to; 1 is : lement the pals and p&&ies of the General Plan relative to housin • .2 rom2tc and a.% st rivate develo mtnl of affordable housing for senior citizens and oalified households; ase available overnmentaI ants and Iuusls in the development of affordable housing and increase the ca ,abilities of gusfified households to obtain affordable housi 4)support ort innovative lower-cost aORLoaches that may be used in the develo meat of affordable housing; and 51 re wire large resort and industrW enterRrises to address related. affordable housing.:needs as a condition of rezonin aRprovals, based neon current economic and housing conditions. 159 Housing The change in the Federal programs are largely reflected in drastic reductions in funds for housing projects and programs, and reduced subsidies to the State. It is also apparent that there will continue to be a reduction in Federal funds, particularly for the construction of housing for low and moderate income groups. As the major source of funds for housing programs, these changes have had major implications on the County's role in the provision of housing for its residents; particularly since significant factors [which] that contribute to the ability of residents to purchase homes are outside the direct influence of the County government and are external to the economy of Hawaii. These factors include loan interest rates [which] that are significantly impacted by federal financial and monetary policies. The development of assisted housing in Hawaii County will increasingly depend on non - Federal funds. Additionally, a broad range of mechanisms must be utilized by the County to facilitate, coordinate and implement the development of both assisted and market residential housing. Profile In order to identify and anticipate the housing needs within the County of Hawaii, and to encourage the opportunities for housing, the demographic, economic, housing construction and land inventory data for the County [is] are provided in [the following] tables[.] on the following Vis. Analysis - Trends Several [of the] major issues and problems faced by Hawaii County continue to involve housing. Rapid population growth in some areas of the County has not been accompanied by parallel growth in affordable residential housing construction. [In addition, the] The rate of increase in the price of land, [particularly in West Hawaii, has grown proportionately more than] the cost of housing construction and [more importantly,] the rate of growth in earning power of many residents[.] also contribute to the lack of affordable housing 9pp2EWnities. Thus, proportionately fewer residents are able to afford the purchase of a home. [As indicated in Table 2, 44% or 12,992 of the island's households earned less than $15,000 per year in 1980.] Ire 1997 SMS Research & Marketing Services and Locations Inc. in cooperation with the State various housing issues throughout the State of Hawaii. According to the study, a family agRroximately 36 Rer• cent of the total households on this island fall below the median annual income. According to the 1999 Homeless Deeds Assessment Study-SUMMLa of Findira s re ared by the State Housing and Communily Ilevelo anent Co oration of Flawa€i the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the various counties, the most prominent need 160 Housing for unsheltered homeless Reogle within the County of Hawaii is housing placement. The study found that existing hou-sing placement services were on!able to service Oil per cent of the unshelter€ . taomeless jjojj residjHg in the Coe € = the lar est Rcrcenj.Ue of who were lifetime. or lon -tune residents. The strad , also estimated that there are between 585 and 733 sheltered/unsheltered hnmeless eo le islandw-ide. There are an estimated 10,871 individuals in the Countv defined as "hidden homeless' or those who share accommodationswith others de ndent on Rnbfic assistance for monthly shelter gayments. Accord to ex itsin ho Bless services the most Vtominent need of service providens, was additional funding for services wch as transitional housin& affordable housih j.ob and life skills training, and other assistance services. The ability of households to purchase or rent a home, or what is commonly understood as "affordability", is [dependant] dclpendent upon many factors [which] that vary among households and individuals' choices in lifestyles and also differ due to location and financing. While quantitative descriptions of need groups and limitations may be made for the present, only general trends and order of magnitude estimates may be made for the fixture. It is expected, however, that the proportion of the resident population [needing] rewuirin, some assistance in purchasing a home will continue to increase. Housing sales activity, both new and resale, has been uneven and difficult to predict. The housing industry's traditional construction cycle has been complicated by [a sustained period] periodsof high interest rates. Federal housing policies and funding have also changed. The net result is that housing activity and housing programs will be difficult to predict for the foreseeable future. Mousing priorities and programs today may be very different from those in [three to five years.] the future. In existing urban areas, the supply of readily available housing and residential zoned lands is nearing a point where flexibility in choice of location and price will be limited and will contribute to rising costs of housing unless additional and alternative areas are made available for residential development. In rural and agricultural areas, affordable housing for both independent farmers and agricultural employees place competitive demands on the land. In addition to the expanding urban needs, rural and agricultural lands are being sought for rural/residential estate use. [This is part of a growing and continuing nationwide trend of the "gentrification of the land" and will contribute to rising costs of land.] In addition, in rural areas, the age of the existing housing stock [suggest] lusts that future new housing will be [needed] necessaEy to replace these units. The increasing role of [diversified] agriculture [in our economy also] has created implications for housing of the agricultural worker. The residents of the rural areas of the County constitute a special population by virtue of their relative isolation, lower average incomes, lack of employment opportunities and mobility. The housing problems of these areas 161 Housing are proportionately more acute in the rural areas and communities than in the urbanized areas in the State. [Furthermore, the] The residents of the rural areas tend to be [farm and] agricultural workers or individuals directly employed in self-contained destination resort areas; industries [which] that play a vital role in Hawaii's economy but [which] tend to be associated with relatively low average annual income, particularly compared to non -service industry jobs. Table 1 County Profile Estimate-CounjX of Hawaii Planning De artment Estimate -County of Hawaii Data BoOL 1995 U.S. Census 200 Inventory - Housing Units Population Households 2000 148,677 not available 1997 141,848 493617 1990 120 317 42,413 1980 92,053 29,237 [1970 63,468 18,397 % Growth 45% 9%] Estimate-CounjX of Hawaii Planning De artment Estimate -County of Hawaii Data BoOL 1995 U.S. Census 200 Inventory - Housing Units Hawaii Housing Poliey Study - SMS Research,1997 162 Housing [Total SF DUP. APT. OTHER 1985 39,157 29,688 768 7,624 1,077 1980 34,792 26,755 696 6,267 1,074 1970 19,957 17,020 550 1,636 7511 Hawaii Housing Poliey Study - SMS Research,1997 162 Housing Total Single Family lultipk Family, Condominium _Other 1997 542643 43,979 10,664 1992 1 453408 36170 99 238 Hawaii Housing Poliey Study - SMS Research,1997 162 Housing Occupancy Fee Rental 1997 33,446 72% 12,825 28®%Q 1992 26,977 68% 12,812 32% 1980 17,731 61% 11,506 39% [1970 10,744 56% 8,439 44%] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 .Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Age of Structure Occupied Vacant 1997 473793 95% 22770 5% 1992 41461 95% 2,231 5% 1980 29,237 86% 4,717 14% [1970 18,397 96% 786 4%] .Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Age of Structure 0-5 6-15 16-30 30+ 1985 4,587 9,533 5,087 11,513 1970 5,255 2,822 4,752 6,364] A& of Structure 007 8-20 21-30 30+ 1997 2,627 1 10,398 12,619 % of Total Units 21.9 25.8 23.6 28.7 Hawaii Housing Policy Steady - SMS Research, 1997 163 Housing Dwellinp, Units by Tax Map Zones Hawaii Housiaa g.Pot ja Study - 5MS Research, 1997 Parcel Inventory Total 1997 1985 1980 1970 %Growth annual Zone 1 Puna 103902 4,925 4,126 1,891 [160] 8.6 Zone 2 S.Hilo 16,346 15,188 14,301 9,585 [58] 213 Zone 3 N.Hilo 626 621 581 511 [21] 1.00 Zone 4 Harnakua 2 019 1,768 1,741 1,441[23] 1.22 Zone 5 N. Kohala 19 1,206 1,122 932 [29] 21 Zone 6 S. Kohala 5,798 2,681 2,218 980 [74] 89 Zone 7 N. Kona 123254 9,150 7,540 2,485 [268] 9�1 Zone 8 S. Kona 2j714 1,971 1,722 1,169 [6911.0 Zone 9 Ka'u 12385 1,647 1,441 963 [71] 3.9 Hawaii Housiaa g.Pot ja Study - 5MS Research, 1997 Parcel Inventory 1999 1985 1969 %Growth19� 91 County Total 124 930 120,353 101,848 [18] 338 Zone 1 Puna 57,363 56,992 54,654 [4] L77 Zone 2 S. Hilo 19,440 18,126 14,323 [27] 713 Zone 3 N. Hilo 1508 1,416 1,217 [16] 6�5 Zone 4 Hamakua 3,801 3,601 2,857 [2615.6 Zone 5 N. Kohala 22957 2,284 1,712 [33] 29.5 Zone 6 S. Kohala 66x18 4,822 2,526 1911 30;0 Zone 7 N. Kona 11,169 10,094 5,100 [98] 13.7 Zone 8 S. Kona 5 529 5,737 4,770 [20]36 Zone 9 Ka'u 163945 17,281 14,689 [ 18] -1.9 Hawaii Housing Policy Steady - SMS Research, 1997 Estimates. - Planaaina Denarteaaeot 164 Housing Table 2 Income Distribution 165 Housing [LESS THAN $10,000 $10,000 TO $15,000 $15,000 TO $25,000 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 Puna 1,019 783 1,340 69 254 701 0 146 965 S. Hilo 4,109 3,623 3,856 682 2,131 1,884 242 1,612 3,079 N. Hilo 498 282 161 32 62 90 0 80 172 Hamakua 1,029 662 388 48 254 237 12 132 524 N. Kohala 691 412 381 25 214 184 18 105 330 S. Kohala 274 317 284 24 123 323 16 97 510 N. Kona 682 622 1,110 41 313 649 26 202 1,275 S. Kona 514 377 526 21 185 313 4 199 420 Ka'u 591 510 343 41 153 222 0 88 417 TOTAL 9,407 7,588 8,389 983 3,689 4,603 330 2,661T 7,692 165 Housing $25,000 to $50,000 OVER $50,000 TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS 1960 1970 1980 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 Puna 0 33 672 6 148 1,100 1,222 3,826 S. Hilo 81 403 3,694 92 728 5,114 7,861 13,241 N. Hilo 0 5 102 0 0 530 429 525 Hamakua 4 25 383 13 38 1,093 1,086 1,570 N. Kohala 4 16 123 11 18 738 758 1,036 S. Kohala 0 18 287 7 145 314 562 1,549 N. Kona 17 72 1,175 13 349 766 1,222 4,558 S. Kona 4 29 423 6 116 543 796 1,798 Ka'u 0 5 163 0 9 632 756 1,154 TOTAL 110 606 7,022 148 1,551 10,830 14,692 29,2571 165 Housing U.S. Census Couutt of Hawaii Data BooL 1998 19 9 General Plan LESS TliAl®I $10,000 $10,000 TO $15,000 $15,000 TO $25,000 1970 1970 1 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 19" Puna 783 1340 1,709 254 701 863 146 965 1,414 S. Hilo 3,623 33856 Z�322 2131 1,884 1,209 1,612 3079 1341 N. Hilo 282 161 425 62 90 316 80 172 678 Hamakua 662 388 131 254 237 88 132 524 259 N. Kohala 412 381 157 214 184 116 105 330 240 S. Kohala 317 284 248 123 323 182 97 510 378 N. Kona 622 1,110 707 313 649 590 202 1,275 1376 S. Kona. 377 526 361 18,5 313 199 199 420 499 Ka'u 510 343 212 153 222 270 88 417 350 TOTAL7,588 7,_,022 8389 6 72 3,689 4x(03 3,833 2,661 7692 7,535 U.S. Census Couutt of Hawaii Data BooL 1998 19 9 General Plan U.S. Census CguplK of Hawaii Data )look, 1998 1989 General Plan 166 ;-lousing $25,000 TQ $50,000 0VEX50,000 Total .Rouseholds 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 Puna 33 672 2,098 6 148 1,045 1,222 3,826 7,129 S. Hilo 403 3,694. 4,404 92 728 3,559 7.61 13,241 13,835 N. Hilo 5 102 1025 0 0 418 429 525 2� 2 Haanakua 25 383 509 13 38 222 1,086 1.570 112,09 N. Kohala 16 123 495 11 18 291 758 1_,036 11299 S. Kohala 18 2877 1.143 7 145 1 134 562 1,549 .3,085 N. ][bona 72 1,175 2,953 13 349 2290 1,222 4,558 7x916 S. 1S bona 29 423 848 6 116 781 796 1,798 2,688 Ka'u 5 163 504 0 9 220 756 1,154 1556 TOTAL 606 7,_,022 13 979 148 1..551 9,960 14,692 29,257 41,579 U.S. Census CguplK of Hawaii Data )look, 1998 1989 General Plan 166 ;-lousing The United States Department of Agriculture -Rural Develo ment Agency, formerly known as the Farmers Home Administration,, has programs [which] that have historically been targeted to rural households. However, these programs have been experiencing increased interest rates, cut backs in program funds, and a general curtailment in the effectiveness of the program. At the same time, the smaller [diversified] agricultural operators will not [as easily] be able to easilv carry the costs of providing homes for their employees, nor will it be as easy to identify the magnitude of the need and distribute opportunities for employee housing as it has been in the past with major sugar companies. Housing for the elderly also presents changes for the future. Nationwide changes in the growing segment of the older population, due to technological advances in medicine have also [had their impact in the County of Hawaii.] iMp cted the County. The 60 and over age group will be the fastest growing sector of the population over the next twenty years. This group [is projected to increase from 13.7% of the total population in 1985 to 16.7% in the year 20-00.] represented 13.7 per cent of the total population in. 1985 and 17.3 per cent in 1990. Aecerdigg to the State ExeeutWe Office on AgLnL the number of individuats statewide age 60 and over gEgw k 52.5 Mr cent between the years of 1980 and 1990 while the total State raoarulatlon grew by only 14.9 per cent. Whose 85 3 -ears and older grew by 87 user cent during the same Uriod. 1t is antics aced that b the Year 2020 one in every four residents in the State will: be 60 years an -d older. Changes in social attitudes and expectations on both the part of the elderly and young may dictate changes in the types of structures [which will be required] neeessan or desired by the elderly population. In addition to the [naturally] increasing size of this population, the encouragement of retirement communities or the attractiveness of Hawaii as a [retirement place]lay ce ®f retirement will require a reassessment of [their] housing and public service needs. GOALS • Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. • Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. • Maintain a housing supply [which] that allows a variety of [choice.] choices. • [Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating] Create viable communities with [decent] affordable housing and suitable living environments [for our people]. • Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing [stock.] inventory. 167 Housing • Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee -simple housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. • Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital status, ethnic background, and income. • Make affordable housing available in reasonable groximity to earaplament centers. • [The cornerstone of the County's housing programs and activities shall continue to be the encouragement and expansion of appropriate] Encoura a and expand home ownership opportunities for [our] residents. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies. • [The] Encog age the construction of specially designed facilities or communities for elderly persons needing institutional care and small lame care units for active elderly persons[shall be encouraged]. • [The County shall encourage] Encoura a corporations and nonprofit organizations to participate in FederalState and private programs to provide new and rehabilitated housing for low and moderate income [households.] families. • Support the construction of housing for minimum wage and agricultural. workers. • [The County shall continually] Continue to review [its] codes and ordinances [to see if there are] for overly stringent restrictions [which] that may impose unnecessary hardship and adopt amendments if warranted. • [The County shall] Continue toto study and implement appropriate measures to curb property speculative practices [which] that result in increased housing costs. [• The County shall protect residential property values from depreciating influences.] Large industries or developments [which] that create a demand for housing shall provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be determined by an analysis of the locality's needs. 168 Housing • [The County shall formulate] Formulate a program for housing [which] that identifies specific mechanisms to implement the housing goals. • [The County shall utilize its] Utilize housing powers and to accomplish [its] housing goals and [shall utilize existing programs and] seek out new programs and resources to address the housing needs of [its] the residents. • [The County shall initiate] Initiate and participate in activities with the private Sector including the provision of leadership and expertise to neighborhoods and nonprofit organizations in the development of housing and community development projects. • Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and moderate income households. • Support programs [which] that improve, maintain, and rehabilitate the existing housing [stock] irnventon to maintain the viability of existing communities. • Accommodate the housing requirements of [the] special need groups including the elderly, handicapped, homeless and those residents [living] in rural areas [of the County]. • Investigate, develop, and promote the creation of new innovative and timely financing techniques and programs to reduce the cost of housing [in Hawaii County]. • Encourage the use of suitable public lands for housing purposes in fee or lease. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the construction of homes for lease or lease with option to purchase. • Promote research and development of methods, programs, and activities including the review of regulatory requirements and procedures as they affect housing, to reduce the costs consistent with the public health, safety and welfare. • [The County shall adopt] Ado t appropriate ordinances and rules as necessary to implement its housing programs and activities. • Utilize financing [technique] techniques that reduce the cost of housing, including the issuance of tax-exempt bonds and the implementation of interim financing programs. • [Seek to ensure] Ensure that adequate infrastructure is available in appropriate locations to support the timely development of affordable housing. 169 Housing • Investigate the use of the County's taxing powers as a possible means to increase the supply of affordable housing. • [The County shall work] Aork with, encourage and support [the] private sector efforts in the provision of affordable housing. • Encourage the development of affordable retirement communities. • Vacant lanais in urban areas and urban expansion areas should be made available for residential uses before additional agricultural lands are converted into residential uses. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide va1j2jj of housing to achieve a dive ill of socio-economic housigg raiz. STANDARDS Housing standards shall consist of and comply with: [• Housing Code] • Building Code • Electrical Code • Plumbing Code • Zoning Code • Subdivision Code • Standards of the single-family and multiple residential land use [element.] elements. [DISTRICT PROFILE] DISTRICTS The following are [brief and summarized] summary profiles and [analysis] an a!Xses of each [of the districts.] district. 170 Housing PUNA Profile The Puna district [has experienced a] continues to experience tremendous growth in population and housing construction. The availability of residential sized lots at relatively inexpensive prices, and its proximity to the Hilo urban and employment center has contributed to this growth. Most of the growth in housing construction has been single-family residential units_ [(3,034 additional units since 1970) with few (69) multiple dwelling units added to the initial stock of 6 in 1970. Moreover, most of this] This growth [has] occurred in the non -conforming subdivisions [which were] created prior to the adoption of the zoning and subdivision codes and are without basic [utility systems.] infrastructure. As a result, many of the homes are served by individual water catchments, electric generators, [and] propane tanks[.] and substandard roadwpas. [In 1984, Puna Sugar Company ceased operating its sugar plantation. Since its closure the company has sold its plantation camp houses to its employees and has also made available one acre subdivided parcels to its former employees. There may however be future problems as the plantation houses are old and while the structures are individually owned, the land is held in joint tenure with others in the plantation camp. Future subdivision or transfers in ownership in this situation are likely to be complex. While the district has shown an 177% increase in home construction, this district also has the largest number of vacant parcels, (51,002) which indicates further potential for in -filling of the subdivisions.] According to the lllawah Hous:mg Poligy Update Study 1997, an additional 3,780 sin le family dwellar$ s were constructed in the Puna District between the Jear. 1990 and 1996• more than double the -number constructed in the other districts. However, the Puna DUtnet :also has the l €rte tgum, ber of vacant Rarcels, which indicates further potentialfor 1-n-flifing of existing subdivisions. The Hawaii Island Community{ DeveloRment Co oratiorr. ICRC has provided assistance with the construction of self-helphousigg within the Puna district. Since 1985, the Hawaii lslarsd Corrtrnunaty DeveIgginent.CoKporation assisted with the develo menu sof the 15 singlefsmijy. residential units within the Pacific Paradise Gardens develo meat and additional 20 units within:1£cauu,. 171 Housing DISTRICT: PUNA PROFILE Economic AMM. meant. PKF Hawaii. JanuM 2000 Counly of 11aw:si Data.11eaot 19911 U.S. Census, 2i1W FxistinE Inventory - Housine Units [1985 Populations Households 2000 31 35 Not available. 1990 20,781 7,136 1980 11,751 3,831 [ 1970 5,154 1,626 % Growth 128.00 135.611 Economic AMM. meant. PKF Hawaii. JanuM 2000 Counly of 11aw:si Data.11eaot 19911 U.S. Census, 2i1W FxistinE Inventory - Housine Units [1985 Units: 4,925 SF: 4,822 DUPX: 20 MF: 69 OTHER: 14 1980 Units: 4,127 SF: 4,028 DUPX: 16 MF: 69 OTHER: 13 1970 Units: 1,891 SF: 1,870 DUPX: 6 MF: 3 OTHER: 121 Hawaii Housing, Poliey Study— SMS Research, 1997 Or.rnn ne. [1980 Total Single Faanily blultiole Fa€ily, 97 Rental 989 Condominium 1997 1%872 18 818 54 1992 1 72456 72418 38 Hawaii Housing, Poliey Study— SMS Research, 1997 Or.rnn ne. [1980 Fee 2,842 74.18% 97 Rental 989 25.82% 1970 Fee 1,024 57.63% Rental 753 42.37%; Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 172 Housing Single Family % Fee Sim le % of All Units Owner OCCU ied 1997 97 59 1992 96 56 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 172 Housing [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 3,831 86.99% 1970 Vacant 573 13.01% 1970 Occupied 1,626 91.50% 1959 Vacant 151 8.50%] Age of Structure [1985 0-5 1,099 22.66% 1970 0-5 788 44.10% Tote 6-15 1,941 40.03% 1959 6-15 278 15.56% 1997 16-30 510 10.52% 696 16-30 336 18.80% 3,638 30- 1,299 26.79% 02 30- 385 21.54%] Hawaii Housing Poles Steady - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1950- 1990- Tote 55 62 115 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 344 Single liarnily 0 696 263 364 21077 3,638 39780 102818 Multiple Family, 02 311 0 23 28 1 0 54 Condominium � � m � � — - 1,486 Hawaii Housing Poles Steady - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections 173 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,891 48 55 62 115 1980 4,126 137 95 132 344 1985 4,925 226 118 168 426 Diff 3,034 178 63 106 311 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 363 379 361 248 260 1980 1,486 841 430 353 308 1985 1,739 1,030 462 415 341 Diff 1,376 651 101 167 81 1970-85 173 Housing Parcel Inventory *King's Landing Subdivision According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35 % reporting incomes of less than $10,000. Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.] According to the Hawaii Housing Pofigy Study UpAate 1497 there are &pproximplell 8,155 households in the Puna MgU icta AEproximalph 33 2jr cent of the househotds in Panna have an -Rita] household eo es of Ices tlaera Z5 A. ro mately 18 M cent have annual household incomes of less than $15,000. Nevertheless a noxi atel 82 2er cent of the houging, units are owned in fee. Another interesting figgre is that 98 Rer cent of all housing snits in the Puna District are sin c favi ° dwel i-athe highest Rercenjae of all the distrieb on this island. [Available housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.] Courses of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety housing choice for this area. • Since the sugar company has lands zoned for residential use within existing urban areas, they should be encouraged to make these lands available on the private market.] • Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the necessary infrastructure in [the] nonconforming subdivisions. • Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing [stock] inven to maintain the viability of existing communities. 174 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 54,654 10,976 2,464 2,621 4,714 1985 56,992 11,786 3,686 2,853 5,664 Vacant 51,002 11,505 3,491 2,606 5,105 *King's Landing Subdivision According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35 % reporting incomes of less than $10,000. Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.] According to the Hawaii Housing Pofigy Study UpAate 1497 there are &pproximplell 8,155 households in the Puna MgU icta AEproximalph 33 2jr cent of the househotds in Panna have an -Rita] household eo es of Ices tlaera Z5 A. ro mately 18 M cent have annual household incomes of less than $15,000. Nevertheless a noxi atel 82 2er cent of the houging, units are owned in fee. Another interesting figgre is that 98 Rer cent of all housing snits in the Puna District are sin c favi ° dwel i-athe highest Rercenjae of all the distrieb on this island. [Available housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.] Courses of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety housing choice for this area. • Since the sugar company has lands zoned for residential use within existing urban areas, they should be encouraged to make these lands available on the private market.] • Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the necessary infrastructure in [the] nonconforming subdivisions. • Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing [stock] inven to maintain the viability of existing communities. 174 Housing Sec 5 Sec 6* Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 13,284 14,367 931 4,313 984 1985 13,508 11,725 1,124 5,469 1,177 Vacant 11,468 10,754 403 4,886 784 *King's Landing Subdivision According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35 % reporting incomes of less than $10,000. Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.] According to the Hawaii Housing Pofigy Study UpAate 1497 there are &pproximplell 8,155 households in the Puna MgU icta AEproximalph 33 2jr cent of the househotds in Panna have an -Rita] household eo es of Ices tlaera Z5 A. ro mately 18 M cent have annual household incomes of less than $15,000. Nevertheless a noxi atel 82 2er cent of the houging, units are owned in fee. Another interesting figgre is that 98 Rer cent of all housing snits in the Puna District are sin c favi ° dwel i-athe highest Rercenjae of all the distrieb on this island. [Available housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.] Courses of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety housing choice for this area. • Since the sugar company has lands zoned for residential use within existing urban areas, they should be encouraged to make these lands available on the private market.] • Consider and encourage the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide the necessary infrastructure in [the] nonconforming subdivisions. • Encourage the maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing housing [stock] inven to maintain the viability of existing communities. 174 Housing SOUTH FILO Profile The South Hilo district remains the center for commercial, industrial, governmental and service activities for Hawaii County. The growth in population and housing construction in the [area continues to increase at rates exceeding the years prior to 1970.] district has slowest from its Reak in the 1970's which saw the con straaction of a rozimate 3,600 homes. Anaroximatell 2,250 homes were constructed in the 1980s and in the last six years ending in 1996, an additional 1,710 homes were built. [Of the additional dwelling units constructed since 1970, 3,679 were single family residential units, with 1,774 new multiple family units being constructed.] Within [the city of] Hilo, residential subdivisions have occurred mostly within the Kaumana, Waiakea Homesteads[;] and Waiakea Uka areas (southwest portion of the city). [There are approximately 3,227 vacant parcels in these residential sections of the city of Hilo.] Nevertheless, available and accessible lands for residential use within the city limits and southeast of Wailuku River are very nearly reaching the limits presently allowed by the General Plan. Existing areas allowed for alternate urban expansion in the area between Kaumana and Waiakea will require infrastructure (including major access roads) improvements and are also severely limited by drainage and floodway zones. Without improvements in the channelization or diversion at upper elevations, there is limited potential for use. Other housing problems continue to revolve around the provision of housing for low- income and elderly housing needs. According to [1980] 1990 census data, approximately [43% of the households] 11 Ber cent of all families in the district of Hilo [reported incomes of less than $15,000.1 were below the poveM level. [These account for 5,440 households in the district. There were approximately 513 contracts for rental assistance through the County's Office of Housing and Community Development, with 753 persons on the waiting list in 1985. The Hawaii Housing Authority has also participated in the provision of 290 additional units for low income groups.] 175 Housing DISTRICT: SOUTH HILO PROFILE Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census 2€00 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 47,38 Not available 1990 4 ,639 15253,3 1980 42,278 13,251 [1970 33,915 9,415 % Growth 24.66 40.74] Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census 2€00 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 15,188 SF: 11,505 DUPX: 444 APT: 2,681 OTHER: 558 1980 Units: 14,301 SF: 10,787 DUPX: 432 APT: 2,525 OTHER: 557 1970 Units: 9,585 SF: 7,826 DUPX: 354 APT 907 OTHER: 498] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 Occupancy [ 1980 Total Single Family Multiple "H ily, Condominium 1997 16,035 13,829 2 206 1992 14,600 122398 2202 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 Occupancy [ 1980 Fee 8,031 60.61% 94 Rental 5,220 39.39% 1970 Fee 6,183 64.05% Rental 3,471 35.95%] Hawaii Housi ; Policy Study — SMS Research, 1997 176 Housing Single Family % Fee Sino lc % of All Units Qwner . ccu i t 1997 94 61 1992 93 62 Hawaii Housi ; Policy Study — SMS Research, 1997 176 Housing [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 13,251 95.13% 1970 Vacant 678 4.87% 1970 Occupied 9,415 97.52% 2,743 Vacant 239 2.48%] Age of Structure [ 1985 0-5 949 7.94% 1970 0-5 2,180 22.58% Total 6-15 3,183 26.62% 2,743 6-15 1,524 15.79% 2 69 16-30 2,607 21.80% 340 16-30 2,686 27.82% 98;3 30- 5,217 43.63% Condominiums 30- 3,264 33.81%] HawaiMpusigg Policy Stud - SPAS Research 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections No data <195Q 1950- 1959 1960- 1969 1970- 1979 1980- 1959 1990- 1997 Total 2,265 Single Family 0 2,743 1,622 1,766 336610 2 69 1,719 13,829 Multiple Pa d 340 53 6 - 433 98;3 101 290 .- . 2;206 Condominiums HawaiMpusigg Policy Stud - SPAS Research 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections 177 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 9,585 540 2,265 1,455 2,169 1980 14,301 926 2,751 1,810 4,151 1985 15,188 984 2,818 1,890 4,656 Diff 5,603 444 553 435 2,487 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 992 880 678 483 123 1980 1,567 1,325 741 903 127 1985 1,669 1,341 758 941 131 Diff 677 461 80 458 8 1970-85 177 Housing Parcel Invento There has been a recurring shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii at Hilo [College]. A study prepared for the State in 1985[,] concludes that the shortage of student housing has been a deterrent to the realization of [higher levels of] an increase in enrollment at the Hilo Campus. A 1990 Dousing Program Revimv found that in addition to the r°ecurELnX housigg shorj:a a all of the housigg facilities are faced with serious maintenance and renovation needs. [In the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the responsibility of the public or governmental sector.] The [Hawaii Housing Agency] State's housing agency and the Office of Housing and Community Development has also participated in constructing [156] 182 units for elderly housing within the district. Since ,19859 the Hawaii Island CommunLq Development Comoration has assisted with the cons eflon of eight self helu single famil- dwellinLrs in Pe eeheo. The Hawaii. CounlyEconomic 4 ort in j F Council is responsible for the development of 30 single family self<heln dwelling on Hawaiian Thome hands in Keaukaha during the past decade. The State and County [has] have been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of State-owned lands for low and moderate income families[, these accounted for 677 lots]. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the Hawaii Community College. • [Participate] Md and etrcourage in a variety of programs for the replacement or 178 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 14,323 1,354 3,231 1,558 3,323 1985 18,126 1,234 3,011 1,640 5,893 Vacant 4961 456 553 286 1,932 There has been a recurring shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii at Hilo [College]. A study prepared for the State in 1985[,] concludes that the shortage of student housing has been a deterrent to the realization of [higher levels of] an increase in enrollment at the Hilo Campus. A 1990 Dousing Program Revimv found that in addition to the r°ecurELnX housigg shorj:a a all of the housigg facilities are faced with serious maintenance and renovation needs. [In the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the responsibility of the public or governmental sector.] The [Hawaii Housing Agency] State's housing agency and the Office of Housing and Community Development has also participated in constructing [156] 182 units for elderly housing within the district. Since ,19859 the Hawaii Island CommunLq Development Comoration has assisted with the cons eflon of eight self helu single famil- dwellinLrs in Pe eeheo. The Hawaii. CounlyEconomic 4 ort in j F Council is responsible for the development of 30 single family self<heln dwelling on Hawaiian Thome hands in Keaukaha during the past decade. The State and County [has] have been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of State-owned lands for low and moderate income families[, these accounted for 677 lots]. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the Hawaii Community College. • [Participate] Md and etrcourage in a variety of programs for the replacement or 178 Housing Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 2,267 819 1,032 565 174 1985 2,890 957 1,253 1,005 243 Vacant 1,127 195 226 150 36] There has been a recurring shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii at Hilo [College]. A study prepared for the State in 1985[,] concludes that the shortage of student housing has been a deterrent to the realization of [higher levels of] an increase in enrollment at the Hilo Campus. A 1990 Dousing Program Revimv found that in addition to the r°ecurELnX housigg shorj:a a all of the housigg facilities are faced with serious maintenance and renovation needs. [In the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the responsibility of the public or governmental sector.] The [Hawaii Housing Agency] State's housing agency and the Office of Housing and Community Development has also participated in constructing [156] 182 units for elderly housing within the district. Since ,19859 the Hawaii Island CommunLq Development Comoration has assisted with the cons eflon of eight self helu single famil- dwellinLrs in Pe eeheo. The Hawaii. CounlyEconomic 4 ort in j F Council is responsible for the development of 30 single family self<heln dwelling on Hawaiian Thome hands in Keaukaha during the past decade. The State and County [has] have been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of State-owned lands for low and moderate income families[, these accounted for 677 lots]. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to provide student, faculty, and staff housing for the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the Hawaii Community College. • [Participate] Md and etrcourage in a variety of programs for the replacement or 178 Housing rehabilitation of housing units [in the Hilo area]. • [Participate in and coordinate] Aid aBd encourage housing projects for low and moderate income families, "gap -groups" and the elderly [in this area]. Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in the South Hilo area] for housing for all socio-economic levels through leasehold or purchase. NORTH HILO Profile The communities of this district are the direct result of the former sugar industry. Housing in the past [has been] was provided by the sugar companies. [However one of the sugar companies has been phasing out of their employee rental housing program.] The closing of Hilo Coast Processing sugar coin any in 1994 also terminated the sugar com an 's em to =ee rental housing ro ram. The district has had little activity with respect to housing construction. Over half [(68%)] of the residential structures in the district are over 30 [or more] years old. Further, this district has [the smallest percentage of] seen u dramatic increase in fee home ownership [(40%).] during the 1990s., [Thus replacement housing for the sugar employees and continued sale of homes to the: employees continue to remain a housing need for the district. 1n addition, approximately 66% of the households in the district (25 1) reported incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980. Clearly some housing assistance will become necessary.] In the mad 1980s, only 40 per cent of homes In the district were owned in fee simple. With the closing of the sugar this district now owned in fee simple. The district also has a limited supply of vacant parcels available for housing and the least amount of subdivision activity over the past [15 years.] few decades. However, since the district's economic and employment opportunities are anticipated to remain stable with little or no population growth, this limitation on the availability of lots is not likely to present or cause major housing problems for the district. 179 Housing DISTRICT: NORTH PALO PROFILE t conomic AssessauenL PK Hawaii, Januaay 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census 2000 Existing Inventory — Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 11720 Not available 1990 1,541 506 1980 1,679 510 [1970 1,881 534 % Growth -10.74 -4.49] t conomic AssessauenL PK Hawaii, Januaay 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census 2000 Existing Inventory — Housing Units [1985 Units: 621 SF: 566 DUPX: 36 APT: 11 OTHER: 8 1980 Units: 581 SF: 537 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 8 1970 Units: 511 SF: 468 DUPX: 36 APT: 0 OTHER: 7] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research,1997 Occupancy [ 1980 Total Single 1' affiily Multiple Faarsilj, 98 Rental 306 Condominium 1997 626 612 14 1992 599 585 14 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research,1997 Occupancy [ 1980 Fee 204 40.00% 98 Rental 306 60.00% 1970 Fee 163 27.63% Rental 427 72.37%] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research 1997 180 Housing Single Famil % Fee Siva le % of All. Units Owner Hecu ied 1997 98 66 1992 98 46 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research 1997 180 Housing [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 510 92.06% 1970 Vacant 44 7.94% 1970 Occupied 534 90.51% 1969 Vacant 56 9.49%] Age of Structure [1985 0-5 31 5.30% 1970 0-5 53 8.98% 'total 6-15 73 12.48% 1969 6-15 54 9.15% 0 16-30 81 13.85% 235 16-30 95 16.10% 98 30- 400 68.38% 0 30- 388 65.76°/x] Hawaii Hoggg Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Drivelling Units by Tax Maty Sections l�do data <1550 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980-1990- 511 'total 47 0 1-A59 1969 1979 1989 1997 0 17 Single Family 0 235 49 38 109 98 83 612 Multiple Family, 0 10 0 0 0 14 0 4 Sec 8 Condominium 1970 171 134 1 0 122 1980 178 Hawaii Hoggg Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Drivelling Units by Tax Maty Sections 181 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 511 19 47 0 17 1980 581 20 51 0 17 1985 621 21 57 0 17 Diff 110 2 10 0 0 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 171 134 1 0 122 1980 178 179 1 0 135 1985 207 183 1 0 135 Diff 36 49 0 0 13 1970-85 181 Housing Parcel Inventory [Courses] Course of Action [• Encourage the sugar companies to continue assistance in providing their employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. • Since the majority of the lower lands in this district are owned by the sugar companies, they should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to achieve a diversity of socioeconomic housing mix. • Support the plantations' plans to centralize housing in certain areas.] • Coordinate and participate with the State and [the sugar companies] Federal ggvernments in providing [for] rural housing programs for low and moderate income families, "gap groups" and the elderly. RAMAKUA Profile Most of the historicaloption grog th in the communities of this district [have been the direct result of the past] was directly related to the growth of the now defunct sugar industry. However, a number of the dispersed comn unities in the area [have been the result of] were created through the Homesteading Acts of the Territory of Hawaii. The district has increased slightly in population from [4,648 in 1970 to] 5,128 in 1980[.] to aRRrox!matc!X 6,100 in 2000. This was an increase of 10 per cent over a 2O:year Rgriod. The relative proximity sof this district to the South Kohala resort areas and urbanizing Waimea 182 -dousing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 1,217 151 156 7 86 1985 1,416 144 208 16 86 Vacant 313 22 27 7 8 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 303 411 8 13 82 1985 385 460 13 17 87 Vacant 97 126 7 4 151 [Courses] Course of Action [• Encourage the sugar companies to continue assistance in providing their employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. • Since the majority of the lower lands in this district are owned by the sugar companies, they should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to achieve a diversity of socioeconomic housing mix. • Support the plantations' plans to centralize housing in certain areas.] • Coordinate and participate with the State and [the sugar companies] Federal ggvernments in providing [for] rural housing programs for low and moderate income families, "gap groups" and the elderly. RAMAKUA Profile Most of the historicaloption grog th in the communities of this district [have been the direct result of the past] was directly related to the growth of the now defunct sugar industry. However, a number of the dispersed comn unities in the area [have been the result of] were created through the Homesteading Acts of the Territory of Hawaii. The district has increased slightly in population from [4,648 in 1970 to] 5,128 in 1980[.] to aRRrox!matc!X 6,100 in 2000. This was an increase of 10 per cent over a 2O:year Rgriod. The relative proximity sof this district to the South Kohala resort areas and urbanizing Waimea 182 -dousing has contributed to [its role] defining the Hamakua District as a residential "bedroom" community to these employment centers. [Recently, the sole remaining sugar company in the district was sold by its former owner, Theo H. Davies, Co. to a privately held family corporation which has expressed its intention to continue sugar operations in the district. Early plans by the Davies Hamakua Sugar Company to exchange good privately held sugar cane lands for lands closer to Honokaa have been partially implemented, and have resulted in subdivision activity and housing construction activity around Honokaa.] U on the elosiu of the Hamakua Sugar Co :pa.€ y in 1994 and the cessation of its housing programs for its em to -ces the Office of Houedng and Communi < Development. l HCD coordinated the use of Federal funds totaling S1,600,000 to preserve the economic vitalily and secure the social structure of communities ftm ll<ilo to Ha akua. This was accompli- ed bj assisting the non: rofit l amakua ffousiLig Cg oration to subdivide the def nct Hamakua Sugar Rlantation camps :into individual houselots, Assistance in obtawng title to the newl subdivided bousclots was t e .grovided to those former Hamakua Sugar Company's were'-veu a $?...; s rants: cifical for eme enc i roveBnents to the dantation homes. Over 300 121antation homeowners. ted from this ro am. Qthea- ro rams included the desigg of water in. Paa€ ffo and Ookala training for six newh= formed cammunjV. assoc tions and the closing of existing gangcess seals and sewage lagoons. Other subdivision and home construction activity has occurred in the homestead areas between Kalopa and Ahualoa. In spite of the [increase in the number of] continued construction of new dwelling units [(327),] within the district g [68%] apgroximate!y 60 per cent of all of the district's residential structures are 30 years or more in age. [Nearly 40/0 of the population reported incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.] In 1990, approximately 5.7 per cent of ail households within the district fell below the goveRly level. Housing concerns for the district are likely to focus on replacement housing for plantation employees, suitable dwellings for the elderly and the availability of a wide variety of housing opportunities. With respect to the latter, Honokaa residents and business community representatives have expressed a desire for the community to continue and expand its role as a residential "bedroom" community for South Kohala resort workers. 183 Housing DISTRICT: HAMAKUA PROFILE Economk Assessment PKF Hawaii jaquaKy 2000 County a#' Hawaii Daft Boob 199 U. S. Ce=nsus, 2000 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 6,108 Not available 1990 5,545 12209 1980 5,128 1,577 [ 1970 4,648 1,445 % Growth 10.33 9.13] Economk Assessment PKF Hawaii jaquaKy 2000 County a#' Hawaii Daft Boob 199 U. S. Ce=nsus, 2000 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 1,768 SF: 1,650 DUPX: 22 MF: 44 OTHER: 52 1980 Units: 1,741 SF: 1,625 DUPX: 20 MF: 44 OTHER: 52 1970 Units: 1,441 SF: 1,369 DUPX: 20 MF: 11 OTHER: 41] Hawaii Housing Policy Steady - SMS Research, 1997 OccuiDancy [1980 Tota! Single Facaaifly Vlult�5fl te Family. 98 Rental 747 Condominio 1997 24019 13906 113 1992 1,783 11729 54 Hawaii Housing Policy Steady - SMS Research, 1997 OccuiDancy [1980 Fee 830 52.63% 98 Rental 747 47.37% 1970 Fee 648 42.91% Rental 862 57.09%] Hawaii Housing Polaey Study — SMS Research, 1997 184 Housing Single Fami % Fee Sava le % of All. Units Owner Occused 1997 98 67 1992 1 82 48 Hawaii Housing Polaey Study — SMS Research, 1997 184 Housing [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,577 93.87% 1970 Vacant 103 6.13% 1970 Occupied 1,445 95.70% 798 Vacant 65 4.30%] Aae of Structure [1985 0-5 31 1.86% 1970 0-5 251 16.62% Totai. 6-15 285 17.12% 798 6-15 137 9.07% 293 16-30 208 12.49% 40 40 16-30 321 21.26% 5 30- 1141 68.53% Condominium 30- 801 53.05%] Hawaii Housing Policl Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwellinp- Units by Tax Map Sections lmlo data <195Q 1950- 1959 1960- 1969 1970- 1979 1980- 1989 1990- 1997 Totai. 42 Single Family 0 798 192 136 293 293 214 12906 ib u ti le 1~ aMLfl 40 40 16 16 2 - 1 1 5 3 13 36 36 113 Condominium Hawaii Housing Policl Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwellinp- Units by Tax Map Sections 185 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,441 21 42 252 247 1980 1,741 29 46 283 300 1985 1,768 29 46 283 304 Diff 327 8 4 31 57 1970-85 185 Housing Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 570 122 56 106 25 1980 710 165 65 115 28 1985 730 168 65 115 28 Diff 160 46 9 9 3 1970-85 185 Housing Parcel Invento [Courses] Course of Action [• Support the sugar company's plan to centralize housing in certain areas. This would not only minimize cost of services within the communities but would also maximize the efficiency of the available services. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing. Since much of the lands in and around the existing urban centers are owned by the sugar company, it should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market.] [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing [stock,] inve� including consideration for self-help programs. NORTH KOHALA Profile Since 1971, Kohala Sugar Company has terminated its sugar operations and many of the plantation's former employees moved out of the district to seek employment elsewhere. [The overall decline in population amounted to only a 2% decrease. However, the number of households has increased. Thus while there has been an out migration of some of the former residents of ?forth Kohala, it appears that there has also been an in -migration of others into the area who form smaller, but more households.] I®waver, the district witnessed only a 2 per cent decrease in lb g22ulafien during the 1970s. Po ulafton in the 1980s gEew at nn annual rate of 3.2 ger cent with the 1990s avergdng about 2 per cent. The 2opulation increases b about 40,2&r cent between MQ and 2000. 'dost of the residents of North Kohnla;are employed in aculture including ranching,as well as the visitor indwstKy. Approximately 186 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 21857 141 109 311 390 1985 3,601 133 118 440 596 Vacant 810 26 35 115 137 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 793 352 183 167 411 1985 1,018 453 220 205 418 =Vacant 263 101 20 43 701 [Courses] Course of Action [• Support the sugar company's plan to centralize housing in certain areas. This would not only minimize cost of services within the communities but would also maximize the efficiency of the available services. • Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing. Since much of the lands in and around the existing urban centers are owned by the sugar company, it should be encouraged to also make lands available for the private market.] [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing [stock,] inve� including consideration for self-help programs. NORTH KOHALA Profile Since 1971, Kohala Sugar Company has terminated its sugar operations and many of the plantation's former employees moved out of the district to seek employment elsewhere. [The overall decline in population amounted to only a 2% decrease. However, the number of households has increased. Thus while there has been an out migration of some of the former residents of ?forth Kohala, it appears that there has also been an in -migration of others into the area who form smaller, but more households.] I®waver, the district witnessed only a 2 per cent decrease in lb g22ulafien during the 1970s. Po ulafton in the 1980s gEew at nn annual rate of 3.2 ger cent with the 1990s avergdng about 2 per cent. The 2opulation increases b about 40,2&r cent between MQ and 2000. 'dost of the residents of North Kohnla;are employed in aculture including ranching,as well as the visitor indwstKy. Approximately 186 Housing [54%] 6.41aer cent_ of the households in the district reported incomes [of less than $15,000.1 below the poveM level in 1990. DISTRICT: NORTH HOE ALA PROFILE Economic Assessment,, P1{F Hawaii, January 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 U.S. Census. 2W0 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 6,038 Not available 1990 !9-91 1351 1980 3,249 1,022 [1970 3,326 880 % Growth -2.32 16.14] Economic Assessment,, P1{F Hawaii, January 2000 County of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 U.S. Census. 2W0 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 1,206 SF: 1,174 DUPX: 14 APT: 7 OTHER: 11 1980 Units: 1,122 SF: 1,092 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 11 1970 Units: 932 SF: 903 DUPX: 12 APT: 7 OTHER: 10] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research. 1997 Occunancv [1980 Total I SinSin 1�mily Multi le Fail Rental 330 Condominium 1997 11.599 1,496 103 1992 1 1228 1,21.0 18 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research. 1997 Occunancv [1980 Fee 692 67.71% Rental 330 32.29% 1970 Fee 579 60.82% Rental 373 39.18%] 187 Housing Hawaii housing Policy Study - SMS Research. 1997 [OccupiedNacant 1980 Single Family % Fee Sim le % of All Units Owner Occul2ied 1997 96 66 1.992 1 97 62 Hawaii housing Policy Study - SMS Research. 1997 [OccupiedNacant 1980 Occupied 1,022 91.17% 1970 Vacant 99 8.83% 1970 Occupied 880 92.44% 1969 Vacant 72 7.56%] Aye of Structure [ 1985 0-5 105 8.88% 1970 0-5 517 54.31% Total 6-15 188 15.91% 1969 6-15 100 10.50% 212 16-30 167 14.13% 211 16-30 213 22.37% 276 30- 722 61.08% 0 30- 122 12.82°io] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwelliniz Units by Tax Maty Sections No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 68 185 1959 1969 1979 1„ 99 1997 212 338 Single Family 0 211 283 141 215 276 370 11496 Multiple Family, 0 33 1970-85 3 16 28 56 103 Cond® iniu ,-, - — — — Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Dwelliniz Units by Tax Maty Sections 188 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 932 2 68 185 308 1980 1,122 2 91 212 338 1985 1,206 2 96 214 351 Diff 274 0 28 29 43 1970-85 188 Housing Parcel Invento Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 314 14 5 16 20 1980 409 16 6 17 31 1985 469 16 6 18 34 Diff 155 2 1 2 14 1970-85 Parcel Invento Although the population in North Kohala declined slightly in the years between 1970 and 1980, the forth Kohala district [has experienced] continues to experience moderate increases in housing construction and subdivision activity. [Nevertheless, approximately 60/0] Approximate 41 ,pSr° cent of the district's housing [stock] inventory was built over 30 years ago. [The area around Hawi has experienced the greatest number of housing and subdivision activity in the past decade due to the subdivision and opening of both Kohala Corporation and State lands for residential use.] While subdivision activitg continues to occur th MR hnert tiae district, most are limited to smaller subdivisions bindiyidaaal landowners who swk to Since 1985 the Hawaii Island Communily Development Cor oration has assisted with the conRtruction of ten self : el sin a famfly dwellings in Ainakea_ Villa c [North Kohala has recently been the focus of plans to subdivide vacant lands into rural and agricultural lots. These have ranged in size from one acre to 20 acres. Locationally they occur both within windward areas as well as on the leeward areas of North Kohala. In addition, plans have been submitted for urban and resort uses along the leeward North Kohala coast. Both the subdivision of rural and agricultural lands and the encroaching urban. uses will have implications on the costs of housing in the North Kohala district.] 189 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 15712 34 160 285 429 1985 2,284 33 202 317 505 Vacant 774 29 92 62 105 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 601 57 66 43 37 1985 855 110 79 64 119 Vacant 328 60 25 30 43] Although the population in North Kohala declined slightly in the years between 1970 and 1980, the forth Kohala district [has experienced] continues to experience moderate increases in housing construction and subdivision activity. [Nevertheless, approximately 60/0] Approximate 41 ,pSr° cent of the district's housing [stock] inventory was built over 30 years ago. [The area around Hawi has experienced the greatest number of housing and subdivision activity in the past decade due to the subdivision and opening of both Kohala Corporation and State lands for residential use.] While subdivision activitg continues to occur th MR hnert tiae district, most are limited to smaller subdivisions bindiyidaaal landowners who swk to Since 1985 the Hawaii Island Communily Development Cor oration has assisted with the conRtruction of ten self : el sin a famfly dwellings in Ainakea_ Villa c [North Kohala has recently been the focus of plans to subdivide vacant lands into rural and agricultural lots. These have ranged in size from one acre to 20 acres. Locationally they occur both within windward areas as well as on the leeward areas of North Kohala. In addition, plans have been submitted for urban and resort uses along the leeward North Kohala coast. Both the subdivision of rural and agricultural lands and the encroaching urban. uses will have implications on the costs of housing in the North Kohala district.] 189 Housing Courses of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix including elderly housing.] • Reguire [that] developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. • [Encourage] Aid and encourage programs to rehabilitate and replace the existing housing [stock,] inventory including consideration for self-help programs. SOUTH KOHALA Profile [In 1970, South Kohala had a population of 2,310 and by 1980, the population nearly doubled to 4,607 persons.] Since the 1970s, the population of South Kohala neaU1 doubled with every passing decade with a 1990 ouiation. of 9,1.40. Accordiag.to the 2000 census the pgpulafion of South Kohala wash 131 for a 44 Rer cent increase since 1990. [The increase in dwelling units however grew by nearly four -fold the 1970 housing stock. Major increases in the number of apartments and/or condominium units accounted for approximately 20% of the overall increase in dwelling units.] Between the years 1992 and 1997 the number of howl n units within the South Kohala district grew bl, 23 per cent. Housing construction and subdivisions of land have been most active [in two areas;] on the eastern side of Waimea and in Waikoloa Village. Slightly more than half of the newly created parcels in the district occurred at Waikoloa. Housing construction in Waikoloa Village increased by 589 units (including multiple -family apartments and condominiums) between the years 1970 and 1985[.] with a total of 2,170 snits by the end of 1997. Government agencies have participated jointly with private developers and nonprofit housing corporations to provide employee housing for the coastal resort developments in South Kohala at Waimea and Waikoloa. [These projects have amounted to 43 units.] In addition, Boise Cascade, the original developer of Waikoloa Village, provided lots in the Waikoloa Village subdivision to its mitral, employees 'aikoloa Village contains a sizable amount of undevelo ed residential zoned lands that will eve tualls, contribute Limificanvy to the district's housing inveuto -. While these. residential -zoned lands will most likely be Hawaii for 20ordable housing. projects. 190 Housing the end o€1997 177 single. faM& dwelliR s and 94 a artment units were The continuing resort development along the coast is anticipated to increase the need for employee housing and other residential needs as more in -migration occurs. [Although there is still a sizeable number of residential zoned and subdivided parcels available at Waikoloa, market prices of existing parcels preclude purchase by persons of low income. Other residential zoned but not subdivided lands are also available at Waikoloa, development of these lands however are dependent upon plans by new owners.] It is apparent that in addition to residential lands, other commercial and urban lands will be required to service incoming populations. DISTRICT: SOUTH KOHALA PROFILE Ecoangmk Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2 00 caugg of Hawaii Data l6 fl9�11 U.S. cea' ns. 2600 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 13,131 Not available 1990 91140 3, 095 1980 4,607 1,483 [ 1970 2,310 803 % Growth 99.44 84.68] Ecoangmk Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2 00 caugg of Hawaii Data l6 fl9�11 U.S. cea' ns. 2600 Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 2,681 SF: 1,989 DUPX: 50 APT/COND:637 OTHER: 5 1980 Units: 2,218 SF: 1,692 DUPX: 10 APT/COND:511 OTHER: 5 1970 Units: 980 SF: 821 DUPX: 10 APT/COND:146 OTHER: 3] Hawaii Housing Policy Study — SIBS Research, 1997 191 Housing Total Single Faffiil Multi lax Family, CondominhEm 1997 5,798 3,- 625 2,173 1992 4,.1722 2,841 1 Hawaii Housing Policy Study — SIBS Research, 1997 191 Housing Occupancy [1980 Fee 879 59.27% 90 Rental 604 40.73% 1970 Fee 393 46.29% 1959 Rental 456 53.71%] Hawaii Housiaeg Policy Stuff - SMS Research, 1997 [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Singh Family % Fee Sura le % of All Units Owner Accu ied 1997 90 38 1992 89 30 Hawaii Housiaeg Policy Stuff - SMS Research, 1997 [Occupied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,483 75.70% 1970 Vacant 476 24.30% 1970 Occupied 803 94.58% 1959 Vacant 46 5.42%] Age of Structure [1985 0-5 529 25.58% 1970 0-5 345 40.64% Total 6-15 759 36.70% 1959 6-15 195 22.97% 1297 16-30 374 18.09% 109 16-30 209 24.62% 1,168 30- 406 19.63% 43 30- 100 11.78%] Hawaii Houggg Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 192 Housing No data <1950 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 1959 X969 1979 1989 1297 Single Family 0 109 194 214 804 1,168 11056 3,625 Multiple Family+, 43 79 6 147 1,122 839 2,173 Condominium -- -� Hawaii Houggg Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 192 Housing [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections Parcel Inventory Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 980 23 13 2 253 1980 2,218 25 98 2 667 1985 2,681 25 175 2 794 Diff 1,701 2 162 0 541 1970-85 387 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 377 131 30 13 138 1980 519 229 45 421 212 1985 562 252 48 602 221 Diff 185 121 18 589 83 1970-85 Parcel Inventory Courses of Action [The County shall require that] Re ulre developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for [the] that need. • Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in this area] for housing for all socioeconomic levels through leasehold or purchase. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 193 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 2,526 138 64 6 1,387 1985 4,822 141 308 8 1,916 Vacant 2,328 74 124 7 907 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 387 284 50 8 202 1985 559 378 117 1167 228 Vacant 202 99 33 815 67] Courses of Action [The County shall require that] Re ulre developments [which] that create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for [the] that need. • Aid and encourage the development of State lands [in this area] for housing for all socioeconomic levels through leasehold or purchase. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 193 Housing [Participate and coordinate] Aid and encourage housing programs for low and moderate income, "gap groups" and the elderly. • Coun -yawned land at Waikoloa Village shall be made available for the devcl€sp ent of affordable housing. NORTH KONA Profile [Of all the districts in the County of Hawaii, the] The North Kona district [has] had the second greateste cen increase in population[,] over the last 30 3Lears, from 4,832 persons in 1970 to [ 13,748 persons in 19801 2$543 in 2000. The Puna I3istriet saw a slightly greater Rereentne increase in gulation during the same period. Housing units have increased from [2,485 in 1970 to] 9,150 in 1985[.] to 12,254 in 1997, representing an annual growth rate of apgroximately 2.8 per cent. [Approximately 43% were multiple family units.] [Both single-family housing construction activity and subdivision activity occurred largely in the areas from Kaloko mauka through Holualoa.] In spite of [the increase in both] continuing moderate f'owth of subdivision activity and housing construction in the North Kona district, housing problems for the low and moderate income groups have been particularly acute. [Although the proportion of low income households in the North Kona area has decreased from 1970, in terms of the actual households, there has been an increase from 935 households to 1,759 reporting incomes of less than $15,000 in 1980.] 1 1990 a: rox-imatc - 7 2Lr cent of all households within the district re rted incomes below the Bove level. In addition, these families compete with the visitor market for rental of apartment and condominium units. State and County housing agencies have participated directly in the provisions of house and lot packages at Kealakehe, Houselob, [which] that account for 92 single family units for low and moderate income groups. Additionally, both have participated jointly either with private developers and/or nonprofit housing corporations to provide both low income and elderly units [which has resulted in] for a towl of [271 ] 1..,025 units constructed in the district[.] since the calk, 19711&9 The lie ar°taueut of Hawai u 1—tome. Lands develo ed the Kaniohalc recreational facillttes a communi . _ and neighborhood commercial complexes. This project is being €a}ana cd by the State Housing Finance and Develo ment Co ration 194 Housing Since 1985, the Hawaii Island Community Develol2ment Co!poration has assisted with the construction of 19 self-help Single family dwellings in Kalaoa View subdivision an afford -able lou in.. dpA2pment located north of Kaflua. Hualalai Elderh coo lei a 30 - unit affordably housing ca lex, was also constructed in Kaiiva. [While sizable areas mauka of Ah'i Drive have been designated for residential and other urban uses through the 1970 General Plan, actual rezoning of these lands has not occurred at a pace which could have opened lands for residential use.] It is anticipated that the rate of in -migration into the district will continue, as will the need for housing for residents. [Recent rezoning] Rezoning actions for large scale residential subdivisions have occurred in the [Kealakehe mauka] area between 1nilua. and Keauhou[j, [which when] When subdivided., [may provide] additional lands will be Uovided for residential use. Nevertheless, land costs and market prices [which] that have been influenced by investor and resort/residential markets may preclude purchase of house and lot packages by [most households] mam households in the district. DISTRICT: NORTH KONA PROFILE Economic Assenment, P Hawaii, .tanuaKy 2000 6unly of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census, d Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 2„-x„543 Not available 1990 22284 71898 1980 13,748 4,602 [1970 4,832 1,733 % Growth 184.52 165.55] Economic Assenment, P Hawaii, .tanuaKy 2000 6unly of Hawaii Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census, d Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 9,150 SF: 4,697 DUPX: 132 APT/COND:3,941 OTHER: 380 1980 Units: 7,540 SF: 4,105 DUPX: 122 APT/COND: 2,934 OTHER: 379 1970 Units: 2,485 SF: 1,748 DUPX: 74 APT/COND: 527 OTHER: 136] 195 Housing Hawaii housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 OccuDancv [1980 Total Single Fancily Multiple Pansil ., 93 Rental 2,066 Condominium 1997 11,2586.880 873 5,378 1992 10,890 62067 4,823 Hawaii housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 OccuDancv [1980 Fee 2,536 55.11% 93 Rental 2,066 44.89% 1970 Fee 873 49.49% 227 Rental 891 50.51%] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Occunied/Vacant 1980 Single Family 0/6 Fee Sig le % of All Unfits Owner Occu led 1997 93 39 1992 92 33 Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 [Occunied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 4,602 66.75% 1970 Vacant 2,292 33.25% 1970 Occupied 1,733 98.24% 227 Vacant 31 1.76%] Age of Structure [1985 0-5 1,327 26.21% 1970 0-5 824 46.71% 6-15 2,200 43.46% 227 6-15 286 16.2100 16-30 679 13.41% 226 16-30 310 17.57% 2212, 7 30- 856 16.91% Condomig!u 30- 344 Hawaii Homing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 196 Housing No data <1950Total 1.950- 1959 1960- 1969 1970- 1979 1980- 19ii9 1990 - 1997 Single amily 0 227 277 605 V3A0,2,254 11187 6 880 Multiple Fr i'• 226 50 410 2212, 7 1,792 $118 5Q378 Condomig!u Hawaii Homing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 196 Housing [Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections Parcel Invento Totals Sec 1 See 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 2,485 41 31 105 161 1980 7,540 49 38 978 662 1985 8,650 51 55 1,168 765 Diff 6,165 10 24 1,063 604 1970-85 Parcel Invento Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 764 275 356 364 388 1980 2,659 677 860 1,121 496 1985 3,275 770 940 1,427 199 Diff 2,511 495 584 1,063 189 1970-85 Parcel Invento Courses of Action [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall] KgS uraa the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 197 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 5,100 86 144 877 187 1985 10,035 117 108 2,682 1,025 Vacant 4,074 60 100 837 369 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 11131 709 696 814 456 1985 1,980 1,086 1,246 1,109 682 Vacant 813 572 572 531 220] Courses of Action [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall] KgS uraa the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the steep topographic conditions. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix.] 197 Housing • [The County shall require that] Reguire developments [which] Haat create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. • Increase affordable housing opportunities in the Kailua-Kona area. SOUTH KONA Profile Moderate growth in both population and housing construction has occurred in the district of South Kona. Although the district is still [dependant] dependent upon [diversified] agriculture, [nevertheless] some of the growth has been the result of the urban and resort growth in North Kona. This is reflected in an even distribution of new housing construction in sections from Kealakek-ua town through Captain Cook. Subdivision activity has not occurred at equal rates to housing construction and suggests an in -filling of existing agricultural and rural parcels. [Of the 802 new dwelling units, at least 80 were multiple family dwellings. The district has a sizable number of parcels, 5,737 of which 3,359 are vacant in comparison to the number of households in the district. Some of these parcels are still in agricultural use. The potential in -filling of these parcels as rural/residential estates at market prices comparable to urban uses does present problems of competitive use with the agricultural needs and also precludes the purchase of these lots by low and moderate income households.] Sales of these agricultural parcels have sometimes been accompanied by the demolition of older structures [which has] that served as employee housing, farm tenant household, or low and moderate income families. Conga-aaction of government -assisted affordable housing projects within the district were limited to two projects, talc Rookina L2 units in 1976 and the Captain Cook Elden Rroject L21 units Baa 1992. The Hawaii Cougft Economic ® urtuni r Council was resp2nsible for the develo ment of 46 single family self-heIR homes on State lease land in ilulii dun g the wast decade. While there are some non -conforming residential lot sized subdivisions in South Kona, they are not serviced by adequate infrastructure [nor] gar public services. There is the potential [here also] of in -filling [much as] that has occurred in the nonconforming subdivisions of Puna though it is anticipated to occur at a slower pace because of the distances to employment centers. 198 Housing DISTRICT: SOUTH KONA PROFILE Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 Couply of Hawaii Data Boob, 1998 U.S. Census 2€30t€ [Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Population Households 2000 8.9 Not available 1990 72658 29591 1980 5,914 1,853 [ 1970 4,004 996 % Growth 47.70 86.04] Economic Assessment, PKF Hawaii, January 2000 Couply of Hawaii Data Boob, 1998 U.S. Census 2€30t€ [Existing Inventory - Housing Units [1985 Units: 1,971 SF: 1,846 DUPX: 30 APT/COND:80 OTHER: 15 1980 Units: 1,722 SF: 1,631 DUPX: 28 APT/COND:48 OTHER: 15 1970 Units: 1,169 SF: 1,130 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 8 OTHER: 11 ] Hawaii Housing Policy Study a- SMS Research, 1997 OCCuUanev [1980 Total Single anail`' Multiple F`arnil , 81 Rental 876 Condominium 1997 29714 29539 175 1992 21254 2 146 108 Hawaii Housing Policy Study a- SMS Research, 1997 OCCuUanev [1980 Fee 977 52.73% 81 Rental 876 47.27% 1970 Fee 441 42.36% Rental 600 57.64%] € awaii Housing P=olicy S - SMS Research 1997 199 Housing Single Family °lam F'ee SIMPIC % of All Units Owner Occu ied 1997 81 57 1992 1 51 50 € awaii Housing P=olicy S - SMS Research 1997 199 Housing [Occuvied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,853 90.30% 1970 Vacant 199 9.70% 1970 Occupied 996 95.68% 1969 Vacant 45 4.32%] Aae of Structure [1985 0-5 283 15.11% 1970 0-5 135 12.97% Total 6-15 530 28.30% 1969 6-15 179 17.20% 292 16-30 280 14.95% 257 16-30 251 24.11% 706 30- 780 41.64% 74 30- 476 45.73%] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS &search, 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Mai) Sections No data <1950 1950- lm9 1970- 1980- 1990- Total 261 221 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997 292 226 sflmd Em ly 0 257 203 197 506 706 590 28539 Multiple Family, 74 1 2 1 16 32 49 175 Condominium Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS &search, 1997 [Dwelling Units by Tax Mai) Sections 200 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 1,169 321 261 221 164 1980 1,722 515 384 292 226 1985 1,971 611 438 328 245 Diff 802 290 177 107 81 1970-85 200 Housing Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 10 57 48 32 55 1980 42 75 61 52 75 1985 43 80 81 67 78 Diff 33 23 33 35 23 1970-85 200 Housing Parcel Inventory Courses of Action [• The County shall provide assistance and encourage the State to negotiate with large landowners for land exchange or purchase to provide for those people who would be affected by the future plans of landowners.] • [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall encourage] Encs uEffe the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the stm topographic conditions. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socioeconomic housing mix.] Increase affordable housing o, ngortu s in South Kona, 201 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 4,763 761 493 644 487 1985 5,737 1,010 781 769 521 Vacant 3,367 374 334 281 195 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 162 240 603 1,052 321 1985 95 276 665 1,195 425 Vacant 50 188 557 1,088 300] Courses of Action [• The County shall provide assistance and encourage the State to negotiate with large landowners for land exchange or purchase to provide for those people who would be affected by the future plans of landowners.] • [Since the lands in this district are sloped, the County shall encourage] Encs uEffe the use of innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments, [which] that take advantage of the stm topographic conditions. [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area to attain a diversity of socioeconomic housing mix.] Increase affordable housing o, ngortu s in South Kona, 201 Housing KA'U Profile Several [of the] communities in this district [are the] were established as a direct result of the former sugar industry. [Though the major employer in the district has converted some of its sugar lands into macadamia fields, the district has seen little change in terms of its population size. Some housing construction and subdivision activity has occurred as the sugar company has actively pursued creating residential subdivisions to provide fee simple land for their employees. It has also participated jointly with the Hawaii Housing Authority in the construction of employee housing. This has been reflected in the increased rate of fee home ownership, from 42% in 1970 to approximately 67% in 1980.] Prior to the closing of its sugar operations in Ka'u in 1996, Ka'u Agribusiness was the nrimM emDloyer within the district. The eomgawy j in coo ration with the Hougm and Co-mmunk Development Co oration of Hawaii also facilitated the eonsdruction of housing for its emto ees. The closing of Ka'a, Aggdbusiness su or o erations saw the end of these compan-sunported housing Rrograms. Nevertheless these efforts resulted an fee. home ownershig increasing over the years from 42 per cent of all siva c €a :i residential units in 1:970 to 94 per cent in 1997. [The district has a resort area which has been long planned by C. Brewer. To date development of this resort includes a golf course and tennis courts, restaurant, condominiums and conference center. Should the Punaluu resort area continue to expand to planned capacities, employee housing needs should be anticipated.] The district has a resort area at Punalu'u that encona asses a tonal of 432 acres., Situated between the towns of Naalehu and Pahala the Punaluaa Resort and. Seamountain Golf Course conn lex is the on resort destination area within the Kalu Ilistdct CvYrcnLk,2 the uu acco modation available at thi.5 conn lex. is the uit Cohn One at Sea mountain. The gqff coarse rejoins in 2g2Mtjon but no other facilities or manenities are avaiLable. C. brewer Pro erties Inc. the ori 'nal laaado :ner hdfially groRosed a 300 -room hotel 410 residential units and related facilities within this resort area. Pl for the area by the current, landowner are not known at this time. Future cx ansion of facilities at Ninalulu Resort will need to include em to -ee housiaa a This district has large non -conforming subdivisions [which were] created prior to the adoption of the present Subdivision and Zoning Codes. [Some building] Building activity [has occurred] continues in these subdivisions [, however,].. However, the subdivisions lack basic infrastructure systems such as water and in some cases, electricity. Most of the interior roads of the subdivisions are substandard. [Thus while] mile continued in -filling of the subdivisions may occur, the lack of adequate infrastructure will continue to present problems, and may restrain the ability to secure conventional mortgage loans for housing construction. These subdivisions are also not located near areas of employment. 202 Housing DISTRICT: IA'U PROFILE Economk Assessment, P1.F Hawaii. January 2000 CoupU of Haw-a€i Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census, 2d8o81 Existinp- Inventory - Housiniz Units [1985 Population Households 2000 51827 Not available 1990 4,438 12530 1980 3,699 1,108 [1970 3,398 965 % Growth 8.86 14.82] Economk Assessment, P1.F Hawaii. January 2000 CoupU of Haw-a€i Data Book, 1998 U.S. Census, 2d8o81 Existinp- Inventory - Housiniz Units [1985 Units: 1,647 SF: 1,439 DUPX: 20 APT/COND: 54 OTHER: 34 1980 Units: 1,441 SF: 1,258 DUPX: 20 APT/COND:129 OTHER: 34 1970 Units: 963 SF: 885 DUPX: 18 APT: 27 OTHER: 331 Hawaii Housing licx Study - SMS Research, 1997 Occunanev [ 1980 Total Units Single FaBnily Multiple Fs.�aily, 1997 2385 2278 107 1992 13876 13776 1®0 Hawaii Housing licx Study - SMS Research, 1997 Occunanev [ 1980 Fee 740 66.79% 94 Rental 368 33.21% 1970 Fee 440 42.07% Rental 606 57.93%] Hawaii dousing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 203 Housing Siaa,& Family % Fee Sim tc % of All Units Owner Occn ied 1997 94 55 1992 1 92 53 Hawaii dousing Policy Study - SMS Research, 1997 203 Housing [Occuvied/Vacant 1980 Occupied 1,108 81.41% 1970 Vacant 253 18.59% 1970 Occupied 965 92.26% 1980 Vacant 81 7.74%] Age of Structure [1985 0-5 233 15.74% 1970 0-5 162 15.49% 0 6-15 374 25.27% 1980 6-15 69 6.60% 30 16-30 181 12.23% 0 16-30 331 31.64% 1989 30- 692 46.76% 0 30- 484 46.27%] Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research 1997 (Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections Totals Sec 1 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 0 69 �10 data <1950 1980 1,441 0 192 30 49 1985 1,647 0 1959 1969 1979 1989 1997®til 0 Single Family 0 430 120 133 374 543 628 2.278 Multiple Family, 0 01 378 4 86 12 4 107 Condominium -- a — � � — — �- Hawaii Housing Policy Study - SMS Research 1997 (Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections 204 Dousing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1970 963 0 69 24 21 1980 1,441 0 192 30 49 1985 1,647 0 285 32 93 Diff 684 0 216 8 72 1970-85 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1970 334 378 0 9 128 1980 444 567 0 9 50 1985 475 578 0 9 175 Diff 141 200 0 0 47 1970-85 204 Dousing Parcel Invento [Courses] Course of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area in order to attain a diversity of housing mix. • Encourage the sugar company to continue their assistance in providing employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. Since many of the lands in and around the existing communities are owned by the sugar company, they should be encouraged to make lands available for the private market.] • [The County shall require] Re uire developments [which] Lhat create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. 205 Housing Totals Sec 1 Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 1969 14,689 9 11,568 147 1,377 1985 17,281 12 12,721 154 2,243 Vacant 15,450 10 12,395 106 2,098 Sec 5 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8 Sec 9 1969 854 528 19 7 180 1985 832 761 21 8 529 Vacant 259 131 20 6 425] [Courses] Course of Action [• Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing for this area in order to attain a diversity of housing mix. • Encourage the sugar company to continue their assistance in providing employees with suitable housing before phasing out of the rental housing market. Since many of the lands in and around the existing communities are owned by the sugar company, they should be encouraged to make lands available for the private market.] • [The County shall require] Re uire developments [which] Lhat create a demand for employee housing [shall] provide for that need. 205 Housing PUBLIC FACILITIES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Public facilities are those service systems [which] Haat are provided, staffed, and maintained by government to directly serve the [individual citizens in his desire to realize his full self -potential, to enjoy the protection of his rights and his property, to be secure in his need for medical and health care, and to live in a wholesome and sanitary community.] residents of the Counly. Public facilities include the systems of schools, libraries, fire stations, police stations, detention and correctional facilities, refuse disposal areas, harbors, and airfields. ([The latter two] Harbors and airfields are further described under the [section dealing with the transportation element.] Transportation Element) These facilities [have most] &°e often [been] located in larger towns or centrally situated areas [which] That are in close proximity to the commercial, industrial and cultural activities of established communities. [Although the inhabitants of Hawaii County are serviced by three levels of government, public facilities generally fall into two jurisdictional categories:] The anaiority of pudic facilities that sen4ce the residents of this County are managed by the State and County. For example, the State operates the public school system, libraries, and the public hospitals_ [while the county] The County provides police and fire protection[,] and solid waste disposal. Additionally, both the State and [county] CoMnly maintain administrative offices on the island to serve the residents' needs. It is necessary to carefully coordinate the provision of public facilities in order to use them most effectively and to maximize the effect of the public dollar. It is equally necessary to realize that the type, quality, capacity and location of facilities and services have a significant impact on the community, the people and the total environment. GOAL Encourage the provision of public facilities that effectively service community and visitor needs and seek ways of improving public service through better and more functional facilities [which are] in keeping with the environmental and aesthetic concerns of the community. POLICIES Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and [by] maximizing the use of personnel and facilities. [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community. 206 Public Facilities • [The County shall develop] short and long-range capital improvement programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services. • Develop and adogt an Jmgact Fees Ordinance, • [The County's] Capital Improvement and Operating budgets shall reflect the goals and policies of the County General Plan. • [The County shall require] Require a [6] six-year, long-term, capital improvements budget by County Departments and agencies [which] Haat shall be reviewed for consistency with the [County's] General Plan. STANDARDS Standards have been established in each of the four major groupings of public facilities. The various public facilities have been categorized into education, protective services, health and sanitation, and government operations. The following are set forth for the overall provision and maintenance of public facilities in the County [of Hawaii]. 207 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: EDUCATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS There are [thirty] 39 public [school complexes] schoolsin the County [of Hawaii] with a total enrollment of [20,962] 27,557 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level]. The schools range in size from [ 105 ] 169 students at Haaheo to [ 1,700] 2180 students at Waiakea High School. There are [fifteen] 17 licensed private regular education schools serving a total of [2,085] 2,216 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade [level]. The number of students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] L2th grade on the island, public and private school complexes combined, total [to 23,047 or 22%] 30409 or approximately 20 per cent of the total island population [of 106,403]. In 1999, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii created a new educational initiative with the pamageof Act 62 SLH 1999 or "The New Century Charter Schools" law. Charter schools are more autonomous with greater flexibility in decision-making. Charter schools are excluded: from mM State laws and dMartment rules and rMlations. However, collective har in -in discn'Mina1M practice law laealtla and safe laws and standards and the implementation of the Hawaii content and Rerformance standards. Each charter school is resMnsible for selecting their own sites. If a public school has spate available a charter school ma seek to enter into an arrangement with the Department of Education for the,use of a portion.of the school's facilities. This law allows been [Population shifts and the resultant consolidation of schools and/or grade levels have in some instances resulted in time -distance hardships on students, parents, and teachers.] School complexes with limited enrollment have not always been able to maximize educational opportunities in comparison with the ability of larger facilities to provide a wider scope of educational opportunities. Some older schools lack adequate parking facilities and sufficient area for [overall] expansion and some have [drainage] infrastructure and traffic problems. The Hawaii Library District is comprised of a regional library in Hilo; six community libraries in Honokaa, Kapaau, Holualoa, Kailua-Kona, Kealakekua, and Naalehu (part-time); and six joint community -school libraries in Keaau, Mountain View, Pahoa, Pahala, Laupahoehoe .and Waimea. Size is described by the number of volumes (books, periodicals, etc.) and range from [2,464] 6.,445 volumes at Holualoa to [151,672] 206065 volumes in Hilo. [To extend service to outlying communities and rural areas, the bookmobile, consisting of vans filled with library materials, visits various sectors of the island on a twice monthly basis.] Some library facilities will require improvements as the demand for learning and information increases. More up-to-date facilities are also required in some areas. 208 Public Facilities The University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH), located in [the City of] Hilo provides alternative higher educational opportunities within the University of Hawaii system through its variety of high quality certificate, [associate and ] baccalaureate and masters degree programs. [The UHH is the only public institution of higher education in the County of Hawaii and is the only institution in the University organization that incorporates a two-year community college, a four -yeas university, and a continuing education and community service program.] The 1973 "University of Hawaii at Hilo Long Range Development Plan" was updated and revised in 1981 [to serve] and again in 1996. The University of Hawaii at Hilo Long Range Development plan serves as a physical planning guide [affecting] for the UHH campus. The Plan emphasizes the "spine" concept [which] that organizes all campus structures along a main pedestrian accessway and assures that future development would continue in relation to the various existing structures. As such, new facilities would be developed towards Komohana Street. [One of the immediate problems the University has to deal with is providing adequate student and faculty housing.] The Universgty continues to lack adequate student and faculty housing. Hawaii Communily College provides access to higher education, and workforce training for the entire County. The College offer: an extensive grogram of certificate and associate da ee RroMms in teelrnical fields as well as the first two years of a baccalaureate degree. The Cone a also offers an extensive proffam of short-term tramm rar rams throaa :trout the Coun'... The community coffege serves the entire Coun with programs on site in the communities and utilizes distance education technologies. The Lon lira c Develo ment Plein for Hawaii Communi College was a Toyed by the Board of Regents in. IM and calls for the construction of a new Campus in Hilo mauka of Komohana Street. In West Hawaii in addition to Hawaii CommunLq College programs, the coils a is res onsible for the Uniyersi of Hawaii Center, through which it delivers baccalaureate and masters degree grograms from other institutions in the Universfty Center. The Long Range Development Plan for the West Hawaii campus of the Universi , of Hawaii was comWeted in 1998. The State is currently an the process of pEgRg ng. an environmental impact statement for the initial ukase of devele ment of the new campus niversi of Hawaff Center at West Hawa#j to be located on a 33 -acre pgrfion of a 500 - acre State-owned garcel in Kajapa, forth Dona. The. proposed campus, which wl l [The only private university on the island is located on a 41 -acre site in North Kona. The Pacific and Asia Christian University has an enrollment of 350 to 400 students.] 209 Public Facilities POLICIES Educational policies [here] relate to the provision of facilities rather than programs, which are the province of the State. It is nevertheless recognized that the facilities and programs are the tools necessary to improve total educational service. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage continuous joint pre -planning of schools with the Department of Education and the University of Hawaii to ensure coordination with roads, water, and other support facilities and considerations such as traffic and safety, and access for vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian. Encourage master planning of present and proposed public and private institutions. • [The County shall encourage the joining of] Encourage combining schoolyards with county parks and [the availability of] allow school facilities for afterschool use by the community for recreational, cultural, and other compatible uses. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage joint community -school library facilities, where a separate community library may not be feasible, in proximity to other community facilities, affording both pedestrian and vehicular access. • [The County shall encourage] Encoura implementation of the Department of Education's 'Educational Specifications and Standards for Facilities.' • Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to seek alternate sites for public libraries I-ocated on the campuses of gublic schools. STANDARDS • In proposed communities, sufficient acreage shall be reserved for school facilities. Sites shall be free from flooding and drainage problems, excessive slope and shall incorporate appropriate street and driveway design and location to minimize traffic interference, pedestrian hazard, and [to] enable safe and easy access for vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. State Department of Education's education specifications and standards for facilities, DISTRICTS The following is an examination and analysis of educational facilities by districts. For the pgMoses of this section., a complex refers to a high school and its associated feeder schools. Feeder schools are the clementaKy and intermediate middle schools that send students to a associated high school For instance, the Waiakea High School complex has 210 Public Facilities Waiakea High School as its desiMted high school and Waiakea Intermediate, Waiakeawaena kfementarf, and Waiakea ElementaEy as its feeder schools PUNA Profile Public school complexes in the Puna District are located in the communities of Keaau, Mt. View and Pahoa. [The 16.57 -acre Keaau complex serves a total enrollment of 683 students and the 12.36 -acre Mt. View complex serves 554 students, both from kindergarten through the eighth grade level. High school students commute to the Waiakea School complex in South Hilo. The 28 -acre Pahoa complex serves an enrollment of 1,577 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level. Two private schools, located between Keaau and Pahoa, have a total enrollment of 282 students. The Henry Opukahaia School accounts for 200 students from kindergarten through twelfth grade.] The Keaau high School complex is comprised of Keaau High School, Keaau Middle School Kesau Elementa School and Mt. View Elementaly Schoo!, and serves 4, total enrollment of 2,441 students. Existing.complex facilities are ade mate to serge the current enrollment. The new Keaau Vii: h School is being built in phases. As each phase is this time the first phase of Keaan High School has been completed and is in operation. students from kinder arten through the 12th grade. lever The natural n2pulation gLowth and in-mig.m ion into the subdivisions in the area are contributing to the increased pressure an education fae lines at the Pahoa coannlex In reslranse to these ffawth RressuM& f2eilit$es have been ex anded to accommodate the increased enroff.ment. however there is still overcrowding at the elementan school. [Over the past 15 years, the enrollment at the Pahoa complex increased by four times than that reported in 1970 (384 students). The in -migration to the subdivision areas contributed to this tremendous student population. Facilities have been expanded to accommodate present enrollment, however, the elementary school is still overcrowded. The State Department of Education is currently conducting a site selection study to meet the present and future elementary student projection needs. The Keaau and Mt. View complexes showed slight increases in enrollment also due to population growth in subdivision areas. The existing complexes are adequate to meet student needs.] 211 Public Facilities The Keaau, Mt. View and Pahoa branch libraries are joint community -school facilities. The Keaau facility has [11,587] 2132s volumes [and is sufficient to serve the school and community needs]. The Pahoa and Mt. View facilities house [17,225] 34 65 volumes and [7,083] 18,345 volumes, respectively [; but both]. Both library facilities are inadequate in size to meet the needs of the students and community. [The] Furthermore, the lack of adequate pedestrian access and parking at these facilities is [also a] aso� problem. Courses of Action • Improve existing school complexes to meet the standards established by the State Department of Education. • School facilities [shall] should be made available to the community for recreation and other compatible uses during after school hours. • Encourage the Department of Education to plan and develop school facilities as the need arises. [• Encourage the implementation for relocation and development of a new elementary complex in Pahoa.] Encourage improvements to pedestrian access between the village of Pahoa and the school and library facilities. [• Encourage expansion or development of community -school library complexes at Pahoa and Mt. View.] SOUTH HILO Profile The public school complexes in the South Hilo district [comprise of] includes two high schools, three intermediate and eight elementary schools. One of the intermediate schools is a combined elementary -intermediate facility serving [from] Lhe kindergarten through the eighth. grade level. The school [population] enrollment of South Hilo is about [9,347] 10,� students. The [Enrollment at] Hilo High School con►is conilgrised of Hilo fligh School Kalanianaole Elementary and Intermediate Schoob Hilo Intermediate School, DeSiiva School and scI es about [ 1,481] 5Z_,6 students. [Students from two intermediate schools in the district transfer to this complex. The Waiakea High complex has an enrollment of 1, 00 students. The facility serves students from the Waiakea, Keaau and Mt. View intermediate schools.] 212 Public Facilities The Waiakea High School comy2lex is com riled of Waiakea High School, Waiakea Intermediate School, Waiakeawaeffia Elementary School, and. Waiakea Elementary School and has an enroli ent of 4,763 students. The facility serves students from the Wadakea Keaau and Mt.1jew €gter ediatc schools. A new high school in Keaau olened in 1999. Upon completion of III phases, the new high school will serve the students from the Keaau cow The Waiakea Intermediate [complex] School presently accommodates [the sixth] 6th grade students from the Waiakea Elementary and Waiakeawaena Elementary facilities [so as] to relieve the overcrowded student population. All three [complexes] schools have an [average] enrollment of [920] 2,583 students. [The Department of Education is tentatively planning a site selection study for a new school in the Waiakea Uka area, provided enrollment continues to grow and the new school will serve a minimum enrollment of 400 students. Private school complexes in the district have a combined total of 778 student enrollment. St. Joseph High and Elementary complex (including Hamakua Branch) accounts for 550 students, from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level.] Traffic congestion [and hazards] occur in the area of the Waiakea High -Intermediate - Elementary School and the Hilo High -Intermediate -Union School-Haili Christian (private) complexes where [approximately 3,535 and 2,851 ] students [, respectively, enter and emerge] commute to and from school twice daily at nearly the same time. The areas surrounding some school complexes have practically no sidewalks or curb separations for the students' ease of access and safety. [Relocation of Kapiolani School has continuously been considered due to its location within the tidal wave zone and because of commercial uses replacing the surrounding residential areas.] The regional library, with as collection of [151,672] 208,065 volumes, is located in [the city of] Hilo and is the administrative center for all the branch libraries in Hawaii County. Although conveniently located [and adequately maintained and equipped], it lacks a meeting room or auditorium [in which] to conduct cultural or similar programs. The University of Hawaii at Hilo complex has an enrollment count of [3,200] 2. 800 students. The main or mauka campus encompasses an area of approximately [ 137] 1 t 5 acres. [Currently, there are 51 major buildings and 29 portable structures.] Hawaii C4ommunity College Inas an enrollment of 2,100 degree students and shares the campus, as well as the [The 2312 1 -acre makai campus, [serving the Hawaii Community College (HCC) and the Center for Continuing Education and Community Service (CCECS) is] located approximately 1/4 mile away. The mauka campus has undergone [great] expansion over the past [10] ten years. [to consolidate the HCC and CCECS on the main campus. Facilities for the nursing program are located at the Hilo Hospital complex.] The makai campus is beim renovated to accommodate some Hawaii Communily College prognms until a new campus can be constructed 213 Public Facilities A recent addition to the mauka campus is the 163 -acre Universi Parlocated between Komohana Street and the nqrthern 12ortion of the mauka campus. In addition to three pnonles are desigMated for Univers' e" ansion4 1n addition the Universi , also uses 110 acres in Panama for its a riculture progMm. The [new] Edwin H. Mookini Library, located on the main university campus, has a collection of 180,000 bound volumes and other library materials, including periodicals, newspapers, audio/video cassettes and microfilms. It has a capacity of 450,000 volumes and study space for 800 students and faculty members. The library also houses a media production center, providing graphics and duplicating facilities as well as audio and television studios. Course of Action [• Encourage site planning for a third high school and/or intermediate school to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage the establishment of [an] additional [elementary school] schools [in the Waiakea-Uka area.] as the need arises. • [The County shall actively participate] Participate in the development of student and faculty housing for the university and other joint -use facilities. • Provide pedestrian walkways to and around all school complexes. [• A joint community -school library shall be considered in conjunction with plans for a third high school in Hilo.] [The County shall support] Support the continued expansion of the University system and the University of Hawaii at Hffo and Hawaii Communiiy College campus [master plan which encompasses a 600+ acre development] and. encourage the continuing education programs throughout the community. The transfer of State lands to the University [of about 600 acres of State lands adjacent to the present campus] should be actively pursued. • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. [• Evaluate the possibility of relocating Kapiolani School.] [The County shall support] Sugport and encourage the strengthening of the University of Hawaii at Hilo through the transfer of appropriate colleges and departments from the University of Hawaii at Manoa to the University of Hawaii at Hilo. 214 Public Facilities [The County shall encourage] Encourage the implementation of existing State and University of Hawaii plans for the [establishment of a] continued development of the "Research and Technology Park" on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. NORTH H1LO/HAMAKUA Profile The [16.88 -acre school complex located in] Laupahoehoe Hula and Elementaly School comglex serves [365] 250 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. The existing facility is adequate, as enrollment has been relatively stable due to [plantation employment and general] the aging of the district's population. The physical disadvantages of the Laupahoehoe School facility include the steep grade and narrow access from the highway, the lack of adequate pedestrian walkways leading to the school, and the abruptness of the road junctions. [Schools serving the Hamakua district include the Paauilo complex serving 216students from kindergarten through ninth grade; and the Honokaa School complex serving 1,034 students] The Honokaam High School Complex is comprised of Honokaa Hula School Waimea from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. Honokaa High School accommodates students from South Kohala as well as from the Hamakua district. A traffic problem exists within the Honokaa School complex due to a through -street bisecting the campus. Vehicular and pedestrian problems also exist in Paauilo. The Laupahoehoe library is a joint community -school facility housing [16,211] 2 volumes. The community facility in Honokaa has [ 10,571] 16,705 volumes. [Both libraries are adequate to meet the needs of the students and community.] Courses of Action (forth Hilo) • Improve pedestrian and vehicular access to the Laupahoehoe and Hamakua School [complex.] complexes. • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Courses of Action Wamakua) • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. 215 Public Facilities Encourage traffic re-routing to resolve school traffic problems. Implement the Honokaa school campus master plan. Encourage expansion of the present library facility and services. NORTH AND SOUTH KOHALA Profile The Kohala High and Elementary School complex is com roof Kohala High and Intermediate School and Kohala. Elementary School. The complez services all of North: Kohala's [752] 994 student [population.] enrollment. The existing facilities are sufficient for the district's needs. The South Kohala district public school is located in Waimea [on a 13.31 -acre site, accommodating] and accommodates an enrollment of [848] 1195 students from kindergarten through the [ninth] 8th grade level. High school students commute a distance of 16 miles to Honokaa. An additional elementary school has been constructed and is in operation at Waikoloa. DeRartment of Education is developing a master plan for Waimea School that provides for a new elementa.Ky school an ez angled intermediate school im roved access and narkiaa� areas. [Private schools in the Kohala district have a combined total of 799 student enrollment. Hawaii Preparatory Academy complex is located in Waimea and accounts for 603 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level. It also has a school branch in the Kona district. Parker School, also in Waimea, serves a 125 student enrollment from seventh through the twelfth grade level.] The [Kapaau] Bond Memorial Library has a collection of [7,985] 16,435 volumes [and adequately serves the needs of the district]. The Parker Memorial community -school library, located adjacent to [the] Waimea school is the second largest [island] public library[.] on the island. The facility has a collection of [25,725] 43,2 volumes [and adequately serves both school and community needs. Bookmobile service is provided from the Waimea branch to outlying communities and rural areas]. Courses of Action (North Kohala) Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs [arises.] arise. Encou,Mge the Hawaii State LibraKy System to establish a public libraKy separate from the school facilaty. 216 Public Facilities [• Encourage joint use of facilities.] • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Courses of Action (South Kohala) • Encourage the expansion of the public school and library facilities as needs [arises.] arise. [• Encourage joint use of facilities.] • Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Encourage the installation of walkways to and around schools and street crossing facilities for pedestrian safety. [• Department of Education shall develop a master plan for Waimea School which provides for an expanded intermediate school, improved access and parking areas. • Department of Education shall initiate planning for a high school, including site selection, in South Kohala to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage the development of State and private higher educational facilities in West Hawaii. • Support the development of an intermediate or middle school in Waikoloa. • Encourage the Hawaii State Library System to establish a Rublic llbrarX in Waikoloaa • Encourage the State Degartment of Education to Mlore the feasibility of establishing a high school in the South Kohala district. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile The Kona public school system [comprises] is comprised of the Konawaena and Kealakehe High School [complex, situated on a 50.64 -acre site, serving 2,087 students from kindergarten through the twelfth grade level and five elementary schools serving a total of 2,690 students from kindergarten through eighth grade.] cotes. 217 Public Facilities The Konawaena High School complex includes Konawaena IligA Schoolg Ho'okena Elementary/Intermediate and Ilonaunau ElementaE /Inete mediate [grades seventh and eighth] kindeMrten to 8th gra may be transferred to time Konawaena complex due to extremely limited program offerings as only about [30] 364 students are presently enrolled [in those grades]. The construction of a new Konawaena Elementary School was recentl- comnpleted. The Kealakehe High School complex is comprised of Kealakehc Righ Schoolg Kealakehe Intermediate School' Hol loa Elem enta School, Kealakehe Elementary School, and Kaha:kai Elementary School. The Kealakehe high School comnplex serves 4,063 students. Kahakai Elementary School [complex] opened in 1982 to relieve the overcrowded enrollment at Kealakehe ElemeptarL School [complex]. However, the Kealakehe high School complex continues to experience [the] student population growth problems. It [recently] his developed separate facilities for the kindergarten through [sixth] 6th grade level and [seventh] '7th through [eighth] 8th grades. [The Department of Education is currently conducting a site selection study for a new elementary school.] The new Kealakehe High School will serve ffades nine through twelve. [The private schools in this district have a total of 221 students. The International Christian School serves 149 students from first through the twelfth grade level. Hawaii Preparatory Academy School branch, located in Kailua, has 56 students from kindergarten through third grade. This school is currently proposing development of a new facility in Keauhou to serve kindergarten through the fifth grade level.] The Holualoa Library, located near the school, has a collection of [2,464] 644, volumes; Kealakekua library has [7,934] 28467 volumes[;] and the Kailua-Kona branch library has [13,019] 47,5 volumes. The Kailua-Kona library is inadequate in size to serve the needs of the area. [The Kona bookmobile operates from the Kealakekua library.] The State is current in the tannin sta es for the Universi of Hawaii Center at Courses of Action(North Kona) [• Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central Kona.(under construction)] 218 Public Facilities • Encourage expansion of the Holualoa school complex to meet school district needs. • Encourage the State D artment of Education to acid facilities as the need arises. • Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards. [• Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.] • Encourage construction of a new library facility to serve the Kailua-Keauhou area. [Courses] Course of Action (South Kona) [• Implement the development of a new elementary school complex in central Kona.(under construction)] • Improve basic school facilities to meet current standards. [• Encourage site planning for a second high school to meet regional growth needs.] KAT Profile The Ka'u�Hieh, School complex [, located in Pahala,] is comprised of Ka'u lei School, Pahala Elcmentaly School, and Naalehu Elementary and Intermediate School, and serves a total [an] enrollment of [530] 810 students from kindergarten through the [twelfth] 12th grade level. [Naalehu complex serves an enrollment of 355 students from kindergarten through the eighth grade level.] The overall physical facilities at Naalehu and Pahala are adequate to serve the district needs. Pahala and Naalehu both have adequate library facilities. Pahala is a joint community - school library facility located within the school complex and [has] houses a collection of [8,836] 19,X64 volumes. [Naalehu's facility is a substation of the Pahala Library. Both staffing and books are supplied from Pahala.] Naalehu's facility is located behind the local post office and houses a collection of 7,631 volumes. [Course] Courses of Action Encourage continual improvements to existing educational facilities. Encourage the State DERartment of Education to Calan a K-8 School at Ocean View. 219 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: PROTECTIVE SERVICES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Protective services consist of fire, police, detention and correctional facilities, civil defense, the Coast Guard, and National Guard armories. Fire and Emerpengy Medical Services There are presently 14 EMIar fire stations, IS volunteer fire stations and 2 federal fire stations located throga hoot the island. The Kilauea Milita Cana KMC) and seryice s2 theKau ana and South Kohala station r®vide hazardous waste res)Ronse anal flee South Kohala station vrovides air medical services. The Counft has contracted with the State De art ent of Health for emer enc medical ambulance services. All fim department personnel who provide basic and advanced life support are licensed or certified as reaguired by State law. In aneral, emer enc, medical services account for 7512ergent of all incidences. Fire f$ Ming comp es another 5 user cent and the balance is divided between rescue, hazardous substancesg sjgecial ser`jces, and natural disasters. Police [Each district, with the exception of North and South Kona, is served by a single police facility. A single facility serves both the North and South Kona districts.] Each of the eight districts is served by a amain Rolice station. There are four substations (Pahoa, Mauna Lani Fire Station, Captain Cook and Pah:ala). used on a 9pulation4 the Wandwide average is about 2.5 officers per 1„� l# residents. lav distric Puna is si i ntl below this avera a J1.56 per 1004 while North Hilo has a s" if wantl higher ratio of 7.05 pSr 1,000. The other seven districts are close to the island average. [Training, counseling, and corrective facilities basically combine detention and: rehabilitation functions. There are two such facilities on the island: a Community Correctional Center in Hilo and a minimum security facility, the Kulani Correctional Facility, located 18 miles from Hilo at the end of the Stainback Highway on the lower slopes of Mauna Loa. The police facilities in Hilo and Captain Cook also have holding cells for overnight detention.] 220 Public Facilities Detention and Corrections The State Deuartment of Pub-lic Safety operates correctional facilities for the confumcment;of pretrial inmates and convicted offenders and intake service centers for the sullerybsion of offenders. An arrgy of rehabilitative pEggrams, is available through the correctional lacalities and intake service meters. The Hawaii Intake Service Center and the l3" hwa on the lower slo es of Mauna Loa. Police facilities in Hilo and Kealakehe also have. holding cells for overn_i ; t detention. The construction of a new Ili -cell detention center at the Hilo Police Station is expected to be completed in 2002. Civil Defense The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency directs and coordinates the development and administration of the County's total disaster preparedness and response program to ensure prompt and effective action when natural or man -caused disaster threatens or occurs anywhere in the County [of Hawaii]. Currently, the County does not have a database of natural disasters or events and cannot deter ine the time and date of an event the extent of the damage, or recommend $niti .boas measures, A database could assist the State and County in idengfyiAg where funding for improvements should be directed, Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard provides ocean rescue and navigation services. The Coast Guard Patrol cutter [, Cape Small,] Kiska is stationed at Hilo Harbor, and a Loran navigational transmitting station is located at Upolu Point. National Guard Armories National Guard armories are State and Federally funded facilities housing the State militia. There are four [modern well-equipped] armories in Hilo (Headquarters), Honokaa, Kealakekua, and Keaau. [Other facilities are located in Kapaau and Pahala. They] The Pahaia armory is under the jurisdiction of the State. In addition to housing the militia the facilities are also used by the community for public service functions. In time of emergency, the National Guard, at the call of the Governor, can assist with transportation, evacuation, communication, crowd control, security, and emergency electrical power. The scattered and small population centers on the island generally make protective services difficult in terms of effectively providing fire and police coverage. Some of the small centers are growing in population and some are already stabilized or decreasing, but both categories need strengthening to better serve the public [in view of increasing crime rates and trends]. Rural areas are handicapped by the lack of an adequate hydrant system [which] that 221 Public Facilities lessens the effectiveness of fire protection service. Furthermore, some facilities are in sub- standard physical condition. Expenditures for these services will increase as the population grows and the population becomes increasingly dispersed. Enhanced 911 is a three -dot tehone number that provides residents with direct access to anemgmency answ2rju center located at the Hawaii Counly Police Department Dispatch Center. L, vM resident or visitor to the island with access to a tele hone<could re uest assistance by dialing 911 re ardless of location time of day. or emeMengy type. Commuter -aided DisRafth C is the system beim utilized by both the fire and police departments in its,.guest, to better serve the Big Island. This CAIS technology will eat ; euha: ce the abilities. of both departments in obtaining the goal of f llv automating the grocess of caft. talon Ms- atc i and records manalLement in providing a h' " efficient stem for response to emg encu incidents. [STANDARDS] POLICIES • Development of police and fire facilities should entail joint use structures whenever feasible. • The establishment of a fire/police facility shall consider site size and locations [which] that permit quick and efficient vehicular access. • Development of volunteer fire facilities with prover planning to be replaced or to co -exist with full time Fire/EMS personnel. • Police headquarters shall be near the geographic center of the service area and near concentrations of commercial and industrial use. • Stations in outlying districts shall be based on the population to be served and response time rather than on geographic district. • [Additional rehabilitation and counseling centers shall be established as needed.] Correctional facilities should emphasize rehabilitation. Establish additional rehabilitation and counseling center& including drug and behavioral treatment facilities in secure settings, when necessary. • Encourage the further development and expansion of community Dolicin proagms and. nekhborhood and farm watch programs inurban rural and agrlculturul communities. • The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center shall be improved to meet the requirements set forth by federal and State regulations. • Maintain fundis of two em, ea eng medical helicopters. 222 Public Facilities • Mitigate hazards through the preparation of disaster assessment reports and appropriate follow-up arra the assessment recommendations. • Educate the public Marding disaster preparedness and response, especially proper responses for sudden impact hazards. • Encouran the State to evaluate the disaster shelters' ability to withstand various natural disasters. • Consider the proximity to fire stations in approving any rezoning to pennit urban development. • The Fire Department, in cooperation with other related governmental agencies and the involved land owners, shall prepare a fire protection and prevention plan for forest reserves and other natural areas [, and such plan shall be approved by the County Council]. STANDARDS 2.5 police officers per 1,000 resident population. Fire stations within five Hailes of concentrated settlement areas. • First response erarergsrncy medical service within eight animates of concentrated settlement areas (alternative means, such as training police officers or volunteer fire g2rsonnel, could be available to provide first response). PUNA Profile Pahoa has a [twelve -man full time,] fire/EMS operation [. This operation] that serves the Pahoa-Paradise Park [,] end Kalapana-Kapoho areas. Thirteen miles away in Keaau is a 24- hour [, 18 -man] fire%EMS facility. Hawaiian Beaches, [Leilani Estates, and] Hawaiian Paradise Parks, llawai n Acresg Fern A�res._y a`3a Forest and W as Waa subdivisions and Volcano Vim have [eight] 24-hour volunteer facilities [with 10, 5, and 18 men respectively]. The police station headquarters for Puna is housed in the Keaau public office complex [with a 24 -man force] covering the entire district. A district substation is located in Pahoa. Courses of Action • A review of the possibility of 24-hour fire and emergency medical service for the entire district should be conducted and expansion of the public office facilities should be considered in accord with district needs. 223 Public Facilities • Police services and facilities should be expanded to adequately meet the needs of the district. SOUTH HILO Profile [The County's fire station headquarters is located on Kinoole Street in Hilo.] The County's Fire Administration is located in the County Building, There are [also three] four 24-hour full-time substations within the city at Centrah Waiakea, Kaumana, and Kawailani. Central Fire Station is a f€ali-time fire/EMS o enation• Waiakea Fire Station is a Fire Station is a fire/EMS/Hazardous Materials operation. [An eight-hour, 11 -man volunteer station exists] A 24-hour, on-call volunteer facilaty is located in Pepeekeo. Communities outside Hilo are about two minutes per mile away from. service. Parking is inadequate at the Waiakea and Kawailani fire stations and access problems exist at the [Kinoole,] Centra Kaumana and Kawailani stations. Playas are being formulated for a centralized fare/rescue/hazardous materials training facilflty. The combined police headquarters for Hilo and the County is located in the Hilo Public Safety Building on Kapiolani Street. The Hawaii Community Correctional Center[,] i& operated by the State Department of Social Services and Housing, has a capacity of 24 [and has a total staff of 331. The State's Kulani Correctional Facility has a capacity of 90 [, and is served by a staff of 54]. As a minimum -security facility, it has no perimeter walls or fences and is primarily a rehabilitation center. The County of Hawaii Emergency Operations Center, the Civil Defense office, is located in the [old hospital building on Rainbow Drive] Hawaii Public Safety Complex on Kagiolani Street in Hilo. [This center has been classified as not meeting the minimum requirements as set forth by federal and state regulations. There are plans to move the center to the Public Safety Building on Kapiolani Street.] [Courses] Course of Action Expansion of Police, [and] Fire and emgKggaacy anedical facilities should be considered in [accord] accordance with district needs. [• Relocate and upgrade the Emergency Operations Center to meet federal and state requirements.] 224 Public Facilities NORTH MLO Profile Protective service facilities are located at Laupahoehoe. Fire protection consists of a [three-man, 8] 24-hour fire/EMS service supplemented by [three] on-call volunteers. Police services are [provided by a 12 -man force.] also available. Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. HAMAKUA Profile The district's fire facility is located in Honokaa and provides 24-hour [,20 -man] fire/EMS service. A volunteer station is located in Paauilo. The district police headquarters is also located in Honokaa within the government office center. [It adequately services the district with a 17 -man force.] Course of Action Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. NORTH KOHALA Profile Kapaau is the site of [an 8 -hour, one-man fire facility] a full -tune fire/El, S opSration supplemented by 15 volunteers. The police station adjoins the court building at Kapaau [where a 10 -man force serves the district]. Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. 225 Public Facilities SOUTH KOHALA Profile A 24-hour [, 15 -man] fire/EMS facility is located in Waimea, with an eight hour one-man facility located at Kawaihae. [There are also eight-hour volunteer facilities located at Waikoloa and Puako. Another 24-hour fire facility with a police substation is planned for construction at the Mauna Lani Resort entry road off the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.] South Kohala is a full- time fire/EMS/Hazardous INfater°ials and Aero Medical o eration. Waikolon is a Full-time fire/EMS, o rntion. 24-hour on -earl volunteer facilities are located in Waikoloa Villa Kona Village Resort and Kohala: Ranch Subdivisiasns [Police service emanates from Waimea with a 17 -man force housed in the public office complex shared with the Court and State government agencies.] The South Kohala District Substation is located in Kalahrai uan off the Queen Kaahumanu Hi hwa . Police: service is Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile A [33 -man,] 24-hour fire facility is located in Kailua-Kowa with [air, land, and sea rescue] fire/EMS/Rescue capabilities. A full-time fire/EMS operation is located at Keauhou and a full-€ime [An 1 8 -man, 24-hour fire fighting facility] °e/EMS operation is located in the [Capt.] CagjKip Cook public office center. Twenty four -lour, on-call volunteer services are located in Kalaoa Mauka I I lolii Villa a and Kong Paradise Subdivision. There as also a proposed fire station in a. suhdiyision at Kaugulehu. [There is also a six -man volunteer station in Hualalai Ranch, and a 15 -man volunteer station at Kona Village Resort. A police facility, serving all of Kona, is also housed in the Capt. Cook public office complex and consists of a 60 -man. force. This facility is overcrowded and will be relocated at the new public safety building planned for Kailua.] The main police facility is located in Kealakehe, and substations are located in Captain. Cook, Kailua-Kona and Keauhou. [Course of Action • Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs.] Course of Action Service facilities shall be improved to meet needs. 226 Public Facilities KA'U Profile There is a [six -man eight] L4 -hour [volunteer] fireiEMS operation in Naalehu and a [six - man] 24-hour facility located in Pahala. [The military camp in the Volcano area has its own crew and fire apparatus.] Twenty-four hour, on-call volunteer services are provided within [Hawaiian] Ocean View [Estates has an 11 -man volunteer facility.], Discovery Harbour, Naalehu and Pahala. A [police force of 14 men, stationed in an old plantation dispensary] newly built police station in Naalehu[,] serves the entire Ka'u district. [The building is inadequate however, and should be replaced.] The Ka'u District substation is located in Ocean View. Courses of Action Fire protection [service] and emeEg2ncy medical services for [more adequate coverage of] Ocean View Naalehu and Pahala shall be encouraged. [• The replacement of police facilities shall be encouraged.] Consideration shall be given to a joint police -fire facility. 227 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS This section discusses facilities housing various governmental agencies and baseyard operations. d or referred to in other elements of the General Man. Public office centers consist of a building or complex of buildings [which] that house governmental agencies. Such centers exist in Hilo, Honokaa, [Capt.] Cerin Cook, Kailua, Naalehu, Keaau, Waimea and Kapaau. Baseyards are the operational, storage and maintenance centers for public works services such as those provided by the road and water departments. These baseyards also serve as agency field offices. The "one roof' or "one stop" concept of housing governmental agencies centralizes services and maximizes the utilization of land and capital expenditures. STAT WARDS • Public office center sites shall satisfy modern and reasonable requirements of accessibility and compatibility with the surrounding neighborhood. The multipurpose concept of flexibility to satisfy changing requirements should be part of the design for [these] public buildings. • Architectural and landscaping shall reflect as much as possible the community's attributes. PUNA Profile The Keaau public office complex serves the entire district and houses police, fire and courtroom services. No other State agencies are located here due to the district's relatively close proximity to the Hilo complex. Post office facilities are located at Keaau, Kurtistown, Mt. View, Pahoa and [in] the Volcano area. The County maintains a public works baseyard in Kurtistown and a State Highways baseyard is located in Mt. View. The State facilities appear adequate [; the county].The County baseyard may be relocated if land becomes available. 228 Public Facilities Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. SOUTH HILO Profile The center of Federal, State and County government operations [on the island] is located in [the city of] Hilo. [New] State and County buildings are situated on part of a 40 -acre commercial [re -use parcel] area called Project Kaiko'o. The [Hilo] Hawaii County building in Hilo houses [all local government agencies except the fire, police, civil defense, research and development, housing, and Hawaii Redevelopment Agency departments. Inadequate parking facilities and the need for additional operational space is already evident] many Counties agencies including the Dgpartinent of Public Works, and other, do art .tints and divisions. However, the Coup_q is current in the Rrecess of develo in lens to Move several departments cur -i ent1l located in the Hawaii County building to a lark cs mmereial arca in the old Ka o'o Sl apping Center. The State building headquarters [all] State agencies with the exception of the Department of Transportation, although some of the State agencies, such as the Health Department, Department of Social Services and Housing, and the Department of Education, have other bases of operation. The State Highways Division office and baseyard are located in the Kanoelehua industrial area and the Airports and Harbors Divisions are located at their respective terminals. The County Department of Public Works baseyard is located in the Schultz Siding area and requires area improvements. Postal facilities are located in Hilo, both downtown and at the airport, Honomu, Pepeekeo, Papaikou, and Hakalau. Courses of Action [• Expansion plans for the Hilo public office center shall be evaluated and implemented if feasible.] • Consolidate government offices in a public office center. Improvements to County baseyard facilities shall be undertaken. 229 Public Facilities NORTH HILO Profile Police and fire facilities are located in Laupahoehoe. [A County Public Works baseyard is located in Laupahoehoe. No improvements are contemplated for the future.] Postal facilities are located in Laupahoehoe, Ninole, Ookala, and Papaaloa. Course of Action Expand/improve facilities as necessary. IMAKUA Profile The State Highways Division and County Department of Public Works both have baseyards in Honokaa. The County facility is of sufficient size to accommodate present and future needs while the State baseyard is inadequate. The public office complex houses the fire station, police station, court building, library, and State agencies. The various agencies within the complex are each housed in separate buildings [which] that result in an uneconomical use of the site. Postal facilities are located in [Haina,] Honokaa, Kukuihaele, Paauha Pum oliakul"oaa and Paauilo. Course of Action • Multi -use buildings housing public office center facilities shall be encouraged in overall improvements and expansion plans. NORTH KOHALA Profile The courthouse, police, and fire stations, library and hospital are located in Kapaau. A State Highway baseyard site is located in the Puuepa-Kokoiki Homestead area and the County Public Works baseyard is located in Kapaau. Postal facilities are located in [Halaula,] Hawi[,] and Kapaau. 230 Public Facilities Course of Action • Expand/improve facilities as necessary. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Governmental operations, including the district court, are conducted in the [new] public office center in Waimea Village. [A postal facility is also] Postal facilities are located in [Waimea.] Kamuela. Waikoloa, and Kawaihae. Storage and maintenance functions are situated at the 2.4 -acre State Highway baseyard in Waimea Homesteads. A [3] three -acre County baseyard is also located in Lalamilo. Courses of Action Expand/improve facilities as necessary. A civic center site shall be reserved at Waikoloa. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile Kona's public office centers are located in the [Capt.] Captain Cook village area, and Kailua. [Police, fire,] Fire and State agencies are individually housed on the [4] four -acre [Capt.] Cry Cook site. The Court is [now] housed in the old Kona Hospital. [Public Works, the Deputy Managing Director, Licensing, and Liquor Control have offices in the First Federal Savings Building in Kailua Village] The nearest police station is situated in Kealakehe. One State baseyard is located in Kaloko, with another at Honaunau. The County baseyard in [Capt.] Captain Cook adequately serves the needs of the district. Post offices are at [Capt.] Captain Cook, Holualoa, Honaunau, Kailua, Keauhou, and Kealakekua. Courses of Action Nforth Kona) • Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken. Consolidate [county] Coun offices in one public office center. 231 Public Facilities • [The County shall designate] Designate a second urban center in West Hawaii to facilitate government services and centralize facilities. • Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible. Courses of Action (South Kona) Expansion plans for the Kona public office center shall be undertaken. Consolidate county offices in one public office center. • Provide services in West Hawaii as is feasible. KA'U Profile The courthouse [, police station,] and State agencies are located in Naalehu and adequately serve the needs of the district. The new golice station in Kaunamano Homesteads adequately serves the needs of the district. The State baseyards in the Kaunamano Homesteads area and Manuka adequately serve the needs of the district. The County Public Works baseyard in Waiohinu is adequate. Postal facilities are located in Naalehu, Pahala, Ocean View and the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park area. Course of Action Expand/improve facilities as necessary. 232 Public Facilities PUBLIC FACILITIES: HEALTH AND SANITATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The County is responsible for the general welfare of its residents and must continue to make every effort to ensure that adequate health services are provided. Actual planning of health programs and facilities is the direct administrative responsibility of the State. Under this section, hospitals and related facilities, solid waste disposal facilities, and cemeteries will be discussed. The latter two are County administered. Hospitals and Related Facilities Currently there are [five] six licensed hospitals operating on the Big Island: Hilo, Kona, Honokaa, North and South Kohala, and Ka'u. Together these [five] six hospitals make up the Hawaii County Network. The island's geography and population distribution determine the roles played by each community hospital. The current roles are: [Hilo - Major referral center and key support for shared services; specialty care and long-term care. Kona - Medical and surgical care; some specialty care and long-term care. Honokaa - Emergency services; uncomplicated medical and surgical care; long-term care. Kohala and Ka'u - Emergency services; uncomplicated deliveries and short medical stays; primarily long-term care.] State Dcpartmcnt of Health North Hawaii Communift Hospital [The "Hawaii County Hospital Network Comprehensive Implementation Plan" of January 1985 recommends three secondary care sites linked with two enhanced community medical centers as the Hawaii County Hospital Network. The recommendation includes: 233 Public Facilities Maior referral center and key support for shared services, emergency Hilo services, specialty care, and long-term care Medical and surgical care, some speciayy care, emergency care, out Kona patient, and long-term care Honokaa. Long-term care North and South Emel:ggpcy services, uncomplicated deliveries, short medical stays,.and primarily lone term care -Kohala and Kala State Dcpartmcnt of Health North Hawaii Communift Hospital [The "Hawaii County Hospital Network Comprehensive Implementation Plan" of January 1985 recommends three secondary care sites linked with two enhanced community medical centers as the Hawaii County Hospital Network. The recommendation includes: 233 Public Facilities Two enhanced community medical centers, Kohala and Ka'u, will improve the quality of primary care in rural areas. Consolidating administration and operations of Kohala and Ka'u facilities with that of Kona will result in administrative cost savings as well as more coordinated sharing of medical staff and equipment. Building a new secondary care facility in the Honokaa service area and upgrading secondary facilities in Hilo and Kona will result in improved quality and availability of secondary care throughout the County.] Primary healthcare is defined as "non -bed related diagnosis, treatment and prevention services; includes general medical care in a doctor's office or outpatient clinic, emergency medical care, diagnostic radiology and clinical laboratory services, and continuing care of the chronically ill and those requiring rehabilitation." Secondary healthcare is defined as "inpatient diagnostic and therapeutic services provided in an acute care hospital to patients who stay overnight and at least 50[%]era cen of whom leave less than 30 days following admission." In addition, [one] t o private intermediate care [facility,] facilities, Life Care Center[,] and Hale Anuenue Restorative Care Center, [is] gre located in Hilo. [There are also medical group practices in Hilo and Kona.] Private practitioners are located throughout the island. [The Lucy Henriques Medical Center operates in Waimea. Plantation clinics are located in Honokaa and Ka'u.] As the number of elderly increases, there will be a greater need for assisted living, skilled nursing, and intermediate care facilities in the various districts. The County's Fire Department provides emergency medical services. [Each of the five] Five of the six hospitals provide emergency room services. [Lucy Henriques Medical Center in Waimea also provides emergency room services.] The County's Fire Department also provides ambulance service from the Captain Cook, Central, Honokaa, Kailua-Kona, Keaau, and Waimea Fire Stations. The County's ambulances are first response units for these service areas while the ambulances at the Kohala and Ka'u hospitals are the first response units for their respective area. The majority of non -institutional health services are located in Hilo. [There are 24 care homes on the Island: 13 in Hilo, 4 in Papaikou, 3 in Honokaa, 2 in Keaau, and 1 each in Pahala and Kailua-Kona. Adult] However, adult boarding homes are also located in Hilo, Hamakua, Waimea, and Puna. Honolulu's St. Francis Hospital operates a renal dialysis facility at Hilo Hospital and plans another for Kona. Solid Waste [Disposal] ManagEment Facilities Solid waste [disposal] management has significant effects on the health, aesthetic, and land use characteristics of a community. The County maintains two landfill sites, one active landfill in east Hawaii in Hilo, and another active landfill in West Hawaii [and one in Kona] at Punanahulu. In addition, there are [and] twenty_one solid waste transfer sites throughout 234 Public Facilities the island. [Another six new transfer stations as well as improvements to existing stations are planned. The "Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Transportation Cost Study for the County of Hawaii," May 1984, suggests the recycling of solid waste as a cost effective alternative to the existing landfill and transfer station operation.] The management of solid waste on the island has undergone significant changes in landfall operations were im lemented at the Hilo and Kaflua landfill. In 1994 a new landfill was; constructed at Puaaanabulp in compliance with Federal environmental .and health standards. That same year, the landfill in Kaflua was closed and continues to be monitored. Currently, residents take their solid waste to any one of 21 transfer stations around the island The solid waste is then hassled to either the Hilo or Puuanahulu landfills. In some ares residents a RdXate haulers topick-up their refuse from their residences for disposal at a landfill. The County's solid waste system continues to evolve to meet the remuiremaents of State and Federal regulations and the public. Pot- exam le the State of Hawaii's the desired goal of 50 per cent by 2000. To reach this goal of 50 per cent the Counly needs to implement an integrited solid waste: mana emaent s stems. However, there are barriers to implementing this soled M este manaamiem„ n stem. • A recycling ethic is not yet firmly rooted amaoM Hawaii's people and businesses. • Waste disposal aMears to be cheats and easy. The actual cost of dumping is not readily ,evident .to pimple. • The high cost of 2pSratint» a rMcligg business in Hawaii. • Local recycled materials markets are underdeveloped, and access to out of state markets are exy2ensive due to Hawaii's isolated geography. Overcoming these Barr rs is possible but it will reguire a commitment of:enem and resources from the public seedriyate sectors. In Auggst of 1993 the i3e artment of Public Works pjLblished an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan for the Counix of ai__...._03. °vL:_ - ' .. e -.$.ems. m,-- 4.n " -74Afft� ®e.s'v3esas provide jgpjjfie,detniIs on the day too eration of solid waste massa emaemt roams but rather to:provide assistance to the Coup& administration and Council as to the a of programas to fund, implement , and administer. Each Commty must RRdate its lute ed Solid Waste Management Plan in the near future Hawaii Coup 's to is stall ander review. This update will address several mor issues facia the County at this time. 235 Public Facilities Some issues examined by this Wan are the closure of the South Hilo Landfill„ user fee approach, and siting of rural transfer stations. The Hilo landfill is an unlined landfill that was RErmitted, to continue o erations until October 1995, The State lie aartmaent of Health is reviewing the a licatinn for a five- ear extension of the Hilo landfill for minimize solid waste to be hauled and diMsed. of at the Puua$nahulu landfill; or the development of new technolaat ies to manage east Ilawaii refuse would be considered. Tipping fees account for 35 per cent of revenue tooperate the Solid Taste Division. The remainder of the funds needed to oR2Kate the division comes from the general fund. Various gpAons. have been studied. The most recent is a Pay -As -You -Throw coancc t where each resident and business is assessed as fee based.on the amount of solid waste disposed. This Broffam would help to pEomote eater reSycling. and diversion to minimize the amount of refuse being disposed of at landfills. However, the most effective paeans of transfer station, to Raying a: private hauler or increase taxes for the County to commence this service. Solid waste transfer stations, norma were sited at apre-existing old communi o n dump. These sites were bated based an population, centers 30-44 ears am. However, with the develoaament of new subdivisions and the exmansion of ex.istin� communities, some of the existing transfer stations ami r no longer be located at the most convenient site to serve the maaj2rity of residents. The file al disposal of solid waste continues to be a problem throughout the Counly. fliggal dumping is a visual nuisance to residents adjacent to these dumps as well as a health hazard to the rest of the community. Metal dumRing rias the necessaa safety Drecautions that Dreveant hazardous materials and moliutaants from conta inatin� soil and round water sources. Cemeteries As of July 1, 2000, manav,,ement of County cemeteries was transferred from the Countv's DeDartment of Pub& 'Works to the Deva rtanemt of Parrs and Recreation. The County has [nineteen] 21 public cemeteries. The size of cemeteries ranges from one-half acre to [fourteen] 14 acres with the average size in rural areas being two acres. There are several private cemeteries, notably the Homelani and the Chinese cemetery in Hilo, and the Mauna Kea Memorial Park in Kaieie, Papaikou. 236 Public Facilities POLICIES • [The County should encourage] the development of new health care facilities or the improvement of existing health care facilities to serve the needs of Hamakua, North and South Kohala, and North and South Kona. • Develop and implement a cemeteries master plan for the siting of future cemeteries. • Appropriately designed and cost-effective solid waste transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and ea§y access to the public. • Encourage the State to continue operation of the rural hospitals. • Encourage the establishment or ez ansion of communiq health centers and rural health clinics. • Continue to encourage programs such as recycling to reduce the flow of refuse de sited in landfills. • Investigate the possibilgty of developing new landfill sites on the island. • Encourage the full development and implementation of a green waste re ciin ro am. • Sanitary landfill sites for refuse disposal shall be established in accordance with the needs of communities and [shall be landscaped. Appropriately designed and cost effective transfer station sites shall be located in areas of convenience and easy access to the public.] the State Department of Health and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's rules and regulations. • Hospitals should be on sites capable of handling moderate expansion of facilities. Quiet surroundings, convenient and adequate access, and compatibility with adjoining uses shall be required. • Hospitals shall be served by a public sewerage system or have self-contained sewerage systems. [Hospital solid waste disposal methods shall be by incineration.] • Hospital solid wasteshaU be disposed of in accordance with all Federal9 State, and Coins - laws and regulations. 237 Public Facilities • Private and public cemeteries shall be compatible with surrounding land uses and [shall be] provided with adequate access and drainage systems. PUNA Profile Health Health [service] services in the district of Puna [is] .are provided by [a] privately operated [clinic in] clinics in Pahoa and Keaau. Keaau. Solid Waste Solid waste transfer stations are located in Pahoa, Kalapana, Volcano, Glenwood and Cemeteries There are three public cemeteries serving the district at Kaimu, Malama-Ki and Kehena. The latter has been covered by a lava flow. Use and maintenance of these sites is on a limited basis. [Course] Courses of Action �YII0 0Is I I I. Profile Health Maintenance of cemetery sites shall be improved. Provide additional solid waste transfer stations as the need arises. Hilo [Hospital] Medical Center (HMC) is a [new] secondary healthcare facility [which] that was completed in 1985. [Hilo Hospital] HMC is intended to provide major secondary care for the Puna, South Hilo, and North Hilo Districts. Also located within the Hilo District is the Department of Health's and Department of Social Services and Housing district offices [which] that provide public health and health care services. A variety of voluntary agencies and organizations providing health education, healthcare support, nutrition, and other specialized services are located in Hilo. 238 Public Facilities Solid Waste The County has its [first] East )Hawaii landfill waste disposal system in operation at the former [dumpsite] dump site in Hilo. UnfortunatelL the,impendiLag closure of the Hilo landfill site will cause substantial Rroblems unless an alternative East Hawaii. site is found. Hawaii alternative cannot be found, the island's only landfill will be at Puuanahulue Transfer station sites supplementing the landfill system have been built in Hilo, Papaikou and Honomu. [Transfer stations are planned for Kaumana and Pepeekeo.] Cemeteries There are three public cemeteries in South Hilo: [the two Veterans' Cemetery sites located in Hilo and the Alae cemetery located between Wainaku and Paukaa.] a. Veteran's Cem2l v ltwo sites consolidated into a single location at Ponahawai)9 a cemetery in Waiakea¢Uka and Alae Cemetery, located between Wainaku and Paukaa. Courses of Action [• Expansion of parking facilities at Hilo Hospital shall be undertaken.] • Improvement and expansion of hospital facilities shall be undertaken as the need arises. • Expansion of existing cemeteries or creation of new sites shall be undertaken. NORTH HILO Profile Health Healthcare services in the North Hilo district [is] are extended through services located in South Hilo and [Hamakua.] South Kohalao Solid Waste The solid waste disposal [via an open dump which emptied into the ocean at] i Laupahoehoe [has been replaced] is handled by a solid waste transfer station. Cemeteries There are two public cemeteries at Piha and Kihalani, both of which are not adequately maintained. 239 Public Facilities Course of Action Maintenance of cemeteries shall be improved. HA L4,KUA Profile Health [The Honokaa Hospital was established in 1951 and a public health center presently serve the districts of Hamakua, South Kohala and North Hilo. The hospital still retains its original all -wood structure. Honokaa Hospital maintains acute care and skilled nursing facilities. The Hamakua Sugar Company also operates a dispensary located in Honokaa.] The old Honokaa HosRital built in 1951 was replaced in 1995 with a loans term care . — . 38 • ■ L2_.__ _;____ ___ 1. _ 1___! • a____3 L__ al__ YY_—__.. Y1r__3a11_ oyVatieut medical care services and North Hawaii Comrraunib� Hospital located in Wabanea Rroyldes acute and emLrgena care services. A State gublic health center also serves the area. Solid Waste [The solid waste disposal site located at Haina where waste was dumped into the river mouth has been replaced with solid] Solid waste transfer stations are located at Honokaa and Paauilo. [Another transfer station has been planned for Kukuihaele.] Cemeteries There are four cemeteries at Kaapahu, Kainehe, Kukuihaele and Paalaea. Limited use and maintenance of the cemeteries are evident. [Courses] Course of Action Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved. [• Renovation and modernization of the Honokaa hospital building.] 240 Public Facilities NORTH KOHALA Profile Health Kohala Hospital in Kapaau was completed in 1963. This facility provides acute, skilled nursing and intermediate care, as well as emergency room, laboratory, anal x-ray [, and 24-hour ambulance service.] services. Solid Waste [An old quarry in Kaauhuhu which served a. a refuse disposal site has been replaced by a solid waste transfer station. A second transfer station is planned for Halaula.] A solid waste transfer station has replaced the refuse dilnosal site at the old, quarry in Kaauhuhu. Cemeteries There are two public cemeteries, at Kahei and Aamakao. [Both require proper maintenance.] Course of Action • Maintenance of the cemeteries shall be improved. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Health [Health services for the district of South Kohala are provided by the Waimea dispensary and the hospital in Honokaa. The Lucy Henriques Medical Center provides emergency room services.] The North Hawaii Community Hospital, which includes the Lucy Henriques Medical Center, groyides health services for the districts of South Kohala and Hamakua. This hoses is a Rrivateull service, acute care facility. Solid Waste The open dump sites in Waimea and in Puako have been replaced by solid waste transfer stations. Furthermore, the West Hawaii landfall is located in and operating in Puuanahulu. Cemeteries Public cemeteries [for the district] are located in Paulama and Waimea. 241 Public Facilities Course of Action • [Solid waste transfer site(s) shall be reserved at Waikoloa.] A solid waste transfer site or alternative means of refuse collection should be established for Waikoloa= NORTH AND SOUTH LONA Profile Health [The present Kona Hospital was established in 1975 with medical/surgical, obstetrical, and skilled nursing facilities. Its intensive and critical care units opened in 1977. In 1979 and 1980 additions to the skilled nursing and intermediate care facilities were made. In 1981 an expanded emergency room which included critical care rooms, an orthopedic room, and ambulance parking was completed.] Kona Community Hospital is a full service hosRital located in Kealakekuas Hospital services include agate inpatient medical/suEgical, obstetrics skilled nursing,intensive care and quW&tjLrnt summery. OutB at€ent and..aneillary,services include a 24-hour eme ency room, laboratory, radioloM pharmagy, occupational, phIsical, respiratory and speech therapL and dietaa services. The hospital was constructed in 1975, and has uaedea ,one numerous renovations. A new ICU and exdsanded ore ting room area was added in 1990. In 1998-99, the obstetric unit wag remodeled,, emergency department renovated, and supply and admissions areas ex andel A special service building,with conferencing and administrative departments was also constructed. The :h2s12al has, comWetedl a launding with a 12 -bed ment.11 health unit and expanded outpatient services. Solid Waste Solid waste disposal sites, all of which utilized open pit dumping, were located in Keauhou, Kailua, Waiea and Keei. Transfer stations have replaced the dumps at Kailua, Keauhou, Napoopoo, Waiea and Milolii. The landfill [site] at Kealakehe [serves both Kohala and Kona.] has been closed. A new landfill [is needed and the site selection process is being conducted, with the possibility of the landfill being located] is now in operation at Puuanahulu . In accordance with State Department of Health,.and Environmental Protection Agency Belpbtions [The] the Kailua Landfill [site will soon be moved to Puuanahulu.] continues to be monitored. 242 Public Facilities Cemeteries [One] Two public [cemetery is] cemeteries are located in [Hienaloli] bona, the West Hawaii Veterans Cemetery and the Cemetery at Hienalolk KAT Profile [Courses of Action New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought. A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii area shall be implemented.] [Courses] Course of Action • New privately owned cemetery sites to serve future needs shall be sought. [• A sanitary landfill operation with transfer station sites to serve the West Hawaii area shall be implemented.] Health Ka'u Hospital, located in Pahala, was completed in 1979. Ka'u Hospital provides lo� n - term care and minor acute care, obstetrics, emergency room, ambulance, and outpatient services. A public health center is also located in Naalehu. Solid Waste [The refuse disposal site was located in Waiohinu, 2 miles from Naalehu. The Pahala area was served by open gulch dumping on a plantation -owned site. Both the Waiohinu and Pahala sites have been replaced with solid waste transfer stations.] Solid waste transfer sites are located at Waiohinu and Pahala. Cemeteries Public cemeteries are located in [Kowala] Naalehu and Waiohinu. Course of Action A solid waste transfer station should be established for Ocean View. 243 Public Facilities PUBLIC UTILITIES INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Public utilities are services regulated by government and provided in response to existing and prospective patterns of development. Changes in land use [and the intensity of], population density, and development usually generate changes in the demand and supply of utilities. This section is concerned with the planning aspects of the water, electricity, [telephone,] telecommunication, gas and sewerage systems. Planning for the location of utility facilities such as reservoirs and pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, and [telephone exchanges] telecommunications, is an important aspect of the land planning process. Changes in the intensity of land [development] use greatly influence the quantitative design of utilities and services, particularly their design capacity. [There also] Furtherne®res there may be distractions in [kind and] the quality and ly of [service] services offered for each utility as land use intensities vary. These distinctions also depend on local codes and ordinances, health and sanitary considerations, and practices followed by the utility companies. GOALS • Ensure that Rro22r11 regglated, adequate, efficient and dependable public and private utility services [will be] are available to users. Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services. • [To have] Desin public utility facilities [which are designed] to fit into their surroundings or concealed from public view. POLICIES • Public utility facilities shall be designed [so as] to complement adjacent land uses and shall be operated [so as] to minimize pollution or disturbance. [• The County shall encourage the use of properties or easements owned by public or private utility companies or agencies as supplemental open space and recreational areas whenever practical.] Provide utilities and service facilities [which] Heat minimize total cost to the public and effectively service the needs of the community. Utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the natural environment and natural resources. Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of users. 244 Public Utilities Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing utilities. [The County shall develop] short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for public utilities within its jurisdiction [and which] that are consistent with the [County] General Plan. Water, sewerage, electricity, gas, and [telephone] telecommunication services are treated individually in this section to clarify the factors [which make up] that comprise the public utilities element. 245 Public Utilities UTILITIES: WATER INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The availability of water is crucial to any [kind] tie of development, whether urban, rural, or agricultural. Land use allocation therefore must be closely related to water availability, including the quantity and quality of the water, and the adequacy of the transmission and distribution system. Sources of water supply include ground water and surface water. The most common sources of water supply are springs, tunnels, streams, and deep wells. The demand for water is [primarily] directly related to population and industry usage is expressed as gallons per day [(GPD)] fiWd or million gallons per day [(MGD).] Jmgd Demand does not represent domestic consumption alone, but also includes all agricultural, industrial and commercial uses, fire protection, and other uses. In some areas, however, non- domestic users are likely to create the major demand, and careful attention must therefore be given [them] in any study of probable future water needs. [All public water systems are required to be in compliance with the State and Federal drinking water regulations.] Sources of water for the Department of Water Supply's water system include surface water and groundwater, both of which must comply with the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act SDWA . The U.S. Environmental Protection A enc through the State Department of Health administers regglation for this act. The most common sources of surface water are streams,, sprite and tunnels. Groundwater sources include either basal or high level aquifers. Surface water or a groundwater source wader the influence of surface water is r aired to be treated and gualfty monitored to ensure compliance with the SDWA whereas groundwater need onl , be chlorinated. As such the maintenance of surface water systems are much more Mensive and labor intensive. The Federal SD A, regulates all pubtic waters stems. Regulation compliance is a major impact for the Department of Water Supp!y. Within the next seven nears, the department will spend approximately $20 million for coma liance proiects. The Department of Water Supply operates and maintains [over twenty] twenty-three separate water systems in the County [of Hawaii]. In addition, the State [of Hawaii] operates an agricultural water system in Lalamilo and the 11 lamakualPaauilo Irrigation District and there are several agricultural and domestic water systems within the county that are privately owned, maintained and operated. The State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Land and Water Development also has the capacity to explore and develop new ground water sources. The 246 Public Utilities County has in the past depended upon this agency for source development. The development of new sources requires the cooperation between State and County agencies in the delivery of municipal water systems. The high rainfall areas between the 2,000 and 4,000 -foot elevations on the windward side of the island and also on the western slope of Hualalai contribute the bulk of the water to the island's streams, springs and basal aquifer. Each type of source has its advantages and disadvantages. Surface water flows depend on weather conditions. During extremely dry weather conditions$ the flow may drop below the required rate. During high rainfall periods the water may be turbid. Spring and tunnel sources are also susceptible to these problems but usually to a lesser degree. These high level intakes are generally located above the communities they serve and have the advantage of gravity flow. Deep well sources on the other hand are more dependable but higher operational expenses are incurred since electrical energy is required to lift the water. Since some wells are located in the lower sections, contamination from urban expansion is a possibility. Controlled land use would minimize this problem. Wells can also be contaminated by seawater intrusion if pumped at a high rate. One solution to improve systems presently served by only surface sources is [obvious:] to install a well in these systems[;]= use the surface sources when available[;], and use the pump when the surface sources are deficient. This would minimize operational costs and upgrade systems so they are more dependable. Another solution is to construct large storage reservoirs. These, however, require high initial capital expenditures. Many systems, though adequate to fulfill domestic needs, are inadequate for fire protection[.] and do not meet the needs of current agricultural production. Such systems serving urban areas are proposed to be upgraded. The present average water consumption for the County water system is approximately [16.3 million gallons per day.] In several subdivisions throughout the island, roof catchment is also the primary means of water supply and is supplemented by trucking during drought periods. These subdivisions were approved prior to the adoption of the Subdivision Control Code. The exploration for new water sources will continue. It is anticipated that these new water sources and systems will further influence land development. POLICIES Water system improvements [and extensions] shall [promote] correlate with the County's desired land use development pattern. All water systems shall be designed and built to Department of Water Supply standards. Improve and replace inadequate systems. 247 Public Utilities Water sources shall be adequately protected to prevent depletion and contamination from natural and man-made occurrences or events. Water system improvements should be first installed in areas [which] that have established needs and characteristics, such as occupied dwellings, agricultural operations and other uses, or in areas adjacent to them if there is need for urban expansion [, or to further the expansion of the agricultural industry]. • A [systematic program] coordinated effort by [the] County, State and private [interest] interests shall be developed to identify sources of additional water supply and be implemented to ensure the development of sufficient quantities of water for existing and future needs of high growth areas[.] and agricultural production. • The fire prevention systems shall be coordinated with water distribution systems in order to ensure water supplies for fire protection purposes. • [The County shall consider the feasibility, desirability, and the attendant responsibilities of establishing] Develop and adopt standards for individual water catchment units. • Cooperate with the State Department of Health to develop standards and/or guidelines for the construction and use of rainwater catchment systems to minimize the intrusion of any chemical and microbiological contaminants. • Cooperate with appropriate State and Federal agencies and the private sector to develop, improve and eland agricultural water systems in aiproyriate areas on the island. • Promote the use of ground water sources to meet State Department of health water quality standards. • Continue to participate in the United States Geological Survey's exploratory well drilling program. • Seek State and Federal funds to assist in financing projects to brim the Counly into compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act. • Develop and adopt a water master plan that will consider water yield, present and future demand, alternative sources of water, guidelines and policies for the issuing of water commitments. • Expand programs to provide foragricultural irrigation water. 248 Public Utilities STANDARD [Water] Public and private water systems shall meet the requirements of the Department of Water Supply and the Subdivision Control Code. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district for water systems. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile [There] Currently, there are four major water systems in the district: Olaa-Mt. View, Pahoa, Kapoho, and Kalapana. The total average consumption of these systems is [0.76 million gallons per day.] 1.2 mgd. The Olaa-Mt. View water system consists of [eight] eleven service areas and extends along the Volcano Road from the former Puna Sugar Company mill to the Olaa Reservation Lots and along the Keaau-Pahoa Road [till] to the vicinity of Kaloli Drive. Water for this system is supplied by [two] three deep wells. Two of the wells are located at the former Puna Sugar Co. mill [with pump capacities of 1,125 gallons per minute and 750 gallons per minute.] site and the third is near Olaa, between Keaau and Kurdstown. The average consumption of this system is about [0.42 million gallons per day.] 0.52 mgd. Olaa Well C, the prinlary source for this system, has a maximum pump capacity of 2.0 mg . Olaa Wells A and B have capacities of 1.6 mad and &1.72 mgd, respectively. The Pahoa water system, located in the geographic center of the lower Puna region, extends from Keonepoko Homesteads down along portions of the Kapoho and Pohoiki Roads[.] to Kapoho. The presen average consumption is [0.23 million gallons per day.] 0.40 mgd. [The total amount of water available in the area of the Pahoa wells is very high. All evidence indicates that the Pahoa wells can obtain water of excellent quality, insofar as salinity is concerned, in amounts limited only by the capacity of the pumps. The Kapoho water system presently services farm lots in the vicinity. The total average consumption of these lots is 0.05 million gallons per day. This low average is due to the ideal location and climate for agriculture which keeps irrigation at a minimum. A majority of the existing dwelling units are vacation type homes located in the residential zoned areas of Kapoho Beach Lots and Kapoho Vacationland subdivisions. These subdivisions are under private ownership and the installation of water lines to service these subdivisions will be the responsibility of the subdivision owners. An analysis of pumping test data indicates that the safe yield of the Kapoho well is 200 gallons per minute or 288,000 gallons per day.] 249 Public Utilities The Kalapana Water System extends from the Keauohana Forest Reserve along Highway 13 down to the Kaimu Beach intersection and [from there] continues in a southwesterly direction along Highway 13, ending in the vicinity of [the Queen's Bath. The total capacity of the Kalapana Water System is 0.60 million gallons.] Kaimu. The water for the Kalapana system is supplied by two deep wells at Keauhana with maximum pump capacities of 0.38 m demand 0.50 mgd. The Hawaiian Beaches subdivision located in Waiakahiula [. It] is served by a privately owned water system. [This non-dedicable system has been constructed by the developer.] The developer had constructed this non-dedicable system. The Glenwood and Volcano areas are presently not serviced by any public water system. Many of these areas still depend on roof catchment systems. Courses of Action • [Improve] Continue to improve inadequate water system facilities. • Water source investigation and exploration should be continued in order to provide service for anticipated needs. • Investigate additional groundwater sources in the Olaa area. • Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment. SOUTH HILO Profile The Hilo Water System extends as far as Alae Point to the north, Panaewa Agricultural Park to the south, [6 miles] Keaukaha to the east, and [6 miles] Kaumana and Waiakea Uka to the west. The Hilo Water System is supplied with water from both surface and groundwater sources. The sources are: [1. Piihonua Source: This is a surface water source and, therefore, flow varies with the weather. There are three intakes at this source: Kahoama, Puka Maui and Lauoli. Kahoama and Puka Maui intakes are normally used. During heavy rains, however, the Puka Maui intake is too turbid to be used. The Lauoli intake is used only during emergencies when the other flows are low. 2. Lyman Spring: Water from this source is bought from Orlando Lyman under a 7 -year agreement which began in 1980. The average flow from this spring is about 3 million gallons per day and water supply uses are about 270,000 gallons per day. This source 250 Public Utilities feeds the 4 and 5 mile Kaumana area and supplements the Piihonua source in serving the "lower" city area. 3] 1. Olaa Flume Source: This spring source flow capacity ranges from a low of less than 1.0 [MGD] mgd to a high of about 11.0 [million gallons per day] Mgd depending on climatic conditions. [4. Waiakea Uka Spring: Present use from this source is about 0.7 million gallons per day. There is no record of the overflow and the actual capacity of this source is not known. It is known that the flow varies greatly with the weather. Despite the inconsistent nature of the flow, the quality of this spring is unusually excellent. 5] 2. Panaewa Well: Water from this source is pumped from the basal aquifer with three pumps; one, with a [2.0 million gallons per day] 2.2 mgd capacity and two each with [3.0 million gallons per day capacity.] a capacity of 3.1 mgd. [6] 3. Piihonua Well: This source has a capacity of 3.0 [million gallons per day.] Mgd. From this location= water may be pumped up to higher elevations during dry weather conditions. Water from this source is pumped from the basal aguifer with two pumps; both with a maximum pumping apacity of 2,100 gallons per minute or 3.0 These [six] three sources supply [the city of] Hilo, which presently consumes an average of approximately [5.3 million gallons of water per day.] 6.0 mgd. When the surface sources are low, more water is used from the Panaewa and Piihonua Wells. These [six] three sources have a total normal capacity of over 20 [million gallons per day.] mgd. The Papaikou water system serves Papaikou Village, Puueopaku, Paukaa and Kalaoa. This system is served by two perched water sources, Kaieie and Papaikou intakes and a well source located just above Papaikou Village. Kaieie is the most dependable surface source while the Papaikou intake source [goes low frequently.] is inconsistent. The present average consumption is about 0.23 [million gallons per day.] mgd. Pepeekeo is served by [the Maukaloa, or Makea, spring intake located above the Kulaimano development and] a deep well [located below]. Present consumption is about 0.16 [million gallons per day.] Mgd. The Honomu system, dedicated to the County by the former Pepeekeo Sugar Co., has an average daily consumption of [78,500 gallons.] 0.06 mgd. This system obtains its water supply from Kolekole Stream [near] above Akaka Falls. The Wailea-Hakalau system is a low capacity system comprised of one well and one storage tank together with connecting lines and limited distribution facilities. Currently, [48] 95 customers consume about [0.013 million gallons per day.] 0.028 mgd. 251 Public Utilities Courses of Action [The Filo Water System should be improved] Continue to implement ovate_ r system maintenance and improvement programs in order to provide the city with a dependable and consistently [clean] safe drinking water supply. [• Booster pumps and water transmission lines to boost Panaewa Well water to higher elevations should be installed.] Investigate groundwater sources in the upper Waiakea Uka,Kaieie Mauka, Kulaimano, Saddle Road, and Ilonomu areas. Further investigate future [surface and] ground water resources. [• Replace portion of the Honomu system transmission line and add new storage tanks.] • Replace existing surface sources with groundwater sources to meet State Department of Health standards. NORTH FILO Profile Domestic water is available in the built-up areas of the North Hilo district. The private and public systems provide a wide range of levels of service. The Laupahoehoe system obtains its water from high level springs in Manowaiopae and Kuwaikahi Gulches and two deep wells with Well No. 1 outfitted with a [100 GPM] 0.14 mgd pumping unit and Well No. 2 with a [300 GPM ] 0.43 mgd pumping unit. None of the spring sources are dependable during dry weather. The present average daily consumption is [86,500 gallons.] 0.11 mgd. The Ookala system [, consisting of several thousand feet of cast iron pipes, serves the Ookala Houselot Subdivision. This system was dedicated to the County by Kaiwiki Sugar Company in. 1955. The County purchases water from the sugar plantation. The present daily water consumption is 8,000 gallons.] is currently serviced by the Ookala Well. [Private water systems in this area serve from a few homes to entire plantation camps. Many of the springs which supply the private systems are not dependable during periods of drought. The systems are old and in need of rehabilitation and replacement.] 252 Public Utilities Courses of Action [• Coordinate plans for new systems with the relocation program for plantation camps. • Install a deep well pump which will be used to supplement the spring sources during dry spells.] • Replace old [and], substandard, or deteriorating lines and storage facilities. • Develop a standby well for the Ookala system. }/M M.til_1 Profile Domestic water is available in all of the urban areas of the district. Some of the existing lines, however, are small and would be inadequate for a denser population. The service area of the Hamakua [system] Water System extends from Ahualoa to Pohakea. Except for the town of Honokaa, the major portion of the system serves a scattered and dispersed population in the Ahualoa, Kalopa, Kaapahu, Pohake Paa,-�auhau and Paauilo Homesteads. [This] The Hamakua system obtains its water from the [Waimea Treatment Plant] high level streams in the Kohala Mountains and the Haina deep well. Over fifty-five per cent of the [0.35 million gallons per day] 0.63 mgd used by the Hamakua system is used in Honokaa. The Paauilo system, although presently connected to the Hamakua system, has an additional source. The capacity of the Paauilo deep well is 0.43md and the service area extends from Paauilo Village to Kaao. [Water is obtained from the plantation's groundwater source situated below Paauilo Village.] The present average daily consumption is [0.025 million gallons.] 0.10 mgd. [Plantation camps and mills are in many cases serviced by plantation -owned water systems.] Courses of Action [• Extend the water line from Kukaiau to Keehia. Extend Honokaa system toward Kukuihaele. Replace inadequate mains. Improve existing storage, transmission and distribution facilities. 253 Public Utilities • Develop Paauilo Exploratory Well into a production well.] • Continue to coordinate programs with State and Federal agencies to develop a well at Kukuihaele and Honokaa Hospital to the standards of the Department of Water Supply. • Replace old, sub -standard, or deteriorating fines and storage facilities. • Investigate groundwater sources in the Honokaa and Kukuihaele areas. NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala [systems] District obtains water [from high level tunnels in the Kohala Mountains.] primarily from two wells and a spring. [These tunnels supply an adequate amount of water. Generally, the systems have adequately sized mains to supply present domestic needs, but they are inadequate to provide fire protection.] The [North Kohala systems include] Hawi Wells No. 1 and 2 serve the following areas: Kaauhuhu, Hawi-Kokoiki, Kynnersley-Kapaau, and Halaula [and Makapala-Keokea]. The average consumption for this system is 0.30 mgd. [The Kaauhuhu system obtains its water from Lindsey Tunnel under a lease agreement from Kohala Sugar Company. The average daily consumption for this system is 36,600 gallons. The Hawi-Kokoiki system obtains its water from Watt Tunnel No. 1 and a deep well in Hawi. The average consumption for this system is 130,600 gallons per day. The Kynnersley-Kapaau system consists primarily of the Kapaau system which was acquired from Kohala Sugar Company in 1927 and the Kynnersley Subdivision system which was developed by Kohala Sugar Company. The sources serving this system are Tunnels 17 and 18, Watt Tunnel No. 1, and Hapahapai Tunnel. The Halaula system, which is basically the Halaula Subdivision system, was developed and dedicated by Kohala Sugar Company. Average usage of this system is 57,800 gallons per day. Most of the distribution mains are adequate for domestic and fire flow needs. The major problem of this system is that the flow from Bond Tunnel is low during drought. To presently take care of this in emergencies, water can be piped in from Kohala Ditch. There is a possibility of drilling a well and obtaining ground water to take care of emergencies.] The Makapala-Keokea water system source is from the Murphy Tunnel owned by [Kohala Corporation.] Chalon International of Hawaii. Present consumption is 0.0281 [million gallons per day.] mgd. 254 Public Utilities Courses of Action • Pursue a ground water source for the Makapala-Keokea water system. • Explore further sources for future needs. • Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and storage facilities. • Encourage efforts to improve the Kohala ditch system and its use for agricultural purposes. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The [Waimea system, which includes the Kawaihae-Puako and the Waimea-Puukapu systems, extends from Puukapu to Kawaihae.] South Kohala District acquires its water from the Waimea and Lalamilo systems. The present average daily consumption of both systems is [2.34 million gallons.] 3.9 mgd. The Waimea system primarily services the Waimea and Puukapu area. The source feeding the Waimea System is the Waikoloa [Stream.] and the Kohakohau Streams. [The Kawaihae and Puako areas are supplemented by three deep wells.] Flow from the streams varies greatly with the weather. During extended drought periods, the supply is not sufficient to meet demands. [Large reservoirs are, therefore, required to store water for drought periods.] Presently, the system has five reservoirs with a total capacity of [114.5] 162.5 million gallons [and a soon to be completed 50 million gallon reservoir]. The Waimea-Puukapu system uses an average of 0.91mgd. Two exploratory wells tapping high level ground water were drilled in South Kohala.� An exploratory well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply treatment plant site to support the Parker Ranch 20/20 development plan. The second exploratory well was drilled at the Department of Water Supply's Waiaka tank site. In addition, the high level aquifer has been tapped for agricultural emergencies at the State Department of Agriculture's' Puukapu well, and there is a private well at the Waimea Country Club. The [Kawaihae-Puako] Lalamilo system obtains its water [through a transmission line from Waimea. It is supplemented by three] from six deep wells at the 1,200 -foot elevation. The area of service for the Lalamilo system extends from Kawaihae to Mauna Lank The present average daily consumption [, however,] is [1.60 million gallons.] 3.0 mgd. [The Waimea-Puukapu system uses an average of 0.74 million gallons per day.] 255 Public Utilities The Waikoloa Development Company [has] developed its own water system to serve the needs of Waikoloa Village and the Waikoloa Beach resort. The water system is [to be kept] in private ownership. Courses of Action • Seek alternative sources of water for the Lalamilo system. Improve and replace inadequate distribution mains and steel tanks. [• Further efforts should be made to develop adequate quantities and acceptable quality of basal ground water at appropriately placed sites mauka of the shoreline.] • [Additional] Continue to seek additional Mundwater sources for the Waimea System [shall be investigated]. [• Encourage expansion of sources and storage capacity for both the agricultural and domestic water systems.] NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile [The Kona system can be divided into the North Kona and South Kona systems with the division line at about the Kaawaloa ahupua'a.] The Kona system can be divided into the North Kona and South Kama s stems. Although the two ffLtems are connected the line dividing the two systems runs alogg the Hanalo ahuptia'a. These systems are interconnected [and it is possible] to transport water from one system to the other. This is done only during emergencies and [at] on a very limited [rate.] basis. [The North Kona system is supplied by four wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well at Holualoa.] Pour wells and one shaft at Kahaluu and one well each at Holualoa4 Keahuolu, Kalaoa. Honokoh.au and Huslalai supply the North. Kona system. The Kahaluu wells provide the bulk of the water for the North Kona system with a total capacity of [ 11.4 million gallons per day.] 14.9 m d. The estimated safety capacity based on the largest pump on standby, however, is [9.4 million gallons per day.] 12.9 m d. The present average water usage is about [5.41 million gallons per day.] 8.5 md. [From the Kahaluu wells the water is pumped to Mamalahoa Highway and fed by gravity to the lower areas. The upper service area extends from Kealakehe School in the north to Kaawaloa in the south where it connects to the South Kona system. The average water consumption in the upper area is approximately 1.85 million gallons per day. 256 Public Utilities The lower service area is fed by gravity from Kahaluu Reservoir. The system extends from Ke-ahole Airport to Keauhou Bay. The average consumption is 3.564 million gallons per day. The lower area can be roughly divided into three sections: 1) Ke-ahole Airport to Kailua (Casa De Emdeko); 2) Casa De Emdeko to Kahaluu Bay; and 3) the Keauhou Bay area. The Keahole to Kailua area is fed mainly from a line along Kuakini Highway. The present demand is 1.767 million gallons per day. The second section along Alii Drive presently delivers 0.9153 million gallons per day. The present water demand for the Keauhou area is 0.882 million gallons per day.] The four deep wells at Kahaluu and the Holualoa Wells service the upper service area along i amalahoa lei hwa - from Honalo to Waiaha. Demand in the area averages 0.6 m d. The Keahuolu and Honokohau wells suvRly water along amalahoa Hi wa from Waiaha to Kalaoa and along Pa ni Road from Mamalahoa Highway to Kealakehe. Demand in these areas average 0.8 mgd. The Hualalai and Kalaoa wells supplement the subdivisions in Kaloko Kalaoa and Dona Palisades with an additional 0.4 an d. The Kahaluu Shaft services the lower service area along the ween Kaahumanu Hi&wgy from: Keauhou to the Kona International Aft2grt at Keahole. Demand in this area averages 5.7 milleon gallons per day, the highest consumption rate in Kona The South Kona system is supplied by three wells at Keei[,] and a well at Halekii, with a total capacity of [1.58 million gallons per day] 5.0 mgd and a safe capacity of [0.79 million gallons.] 3.0 mgd. The average usage is [0.496 million gallons per day.] 0.97 mgd. [bike the North Kona system, the South Kona system can be divided into the upper and lower service areas.] This system serves the area from [Kaawaloa] Honalo to the Hookena Beach Road junction. Courses of Action fforth Kona) [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would provide for] an efficient and economic system operation. [Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] ContiBUe to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing waters stem in accordance with the North Kona Water System Master Plan. [• Improve the system along Alii Drive. Reservoirs to serve this area should be balanced with the Kailua and Keauhou reservoirs. Improve the size of the water line and provide an additional reservoir in the Keauhou area. Construct reservoirs as needed.] 257 Public Utilities Explore and develop a well in Waiaha. Courses of Action (South Kona) • [Pursue] Continue to pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and development in areas that would provide for anticipated growth and [that would provide for] an efficient and economic system operation. • [Increase the capacity of the booster pump stations as required.] Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system in accordance with the South Dona Water System Master Plan. [• Increase capacity of the booster pump for the South Kona water system as the demand increases. Construct reservoirs as needed.] Llai Profile The water source for the Pahala area is Alili Tunnel and a deep well source. The present average consumption of the Pahala system is [254,600 gallons per day.] 0.23 gmgd. The sources supplying Waiohinu, Naalehu and South Point are Haao Springs, [and] Mountain House Tunnel Spring and a deep well in Naalehu. The water from the Mountain House Tunnel is piped to Haao Spring and distributed to South Point, Waiohinu, and Naalehu on separate lines. [There is an agreement between Hutchinson Sugar Company and] The Department of Water Supply has a license with the State [of Hawaii on water rights] that allows the department to obtain water from the Mountain House Tunnel. The Waiohinu system receives its water supply from an 8 -inch line from Haao Springs. Presently, the average consumption is [78,000 gallons per day.] 0.12 mgd. The Naalehu system receives its water supply from the Waiohinu system. [The system within Naalehu Village has been dedicated to the County by the plantation.] The former sugar plantation has dedicated the system within Naalehu Village to the County. The Naalehu deep well with a capacity of [540,000 gallons per day] 0.54 mgd supplements the system. The average water consumption is [151,200 gallons per day.] 0.08 m d. 258 Public Utilities The present average consumption on the South Point system is [66,200] 75,730 gallons per day. [This system was installed by the Army during World War IL] The Ka'u area has several large subdivisions [which] still [depend] dependent on individual roof catchment. Courses of Action • Provide additional [source and storage capacity] water astern improvements for the currently serviced areas of Naalehu, Waiohinu, and Pahala. • Pursue groundwater source investigation, exploration and well development at Ocean View, Pahala, and Waiohing. • Continue to evaluate growth conditions to coordinate improvements as required to the existing water system. • Investigate alternative means to finance the extension of water systems to subdivisions that rely on catchment. 259 Public Utilities UTILITIES: [TELEPHONE] TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The telephone is an essential means of voice communication for the majority of residents in Hawaii County. However, over the last decade, the County has seen an acceleration in the development of telecommunication technology, and a transformations of the telecommunications industa In addition to traditional phone communication, the telecommunications industry now includes technologies such as wireless cellular and digital mobile phones, the internet and world wide web. Dui the last decade, wireless telecommunications has experienced as dramatic decrease in cost and a phenomenal increase in availability. Changes in technologyand competition an the industry have made wireless communication more affordable to the general public. The wired infrastructure that was once used to connect a telephone to the phone system has evolved to include the world wide web and internet. The world wide web and internet uses the telephone infrastructure to transfer digital data from one computer to another. Thins eveKything from simple text mess es to high level banking and commerce transactions can be conducted almost instantaneously. In the sear futurethe changes technology and the wireless industry- anaay make wireless access to the internet more widely affordable and/or available. As of August 7, 1998, the entire island of Hawaii. had 100 per cent digital switching. Digital switching is significant because it enables the existing telephone infrastructure to accommodate high-speed data transfers and access to nsany of the latest telecommunications services aBd features. Currently, every region on the island has access to phone service. In 1998, the last rural areas restricted to lsarty fine service were ugMded with additional telephone cables allowing single line services islandwide. Advances in fiber optic technology provide the backbone for the island's high- capacity broadband requirements and the necessary services for specialized users such as the telescopes atop Maunz Kea. Furthermore, frame relay. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) anal internet services are traansmitted via Verizon Hawaii's filler optic etork. Currently, high speed internet connections such as DiSubscriber Lines (DSL) are only available in certain areas on the island. However, these services are bound to expand. Advances in telecommunications are not without cost or concerns. One such concern is the construction and location of telecommunication towers. Telecommunication towers are the physical structures to which antennas are attached to facilitate wireless communication Because of the need for a clear line-of=site, telecommunication towers are -usual located in areas with minimum obstructions between the tower and its area of 260 Public Utilities service. Line -of --site refers to the imaginary line between a mobile Mahone antenna and a telecommunication tower. If there are impediments between the mobile phone antenna and the telecommunication tower, there may be se al degradation or sial loss. For e 1 the loss of line -of si let occurs where a person apses a mobile hone while dr ip through a tunnel. Most often, communication is lost or unclear. The line -of -sight r uirement often necessitates the cons icuous location of man telecommunication towers. Cons2guentl =, the telecommunications tower is usoa& much taller than the surroundin structures or vegetation and may negglivelj impact the scenic nature of a given area. [During the past decade the number of telephone lines have increased by over 19,000 while population rose by 34,000.] Currently there are over [47,000] 95 000 switched telephone connections in service on the island. The State Public Utilities Commission reuses telephone service statewide. [The deregulation of customer premise equipment in 1982 has made it possible for customers to purchase their telephones outright. The telephones are available from the Hawaiian Telephone Company or from any of the numerous other telephone retailers that have resulted from the deregulation. Dial and touch tone service is available on each island and radio telephone is furnished between the islands. Communication via undersea cable and satellite is provided to the U.S. mainland and the Far East. In the past 10 years, many new computer linked telecommunication systems have been developed that greatly increase the utility of the telephone. The State Public Utilities Commission regulates telephone service on all of the Hawaiian Islands. There are two problems which currently involve the County. One concerns the aesthetics of overhead telephone lines. There is also a problem of sharing transmission facilities with electrical lines. The proximity of the electrical and telephone lines can result in electro -magnetic interference in the phone service. New fiber-optic telephone transmission lines greatly reduce this interference, and are much more efficient than standard copper lines. Use of fiber-optic lines has already begun on Oahu, and should begin in the near future on this island. The problems of underground telephone lines are similar to those found with power lines, however, advances in technology have reduced the cost of underground lines making them a more economically viable option. Land and building requirements for the expansion of switching centers and substations will become less critical with the conversion to space -efficient digital electronic systems.] POLICIES [The County shall encourage] Encourage underground telephone lines where they are economically and technically feasible. 261 Public Utilities Work with the telecommunications industry to increase the availability of emergency telephones throughout the island. Develop standards for the construction of wireless telecommunication facilities. • [The County shall work] Work closely with the telephone company to provide all users with efficient service. (STANDARDS] STANDARD • In the development and placement of telephone facilities, such as lines, telecommunications and cellular towers, poles, and substations, the design of the facilities shall consider the existing environment, and scenic view and vistas shall be considered and preserved where possible. 262 Public Utilities UTILITIES: ELECTRICITY INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS [Electricity for the County of Hawaii is supplied by the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO). Peak electrical load on the Island of Hawaii more than doubled during the 20 - year period between 1965 and 1985. In 1985, the peak load was 102 megawatts. HELCO's power generation system presently has a total firm capacity of 127 megawatts. 14ELCO purchases a total of 26 megawatts of firm power from two privately -owned biomass generators, Puna Biomass and Hilo Coast Processing Company, and from one geothermal generator owned by Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii. The balance of 101 megawatts is produced by steam units, diesel units, a gas turbine, and hydroelectric units at six power plants owned by HELCO. These power plants are located at Keahole, North Kona; Waimea, South Kohala; and Waiau, Puueo, Waiakea Peninsula, and Kanoelehua, South Hilo. There are three levels of transmission voltages to deliver energy to the Big Island. First, there are three 69KV cross -island transmission lines. The northern line connects Pepeekeo to Waimea on the highway along the Hamakua Coastline. A middle line connects Kaumana to Keamuku along the Saddle Road. On the southern side, several lines connect Kanoelehua to Kealia along the highways through the Puna and Ka'u Districts. Next, there are five 34.5KV transmission lines that serve smaller communities located some distance from the route of the 69KV lines. Finally, there are three 13.8KV tie -lines in Hilo connecting the Shipman and Kanoelehua Plants. The existing distribution system consists of several different voltage levels. The distribution system basically consists of overhead polelines although some of the newer subdivisions and developments have installed underground systems. HELCO currently operates major switching stations, used to transfer the flow of power between different circuits, at critical locations around the island. These switching stations provide greater system flexibility and increased reliability in supplying electricity to the island's residents. Distribution substations, which transform transmission voltages to distribution voltages, are also located island -wide in proximity to communities and developments. In addition to the traditional sources of power generation alternate means are being used and considered for the future. Additional biomass generation is anticipated with Hamakua Sugar providing 10 megawatts of firm power. A private enterprise is committed to the development of an additional geothermal power plant by 1989. Many private companies are also studying the feasibility of developing hydroelectric power at various stream sites along the Hamakua coast. In the fall of 1986, HELCO will begin construction of its first 138KV transmission line paralleling the existing 69KV line along the Saddle Road. This line is required to maintain an acceptable voltage level in the West Hawaii area and to improve system reliability. Preliminary 263 Public Utilities planning has also begun to add additional cross -island transmission lines within the next 5-10 years based on projected load growth in the West Hawaii area. A dependable cross -island transmission system is a necessity because while new developments, and therefore the demand for electricity, is expected to increase dramatically in West Hawaii, most of the generating sources are in East Hawaii. HELLO plans for the eventual conversion of all distribution circuits to 12.47KV. Therefore, any new distribution improvement or extension is designed for 12.47KV. Although the trend today is toward underground distribution systems, the high cost of installation makes it economically unfeasible for many developers. There are plans to construct or renovate over 15 switch/sub stations by the end of 1988. Renovation of existing switching stations is required for transmission purposes, such as the improvements to Kaumana and Keamuku stations to accommodate the new 138KV line, or to meet additional loads. Most of the new distribution substation construction is to service new developments and subdivisions.] The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc, HELCOj, supplies electricity for the County. Peak electrical demand in 1999 was 170.2 me :watts (hM. HELCO's sower generation systemresent has a total capacity of 260.4 anegawatts. HELLO purchases ai total of 112 megawatts of firms power l'roan three privately -owned companies -- Hilo Coast Power CoppaM (coal at 22 feaegawatts), Hamakua Energy Partners (60 megawatts) and Puna Geothermal Venture(geothermal at 30 ane :watts . The balance of 148.4 ancgawatts is produced by HELCO-owned steam waits, diesel units, and gas turbines. These power plants are located at Keahole, North Dona, Waimea, South Kohala; Waiakea Peninsula and Kanoelehua South Milo; and Keaau, Puna. HELCO owns four hydroelectric units and a windfarm that provide energy to the system HELLO also purchases engM from an independent power producer with a capacity of about 11 megawatts of hydropower. All hydro units are run -of -the -river and are on the Waailuku River. The Lalamilo Windfarm is located west of Waimea. There are two levels of transmission voltages to transfer power between ureas on the >�ig Island The main transmission voltage is 69kV TELCO has four 69kV cross -island transmission lines One line is the northern line connecting the Kanoelehua substation to West Hawaii via the Waimea substation along highway 19 following the Haaamakua coastline. Two lines..connect the l aumana substation to the Keamuku substation along the Saddle Road. The fourth is the southern line connecting the Kanoelehua substation to West Hawaii via the Kealia substation aloe highway 11 through the Puna and a'u Districts The other transmission voltage is 13.8kV that includes three tie -lines in Hilo connecting the Shi man and Kanoclehua power lants. 1E LCO eases 34.5kV as a subtransmi ioaa voltage and three lanes are used .to service the Puna}, 'u and North Kohala areas. The existing distribution system consists of several different voltage levels: 2.4kV, 4 16kV, 7 2kV,12 47kV and 13.8kV. The distribution system basicaaily consists of overhead polelines and underground systems Because of the vastness of the Bi g Island, the majority 264 Public Utilities of the distribution system consists of overhead pole lines. Underground systems have been used more extensively West Hawaii in the newer subdivisions and developments. IIELCO currently 2gerates major switching stations (used to transfer the flow of power between different transmission circuits) at critical locations around the island. These transmission switching stations provide greater system flexibility and increase system reliability in supplying power to the various distribution substations and eventually, to customers Distribution substations, which transform voltages to distribution voltages, are also located island wide in proximity to communities and other developments. The Big Island has a potential to use more alternative enemy in the form of geothermal, h dro wind solar thermal and photovoltaic s stems. These sources have been included in ELCO's Intererated Resource Planni rocess. The g9al of irate ated resource planning is the identification of the resources or the mix of resources for meeti near and longi term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost including,the need and timing of any new generation and new cross -island transmission lines. As identified in the IRI' Brocess HELCO is planning to Maud its generation facilities at Keaholc, North Iona. The added generation at Keahole will improve the system voltage level in Nest Ilawaii, jMgrove system reliability and allow for the retirement of older generators in East and West Hawaii. Because of the planned addition at Keahole, additional cross -island transmission lines can be deferred. IIELCO's lona term plans include the eventual conversion of distribution circuits to 12 47kV where necessary. Therefore, any new distribution jMrovement or line extension will be desigged for 12.47kV. POLICIES • Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where [feasible.] practical. [The County shall encourage] Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground. • Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major thoroughfares and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such hi h�, voltage transmission lines. • [The County should encourage] Continue to advise the electrical utility companies [to develop a] on the future revisions of their comprehensive [plan for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power to the various parts of the island.] Integrated Resource Plans. • [Safety standards for power systems shall conform] Conform to safety standards as established by appropriate regulatory [authority.] authorities. 265 Public Utilities • There shall be [a minimization of] minimal obstruction of scenic views and vistas by electrical facilities. Facilities such as substations shall [be aesthetically pleasing.] mitigate and minimize any aesthetic impacts to surrounding properties and scenic vistas. 266 Public Utilities UTILITIES: GAS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Propane gas is widely used on the island of Hawaii. In some rural areas of the County, gas is the only source of power. Gas consumption on the Big Island rose from [1.3] 3 million therms in [ 1960] 1969 to [3.0] � million therms by [ 1969.] 1998. [There are 120 miles of gas transmission and service lines in the city of Hilo. Gas lines are regulated by the State Public Utilities Commission. Kailua-Kona has a dry line along the new walkway of the Kona Hilton. Rural communities utilize tanked liquid propane gas, which is not governed by the Public Utilities Commission. There are substations in Waimea, South Kohala, Kealakekua, South Kona; and Naalehu, Ka'u which service surrounding areas. Propane gas is used by households and commercial facilities. Residents usually acquire 150 -gallon tanks which are refilled every two months at an average cost of $60-70 a month. Restaurants and hotels are the most frequent users of gas systems. A problem faced by gas companies is the cost of transporting gas in the State. This factor coupled with the relatively small and sparsely located market are major difficulties. Because of the danger of fire, storage facilities have a detrimental effect on property values.] The Public Utilities Commission regulates 67 miles of gas mains and service lines on the Dig Island. These lines serve apgroziaaaately 1.,600 customers and are located mainly in Milo. In additions approxinaate!y 9,�00 customers throughout the County are provided as service by tank or c Harder. The Public Utilities Commission does not re late this e of service Major liguid propane gas substations on the island of Hawaii are located in IIflo, Kailua-Dona; Wahneas and Ka'u. Propane gas is used in both residential and commercial facilities. The primary uses for propane are water heating. cookie and the driing of clothes. Other uses of propane include fuel for vehicles em� back-up electric gLaeration, and decorative J:ightin& Residential customers are normally provided a 124 -gallon tanL 267 Public Utilities POLICY Gas storage facilities shall be located [so as] to minimize danger to commercial and residential areas. STANDARD • [The County's] Counly ordinances shall reflect appropriate safety standards for gas facilities. 268 Public Utilities UTILITIES: SEWED INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Adequate sewer disposal systems are vital to safeguard public health and [to] preserve the environment. An adequate system is one [which] that minimizes contamination of both the ground water supply and the coastal waters, beaches and waterborne recreational areas and [which] is not a visual and odor nuisance. About [95 percent] 77 per cen of the County's population is served by cesspools. There is an increasing need to create a better system than individual cesspools, particularly in highly urbanized and shoreline areas. This is due to the possible pollution of ground water as well as cesspool seepage into coastal waters. More stringent pollution controls, especially in -,,eater quality standards, are being imposed by regulatory agencies. The State DEgartment of Health WM intends to promukate rules that will prohibit cesspgols in the Counly of Hawaii. The problem of sewage disposal is discussed in more detail in a completed study of sewerage for all urbanized and urbanizing areas in the County of Hawaii. Portions of that study are incorporated in this report. Hawaii County presently operates [six] municipal sewerage systems [, one each in the city of ] in Hilo, Papaikou, Kapehu, Pepeekeo[, Kailua] and [Keauhou.] Kealakehe. The remaining communities are served by Pate wastewater treatment facilities or individual facilities such as cesspools [which serve adequately except in the shoreline areas where coastal water contamination becomes a problem.] or septic tanks. It is difficult to measure the adequacy or inadequacy of cesspools in a given area. Many factors, such as density of population, porous condition of the soil, underground geologic structure, and rainfall levels, have to be taken into account to determine the effects of cesspools. In some areas., they may be effective and in other areas, they may not. In August 1991, the State DeRartment of Health adopted rules that Eguire the use of s2atiLaystemg in the most critical wastewater disposal areas. Critical wastewater disposal areas are areas around the island where cess €sols are pLrmitted. Sewerage disposal system designs must be examined with the particular area in mind. However, it is important to note that the critical wastewater dis21salarew may be eliminated in the near- future when the State De artnaent of Health im2lements the prohibition of cgA&ools< Of critical importance in an examination of sewerage disposal for a community is the cost of the system, including construction and operation costs. These costs vary with the characteristics of each area. Land development plans for resort -residential complexes located in shoreline areas pose a [difficult problem for sewerage control.] Rotential,water qualLq problem for adjacent near shore waters. Adequate treatment facilities are essential prerequisites for development. 269 Public Utilities The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (PL 93-523) legislated the protection of all aquifers or portions of aquifers currently serving as drinking water sources and any other aquifer capable of yielding consumable water. This mandate was based on a national concern for the quality of [our] tlae ground water and the increasing evidence of contamination of this valuable resource. In 1976, the State Legislature enacted Act 84, Relating to Safe Drinking Water, which requires the State Department of Health to establish an underground injection control program in order to protect the quality of the State's underground sources of drinking water. Because of the importance of ground water as a source of municipal water supplies, the underground injection control program is considered [as] a beneficial approach in the identification of aquifer that should be protected from subsurface disposal of wastewater through injection wells. [Excluded from this program are individual wastewater systems serving residential household which generate less than 800 gallons per day.] The protection of these [aquifer] Agafffers is established by designating areas [which are] now being used or will be used in the future for drinking water supply. The Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDW) will be protected from pollution by prohibiting the construction of new injection wells that may pollute the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in exempted areas. The boundary lines between the USDW and the exempted areas have been developed. Under.Chapter 62, "Wastewater Systems", the DOH adopted a 1,000 -foot setback. of wastewater Ustemi from all public drinIggg water wells and s rin & In compliance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), the State Department of Health and the County of Hawaii jointly prepared the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii" in 1978 and subsequently updated the plan in 1980. In 1979, the County Council adopted the plan through resolution to serve as the planning guide for development of regional waste treatment systems and the control of non -point source of pollution. To implement the management plan, the [county] Coun has prepared facility plans for various areas on. the island. facility Plans are 1pins developed by the Coup - to satisfy a re wire ent for the a licatio>p of loans from the State to develo wastewater treatment facilities.. The facilLg Rians idenlit, problems, potential solutions and costs. In 1985, the State Legislature enacted Act 282, Relating to Environmental Quality, which reassigns the [county,] C2Hnty., effective July 1, 1987 or upon receipt of State funds, to assume complete administration and implementation for the regulation of sewerage and wastewater treatment system programs. POLICIES The "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii," December 1970, and the "Water Quality Management Plan for the County of Hawaii," December 1980, shall be u24ated and used as guides for the general planning of sewerage disposal systems. 270 Public Utilities Private systems shall be installed by land developers for major resort and other developments along shorelines and sensitive higher inland areas, except where connection to nearby treatment facilities is feasible and compatible with the County's long-range plans, and in conformance with State and [county] Coun requirements. • [The County shall take immediate] Immediate steps should be taken to designate treatment plant sites, sewerage pump station sites, and sewer easements according to the facility plans to facilitate their acquisition. [• Disposal of raw sewage directly into waterways and the ocean shall be discontinued as soon as possible.] • [The County shall] Continue to seek State and Federal funds to [assist in financing] finane the construction of proposed sewer systems[.] and improve existing systems. • [Schemes] Plans for wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation and biosolids co hosting (remaining solids from the treatment of wastewater is rocessed into a reusable organic materiai shall be utilized where feasible and needed. • Rgqu re major develonmaents to connect to existing sewer treatment facilities or build their own. s v1 . - 1'. • Incorporate sewage works standards proposed in the "Sewerage Study for All Urban and Urbanizing Areas of the County of Hawaii" and the "Water Quality Management Pian for the County of Hawaii." • Sewerage systems shall be designed for [the] a particular area, depending on topography, geology, density of population, costs, and other considerations of the specific area. • There shall be a minimum of visual and odor pollution emanating from sewerage treatment facilities. • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health; Chapter 23 "Underground Injection Control." • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter 54 "Water Quality Standards." 271 Public Utilities • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Department of Health, Chapter 55 "Water Pollution Control." • Applicable standards and regulations of the State Dgpartment of Health Chapter 62 IMS "Wastewater S stems." • Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 342, HRS; Act 282, Session Laws of Hawaii 1985; and Act 302, Session Laws of Hawaii 1986, Relating to Environmental. Quality. • All wastewater disposal systems shall conform to the aDDlicable provisions of Chanter 1162, Hawaii Administrative Rules for the Department of Health to ensure RKMr treatment and €lis osal of wastewater and to prevent farther contamination of waterwa s sande , ound water sources and the coastal waters. The district analysis was conducted on a planning area basis rather than by judicial districts. [Districts were combined by economic feasibility and urgency of service.] PUNA Profile The Puna district is characterized by many small towns, largest of which are Keaau and Pahoag and [the widely spread] large non -conforming subdivisions. At present, most residents in the Puna district are served by individual sewerage systems. The use of cesspools and individual household aerobic treatment units will probably be continued until such time as increased population distribution and densities make it economically feasible to install municipal sewerage systems. Residences near the coastal areas are much more vulnerable to unsatisfactory results with individual disposal systems because of the relative proximity of the groundwater table to the ground surface. The close RroximiU of the groaandwater table reduces the efficiency of reaches the ound water. This reduced efficieney;mly also affect the gualfty of nearshore waters due to the reduced filtration. [Course] Courses of Action • The use of cesspools shall be discontinued in the coastal areas where cesspools do not function satisfactorily to meet water quality standards. Individual household aerobic treatment units approved by the State Health Department and the County 272 Public Utilities of Hawaii could be utilized in these areas. Future sewerage systems for the Puna area would then naturally commence with service to the lower coastal areas. • Coordinate with W.H. ShiRman Ltd, in the planning and develol2ment of a sewerage system for the Keaau area. SOITI° MLO Profile The basic concepts of the Hilo regional wastewater management system are described in detail in the "Facilities Plan for the Hilo District, South Hilo, Hawaii (February 1980)." [The city of] Hilo [in the South Hilo district] is designated as an urban sewerage planning area. The County of Hawaii owns, operates, and maintains a sewerage system [within the city.] located on the Pana side of the Hilo International Ai aorta At present, the system consists of a [7.0]&0 million gallons per day gd) [primary] secondary sewage treatment plant with an ocean outfall effluent disposal and a collection system of sewage pump stations, force mains, and gravity lines. [The 7.0 million gallons per day sewage treatment plant at Puhi Bay, although having sufficient capacity for future sewage flows, provides only primary sewage treatment and may be required to be upgraded to secondary sewage treatment. The proposed regional sewerage system essentially involves extending the existing interceptor trunk and collector sewers to provide sewer service to the upper regions of the service area. Further, due to the relocation of the treatment plant site, pressure (force) mains and related pumping stations will need to be constructed to transport the collected sewage. The proposed scheme calls for the construction of a treatment facility near the airport industrial area. The design capacity of this plant is 5.0 million gallons per day. The treatment facility will be either an advanced primary or secondary treatment facility, depending on the outcome of the application for modification discharge to the Environmental Protection Agency.] The existing municipal wastewater treatment facility in Pepeekeo has a design capacity of 500,000 gallons per day. [There are no existing problems, although replacement of equipment for the activated sludge treatment plant will be required in five years. Planned developments include additional interceptor and collection sewers to service the homestead areas and new housing developments.] [Construction of the] Lhe Papaikou-Paukaa sewerage system [is required to correct the present undesirable discharge of raw sewage into the stream and ocean. The system] consists of a 0.35 [million gallon per day] Mgd secondary wastewater treatment plant, collection and transmission lines, and an outfall to convey effluent to the shoreline for discharge. 273 Public Utilities Courses of Action • [Monitoring of the receiving waters should be done so as] Encourage the State Department of Health to monitor the wastewater received to provide sufficient base line data regarding the need for any fixture extension[.] or expansion of waste water collection systems. • Expand the existing sewer collection system to include [interceptors and pump stations.] all dense!j populated areas in and around Hilo. [• Construct a new treatment plant to eventually provide either advanced primary or secondary treatment to incoming sewage flows. • Extend the existing ocean outfall sewer to discharge beyond nearshore water.] Upgrade and/or rehabilitate aging sewer pump stations and collector sewers. NORTH HILO [/HAMAKUA] Profile [Many small plantation towns are located along the coast. The population of these towns are less than 1,000 people; for some towns, the population is even expected to decline.] The towns along the coast of the North Hilo district are small plantation towns characterized b populations of lest than one thousand. For some of these towns, the population is gjpgeted to decline. At present, most residents are served by individual cesspools. [No unusual cesspool complaints have been received. The] Kapehu Camp [of Kapehu will be] has been provided with [an innovative system which is] a soil purification wastewater treatment system. Municipal sewerage systems for the small towns would not be economically feasible for some time and there appear to be no problems at the present time. [The Hamakua district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which are Honokaa and Paauilo. There are no public sanitary sewer systems in the Hamakua area. Some plantations operate sewer systems, but most sewage is disposed of in individual cesspools. Oxidation ponds serve the towns of Paauilo, Paauhau and Haina and are presently adequate. A small system in Honokaa discharges raw sewage into an underground cave. Municipal sewage systems for the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time.] Course of Action Continue operation of the existing sewerage system at Kapehu. 274 Public Utilities HAMAKUA Profile Manv small communities, largest of which are Honokaa and Paauilo, characterize the Hamakua district. There are no alalic sanitary sewers stems in the Hamakua .area. Oxidation ponds i qnd that acts as a settling Rond where bacteria can bream down the sewa a as the figuid see s :and Mters down throw h the earth serve the towns. of Honokaa Paauffdo Paauhau and Maine and are resentad nate. Municipal sewage s stems for the smaller towns would not be economically feasible for some time. Course of Action [(Hamakua)] [• Complete and implement an on-going study to determine the feasibility of installing complete sewage treatment facilities in the town of Honokaa.] • Investigate possible alternatives to eliminate the need for and continued use of the oxidation Ronds. NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district is characterized by many small communities [, the population of which are generally less than 1,000 people.] with populations under one thousand.. There are [no] neither County -operated collection or treatment facilities in this district nor any plans for constructing a collection and treatment system. Domestic sewage disposal is via cesspools[.] or other individual wastewater astcros. Individual sewage treatment units in the North Kohala area [apparently] are functioning adequately. [Thus considering] Considering the density and distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth anticipated, individual household waste disposal units will continue to be utilized[.] unless restricted by the DOH. 275 Public Utilities SOUTH KOHALA Profile Most residences in the Waimea area are now being served by cesspools. As the population is expected to increase, a municipal sewerage system should be made available. [Disposal of the treated effluent, however, will require compliance with new underground injection control regulations.] Parker Ranch has constructed a limited collection system and treatment plant to service its development weeds. Existing sewerage systems within the Kawaihae-Puako area consists mainly of domestic sewage disposal via cesspools[.] and individual wastewater systems. However, [the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, Kawaihae Village, Puako Beach Apartments, Mauna Lani Resort, and Waikoloa] resort developments operate their [respective] owes private treatment facilities. Cesspool problems are generally located along the Puako residential lots where the groundwater table is near the surface. Courses of Action • Construct a Waimea sewerage system to provide sewer service [for the main part of Waimea] and wastewater treatment facilities with an ultimate treatment capacity adequate for foreseeable growth. Consider water reclamation or subsurface type disposal. Construct a [control facility] sewerage system in the Puako beach lot area to service flows by utilizing existing resort wastewater treatment facilities as a means of wastewater disposal. [• Construct a Kawaihae sewerage system to provide for residential and industrial growth in the area.] NORTH KONA Profile The basic concepts of the North Kona regional wastewater management system are described in detail in "The Facility Plan for the Kailua-Kona [Sewerage] Sewage System, Phase IV (Northern Zone), April 1981" and "Area wide Wastewater Management Plan for North Kona, December 1976 (w/1981 Supplement)." Most residences in the North Kona area are serviced by individual sewerage systems. Kailua and [Keauhou] Kealakehe are being serviced by a municipal sewerage system. The existing [Kailua] Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant [is rapidly approaching its] 4as ;aa design capacity of [1.4 million gallons per day.] 5.31 mid. [This system serves only resort hotels, 276 Public Utilities commercial and industrial sources, and some high density residential developments (apartments and condominiums) in Kailua Village.] The Keauhou area sewerage system [consists of a 0.7 million gallons per day] is a1.8 rn d [activated sludge] seconda sewage treatment plant at Heeia to serve the Keauhou-Kona resort community. This. sewage treatment fac Lq is Rroaected to eventually handle 3.6 Mgd when the final increment is completed. This facilLq is owned by Keauhuou Coanmuni Services Inc., a suhsidiarl ofKa ehan€eha Investment Corp. [The plant is scheduled to be expanded to 2.0 million gallons per day.] Because of the limited extent of the existing collection system, developments in unsewered areas are relying on cesspools and [small package treatment units] individual wastewater; systems for sewage disposal. Due to the permeable nature of the lava strata [which] that allows the raw sewage disposed [of] in cesspools and effluent disposed [of] in seepage pits to seep rapidly through the strata and contaminate groundwater and adjacent coastal waters, great precaution must be exercised in averting the contamination of the waters. Courses of Action [• Construct a new wastewater treatment plant at Kealakehe near Honokohau, provide sewage pumping station, force mains and interceptor sewers to handle existing and proposed wastewater flows. Construct wastewater pumping stations, force mains, and interceptor sewers along Alii Drive, between Keauhou and Kailua. The waste flow will be conveyed to the new wastewater treatment facility at Kealakehe.] Expand the existing sewer collection system. U de the Kealakehe 'wastewater Treatment Plant to Rroduce tertiary M-1) gualitj effluent. SOUTH KONA Profile Cesspools and individual wastewater systems are the primary on-site treatment system in the South Kona area. Several small on-site package plants are also used to service shopping centers, a hospital, and a park. They discharge treated effluent into [cesspools] seeRage wits or injection wells. [With proper design and installation, adequate soil characteristics and adequate maintenance, cesspools have been known to function indefinitely. Since the soils in the Kona area are highly permeable, cesspools in this area have successfully functioned for many years. Very little, if any, pumping of cesspools is required in the area.] 277 Public Utilities Courses of Action • [Insure the maintenance of] Continue to work with the Departments of Health and Land and Natural Resources to preserve the Class AA [waters] water of Kealakekua Bay. • [The] Continue the current methods of wastewater disposal in unsewered areas [will continue] in compliance with [the] State and [county] Counly requirements. This includes [cesspools] individual wastewater systems in low density developments and [individual aerobic treatment units] private wastewater treatment plants in high density developments. [They will be privately constructed, owned, and operated.] RAT Profile The Ka'u district is characterized by many small communities, largest of which are Naalehu [and Pahala.] and Ocean View. The County has no sewerage system in the Ka'u district. A private system exists for the Punalu'u Resort development at Punaluu, but most residents are served by individual waste disposal systems. The cesspools and septic systems presently in use in the Ka'u area apparently function adequately. Thus, considering the low density and wide distribution of the housing units and the relatively small population growth anticipated, the individual treatment units will continue to be utilized. Course of Action Work closely with [C. Brewer] landowners to insure the development of adequate sewerage treatment facilities. 278 Public Utilities RECREATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Recreation provides an avenue for the fulfillment of social, cultural, physical and educational needs of people through leisure experiences. [Recreation includes not only the provision and maintenance of physical facilities (e.g. gyms, ballfields, pavilions) and diverse programs (social, cultural, health/fitness and educational). It also requires natural recreational resources such as sandy beaches, snorkeling areas, and surf sites. People of all ages should have the opportunity to participate In public recreation.] Recreational facilities mpj be defined within two categories: Resource-based and Facility -based Resource-based parrs provide public access to and enigMent of an outstandigg paetural or cultural resource. Valued resources include sandl beaches non-' sandI but protected swimmigg areas scenic areas. and hikin areas. The Federal and State 0veruments. la a dominaut role in establishing resource-based parks ;such as the Hawaii Vole oes National Park and HaRuns Beach State Park. Resource-based parks develo ed bj the Counter are rirnaril = beach garks. The other gark cats on is facili -based parks. These lypes of parks, are primajily devel0 d b the Cougly and provide for o a-nizesl s2gSj&toror iufor a re -1 y creational activities that are not de e_ndent u on a natural resource. lei frelds nasiums WjMMing D001 c2M Iexes and tennis courts are just some examples of facili -based parks. The Federal government provides approximately 231, acres of resource-based parrs on the jELa d The State government provides approxirnateiy 800 acres. The County's resource-based parks, which are primar ib� beach parks, total 260 acres. Heavy demands will be placed on the recreational resources of the County as a result of an expanding, population [, increasing leisure time,] and a growing number of visitors. The resident population is expected to [become larger and the work week is expected to become shorter,] ow, thus increasing [leisure time and] the use of recreational facilities. [Comprehensive recreational planning is essential in providing recreational opportunities for now and the future while preserving the quality of recreational resources.] Ideally, all residents should have convenient arccess to the most popular recreation facilities, such as glaygrounds, gymnasiums swimmin ools acrd multi: u ose communily centers. Although beach arks u.srrall - muiresuitable shoreline conditions the R2RUIaritv of shoreline ae&ifles mandate- that beach parks be established in relation to ulation distribution even if the area. dues not provide. the. best recreational resource. Some districts have benefited more than others in terms of the number of facilities -based parks and beach parks relative Lo-p_op_812-flom North Kona, South Iona, South Kohnia and Puna have the least amount of County facilities -based parks and beach parks in relation, to 0 ulation..State beach Rarks. within the South Kohala. and North Dona districts helpt0 offset, in part me of these deficiencies. The North Milo and North Kohala districts have 279 Recreation a disproportionately lame number of Counly park acreage in relationship to their small populations. The island [of Hawaii] has a pleasant climate throughout the year and a variety of scenic areas ranging from snow-capped volcanic peaks to tropical rain forests and sunny beaches. With such natural assets, the people of the island generally go outdoors for their recreation. Traditionally, the shoreline areas have been preferred for fishing, swimming, picnicking, camping and informal passive recreation. Of the County's total [313] 305 miles of tidal shoreline, [however,] only 1.2 miles are prime sand beach [which] that is generally favorable for swimming and other water -oriented activities. The demand on these limited areas for public recreation is heavy and crowding occurs in some areas. Crowding is usually due to inadequate or undeveloped park acreage, roads and parking areas occupying usable recreation area, and the lack of adequate facilities[.] in adjoining areas or other parks. Options for developing beach parks should include privately operated or maintained facilities or private concessions of beach park facilities. The quality of recreation areas often diminishes with heavy expanded use. Sewage and industrial waste have penetrated into some swimming, surfing, fishing, and boating areas, reducing the availability and/or quality of these areas for recreation. There is also competition for prime beach area between the visitor industry and the residents. This competition will continue to increase in the future. The County has a variety of parks including small neighborhood playgrounds, larger playfields, and parks of County -wide scope for active and passive recreation. On the island [of Hawaii], there are [3] 4 National parks, [18] 20 State parks and a total of [74] 118 County [parks, including] park site& in addition to regional, district, community, and neighborhood parks. The County also manages recreational facilities including [7] 9 swimming pools, [ 16] 19 community/senior centers, [20] 21 gymnasiums (includes [7] 6 Department of Education [and 1 National Guard] faeilities , [3 playgrounds,] and 15 miscellaneous facilities such as rodeo arenas, boat ramps, scenic lookout, drag strip, etc. D] Neighborhood parks and playfields lack adequate facilities in some communities. In some areas, community centers are used for meetings and cultural activities. School buildings are also used for community meetings, and school yards sometimes function as neighborhood playfields. Park pavilions are used for community activities and family socials. There are also facilities for specific recreational activities, such as golf courses, small boat harbors, and swimming pools. [As lot sizes become smaller and yard space diminishes and as urban areas expand, there will be an increased need to provide recreational facilities. Especially in urban areas, open space will have to be provided and protected.] The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" was prepared in 1974 to serve as a guide in the planning efforts for expansion, acquisition, and development of the County's recreational areas. This plan, however, needs to be revised and updated to reflect new and/or updated priorities. Such a plan is needed in order for the County to identify siannificant resource areas with recreational value A detailed pkn will allow the develooment of an acquisition grogram 280 Recreation that could utilize a varies of tools or coordinate with other involved agencies or or anizations to acquire lands for parks or access. The recreational program of the County is presently targeted toward diversification of activities. Active team sports for all children and adults are continually being maintained. Recreational programs have been targeted for all ages with [renewed emphasis on promoting] special emphasis to promote activities for [women, adolescent, and pre -adolescent girls.] youth. In some rural areas where the population is sparsely dispersed [along highways (i.e. Kona)], the lack of convenientu�blic transportation makes it difficult [for people in these areas] to take advantage of recreational facilities and programs. Summer fun activities in the mornings are being conducted for six weeks during the summer at County parks as well as Department of Education facilities for all children, grades one to six. Additional enrichmentrozrams may be offered in the mornings and afternoons when funding is available intercession prof°ams are offered to accommodate students on year-round schedules. The lack of adequate facilities and programs for pre-school children should be addressed with more intensity in the future. The construction of new facilities, the renovation of some of the existing ones, and [qualified personnel] the provision of adequate staffing should meet this need. Cultural and social programs are offered to senior citizens in all communities. Activities include arts, crafts, games, dance, music, and educational classes. As the number of retired persons increases, additional activities and a broader program will be needed. The county operates [seven (7)] nine swimming pools offering recreational swimming, water safety instruction, and competitive swimming activity. To serve the [metropolitan area of] Hilo[,] area, one of two pools is operated primarily for water safety instructional purposes. Most county beaches are staffed with beach lifeguards on weekends and holidays as well as during summer school breaks to provide lifesaving and first aid services. Life ards are on duty every day of the week at the most heavily utilized beaches. The Department of Education and the University of Hawaii system offer adult education courses for enrichment. They also sponsor lecture and film series in communities throughout the County. Various volunteer citizens' groups organize and encourage art exhibits, drama, dance, music, and other cultural performances. Many of the cultural and educational programs are available only in the more densely populated areas. The need to expand these programs as well as other recreational opportunities for people in low density rural areas will continue. 281 Recreation Public access to the ocean and mountains have special recreational and cultural significance to the residents of this island community. Public access to coastal and mountain areas have been an essential element in the gathering of food, the transport of Foods. and recreational purposes for both the island's residents and their ancestors. In recognition of the need tor�ovide residents with the right of free movement in public space and access to and use of these public coastal and mountain areas, the Hawaii County Council adopted Ordinance No. 9617 in 1996 to require the dedication of land for public ruts -of wav as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a building permit for the construction of a multiple-fami residential development, under certain circumstances. The County may also require the establishment of public rights-of-way as part of the issuance of other bMes of land use provals, such as changes of zone or Special Management Area Use Permits Information reing the State parks system, as well as public hunting areas, may be obtained by contacting the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. GOALS Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors of the County. Maintain the natural beauty of recreation areas. Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits. POLICIES • Strive to equitably allocate facility -based parrs among the districts relative to population, wit�ublic input to determine the locations and types of facilities. • [The County of Hawaii shall improve] Improye existing public facilities for optimum usage. • Recreational facilities [in the County] shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area. • The use of land adjoining recreation areas shall be compatible with community values, physical resources, and recreation potential. • [The County shall develop] Develop short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for recreational facilities [which] that are consistent with the General Plan. 282 Recreation • The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" shall be [reviewed and] updated to reflect newly identified recreational priorities. • Facilities for compatible multiple uses shall be provided. • [The County shall provide] Provide facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups, with special considerations for the handicapped, the elderly, and young children. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate recreational programs and facilities with governmental and private agencies and organizations. Innovative ideas for improving recreational facilities and opportunities shall be considered. • [The County shall develop] Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance, and programming. • [The County of Hawaii shall adopt] Adopt an on-going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation[.] in cooperation with appropriate governmental agencies. • Public access to the shoreline shall be provided in accordance with an adopted program of the County of Hawaii. • [The County shall establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural, or recreational values.] Develop a network of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, natural or recreational values. This system of trails shall provide at a minimum, an islandwide route connecting xnaior parks and destinations. • [The County in coordination with appropriate State agencies shall establish] Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cart roads and old government roads on the island[.] in coordination with appropriate State agencies. • [The County shall develop] Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging, and biking activities. • [The County shall continue to maintain] Develop a recreation information dissemination system for the public's use. • [The County shall review and, if appropriate, revise its ordinance] Revise the ordinance requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof. 283 Recreation • Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance. • Consider alternative sources of funding for recreational facilities. • Develop best management practices for the development of golf courses in coordination with developers, State D22artment of Health, and other government agencies. • Provide access to public hunting areas. STANDARDS Regional Parks: Major recreation area serving several districts and providing indoor and outdoor activities. A major center for spectator sports and cultural activities. May include features of historic, geological, and horticultural interests. Minimum size: 50 acres. Vicinity of major populated areas. Facilities include: multi-purpose building, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, adequate [and defined] parking [area,] areas, and facilities for spectator sports: football, baseball, softball, track field, tennis, basketball and volleyball. District Parks: Offer diversified types of recreational activities to an entire district [which] that include indoor and outdoor sports [during the day as well as nights]. Minimum size: 10 to 30 acres. Within a district consisting of several populated communities [and good topography]. Facilities include: gymnasium with office, storage, restrooms, showers; a center for community and recreational programs; swimming pool (if justifiable); play area and equipment for young children; courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball; ballfields for soccer, baseball, softball, and football; night lights; and an adequate parking area. 284 Recreation • Community Parks: Community recreation area serving [a 1 mile radius in] surrounding urban areas, and entire community in rural areas. [Provide] Provides active and passive activities. Between 4 and 8 acres, within the center of the community or several neighborhoods. Facilities include: [recreation building with] multi-purpose [room] building [, office, storage, restrooms and parkkeeper's room; swimming pool]; gymnasium (where not serviceable from a district park); courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis; ballfields for softball/baseball, soccer, football; play area and equipment for young children; walking and jogging paths; picnic and passive area; night lights and an adequate [defined] parking area. • Neighborhood Parks: Provide open space in urbanizing areas for the general aesthetic enjoyment of the outdoors, play areas for young children, and a social gathering place for the neighborhood. Up to 4 acres, within the center of the neighborhood and preferably adjacent to a school. Minimum facilities include: restrooms; drinking water; [parkkeeper's storage;] walking and jogging paths (bike and skating paths); courts for basketball, volleyball and tennis; ballfields for tetherball, baseball/softball and soccer; play area and equipment for young children; and an adequate [and defined] parking area. • Community Centers: Major center for spectator sports, [and for] cultural and social activities. Size depends on facilities proposed and accessory uses. Facilities include: multipurpose building; auditorium; gymnasium; facilities for spectator sports; swimming facility; and an adequate [and defined] parking[.] area. 285 Recreation • Parks for General Use: Centered around a major natural asset, such as a sandy beach, a prime forest, or a volcanic feature and [including] includes historic sites whenever feasible. Designed to accommodate users from throughout the County. Beach parks provide opportunities for swimming/sunbathing, surfing, camping, fishing, boating, nature study, and other pastimes. Every section of the island should be adequately served. Facilities depend on size and intensity of use but should include: restrooms with showers [and changing area]; picnic [area with tables and cooking] facilities; a defined tent camping area when allowed; drinking water; [defined and] adequate parking; pavilions of various sizes; and lifeguard facilities [; and storage for groundskeeper and lifeguard equipment]. Wilderness and wildland areas are remote from population centers and have limited access by jeep, hiking, biking, or horseback. Facilities include: trails and unimproved roads; designated hunting and fishing areas; designated conservation areas for nature study and other passive activities; and wilderness camp sites [with simple shelters where needed; outhouse facilities; and drinking water]. • Park Dedication Code The County's Park Dedication Code JChapter 8, Hawaii County Code) provides standards for the dedication of land, facilities or assessment of in - lieu fees for recreational purposes upon the subdivision of land or the development of multiple family residential units. The code requires a minimum ratio of five acres of land for gark and playground purposes for every 1,000 persons in each district. • Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas The County's Public Access to the Shoreline and Mountain Areas Code (Chapter 34, Hawaii County Code) requires the dedication of land for public rights-of-way as part of subdivision approval or the issuance of a building permit for the construction of a multiple -family residential development, under certain circumstances. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis of recreation in each district. It is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. 286 Recreation PUNA Profile [The present] Presently, the parks in the Puna district are inadequate to serve the needs of the residents. [Optimum use, however, has not been achieved.] Recreation programs are centered around team sports for young people, and social and cultural activities are limited. Cool and rainy weather requires that there be extensive covered and indoor recreational areas. County community parks are located at Hawaiian Beaches subdivision, Mountain View, and Kurtistown. Tennis courts and ballfields are available at the district park Herbert Shipman Park) in Keaau. However, parking facilities need improvement. There is a neighborhood center in Pahoa [which] that is heavily used for community meetings and events; educational, cultural, and senior citizens programs; health and welfare programs; and indoor recreational activities. A 50 -meter Olympic -size swimming pool at the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility, completed in 1997, now provides the residents of Puna with a world-class swimming facility. School playfields are used at Keaau, Mountain View, and Pahoa. Drainage is often a problem on the playfields. The Department of Education maintains gymnasiums at Pahoa and Keaau, covered and outdoor basketball courts at Mountain View, and tennis courts and ballfields at Pahoa. The County has a gymnasium at Mountain View, outdoor basketball court at Kurtistown and Hawaiian Beaches and tennis courts at Keaau and Kurtistown. Ballfields are also located in Mountain View, Kurtistown, and Hawaiian Beaches subdivision. A multi-purpose sports field is, proposed at the Hawaiian Beaches Park. School activities take precedence over public use of joint -use facilities. There are lighted ballfields in Pahoa and Keaau. [However, the lack of lighting in other parks and on tennis and basketball courts prevents night use.] Many of the other parks in the Puna district are heavily used by Hilo residents for picnicking, camping, swimming, surfing, and fishing. The proximity of Puna makes it easy for people in Hilo to travel to these areas. The County's 1.7 -acre Isaac Hale Beach Park is a beach area [which offers] offering picnicking, camping, fishing, surfing, and swimming when the ocean is calm. A boat launching ramp facility is presently provided adjacent to the park at Pohoiki Bay. The present park area and facilities are inadequate. Cars, boats, and boat trailers often occupy areas within the [Isaac Hale Park which] park that could be used for recreational opportunities. Expansion of this park has been initiated by the County with the purchase of an adjacent 22 acres of land mauka of the existing park to be developed with additional parking areas, playgrounds, boat parking area, picnic facilities and restrooms. [Harry K. Brown Park (22.8 acres) and Kaimu Beach Park (11.4 acres) are County recreational areas in Kalapana used for picnicking, camping, surfing and fishing. The ocean is generally too rough for swimming. The highway separating the park from the shoreline is a safety hazard and limits the use of recreation areas along the coast. Kaimu Beach is enjoyed for 287 Recreation its scenic quality, picnicking, surfing and fishing, however there are no restroom facilities and parking facilities are inadequate.] Kaimu Beach Park's famous black sand beach and adjacent coconut grove, once one of the most photographed scenic attractions on the Iii Island, were covered by lava flows from Pu'u O'o Crates Kilauea Volcano in 1990. Less than a mile away, Harry K,Brown Park, at one time the Puna district's most popular beach park, was inundated in the same eruption. In 1993, the County purchased approximately six acres of land situated 2,000 feet to the northeast of Isaac Hale Beach Park in an effort to replace park land destroyed by lava. The new Ahalanui Park features a naturally -occurring warm spring (Mauna Kea Pond) and a grassed area with scattered ornamental and coconut trees. Proposed improvements include the construction of a 54 -stall parking lot renovation of existing structures to accommodate a caretaker's cottage and community center, the construction of restrooms, access roadway and infrastructure improvements. [The state-owned ancient canoe landing site area adjacent to the Kalapana Star of the Sea Catholic Church is often used for picnicking, fishing and swimming. However, the area does not have adequate parking facilities and restrooms are not available.] MacKenzie State Recreation Area (13.1 acres) is an ocean -oriented and forest park located between Pohoiki and Opihikao at the edge of the Malama-Ki Forest Reserve. Fishing, picnicking and tent camping are recreational activities of this park. Within the park is a well-preserved segment of the ancient Hawaiian King's Trail. The [County's] State's undeveloped Nanawale Park site, consisting of 78.3 acres, is located adjacent to Honolulu Landing, along the Puna Coastal Road between Kapoho and the Hawaiian Shores Subdivision. Near the Kapoho-Pohoiki junction, the Lava Tree State Monument (17.0 acres) features lava trees and large volcanic earth cracks and has a footpath, picnic facilities, parking area, and restrooms. The park is landscaped, well maintained, [and has] with adequate facilities and area for present use. An additional area adjacent to the present park has been reserved for future expansion. The County's Glenwood Park (l .l acres), located along the Volcano Highway, adequately serves travelers as a picnic and rest stop. [Within the Puna district are 60,000 acres of the total area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.] Approximately 60,000 acres of the 229,176 -acre Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is located within the Puna District. The facilities of the park for passive and active recreation are readily accessible. 288 Recreation Courses of Action [• A swimming pool should be provided in Pahoa in cooperation with the Department of Education.] As the population increases and need arises, neighborhood parks in large subdivisions between Keaau and Pahoa should be provided and improved. [• Implement the County of Hawaii Park Development Plan for the Kalapana-Kaimu area. • Recommend that the State develop the ancient canoe landing site area as a recreation area.] • [Recommend establishing a wilderness camp and] Encourage the State to establish a park reserve on State-owned land east of Kaimu. • Recommend the establishment of beach reserves at Kehena Beach and Opihikao (west of Opihikao junction). • Recommend that the State expand the MacKenzie State Recreation Area. • Develop [and expand] the expanded Isaac Hale Beach Park recreation area. Provide trail access to Keahialaka Spring and Pond and Mahinaakaka Heiau. • Develop the Kapoho Tidepools as a marine park. • Establish a small scenic park overlooking Kapoho and provide minimum facilities. • Develop recreational areas along the coast between Hilo and Kapoho, including areas at Papai, Haena (Keaau), Kaloli Point, Keonepoko Nui, Honolulu Landing, and Nanawale. • Establish small scenic viewpoints along the Puna Road to overlook the rift zone and [Kauileau,] Kaueleau, Keekee and the 1955 flows. • Explore means to maximize the use of the Pahoa Neighborhood Facility site to serve the recreational needs of the lover Puna area. 289 Recreation SOUTH HILO Profile [The city of] Hilo is the major urban center in the County and [as such] has a diversity of recreational facilities. Within the city, there are [six] eight neighborhood parks. All of these parks are between 3.0 and 7.7 acres in size and five [of them] have playfields. Nine school yards provide additional playfields. These parks are not used to their optimum capacity. In many of the parks, there are drainage problems. [The lack of lights does not allow evening use of playfields.] Lack of playground equipment, inadequate landscaping, and the lack of benches and adequate shelters have restricted the use of some parks. Some residential areas do not have easy access to neighborhood parks, and newer communities lack recreational areas[.] altogether. Hilo also has [fourteen] 1.7 gymnasiums: two are at University of Hawaii at Hilo, [two] three are with the Department of Education, [six are County owned, one with the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands,] nine are under County jurisdiction, and three are privately owned and maintained. [A gymnasium at Waiakea High School is presently under construction.] Outside of urban Hilo, there is a County community park in Kaiwiki; a gymnasium in Wainaku; a playfield [and gymnasium (Department of Education maintained)] in Hakalau; a gymnasium[,] and playfield in both Honomu[;] and Papaikou; and a community center and playfield in [Papaikou and Pepeekeo.] Kulaimano. Public use of facilities jointly administered by the County and the Department of Education is generally limited to after school hours. Regional recreational facilities located in [the city of] Hilo serve South Hilo and neighboring districts. There are three swimming pools, two owned by the County and the other administered by the Department of Education. Hoolulu [Park] Complex is the major regional recreational center and consists of [58.7] 56 acres. There is an auditorium with a seating capacity of 2,800 [which] that is used for pageants, private fundraising, musical entertainment, and sports events. Although adequate for sports, the acoustics and seating are poor for entertainment. A large stadium (Wong) for sports events, a swimming pool, outdoor tennis courts, a covered tennis stadium (utilized for cultural events, car shows and other events), and a tri -baseball field are also located in the park. Parking is currently inadequate for large events. A neve footbaWsoccer field and parking area will be developed on lands located to the west of the Hoolulu Complex on Manono Street. The County is currently working with the owners of these lands to secure the site for its expansion plans. The Hilo Armory is utilized for county programs, [ private fundraising] and organized sport events. It also houses various county [offices.] agencies. Five miles south of [the City of] Hilo, the County maintains the Panaewa Recreation Complex located on a 173 -acre parcel. The complex includes the Rainforest Zoo and the 290 Recreation Equestrian Center, consisting of a race track, [and] rodeo [facilities.] arena, and other equestrian facilities. The County also maintains the [Panaewa] Hilo Drag Strip (70.66 acres) located east of Railroad Avenue. There is a three -fourth mile race track, spectator area and other support facilities. Also near the drag strip is a County -operated skeet and trap range. Most beach areas in the district have little depth due to coastal roads or residential lots. Parking is often a problem and vehicles occupy valuable recreation area. There are [seven] gight developed beaches with about 3,000 linear feet of shoreline in Hilo. These are the Malo Bayfront[,] Beach, Mokuola jCoconut [Isle,] Island Reed's Bay, Onekahakaha[,] beach Park, Leleiwi[,] Bgach Park.Igaras Kealoha[,] Beach Park, Carlsmith, and Richardson Ocean Park Beaches. Lihikai fOnekahakahal has a small sand beach with shallow water and is especially good for children. There is a [2] two-mile stretch of coastline from Lehia Beach Park through Lihikai (Onekahakaha) [which] that can be developed for recreation. The Reed's Bay area and Kuhio Bay (Baker's Beach) have sand beaches with potential for more intensive recreational use. The County has [three] two general use oceanfront parks: Liliuokalani Gardens [-Coconut Island (22.5 acres),] (19 acres), currently undergoing extensive renovation and modification to improve accessihiMIL. and Bayfront-Mooheau Park (20.9 acres)[, and Reed's Bay Beach Park (3.8 acres)]. Near the mouth of the Wailoa River is the [State] State's [has a 149.6 -acre [park] Wailoa River State Recreation Area, [with] that includes a pond maintained as a public fishing area. These parks provide scenic landscaped open space and are used for picnicking, pleasure walking, quiet relaxation, and fishing. Large pavilions at Wailoa River State Recreation Area are frequently used for community meetings and banquets. Mooheau Park has a bandstand [which] that is used for community gatherings and events. Noise from the nearby highway, however, often interferes with the use of the bandstand. Steep cliffs make the coastal waters of the northern portion of the South Hilo district inaccessible except at the mouths of a few large gulches. North of [the city of] Hilo are two beach parks located at the [mouth] mouths of gulches. Honolii Beach Park (2.77 acres) is used primarily by surfers. Kolekole [Beach] Gulch Park at Wailea is used mainly for picnicking and camping with limited swimming in the stream. The County's 4.9 -acre park at Kaumana Caves and the Wailuku River State Park (16.3 acres) in Hilo and Akaka Falls State Park (65.4 acres) in Honomu have outstanding natural features. The State maintains a scenic viewpoint at Alealea Point and the County has [one] a scenic viewint at Onomea Lookout Point. The three forest reserves in South Hilo offer limited wilderness recreation, primarily hunting and camping. The Waiakea Arboretum is used as a demonstration area for visitors. There are three facilities for small boats in Hilo. One is located at the mouth of the Wailoa River and is used by fishing craft and other power boats. A launching ramp is provided. 291 Recreation The others are moorages with minimal facilities in Reed's Bay and Radio Bay [which are] used by sailboats. An 18 -hole municipal golf course with an area of 164.9 acres is located in the Waiakea Homesteads area. [However, improvements such as parking areas are needed.] A 9 -hole privately owned golf course (63.2 acres) is located on the Waiakea Peninsula. Three 12rivately-owned museums provide educational resources to the commuaaity. The Pacific Tsunami Museum emorialize those who have lost their laves in tsunamis. Hawaii Shima. Japaanese fanmiLr_ut Museum chronicles the solicitation of 3aaaanese nationals to work the su ar pjantations and. vividly :illustrates their strong traditional cultural h1r:itae and entmgreneurial spirit in braving adversities. The Lyman House and Memorial Museum [is the district's only museum. It is privately owned.] strives to promote awareness and instill commun!_q Rride,bjpresenting programs and exhibits relating to the cultural, artistic, religious, and historical heritage. sof Hawaii. Courses of Action • [Develop] Maintain Clem Akina Park, Gilbert Carvalho Park, Keikiland Playground and Wainaku Camp 2 Field as community recreation centers [with improved drainage and landscaping, a sitting area for passive recreation, and play sculpture and equipment]. Improve Kalakaua Park as an open space amenity and the focal point of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area. [• Provide shaded areas with benches at Keikiland, Villa Franca.] • Encourage the [State to maintain a strip] develounaent of a park along both sides of the Wailuku River in the central business district of Hilo and provide major viewpoints with pedestrian walkways and benches. • Community and/or neighborhood recreational areas should be provided in areas such as Piihonua, upper Ponahawai, Kaumana-Ainakog upper Kaumana, Haihai, and upper Waiakea [, and at Kulaimano Subdivision]. • Develop urban commercial areas with [small] landscaped parks for passive recreation. • Expand the depth of coastal recreation areas. Park areas should be connected with trails to increase public access. • Develop the coastal area between Lehia and Lihikai for [recreation.] recreational use. 292 Recreation • Develop Reed's Bay for more intensive water -oriented recreation. • Encourage the State to develop [an adequate] 1! small boat harbor and additional moorage facilities. • Develop Kuhio Bay and the Baker's Beach area as a public recreational facility. • Encourage the implementation of the "Environmental and Urban Design Proposals, East Hawaii Project, City of Hilo," and the "Downtown Hilo Redevelopment Plan" for the [open space of] Kaiko'o and Bayfront areas. This includes the deepening of Waiolama Canal, the development of the proposed Waiolama River State Park, the elimination of Bayfront [Drive] Highway and the widening and realigning of Kamehameha Avenue, and the establishment of botanical gardens. • Provide trail and access systems to recreational areas. • [Provide a large auditorium which can be used for] Develop a center/coraa�lex [and] for major cultural [events.], educational and recreational activities. • Develop a second municipal golf course. • Return Kaumana Caves County Parr, a natural resource recreation area, to the jurisdiction of the State. NORTH MLO Profile Recreational facilities in the North Hilo district are generally limited. The population of the area is small and scattered and transportation is a major problem. The community at Ookala has a gymnasium and ballfield [provided by the sugar company while] that were previously b owned by the sugar plantation but are now owned and maintained the County. The Papaaloa community has a county gymnasium, community center, ballfield, and tennis courts. In Laupahoehoe, community groups use the former Court House as a meeting place. The Laupahoehoe School complex, with a 6 -acre playfield, a gymnasium, two tennis courts and a County swimming pool, is also used by the community. There is an old gymnasium at Laupahoehoe Peninsula [which is] used primarily by [senior citizens] area residents for various functions. Two parks are located [at] adjacent to the [mouth] mouths of the larger gulches. Waikaumalo Park at Honohina is 3.4 acres in size and offers stream swimming and picnicking. 293 Recreation Laupahoehoe [Peninsula] Point Beach Park has an area of 24 acres and is being developed to serve as a regional recreation area. Facilities include a playfield, a boat ramp, four picnic shelters and a large pavilion. Camping, picnicking and fishing are featured activities in this scenic location. The water, however, is unsafe for swimming and the parking area is not defined. A [new boat launching ramp is being proposed] joint effort undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the County[,] provided the community with a new breakwater and boat launching R. Within the district are the Hilo Forest Reserve (54,020 acres) and the Manowaialee Forest Reserve (1,410 acres). Neither have facilities and are [not much] rare!used for recreation. Courses of Action Implement the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park master plan. [Implement] IM rove the boat launching [ramp] facilities at Laupahoehoe Peninsula[.] by encouraging the Army Corps of Engineers to extend the breakwater. HAMAKUA Profile With the combined recreational facilities made available by the former sugar company, the schools[,] and the County, the communities of the Hamakua district are adequately served. [If private facilities are discontinued or not maintained, however, pubic ones will be needed.] The sugar company [provides] previously pSovided neighborhood playground and playfield facilities in Haina and Paauhau. The County [has leased] now dawns the ballfield in Haina and the ballfield and gym at Paauilo Park [from the sugar company. Haina has a lighted softball field with bleachers which has been used for State tournaments]. A community center was built by the [county] Cogan at [the] Paauilo [park] Park [.Paauhau has a playfield, community hall and tennis courts, and Paauilo] which, in addition, has [a] an Inadeguately lighted [playfield] field and gym. [However, there is inadequate lighting at the Paauilo Park.] The Paauilo community also uses the [5] Live -acre school playfield. [There is a 3.9 -acre playfield and a social hall in Kukuihaele which is administered by the County. The old school lot in Ahualoa has been set aside as a park but is yet undeveloped. The Ahualoa Community Association has expressed an interest to lease and develop this site.] In Honokaa, the school grounds serve as a [regional recreation center] district Bark [which is] administered by the Department of Education. Other facilities include a 4.5 -acre playfield, a swimming pool (County-®R=ned and maintained), and a National Guard gym. [South Kohala residents also use these facilities.] Honokaa has a large [county] County -developed park 294 Recreation with two ballfields, [and] a football/track fields[.] and a [A] gymnasium facility [is presently being constructed here]. The [county] Coun also owns a rodeo arena mauka of the Hawaii Belt Highway. The Hamakua Counla Club, a 9 -hole golf course (19 acres) facility, is privately owned. Two wildland State parks provide facilities for hiking, picnicking, camping and hunting. Cabins are available for overnight use. Mauna Kea State Recreation Area is 20 acres in size and [is] located in the saddle between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From this park, there is a hiking trail to the summit of Mauna Kea. During the winter months, the summit of Mauna Kea provides opportunities for skiing and other snow sports. Kalopa State Recreation Area (100 acres) is located in a native ohia forested area five miles southeast of Honokaa. The State Division of Forestry and Wildlife administers four game management areas with a total area of about 290,000 acres. These provide an extensive area for hunting. There are also three forest reserves within this district [which] Lhat can be used for hunting, hiking, nature study, and wilderness camping. No facilities are provided and access to the forest reserves is limited. The County maintains a scenic lookout area above Waipio Valley [which] that has a shelter and facilities for picnicking. There is a State hiking trail into the [adjacent] ad oiniaag vaile s includin Waimanu Valley. Courses of Action [• Encourage close coordination between private and public recreation agencies.] • Construct multiguEpose rooms adjacent to the gymnasium in Honokaa Park to accommodate community meetings and functions, • Encourage the recreational development of Waipio and Waimanu Valleys as natural and wilderness areas. Encourage the State to provide small recreation sites on the edge of Waipio Valley. • Encourage the development of a general use park in the Kaao-Ahualoa section of the Hamakua Forest Reserve [, as recommended by the Hamakua community]. [• Develop the former school lot in Ahualoa as a neighborhood park as the need arises.] • [Develop] Encourage the State to develog a scenic park on the Kohala side of Hiilawe Falls [after the completion] in conjunction with the development of the scenic highway. 295 Recreation NORTH KOHALA Profile Scattered settlement in the North Kohala district makes it difficult for residents to get to recreation areas. Parks in this district consist of two school grounds and four County parks. The Halaula Diddle Annex for Rohain HigII and Intermediate Schools formed tlae Halaula Elementary School, has a 5 -acre playfzeld, [and] playground and basketball court used by [children] residents in the area. Kohala High School has a gym, playgroundtrack, and a 4.5 - acre playfield. The gym is used by the community for gatherings. Kamehameha Park in Kapaau is a major [community] district park [and has] with an area of 18.4 acres. Facilities include a grandstand, lighted playf eld, lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, and a large gymnasium/community center complex. The park, however, is not large enough to accommodate [people at] major events. A community Bark to serve the Kahei area is beim proposed. Along the windward coast of the district, the County's Keokea Beach Park at Niulii, with an area of 7.1 acres and two pavilions, is the only developed beach area. Swimming [here, however,] at this park is limited because of ocean conditions. On the leeward side of the district are two County beach parks. Kapaa Beach Park has a total area of 28.3 acres, but only a small portion has been developed. Mahukona Beach Park has a total area of less than three acres and is located close to the harbor, which is popular for fishing and swimming. The harbor has a launching derrick maintained by the County but lacks docking and mooring facilities for small boats. Parking is inadequate at these beach parks. With the approval in 1993 of the Broposcd 244 -unit Pa ahuliona Resort on lands ad' resat to Mak kona and K as Beach Par the Hawaii Counly Council M aired the developer to gMvide various iiia rovements to both Malaukona and Iia aaa Beach Park& These improvements will include facilities for active recreational eases and iiia rovements to the existing access roadwaL pavilion and restroom facilities amogg others. Im rovements to Ka as Beach Park include accommodations for cam "in and passive recreational uses and the construction of restrooms and additional parking. The Pololu Valley lookout at Niulii has limited parking but no other facilities. The valley itself is an area of scenic beauty. An access trail from the lookout descends into the valley. The State manages three historical parks: Lapakahi State Historical Park, Kamehameha I Birthsite State Monument, and the Mookini Heiau State Monument. Courses of Action [• Encourage the development of Pololu Valley as a recreation area with a minimum of man-made elements.] • [Encourage the use of the total area of] Expand facilities at Kapa_a Beach Park. 296 Recreation • Encourage the State to further develop the Lapakahi complex as a historic park [, and establish a marine park]. • Recommend the expansion of small boat harbor facilities at Mahukona Harbor [and multi -use recreation area on adjacent lands]. • Expand the multi -use recreation areas at Mahukona and Kapaa Beach Parks. • Encourage the State to dedicate approately 12 acres of its lands surrounding,surLounding, Mahukona Beach Park to the Counly to accommodate. the expansion of Maliukona Beach Park. • Encourage the development of the Upolu Point area for recreation, including access to fishing areas. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Recreation areas in the South Kohala district are limited. The Waimea Elementary and Intermediate School has a playground and a gymnasium used during school days; and jointly operated by the County after school hours. The County's Waimea Park (10.5 acres) is the district's recreation center with a community center, playfields and facilities for spectators, tennis courts, restrooms, and an attractive playground for young children. One playfield and the tennis courts are provided with lights for night activities. This park is often a rest and picnic stop for travelers. Parking, however, is undefined and restroom facilities are inadequate. The County also maintains a 2.8 -acre passive roadside park area in Waimea. A four -acre neighborhood ark was develo d in Waikoloa Villa a and a communfty park ad'acent to the Waikoloa School is currently being developed. The Waimea community center is a [county] Cougly facility. A senior citizen center is operated by the County at the former courthouse in Waimea. There are private rodeo facilities at Parker Ranch and Waikoloa. [The district of South Kohala should now have at least 30 acres of community recreation areas.] The island's major white sand beaches stretch along the coast of South Kohala. Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area and the County's Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park are the major developed areas. The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway between Kawaihae and Kailua has made the beaches of South Kohala more accessible. Hapuna is 61.1 acres in size and is the major water -oriented recreation area in the County. Samuel M. Spencer Park near Kawaihae Harbor 297 Recreation has an area of 13.4 acres and a sandy coastline of approximately 1,200 feet. The water is shallow and is [especially] fre uentl used by family groups. Both Hapuna Beach and Samuel M. Spencer Parks receive intensive use. [Facilities and parking are inadequate.] In addition to these public beach parks, public access to the beaches at Anaehoomalu, Mauna Lani, and Mauna Kea have been provided. [Plans exist to locate the improved and expanded] The perimeter breakwater of the Kawaihae Small Boat Harbor [north of the beach park.] is now complete. This new breakwater was const cted at the southern end of the harbor by the Army CoEpsof Engineers in 199. Infrastructure will be added by the State when fuaadiaag can be appropriated. The present small boat harbor has [catwalks for 33 boats and mooring] moorings for [12.140 boats and a pier with 3 -point (Tahitian -style) moorings that can accommodate six boats. The National Park Service manages the Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site [which overlooks the] overlooking Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park. There are 18 -[holes] hale golf course sites located at the Mauna Kea [Beach Hotel] Resort Q. Waikoloa Villan, Mauna Lani [Hotel] Resort Q, and [Sheraton] Waikoloa Resort (2). These courses are privately owned but open to the public. Also open to the public is the 18 -hole Waimea Counta Club. Courses of Action • Encourage the full implementation of the Hapuna Beach State Park Master Plan including Wailea Bay Area. • [Implement the Spencer Park development plan.] Improve picnic and camping facilities at Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park. • [Reserve, acquire] Aceauire and develop additional public shoreline recreation areas [in South Kohala]. • Encourage the establishment of neighborhood [park reserves in the district.] parks. • Ensure public use of and access to beach areas [in South Kohala]. [• Implement the development of the petroglyph fields at Puako as a historic park. • Recommend the State to implement plans for small boat harbor facilities at Kawaihae.] Develop [and implement a master plan] parking areas for Waimea Park [to include basketball courts, improved parking and restrooms]. 298 Recreation Develop additional recreational facilities in Waimea, including an approximate 30 -acre regional park on land to be donated by Parker Ranch. Encourage the expansion of outdoor recreational areas around Waimea School. [• Playfields and four neighborhood playground sites shall be set aside within Waikoloa.] • Develop recreational facilities in Waikoloa, including an enclosed community center/sgorts complex. • Develop trail s sterns linking residential areas to Waimea's urban center. • Support the passive use of Church Row Parr. • Encourage development of Waimea Trails & Greenways and Waimea Nature Park (Ulu Laau). Profile The existing recreational areas and facilities in the North Kona district are generally inadequate. [The almost 18,500] Approximately 27,400 residents are served by nine County parks. Hale Halawai (3.2 acres) provides a meeting place for the community and also serves as a [rest stop and] picnic area. Acoustics are poor and parking is inadequate. The distance of Hale Halawai from mauka areas is a problem for many residents in the district. The small Kailua Playground (0.7 acre) is used by Kailua residents for tennis and basketball; however, its limited area restricts active team sports. The Hill Crest Subdivision Park is too small for competitive team sports [, has no restroom facility] and has inadequate parking. The Harold H. Higashihara Park is also too small for competitive team sports, although its tennis and outdoor basketball courts and newly constructed playgLoy.nd are well utilized [, and a small playground with swings for children and a pavilion are available]. The one -acre school yard at Holualoa is used for organized sports. Holualoa School and the Kona Imin Center in Holualoa also serve as community centers for meetings, social gatherings, and recreational purposes. The newly completed Kealakehe High School offers facilities that are open. to the public during nose -school lours. Kealakehe current has a mnasiumtwo eneral use la four tennis coin and outdoor basketball courts. The general use RIMfields also accommodate baseball- footer soccer and track activities. Consimetion is In progress to gLovide du outs bleachers and other improvements to these plgyfields. 299 Recreation The Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) consists of [ 14] 34 acres and provides lighted fields for baseball, softball, and football. New baseball and soccer fields were recently constructed. Also situated here are four lighted tennis courts [and a bike (BMX) track]. The old terminal building houses restrooms, [and] offices[/], and a meeting place. [Nineteen (19) additional acres, acquired in a 40 -year lease from the State in 1986, will be used to develop a] A multipurpose gymnasium [, track and field/football stadium, baseball stadium] was completed in 1993 and a 50 -meter ® is -size swimming pool was completed in 1999. Using the ratio of 5.0 acres of recreation area for every 1,000 people, the district of North Kona should now have at least [91 ] 137 acres of area for community recreation. The County has three developed beach parks in North Kona. [White Sand Beach (Disappearing Sands)] Laaloa Iia Beach Parr is located along Alii Drive south of [Kailua.] Kailua-Kona. Pahoehoe Beach Park is located north of the White [Sand] Sands Beach. Kahaluu Beach Park (5.4 acres), also along Alii Drive, is located in close proximity to the hotels at Keauhou and receives intensive use from visitors and residents. The park also has a unique and readily accessible coral garden with an abundance of marine life. It is usually overcrowded [and has inadequate parking facilities]. There are three small boat harbors in the district: Kailua Bay, Keauhou, and Honokohau. Honokohau harbor has a capacity for 450 small boats and has other facilities to accommodate boat repair, restaurant, dry storage, etc. The Kailua Bay anchorage provides limited docking facilities and offshore anchorage for small boats and commercial charter and tour boats. The wharf is used as a promenade, a fishing area, and is the center of the Annual Billfish Tournament. Parking and comfort facilities are inadequate. The nearby small sand beach is used for swimming. Keauhou Boat Harbor is a small marina and has a launching ramp as does Honokohau. Facilities are inadequate. The Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is the only developed State park. Activities at this 84 -acre coastal park include picnicking, sunbathing, fishing, wading, tidepooling, and surfing. Facilities include a special events pavilion[.] and a jogging.math. Kekaha Kai State Pa [former known as Kama Coast State Park) is a --- park acre and wildlife saaactuasituated along the coast between the ahujguaa of Kukio to the north and Kaulana to than south. Facilities at the park are minimal with pprtablejoilets and a graded,unpaved access road..and.-parking area at Mahaiula. A conga tual; Ian for flag arh. was develo d, in 1998, and will 2rovide iew igj2gsift use of the Vlrk 10 2reserve Me crani ue natural cultural and recreational resources of the area. Most of the limited facilities within the parka such as an activity center, Park Ambassador's residenm picnic facilities, restrooms and a ga, botanical garden, will be concentrated at Mahaiula. Access roads and taarkin areas will be 2rovidcd at both the n€arthern and Muthern gn of the ark aacar Kua and Mahai;ulo Bg ram etive . Awakes✓ will remain ,a wilderness area and Manina'owaii will be an intermediate level activity area adjacent to the resort and residential developments of K.aunulcl u and Kukio. 300 Recreation There [is a 27] are two 18 -hole golf [course] courses at Keauhou jwhich is privately owned. Another 9 more holes are proposed to be constructed.] and a private 18 -hole course at Puuanahulu, Makalei, and the Hualalai Resort. The Honuaula Forest Reserve on the upper western slopes of Hualalai is used for limited wilderness recreation. No facilities are available and access roads are privately owned and in poor condition. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of community and district recreational facilities, a gymnasium and community center with easy access for residents. • Encourage the development of Alii Drive within the Kailua Village area as a pedestrian mall with open space areas for passive recreation. • Improve facilities at [VAiite Sand] Laaloa Bay Beach Park and [expand] Kahaluu Beach Park. • Implement the development of the Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) as a major regional or district park. • Encourage the develops eut of a major multi-IgurRose regional recreational and: sports complex. • [Reserve, acquire and develop] Acguire, and/or encourage the development of additional public shoreline recreation areas [in North Kona]. • Establish public access to and the development of shoreline regions along the North Kona Coast [so as to provide recreational opportunities] in areas such as Keawaiki, Kiholo Bay, Kaupulehu, Kukio and Kapapa Bays, Kua Bay, Kahoiawa, Makalawena, [Nlahaiula,] and Honokohau. • Encourage the State to continue with the establishment of Kekaha Kai State Park reaching into Mahaiula, Awakee, and Maniniowali Ahupuaa. • Protect the marine life at Kahaluu Bay. • Protect Opaeula, Kaloko, and Honokohau (Aimakapa) Ponds as natural areas. • Encourage the development of historic trails. • Develop a municipal golf course. 301 Recreation • Encourage the establishment of a historic park at Kamoa Point [and protect the historic sites]. Encourage the acquisition and establishment of the summit area of Hualalai as a wilderness park. Increase mauka park lands. SOUTH KONA Profile In all of South Kona there is one [community] district recreation center, the County's Arthur C. Greenwell Park (2.7 acres) in Captain Cook. Facilities include tennis and basketball courts, a new!j develoMd plalground, and a lighted playfield. Multipurpose facilities at NO. Rodney J.T. Yano Memorial Hall are utilized by the County, individuals, and community organizations_ Kona Scenic Park, a neigkborhood nark, has a baseball/footbail field [. Outdoor],outdoor courts, and as restroom [and parking facilities are being proposed]. The Konawaena School in Kealakekua has a swimming pool (County -owned and maintained), a gymnasium [and playfield area.], baseball and football fields, four tea-nis courts, and an Rkht lane all-weather track. [The playfield area is inadequate to serve both school and community needs.] Communities in North Kona [which do not have] without recreation areas use this field. School yards at Hookena and Honaunau Schools are available for community use. Honaunau School has a small playfield used by community organizations and teams from as far away as Milolii. The playground and restrooms are available only during school hours. Hookena School has lighted basketball and volleyball courts and a small playfield. These are occasionally used by community teams. [For the present population (6,730) of South Kona, at least 34 acres of land are needed to adequately meet recreation needs.] There are four developed beach parks and two beach park reserves in the district. The County beach parks are small and have limited facilities. Milolii Beach Park (1.2 acres), on the old school grounds, has very limited facilities for camping, picnicking, fishing, and swimming. Hookena Beach Park (3.4 acres) is about 60 feet wide and 600 feet long [and has] with outstanding scenic qualities. The Pu'uhonua O' Honaunau National Historic Park at Honaunau Bay consists of 182 acres and provides opportunities for fishing, swimming, and picnicking. There are also interpretive trails to significant historic sites. Tidepools are easily accessible and the offshore waters are excellent for snorkeling and diving. 302 Recreation An undeveloped beach reserve is located at Manini Point (5.6 acres) on the southern shore of Kealakekua Bay. At the southeast shore of Kealakekua Bay is the Hikiau Heiau State Monument (0.8 acres) [which] that has been incorporated into the presently undeveloped Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park. The [county's] State's Napoopoo Beach Park is located adjacent and to the south of the Hikiau Heiau. Rich in coral and fish display, adjacent to the Captain Cook Monument, is the Kealakekua Bay State Underwater Park consisting of 315 acres. The bay provides opportunities for snorkeling, scuba divin& and glass bottom viewing to observe the marine life in this underwater habitat. The South Kona Forest Reserve consists of 23,322 acres and offers limited wilderness recreation accessible by a few trails. Courses of Action • Expand and/or develop recreational facilities in existing [and urbanizing] communities. • Establish, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, additional recreational facilities at Konawaena, Honaunau, and Hookena Schools. • Encourage the development of a district recreation center with the cooperation of public and private agencies. • Encourage the development of the coastal area for public recreational use. • Encourage the development of a historic park at Kealakekua Bay and protect historic sites and scenic aspects of the area. Provide a conservation buffer around Kealakekua B&y. • Encourage the development of beach park reserves as natural areas and the improvement of existing beach parks. • [Recommend] Enc®urag the further development of Honaunau Bay as a historic park with recreational opportunities. • [Recommend that] Encode the develoggent of Honomalino Bay [become] as a beach reserve. • [Implement the development plans for] Encourage the development of Palemano Point and Hookena[.] areas for public recreational opportunities. • Develop andr�ovide cultural facilities and progEams. 303 Recreation Profile Naalehu [district park,] Perk, Waiohinu and Pahala community parks and their school yards provide community recreation areas. There is a plantation community center in Pahala and [a] County community [center] centers in Naalehu and Pahala that are used for community and private functions. In addition, there is a [county] Coun swimming pool at the Ka'u High School campus in Pahala. Several neighborhood park sites have been reserved in subdivisions in the Kahuku area. [These sites are undeveloped as the population is small and scattered.] The new Kahuka Park is on a four -acre site in Ocean View. The new dark will include a ballfeld4 basketball cou t, Rlayground3 pavilion and restroom facilities. There is a lack of beaches with safe swimming areas in the district. There are two developed beach parks in Ka' u; Whittington Beach Park (0.8 acre) in Honuapo Bay and Punaluu Black Sand Beach Park (6.0 acres). Swimming at Whittington Beach Park is hazardous due to rough seas. The area is scenic and used for picnicking, camping, and [as a] & rest stop for travelers. The black sand beach at Punaluu is an easily accessible swimming area [which] that is heavily used. It is often crowded and has inadequate parking. [The small County park is located in a lava area not fronted by the sand beach and swimming area.] The adjacent County park is located on a lava plateau on the southwest side of the bay. South Point (Ka Lae) offers unique scenic landscape, historic sites, and good fishing. The Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands' Kamaoa park site, consisting of 28.8 acres, is undeveloped. Manuka State Wayside, a botanical garden with picnicking facilities, serves as a rest stop for travelers. The Kilauea State Recreation Area near the national park boundary in Volcano has one furnished cabin. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park consists of [201,007] 229,176 acres and features geologic phenomena and wildlife. Facilities for picnicking and camping as well as good hiking trails are located throughout the park. There are also forest reserves in the district, but they have poor access and lack facilities. The 18 -hole golf courses in the Ka'u district are located at Discovery Harbor, Volcano Country Club, and Punalu'u (SeaMountain). These golf courses are privately owned and [opened] Qpen to the public. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of a swimming facility [and instructional program] in Naalehu. 304 Recreation • Develop parks [in subdivisions in the Kahuku area] in Ocean View, commensurate with population growth. • Encourage the establishment of the Punaluu-Ninole Springs region as a recreation area. • Encourage the State Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands to develop the South Point area for recreational opportunities [The Kamaoa park site could be utilized as a camping park]. • Recommend the development of Kaalualu Bay as a remote camping -beach park. • Encourage the State [Division of Forestry and Wildlife] Department of Land and Natural Resources to develop wilderness recreation uses of the Kapua- Manuka Forest Reserve. • Encourage the restoration of Ninole Pond as a recreation area. • Encourage land acguisition surrounding Whittington Beach Park to allow for its g awdon and the construction of a parking area, 305 Recreation TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Transportation is the systems and modes of conveyance of people and goods from place to place. It can be considered the major infrastructural element of an area. The different elements of the transportation system ideally need to be planned through an integrated and comprehensive process [which] that includes land use planning. The coordinated planning of transportation facilities requires an understanding of the characteristics of the modes of conveyance and the patterns and densities of the area [which] that they are intended to serve. The purpose of transportation planning is to provide faster, safer, [more] efficient and more pleasant travel, as limited by the [financial] ability [of the area] to [pay for it.] finance the cost of tra ps ortation. [As transportation] Because transportation systems are expensive to construct and maintain, great care and foresight [are needed in developing plans for them.] are necessaKy when developing dans for its construction. Modern transportation planning emphasizes the total transportation system rather than isolated facilities. It considers all modes of transport which are economical in an area, as well as all types of improvements, including traffic engineering improvements. The island [of Hawaii] is faced with an increasing demand for the development of new transportation facilities and systems. Over the past [two] three decades, [numerous] a number of major transportation projects have been completed, while many others are in the planning stage. Much of the current construction, however, is either expansion or improvement of existing systems of facilities. A sizable portion of the new construction [which is] either planned or underway is but an incremental part of a long-range program. [In recent years, the County of Hawaii has seen the construction of major highways, the expansion of harbor facilities, the expansion of the Hilo Airport, and the development of an unique airport in the midst of barren lava at Keahole Point.] Since the ado tion of the General Plan In 1971:1 the County has scan the construction of major highways, the expan don of its ai ori and harbor facilities and the establishment of a mass transit, s stem. The 1970s saw the construction of the 35-milejong Queen Kaahumanu Highwgy Mighwgy19 that rovided access to the coastal .areas between Kawaeihae and I ilua-mora. Since its o gn n in 19'70 the runes a and ternninal facilities at the bona International Ai rt at I� eaheale: has been ex anded to accommodate .Incre1ased passenggr traffic and international flights. The State hm develo ed mast-er plans for its highwgy, a$ : ort and harbor facilities to accommodate antki ated demands in: the use of ib facilities. Simil2ar , the StateJu coordination with: the Coun . re ared the Hawaii Long Range Land Trans rtation Plana (199& Haat Wentified the Island's major land trans ortation improvement needs to suRPOrt the Counter's projected growth to the Year 2020. Funding sources for fixture improvements may have to be expanded given decreasing Federal and State government capital expenditures. Traditionally, much of the funds for the 306 Transportation major elements of the transportation system have come from these levels of government. In recent years, however, such funding has been declining and [thus] the financing of these improvements directly by the private sector may be required. These funding considerations will become more significant as the level of federal government financial support declines. The different elements of a transportation system should be planned [together] in conjunction with the overall land use plan of the County. To be effective, transportation planning as a "team task" requires the coordinated efforts of trained persons from a number of fields. Aside from these professionals, [citizen] communily participation [and], awareness and understanding are also vitally important. [L.] 'TRANSPORTA'TION GOALS • Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically. • Make available a variety of modes of transportation [which] Haat best meets the needs of the County. POLICIES • A framework of transportation facilities [which] that will promote and influence desired land use shall be established by concerned agencies. • The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present traffic and future demands, including the Brograia med development of mass transit programs for high growth areas[.] lav both the private and Rublac sectors. • The improvement of transportation service shall be encouraged. • Consider the provision of adgguate transportation systems to enhance the economic viability of a given area. • Deevelo a conn rrhensive islandwide multi -modal transportation plan than identifies the location and operation, of automobile, mass transit bicycle and pedestrian systems, in coordination -with-aggrogriate Federal and State amcies. • Worts with various icon -profit agencies to coordinate transportation opportunities. 307 Transportation ISTANDARD] STANDARDS Transportation systems shall meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation, State Department of Transportation and the County of Hawaii. Transj2ortation facilities and systems shall conform to the reguirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). • TranMortat on.kyste s shall conform with design guidelines established by the American Association of State Dfthway and Transportation Officials (AASWO) The following sections on [Highways and Streets] Roadways and Transportation Terminals are sub -elements of the overall transportation element. 308 Transportation [THOROUGHFARES & STREETS] ROADWAYS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The mobility of today's population is expected to increase. Population growth and increased car ownership will continue and will require additional measures for improving transportation[.] facilities. [Thoroughfares and streets] Roadways, as well as other elements of the transportation system, provide the connecting links between destination points. In planning vehicular transportation, the various systems take into consideration activities or land uses that will continue to generate traffic. New major highways are expected to create new and productive land uses in appropriate locations. [Thoroughfares and streets] Roadways must be planned with other transportation elements, as all contribute to the total movement of people and goods. The planning and design of [the thoroughfares and streets] roadways must also consider the area through which the corridor passes, the scenic vistas available, the potential for multiple uses of the right-of-way, and the impacts that may occur in the surrounding lands within the limits of feasibility and quality road design. Roadway systems in Hawaii County are generally financed through Federal, State, and County programs. Recent funding limitations are reducing the availability of such modes[, however, and thus]. Conucntl, additional sources will have to be sought to implement the needed improvements. The County of Hawaii has [1,294] L393 miles of public roads. This includes [319] 394 miles of State highways and [975] arxine� 879 miles of County roads. [Portions] Some of these [systems] roads do not meet present standards and require improvements. Of the [975 miles of County roads, 77 miles or g%] aDDroximately 879 miles of roads maintained by the County, 24 Hailes or 2.7 per cent are unpaved. There are also drainage and flooding problems along many highways and streets, as well as traffic congestion in some areas. There are apRroximatelv 360 mfles ofrim and secondM arterials within the Coup A that gMijde the BU—Mor intra4sland route between the major urban centers sof Hao Kailua-Kons and Waimea and the major commercial gjrports and harbors. Maar and minor collectors total vroximately 200 miles. Local streets com rise about hal of the total number of mffes of public roads. or approximatek 600 males. The Coupk-owned and maintained roads as detailed in the previous aaragra2h do not include the mapy miles of bomestead roads or a er" roads throughout the island. Under the terms of the I i wa -s Act of 1892 and. Cha tee° 264. Hawaii Revised Statutes all roads existing at the time of adoption of the Hi wa s Act were declared to be 309 Transportation public higla";ays In addition, public highways include all roads, alleys, streets, ways, .lanes, biliewa s and brialles laid out on paper or built b T the Territorial State or Cohn govern -menu ,duce IS92. A 1999 EWS Attorngl General opinion clarified that all public hi ways are County highways unless declared bv Chapter 264 to be under State jurisdiction.. The ian licatiore-s of this u on the County's abilill to effectively manage its roadwa , s sterna lave not'vet been clearly defined. What is clear is that additional resources are needed to fairly and & esluately address the added resgonsitft of maintaining what the Oeartmeut of Public Work. estimates to be an here from 500 to 800 miles of homestead roads:, m , of which are Un axed and have not keen maintained for many years.Assumin that the general public will not accept a IgMe reduction in maintenance and repair amities of the outer 1,11 0 wiles of County -owned roads, additional fuu;din is essential to Ustemafically ince to the maintenance of these homestead roads intio the Department of Public Works maaintenance program. The major highway [system of]sts� the island [is] are the Hawaii Belt Highway(.] and the li amalahon E Jowpy,®which com!l med, fink the malor° towns of aell districts excWt North I£ohala. This corridor has aspects of natural beauty [which] that have often been overlooked. To alleviate the problem of distance between east and west Hawaii, a [highway between these two areas is expected to be built.] project planned by the Federate State and Counly governments would 1m rove the commute along the narrow and windira Saddle Roast Lfflighwgj 2110 the only aved road servin the astronomical obsery.atories on Mauna Kea aril Mauna Loa and the Pohakuloa Training Area. This nroiect will Ungrade and modernize the Saddle road to Federal h, way deshm standards and asidres,- conflicts in its shared use by the general ubl c and the miliftEX, Once com Ieted the one-wa commute time between East and West Rawaii could be reduced by twenly to thij±g minutes. With the cooperation of various State and CoupIX a ,encies and citizen advisaar� comrnitt the Long r °e Land. Trams station Plan for the Island o Hawaii. was develo ed in: 1998 to identify the major -lanai trans ortaation improvement needs ts� sra ort the ro'ected rawth of the Conn to the YYear 2020. Various State and CounIl roadwa s stems loted thro out the Island. were identi ed :for irre rovement including the recons�tct n of Saddle Road _ .i hwa 2 and thewidening of Queen Kashu anu Ri hwa =i lama 19 to four ryes between Waikoloa Road and Kona International AA r rt at Keahole. In addition to the public road systems, there are numerous private roads. GOALS Provide a system of [thoroughfares and streets] roadways for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods [between and within the various sections of the County]. Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so that new major 310 Transportation routes will complement and encourage proposed land [uses.]olds. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the programmed improvement of existing [thoroughfares and streets] roadways by both public and private sectors. • [The County shall investigate] Investigate various methods of funding road improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing transportation needs of the island. • Encourage the State to establish a continuous State highway system connectingte County's major aiEports and harbors. • Support the development of 12rograms to idenYA and inflprove hazardous and substandard sections of roadway and drainage problems. • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate with appropriate Federal and State agencies for the funding of transportation projects for areas of anticipated growth. • Consider the development of alternative means of transportation, such as mass transit. brcycle andyedestrian systems, as a means to increase arterial ca aci . • There shall be coordinated planning of Federal, States and County street systems to meet program goals of the other elements such as historic, recreational, environmental quality, and land use. • Provisions for on -street parking shall be incorporated into the design of street systems. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the State Department of Transportation to establish special scenic routes within and between communities. • Transportation and drainage systems shall be integrated where feasible. • [The County shall support] Su rt the development of an efficient transit route between east and west Hawaii. [• The design of urban streets shall consider their implications for urban design and potential multiple uses of the right-of-way within the limits of feasibility and quality road design.] • Adopt street desi standards that accommodate, where apparogriate, flexibility in the design of streets to vreserve the rural character of an area 311 Transportation and encourage a pedestrian -friend! X desigg, including landscaping and ]anted medians. • Develop minimum street standards for homestead and other currently substandard roadways that are offered for dedication to the County to ensure minimal levels of public safety. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of [pedestrian and bicycle facilities] walkways, joggLn& and bicycle paths within designated areas of the community. • Eznlore means and ouportannities to enhance the shared use of the island's roadways lav pedestrians and. bjgy! tsts, in coordination with aQnro2riate overnnnent aXe ncies and organizations. • The Bikewav Elan for the County of Hawaii (1979) shall be undated to include the dcvelo anent of a safe and usable bikeway system throughout the island. • [The County shall work] Work in conjunction with the State [or] to establish a clear agreement of the ownership and maintenance of the old homestead roads [which were laid out several decades ago]. [• All specific courses of actions shall be re-evaluated in conjunction with community development planning or other county land planning activities.] [The County shall develop] Develop short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for transportation [which] that are consistent with the [County] General Plan. STANDARDS • Primary [Route Arterial; Includes major highways, parkways= and primary arterials [which] that move vehicles in large volumes and at higher speeds from one geographic area to another; highest traffic volume corridor. Desi ned as a limited access roadway. Primary arterials shalt have a minimum n ht -of of 120 feet. Secondary Arterial: A street of considerable continuity [which] that is primarily a traffic artery [for intercommunication] between or through large areas; interconnect with and augment primary system. Designed as a. limited access roadway. Secondary arterials shall have a minimum right -of way of 80 feet. Major Collector [Street]: Any street supplementary to the arterial street system [which] that is a means of transit between this system and smaller areas; used to 312 Transportation some extent for through traffic and [to some extent for] to access [to] abutting properties; collect and distribute traffic between neighborhood and arterial system. Major collectors shall have a minimum right -of way of 64 feet. Local Streets-commercial/industrial: Local streets within commercial and industrial areas shall have a minimum right-of-way of 60 feet. • Minor Collector and Local. [Minor] Streets: Minor collectors are used at times as through -streets and for access to abutting properties. The principal purpose of a local street is to provide access to property abutting the public right- of-way [; lowest level of mobility]. These standards shall gg& to new construction. The Couniv shalf determine standards for the dedication and upgrade of existing roads. 313 Transportation DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district with reference to [highways and streets.] roadways. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile Primary routes within the Puna district are the Volcano Road ([Hawaii] Highway 11), which provides access to Hilo and serves the upper Puna region; the Puna Road ([Hawaii] flits 130), serving lower Pure from Keaau to Kalapana-Kaimu; the Kapoho Road ([Hawaii] i hwa . 132), from. Pahoa to Kapoho; and the Puna Coast Road ([Hawaii] Mgh&ay 137), linking Kapoho and Kalapana-Kaignu. The latter road. is basically a [one -lane] narrow,gaved cinder road [while the rest are a]1 -weather, surfaced roads]. Recent upgrades have U im roved lFI° hway 130 from caau to al ana and 11' wa - 11 from Hilo t€r Volcano. However [TI tie rna1€�rity of e roads throughout the district are inadequate by present standards [with the exception of the Volcano Road between Hilo and Keaau ,,vhich is the only 4 -lane divided highway on the island]. As the only two BriMaKy routes suing the diftricL Highwav 130 and HiglMal 11 are coB ested during the. work week for U11,9 -bound tram as the o l tion in the dict n to ow. The recegt co_ feted caa -nPass Him � re-direcU I:I o- and fthoa-hound traffic around the town of Kegag, avoiding the congested intersection of volcano Hrghwaf-Kean-Pahoa: Road. l+,siany sections of the roads in this district have drainage systems that do not meet present standards or have sharp curves and grades without adequate [sighting] sight distance. In several communities, buildings directly abut or encroach [on to] onto rights-of-way. Most private roads in large subdivisions are cinder -surfaced and deficient in layout and construction., [Limited] During the devcloRmeut of these 1I e, substandard subdi Bions in the 1950s and 196 s, limited attention [has been] was given to proper roadw base construction and drainage. There is also a network of private old plantation roads throughout the area. Courses of Action [• Primary arterial rights-of-way providing access to the district should be increased as necessary where they pass through relatively undeveloped lands. • The present Puna Coast Road, eventually to connect Nvith the Chain of Craters Road, should be developed as a scenic parkway along the coast. Aligrunent should basically follow the existing road from the Kalapana end of the Chain of Craters Road to the proposed extension of the Saddle Road in the vicinity of the Hilo Airport. 314 Transportation A new road alignment to connect the junction of the Kapoho-Pohoiki Roads with the Pohoiki area should be constructed. This alignment will eliminate a series of curves in the present road.] Ex lore the possibilily of developing a mid-level roadway to be located makai Railroad Avenue in South Hilo. Consider the establishment of a bikewa along the same eluent. • Consider, in conjunction with community associations and the property owners, the use of a variety of mechanisms to provide infrastructure in [the] non- conforming subdivisions[.], bgdnning with the major roads providing access into the more dens er,=12oRulated subdivisions. • [Major collector roads should run from: Opihikao to the Puna Road. Volcano Road to the coast parkway along the Puna -South Hilo boundary. Volcano Road to the Saddle Road above Hilo along the existing Kulani Road. Upper portion of the National Park to a point approximately 2 miles west of Kalapana.] SOUTH HILO Profile The Hawaii Belt Highway (Hiway 19) is the primary traffic artery serving the district outside of [the city of] Hilo. Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway serve scattered residential areas such as Pepeekeo and Honomu. Several narrow roadways cross -connecting the Hawaii Belt Highway and the old Mamalahoa Highway serve upper homestead areas. There is also an intricate system of private,,former plantation roads. [The city of] Hilo is a terminal point for the island -circling Hawaii Belt Highway. Augmenting [this primary highway system] the Hawaii Belt H:ighwa is the trans -island Saddle Road. The Saddle Road route within the city follows major thoroughfares [which] that are congested, narrow, and/or winding. Planning and design is currently e��aderw& to ium�rove and ariial r reafigH ffighwpl 200 LSaddle. Road),between Kaumana in East Hawaii and its connection to the Queen, aah-aanu Highwgy Highway'rest south of aikoloa in West Hawaii. The extension of I uairaako Street in Hilo to connect with Hi&w 2OQ is currenft in its 315 Transportation planning stages and will ultimately j2rovide the final link in a much improved and safer trans -island connector between East and West Hawaii. Hilo's internal circulation system provides arterial and collector streets to handle traffic moving from one part of the city to another. However, except for Komohana Street below the mauka residential sections, the majority of the traffic flow in [the city of] Hilo is forced through the downtown area because of the lack of arterial connections. High traffic volume is also generated around the Hilo High and Hilo Intermediate School complexes during peak traffic hours. Kawaflani :and Puainako Streets also experience high traffk volumes during peak traffic hour as stridents arrive at the various Rublie schools located n2grby. The Keaukaha area is served by a single main road, Kalanianaole Avenue that is vulnerable to the threat of tsunamb� in this Low -!yin ares A 22lgon. of this road has been recen& widened and improved. However, the unjM rovedrt$on remains [road that is totally] inadequate [for the proposed high density] to accommodate the existing uses in the area. The majority of the roads throughout the district do not meet present standards. Many sections of the roads have sharp curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] s' t distance. There are many streets with a maximurn 40 -foot right-of-way [which] that is below present standard, and many more that do not have designed pedestrian areas, or that drain poorly and lack curbs, gutters or swales. In many instances, there is no major surface drainage system to handle the increased runoff brought about as new lands are opened for construction development. Courses of Action • Portions of the old Mamalahoa Highway, especially those serving Pepeekeo and Honomu, should be [widened] jMroved to provide a secondary north -south route along the Hamakua coast. • Major east -west collector roads between the old Mamalahoa Highway and the Belt Highway and those serving upper homestead areas should be widened and improved [to all-weather standards]. [• A marginal street or other means of handling ingress and egress, should be developed on the west side of Kanoelehua Avenue between Lanikaula and Piilani Streets to provide access to abutting properties.] A realignment of [the] l a hwa1 200 JSaddle Roadl from the Forest Reserve boundary on the south side of Kaumana Drive and along the north side of Puainako Street, intersecting the present Puainako alignment at Kinoolc Street and continuing to the intersection of Kanoelehua Avenue should be constructed. Limited access control is recommended with intersections at the major cross arterials serving the various areas of the city. [Approximately 3-1/2 miles west of the Kanoelehua intersection on the Saddle Road, a secondary arterial acts as a continuation of Ponahawai Street.] 316 Transportation • Construct the proposed improvements and extension of Highway 200 (Saddle Road) from Ka mann give to the ween Kaahumanu Highway South Koala. • Widen and provide curb, gutter and sidewalk hngrovemewts along Kilauea Avenue from Haihai Street to Ponahawai Street. • 'Widen and provide curb, Witter and sidewalk improvements along Kinoole Street from Haihai Street to Olona Street. • [A circumferential route should be constructed from the intersection of Stainback Highway and Volcano Load, through the Panaewa agricultural area, toward the airport industrial area, turning into the Kawili Street extension of the Kanoelehua Industrial Park, aligning with Iwalani Street and terminating at the Stainback Highway above the Volcano Road.] • [A Saddle Road extension] An extension of Puainako Street east of Kanoelehua should be the main route from the airport terminal for direct access to the business district. • Widen and imRrove Kekuanaoa Street from Kanoelehua Avenue to Kgjuea Avenue. • Plan for the eventual closure of ties Bavfront High May and the relocation of the existing I i hw ay 19-Pauahi Street intersection to an area in. the vicinily of Ponahawai Street, in coordination with, the State. • Ainako Street should extend across Kaumana Drive to meet the Mohouli extension to provide one of the major mauka cross -city connections. • [Widen Akolea Road to provide the uppermost cross -city connection from Piihonua to Kaumana and the upper reaches of Ainaola Drive.] Improve Akolea Load bet n,een_ Piihonua and Kaumana Drive and construct its extension to the upper reaches of Ainaola give 10 provide a cross -city connection between URRer W ailuku and Waiakea- ka. Improve Waianuenue Avenue and Kaumana Drive along their entire alignments, including the Muisitign of additional rights -of way as weeded. [• Kawailani Street should be extended from its upper terminal point across the realigned Saddle Road to Kaumana, thus providing an additional cross-town route.] 317 Transportation NORTH HILO Profile The primary traffic circulation system through the district is the Hawaii Belt Highway (Highway 19). A secondary system [which is] also parallel to the shoreline is the existing Mamalahoa Highway, [which was] the major link between Hilo and Honokaa before the Hawaii Belt Highway to Honokaa was completed in 1960. [The major highway through this district] The only means of access to the many sanall toavns within this district is via the Hawaii Belt Hi hwpj, which has many sharp curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] I' let distance. Several [of the] bridges along this highway are narrow. Landslides also occur along certain portions of this [system] roadway during heavy rainfall. In addition to the roads paralleling the seacoast, many mauka-makai roads connect the lowlands to the upper homestead and agricultural belt. [These] Many of these roads are maintained by the County for the sugar companies] but were also maintained lay the now - defunct su a.r companies. Continued maintenance of these forneer plantation roadways is a concern that the County and. the ;affected residents along these roadways merit strive to resolve. Courses of Action • [Improve mauka-makai maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement of the non -county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private subdivision.] Restore and maintain existing homestead roads. • [Improve certain portions, specifically the 3 gulches, of the Hawaii Belt Highway.] Encourage the State Department of 'Transportation to improve those portions of the Hawaii Belt Highway at Maulua, Laupahoehoe and Kaawalii Gulches. • [Realignment of] Encourage the State, Department of Transportation to realhM that portion of the Hawaii Belt Highway at Kapehu Camp. • Encourage the State to install additional passim lanes at various sections along Highway 19. 318 Transportation HA L4,KUA Profile The Hawaii Belt Highway is the primary traffic artery connecting Hamakua to the Hilo and Kohala districts. Realignment and widening of the secondary road through Honokaa and its continuation to Waipio Valley is [completed.] co. The pattern of circulation in Honokaa is overly dependent upon Mamane Street[.] the on roadwa providing access through the town. There is a lack of parallel loop circulation routes and most of the local traffic is on Mamane Street or sub -streets [which] that branch off [of] the main street. However, because of the sloping togWaphy and the water courses dividing Horaokaa into separate areas, It is difficult to develoR loop circulation systems without constructing a number of bridges. [Mamane Street, the main street in Honokaa, is the only one that carries traffic across the town. This one street system results in undue congestion and delay in times of emergency. However, because of the sloping topography and the water courses dividing Honokaa into separate areas, it is difficult to develop loop circulation systems without constructing a number of bridges.] In addition to the roads mentioned, there are several homestead roads mauka of the Hawaii Belt Highway serving the Paauilo, Pohakea, Kaapahu, Kalopa, Kaao, and Ahualoa Homestead lands. These roads, however, are narrow [, unpaved or are] arced in poor [riding] condition. There is also a network of private former plantation roads. Courses of Action • Encourage the State to install additional Rassing lanes along wa 19 at al►Pro riate locations. • Provide for an industrial traffic connection leading from the former sugar mill to [the new highway alignment,] Ha hwav 19, separating this traffic from local traffic movement on Mamane Street. • [Construct] Encoura a the State to construct a scenic highway from the Waipio Valley lookout extending mauka to connect to [Mudlane Highway] Mu:d. Lane at the entrance of Waimea. • Improve County maintained roads and encourage the improvement of non -county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private [subdivider.] landowner. • [Close of Pakalana Street through Honokaa School.] Consider alternatives in the management of Pakalana Streets such as its conveyance to the State Department of Education or its conversion to a one-way traffic -pattern 319 Transportation • Provide a cross-town connection to Plumeria Street by extending Kamani Street. • Provide a mauka-makai connection from the Kamani Street extension to Mamane Street on the Hilo side of the elderly housing. • Eliminate the Milo Street extension on the Waipio side of Pakalana[.] Street. NORTH KHHALA Profile There are two roads leading into North Kohala, the Kohala Mountain Road and the Akoni Pule Highway. The mountain route to Kohala has sharp vertical and horizontal curves and grades with relatively short [sighting] light distance. The urban areas of this district are scattered along the main road between Hawi and Niulii, a distance of nearly [7] seven miles. There is also an intricate system of former plantation roads. Courses of Action • [Improve mountain route to Kohala.] Encourage the improvement of the Kohala. fountain Road. • [Improve road from] Encourage the improvement of that portion of the Akoni Pule Mghw&y between the towns of Hawi to Niulii. • Improve mauka-makai county maintained homestead roads and encourage improvement of the non -county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private [subdivision.] subdivisions, SOUTH KOHALA Profile The primary highway [which] that runs through the town of Waimea is the Mamalahoa Highway. [Sections] Recent imarovecnts to this section of the hiahwaI have siificantly improved the traffic flow through Waimea town. However, the narrow and winding sections of Matnalahoa Highway from Waimea to Kona [have sharp curves and grades with relatively short sighting distance.] still regui, - e improvements. [A 12 -mile highway along the shore between Kawaihae and Mahukona was completed and provides another access to Nord Kohala. There are also a number of minor streets within the district.] The Akoni Pule Highway extends from Kawaihae in South ]Kohala to the towns of Hawi, Kapaau and Niulii: in North Kohala. 320 Transportation [Studies for a Waimea by-pass road and new highway from Waimea to Kawaihae have been completed.] Studies are on-going for the coNlruction of a new bypass highway ound the town of Waianca amen ass and a new road from Waimea to Kawaihae (Kawaihae Road ReafigLmment]. Construction of these transportation segments will be needed to accommodate the anticipated expansions of resort areas along the coast, commuter traffic from Hamakua and Waimea and the transportation of goods to and from the Kawaihae Harbor. Preliminary des' s for the real' meat of the Saddle Road indicate that its proppsed connection with the Mamalahoa Hi hwaHi hwa 1 0 will be looted a roximatei _ 8 Hailes south of its current intersection or 3 miles to the south of the Maaaia.laiaoa Hi w a -W a koloa. Road intersection. From this intersection the Saddle Road will continue makai along.the Southohala-Nl orth Kona District boundary.to its ultimate connection with the Qjeen Kaahumanu Higjiwgy. Courses of Action • Improve [mauka-makai county maintained] existin homestead roads [and encourage improvement of the non -county owned roads by the State of Hawaii or private subdivision]. • [Implement] Encourn c the construction of a Waimea by-pass road from [Mudlane Highway] Mud Lanae to Mamalahoa Highway on the Kona side of Waimea. • Encourage the construction of connector roads from the Waimea &Vass Road to the Mamalahoa Highway. • [Implement] Encourage the construction of a new Waimea to Kawaihae road from Mamalahoa Highway to the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. • Encourage the [expansion] widenints of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need arises. • Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths. • To relieve traffic con cstion through Waimea town implement construction of al Parker Ranch's connector road from Kamamalu Street to Mamalahoa Highwav4 and i21 the Counft'5 extend ion of this road, between Mamalahoa Highway and Kawaihae Road in the vicinLq of the Waimea solid waste transfer station. • Construct, at a minimum, one other.Raved two-lane access road out of the Ke Kumu Housing area onto Paniolo Drive. 321 Transportation • Extend Paniolo Drive in Waikoloa north to intersect with the Kawaihae Road and the 1IMosed Waimea-Kawaihae Road. • Provide traffic steals at the Waikoloa Road-Paniolo Drive intersection. NORTH KONA Profile The major traffic arteries serving the North Kona [districts] district are the Hawaii Belt Highway connecting Kona with South Kohala and Ka'u, the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, the Kuakini Highway connecting Kailua with the mauka Keauhou area, and Alii Drive serving the shoreline areas between Kailua and Keauhou. The latter of these systems is the only access to areas along the shoreline between Kailua and Keauhou. [Access to the Kailua Bay area from the Belt Highway is via Palani Road.] Mauka-makai access between the Marnalahoa Highway and the Queen Kaahu anu H` war is Rrovided b , Kaiminani Drive Hina Irani Drive and Palani Road. [The Kealakckua Bay, Honaunau Bay, Hookena Bay and Nlilolii areas are accessible via roads from the Belt Highway. Drainage and flooding problems occur in certain portions of some of these roadways.] The Keahole to Kama Develo ment Plan was ado ted b the Hawaii Coun Council 1991. This develo anentIan encompasses an area from the Kau ahu uaa near Kona International Airnori at Keahole to the Keahuolu ahuguaa ira Kailua-Kona4 with tine Mamalahoa ffighwgy as. the mauka. bo ndary of the stgdy area. The overall goal of th lan was to deveI a mixed residential, commercial industrial resort and recreational soman €naty to meet the mowing needs of the Kona redon.. In 1997, the Pla no Departmeant.developed the Keaho a to _Kailua Development Plan -Revised Roadway Pian connectors between the Queen: Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Hi&hways. Curren tiy in its desigM stageQ the RroRosed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerlj known as the Alii Highway) will gLoyide another north. -south arterial between its northern connection. to the Queen Kaahum nu fflghwgy at Kahului ahu uaa and its southern terminus at the Alii Drive-.amehameha, HI Road intersection in Keauhou. There is also a network of private subdivision roads with steep grades and limited [sighting] §ight distance. 322 Transportation Courses of Action • Develop a roadway network circulation glan in cooperation with the State Del2artment of `L'rans ortation anal affected communities. Upon ado tion of the Rian, the Rian recommendations shall be inco orated on the zone district MARS. • Encourage the State to widen Queen Kaahumanu Hjgj wawnecessary to accommodate increases in tra c flows, in particular between Kona International AiM2rt at Keahole and Kailua-Dona. • Widen Man! Road between the plonosed Keanalehu aena Drive and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway or construct the proposed Mani bypass Hi ova . • Encourage the State to extend Kealakehe Parkway mauka to connect with the Mamalaboa Highway. • Construct the foll1wing n!!rth-south collector roadways from Palan:i Drive and extending north to the ro osed Universi Drive: 1 Ane Keohokaloic flighwal JMjd4evcI :oa4; 2 Kean_au Oyacna Drive); and. 3 Kealakaa Street. • Construct the gro oossed University Drive between the Maxnalahoa and (ween Kaahumanu Iii hwa s. • Widen Hina L.ani Drive to four lanes between the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to thevropIsed Ane Keohokalok highway. • Construct the nrnnosa;€l Shore Drive from the Old Dona Airport Park to the Kealakehe Drive intersection. [• Convert Kuakini Highway to limited access status.] • Construct the Kahului-.Keauhou Parkway JAlii Highwayl from [Kuakini] Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Keauhou. [• Construct a new scenic road over the Hualalai Saddle.] • Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo. • Provide vertical connectors from Alii Drive to Kuakini Highway. 323 Transportation [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.] Improve that portion of the Manalahoa Highway extending, from the North Krona to the Ka'u Districts. Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or jogging paths. [• Encourage the expansion of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway as the need arises. • Construct additional east -west connectors between the Hawaii Belt Highway and Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. • Construct a mid -elevation lateral connection between Palani Road and Ka'iminani Drive.] • Develop a roadway circulation plan for the area between Palani Road and Ka ehaneha 1.11. Road, i co2peration with the State Department of Transportation, federal Highway Administrations, and the affected communities. • Extend Lako Street to connect to Alii Drive. • Work with the State and the adjacent landowners in establishing the old railroad right-of-way as a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-way. SOUTH KONA Profile The l amalahoa Highwa is the on arterial roadwa currentl serving all of the South. Kona District. ManlT portion-, of this roadway are narrow and wiandinn& Lands mauka and makni of this roadwa are served by Rrivate and Coun -owned collector roadways, man3: igoor condition. Plans are underway for the construction of the new 1Hamalahoa RighwgI ]jypass Road in Captain Coop. South Kona, a distance of aDiDroximately five Hailes. Upon its completion, the combined Alii Higher=ay an d Ma alahoa . ' ..wayyaaass Road will provide a now north -south ali meat from Kailun-Kona to Kealakekua relieviri traffic congestion along the existin€ iamaiahoa Highway between the communities of Honalo and Captain Cook. The bvpass read. is being constructed by the developers of the vroposed 730 -unit Hokulila,aglicultural subdivision as a re uirernent of the roiect's a royal b the Hawaii County Council. 324 Transportation Courses of Action • Construct a scenic [drive] road from Keauhou above the Kealakekua cliffs to Napoopoo. • [Improve present Kona-Ka'u Road.] • Develop a rpadwvav network circulation plan for South Dona in cooperation with the State Department of TrapMrtation and affected communities. Upon adoption of the plan. by the County=, the recommendations shall he incorporated on the zone district maps. • Construct the Mamalahoa MMass Hi waf between Keauhou and Captain Cook as a Scenic Corridor, with limited access. • Improve that portion of the Mamalahoa Ilighway extending from the North Dona to the a'u Districts. • Support the installation of suitable bikeways and/or iogadng paths. • Establish a. Heritage Corridor on Old Mamalahoa Highwgy Highwaybetween Ilualalai and Honaunau.. • 1mgrove substandard, rural roads. Profile The primary highway [leading] through the Ka'u district is the Mamalahoa Highway. Certain portions of this highway system are narrow with sharp vertical and horizontal curves and relatively short [sighting] LA t distance. Flooding also occurs in certain areas. This district also has an intricate system of former plantation and older subdivision roads. The majority of the private roads in the large subdivisions are cinder -surfaced and/or oil -treated and lack adequate maintenance. Courses of Action [Improve hazardous sections of the major highway,] Continue to improve Mamalahoa Highw@y Highwayrealigning where necessary. • Install culverts and construct drainage channels and other related improvements. 325 Transportation [Improve] Encourage the improvement of substandard subdivision roads. EIRlore alternatives and means to establish an evacuation route through Hawaiian Ocean View Estates Subdivision to Highwly Highway113 in coopgr. ation with the residents of Ocean View. 326 Transportation TRANSPORTATION TERMINALS: AIRPORTS & HARBORS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The principal concerns of planning for transportation terminals are location, provision of adequate transportation connections to terminals, financing and programming of improvements and services through Capital Improvement Projects, and the planning and zoning of adjacent land uses. Although the State Department of Transportation is responsible for the actual design, construction and operation of terminals and supporting facilities, the General Plan addresses the location of these facilities in [relationship] relation to the pattern of overall land uses. Major transportation terminals in the County of Hawaii consist of harbors and airports. There are two deep [water] draft harbors on the island, one at Hilo and another at Kawaihae. While improvements continue to be made, both harbor terminals lack adequate docking and support facilities. Water pollution is a continuing problem in the vicinity of the harbors. It is anticipated that the use of both deep [water] draft harbors will expand substantially. [As population grows, resort areas develop in West Hawaii and cargo is re-routed from Hilo, Kawaihae Harbor is especially expected to experience a dramatic increase in its use.] Car o volume at Kawaihae Harbor has increased signifieaaatly as the population and development in West Hawaii continues to ow. The Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 Master flan was developed by the Stats in I998 to amide the develosanent, maintenance and enhancement of the island's harbor n§tems to ensure its efficient safe, accessible and economical o rations. Facilities for small boats, such as launching ramps, have been developed in various parts of the County. Those [which] Lhat provide refuge are discussed to a limited extent in this element. For the most part, they are addressed in the Recreation element. Air terminals [which] ihaat service inter -island transportation are located at Hilo, Waimea, Upolus and [Ke-ahole.] Kona. The terminals at Hilo and [Ke-ahole] Kona are overseas facilities. [While Hilo's Airport is expected to continue to service overseas transportation, overseas] Oversea flights at the Kona International A' ort at Keaahole [Ke-ahole are likely] will continue to increase with the growth of resort areas in Kona and Kohala. Overseas flights through [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Ai ort have been important to agriculture in East Hawaii. jThe] However, the facility is currently underutilized[.] by ®verseas passenger carriers. The statewide need for a second gateway, especially for cargo, still exists. The proximity of Hilo's airport and harbor offer a number of opportunities for centralized distribution. Plans are current underway to construct.a new camo facALq at Milo International Akport to centralize car o o rations at.a location closer to terminal facilities. The airstrip at Upolu Point in North Kohala is used as a general aviation field. The Waimea-Kohala airport is underutilized, but its use may increase with resort development in 327 Transportation South Kohala. Except for small private landing strips [which were] developed to serve the former sugar plantations, there are no airfields in Puna, Ka'u or South Kona. There may be an increase in demand for airstrips and helipads stemming from the growth of the visitor industry. The State, in coordination, with the Cou ty and the affected communities, has been developing master Blans for each of the four airport facilities to assess current and future demand as well as §Recific recommended improvements. As population becomes more mobile and as resident and visitor populations increase, there will be a greater demand for new and expanded transportation facilities. The following goal, policies, and standard are set forth to guide the orderly development of the County's transportation terminals and related facilities. GOAT, Provide transportation terminals and related facilities for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods. POLICIES • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the programmed improvement of existing terminals, including adequate provisions for control of pollution[.] and gggropriatc and adequate covered storage facilities for ggricultoral products. • The State Department of Transportation should continue to implement its [framework of]lames for transportation terminals and related facilities [which will] to promote and influence desired land use[.] poNcies. • Transportation terminals should be developed in conjunction with the different elements of the overall transportation system. • [The County shall encourage] Encs maximum use of the island's airport and harbor facilities. • Encoura c the develo ment maintenance and enhancement of Hilo and Kawaihae Harbors as detailed within the State's Hawaii Commercial Harbors 2020 tester Plan, • Sup22rt the State's objectives to acquire rights within the runway clear - zones, limit heights within approach zones,. and restrict noise -sensitive uses within desiatcd noise contours determined by the State. 328 Transportation [STANDARD] STANDARDS Requirements of the State Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration standards for aiEport design, runway clear zones, and noise compatibilit. . State IIe artment of Land and Natural Resources Standards for small boat harbors and boat launches. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district with reference to transportation terminals. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile There are several small private aircraft landing strips [which were] developed by the former sugar industry for use by "crop -dusting" single engine aircraft. [Although there are no developed harbor sites in the district, Kumakahi is being evaluated as a small boat harbor site by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A boat launching ramp at Pohoiki is heavily used by fishermen. It, however, lacks adequate on -shore improvements, such as parking.] The Counly has purchased twee -two acres of lanai on the mauka side of Isaac Hale Beach Park for the construction of additional car and boat parking areas laounds ionic and bath _y facilities to sag lament the heavil used boat launching facilities at PohoiLd. [Course] Courses of Action Provide [for] general aviation and small boat harbor facilities as the need arises. Provide another small boat launching facility at Kapoho. 329 "Transportation SOUTH HILO Profile [The island's major harbor and airport are located in Hilo.] Hila Harbor is one of two iva'or, deep draft harbor facilities on the island. The present harbor has a 35 -foot dee R draft and three commercial piers. There is limited loading or back-up space. There also is limited land area for the expansion of harbor -oriented industrial uses. The number of cruise shite Rassenggrs visiting I<Iilo has increased dramatically, during the 1990's and there is- a need to and the need to accommodate increased cargo and pnsenger volumes. In addition to Meciftigg recommended caro yard acre es berthing, r uirements and roadway ftnRrovements,the plan also recommeind& the construction of a passenor terminal facifi at Pier 5 to accommodate the growth of cruise shift awls. Within Hilo Harbor, Radio Bay has limited facilities for small boats. The State Department of Transportation also maintains small boat facilities at the mouth of the Wailoa River. [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Aa ort serves inter -island and occasional overseas air traffic. [Major improvements, including a new airport terminal and runway development, have been made over the past decade.] The airport facilities are currently underutilized. The close proximity of Hilo's airport and harbor may potentially be [exploited] utilized to the County's advantage. Both transportation facilities are surrounded by or near [to] State-owned lands [which] that could be used for support services and facilities. Hilo is [second] fourth to Honolulu, Barbers Point and Kahului in the amount of cargo [, especially agricultural products, which is] handled through both its airport and harbor. There may be an opportunity for the development of a centralized cargo distribution center within Hilo that could eventually alleviate congested conditions on Oahu. Such a distribution center could eventually serve other neighbor islands by distributing and marshalling cargo both from and to the mainland. [An authority could be established to coordinate and oversee such a project.] Hilo International AiMort Inas a runway length of 9,800 feet, capable of accommoduggg aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. However, the current runway len h time that a major cargo facilely is constructed at the Halo International AiEpgM extension of the cxistig runway will not be needed. Courses of Action • Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health should enforce and strengthen present pollution regulations. 330 Transportation • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve facilities at Hilo Harbor to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise ship passenger arrivals. • Future land uses in the vicinity of the [General Lyman Field] Hilo International Airport should have an adequate open space buffer and/or be compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity. • [The County shall pursue the implementation of an Air Cargo Distribution] Encourage the construction of an Agricultural Processing and Packin Center at the old Hilo Airport, the planning of which shall be coordinated with future development plans for Hilo Harbor. • Encourage the construction of a centralized air caro distribution complex at the Hilo International AiEgort. • Encourage development of a small boat harbor for the area. NORTH HILO AND HAMAKUA Profile There are no air or harbor terminals in these districts. The only small boat ramp on the Hamakua Coast is located within the Laupahoehoe Point Beach Park. Although the boat rami was improve throujgha ioiut cI'fort of the County of Hawaii and the U. S. Array Cotes of Engineers, itis [It is, however,] inadequately protected [and because of damage is closed to users.] from damage due to storm snares. Without further improvements, the ramp will continue to be hazardous for users of the facility. Course of Action [Improve] Continue to improve the small boat ramp at Laupahoehoe, [construct] extend the offshore protective [structures,] structure, and provide for adequate parking. NORTH KOHALA Profile Upolu airfield is the only air transportation facility in the district. It is used on a limited basis. [The State Department of Transportation has made limited improvements to it.] The State.12rcored the U 11n M : rt Master Plan in 1999 to forecast aviation demand at the facility to the Year 2020 and to evaluate the need for additional facility improvements. 331 Transportation Based on forecast demand, no extension of the existing runway or elgaansion of terminal facilities will be reg iced during the stLdy period. However, it recommends the aeguisition of lands ad`acent to the a' ort for future runway and terminal ex ansion. Thewiden' of the ajMerfs existing 1.8 mile aecess road to a two-lane paved road is also recommended. [Course] Courses of Action Retain Upolu airfield for general aviation use. The State should corftue to provide im rovements to runway and terminal facilities at 1 polu -Ai ort including the i proyernent of the ai ort's access road from the Akonj Pule Highway. SOUTH KOHALA Proirle There is a deep [water] draft port and small boat harbor at Kawaihae, both of which are being further [developed.] improved. Kawaihae Harbor has two commercial Biers with a roxirrratc% 14 acres of cargo handling and storage areas with room for exan,d n as needed. Although a new perimeter bre water was constructed at the southern orad of the harbor bar the AMS Cotes of Eg&eer s there [There] is insufficient parallel docking space at the present facility. The State Department of Transportation has plans to increase small boat capacity [by developing a small beat harbor outside the coral stockpile area where a portion of a breakwater has been constructed.] when Lu_nding can be gppropriaated. The Hawaii terminal at Pier 4. [An inter -island air terminal which services the residents of North and South Kohala and Hamakua on a limited basis is located in Waimea. This airport is too small for the landing of larger inter -island aircraft without load restrictions. Use of this air terminal may increase with the growth of the South Kohala resort area.] Opened for air service in 1953, the Waimea- prepared the Waimea-Kohaia Ai ort Master Plan in 1999 that forecasted aviation demand acid facie needs to the Year 2020. White use of the facility by current users is exggct,ed to increase darrrrr: the -stud Rgnod commercial interisland and overseas fl:izhts will remain. at the international ai orfs In Hyo andKona-0 In general the master PlaR recommends various im reavernents and MUMades to the runw#X and terminal facilities to improve oDerating efficiencies and increase aircraft load capacity. 332 Transportation Courses of Action • The State Department of Transportation should continue [the use of] tome improvements to terminal and runw#X facilities at the Waimea-Kohala airport [as an inter -island facility serving Noah and South Kohala and Hamakua and should improve existing facilities to handle inter -island aircraft at maximum load capacity]. • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve harbor facilities at Kawaihae to meet increased shipping activities[.] and cruise shit passenger arrivals. • [Support the State Department of Transportation's] Continue to supp2rt the Dggartment of Nand and Natural. Resources in its plans to develop a small boat harbor at Kawaihae. K®NA Profile The [Ke-ahole Airport,] Kona International Airasort at Keahole4 which began operations in July 1970, was built in the midst of a barren lava field. The inter -island terminal has a Polynesian motif [and] that received a design award for excellence in 1985. Direct flights from the mainland to [Ke-ahole] Keahole began in 1985 [j; flaphts from, .Tamen began in 19969 and the number of inter -island flights have increased. Iona International Airport aat Keahole [Ke -chole Airport] is [the principal entry point] one of two Princival entry paints for [the County's] visitors[.] to the -B-m Island. [Presently, expansion of the airport facilities is being master planned. Industrial space is needed for airport support uses such as fuel storage facilities. These facilities are presently located at Kawaihae.] In 1994, the ailMort runway was; extended from 5,500 to 11,000 feet in len h to accommodate aircraft as large as the Boeing, 747. The State develo224. its K hole< -Kona International Airport Master Playa in 1987 to provide a e for the location desio and construction of future faciai rov -mems at the ai ort A. Master Plana Update SgLdj gKoared in 1997 supplemented the ori al assen cr a iva h, aircraft_ o rations and ca 2/mail activities. Annual Rass2p er volume is antici ated to increase,hj.51,glr cent to approxim@Lell 3.5 minion in 2015. The master include an ex anded air caMo faeffi ; and new overseas terminal�i t l�itchen stat facility and jMneral aviation facilities. 333 Transportation Aside from the small boat harbors at Kailua, Keauhou, and Honokohau., there are no shipping terminals in the district. Improvements to Honokohau small boat harbor have been made incrementally. Cruise ships visiting Kailua-Deana currently anchor about one-third mile offshore of Knitua Bay and shuttle their RaLsenggrs to Kailua-Iona Wharf, A visitor 2000 State L&gjglature with con#mcfion anticiiDated to be coin feted before the end of 2003. Courses of Action • Future land uses in the vicinity of the [Ke-ahole Airport] .Dona International Airport at Keahole should be [of a compatible nature and/or be] compatible with the anticipated aircraft noise exposure levels for that vicinity. [• Industrial acreage should be provided at Ke-ahole for support use.] • The State Department of Transportation should continue to improve and expand [Ke-ahole Airport and terminal facilities to meet anticipated increases in air transport needs.] Kona International Aj ort at Keahole in accordance with. Plan Ursdate Studv (193'7). Encouge the State to renovate the Kailua-Kossa Wharf or to seek alternative facilities to accommodate the cruise ship industry. 1"Ity1J Profile There are presently no terminal facilities in Ka'u. [Because of impending growth, however,] However, there will be need for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities[.] should W!LR h within the district demand such facilities. Course of Action Provide for general aviation and small boat harbor facilities and launching activities as the need arises. 334 Transportation MASS TRANSIT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The County is committed to. Igroviding its residents with a public transportation nstem that is affordable, efficient, accessibIg, safe, environmentally friendly, and<reliable. Mass transit ffstems provide raidents with an alternative means of transplgation to eingloMent services and acthifies. It also pKop ptes,and enhances, Redestrian activities, reduces c2nestion, improves air gualill, and increases economic development opportunities. The Cougly's Mass Transit A X,engy was created to provide mass transit service on this istand. The County currentby 20rates the Hele-On bus system with a fleet of 28 buses, each with a capaSill of 33 or 45.2risen gtrs,Eleven of these buses are wheelchair accessible. AMproximal Ul- 10 pgr cent of the cost to operate the buses is FedgLally funded with the remainder funded by the County. Arat& 55 per cent of the Coup 's o0ratio nal costs are dertyed-from fare revenues with the remainder from general revenues. The Hele-On provides service along the main roadways serving the ma*or urban centers, of the island. Within Hilo there are three additional routes serving the Waiake Master Plan recommends that additional routes be rep ed to link Waimea town and the towns in North Kohala with Kaflua-Kona and the E02,rts located aloM, the South Kohila coast. In addition to the Hele-On. the County also offers a shared -ride taxi seryke that provides door to door sLnrice. within. the -aroan areas of Hilo and Kailua-Kana. This Rrqgram all ows.the gublic, to purchase coag ons and use the coupons instead of cash with Rarticigating taxi coos pies, The BEo _ gram allows a user to submit one coup2n at a cost of j2I to travel u2 to four miles and two gLujons to travel HR to nine miles. The Hawaii Countv Economic Ovvorfunftv Council, a non-profit community action agency, suffl-lemeRts the COMBIl's bus serve EMI)L2roviding bus services for the low4neome elderly.is d abled, and pre-school, children who attend Head Start schools. Provide residents with a variety Of 2ublic transportation systeffns that are affordable, efficient accessible, safe, environments ft friendly, and reliable. 335 Transportation POLICIES • Inn rove the inte tion of transportation and land use planning in order to optimize the use, efficiency, and acccssibilaty of existing.and,Rr2posed amass tppsportation systems. • Sea ort and eanconra a the develo nneant of alternative anodes of transvortation. such as enhanced bus services and bicycle paths. • IncoEgorate, where agRrMriate, bicycle routes, lanes, and oaths within road ri lets -of wa T in conformance with The Bikeway Plan for the Coanaa - of Hawaii. • Provisions to enhance the mobility of minors, non -licensed adults, low- iaacoane, elder, and Rg le with disabilities shall be made. STANDARDS American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), O),, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. U.S.Deor ent of Transportation, Federal Ili way Administration Manual on Uniform. Traffic Control Devices (1VIiT1'CD). 336 Transportation LAND USE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The General Plan expresses both the integrated and [specified] specific concerns and problems as well as alternative solutions and guidance regarding the use of County resources. Land use is one of the principal focal points of public concern and policy. The other study elements of the General Plan, [which] Haat depict the various aspects of the County, directly involve land use in varying degrees. [The land use element provides the primary basis for direct control and guidance of publicly and privately owned resources.] The land use element sets forth goals, policies, and standards to guide the location and density, and building intensities of land uses in particular areas. [From these, other implementive area plans designate detailed land use patterns and are the most appropriate and convenient references for the County Administration and the County Council in their consideration of routine land use, zoning, subdivision and development matters. They are also a source of information to the public as to the anticipated use of private and public properties and the future form and nature of their communities.] Rej Tonal and/or Community Develomeat Plans are intended to implement the broad..goals within the General Planon a regional basis, Th2y serve to designate and coordinate detailed develo mentalters and infrast afire weeds throw :horst tlar feun -, The Plans detail lased ease asbcies and infrastructure riorities trans Orta on recreation and aathea° major land use poficies within each area, and must be devel€ ped with pardcination by the affected communities and adoutcd ba ordinance by the Counly Council, The land use element is intended to be used as a policy guide for the coordinated growth and development [of all sectors] of the County. It seeks to accommodate growth without congestion; to designate and preserve the lands needed for residential use, commercial and visitor services, industry, agriculture, and open space; and [to] coordinate these uses with the County's service and circulation systems. [The County Planning Department has maintained its land use inventory to keep a current account of the physical status of the land use patterns in Hawaii County. As a result of the parcel -by -parcel inventory, some of the potential land needs have become evident.] [According to findings, the] The total area of the island of Hawaii is approximately [2-1/212.5 million acres or [4,038] 44,028 square miles: [4,037] 4,023 square miles of land and [one square anile] 4.4 s care miles of inland water. All of these lands are divided into approximately [120,353] 125$000 parcels. Previous General Plans [The first General Plan, adopted in 1965, consisted of three separate documents and used different criteria for classifying land uses. All districts, with the exception of Ka'u, were general planned. The documents which had been adopted as the official General Plan for the County included: 337 Land Use Introduction "A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo," by Belt, Collins & Associates, Ltd. "A Plan for Kona," by Harland Bartholomew and Associates. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan," by Robert I. Bush and Andrew Gerakas. Subsequent amendments to the preceding General Plan documents.] The first General flan for the County of Hawaii, adopted in 1965,was a compilation of three se crate documents: A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo A Plan fbr Ikon and The ohala#Hamahua B "ora General Plan. The first General Ply provided for the general,suing for all districts ecce t 1a'u. In 1971 the Counly adopted its f€rst com rehensive General Plan that.provided for the general Rlanning of all nine judicial districts on the island. Included within this General P n was a re ulrement for ten Mr. com: rehensive reviews and updates to the General Plan:. The first of these coo rehensive reviews and uplates resulted in the adoption of the fiat comprehensive revision to the General Plan in 1959 that a dated sugporting information. the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities maps. and the various study elements. Several other documents are used in local planning including regional and functional plans, the Zoning Code [including the official zoning map,] and Subdivision Code. These are specific and detailed pieces of legislation and plans [which are] intended to carry out the [proposals] Mls, nth! cies, standards and courses of action of the General Plan. [The General Plan documents adopted in 1965 relied heavily on the use of detailed maps. Because the maps were detailed, they were often confused with the zone maps.] State Land Use Hawaii was the first of the fifty States to have a State Land Use Law and a State[ -wide] General Plan. Today, Hawaii remains unique among the fifty states with respect to the extent of control that the State exercises in land use regulation. [Indeed, the land use regulatory process in the State of Hawaii is the most complex in the world.] Some of the actions leading to the passage of the State Land Use Law resulted from concerns and discussions predating World War II. In the post -World War II period, there was a perception that government action to control land uses was desirable because of the very limited area of the islands. It was also perceived that development of land for urban uses in many cases tended to occur in areas where it was uneconomical for public agencies to provide proper and adequate service facilities, and that there was a consequent lag in the provisions of such facilities. Further, there was a RgEEqption that development of land for urban uses in many cases occurred on land having a higher capacity for contributing to the basic economy of the State, namely agriculture, than the uses [which] that were developed thereon. 338 Land Use Introduction The passage of the Land Use Law in 1961 established the State Land Use Commission. It called for the classification of all lands in the State and authorized the adoption of rules of practice and procedures and regulations for land use within the various State land use districts. The four land use districts created by the State Land Use Commission provide the basic legal framework [of] for land uses in the State of Hawaii. The Urban District is generally defined as lands in urban use with sufficient reserve to accommodate foreseeable growth. In the County of Hawaii this district is [made up] cow of [about 39,638] ggaroximaLely 54X267 acres[.] or two per cent of the island's total land area. Rural Districts are defined as lands primarily comprised of small farms mixed with low density residential lots [which] that have a minimum lot size of one-half acre under the State Land Use Law. Of the four districts, this is the smallest, [having about 689] with a roximatcly 807 acres of the island's total land area. The Agricultural District includes lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation as well as those with low capacity. The minimum lot size in this district under the State Land Use Law is one acre. The Agricultural District has the second greatest land area with approximately [ 1,186,674] 11 1� acres or slightly over [47%] 46 Der cent of the total land area of the island. Conservation Districts are primarily those lands in the existing forest and water reserve zones. This district has the largest land area with [about 1,296,095] approximately 1,338,135 acres or [51%] 52 per of the total land area of the island. Land uses within the Urban Districts are administered exclusively by the counties [in which they are located]. In the Agricultural and Rural Districts, the State Land Use Commission establishes use regulations and the counties are responsible for their administration. The counties, however, may adopt more stringent controls than those imposed by the State within these two districts. [Although over 50% of the island's land is in the Conservation District, the County has no land use jurisdiction in these areas except in coastal areas where conservation district lands are overlaid with special regulations relating to coastal zone management. In the Conservation district, land uses are administered by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources.] Land use in the Conservation: District is reIated by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources exce t that the Counly has coneurrent permitting power within the Special. Management Area near the coast. The Counjy has no land use control over TI 339 Land Use Introduction State Land. Use Acreage as of May, 20001 146 477 31 0 COMMIX a b�evais 'len i e ; County Zoning The Zoning Code for the County of Hawaii is the legal instrument [which] Lhat regulates the use of land. The Zoning Code implements the General Plan and is a document dealing with existing conditions and shorter range needs. The Zonine Code is the Coun!j's primary land use control. Tice Zoning Code implements the General Plan. It deals with existing the zoning for the island on a parcel-bj-parcel basis. ezouirag is the primaEx method for change the allowed uses of land. Rezonin wast be consistent with the General Dian including the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. Other factors beside the Baa$ consistency must be taken into account during the rezoning proem, which r wires specific consideration of a number of factors to determine the suk1hilit of the ro for the RMgosed zone. These include pE2x:hni_q to roads utilities and> ublic services environmental factors such as drainage slopg, and s and other ObOc concerns. [Besides the General Plan, several other factors contribute to the basis for changing zoning districts. These include the State Land Use Regulations, existing land use distribution, existing public facilities, utilities and services, and public concern and changing needs of the community] The tabulation of zoned lands based on the County zoning as of [1985] December 2000 is as follows: 340 Land Use Introduction Single-family residential: [ 17,850 acres; 9,117 acres or 51% vacant.] 20,189 acres Multiple residential (including duplex): [2,006 acres; 1,383 acres or 69% vacant.] 34065 acres Resort: [794 acres; 395 acres or 50% vacant.] 1,353 acres Commercial: [1,173 acres; 428 acres or 36% vacant.] 2,859 acres Industrial: [4,158 acres; 1,091 acres or 26% vacant.] 6,039 acres Industrial -Commercial Mixed: 27 acres Family Agriculture: 100 acres Residential -Agriculture: [1,175 acres; 773 acres or 66% vacant.] 2,105 acres Agricultural: [Approximately 1,069,514 acres.] 1,219,773 acres* *includes lauds chanced frown Unplanned togririculture as part of the 1996 amendments to the Zggagg ode ®pen: [319,968] 317,262 acres. [Unplanned and no zone (Forest Reserve): About 1,106,456 acres.] Project District: 1,748 acres Agjjgultural Project District: 23 acres Lands not zoned Cmeludes Forest Reserves and National Parrs): 933,842 acres 341 Land Use Introduction Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 1989 19 9 Perna South. Hilolig North iLa kua NorAk Kohe9� South Ko la North Kona uth na ,u Total Single Family 2,684 _ 7645 398 636 616 30,,99 2454 390 783 18,498 Multi-Familm 4 340 0 4 43 1.,109 1029 0 1011 _2,.670 Resort Resort 1 138 0 0 0 350 142 0 45 1.276 commercial 0 975 10 37 38 329 314 101 59 1923 490 Industrial 479 2182 38 15 59 241 1,245 0 52 St311 R 6 '1 Agriculture 625 0 55 0 20 0 468 144 0 1312 A riculture 198,796 71J59 61,954 165,076 62,958 79,493 116,184 44JO 252M 1,052,803 Ogen 5041 2063 - '963 15 11,747 176.082 7,634 115,740 319324 Unplanned 0 3451 0 185 5_,85 41,953 52,480 67,735 223 171,112 Estimate - Planning pepartntent Number of Acres Zoned Per District in 2000 Estimate - Planning Department 342 Land Use Introduction Puna South, M10 North 11.0211.02Koh a�ssa&ue Nort South li®hak North Kona South Kona Ka'U Total Single Family 2,677 81374 391 631 652 j,382 2887 414 791 20,189 Multi -Family 4 390 0 4 43 1.,507 1,026 0 Illi 065 Resort 1 136 0 42 14 360 740 15 45 I.,3_53 Commercial 74 1,088 10 38 39 426 1,015 1®8 61 2,859 Industrial 490 2,185 38 15 59 291 22909 0 2 6_•039 �aaastriel- Cr s;s:ercia 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 ed Fami1v A 'cultu 22 26 0 0 0 6 39 - 7 0 1®0 RcsjaBential Agriculture 625 M 55 0 22 585 499 144 0 2_,105 Ate' ulture 198,747 73,750 61 54 165.223 67,977 119.813 167,415 112,,051 252 843 1,219,773 Open 5.029 2A65 38 963 27 11,951 173,821 72628 115,749E 317.262 Fr=o District 0 00 0 0 0 1� 0 0 1 Agricultural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 23 Project District Estimate - Planning Department 342 Land Use Introduction Lands designated Residential -Agriculture saw the IaEgest gercentage increase in acreage between the years 1989 and 2000 at 60 per cent althou h the total acreage of RA zoned lards accounted for :less than one -tend$ of I jMrgent of the total Is-nd area within the Counly. During the sane Rldod Commercial zoned lands increased bv 49,or cent Multiple Fa it - Residential zoned lands increased > by 15 per cent and Industrial zoned lands inereased b_v ,14 per cent. Acre es of Open zoned <lands fell la 0;6 per cent. Lands Coun [Existing Land Use and Acreage Distribution The following summarizes the distribution of land uses based on actual uses: Residential: 15,850 acres. Includes all residential uses, including boarding houses and dormitories. _Manufacturing manufacturingsservices, and warehousing: 4,430 acres. Includes areas used for the manufacturing of durable and non -durable goods, as well as for construction services and industrial utilities and storage. Commercial: 520 acres. Includes uses in the retail and wholesale trades. Services: 32,950 acres. Includes areas used for consumer, professional, governmental (including military installations), business, and health and welfare services. Social and Cultural: 1,510 acres. Includes areas used for the personal development of an individual or individuals, such as educational institutions, cultural centers, and religious institutions. Recreation: 251,220 acres. Includes areas used for public and private recreation. Agricultural: 810,670 acres. Includes all areas used for agricultural purposes. Transportation: 8,360 acres. Includes all areas used for transportation terminals, facilities and private roads. Unused and ®pen Space: 1,397,680 acres. includes developable, subdivided, and unsubdivided vacant lands and areas such as forest reserves, rivers, and steep land.] 343 Land Use Introduction LAND USE CONCEPTS Proposed Land Use Pattern A well-balanced land use pattern capable of meeting the future needs of the County is an essential part of the General Plan. There are no universal standards for determining the [amounts] amount of land needed in the future for each land use or activity located within an area. Estimates can be made, however, of the future land use acreage allocation for each use. The land use pattern is a broad, flexible design intended to guide the direction and quality of future developments in a coordinated and rational manner. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide(LUPAG) Map indicates the general location of various land uses in relation to each other. Land uses are designated generally on the map in reference to the following categories: Urban [and Rural] Designations High Density: [Commercial,] General commercial multiple family residential and related services ([general and office commercial;] multiple family residential -- up to 87 units per acre). Medium Density: Village and neighborhood commercial and single family and multiple famil residential and related functions ([3 -story commercial;] multiile faml , residential -- up to 35 units per acre). Low Density: [Single family residential in character] Residential, with ancillary community and public uses, and neighborhood and convenience -type commercial uses[.]$ overall residential density may be uia to six units ger acre. Resort Node: These areas include a unix of visitor -related uses such as hotels, condominium -hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels)$ single fumes and multillde family residential units, golf courses and other lypical resort recreational facilities resort commercial cone Iexcs and other suMMrt services. Only Major Resort Areas are identified as Resort Nodes on the LUPAG Map. Resort Area: These areas include a mix of uses such as hotels, condominium - hotels (condominiums developed and/or operated as hotels), and [supporting] suj2R2rt services. Intermediate Resort, Minor Resorts and Retreat resort Areas are identified as Resort Areas on the LUPAG Mao. Urban Expansion Area: Allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrials industrial -commercial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern 344 Land Use Introduction and mix of uses have not yet been determined. [Within areas designated for development as resorts, portions of the resort area may be included in the urban expansion area.] Industrial Area: These areas include uses such as manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, [and] light industrial and industrial -commercial uses. Rural Designation Rural: This cate21°y includes existing subdivisions in the State Land Use contain small farms,.woaeded sreas and o en fields as well as residences. Allowable uses within: these ar withraa riate zonin& m&y.include commercial facilities that serve the residential and a g�acultural uses in the area, and communfty. and public facilities. The Rural desi a ion does not necessarily wean that these areas should be further subdivided to smaller lots. Most lacy the infrastructure necessary to allow further subdis inion. Agriculture Designations [Intensive Agriculture: Sugar, orchard, diversified agriculture, and floriculture. High: Fertile soil. Low: Less fertile soil. Extensive Agriculture: Pasturage and range lands. Orchard: Those agricultural lands which though rocky in character and content support productive macadamia nuts, papaya, citrus and other similar agricultural products.] Im ortant A 'cultural Land: Im ortant agricultural lands are those with better potential fesr suAaieeed high a„ ricult€eral yields because of soil type, climate, toMraphL or other factors. Important agricultural lauds were determined by includingthe following lands: • Lands identified as Intensive Aulture" on the 1989 General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide neaps. Lands. identified inthe Agdeultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISM classification ffstem as "Prime" or `6Unigue". 345 Land Use introduction • Lands classified. by the Land Study Bureau's Soil Survey Regort as Class -.B "Good" soils. ('There are no Class A lands on the island of Hawaii • Lands classified as at least "fait" for two or more crops, on an: JEKjpgated. basis,. by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Services study of suitabilit , for various crops. • In North and South Dona, the "coffee belt", a continuous basad defined by elevation, according to input from area farmers. • State agricultural parks. Some areas that meet the criteria for important agricultural lands on an irrigated basis only were included in the "Extensive Agricultural Land" category date to heir remoteness from votential sources of irrigation. Certain areas that could have been classified as Important A ,;cultural lands have been pLaced,within urban laud use cats ories. Generally, these are adjacent to existing urban areas. This reRresents a decision that the orderly develoRment of those urban areas justifies the eventual conversion of those lands to urban use. Because of the scale of the Land use Pattern Allocation Guide maps used to des; ;atc Important A E cultural Land, the location of these lands should be verde by more detailed mopes �heia considerinS specific Diad use decisions. Extensive Agri cultural Laud: Lands not classified as Important Agjjcukural Land. Includes lands that. are not caiaable>of vroducina sustained, hail aoicultural vieldi without the intensive awlication of modern farmino methods and techuolo ies slue to certain physical constraints such as soil cola Msition, slop% machine tillabffity and climate. Other Ices hiteiadve ai cultural usm such as aii� and uasture mal be included in the Extensive Agdeuitural land catei�oi�s. Other Designations University: [University and support community services.] Public university, includine ancillary Public uses, residential, and support commercial uses. Open: Parks and other recreational areas historic sites[.] and open shoreline areas. 346 Land Use Introduction Conservation Area; Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, [open,] areas in active manggement for conservationuKposes aeras to be kept in a la elv natural state,, with minimal facilities consistent with Men space uses, such as picnic pavilions and comfort stations,, and lands within the State Land Use Conservation District. [Commercial centers in urban areas]The urban centers include high, medium and low density designations [and in rural areas, includes medium and low density designations]. These centers and clusters provide physical, social, governmental and economic concentrations so that the total activities of the community can be more readily and easily conducted. In the County [of Hawaii], several of these centers have political and social antecedents, while others have been influenced by economic practices. Some of the County's possible future centers may result from the development of resort areas. The future improvement and development objectives are directed toward making urban and rural centers more efficient, livable, and safe. Growth should be encouraged in terms of renewing older areas or [as extensions of existing ones.] extending existing areas. The creation of new urban and rural centers should be initiated only when it is in the public interest and [they] must be accompanied by commitments [by] from both government and the private sector for the [current] development of basic community and public facilities and services. Infrast cture costs less when new residential areas are located near existing,hi was water and sewer lanes and emplgLment centers. Within the EppidLv growing districts of South Kohaia and Keauhou. The location of urban and rural uses should be evaluated from the standpoint of how each use services existing and future land uses of the surrounding area. The direction and form of growth in accord with future demand will be influenced by many factors. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map shall also designate areas for urban expansion. An area its cies' aced as urban expansion when the s ecifrc settlement pattern and; tykes of uses have vet to be determined. [In addition, a "floating zone" concept may be effected for industrial and retreat resort uses.] [The "floating zone" concept for industrial and retreat resort areas will enable their locating in areas so as to take advantage of new concepts and trends, economic influences, unique resources and other situations which may occur. Compliance and compatibility with other pertinent elements of the General Plan and with the objectives and standards of the industrial and retreat resort land use classifications shall be required]. The methodology used to develop the land use pattern reflects estimates of futi:re population based on economic and employment evaluations, existing land uses and zoned areas, determination of community facility needs, and transportation demands for the entire island. The topography and other physical features of each area were also analyzed, and other factors, [particular] particularly economic, social, and physical characteristics, were noted. 347 Land Use Introduction The following table illustrates the Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation by districts. The high, medium, and low density allocations are included within the residential and commercial allocations [in the table. The General Plan Land Use Pattern Acreage Allocation should be reviewed at ten-year intervals. This review should re-examine the elements of the General Plan, and as certain substantial changes or trends occur, new levels of community needs would be estimated and the land use pattern re-established]. [Proposed Land Use Pattern Acreage Districts Residential Commercial Industrial Resort Total Acreage Puna 22,535 2,254 3,380 91 28,260 S. Hilo 24,045 2,405 6,259 293 33,002 N. Hilo 650 65 98 -- 813 Hamakua 2,878 288 437 60 3,663 N. Kohala 2,951 295 661 120 4,027 S. Kohala 11,056 1,106 2,034 746 14,942 N. Kona 25,066 2,507 5,068 L,160 33,801 S. Kona 5,122 512 768 90 6,492 Ka'u 2,062 206 525 135 2,927 [TOTAL 96,365 9,638 19,230 2,695 127,928] 348 Land Use Introduction Land Use Pattern Allocation. Guide UPAG Ma Estimated Land Use Allocation Acreage LUPAG flap Puna Sort ut No H&%R W -ah Northutb North South 1�a'u Total D. ��_!��. q llilo bila Kohala Kohala Kona Kona High Density 0 847 0 0 0 0 458 0 0 1.305 Urban MediuuE 478 ,4881 69 292 176 1 282 1 456 292 421. 5„947 Density Urban Low Deusity 8.013 10,073 617 2,293 2,668 55,084 6,287 1,070 1,148 37,253 Urban Industrial 669 4,264 29 132 51 1,869 &889 0 74 10,977 Important Agricultural 49,770 37,217 21,632 78,023 41,314 51,j0 26,703 32.804 47 3 386.283 Land Extensive 8873 26,078 31,.755 82,924 21.885 71 99 105,074 167 4 66. 1.382 Agricultural Rural 29 1 2,542 71 0 102 1,"8 1001 31 13,0993 47,996 Resort/ 0 84 00 47 3212 2,289 15 29 Resort Node _5.676 Open Area2335 1_ ,79� 434 j,2" 2_,119 14,074 6233 2.6" 4,738 35:696 Conservation 137,210 167,779 119,710 232 6212 11,217 13 57 199--S5 43,395 426956 11 Urban Px gnsion 44 122 62 0 258 12264 11,995 0 597 29,142 Area University Use 0 664 0 0 0 0 461 0 0 1_,125 Planning (Department Estimates --- GIS Data 349 Land Use Introduction The following is a list of urban and rural centers, industrial areas and resort areas of the County by district. District Urban and Rural Center industrial Areas Resort Areas Keaau Pahoa [Kalapana] Keaau [Kapoho] Mnu-Gateway Center (I -C) Puna Kurtistown P [Papal (Intermediate)] Mt. View h�hol oa Ilawflj Ta- t Paradise Park Panaewa Orchidl_snd Estates " Hawaiian Pargise Park (I -C) Volcano [City of] Hilo [City of] Hilo Waiakea Peninsula -Reeds Bay Papaikou. Milo Iron Works fl -C) (Intermediate) S. Hilo Pepeekeo-Kulaiarano Waiakea Hour sacs I -C Keaukaha (Minor) ) Honomu Papaikou Pepeekeo Wainaku (lVllnor) Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa N. Hilo [Ninole] Ookala Ookala Honokaa Haina [Hamakua-Kohala Mountain Forest Hamakua Paauilo Honokaa Reserve (Retreat) Paauilo Kalopa (Retreat)] Hawi Halaula N. Kohala Kapaaa Halaula Mahukona (Minor) Kahua (Kghala Ranch) Hawi [Kohala Mountains (Retreat)] Niulii Kawaiha: Puako [Mauka] Kawaihae Anaehoomalu (Major) Lalamilo Waikoloa Vildaac [Kawaihae] ICaesr�aQss-Hapuna S. Kohala Waikolea Village Waimea (qor) IIy� Waimea Waikoloa Mau [Major] Paussa Bay-Honokaope Bay [Kawaihae Harbor] (Major) keahok to Kallust Kailua (Major) Kailua-Kcauhou Kailua Keauhou-Kahaluu (Major) [Keahole-O'oma] Indusl[MI5ubdivisaon [Kealakehe (Intermediate) [Kealakebe]ad'acen ,KqnA t I -C Kohanaiki (Intermediate)N. Kona [Holualoa-Along Kuakini Hanokohan (I -C) Kukio (Intermediate) Highway] Kainaliu-Honalo O'oma (Intermediate) Holualoa Mauka [Ke -chole] Keahole Honokohau (Minor) [Keopu] Kaloko Kaupulehu (Intermediate)] KaA.riO- onal Kau�ul.ltn-4.10 (li�alorl S. Kona Captain Cook Kealakekua-Captain Cook [Honaunau-Keei (Intermedia*.e)] Kealakekua Keekee-KaIyftjg�tl Naaa Honuapo Naalehu Ninole-Punalvv [(Intermediate)] Ka'u Pahala la Pahala ffliner Waiohinu [Volcano (Retreat)] Ocean View Ocean View Note: I -C refers to Industrial-Co-mmercial 350 Land Use Introduction [Zoning Guide Map In the implementation of the General Plan land use pattern concerning the allocation of acreage for zoning, the Planning Department shall prepare zoning guide maps which delineate specific uses in conformance to the designated uses in the land use pattern. Taking into consideration all elements of the General Plan, the zoning guide maps shall also indicate alternative or appropriate sites. At a minimum every five years, these zoning guide maps shall be reviewed by the Planning Commission and adopted by Council resolution. During the preparation period of the zoning guide maps, zoning changes may be granted, as long as they conform to the General Plan. Land Zoning Bank In conjunction with the development of the Zone Guide Map, a Land Zoning Bank will also be developed. Of the estimated total acreage for the County, an appropriate proportion will be allocated throughout the districts in a "district bank" and the remainder will be retained in a County zone bank. The district bank totals will be further allocated to the urban and rural centers, industrial and resort areas. The allocations serve as a guide and shall not be construed to be the absolute desired acreage allowed. Acreage allocation may be shifted within a district from one area to another if the needs increase or accelerate within the initial allocation period. Similarly, land use may be reallocated within a district without any change in the total allocated acreage for a given land use if no appreciable development or change is evidenced or indicated within the initial allocation period. In the event that the allocated acreage is absorbed within the districts, additional allocation may be made from the County "Land Zoning Bank." The following table illustrates the Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation for all districts and may be used during the preparation period of the zone guide map and land zoning bank. The allocated residential areas are to include those areas set aside within the resort complexes. 7nne of Mix The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incorporated in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands which have topographic and/or drainage problems. Although the zone of mix allows a mixture of housing types within an area, the density shall not exceed that which is designated for the area. In an area which allows a zone of mix, a certain percentage of the density will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be single-family residential units. 351 Land Use Introduction Proposed Zoning Acreage Allocation (In Acres)' 'Net acres] Zone of Mix The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incur ted in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing.mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands that have to o . ah and/or drain e ;problems. AlthouA the zone of of the deansi ° will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be Single, faMk residential units. The clustering of housing in the zone of mix concept may be a means of minimizing grading, preserving the natural appearance of topography, and making optimum use of the terrain for residential structures and recreational and open spaces. Mixed Use Zones The revision to the Zoning CodeR 2Mpleted in 19969 [shall be reevaluated to incorporate] >ingMorated the concept of mixed use zones to allow compatible commercial uses to mix with light industrial uses, and [to allow] the mixing of residential and commercial uses. Mixed use light industrial and commercial zones may include, but are not limited to, wholesale, retail, office uses and personal and business services. Mixed use zones are appropriate in areas of economic transition, such as light industrial areas [which] that are in demand as sites for commercial uses, and older residential areas [which are] needed as sites for more intensive development. 352 Land Use Introduction Residential Commercial Industrial Resort County Allocation 38,546 3,855 7,691 1,558 Land Zoning Bank (9,636) (964) (1,924) (201) Puna 9,014 901 1,352 55 South Hilo 9,618 ...962 2,504 195 North Hilo 261 26 39 _e Hamakua 1,152 115 174 6 North Kohala 1,181 118 264 12 South Kohala 4,422 442 814 439 North Kona 10,027 100 2,027 733 South Kona 2,050 205 307 54 rK u 930 93 210 64 'Net acres] Zone of Mix The concept of "zone of mix" shall be incur ted in the Zoning Code for the purpose of achieving a housing.mix as well as to permit the more efficient development of residential lands that have to o . ah and/or drain e ;problems. AlthouA the zone of of the deansi ° will be allocated for multiple residential and the remainder will be Single, faMk residential units. The clustering of housing in the zone of mix concept may be a means of minimizing grading, preserving the natural appearance of topography, and making optimum use of the terrain for residential structures and recreational and open spaces. Mixed Use Zones The revision to the Zoning CodeR 2Mpleted in 19969 [shall be reevaluated to incorporate] >ingMorated the concept of mixed use zones to allow compatible commercial uses to mix with light industrial uses, and [to allow] the mixing of residential and commercial uses. Mixed use light industrial and commercial zones may include, but are not limited to, wholesale, retail, office uses and personal and business services. Mixed use zones are appropriate in areas of economic transition, such as light industrial areas [which] that are in demand as sites for commercial uses, and older residential areas [which are] needed as sites for more intensive development. 352 Land Use Introduction commercial uses, and older residential areas [which are] needed as sites for more intensive development. [Important Agricultural Lands Includes Intensive, Extensive or Orchard lands which (a) possess certain physical properties or setting capable of producing sustained high agricultural yields when treated and managed according to moderns farming methods and technology; (b) contribute to the County's economic base and produce commodities for export and for local consumption; and (c) are not characterized by the above categories but are considered and designated by public policy as important agricultural lands because of some unique quality, setting or use. Important agricultural lands exclude lands which fall into the categories described, but have been designated by County policy or plans to be of greater benefit to the general public in some current or potential non-agricultural use.] Through the careful analysis and examination of past and present situations, the following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to physically plan the lands in the County in the best interest of the island's residents. GOALS • Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County. • Protect and encourage the intensive and extensive utilization of the County's important agricultural lands. • Protect and preserve forest, water, natural and scientific reserves and open areas. POLICIES • Zone urban- [and rural-] types of uses in areas with ease of access to community services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and facilities. • Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and use of urban [and rural] areas [which] that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities. • Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected needs of neighborhood, community, region and County. [• Maintain the "land zoning bank" from which land use zoning may be allocated to specified urban and rural centers and districts.] • Conduct a review and re --evaluation of the real property tax structure to assure compatibility with land use goals and policies. 353 Land Use Introduction Incorporate innovations such as the "zone of mix" and "mixed use zones" into the Zoning Code. [• Incorporate the concept of a "floating zone" for future industrial and retreat resort areas, to allow flexibility in locating future needed developments which cannot be pinpointed at this time, especially in the more rural and/or remote areas.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment. • [Conduct a review and re-evaluation] Establish a program of continuing review of the Zoning Code in light of emerging new industries and technologies and incorporate revisions to land use regulations as necessary. • f The County shall develop, in cooperation with community residents] Dem community development or regional pians for all of the districts or combinations of districts in cooperation with communill residents and periodically review and amend these documents as necessary or as mandated. • Ensure that condominium property regimes (CPLR) comply with the reguirements of the Zoning Code, Subdivision Control Cede and other applicable renes and regulations. • Encourage urban development within ezistin zoned areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such. areas, instead of scattered devlop Brat. STANDARDS • The designated land uses will be delineated on the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. The broad -brush boundaries indicated are graphic expressions of the General Plan policies, particularly those relating to land uses. They are long-range guides to general location and will be subject to: a) existing zoning; and b) State Land Use District [; and c)zone guide map and interpretation]. Similarly, the acreages allocated represent alternatives for the various levels of economic activity and supporting functions, such as resort, residential, commercial and industrial activities. Land required for community and governmental services and programs as well as new towns and resort centers may be accommodated within the allocated acreages. • Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation, district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need. 354 Land Use Introduction Zoning may be recommended on an incremental basis depending upon construction schedule, development of supporting services and facilities, and other pertinent factors bearing upon the performance of the petitioner. [• Zoning may be reallocated as to location within districts according to need with or without change in total zoned acreage. • Zoning of areas for industrial and retreat resort uses under the "floating zone" concept shall be required to meet all pertinent elements of the General plan.] The establishment of urbane es of zoning mn include additional. acreages to account for acreages utilized for public benefit, such as historic sites, public access and 2 rkso 355 Land Use Introduction AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS In the County, [of Hawaii] approximately [47%] 1,1849599 acres or 46 per cent of the total land area [(1,185,816 acres)] is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural district. Included in the district are lands with a high capacity or potential for agricultural use as well as those with very low potential for productive agricultural activity. [Approximately 27% of the total acreage of the County (686,000 acres) are presently being used for agriculture.] [The structure of commercial] Commercial agriculture in Hawaii County [is in a state of transition. While commercial agriculture] was once dominated by sugar and ranching. [Trends indicate that a larger number of small] With the demise of sugar in the mid-1990s and reduced_ production volumes within the ranching nstry since the mid -1980x, independent farmers producing a wide variety of commodities [will play an increasingly important role in the future.] have slaved an increasing role in the continued ffowth of the agriculturerdustry. At the same time, trends also indicate increasing efficiencies of operations resulting in overall reductions in land requirements. [As the prospects for sugar have declined and the acreages cultivated reduced, the large] L corporations and mid-size and small entrepreneurs have led the way in examining alternative uses for former sugar land. Papaya, macadamia nuts, guava, exotic tropical fruits foxes and ginger are some of the commodities [which] that have been given a boost by the research and marketing efforts undertaken [by these corporations. Although large corporations initially investigated new commodities, in numerous instances smaller farmers have provided innovative and efficient approaches to realize their potential]. While additional opportunities to develop new commodities may [be expected to] arise, the realization of these opportunities requires the cooperative effort of the large corporations, MkeRreneurs, the small independent farmers and government. Large corporations can assist in the supply of land, water, marketing, and capital; the entrepreneurs and small independent farmer can supply the human resources of imagination, determination and hard work; and government can provide an environment that supports their efforts. In addition to the agricultural land uses relating to the growing of the products, agricultural land uses also [includes] include those relating to the packing, processing and manufacturing of the products, [which] that may be more industrial in character, but are nevertheless agricultural. The [diversified] agricultural industry may also need a variety of such industrial type uses [which] that are dependent upon the specific processing requirements of the product. In light of the changes faced by commercial agriculture, the land use regulatory system must be examined to determine [what] Lhe adjustments [will be] required to allow the agricultural industry to make the change. In agriculturally designated areas, both the State and County have established goals, objectives and policies [which] that reflect a desire to promote agricultural activities as well as preserve and protect agricultural land. 356 Land Use Agricultural [Significant changes to the State Land Use Law have been proposed since its adoption. These changes could streamline the state's land use regulatory system for controlling land use, and change the County's role in the land use regulatory system. The changes to the land use regulatory system are due, in part, to changes to the socio-economic conditions of the State.] The County and State governments continue to connnuous cuanEs oecuEUpng whin the: State's socio-economic climate As agriculture's contribution to the State's economy since the stays of sugar has declined, there has been a concurrent rise by tourism as the State's major source of income. The [decline] demise of the sugar industry on this island has resulted in thousands of acres of land being removed from productive agricultural use. At the same time, growth in [tourism] the island's oubtion has contributed towards increasing [both population and] land costs. Agricultural land values have risen beyond their value for agricultural purposes. The high cost of agricultural land reflects non-agricultural uses and values rather than the value that may be attributed to land if it were used as a resource for food and fiber production. Although there are many legitimate reasons for allowing zoning and use conversions of agricultural land, the increasing land values is one of the major problems that needs to be addressed to facilitate the expansion of agriculture. One of the key factors in adjusting to the changing socio-economic conditions is the restructuring of our land use regulatory system to [make a distinction] distinVish between important agricultural land and [marginal] ather agricultural land. These distinctions should be made in the evaluative criteria for considering zone changes, permitted uses, minimum lot size requirements, and subdivision development standards. Rural -style residential -agricultural developments may include either new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities. Such development provides opportunities for a mix of residential and small scale agricultural activities. However, the primary intent of these developments would be to provide an added range to housing opportunities. Along with this housing, the large lots of these rural areas will provide opportunities for part-time agriculture, gardening activities and the raising of livestock on a small scale. By providing opportunities to satisfy the demand for a rural lifestyle on marginal agricultural land, the pressures to develop [our] important agricultural land for these purposes would be decreased. It should be emphasized that commercial agricultural operations will not be discouraged from or penalized for utilizing lands considered "marginal." Many commodities including macadamia nuts, papaya, anthuriums and orchids are now produced on such lands. To protect these existing agricultural operations from urban encroachment, a buffer area, or uses [which] that are compatible with agricultural operations should be considered before allowing any type of rural or urban development into the area. 357 Land Use Agricultural [In summary, diversified agriculture, including macadamia] Macadamia nuts, cattle, flowers and nursery products, papayas, vegetables and melons and coffee all have the potential for continued growth. Although the prospects for [diversified] agriculture are encouraging, there are problems [which] that need to be overcome before the potential can be realized. These problems include, but are not necessarily limited to: land cost, cost/availability of water, cost/availability of transportation, cost of labor, marketing, developing and maintaining quality standards, and disease and pest control. Landis for agricultural parks are areas set aside by the State specifically for agricultural activities to encourage continuation or initiation of such ariculturaal o erations. The State°s :. ricultural Iia fr a : mares bn€l available to small farmers at reasonable cost. with long@term tenure. The Slate Department of Ag]jcufture currency o rates four agricultural Rarks on the Mandl one each in the districts of Puna South Ifilo Hamakua and North Dorsa. The following goals and policies are intended to address some of the land related problems of agriculture and are to be consistent with and supportive of the overall land use element. GOALS Identify, protect and maintain important agriculture lands on the island of Hawaii. Preserve theagricultural character of the island. Preserve and enhance opportunities for the expansion of Hawaii's A icultural IndustKy. POLICIES [Zoning shall protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. New] ImRlement new approaches to preserve important agricultural land [shall be implemented by the County]. [The County shall assist] Assist in the development of basic resources such as water, roads, transportation and distribution facilities for the agricultural industry. • [The County shall assist] Assist other State agencies, such as the University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture[,] and human Resources University of Hawaii[,] at Hilo, College of Agriculture 1F orest andl l�iaterral resources 1dlaanagement [(Hilo)], Department of [Planning and] Ilusiuess, Economic Development[,] and Tourism, Office of Elannin Department of Land and Natural Resources and Department of Agriculture, on programs [which] that aid agriculture. • Agricultural land [shall] M_ay be used as one form of open space or as green belt. 358 Land Use Agricultural • [The County shall coordinate] Coordinate and encourage efforts to solve the problems of the agricultural industry in the County of Hawaii. • [The compatibility of agricultural and non-agricultural uses should be carefully reviewed and where appropriate, buffers required.] In order to minimize the potential conflicts between agricultural and non-agricultural uses, N'tandards and ggidefines for the establishment of well defined buffer areas as part. of new, nona=acultun°al devepo lopments;that are located adjacent to irtant agricultural lands shall be developed. • [Rural style residential agricultural developments, such as new small-scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations.] Laud zoned for use in the Rural District shrill be ex aanded where ARRERnriate. • [The County shall develop] Develop subdivision standards [which] that make a distinction between agricultural and urban land uses. • Designate, protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. [New approaches to preserve important agricultural land shall be implemented by the County.] • [The County shall ensure] Ensure that development of important agricultural land be primarily for [commercial] agricultural use [purposes]. • Support the development of private and State agricultural parks to make agricultural land available, for agricultural activities. • Assist in the development of agriculture. • Assist in the development of water for agricultural purposes. • Ines ' ate possibiflfies to prevent non-agricultural uses that could interfere Frith potential or existing agricultural activities on important ngr$cultural lands. • Suggort efforts to provide tax relief .and other incentives to enhance com titive cMbfflties. of commercial fags and ranches thereby insuring loan& terrm Rreservatiou, enhancemcnL and expansion of viabic ag cultural lands. • Ensure that condominium properi regiones (CPI) on agricultural - designated lands comply with the renuirements of the Zoning Code and anther #RpHcable laws rules and �° lations. 359 Land Use. Agricultural • Farm labor housing Qr®iects shall be developed in a manner that minimizes the use of important agricultural lands and is consistent with the character of surrounding land uses. • Encourage. where appropriate, the establishment of visitor -related uses and facilities that directly promote the ag2iculture industry. • Importa-nt agricultural lands shall not be rezoned to uarcels too small to support econon eally viable farming units. • Discourage speculative residential develoument on agricultural lands. • Encourage other comuatible economic uses that complement existing avicultural and uastora:l< activities. DISTRICTS The analysis that follows concentrates on agricultural land use and focuses on the relationship of the districts to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The major agricultural businesses in Puna [are] include macadamia nuts, flowers, fob papaya, bananas. tropical Bits and [truck farming.] vegetable production. The Puna district is the major papaya growing region in the State. In the Bash the papaya industry has been faced with challenges -from fruit flies and the Isa aa 1 s of Vitus. T'odp .. the industry U thrM sa due to the develomnt of several methods of quarantine treatment and the development of a acneticaa- cered disease resistant variety. The papaya industry [, however, is faced with a major problem which is finding] is continuing. its efforts to fired an, acceptable alternative to ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigation to control fruit flies. [Vegetables and a variety of fruits, primarily oranges and tangerines, are grown throughout the district.] There is a fairly sizable planting of macadamia nuts on the Hilo side of Keaau. Additional plantings [are projected on former sugar lands which became available with the closing of the Puna Sugar Company in 1984. A pilot project to test the feasibility of coco plants was started in 1986.] may be ammticRated as the market dictates. Other future agricultural uses projected [for the former sugar land] include Mansion of papaya, bananas, [alfalfa (for cattle feed),] cacao and tree farms [(for biomass fuel).], coffee and kava (awa). [The State has also made lands available at the Pahoa Agricultural Park.] 360 Land Use Agricultural Vegetables and a variety of fruits are also grown in the Puna District Some of the more exotic types of fruits being own include 1 the rambutan cherimo a stsarfruit sagQCdla, as aggosteen, jack its guav& breadfruit and atem Flowers, chiefly anthuriums and orchids, are grown throughout the district. The major flower cultivation areas are Mt. View, Pahoa, lKapoho and Volcano. Numerous truck farms are located in the Volcano area. Major crops are lettuce, temlmrate range flowers [(cymbidiums)] and cabbage. The Puna district also has the potential for agricultural processing and manufacturing opportunities utilizing the geothermal resources of the area. These direct use applications of the geothermal resources need to be located within effective proximity of the resource itself and may require the need for new forms of land use management and control. The State has made lands available for agriculture at the 60-1®t Pahoa Agricultural Parr that carvers an area of aDvroximately 600 acres. Thea ricultural park is full occusiied with no lots available for lease. There are [ 197,900] agproximately 198,747 acres zoned for agricultural use in Puna. [Less than 50,000 acres of this total is being used for agricultural activities. The vast majority of the agriculturally zoned areas have been subdivided for large lot residential purposes.] [Courses] Course of Action [• Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] • Assist in the further development of [diversified] agriculture [in the district]. SOUTH HILO Profile [Sugar is the principal crop grown in South Hilo. The major area of sugar cultivation is found in the rural areas north of Hilo along the Belt Highway. Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCFC) and its two sugarcane growing entities, Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc. and the United Cane Planters Cooperative, are the chief agricultural enterprises in this area. In an effort to increase efficiency, C. Brewer and Company, Ltd., the owner of Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc., plans to remove 8,000 acres from sugar cultivation and convert most of these acres to macadamia. nuts. Some of the conversion to macadamia nut plantings have already occurred in the Wainaku to Pepeekeo area. The total acreage in sugarcane in 1985 was approximately 19,900 acres.] Sugar was once the aari nc„ ipal crop grown,in South H:do until the closing of Hfto Coast Processing Coca an in,.984. A diversified a icultural indusIn 361 Land Use Agricultural Anthuriu , orchids, and landscaping plants are just some of the mag 11pes of foliage beine Grown within the district. Because of proximity to the marketing area of Hilo, numerous [population -related] commodities [are raised in South Hilo such as dairying, hog and poultry raising, vegetables, and other agricultural activities. Hilo is also known for its flower cultivation. Anthuriums, chrysanthemums, orchids, landscaping plants, and other foliage are grown.] such as vee tiles, ,ger, root and flowers areZrown in South Hilo. [Cattle are grazed on the mauka fringe of Hilo city and in the Puu O'o area above the forest reserve. ]Eucalyptus trees are also raised in the higher elevations for biomass fuel to generate electricity.] Farms in rural South Hilo are located along major transportation routes [near villages]. Within the city limits, agricultural uses are found in the Panaewa farm lots, upper Kaumana and Waiakea Uka areas. There are [71,280] approximately 73,750 acres of land zoned for agricultural use in South Hilo[, most with a minimum lot size of 20 acres and above]. Courses of Action [• The County shall provide for agricultural areas within proximity to the city for products consumed locally. • Necessary capital shall be provided to agricultural areas.] • [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between agricultural and urban/residential areas. • [The County shall support] Su ort the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii CommunjjX Call . e aid in their development of programs [which] that assist agriculture. NORTH HILO/D L4MAKUA Profile Sugar cultivation [dominates] once dominated the agricultural scene in both districts[.] until the closing of the Hamaktia Sugar Conn; in 1994. The Hamakua Sugar Company [has] once cultivated approximately 35,000 acres in sugar in the North Hilo and Hamakua districts. These vacant steer lands are slow1v beinLY cultivated in various crops. A A 1981 &4Ldl, to idengft the best.gotgntial forest lands within the Couply identified 80 ,,000 362 Land Use Agricultural acres, mainly located along the Hamakua coast between the 1,0004 and 3,000 -foot elevations. Within both districts there are small truck farms [which] that raise vegetables, fruits, flowers, and macadamia nuts. Taro is also raised within Waipio Valley. [Ranching operations are also found on the higher slopes. The Hamakua Sugar Company has developed a 10,000 head cattle feedlot and a meat processing facility near Paauilo.] Ranching has now Manded from the uRper elevations to the ocean. There are [223,174] approximately 227,177 acres zoned for agricultural use in the North Hilo and Hamakua districts. [Courses of Action Encourage large landowners in the district to make surplus important agricultural lands available for diversified agriculture. • Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.] [Courses] Course of Action • Encourage large landowners [in the district] to make [surplus important] agricultural lands available for [diversified] agriculture. [• Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.] NORTH KOHALA Profile Ranching, macadamia nut production, and nursery production are the principal agricultural activities currently operating in North Kohala. [Since the demise of sugar in 1975, however, agricultural activity within the district has remained low. The majority of the land formerly in sugar production is now utilized for extensive grazing purposes. No one commodity or combination of commodities have come close to utilizing the vast agricultural land resources within the district.] Some [of these] lands in this district are being converted to largc lot rural - residential subdivisions. There are [62,593] 67,977 acres of agriculturally zoned lands in the district. Over 14,000 acres [of this total was in sugar production up to 1975. Because much of the basic] within this district were revious serviced b - agricultural infrastructure [, including] .This includes the Kohala Ditch irrigation system, [still] that remains viable and could provide [, there should be ample] opportunities to more intensively utilize these lands[.] for agricultural purposes. 363 Land Use Agricultural Thegg2jeultural lands of North Kohala also create much of the feeling of o ens ace that is so important to the area. A number of le 'slative resolutions have supported the protection of 3jL% lanes and 2 n 1. ace from the main hi _ wa to them& most recent Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 146. Courses of Action [• Assist in the further development of diversified agriculture in the district.] • Encourage the maintenance [of] and [the] more intensive utilization of the Kohala Ditch irrigation system for agricultural production. • Support the development of private and State agricultural parks as a means of making agricultural land available for commercial agricultural activities. • In reviewing Special Permit applications, rezonin s and other land use changes in the Agricultural District reat care should be giKen to pEeserve existingyiewWanes to and along the coastline. SOUTH KOHALA Profile South Kohala's Waimea region contains the most extensive track farming area in the County. Vegetables such as celery, daikon (turnip), carrots, lettuce, cabbage, [and] broccoli, tomatoes and bell gopers, and fruits such as strawberries are grown for both local and export markets. Certain flowers and foliage are also grown in this region. Most of the lands in South Kohala are used for cattle ranching. Parker Ranch is the largest ranch in the area and owns most of the grazing lands. [Of the 101,541] There are 2appoxixnately 1.19,813 acres zoned for agriculture in the district [, over half are vacant]. Although land in the Waimea area is considered some of the most productive in the County, there is a need to develop a more reliable agricultural water system to more fully utilize this potential. With the [recent] growth in the district spurred [primarily] by tourism, urban pressures are increasingly competing for basic resources required by agriculture, namely land, labor, and water. Courses of Action • [Through zoning the County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. [• Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] 364 Land Use Agricultural • [The County shall encourage] Encs buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile Coffee, macadamia nut, avocado and ranching are the major agricultural endeavors in Kona. Other commodities grown in Kona include [bananas, papayas, oranges, tangerines,] tropical fruits beans, cucumbers, tomatoes, flowers, foliage and nursery plants. There are 280,937 acres of land within the State Land Use Agricultural designation in this district. [Of these 160,409 are agriculturally zoned and an additional 120,145 acres are zoned Unplanned by the County.] Approximately 279L4ta5 acres are zoned for a 'eulturaal. uses by the County. Although the climate of Kona is favorable for agriculture, soils and topography present some limitations, especially for mechanized farming. This has been one of the problems faced by the coffee industry. Another factor [which inhibits] inhibiting agricultural activity in the district is the price of land. There is a substantial disparity between the agricultural use value and market value of land in Kona. In addition, the land ownership pattern in agriculturally suitable areas, is characterized by a few large land holders, and requires favorable lease arrangements [which] that are not always available. The same urbanization pressures faced in the South Kohala district are also present in Kona. Keahole Agricultural Paft; located mauka of Kona International AiMort at Kcaaholc Is nom rlsed of 179 acres subdivided into 34 lots. Few lots are available for lease. [Courses of Action • The County shall protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt. • The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged to accelerate research on agricultural products which are or could be of economic value to Kona. • Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas. • The County shall encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land.] 365 Land Use Agricultural Courses of Action • [The County shall protect] Protect important agricultural lands within the Kona Coffee Belt[.] from urban encroachment through the use of zoning and other mechanisms. • [The University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be encouraged] Encourage the UniversLq of Hawaii at Hilo to accelerate research on agriculturala uaculare and forestry products [which] that are or could be of economic value to Kona. [• Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] [The County shall encourage] Encourage buffer zones or compatible uses between important agricultural land and adjacent uses of land. KA'U Profile [Sugar and macadamia nuts are the major crops grown in the Ka'u district. There are approximately 16,000 acres planted in sugar and approximately 5,000 acres planted in macadamia nuts.] Macadamia nuts are the manor crop own within the Ka'u District. Sugar, which once dominated the pZCkultural indusla within the district saw its end with the closing the Ka'u Sugar Company in 19960 Other crops, such as bananas, avocados, tomatoes, and carnations are cultivated on a limited scale. Other production includes vegetables, coffee, and hardwoods. Ranching operations are also found throughout the district. [In addition, eucalyptus trees are also raised for biomass fuel to generate electricity.] A..nrivate initiative has been undertaken to 121ant apgroximatek 5,000 acres of eucahptus trees. Thea are [252,647] apgroaimately 252,843 acres of agriculturally zoned land in the district. Over 70[%] per cent of this total area is not being utilized for agricultural purposes. The lack of an adequate water supply is one of the major limitations to further agricultural development in the district. [Courses] Course of Action [• Assist in the provision of water in agricultural areas.] Encourage and support the expansion of [diversified] agriculture inciudin forestry and the macadamia nut industry [in the district]. 366 Land Use Agricultural COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Commercial development is basically comprised of businesses in the retail trade and service categories. Commercial areas are generally located in concentrated areas where goods and services may be conveniently sold. Examples are shopping centers, central business districts, and community and neighborhood business areas. The extent of commercial development is influenced by the number of both resident and transient populations [,] and their incomes, mobility and lifestyles. This land use is also affected by the availability and costs of transportation, internal and external competition, and other factors. [According to the Census of Business for 1977 and 1982, the County's commercial establishments increased both in number and in the value of sales generated. In 1977, there were 593 retail and 257 service establishments with payrolls, excluding hotels. By 1982, retail trade was conducted in 738 establishments, while services accounted for 520 businesses. Sales for commercial activities in 1982 were about $598 million, compared to $303 million in 1977. Retail trade accounts for 81 % of the sales.] According to the U.S. Census Bureau the County's commercial establishments continueg to Increase in both number of establishments and value of sales. In 1992 there were 1,012 retail and 974 service establishments within ger cent aeame in tie numDer Sit retan estanns-n tints from ow ang increase to the number of service establishments during the same lEriod. [The increase in sales in almost every category of commercial activities, executed the growth in the number of establishments, reflecting both the impact of inflation as well as real growth in per capita expenditures. Commercial development related to the visitor industry experienced the largest increase.] There are two distinct markets for commercial development on the island [of Hawaii]: the resident and the visitor markets. Adequate planning for commercial establishments in both markets is equally important. Commercial activity in the County is characterized by the existence of the large urban [center] centers in Hilo [, the growing urban center emerging] and around Kailua-Kona, several smaller centers and many rural neighborhood shopping areas. [The city of] Hilo and Kailuam Iona jserves] serve as the major commercial [district of the island] centers with secondary centers located in [Honoka'a,] Honoksa, Keaau Waimea, Kealakekua, and Naalehu. Recent trends reflect commercial development outside of Hilo's older commercial core and a more decentralized pattern. This decentralization is reflective of the growing markets outside of the immediate environs of Downtown Hilo [proper] and the general trend toward 367 Land Use Commercial multi-centered urban areas. Similarly, commercial development within Nailsea-Dona is extending mauka and north of its traditional com-mercial areas along Alii Drive and Pal ani Road. Lands mauka of the €ween Kaah mann iXhWay have recently been the focus of commercial develo meat with the arrival of Vidal Mart -Dart Safewgj, Borders Bookstores LibELII Mouse and other retail operations. Some of the problems of many of the existing commercial developments are the poor or dilapidated conditions of the older facilities and the inadequacy of vehicular and pedestrian systems. Pedestrian and vehicular circulation patterns are not continuous in all cases making repeated on and off street movements necessary. Such movements serve to congest the streets providing access to these commercial areas and create congestion problems for the entire area. Strip development of commercial facilities has occurred and commercial zoned lands have not always been utilized for their intended purpose. Following an examination and analysis of present and past situations concerning commercial development, the following goals, policies, and standards have been set forth. GOALS • Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience to users. Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of transportation and land usage within the island's regions, communities, and neighborhoods. POLICIES [In an effort to assist existing commercial developments, urban] Urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs shall be undertaken in cooperation with communities, businesses and governmental agencies. [The key to the success of these kinds of programs is active and sustained participation from communities and businesses.] • Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately served by necessary services, such as water, utilities, sewers, and transportation systems. Should such services not be available, the development of more intensive uses should be in concert with a localized program of public and private capital improvements to meet the expected increased needs. • Distribution of commercial areas shall [be such as to best] meet the demands of neighborhood, community and regional needs. Existing strip development shall be converted to more appropriate uses when and where it is feasible. 368 Land Use Commercial • Encourage the concentration of commercial uses within and surroundigg a central core area. • The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the locale with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services. Appropriate infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such developments. • Applicable ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include considerations for urban design, aesthetic quality and the protection of amenities in adjacent areas through landscaping, open space and buffer areas. • Reguire develoRers to provide basic infrastructure necessary for development. • Encourage commercial areas to develop on an axis perpendicular to the /Highway. STANDARDS There are three basic types of shopping centers: [1)] Neighborhood Centers Provide: Convenience goods, e.g., foods, drugs, and personal services. Major Shops: Supermarket and/or drug store. Number of Shops: 5 to 15. Acreage: 5 to 10 acres. Approximate Market: 3,000 people. • [2)] Community Centers Provide: Convenience goods, plus "soft line" items, such as clothing, and "hard line" items, such as hardware and small appliances. Major Shops: Variety or junior department store. Number of Shops: 20 to 40. Acreage: 10 to 30 acres. Approximate Market: 15,000 people. [3)] Regional Centers Provide: Full range of merchandise and services. Major Shops: Full size department store. Number of Shops: 40. Approximate Market: 50,000 people. 369 Land Use Commercial [• Commercial development shall be located in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other amenities. Commercial developments shall provide for adequate internal circulation amongst commercial facilities in the area. Off-street parking and loading facilities shall be provided. Commercial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present environment through the consideration of visual, access, landscaping, and other design elements in their development. • Preference shall be given to commercial lands with a reasonably level topography.] DISTRICTS The following analysis [by district] of commercial development b duets is intended to bring into focus the relationship of each district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile Commercial activity in the Puna district primarily consists of small rural enterprises [which] that serve the surrounding rural -residential and agricultural communities. Commercial activity is mainly located in the communities of Keaau and Pahoa, with lesser activity in Orchidland Estates, Mountain View, Kurtistown, and Glenwood. The communities of Keaau and Pahoa are the commercial centers of the district. The extent of commercial development consists of a shopping center in Keaau and grocery and general merchandise stores, service stations, and miscellaneous retail shops and services. The majority of these [mainly serve residents of the communities.] retail enterprises primarily serve the immediate surrounding communities. W. H. Shipman, Ltd. is currently seeking to rezone approximately 32 acres of land in Keaau from an Agricultural to an Industrial -Commercial Mixed Use districts The rject site is located ad'acent to the Shi man Business Park and maul;a of the Volcano II' wa-I£eaan ass interseeflon. W.H. Shipman plans to initiaLlY devel2P a rho in center with up to 118,000sus ,care feet of retail floor area on approximately 16 acres located within the northern half of the 32 -acre proiect area. The balance of the project area is proposed to be developed as a mixed use commercialgkAt industrial area with 370 Land Use Commercial approximately 100,000 to 125,000 square feet of floor area. Completion of this project is anticipated in 2008. Population is scattered throughout the district and the remainder of the commercial activity is minimal. Proximity to Hilo limits the demand for commercial activities as Hilo is, to a great extent, the major shopping area for the residents of Puna. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in Pahoa Town rather than along the Pahoa By -Pass, to serve the residents of Lower Puna shall be encouraged. • Expanded commercial services to meet the needs of population growth in the Puna district shall be encouraged in [the area of] Keaau. • Rehabilitation of existing commercial development in appropriate locations shall be encouraged. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Allow the establishment of small neighborhood commercial areas within existing non -conforming, residentiaricultural (rural) subdivisions. SOUTII IIILO Profile [The] One of the island's two major commercial [center] centers is located in [the] South Hilo [district]. [The city of] Hilo contains a downtown business district, several shopping center complexes, and neighborhood commercial facilities. The rural communities, primarily plantation settlements[,] located along the coastal areas have limited commercial facilities. Commercial activity in Hilo is undergoing rapid change. [A new shopping complex has been recently completed.] Most of the recent commercial development serving the East Hawaii region has been concentrated in the Waiakea District and includes the Prince Kuhio Plaza: and Waiakea Shopping Center complexes. Other shopping areas include the Hilo Shopping Center, the Kaiko'o Mall and surrounding office developments, and the [downtown] Downtown Hilo central business district. Downtown Hilo generally lacks adequate parking facilities and efficient traffic circulation. The physical condition of many buildings within .Downtown Hilo is also poor, although --there have been recent efforts to rehabilitate many of the buildin s in the area. Some of these efforts include the rehabilitation of the Palace Theater Dress Building. S. Hata Building and the Toyama Building. Another effort to revitalize Downtown Hilo is seen in the establishment of the Kalakann Park Heritage Corridor, that is part of the lamer Hawaiian Heritage Corridor Program that seep to preserve historic sites and buildings along transportation corridors. As detailed within the 371 Land Use Commercial Downtown Hilo Redevelopment Plan, development of the Kalakaua Park Heritage Area would preserve and rehabilitate public and private structures of historical or architectural signcance, reinforce the area's fast and future function and image as an important civic area, and serve as an activity center for attracting both residents and tourists. Without continuing efforts for renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment, the downtown business district may further lose its competitive position. In addition, neighborhood shopping areas are located throughout the city. The largest of these [is a] are supermarket -variety store [complex] complexes in the Waiakea Homesteads area. These neighborhood shnng complexes, including IATA Super Stores and Sack -n- Save supermarkets, are located near one of the busiest intersections in the city and is part of the lEiligh Density Urban core of Hilo. Multiple ownership of contiguous properties [and speculative practices on commercially zoned lands have] has created problems which make orderly development in any one area difficult. Incompatible land uses also create an undesirable climate for commercial development. Expansion of the University of Hawaii facilities and community will induce a need for commercial services in proximity to the campus. Under the University land use category, support commercial uses are permitted. [Course] Courses of Action • [Rehabilitation,] Continue to pursue the rehabilitation, renewal, and redevelopment of downtown Hilo [must be undertaken]. Continual improvement of other existing commercial areas must also be assured. • Assistance to small businesses in obtaining loans and management education classes and manpower training programs shall be encouraged. • Controls that discourage speculation shall be established. • Appropriately located commercial zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Commercial zoned lands in proximity to the University of Hawaii at Hilo shall be allocated as the need arises. NORTH HILO Profile Commercial development is limited in the North Hilo district. There are several small rural communities in the district [which] that are primarily plantation settlements. 372 Land Use Commercial Miscellaneous stores and services are found in Ninole, Papaaloa, Laupahoehoe, and Ookala. The majority of the commercial services are located in Laupahoehoe. As the facilities in North Hilo provide limited services, [the city of] Hilo serves as the major shopping area for the residents of the district. Population in the district has been declining[,] over the past thirty years, thus limiting the market for expansion of existing commercial facilities. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in the Laupahoehoe-Papaaloa area shall be encouraged. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. • Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the primary commercial area. HAMAKUA Profile The town of Honokaa provides commercial and government services for the Hamakua district. Honokaa was once the second largest community on the island for several decades and has a high school, government offices, [general hospital] and numerous stores and services. The smaller communities of Kukuihaele and Paauilo have limited commercial facilities. Although some renovations and new commercial buildings have occurred in Honoka'a, [most] many of the structures housing commercial activities are generally still in poor or dilapidated condition and lack adequate parking facilities [are lacking]. Courses of Action • Centralization of commercial activities in the Honokaa area shall be encouraged. Urban renewal of the area [shall] should be undertaken. • Suitable commercially zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. [• The County shall encourage community beautification efforts.] • Encoaaand enhance the history and culture of the paniolo and former sugar plantation. 373 Land Use Commercial NORTH KOHALA Profile Commercial activity in the North Kohala district is located to a limited degree in the village of Halaula with Kapaau and Hawi serving as the main commercial centers. The village of Waimea in the South Kohala district also serves the commercial needs of the residents of this district. Courses of Action • The development of a commercial core within the towns of Hawi or Kapaau shall be encouraged. • Continual improvement of commercial facilities shall be undertaken. • Develop and encourage the use of special design districts in Hawi and Kapaau that include guidelines to preserve, protect and enhance the rural and historic qualities of the commercial areas. • Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on the highway outside of the designated urban areas. SOUTH KOHALA Profile Commercial activity in the South Kohala district is centered in the Waimea, and Kawaihae, ani Waikoloa Village areas. The Kawaihae area contains a few miscellaneous commercial facilities surrounding the Kawaihae port. The Waimea area contains a number of commercial facilities and professional services. The major facility is the [Parker Ranch Shopping Center.] Waimea Shopling Center. This shopping complex includes a supermarket, [variety store,] various retail stores, restaurants, [banks, post office,] a ban and other services. [Expansion plans for the commercial area have been developed by Parker Ranch.] Parker Ranch Shopping Center, once the mpjor shopRing complex in the district, is currently undgaoina renovation as part of a larger plan by the Richard Smart Foundation Trust to expand the commercial area of Waimea. In 1512, commercial lands within Waimea Town were increased by approximately 104 acres as pari of the implementation of the Richard Smart Foundation Trust's Parker 2020 Master Plan that detailed the future growth of residential, commercial and industrial development in Waimea over the course of 35 nears. 374 Land Use Commercial [The availability of transportation facilities in the area, which consists of a deep water port and an inter -island airport, and its central location in the northern portion of the island are factors which will cause Waimea's commercial activities to grow.] Transportation facilities within the district include Kawaihae Harbor, Waimea-Kohala airport, and major highway systems. These transportation facilities provides a vital link between the growing resort areas alone the coast, the transport of goods from Kawaihae Harbor and the commercial area within Waimea. - The visitor industry is [rapidly becoming a] the major economic force in the district. The [Westin] Mauna Kea [Beach], Mauna Lani [Bay] and [Royal Sheraton] Waikoloa Beach [Hotels] Resorts, located in the coastal region, [are the forerunner of a substantial future resort development in the area.] have established the South Kohala District as one of the world's premiere resort destinations. These complexes [are to] contain their own ancillary commercial areas. The King's Shops, located on 9.5 acres within the Waikoloa Beach Resort, currently hosts 40 tenants offering a range of specially retail shops, restaurants and services to both visitors and local residents. Courses of Action The establishment of Waimea as a regional commercial center for northern Hawaii shall be encouraged. [Controls] Establish controls to insure orderly development and minimize speculation of commercially zoned lands [may be established]. Continue the concentration of commercial uses in Waimea, Kawaihae, Waikoloa Village,, and in the resort areas. Do not allow strip or spot commercial development on highw--#Ys outside of these primM commercial areas. NORTH KONA Profile Commercial activity in the North Kona district is located in Kailua-Kona, in the Keauhou Resort area, and in several mauka rural [village areas] communities along the Mamalahoa Highway [in the mauka areas]. Increased commercial activity in Kailua has paralleled the growth of the tourist industry in the area and [recent ] resident population growth. Commercial facilities, consisting of office and shopping complexes, professional and financial service buildings, retail shops, and restaurants, are located on Alii Drive and Kuakini Highway, mainly between Palani and Hualalai Roads. Kailua-Kona provides services for both residents as well as visitors. Vehicular and pedestrian systems within Kailua village are poor and there is a lack of adequate parking facilities. The increase in commercial development within Kailua-Kona has extended 375 Land Use Commercial be and its traditional commercial area on the makni side of Queen Kaahunianu Hi hwar and along Mani Road. Major retailers including Wal-Mart, K -Mart, Safeway and Borders Bookstore have t2op: to oceupj lands on the maulun sine of Queen Kaahumanu ffighwlL,exonding the commercial core of Kailua Kona. A roximate - 315 acres located; on the mauka side of Queen Kaaiau anu IlighwaI and situated north of Palaarr Read was zoned for Commercial uses in the raid 1990s, This aM& known as Makala ua Center is cr€rrent , home to K -Dart and Uibe _ o e arsd ar nese l0a lex movie theater currc tl under construction. The Keauhou [Resort shopping center complex] Shopping Center is located at the south end of Alii Drive [and services both residents and visitors.] along Kamehameha III Road and a snr$ernakct, d-nfg store,restararrts ureal real estate offices. [Commercial services within the complex include a restaurant, real estate offices and a supermarket. Additional increments to this complex have also been planned. The mauka commercial activity is geared primarily toward residents and includes neighborhood general stores, service stations, restaurants, with some arts and crafts or specialty shops.] Courses of Action • Controls to prevent speculative practices on commercially zoned lands may be established. • Implementation of programs to correct existing deficiencies shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. SOUTH KONA Profile Commercial activity in the South Kona district is located in several village areas along the Nlamalahoa Highway in the mauka area and are geared primarily towards the needs of residents. Population is distributed along the Mamalahoa Highway or dispersed on the slopes in agricultural or rural -residential communities. Due to the §Ioping terrain and er non -conforming commercial uses, commercial strip development has occurred along the 1lilamalahoa Highway, though the commercial activity is focused in the Kealakekua-Captain Cook area. Commercial services in the area include financial and professional services, [supermarkets,] a surserrnarket, specialty shops and stores, hotel and restaurants and service stations. 376 Land Use Commercial Courses of Action • Centralize commercial activities in existing [rural] town centers. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be provided as the need arises. Allow the develo ment of small-scale visitor -oriented commercial facilities along Ke Ala O Keawe Road (City of Refine Road) leading to Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historic Park. KA'U Profile Commercial activities in the Ka'u district are concentrated in the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu and [in] the area of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pahala [is the largest of these communities. The town] was built around a former sugar mill, once the major employer of the area, and contains a high school and hospital [which] Lhat serve the district. Commercial facilities, consisting mainly of convenience goods and services, are located in this community. Naalehu [, although smaller in population than Pahala,] contains a greater variety of commercial facilities. [Governmental] Government facilities in the community include educational facilities for elementary and intermediate students and a police facility serving the district. Commercial development includes a smali shopping center complex. Waiohinu lies a few miles southwest of Naalehu. The major commercial facility here is a 14 -unit hotel with a few small commercial establishments within the community. [There are commercial facilities, consisting of general stores, service station, restaurant and office, in the Hawaiian Ocean View Ranchos and Estates Subdivisions.] There are various commercial cstablishments, inchading general stores, restaurants service station. Laundromat and offices in Ocean View along both sides of H hway 19. The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the Ka'u district contains commercial facilities connected with the Volcano House hotel complex and the Kilauea Military Camp. [Major purchases are made in Hilo which serves as a regional commercial center for this district.] 377 Land Use Commercial [Course] Courses of Action Centralization of commercial activity in the communities of Pahala, [and ] Naalehu and Ocean View and [in] the area of the Volcanoes National Park shall be encouraged. Do not allow strip or snot commercial develowment on the iii&w& outside of the designated urban areas. 378 Land Use Commercial INDUSTRIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Industrial development includes manufacturing and processing, wholesaling, large storage and transportation facilities, power plants, and government baseyards. There are two distinct types of industrial development. One sector is service-oriented and is affected by population and the level of activity of other business activities. The other sector, basic industries, is mostly influenced by outside markets. The location of industrial developments is important for many reasons. In the case of service types of industrial development (non -basic), areas designated for industrial uses must be close enough to population and/or commercial areas for efficiencies but still distant enough to avoid traffic problems. Some industrial districts consist of enterprises and facilities [which] that are not necessarily compatible with commercial areas. Businesses included in this district are generally more noxious than those in general commercial areas. [Presently, industrial] Industrial developments in many communities are located adjacent to these areas and could result in environmental problems such as noise, air and water pollution. Basic industrial activity is usually found close to raw products or other key resources. Both kinds of industries are affected by the availability of transportation facilities. Other factors equally important are the [existence] availability of public utilities, the cost of land, and internal and external circulation. A [significant] portion of the County's industrial activity is related to agriculture. [The major user of industrial lands is the processing of sugar and related industries. There are two sugar plantations on the island which operate mills located in the district of North and South Hilo, Hamakua, and Kau. Other] These agricultural industrial activities include the processing of coffee, macadamia nuts, meat products, tropical fruits, [and] vegetables[.], and timber. The processing of these export products is expected to expand. [There is also a small lumber industry.] Recently= there have been new endeavors in alternate energy and [aquacultural] aguaculture activities at Keahole in the North Iona district and geothermal- related development in the district of Puna. Both of these developments are utilizing resources not previously tapped creating the possible need for new forms of land use management and control. [Similarly, high-tech parks in other jurisdictions have evolved new district regulations which seek to promote and preserve the attractive campus -like atmosphere desired by those industries.] Service-oriented industries, such as wholesaling, government facilities, printing, and bakeries, are located close to population centers. [South Hilo contains more than half of the island's population, and the] Tire majority of such facilities are located within [this] the South Hilo district. North Rona with its growingmMulation, has also seen the number of its service industries increase write rad % _. 379 Land Use Industrial There are [3,858] approximately 6,000 acres of industrially zoned lands in the County_ [, 1,107 acres of which are vacant. The County's land use inventory indicated that in 1985 there were 2,099 acres] Magy of then Industrial -zoned lauds are used for manufacturing, manufacturing services, and wholesaling. [These include] There are other lands zoned for agricultural, commercial, and other uses[.] that are fined for industrial puKposes• The existence of nonconforming uses which are incompatible with industry creates an undesirable land use pattern. In fact, the physical appearance of many of the island's industrial areas needs improvement. There are three industrial zoning districts within the mina Coale: General Industriai G • Limited _Industria.)_ '€I.. • and Industrial — Commercial Mixed District (MCX). The MG d inet a Iia to areas for uses that are ggiaerna, considered to be offensive and noxious. These noxious hgM induvptrial uses east be se arated from residential and gather income atible uses in the zoning process. The 1 .., district.gp liars to areas for business and industrial uses th2t are cneral ; in support of haat not necessadly co mils) with those genubsible attiv ties and uses in other commereW dlFptricts. The CX district allows a mix of same jgd at erica with com- mercial uses. The Mowing areas are identified for industriA m commercial mixed uses: Keaau ffiatewaLfSnter e Hawaiian Paradise Park; Hilo Iron Works; Waiakva IIo€aselots• oua Industrial Subdh-inion and the adjacent area to the north; and Hengkohau south of the exutin Kaloko In -1 stria-) Subdh sion). The following goals, policies and standards are set forth to guide the development of industrial areas in the best interest of the County and its residents. The residents must be [also] made aware of the circumstances resulting from industrial development. Citizen participation, awareness, and most of all, citizen understanding are vital in the development of industrial areas, as in all phases of the planning process. GOALS Designate and allocate industrial areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical environments of the County. Promote and encourage the rehabilitation of industrial areas [which] that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities. POLICIES [The County shall support] Su2port the creation of industrial parks in appropriate locations as an alternative to strip development. [It shall be the policy of the County to achieve] Achieve a broader diversification of local industries by providing opportunities for new industries and strengthening existing industries. 380 Land Use Industrial [Through its zoning powers, the County shall locate] Locate industrial areas convenient to transportation facilities, and provide a variety of industrial zoned districts and lot sizes, depending on the needs of the industries and the communities. • [The County shall attempt to improve] ImjRrove the aesthetic quality of industrial sites and protect amenities of adjacent areas by requiring landscaping, open spaces, buffer zones, and design guidelines. [• The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development of industrial areas.] • Industrial development shall be located in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other [amenities.] essential infrastructure. [Redeveloping or newly developing areas shall be developed in concert with programmed public and privately funded infrastructure to meet the expected needs.] [The County shall review] Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code [in light of] to accommodate emerging new industries [and shall establish new land use regulations as necessary]. Industrial -commercial mixed use districts shall be provided in aunro, r locations. • R2 wire developers to 2rovide basic infrastructure necessary for development. STANDARDS • Industrial development shall maintain or improve the quality of the present environment. • Industrial activities may be located close to raw materials or key resources. • Topography of industrial land shall be reasonably level. • Industrial development shall be conveniently located to its labor resource. • Buffer zones shall be established between industrial and adjacent [noncompatible] incompatible uses of land. • The direction of wind patterns and the absence of tradewinds shall be considered in [locating industrial designations.] the siting; of industrial areas. 381 Land Use Industrial DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district with reference to industrial development. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile [The major industrial activity in Puna is a large macadamia nut processing plant, northeast of the sugar mill. Other industrial activities include a kim chee factory, quarrying of lava materials, slaughter houses, bakeries, flower packaging, papaya processing and packing and several cottage industries. The proximity to Hilo limit service-oriented industrial activity in this district. There are plans for a new industrial subdivision near the Puna and South Hilo district boundaries. This subdivision with highway access to both districts will increase the availability of sites significantly. Geothermal related activities will create the need for industrial sites, though the magnitude of this need has not yet been established.] There are approximately 490 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Puna District. The 488 -acre WIL Shipman Industrial Park is located near the Puna -South Hilo District boundaKy. It is being develo ed as another major industrial center for Last Hawaii. Industrial uses in the area range from warehousing to construction yards. V.H. Shipman Ltd. also has Blans for additional mixed use industrial -commercial zoned lands in close rozimi to the industrial parL The Puna District includes various agricultural industrial activities including the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Cor ration's processing facilily, doweracka in and a a a rote&sin and Racka&& Other industrial activities in the area include cinder and reek gu_arning and certain cotta€n industries. The Puna Geothermal Venture sower plat bEgan operation in 1993. It currently produces 30 megawatts of energy from the use of geothermal steam. The Puma geothermal resource subzone is identified on the General Playa Land Use Pattern AHecatieu Guide mai. Activities associated by the use of the 22 hermal by- products naay be established within and/or in close proximity to the geothermal resource subzone. 382 Land Use Industrial [Course] Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identi sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • Industrial -commercial mixed use districts mn be provided in appropriate locations. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial -Commercial apses May be permitted in Pahoa although the area is not current1l identified in the LUPAG map. SOUTH TALO Profile The South Ililo district has alsproaimately 2,185 acres of industrial zoned lands. With almost [75%] of the island's [industrially] Industrial --zoned lands, South Hilo is the major industrial center on the ishind [of Hawaii]. The principal industrial areas are the Kanoelehua area, Hilo [pori and the surrounding area,] Harbor, and the [sugar processing areas at Pepeekeo.] Hilo Internationaal Airport area. [Industrial activity in the rural areas is confined to sugar processing and related uses. Small pockets of population centers are located close to these plantations and these communities contain a few minor industrial services.] Industrial development in [the city of] Hilo is primarily due to its available transportation facilities, the harbor and airport, and its concentration of population. [The harbor facility is the primary shipping point for the island's sugar industry. Numerous businesses which service the sugar industry, such as industrial equipment manufacturing, fertilizer plant, and machine shops, are located in the city.] There are also industries involved with the processing and packaging of locally grown products. [Several plants process tropical fruits into puree, juices, jams and jellies.] Papaya grown in Puna is inspected, fumigated, and packaged in [the city.] Ilflo. Major processors of livestock products are located in South Hilo. Other industrial activities include quarrying, garment manufacturing, storage, wholesaling facilities and numerous other population service-oriented activities. Besides transportation facilities, major advantages of [the city of] Hilo include the availability of labor, a full range of community facilities and the availability of utilities and land. Industrial activities in both service and non -service categories [is] are expected to expand in [the city of] Hilo. 383 Land Use Industrial Courses of Action • [Through its zoning powers, the county shall encourage] Encourase the centralization of industrial activities in the Kanoelehua Industrial area. Noxious industries shall be located away from residential and related areas. • [The County shall identify] Meng& sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. • [The County shall encourage] EancouMg the State and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands to develop industrial zoned lands in the Kanoelehua Industrial area and airport industrial area. • [The County shall allocate] Allocate appropriately zoned lands. • Industrial -commercial mixed use districts nnay be [provided at appropriate locations. NORTH TALO Profile There are approximately 38 acres of industrial zoned lands within the North Milo district. These industrial zoned la ds wereriman°iI used by the former sugar companies for the processing of sugar. [The sugar mill at Ookala owned by the Hamakua Sugar Company and the related facilities comprise the bulk of industrial activities in North Hilo.] Limited industrial facilities such as warehousing are [also] located in Laupahoehoe. Courses of Action [The County shall identify] Identffy sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial -Commercial uses n•ay be Dermitted in the Lao ahochoe-Pa aaloa area although the area is not currently identified on the LIJPAG gin. 384 Land Use Industrial HAMAKUA Profile [Sugar processing is the major industrial activity in Hamakua. There is one factory at Haina. Haina is also the site of one of the island's macadamia nut processing plants. This facility is owned by Hawaiian Holidays. Industrial activity in macadamia nut processing is expected to expand. A feedlot and slaughterhouse has been developed in the Hamakua district which has the potential to become a major activity in itself while increasing the productivity of livestock operations on the island generally.] There are apgroxinaately 15 acres of industrial lands within the Hamakua district. These industrial zoned lands were primarily used lsy the former sugar companies for the processing of su ar. The macadamia nut industry uflized some of these in-dustrial zoned lands iu the later yvars. The rent completion of g 60 mpgawatt co:generation pawer plant at Haina will encourage Esther manufacturing activities by providingthermal eneEff waste heat that could be utilized for drying of macadamia nuts ora uaculture activities. There are [numerous other] same industrial developments in Hamakua, most of which are small [and] family -operated[.] opg ations. These industries include [dairying,] dairy o eraf®na miscellaneous food processing, sawmills [and] wood carving, and other service- oriented endeavors. The bulk of industrial activity is in the Honokaa-Haina area. In terms of level topography, there is a limited amount of suitable lands for industrial use. The Zoning Code [and Special Permits allow] allows agriculture -related industrial facilities to be built in agricultural [zones.] zoned districts. Further, Sgecial Permits may also be secured within the State Land Use Agricultural District. Courses of Action [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activity[.] as the need arises. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the rehabilitation of existing service- oriented industrial [activities.] areas. 385 Land Use Industrial Profile Industrial activity in North Kohala consists of small agriculturally [-] related services [and include a cottage industry which produces preserved vegetables for export]. There are approximately 59 acres of industrial zoned lands within the district. [Course] Courses of Action [The County shall identify] Identift sites suitable for future industrial activity[.] as the need arises. • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial -Commercial uses may be permitted in the Hawi area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. SOUTH KOHALA Profile There are 291 acres of industrial zoned lands within the South Kohala district. There are two [general] areas where most of the industrial activity in South Kohala takes place: Waimea and Kawaihae Harbor. Many of the industrial activities in Waimea are linked with agriculture and include a vacuum cooling plant, the preserving of vegetables, warehousing, and [dairying.] daily operation. These industrial activities, however, are scattered throughout the Waimea area. The Kawaihae Harbor is [being developed into] a port facility for West Hawaii. Industrial use of the area consists of storage facilities. Several service-oriented industrial activities are located in this district. Among these activities are government baseyards, utility installations and development of specialized equipment for the astronomy facilities. Several guarEying opSrations were established within the district. The West Hawaii Concrete guarry and processiM facility is located iia mauka Waikoloa. The General Pian Lund Use Pattern Allocation Guide map designates this facili and lands in the immediate area for industrial and its related uses. Courses of Action • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of a regional industrial park at Kawaihae and centralize limited industrial activities in Waimea. 386 Land Use Industrial Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment. • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. NORTH LONA Profile There are 2,909 acres of industrial zoned lauds in the North Dona district. Most of Kona's industrial development is service oriented and located [near Kailua.] in the northern ortion of the North Dona district from Kailua to the Kona International Ai ort at Keahole. The Kona Industrial Subdivision in. Kailua-Dona has transformed into a named use industrial -commercial area over the ygars. Newer industrial areas including the Kaloko Industrial subdivision are being developed to the north of Kailua-Kona. [There are industrial parks just north of Kailua, and some industrial use at Keahole.] The industrial activities within these newer areas include warehousing, lumber storage yards, auto body shops wholesaling and other service oriented activities. The energy and [aquacultural] aquaculture activities at the Natural Ener Laboratory of Hawaii at Keahole have [potentials for expansion and may] become major employment generators in the district. Though located in industrial zoned districts, these alternate energy and aquaculture activities are not the traditional uses usually found in industrial areas. Major factors to be considered for the existing industrial areas and other new developments are their visual effects on motorists and passengers using Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the views from the residential areas above. Courses of Action • [The County shall identify] Identif y sites suitable for future industrial activities. • [Industrial] Additional industrial acreage should be provided at [Ke-ahole] the Kona International Airport at Keahole for support facilities for the airport. • Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment. • Industrial -commercial mixed use districts may be provided in appropriate locations. 387 Land Use Industrial • Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industrial -Commercial uses May be pgrmitted in the Kaina.liu-Ilonalo area although the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG neap. SOUTH KONA Profile There are no Industrial zoned lands in the South Dona district. The major industrial export activity is coffee and macadamia nut milling and roasting. Other activities include slaughterhouses, fish packing and processing and ancillary agricultural services. Man of these industr l activities are located on A 'culturaal-zoned lands and approved through the issuance of Special Permits. Other service related industrial uses such as warehousing, garages and auto body shops are located in pockets along the Mamalahoa highway. Because of its topographic condition, however, level land necessary for development is limited in the mauka areas. KA'U Profile Courses of Action [• Through its zoning powers, the County shall encourage the centralization of industrial development in suitable areas in South Kona.] • [The County shall identify] Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. Service oriented Limited lted Industrial and/or Industrial Commercial uses ma be permitted in the Idea-1akekua-Ca tain Cook area although the area is not curren ly identified on the LUPAG map. There are approximately 52 acres of industrial zoned lands in the Kaa'u district. [Sugar processing and macadamia nut milling in Ka'u constitute the majority of the industrial development in Ka'u.] Aside from the macadamia nut industry, there are no other dominant industrial activily within the a'u district. There are miscellaneous activities, such as County and State baseyards, public utilities stations, and fish [and meat] processing. The distance from port facilities in Hilo creates somewhat of a problem for the movement of goods to and from this district. Approximately 13 acres of Industrial zoned lands that 388 Land Use Industrial accommodate a gas utility, telecommunications, auto repair and soil remediation facilities are located in Naalehu. C. ewer and Co., Ltd. is considering development dans for the former Pahala Suor MH site. Preflmingly Rlans idenfify the former mill site as the industrial service center of Pahaj& 1providingagricultural,processigg and light industrial uses. Uses bein contemplated include wood millin . lumber Stora a research facilities food proggig& aaad other limited .industrial uses= These glans would r wire the increase of Industrial - zoned lands surrounding the former Pahala iz R1 giite from its current 33.6 acres to 81.5 acres. [Course] Courses of Action [The County shall identify] Iden . sites suitable for future industrial activities[.] as the need arises. Service oriented .Limited Industrial and/or Industrial -Commercial uses may be permitted in the Naalehu area although he area is not currently identified on the LUPAG mM . 389 Land Use Industrial MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The multiple residential district is part of the County's overall land use structure and provides for residential structures containing two or more dwelling units. Multiple residential living is becoming a way of life for many people. [Such units provide] This of housing [for persons] is preferred by those who prefer not to own a single-family residence, [persons] who find it financially difficult to own a single-family residence, [persons] and those with changing employment, [and others.] among other reasons. In practice, multiple residential developments use less land area per person, and locate in areas of concentrated economic and population activity L and] where land is scarce and costly. [This form of residential development utilizes less land area.] This trend will continue in the future due to rapid urban growth, mobile populations and the rising costs of land and improvements. In res2onse to the increase in demand for multiple residential housin& numerous structures have been constructed, are being constructed, or are in the planning staff However as the market regR2nds to this increased demand with the construction of malfiple residence structures, [The County will be faced Mth a great demand for multiple residential. development. A caref dly worked out] land use [plan] planning and development standards will be essential in assuring that any development will [be an asset to the] cow County[.] ordinances, goals, R2lieies, and standards. [As a result of the need for housing, numerous multiple residential structures have been constructed, are being constructed, or are in the planning stage. As of July 1985, the County had a total of 7,624 multiple residential units and 768 duplex units.] Throughout the County, there are [1,94913 065 acres of land zoned for multiple residential use. [This includes 159 acres zoned for duplex or double family use. In addition, commercially zoned lands also permit multiple residential development. Of the total acreage, 1,325 acres or 68 percent are still not developed.] However,some these lauds are also used for other u Dace such as sin le familydwellin Some of the problems [of] associated with multiple residential developments include the increased volume of traffic that the higher density use generates; the incompatible uses in surrounding areas; the lack of [basic improvements,] infrastructure namely sewers, water and adequate access; the existence of non -conforming uses within zoned areas; the lack of development in appropriately zoned areas; and the [rising] increasin costs of land and construction. [As the demand for multiple residential development increases, it will have to be assured that subsequent developments are of such standards that they will be assets to the County.] 390 Land Use Residential The resort areas are typically designed with large proportions of multiple family residential units sold as occasional visitor units. In Hawaii County= this pattern has manifested itself especiaily in the North Kona and South Kohala resort areas. These units are generally higher priced in comparison to the residentially oriented developments outside the vicinity of the resort plan. The fRollowit; goals, policies, and standards [which follow] are the result of the examination and analysis of past and present situations. GOALS To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize convenience for its occupants. To provide for suitable living environments [which] that accommodate the physical, social and economic needs of the island residents. • To enhance the overall ggghty of life in our residential communities. POLICIES • appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be allocated with respect to places of employment, shopping facilites, educational, recreational and cultural facilities, and public facilities and utilities. • [The County shall incorporate] Incor orate reasonable flexibility in applicable codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. • [The County shall encourage] Eneour°ae flexibility in the design of residential sites, buildings and related facilities to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market requirements. • The rehabilitation and/or utilization of multiple residential areas shall be encouraged. • To assure the use of multiple residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and resale of undeveloped lots only, the County may impose incremental and conditional zoning, which shall be based on performance requirements. • applicable codes and ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include consideration for urban design, and aesthetic quality through landscaping, open space, and buffer areas. 391 Land Use Residential Su ort the rezonigof those multa le residential zoned lands that are used for other numoses to a more apnrotsriate zoning designation, • Require develors to provide basic infrastructure necess�ry for devclogment, STANDARDS • Areas shall be located in such a manner that traffic generated by high density development will not be required to travel through areas of lesser density en route to principal community facilities. • Areas shall be protected from incompatible uses by transition zones. • Provide adequate access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools, employment centers, and other services. • Development shall not be permitted in natural hazard areas unless proper on-site improvements are provided. • Development shall be located in areas where public utilities can be economically provided at a level adequate to meet the demand for the concentrated service. • Recreational area and/or facilities shall be considered in multiple residential development. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district of multiple residential development. It is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile The Puma district has [only limited areas] aggroxiately four acres zoned for multiple residential use. The predominant form of housing in the district is single family development. [With] Howeverdue to the forecasted Ruuulation growth, the demand for [housing, there will be a need for] multiple residential development[.] May increase. Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. 392 Land Use Residential SOUTH HILO Profile Throughout the district, there are [312] 380 acres zoned for multiple residential use [, which includes 109 acres zoned for duplex residential use. Of this total, 94 acres are not developed]. In addition to the areas specifically zoned for multiple residential use, areas zoned for resort and commercial zones also allow multiple residential development. Many of the zoned areas lack the basic [amenities] infrastructure to support the higher density use. Examples of this include the absence of a sewer system in the apartment zoned area below the University of Hawaii at Hilo and the inadequate roadway system within the Puueo and Kapiolani-Ululani Streets area. Courses of Action Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re -allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. NORTH HILO Profile The North Hilo district has no area zoned for multiple residential use although existing commercial zoned areas permit the higher density residential use. Course of Action • [Although the North Hilo district is not projected to witness any extensive need for multiple residential development, appropriately] Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated should the need arise. fes, AIV Profile [Except for the duplex zoned area in Paauilo and the existing commercial zones which permit] The Harnakua District has approzimatell= four acres zoned for multiple residential development [the district has no area zoned for high density residential use]. 393 Land Use Residential [Housing plans of the sugar company in the district propose to relocate employee housing in and around Honokaa. This will ease the problem of availability of housing.] Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. NORTH KOHALA Profile [The North Kohala district has only one area zoned for multiple residential use, below the Kohala Estates Subdivision, although commercial zoned areas permit higher density residential development.] The Forth Kohala district has approximately 43 acres zoned for multiple residential development, With people living in this district but working in the South Kohala resort area, there may be some activity in multiplc residential development. Course of Action • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The South Kohala district has about [782] 1,507 acres of multi -residential land with the vast majority [being] located in the resort areas. Although activity in the construction of these types of units is currently limited, the district is projected to increase in population and visitor activity [which] that will generate [a] an increased demand for multiple residential development. The revised Parker Ranch 2020 project r3Moses the rezoning of 37.66 acres to multiple family residential. Courses of Action Basic [amenities] infmstructure shall be provided to those areas zoned for higher density use. Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need arises. 394 Land Use Residential NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile [Construction activities of multiple residential units in the Kona district has proceeded at a rapid rate.] The Kona district has [703] approximately 1,026 acres zoned for multiple residential use in addition to commercial zoned areas [which] that permit higher density residential development. Some of the areas zoned for high density residential use lack the basic [amenities] infrastructure such as sewer, water and adequate roadway systems [which] that limit development for the intended use. [Courses of Action Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re -allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. • Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases.] Courses of Action • Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re -allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. KA'U Profile There are [106] 101 acres zoned for multiple residential use within the district. This zoned acreage is located in Pahala and at Punalu'u. The Ka'u district is expected to experience further activity in multiple residential construction. Course of Action Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the need for multiple residential development increases. 395 Land Use Residential SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS As part of the overall land use structure of the County, the single-family residential district provides areas for low-density residential uses. The location of single-family residential lands is important in that they should be in close proximity to centers of employment, ,shopping and other conveniences, and [should] have the basic improvements and amenities necessary for development. As has been the case in the past, uncontrolled single-family residential development will place a burden on the County and its [people.] residents. Before the Subdivision and Comprehensive Zoning Codes were adopted in 1966 and 1967-68 respectively, thousands of non -conforming [residential] resdeutial: sized lots were created [within] in isolated areas [where] without the basic [improvements] infrastructure and amenities for development [were lacking. Developers sold lands without providing improvements to the area]. These lots were then sold with no prospect of improvements to these facilities. Housing in Hawaii County has traditionally been characterized by single-family residential units. Residential units of this sort account for [76%] 80�ent of the total housing inventory of the island. In [duly 1985,] 1997, the County of Hawaii had [29,687] an estimated 43,979 single-family residential units. With the anticipated increase in population and the replacement of substandard units., more residential units will be needed. Rehabilitation, renewal or redevelopment will be required in many of the older single-family residential neighborhoods. [In certain residential areas poor site planning has produced a crowded feeling.] The County has [a total of 17,868] agproximately 20,189 acres zoned for single-family residential use at varying densities. [About 46% or 8,259 acres is presently used.] Several areas, however, are occupied by incompatible non -conforming uses, [unbuildable] undevelogubk because of topographic conditions, [located] their Location in hazardous areas, or [lacy.] without the basic improvements necessary for development. [The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on lot size: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 1,893 11 10,000 9,579 54 15,000 4,937 28 20,000 1,459 8] The prices of these single-family residential zoned lands differ substantially depending on location. For example, single-family residential zoned lands along beachfronts are usually more expensive than the mauka residential zoned areas. The cost of aeguir°ing and/or constructing a home remains cost Rrohibitive for many residents. One of the avenues that have been adopted to alleviate this 2roblem is the construction of ohana dwelian a 396 Land Use Residential [There will be greater pressure for more single-family residential lands as the County has an influx of people and as more people desire to own their homes, thereby experiencing the pride of possession that accompanies home ownership. However, it will take more than the development of a land use plan to achieve this as well as the goals and standards set forth in this section. Social, economic, and physical ramifications must be taken into consideration. Public planning and regulation alone cannot accomplish this; the cooperation and coordination of all segments of the County's population are required. Citizen participation, awareness, and understanding are vitally important. How satisfactory development occurs will depend to a large extent on the County and its people.] The 1981 mesion of the Lx ' latu.re of the State of Hawaii haat recogLaized that the spiraling cost of hon:5i the limitations of laird for houfda& and the failure of wa as to keen Nee with inflation, hadcontributed to the inabilily of many families to Rurchase haemes Thus, the [The] ohana dwelling provisions of Act 229, 1981 Session Laws of Hawaii JSL,H), and the subsequent amendment to the Zoning Code allows the construction of a second dwelling on lots where one dwelling is already permitted. However this is ori provided [that] after the county determines that adequate facilities exist and provided that there are no deed restrictions prohibiting the construction of a second dwelling. This substantially alters the concept of a "single family residential zone." The net effect of these laws has been to increase the density of neighborhoods without overt rezoning actions. [In addition to satisfying the housing needs of the residents, single family dwellings are also used for weekend or vacation homes especially within or in proximity to resort developments.] Through careful examination and analysis of the present situation, the following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to guide the orderly development of single-family residential areas in the interest of the residents of the County [of Hawaii]. .1M • To maximize choices of single-family residential lots and/or housing for residents of the County. • To ensure compatible uses within and adjacent to single-family residential zoned areas. • To rehabilitate and/or rebuild deteriorating single-family residential areas. • To provide single-family residential areas conveniently located to public and private services, shopping, other comrnunity activities and convenient access to employment centers[.] that takes naturalbeauly into consideration. To enhance the overall grainy of fife in our residential communities. 397 Land Use Residential POLICIES • To assure the orderly use of single-family residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and resale of undeveloped lots, the County may impose incremental and conditional zoning$ which would be based on performance requirements. This is to assure that a certain percentage of buildings will be constructed. • [The County shall encourage more] Encourage innovative uses of land with respect to geologic and topographic conditions through the use of residential cluster and pined unit developments. [The clustering of residential units in sloping areas is a means of minimizing grading and drainage problems, preserving the natural appearance of the topography, preventing strip development, and making optimum uses of the terrain for buildings and open spaces.] • [The County shall encourage] Encoura a and coordinate with the State in providing fee simple and leasehold single-family residential lots to the residents through State and/or County Housing Programs. • [The County shall incorporate] Ingrate reasonable flexibility in codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix and to permit aesthetic balance between single-family residential structures and open spaces. • [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped single-family residential zoned areas and reallocate zoned lands in appropriate locations. • [The County shall designate] Dcsipnate and allocate single-family residential zoned lands at varying densities for future use in accordance with the needs of the communities and the stated goals, policies, and standards. • Rural -style residential -agricultural developments, such as new small scale rural communities or extensions of existing rural communities, shall be encouraged in appropriate locations. • [The County shall review] Review and amend [if necessary] land use ordinances and codes to include considerations for rural -style residential subdivisions in appropriate locations. Standards and criteria for the establishment of these areas shall be developed. • Reguire developers to Drovide basic infrastructure necessary for development, STANDARDS • There shall be a transitional area between single-family residential areas and incompatible uses. 398 Land Use Residential • Major traffic routes shall not be located through single-family residential areas. • Areas shall have basic improvements and amenities necessary for immediate use. [• Areas shall be limited to low-density and medium density residential uses.] DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district in reference to single-family residential development. The brief analysis [of each district] is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Proffile The Puna district has [3,188] apgroximately 2,677 acres zoned for single-family residential use [of which 2,493 acres or 78% are still undeveloped. The following is the breakdown of zoned areas based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 0 0 10,000 1,329 50 15,000 158 6 20,000 1,187 44 The land use inventory indicates that there are 4,822 single-family residential units in the area]. The district has thousands of non -conforming [residential] residential -sized lots [which] that lack the basic [improvements] infrastructure necessary for development and/or ;ire held in speculation. Nevertheless, construction of single-family dwellings within these non -conforming subdivisions has increased. The district is [emerging as] a bedroom community to the Hilo area. [Strip residential development exists along the highways. (e)] SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL Courses of Action [The County shall work] Work with community groups to explore possible avenues for financing infrastructural improvements within the non -conforming subdivisions. 399 Land Use Residential Encourage and aid the agricultural industry in continuing to provide employee housing. • Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. SOUTH HILO Pro%le The South Hilo district has [7,344] aMrozimately 8,174 acres of single-family residential zoned lands. [Forty-one per cent or 3,033 acres of the total zoned area is undeveloped.] Many of the undeveloped areas lack the basic improvements necessary for development, are held in speculation, or are committed to other uses. Drainage and flooding problems exist in many of the areas zoned for residential use. [The following is the breakdown of residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 1,065 15 10,000 4,030 55 15,000 2,155 29 20,000 94 1 The land use inventory indicates that there are 11,505 single-family residential units in the district. In certain areas residential lands are too large for the zoning district but too small to subdivide or permit additional units to be built. Many of the lots have narrow frontage and long depth with inadequate width for resubdividing.] In addition to private developers, government has played an important role in single- family residential housing. [The] Previously, the State has made available hundreds of housing units in [the city of] Hilo for low and moderate income families. Course of Action • Improve substandard residential roadways through the County's Capital Improvement Program or by Improvement District. 400 Land Use Residential IMA talt: II UI Profile The North Hilo district has [400] approximately 391 acres zoned for single-family residential use. [One hundred sixty-three acres are still undeveloped.] Some of this area is undeveloped because of unfavorable topographic conditions and the lack of basic [improvements] infrastructure necessary for development. Single-family residential zoned lands are also located adjacent to former sugar processing plants. [The following is the breakdown of zoned areas based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 10,000 276 69 15,000 123 31 There are 566 single-family residential units within the district.] Courses of Action [• The County shall encourage the sugar company to make available on the private market its undeveloped residential zoned lands in Laupahoehoe.] [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage,] Encourage more innovative types of housing developments, such as cluster and planned unit developments. Urban areas shall continue to be Ninole and Ookala as well as the Laupahoehoe- Papaaloa area. Profile The former plantations that were in operation in the area have heavi influenced the settlement palLern Gf the ama:k-ita distrkt. The sugar plantatiogs in the area were t e risu_a = LMLIayers. in IbeHamakma dishict.However as Hawaii nearest the e d of the tlieu afu the plantations abse.a roached the end of their sera. Slowly, pjantations began to close until the Ramakua Sugar Company. finallceased operations in 1994. :after the closing of the laratation and the cessation of its housing proUams for fts e : to ees The Of -rice of Housing and Co muni . DmIopment coordinated the use of federal funds to subd Yids he Hamakna Sugar Plantation cane: into individual house lots, AsgqLance towards obtaining title to the newly created house lots was provided to those emBlAyees who garticioted in the final harvest. Furthermore Office of Housing and. Commu i 401 Land Use Residential Development ®HCH established a program that j2rovided grants to those qualified owners of plantation homes to c2nduct emagem re airs to their homM. Other Nrggrams included the des= of the Ookala and. PauuiIo water distentionstem trainiB for six -newly fore co muni , associations, and the closing of existing Ong cesspools and sewage lagoons. The Hamakua district has [638] 531 acres allocated for single-family residential use [, 163 acres of which are undeveloped]. Some residential zoned lands are located adjacent to the former sugar processing plant and certain areas have drainage problems. [Incompatible; non -conforming uses also exist within the zoned areas. The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 110 17 10,000 380 60 15,000 148 23 The district has 1,650 single-family units.] With the anticipated level of growth in population and economic aetivity.,, he current number of single family residential zoned land should,be sufficient. owcy rthe Coun shall allocate more land in his zone should the need arise. [71he plans of the sugar company in the area is to concentrate its employec population in the Ilonokaa area. The sugar company has been pursuing residential subdivisions for employees either for relocation purposes or new homes. The present plantation subdivisions and those in the planning stage will be for the replacement of existing plantation homes which are to be demolished. These will not, therefore, relieve the housing problems in the area for residents who do not work for the sugar company and are not eligible for these homesites. Excluding these plantation subdivisions, only a limited supply of single-family residential lands is available for the private market. Land owners with large residential lots display no desire to sell, subdivide their lots, or surrender their accustomed rural way of life.] Course of Action • [The County shall aid and encourage the sugar company to continue to make available on the private market its undeveloped single-family residential lands in Ilonokaa for employee housing and the private market.] Designate lands for single family use as the meed arises. 402 Land Use Residential NORTH KOHALA Profile The North Kohala district has [SSO] apyroxiffnately 652 acres allocated for single-family residential use [at a density of 15,000 square feet of land area per unit. Of the total area zoned, 167 acres are undeveloped]. Many of the undeveloped residential zoned areas are unsuitable for residential development because of unfavorable topographic conditions. Strip residential development also exists along the roadways. [The land use inventory indicates that there are 1,174 single-family units. The Kohala Corporation is the major landowner of existing residential zoned areas.] [Courses] Course of Action [• The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development.] [The County shall aid] Aid and encourage [industry] major landowners to make available residential lands in the area for employee housing and the private market. SOUTH KOHALA Profile The district has [3,041] aporoximately 3,282 acres of single family residential zoned lands, primarily located in the Waimea area and in VVaikoloa Village. [Two thousand four hundred twenty-two acres of the total zoned area are undeveloped. The following is a breakdown of lands zoned for single-family residential use based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 130 4 10,000 2,672 88 15,000 86 3 20,000 154 5 The land use inventory indicates that the South Kohala district had 1,989 single-family units. This district also has a number of non -conforming residential lots in the Puukapu area which lack the basic improvements necessary for development.] Several areas already zoned for 403 Land Use Residential single-family residential use are not being developed because of [speculation,] the lack of basic improvements or the lack of a market. Course of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced State --owned, Hawaiian Home Lands and privately -held lands for houselots. NORTH AND SOUTH KONA Profile The North and South Kona districts have [2,420] approximatel 3 01 acres zoned for single-family residential use. [Sixty-four per cent or 1,554 acres is still undeveloped.] Some of the undeveloped residential lands are unsuitable for development due to unfavorable topographic conditions. Inadequate roadways and the lack of basic facilities are two principle reasons for residential zoned lands not being developed. [The following is the breakdown of single-family residential zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq. Ft.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 456 19 10,000 754 31 15,000 1,200 50 20,000 10 1 The total inventory of single-family units in North and South Kona is 6,543.] Because of topographic conditions, there are drainage and flooding problems in certain residential areas. Incompatible non -conforming uses exist within residential zoned areas and there are also residential areas located adjacent to industrial zoned lands. [Courses of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately -held and State-owned lands for houselots. Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. The County shall encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development. 404 Land Use Residential Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments.] Courses of Action • Encourage the development of appropriately located and serviced privately -held and State-owned lands for houselots. • Improve and develop roadways, water and sewerage systems, and other basic facilities necessary to encourage development of lands suitable for residential use. • [The County shall encourage] Encourage the concentration of residential structures to avoid strip residential development. • [Due to geologic and topographic conditions, the County shall encourage] Lncourae the use of more innovative types of housing development, such as zones of mix and cluster and planned unit developments. KA'U Profile The district of Ka'u has [799] aDDroxi ately 781 acres allocated for single-family residential use, primarily located in the towns of Naalehu [and], Pahala and at Punalu'u. [Three hundred forty-six acres or 43% of the total zoned lands are undeveloped. The following is the breakdown of zoned lands based on density: Land Area (Sq.1~t.)Per Unit Acreage Percentage of Total 7,500 133 17 10,000 137 17 15,000 515 64 20,000 14 2 The Ka'u district has a total of 1,439 single-family units.] The sugar company actively pursued subdivisions to provide fee simple residential lands to their employees. These subdivisions [are] were primarily provided for relocation purposes. Since many of the single-family residential zoned lands [are] were held in plantation ownership, only a limited supply [are] were available on the private market. Life Ha aliva Manx of the towns that were established i a'zi were a direct result of the influence of the former su - lantations that once gisted in the re 'on, Prior to its closin in 1996 Kwan Aodbusiness engaged W l ou-sin: devdo ent with the State Housing and CommunjiX 405 Land Use Residential DeveloRment Corporation of Hawaii to construct housing for its ernPloyees. Over the ears this effort has increased fee ownership of homes from 42 per cent in 1970 to 94 Per cent in 1997. The district also has non -conforming residential subdivisions [which lack] lacking the basic improvements necessary for development. Course of Action [The County shall aid] Aid and encourage [the sugar company] major landowners to snake available [single-family zoned] residential lands [at Fahala and Naalehu] in the area for employee housing and [for] the private market. 406 Land Use Residential RESORT INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS Resort developments are intended to satisfy the needs and desires of both visitors and residents. Such areas have basic amenities and attributes [which] that support visitor accommodations and related facilities. [Another factor of major importance is the recreational facilities available to visitors.] [Resort development sites generally have a harmonious combination of both the built environment, including buildings and landscaping, and the physical environment such as climate, specific site characteristics and scenery.] Most successful resort areas have a harmonious combination of certain characteristics such as cluescene and/or man-rnadc fat ties. In most instances, the [elements of the physical environment provide] natural factors have been the basis for the development of an area[.] and the man-made facilities were desired to enhance the area. Buildings and landscaping are generally designed to enhance the site and area. In other cases, [the features of the built environment] man-made features enhance what may be considered undistinguished physical features. [Most resorts are planned and developed to compete for the visitor market that prefers to stay at a single place for several days to several weeks. Sufficient activities and interests within the immediate, resort area are necessary to accommodate the visitors to these resort complexes.] Generally, several factors in combination with one another contribute to the growth of a visitor industry in a given area. These factors include: • The amenities that an area has to offer including its beaches, scenic attractions, and recreational facilities and activities. • The community providing support for the industry. • Both the public and private sectors providing the needed infrastructure improvements (such as airports, water and sewer systems, and road improvements) and other support[.] services. • The private sector developing a concentration of visitor accommodations in an area. • The participation of hotel operators with strong ties to national and international markets. • The successful promotion of an area as a destination and the participation in the promotional effort by airlines and travel agents. 407 Land Use Resort The County [of Hawaii] has several natural advantages, including its climate, topography and scenic qualities [which] that provide the setting desired for resort development. With [appropriate] pXpper planning, resort development can have a positive impact on the island's social, economic and physical environment, and [on] the visitor industry as well. A resort area should be large enough to provide a concentration of hotel and recreational facilities [which] that will keep the visitor interested and entertained. It should not be so large, however, as to destroy either the sense of scale, intimacy and [leisureliness] leisure associated with an area or the way of life on an island [such as this]. The visitor industry is generally regarded as the primary catalyst of economic and population growth throughout the State and particularly the Neighbor Islands. The visitor industKy is the drWing force of the econ2 T for the State of Hawaii and contributes $14.6 billion of economic gg#i j = employs nearly 180,000people, accounts for 28 __r cunt of statewide tax revenues, and contributes nearla28 ger cent of the Gross State Product. The total number of overnight visitors to the State has increased from [1.7 million people in 1970 to] 4.9 million in 1985[.] to 6.7 million in 1998= The number of [westbound visitors to the State traveling] visitor arrivals to Hawaii County increased from [446,000 in 1970 to 697,400] 760,000 in 1985[.] to 1.27 million in 1998. These statistics do not reflect visitor arrivals from cruise ships. The total statewide westbound visitors in 1:998 was 41 million. The Big Island accounted for 22.8 Rer cent of thisre with %1 400 westbound visitors. The ma'ori of the westboarnal visitors oris natcd from the United Mates with others from Canada, Europe and other countries. The mpj2 it of eastbound vWtors 2d ated from Japan as well as Korea,, China, visitors. Accompanying this growth in visitor arrivals has been the development of additional visitor accommodations, particularly on the Neighbor Islands. Based on data from the Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau, the State's visitor room inventory increased from [26,923 in 1970 to] 65,919 in [late -1985, and] 1985 to 71,4480 in 1998. Hawaii County's visitor roam inventory increased from [3,200 in: 1970 to] 7,511 in [late] 1985[.] to 9,655 in 1998. The visitor accommodation units include hotels, resort condominium& aaaartment hotels, bed > and breakfast ssocrations, hosted, and aaBdavidaFal vacation units. The bell and breakfasto cra�o....�......,., n in, the CounjL although notsignificant to the total visitor unit count has been a fhsLUowing sgMent of the visitor indnstry. In 1969, the County of Hawaii had 677 acres zoned for resort use [, of which 357 acres were still undeveloped]. By 1985, the zoned acreage had increased to 793 acres [, of which 473 acres were not utilized]. The total acreage zoned for resort use in 2000 was apgrozimatcl_T 1,153 acres. 408 Land Use Resort The County's existing primary resort centers [on the island] are located along the coastal areas of Hilo in East Hawaii, and North Kona and South Kohala in West Hawaii. The majority of future resort [development should be expected to be in these same coastal areas with secondary centers of development being in the southern and northern quadrants of the County. The North Kenna coastal area between Keauhou and Kaupulehu is attracting considerable interest for new resort projects. This is to be expected given the area's physical attributes and proximity to the Keahole airport, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the existing West Hawaii communities.] developments are Rroposed in the North Iona and South Kohala districts. Although resort development has traditionally been located in coastal areas, [it is anticipated that developments] smaller -scale resort projects such as mountain and retreat resort complexes may be developed in the future. In recent years, niche tourism marl�t such as eco -tourism and health and wellness tourism have estabUshed themselves throu out the island. Niche markets for these bMes of tourism have growth potential by promotingthe abundance of natural historical and �cuitural resources this island has to offer. While most of the la erg resod focus upon recreational opRortunities offered b the island;s coastat resources these nielre tourism markets also take advantage of other natural and cultural resources available from various locations throutaitout the County. How [satisfactorily] and where fixture resort development occurs will depend to a large extent on the County. Although the County is faced with differences of opinion from its residents concerning resort development, the benefits that can be derived from resort development may be optimized and the adverse affects minimized. Developers and residents must be made aware of the circumstances resulting from resort development. Citizen participation, awareness, and most of all, [citizen] understanding are vital in resort development, as in all phases of the planning process. GOALS Maintain an orderly development of the visitor industry. • Provide for resort development that maximizes conveniences to its users and optimizes the benefits derived by the residents of the County. Ensure that resort developments maintain the cultural and historic, social, economic, and physical environments of Hawaii and its people. POLICIES • The County may impose incremental and conditional zoning [which] that would be based on performance requirements. • Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resort areas [which] That are presently serviced by basic facilities and utilities. 409 Land Use Resort • Lands currepIly deesort should be utilized before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas. • Zoning of resort areas shall be granted when the proposed development is consistent with and incorporates the stated goals, policies and standards of the General Plan. • [The County shall continue] Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvement Program to help develop visitor destination areas in accordance with the County's General Plan. • [The County shall designate] Designate and allocate future resort areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, economic, and physical environments of the County. • [The County shall evaluate] Evaluate resort areas and the areas surrounding existing resorts to insure that viable quality resorts are developed and that the surrounding area contributes to the quality, ambience and character of the existing resorts. • [The County shall evaluate] Encourage the visitor industry to provide resort facilities [which] that offer an educational experience of Hawaii as well as recreational activities. • Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and parking for beach and shoreline areas. • [The County shall re-evaluate] Re-evaluate existing undeveloped resort designated and/or zoned areas and reallocate [resort designated and/or zoned] these lands in appropriate locations. [• The concept of a "floating zone" shall be used to allow for the future development of retreat resort areas.] • &gWre developers to grovide the basic infrastructure necessary for development. STANDARDS The following established standards shall guide the development of resort areas. [Destination Resort Community A destination resort is a self-contained resort destination area which provides basic and support facilities for both the needs of the entire development and the surrounding regional area. Such facilities shall include employee housing, recreational 410 Land Use Resort facilities, regional civic center facilities, other community facilities serving the region. Basic infrastructure needs such as water, sewer and roads for the entire development shall be provided. The designation of any destination resort community shall be established through a formal General Plan Amendment accompanied by an Environmental Impact Statement. Maximum hotel and condominium -hotel units: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Resort Acreage: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Active and passive recreation area: to be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. Residential acreage: acreage shall include areas for employee housing and/or affordable housing and shall be determined in conjunction with the adoption of a master plan for the destination resort community's zoning. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zonings provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two hotel units built.] Major Resort Area A major resort area is a self-contained resort destination area [which] that provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. A major resort area is desiated as a Resort node or part of a Resort node on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. Maximum [hotel and condominium -hotel] visitor units: 3,000 [rooms.] units. Resort acreage: 90 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation areas: 50 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 640 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. 411 Land Use Resort The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. • Intermediate Resort Area An intermediate resort area is a self-contained resort destination area [which] that provides basic and support facilities for the needs of the entire development on a smaller scale than a major resort area. Such facilities shall include sewer, water, roads, employee housing and recreational facilities, etc. Maximum [hotel and condominium -hotel] visitor units: 1,500 [rooms.] units, Resort acreage: 45 acres minimum. Active and passive recreation area: 25 acres minimum. Either participate in an off-site housing program or a maximum of 320 acres for residential use when other zoned lands are not available in close proximity for support use. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. • Minor Resort A minor resort area shall not exceed the density of an intermediate resort area [and is generally an area with many small property owners or an isolated resort development without sufficient land area to develop into a self-contained destination area]. Maximum [hotel and condominium -hotel] visitor units: 500 [Rooms.] units. [Resort acreage: 35 acres minimum] Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of development. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. 412 Land Use Resort • Retreat Resort Area A retreat resort area is generally an area [which] that provides the user with rest, quiet and isolation for an environmental experience. It shall have sewer, water, roads, employee housing, and recreational facilities, etc.[.] Maximum [hotel and condominium -hotel] visitor units: [up to 100 rooms to be determined in conjunction with retreat resort area's zoning.] 5050 units. Resort acreage: 15 acres minimum. Provide active and passive recreation area commensurate with the scale of development. The required employee housing ratio and method of provision shall be determined by an analysis of housing needs of each district or relative area and with the adoption of the resort zoning; provided that the ratio shall not exceed one employee unit for every two [hotel] visitor units built. DISTRICTS The following is an analysis by district in reference to resort development. The brief analysis of each district is intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the County as a whole. PUNA Profile [The Puna district presently has no visitor or overnight accommodations. One acre is zoned Resort, however it is utilized by a drive-in restaurant. Except for a number of scenic attractions along the Puna coastline, the visitor industry has had very little effect on the district.] The visitor indusla in the Puna distri-et is. grimadh cnm rised of bed and breakfast visitor units. A drive-in restaurant currenft occupies the district's onl , resort -zoned area of one acre located1n Kaimu. The principal visitor [attractions] attraction in the region [are] is the Kalapana Extension of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park [and the Black Sand Beach at Kalapana]. Although resorts have been proposed revious in the Kaimu-Kalapana, [area and other resort developments have been proposed for Kapoho, Pohoiki and Opihikao] Iia oho Pohoiki and Q ihikae areas none of these have materialized. These areas are also subject to volcanic activities, subsidence, and tsunami inundation. [Most of these] TI$ese areas also lack most of the basic infrastructure improvements necessary for development. 413 Land Use Resort Courses of Action The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development in the district shall complement the character of the area [and be consistent with the General Plan]. Consider the development of small family or 'bed and breakfast' type visitor accommodations and small-scale retreat resort development. SOUTH TALO Profile [The city of Hilo in the South Hilo district is one of the gateways for Big Island visitors. Direct flights to the continental United States can be accommodated at the General Lyman Airport.] In the earl 719'70s, Hilo was envisioned as the gateway to the Island of Hawaii for overseas visitors. In anticipation of that status the Halo International AiMort ter naal was modernized and the runwa ; modifwd for 'umbo aircraft< The antici ated flow of overseas visitors, however, dial not materialize. Milo continues to attract its share of visitors with. approximately 30 per cent of the island's total visitor count. The Milo area also accommodates a substantial number of business travelers as well as local travelers attending s cial events such as sR2dng events and hula co petitions. The v4sitor industff in South Hilo will continue to service the The visitor plant inventory indicates that in 1960 there were 376 hotel units, increasing to 1,247 in 1970 and 1,313 units in 1985. [The present inventory of visitor accommodations in Hilo has actually decreased since it reached its peak of 2,152 in 1976. The decrease is primarily attributable to the reduction of direct mainland service to Hilo.] South Hilo's visitor accommodations have declined. to 1,165 visitor units in 1998. The majority of Hilo's existing inventory of visitor units are located in the Waiakea Peninsula resort area. [As a resort area, Hilo has consistently experienced the lowest occupancy rates statewide. Although two other hotels were constructed in the vicinity of the Waiakea Pond, both hotels have since been converted to office and condominium apartments. Two other areas within the Hilo city limits have resort zoning, one in the Puueo area and the other in the Keaukaha area. These resort zoned areas, however, are utilized by other non -conforming uses. A 15 -story condominium with 88 units is located in the Puueo area. The Hilo area has 139 acres zoned for resort use. Of the total, 51 acres are vacant.] The Filo area has approximately 136 acres zoned for resort use. 414 Land Use Resort Courses of Action Re-evaluate [some of the] areas currently zoned for resort use. Continue to improve roadways and sewer and water systems in all areas where high density resort uses are allowed. NORTH HILO Profile Presently, the visitor industry plays no significant role in the area as areas of interest to visitors are limited [because of inadequate access]. In the foreseeable future, resort development in the North Hilo district is unlikely. Course of Action • Encourage the development of small-scale visitor related facilities near points of interest. HAMAKUA Profile The visitor industry in South Kohala has provided employment opportunities for residents of the Hamakua area. Within the district, there is a small hotel located in Honoka'a [which] that is primarily used by local businessmen, [and] construction workers[.], and travelers. Bed and breakfast o rations were also established in parts of the Haeeiakua districts As of December 2000Jhere were 42 acres of resort zoned lands in Hamakuae In develo naent of a 40 -unit retreat resort facilift referred to as `The 'Trees at Kukuihaele." There are also no shoreline areas where resort complexes can be feasibly developed to any substantial degree. Nevertheless, the district does have some visitor attractions. Waipio Valley is a major visitor attraction. Its beauty lies in its naturalness and the general absence of man-made elements. Because access into the valley is 12oor along a steep and danErous road, the valley itself is not a suitable locatives for visitor -oriented commercial facilities and accommodations. Honoka'a town offers a different visitor attraction with its main street setting of 1930`s commercial buildings. Courses of Action • Encourage the development of small family -operated hotels. • Consider [the] small-scale retreat resort development. 415 Land Use Resort Encourage resort development [which] that enhances the natural beauty of the area. NORTH KOHALA Profile The district of North Kohala [has limited]row jades overnight accommodations[.] for local travelers. [Its two hotels are generally used by local businessmen and construction workers.] Chalon Internationals Inc., a major landowner In the North Kohala district, obtained regoging of a rnxi ate 15 acres of land in 1993 for the development of a 200 to 240 -unit lod c hotel at Mahukona. No aetivLq towards the devel® ment of the lodge hotel has occurred to date. In addition to being an agricultural community, there are [people] those who live in this district and commute to work at the South Kohala resorts. The district does have potential for resort development catering to visitors seeking quiet and rest. There are areas of historical significance and natural beauty in North Kohala. Courses of Action [• Consider possible development of resort facilities at Mahukona.] • Encourage the development of small family [or "bread and breakfast" ] type hotels[.] and bed and breakfast establishments. Consider small-scale retreat resort development[.] that is consistent with the rural character and cultural lifestyle of the district. SOUTH KOHALA Profile [South Kohala's role in the visitor industry is unique. In Waimea, the small lodging facilities totaling 29 units offer opportunities for an upland, cool, vacation experience. At Waikoloa Village active recreation attractions, such as horseback riding, hunting and golfing, are available. Approximately 40 condominium units within the Village area are available to visitors. The South Kohala coast has long been envisioned as a prime visitor destination area since the late 1960s. Its natural attributes, white sand beaches, calm ocean waters, and a dry, sunny climate have made it especially attractive. The Mauna Kea, Mauna Lani and Waikoloa Resorts, the three major resort developments along this coastal area have each developed a hotel and are 416 Land Use Resort actively pursuing plans for further hotel development. Each of the three existing South Kohala resorts also have recreational amenities which include a championship golf course at each development, tennis facilities and beach and ocean activities. The three South Kohala resorts' hotel room inventory has increased from 315 units in 1969 to 1,357 units in 1985. At the Waikoloa Resort, the 1,244 -unit Waikoloa Hyatt is under construction and is generally expected to be the catalyst for a new wave of development activity in the County.] There are [297] 160 acres zoned for resort use in South Kohala. [Of these zoned acres, 115 have been utilized. In addition all three of the major coastal resort areas have 268 acres zoned for multiple family residential use which may also be used for vacation rental condominiums.] The South. Kohala coast has develo€ned into a Mpjor destination resort area for the island of Hawgib as well as the State. The three major, developers of the area are Mauna Kea rhes Iauana Uani resort and Waikoloa Land Conn an . The major hotels The Outrie er Waikoloan leach Hotel. The number of hotel rooms within these three resort nodes:totaals over 3,g5O. A limited number of visitor accommodations are also available in Waimea. Some visitor units>are also available within the Walkoloa Village. The South Kohala resorts great benefited from the direct flights to Dona International A' ort at Keahole from Ja an and the mainland United States= These direct flights sit ifi aant ° increased the number of visitors to the South Kohala resort destination areas. As a result of these direct flights and the g2LiLnftt1 for a2wth of future vhq for accom oda ons the visitor industEy at the South Kohala coast should Mand. The excellent clijjia c conditions of the area and its east of access from the Kona International A:lEport at Kcahole Rrovide an ogtamistic future for the South Kohala coast's major resort destination area. Course of Action • Adequate access, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities shall be provided in all areas where higher density uses are allowed. NORTH KONA Profile The district of North Kona has historically been the focus of resort activity on the Island of Hawaii. The initial development occurred in the Kailua-Kona area with a small number of visitor accommodations. Few of these hotels contained the full range of resort amenities. As the tourism industry expanded, the character of the Kailua-Kona area has changed. [The hotel 417 Land Use Resort facilities are now located in both the Kailua area and at Keauhou. Other visitor related uses such as condominiums, single-family dwellings, restaurants and other commercial establishments are located along Ali'i Drive between these two points. The "Kailua Village Design Plan," originally prepared in 1974 and adopted by the County Council in 1976, guides development within the Kailua Village area. The plan needs to be updated and requires more definitive design and landscaping criteria.] Today, visitor accommodations and facilities extend from the Kcauho Kona Resort at the southern end of the North Kona district to the 11 uMalai Resort and Kona Village Resort at the northern end. Keauhou-Kona Resort is master -planned and [has been] developed as a resort/residential community [and] that offers the full range of resort amenities including [a] golf [course,] ceanrses, tennis facilities, shopping center and entertainment facilities. [A convention center is located at the Kona Surf Hotel. The expansion of resort areas in the district is anticipated north of Kailua-Kona. A number of resorts have been proposed for this area.] The recenIt refurbished Aston Keauhou Beach resort is part of the Keauhou-bona Resort. There are two resort -zoned sites at Keauhou-Kona Resort totaling 59 acres that have et to be €Delo ed. [Other area -wide facilities have helped to encourage the growth of tourism in the district. These include the Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, Keahole Airport and the completion of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.] The Hualabd Resort and the Kaupulehu Develogment's Project District will be develoMd as another master- canned resort/residential commune . The 243 -room Pour Seasons Hnalalan o used in 1996. Other develoments in the area include a chain: aonsshi golf course condominium and siu lejami residential units and other sgunort amenities. The visitor units in the North Kana district include over 2,180 hotel rooms. and approxkmaAt,::1465 resort condominium units. Approximately 500 units are one -rated as timeshare units including the 263 -unit Kona Coad: Resort at Keauhou-Kona ResorL th e lamest time share project. A number of bed and breakfast units have also been established. There are [328] 740 acres zoned resort in the North Kona District [with approximately 135 acres vacant]. However, not all of the acres zoned for resort are actually utilized for hotels. [Other uses which'have largely been established are multiple] Multiple family residential uses[.] and sin a family residential uses have been established on some of the resort zoned lands. [In addition, there are some non -conforming residential and commercial uses. The] Accordin to the 1998 data from the Hawaii Visitors and Convention Center, the North .Kana district [now] has the largest inventory of visitor units on the island The [4,694] 4W ,399 units include a broad range of accommodations, [beginning with 100 units of the luxury retreat at the Kona Village to lower priced condominium units along Alii Drive.] ranging from hotels to bed .and breakfastestablishments. [For every hotel unit in the district, there are almost two condominium units that are available for vacation rentals.] Some of the older hotels are in need of major refurbishment. 418 Land Use Resort Courses of Action Discourage strip resort development along Alii Drive. Re-evaluate some [of the] areas currently zoned for resort use. • Improve and provide adequate roadways, sewer and water systems, and other basic amenities in all areas where higher density uses are allowed. SOUTH KO1NA Profile The South Kona district has limited visitor accommodations. There is one hotel with 64 units [which] tl€at is primarily used by [island] local residents. Some bed and brealsf st ® erations have also been established in recent ears. An 80 -unit private member's lodge is [The South Kona district does have the natural and historic amenities which provides areas and sights of visitor interest. There are presently no resort zoned lands in the district.] Courses of Action Developments shall blend in with the character of the area. [• Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for development.] • Encourage the development of small family -operated hotels[.] or bed and breakfast accommodations. [• Re-evaluate and if appropriate implement plans formulated in the West Hawaii Corridor Study.] 419 Land Use Resort KA'U Profile Tourism activity in the Ka'u district has been limited to [Punalu'u] Punaluu and the Volcano areas. The Punalu'u Resort, formerly known as SeaMountain, has [33] 56 condominium units, tennis, golf and retreat conference facilities[.] in weed of repair. [The Shirakawa Motel also serves local residents and business people.] This resort generally caters to those wishing a relatively quiet and isolated vacation experience. The 12 -await Shirakawa hotel in Waiohinu also serves local travelers. [A 37 -unit hotel] The 37 -unit Volcano House within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park caters largely to those wishing to explore the National Park. The hotel also manages cabins within the park. These are available to visitors who prefer a more "wilderness" experience. A number of lard and breakfast operations have been established within the district, Rarficularly the Volcano area. There are approximately [27] 45 acres zoned resort in the district [of which 26 remain vacant. Additions and expansion of the Punalu'u Resort area are being proposed. A mayor resort has also been proposed for the Kahuku coastal area]. Courses of Action [• Require developers to provide the basic improvements necessary for development.] • The development of visitor accommodations and any resort development [in Ka'u] shall complement the character of the area. [The County shall encourage] Encourage the development of small family or "bed and breakfast" type visitor accommodations. 420 Land Use Resort OPEN SPACE INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS A vital part of the environment, open space is [that] land [which] that is basically not used for buildings or structures and is characterized by scenic beauty, existing openness, and natural conditions. It is the counterpart of development. Retained in its state of use, open space would maintain and/or enhance the conservation of needed or desired natural, scenic, or historical resources [which] that might otherwise be permanently lost. It would also enhance the present or potential value of abutting or surrounding urban development. Open space is used to maintain and/or provide forestry pursuits, water supply, fish and marine protection, wildlife and endemic plant preservation, recreational pursuits and visual and scenic amenities. Open space also demarcates potential natural hazard areas. Just as the use of open space is affected by development, so is the character and quality of development influenced by what is done with open space. Three basic functions are served by open space. Positive human needs such as active and passive recreation amenities can be provided. The natural resource base such as air, water, soil and plants can be protected and enhanced. Economic development decisions, e.g. tourism, real estate values and development patterns, can be affected. The planning of open space is an integral part of any comprehensive planning consideration. Other elements of the General Plan affect or are affected by this element[; together]. 'I� o� e� these elements and their interrelationships form an overall picture of the County of Hawaii. [For each resident of the County of Hawaii, there are approximately 14 acres of land which are in open designations. In addition to open zoned lands, areas zoned as agriculture are also generally uncluttered with structures. Such lands can also impart a sense of open space.] Open space on the island of Hawaii consists of lands zoned as [open]jLnby the County as well as those in the State Land Use Conservation District. [The County zoning permits no structures except those related to recreational pursuits.] The "Open" zoning district permits golf courses, With a use permit, some recreational facilities, and various Xulslic and u ili m e faeilit s. There ig Curren - nes Conn zoning district that calls for land to be preserved in a Large l , natural state. Various categories of open space areas have been designated according to use or amenities. Restricted watershed areas are strictly regulated in order to protect the island's essential water resources. Some of these are in close proximity and easy accessibility to development and without protection could be contaminated. All watershed areas are in forest reserves under the [joint] jurisdiction of the [Forestry Division and the Division of Water and Land Development.] State Department of Land and Natural Resources. 421 Land Use — Open Space and Public Lands Potential natural hazard areas are designated as open space for the welfare and safety of the public. These include areas [which] that are highly susceptible to flooding, erosion, volcanic activity and tsunami inundation. The following goals, policies, and standards are set forth to insure the protection and wise use of open space in the County of Hawaii. GOALS • Provide and protect open space for the social, environmental, and economic well- being of the County of Hawaii and its residents. • Protect designated natural areas. POLICIES • Open space [in the County of Hawaii] shall reflect and be in keeping with the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the other elements of the General Plan. • Open space in urban areas shall be established and provided through zoning and subdivision regulations. • [The County of Hawaii shall encourage] Encourage the identification, evaluation, and designation of natural areas. • Zoning, subdivision and other applicable ordinances [in the County of l lawaii] shall provide for and protect open space areas. • Amend the.` caning Cade to create a category for lands that should be kept in a IaMeh natural state but that ml - not be in the Conservation District such as certain ins ortant view lanes baser areas and vell steep slopes. STANDARDS • Open Space designations shall include: Forest Reserves Nater Areas Potential Natural Hazard Areas Natural Areas and Reserves Open Space Recreation Areas Scenic Vistas and Viewplanes General Use Conservation Sub -zones with Compatible Uses Scientific Areas, including Habitats of Endemic Species 422 Land Use — Open Space and Public Lands PUBLIC LANDS INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS The utilization of land resources in Hawaii is greatly influenced by the policies and practices of a relatively small number of major landowners. Approximately 52 per cent of the total land area in the State of Hawaii is government-owned. Federal lands constitute 8 per cent of these government-owned lands while State lands, including those of the Department of Hawaiian Homes Lands, comprise the remaining 34 per cent. Of the 48 per cent in private ownership, [a disproportionately large share is owned by] approximately three-fourths are owned b a roximatel fifty ["large landowners."] lame landowners. The degree to which private and public lands [of the County] can be put to their respective designated and zoned uses will determine the effectiveness of the General Plan. The historical pattern of land ownership in specific situations may adversely affect the realization of stated objectives and goals. County -owned lands amount to less than 1 per cent of the total land area of the island. State owned lands [, summarized in the following table,] account for 44 per cent of the County's 2.5 million acres, with district proportions ranging from a low of 17 per cent in South Kona to a high of 76 per cent in North Hilo. State lands include a variety of uses [, both existing and proposed, from] such as commercial, industrial, residential and resort uses and education and research in South Milo to wilderness areas and mountain tops in Hamakua and Ka'u. Federal lands in the County of Hawaii include the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the National Historic Parks at Pu'ukohola and Honaunau, both of which are established programs of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of Interior. The National Park Service roe eases to uire additional lands for the ex arrsaon of the Hawaii Volcanoes u kehola and Puuhonua O Honaunau National Historic Parks at Kahuku, Kohanaiki, and ;Milac, resres�v. Publk trust or ceded lands in Hawaii conn rise a route 1.8 miflion acres of propgr_q throehoaut the Statcc or 43 pgr cent of the State's total land area. These lend:' were "celled", or transferred, to the United Stag by the Republic of Hawaii, under the DurDoses for its use including one for the betterment of conditions for native Hawaiians. constitutional amendments to create the Office of Hawaflan Affairs and fund it with a for invento ing and maintaining information about these ceded lands. 423 Land Use — Open Space and public Lands Hawaiian Homes Dept. - [Total Ac. State Ac. % of Total TOTAL 2,506,800 1,101,351 43.9 Puna 317,000 91,173' 28.7 S. Hilo 252,300 150,1022 59.4 N. Hilo 173,500 132,8013 76.5 Hamakua 396,500 232,497' 58.6 N. Kohala 79,700 16,5325 20.7 S. Kohala 175,100 51,5516 29.4 N. Kona 363,900 213,414 58.6 S. Kona 142,600 25,025 17.5 Ka'u 606,200 188,2567 31.0 Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 2,000 Ac. 2Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,955 Ac. 3Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 48,800 Ac. 'Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 12,197 Ac. 5Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 115 Ac. 6Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 22,584 Ac. 7Hawaiian Homes Dept. - 10,989 Ac.] The use of publicly owned lands needs to be more judiciously administered. There is at present no master plan for the vast public lands; namely those [which] that are designated Conservation, over which the County has virtually no administrative jurisdiction. The County acquires land for public uses such as parks and rights-of-way. Presently there is no [one] County agency whose function is to expedite land acquisitions. Various County departments are involved, depending on the nature of acquisition. There is also a need for an agency to keep abreast of and initiate various programs on public land. The University of Hawaii, as a corporate body under the State Constitution, holds a unique position on land ownership unlike other State or County agencies [which] that utilize public lands. The University, under the State Constitution, obtains in fee title the land granted it by Executive Order [and can thus]® The Universily can therefore subdivide, lease or sell its lands provided it is in the interest of public education. GOALS • Utilize publicly owned lands in the best public interest and [to the extent possible,] to the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. 424 Land Use — Open Space and Public Lands Acquire [necessary] lands for public use to implement policies and programs contained in the General Plan. POLICIES • Encourage uses of public lands [which] that will satisfy specific public needs, such as housing, recreation, open space and education. • Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the [County] General Plan. • State and County Capital Improvement Programs should continue to be coordinated. • A sub -classification, University use, shall continue to be utilized, permitting the primary institutional and numerous supportive and accessory uses required for establishing and/or expanding a public university. Its designation shall continue to be shown on the Land Use Patterns Allocation Guide map. • Sumort the U.S. Department of Interior, rational Park Service's expansion laps for the Hawaii Vokanoes Punkohola and Punhonua. O Honannau National Historic Parks. • Encourage the State to continue the Villages of Lai'opua project at Keatakehe. 63 IFM 17411411 Public lands with unique recreational and natural resources shall be maintained for public use. 425 Land Use — Open Space and Public Lands PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The General Plan sets forth broad goals, objectives, and policies. -Implementation re vires translating these broad statements to specific actions s stematicalh, evaluaidn progress,,and active community participation. In this regard, follow-up Rlanningefforts will involve the aration of Comm"ill Develo meat Plans Cavital Imrovements Program, and an annual re art COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS The Co mugity Develogment Plans are untended to be the forum for community input into manggigg..Vowth and coordingft the d2l =e of overnment serotic" to the communily. The Community Development Plans will translate the broad General Plan statements to socific actions as they` apply to specific geographical areas A Community Development Plan should direct physical development and oaablic improvements within a s eci c aream The CommunYj develo ment Plana spa v contain detailed land use and zoan:in _:ide ma splans for roadways. drainage, arks and other infrastructure and, ublic .fa.cilities architectural desio gmidelines,planning for watersheds and other natural features, and any other matters relating to the€jlanninarea The Planning Director or CounacU mgy initiate a Community Development Plan, Each Commun-ily Develo anent Plan shall have a steering committee corse sed of members anDointed by the mnor and confirmed bj the councU. The members shall be broadb, rSpresentative of the affected communities. The steering committee shall work in,conjunction with the Planning Department and with gra RMfessional consultants hired to assist in the gMaration of the plan. The exact boundaries of the planning area mgj be determined clava the jpMaration of the elan= It is not mandatory that there be a Coasaaaraanity Development Plana for each region. Althou the _revious General Plain called for CommunLq Development flans in the thi -ears>since the enactment of the: first General Phar ank one CoananUpjjj Develo meat Plan has been enacted.by ordinance one iff Counly Council Resolutions and two by Planning. Commission Resolution Thne, cost, the degree of effort, and, in some cases, the InahiliL to achieve a sufficient consensus, has been the limigM factors. Tire need for a Com. unity Devg!2p cent Plan for a particular area should be assessed considering a number of factors, in -eluding how much is public infrastruewre challenged by recent or antici ated ULwth and whether there are significant efforts to change the zoning and land use in the area. After the steering committee has r-ecommeraded aapgroval of the Coranrrsunhy Development Plan it shall be forwarded to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation to the Coupjj CouncH. The Counft Council Way modifE or amend the 426 Plan Implemetion Communi • Development Plan before enacting it by ordinance but it shall'give the stearin committee and the Plannin Connnnn.issiona an opportunily to review and comment upon substantive amendments and modifications before final adoption of the plan. In the process of creating,the Community Development Plan, it anay be determined that the General Plana should be amended. The PlananiM Director or Cmtx Council man iniflaate amendments to the General Plan and thesteen'ng committee mpl recommend aamenndmentsthat would be enacted at the same time as the CommunLq Deyelo ent Plan$ or as a follow—up to the Commuani - Development Plan. If there is a direct conflict between the Communfty Development Plan and the General P % the General Plan shall be controfll_n&. The Community Development Plans shall focus on action. The courses of action specified in each element of the General Plan need renter detail and need to be coordinaated_y district. The Community Develolsmenat Plans shalt identifv aunmriate governmental aeons that include: Regulatory actions. Regglaations rely on government's police power to control ghat j2eeple.can a -cannot do in the interest of thepublic's health safe t or we#fare. The Cpnpty administers and enforces various regulations to control land use. These rgmlattops include the zonninn code subdWision code flood control code, grading code, sign code, and building code. The County also administers reguirements imposed by the Federal and State governments, such as the Coastal Zone hfana ement tact and the State Land Use Lam. The Communfty Development Pians shall recommend amendments as approRriate to the codes, maps, or administration and enforcement. Incentive measures. Where rMlatoKy controls are thegovernment's "sticks" incenth,es are the "carrots" to encourage certain actions. 'Coo often regglation fs the solution. itis l-ationn can be restrictive reactive and divisive. Incentive measures, on the other hand, can invite creative "win-win" solutions. Examples of incentive measures includero tax exem tionns such as foragricultural or native forest dedications glUghted 2erwit, RE2cessjR& densk bonuses, and discounted faciifty fees. Community Development Plains shall consider Qatspropriaate incentive measures to achieve various objectives, as applicable. Acquisition actions. Where signif cant resources are located on asrivate property, ft may be more approRriate for overnment to purchase the develo meat n :Rhts or fee simple title rather than to severs > r late the owner's use of the ra a -. Obviously, purchaging, in reactions to development t ro owls is expensive. The Communa:ill Development Planes shall ideulft acgunsitionn riorities as ARREMriate, and seek means to leverage financing In working, creativeb, with the landownerother levels of overnamennt land trusts and/or nonprofit groups. Capital budgeting actions. The Counter annually prepares a capital im rovements laud et where ublic facili Miectsnnew construction or major repairs) are identified. The bud et is accom anied b_I a six ear capital improvements progya („CIP). eThe CIP process is explained in more detail 427 Plan Implementation below. The Community Development Plans shall identify and prioritize 12ublic lfa cffii y projects jmpprtapt to the community. The CII' shall take into consideration the recommendations in the Commugily Develo meat Plans MjoMjZjM that the CIP must recces -cite comp!ggag interests for a limited amount of funds. Programs. Certain community needs do not necessarily re wire land or a new facile-, but rather a focused commitment of time and mongy towards achiev*Mg specific objecth-cs. These operatioona rojects are referred to as programs Exam les include an after-school youth ria : neighborhood watch grgmm, or mediation training ro m. Toooften, resources are diverted to stadies that could be more effectively used for pilot r ro rams that actually tKr to acbieve results and. provide lessons througjj action. Communi Ilevelo ment;Plans shall idenIft desired proMms and the communi 's role in planning and implementing,the pro ams. Developanent/Redevelopment. In very special situations, it may be appropriate for gnernment to take the lead and act, aas develoeither eiu or as a �- salriicl mate partnership. These situations arise when the grivate market fails to address certain needs. such as very low income housipg, or when the situation is guite lar a -scale compje. and es ee,°iail re utter ®vernment's ower of and shall coordinate i_nMt from appropriate agencies such as the Office of Housing and Community Development or the.U.S. De artment of IIousin and Urban Development. CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PROGRAM (CIP) Capital im rovement projects have the gotential to influence where Vowth occurs to more €iitale > distribute. Coun • services and to Rramote important objectives such as 1. The various deortments and ag eies submit Prosect Muests and cost estimates to the Mayors The Planning Director reviews the 'lists and recommends priorities.. 2. The is gyor reviews the lists in preparing the CIP. 3. lav March 1, the iVlayor submits the CIP to the Council together with a messa e explaining each project vrovmd in the capital budget, estimated cosi. and €rronosed method of financing. 4. RL, M&I 5 the Mgyor.mgy submit amendments adjustments mgy be necessary depe ding,pn actions takenbl,the State; LSWEIature) ether with a message that describes the chaanas and the circumstances, which justify the changes. 428 Plan Implementation 5. On or before June 30, the Council shall adggt the capital budget. The canital bu-deet for the upcoming fiscal year is adopted b six -yeas CIP is _I ordinance. The for informati MIMS- The caRital budget apRroRriates funds for the specified Rrojects. CARital allRropriations la se at the end of the second fiscal year Mowing the year in which the (e.g., execute contracts, issue Mrchase orders) and Mend the funds. In order for the CIP to comDrehensiveIV Drioritize and allocate the financial resources available to the Coupily within the context of the General Plan, the CIP shall be prepared as follows: 0 The CIP shall be based on clear grioELq criteria; 0 The CIP shall jpjWate the several sources of funding iniRrovements, including the Fuel tax and the Countt, Water Board projects; 0 The CIP shall coordinate Coup ly projects with State CIP projects and available Federal fundIM 0 The total County costs for thea mets selected for the CIP shall not exceed an amount that could be nrodent iv financed tahLng, into consideration the debt service capacily of the County; • The CIP grocess shall provide„ opRortunily for community review of the CIP vMosed b's, the administration prior to spbmittal. to the County Council; •Where additional studies are needed to prioritize Rpjects from an islandwide or regional gerspective, functional cans m&y be funded through the CIP- • A system shall be established to monitor the status of aviDrovriated vroiects. ANNUm, REPORT The Planning DERartment shall prepare an annual report to monitor grogress towards achieving the General Plan .orals objecift es and policies. To the extent possible, the annualr �.qrt.,should dgvefoineasur -ableindicators related to the gocies. The Planning DMartm- ent shall -submit the annual re cart to the Major for review. The iia or shall subm.k. the annual re ort to the Council to ether with the caRLtal and QPerational budgets in ageordance with the budget. submittal tbnetabk set -forth in the Charter. The intern etiff committee to provide in art for inclusi2n in the annual re ort, 429 Plan Implementation [SECTION 5. Amendment Procedures. Pursuant to subsection 3-16(c) Hawaii County Charter, the following amendment procedures for the General Plan are established: A. Amendment pursuant to comprehensive review. (1) Within 45 days of a ten-year lapse from the date of adoption of the County General Plan, the Planning Director shall, upon notification to the County Council, initiate the comprehensive review required of and by the General Plan. (2) In proceeding with the comprehensive review, the Planning Director shall give notice of the comprehensive review to the Planning Commission, Council, and the general public. The notice shall state: (a) The general scope of review; (b) The ability for the Public and Council to provide their input to the Planning Director within 45 days after the date of the notification. (3) Upon receipt of suggestions from the public, the Planning Director shall review the General Plan, the assumptions upon which the policies were drawn, including the suggestions for change. Within 90 days the Planning Director may propose draft amendments, and shall give notification to the County Council and the public of any proposed amendments. (4) Within 30 days of notification of proposed amendments, the Planning Director shall conduct a public workshop on proposed amendments prior to submitting it to the Planning Commission, and shall allow the public an opportunity to provide comments on the proposed amendments through an additional 30 day period. (5) The Planning Director, within 30 days of the completion of the public review period, shall initiate and forward proposed amendments to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. (6) Within sixty days of receipt of the Planning Director's proposed amendment(s), the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the proposed amendment(s). During the hearing and based on public testimony received, the Planning Commission may request the Planning Director to consider specific modification to any proposed amendment or to initiate within sixty days any new proposed amendment. If the Planning Director modifies a proposed amendment or initiates a new proposed amendment upon the Planning Commission's request, the Planning Commission shall hold further hearing on such matters, together with any proposed amendment originally submitted. Within sixty days of the conclusion of the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall submit to the Council its comments and recommendation on any proposed amendment initiated by the Planning Director. 430 Amendment Procedures (7) The Council shall review the Planning Commission's recommendation and act on the Planning Director's proposals. The Council shall request the Planning Director to consider its specific modifications to any proposed amendment or to initiate a new proposed amendment. Within 60 days of the request, the Planning Director shall forward to the Planning Commission either a recommendation for a denial, modification to a proposed amendment or shall initiate the new proposed amendment. (8) A public hearing on the proposed revisions and/or recommendations by the Planning Director shall be conducted by the Planning Commission within 60 days of its receipt from the Planning Director. Within 60 days of the closing of the public hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward the Director's proposed modifications, amendments, and recommendation together with its recommendations to the County Council for their action. (9) Failure by the Planning Commission or the Planning Director to respond within the designated time period shall not preclude the Council from acting on its proposed amendments. (10) During the comprehensive General Plan review, the Planning Director may defer action to any petition to amend the General Plan filed pursuant to section 6 B. and on any request to study a proposed General Plan amendment submitted pursuant to section 6 B(3). However, any deferral by the Planning Director shall not extend beyond a period of one year and, in any case, shall not extend beyond the completion date of the comprehensive review as set forth in section 6 A. B. Interim amendments. (1) Members of the general public, the Council, and the Planning Director may propose or initiate, as the case may be, amendments to the General Plan at any time other than during the comprehensive review period. (2) Members of the general public may propose amendment to the General Plan goals, policies, and standards by filing a written petition with the Planning Director. In addition, the property owner may, by similar petition, propose an amendment to the land use pattern allocation map covering land held by that property owner. For purposes of this section, "property owner" means a person having an interest in title to the affected land and includes the holder of a lease interest in the affected land, where such lease interest is not due to expire until after ten years following the date of the filing of the petition. (a) A petition to amend the General Plan shall be filed with the Planning Director and shall include: 431 Amendment Procedures (1) A filing fee of $100 to cover the administrative costs of processing the petition; (2) A statement of the nature of the petitioner's interest; (3) A draft of the language of the proposed amendment; (4) An environmental impact statement; (5) A statement of the reasons for granting the proposed change, supported by a written, documented analysis of the General Plan and using all pertinent elements upon which the General Plan is based; and (6) Graphs, plot plan, and other supportive information. (b) Upon receipt of a properly filed and completed petition, the Planning Director shall have one hundred eighty days in which to study the petition to take one of the following actions: (1) Recommend the approval of the petition, stating the reasons for such approval; or (2) Recommend the denial of the petition, stating the reasons for such denial. (c) In the event the Planning Director recommends the approval of the petition, the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the petition within sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty days after the close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward its comments and recommendation to the Council. (d) If the Planning Director recommends the denial of the petition, the Planning Commission shall hold a public hearing on the petition within sixty days of the date of recommendation. Within sixty days after the close of the hearing, the Planning Commission shall forward its comments and recommendation to the Council. Upon receipt of the Planning Commission's recommendation, the Council may, within thirty days, consider the petition upon a two-thirds vote of the entire membership of the Council. If the petition is not considered by the Council within the thirty -day period, the Planning Director shall certify the petition to be officially denied. The proposed amendment shall be adopted upon two-thirds vote of the entire membership of the Council. (e) If a petition is officially denied, the same or a substantially similar petition may not be submitted for consideration within one year following such denial, unless the petitioner submits significant new data or additional 432 Amendment Procedures reasons which the Planning Director may find to be a sufficient basis for the petition to be considered. (3) The Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan pursuant to the following procedure: (a) The Council may, by resolution, require the Planning Director or, when appropriate, another qualified body to conduct a study to determine the feasibility of a proposed amendment. (b) The Planning Director or the qualified body shall have one hundred eighty days or a longer period, as may be agreed to by the Council, to submit a completed feasibility study to the Council. (c) Upon receipt of the feasibility study, the Council shall have sixty days to review and act on the study. The Council may, by resolution, direct the Planning Director to initiate the proposed amendment. The Planning Director shall then initiate the proposed amendment in the manner applicable to a petition in accordance with sections 6 B(2)(c) and 6 B(2)(d). If the Council does not direct the Planning Director to initiate the proposed amendment, the same or substantially similar proposal may not be considered within one year following the end of the Council's sixty-day review. (4) The Planning Director shall initiate proposed amendments to the General Plan in the manner applicable to amendments proposed during the comprehensive General Plan review, as set forth in section 6 A(2), except with regard to those provisions relating solely to the comprehensive review. C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director shall promulgate rules and regulations to implement this procedure.] 433 Amendment Procedures Amendment Procedures A. Comprehensive Review The Planning Director shall initiate a comprehensive review of the General Plan every ten years after the initial date of adoption of the General Plan and the date of ad€ RjLan of Mh eauent amendments resulting from a comprehensive review. The Planning Director shall give notice of the comprehensive review to the County Council, Planning Commission, and the general public. The notice shall state: Oa The general scope of review; The ability for the County Council, Planning Commission, g ad the eneral mblic to nrovide their comments and suggestions to the Planning Director: and U The initiation datf, schedule of events and time for completion of the review period. (( Upon completion of the review period, the Planning Director shall conduct p bfic workshops on the proposed amendments. (41 The Mbfic shall be afforded 60 days from the slate of the last public workshop to provide comments to the Planning Director. (5 The Planning Director mMj then initiate prop2sed amendments to the General Plan and -sha i submit the amendments to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation within 60 days after the public deadline to submit comments to the Planning Director. The Planning Director shall notify a proerty owner of a proposed amendment that would redesi ate itsroe to 0 en or Conservation unless the UrMis ahead1 deli , ated Conservation,by the State: laud Use Commission. If. the Planning Director origiggBy initiates the redesi atio�a, then a. notice shall be at not less than 21 days ]before the first Piagning Commission hearing on the proposed amendment. If the Plannin Commissionsuggests the proposal, the RropeM owner shall be notified of the Planning Director's decision to initiate it not less than 21 slays before the C2gUjj Council's first readiM. if initiated by the Coin€ , Council . the Drenertv owner shall be notified not less than 21 da s before the Counly Council's first reading. 434 Amendment Procedures The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its ubiic heajRgs on the Rroposed amendments to the General Pian within 90 da s from the date of receigt of the uronosed amendments. The Planning Commission shah submit its recommendation to the County Council to ether with the Planning,Director's proposal within 60 dl s frac the close of the public hearing. The Plaunin Commission shall recommend annroval of the Planning Director's proposal, in whole or in Alrty recommend changes, or recommend the rejection of the projgesal for changes to the General Plana M The County Connc shall review the amendments submitted by the PlanaLng Director and the recommendation of the Planning g Commission, The County Council ma ado t the chap es proposed h the Planning Director and Planning Commission,, including #X modifications deletion,s or additions deemed necessa _ by the Coup& Count , The CouglE Counci3 shall Tender a decision within 1.20 dM of receipt of the RroRosed amendments. B. Interim Amendments 1 The Coanmmty Co -meg may initiate amendments to the General Plan at any tine other than durinZ the comprehensive review pursuant to the Mowing procedures: The CougV Coummcii Baa b, resolution direct the Planning Director to conduct a stud= to determine the feasibility of a prMsed amendment. The Plannin Director shall have 120 days or a longer period, as may be agreed to bl the Commnty Council. to submit a commn2lcted .feasibility study and recommendation on the Coaanty Counaeft'sroto the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. If the County Council,. Lc) The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearings on the gr02osed amendment within 60 days of recut of the feasibility st-udl and recommendation from the Planning Director. The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation on the proposed amendment together with the Planning Director's feasibility Llgdj and recom endation to the Coup r Council within 30 daa s from the close of the hewn m- 435 Amendment Procedures (e) The County Council shall review the proposed amendment in accordance with its rules of practice and procedure. Q Planning Director Lal The Planning Director mgy initiate an amendment to the General Plan at &n . time other than during the comprehensive review. U The Planning Director shall conduct a workshop on the proposed amendment prior to submitting it to the Planning Commission. Lcl The Planning Director shall submit the proposed amendment to the Planning Commissi n for its review and recommendation. idj The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its public hearing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the pMosed amendment jej The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation together with the PlannLgg Director's proposal to the County Council within 30 slays from the chose of the hearing �f The County Council shall review the proposed amendment in accordance with its rules of practice and procedure. 0 General Public Lal Consistent with the Couny Chartera member of the public may submit an apRfication reguesting the Planning Director to ini#late an amendment to the General In at ani time other than durith comRrehensive review. Lbj The application shall include: fli A filing fee of 5500.414 to cover the administrative cost of lorocessing the application ii A statement of the nature of the proposed amendment; iii A draft of the laraOM of the proposed amendment; A statement of the reasons for "ranting the roroposed change9 supported by a written;, documented assessment of the relatisoush gs of the proposed change with 22rfinent elements of the General Plan; and 436 Amendment Procedures Ly) Maps. s gr"hs, lot plan, and other supportive information. Lcl Upon receiRt of a properly wed and cop leted a�splication,, the Planning Director shall have 120 days to tape one of tlae following actions: Q Reject the application for an amendaneaat; or o Initiate an amendment to the General flan. Ldj Should the Planning Director initiate an amendment, the Planning Director shall then transmit. the proposed amendment to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation. � The Planning Commission shall conduct and complete its pubfic hearin s on the ro sed amendment within 50 days of receipt of the proposal from the Planning Director. ff The Planning Commission shall submit its recommendation on the proposed amendment to the Count„ y Council witiaip 30 dM,from. the close of the hearin& The Count= Council shall review the protaosed amendment in accordance with its rules of gractice and Procedure. In the event that the Plann n Director rejects an application for an amendment the applicant mgy request the Count= Council to initiate an amendment on its behalf. fil In the event that an application is denied by the County Council, the same or a substantially similar application nay not be submitted for consideration within one year foli€awing such dg al, unless the applicant submits sd ifacant new data or additional reasons that the Planning Dior Ma find to be a sufficient basis for the allnfication to be considered= C. Rules and Regulations. The Planning Director and the Planning Commission shall promulgate rules and EMulations to iMplement the amendment grocedures. [SECTION 7. Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide May. The Land Use Allocation Guide Map for the Island of Hawaii, referenced as Exhibit "A", and incorporating by reference the amendments indicated by Hawaii County Ordinance 87-128, referenced as Exhibit "D" and by Hawaii County Ordinance 88-118, referenced as Exhibit "E" is hereby adopted. SECTION 8. Facilities Mgp. The Facilities Map for each of the nine districts of the Island of Hawaii is hereby adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "B". 437 Amendment Procedures SECTION 9. General Plan Support Document. In order to provide the basis for the various Council policies, statement of development objectives, standards and principles, as stated in Section 4 of this ordinance, the Hawaii County General Plan Support Document is hereby adopted as referenced to as Exhibit "C". SECTION 10. Repeal. Ordinance No. 439 as amended by Ordinance Nos. 456, 475, 484, 538, 761, 822, 851, 854, 868, 878, 83-20, 83-27, 84-40, 87-49, 87-52, and 87-68 of the continuing ordinances of the County of Hawaii is hereby repealed, as are the above -noted ordinances that have amended Ordinance No. 439. SECTION 11. Severability. If any provision of this ordinance or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of the ordinance which can be given without the invalid provision or application, and to this end, the provisions of this ordinance are declared to be severable. SECTION 12. Effective Date. 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JA -1 to A-5) A-1 Resort to Urban Expansion Area Location: Papai/Kings Landing Area Rationale: While a portion of the Papai area has been identifted for Resort use for the past 30 years, plans for resort development have not materialized during that period. The proposed change to an Urban Expansion Area would be more appropriate for the area. A-2 Urban Expansion Area to Industrial Location: Adjacent to and west of Shipman Industrial Park Rationale: This area situated adjacent to the existing Shipman Industrial Park is already zoned for industrial uses. This change is to recognize the industrial zoning. A-3 Orchards to Rural Location: Keaau Agricultural Lots Rationale: With the introduction of a new Rural land use designation, subdivisions such as the Keaau Agricultural Subdivision are being placed in the Rural category. Many of these types of subdivisions are used for residential- agricultural esidentialagricultural purposes and/or are non -conforming subdivisions situated within the current State Land Use Agricultural District. A-4 Urban Expansion Area to Important Agricultural Land Location: Area to the west of Keaau Village and extending beyond Kurtistown Rationale.- The Urban Expansion Area is reduced since there are ample lands in the Keaau and Kurtistown areas for urban uses. A-5 Urban Expansion Area to Rural Location: Happy Homes Subdivision Rationale: The Happy Horses Subdivision is within the State Land Use Rural district. The majority of the lands within the State Land Use Rural district are placed in the new Rural land use category. Puna 2 Mag (A-6 to A-12 A-6 Orchards to Rural Location: Hawaiian Paradise Park, Orchidland Estates, and Ainaloa subdivisions Rationale: The Hawaiian Paradise Park, Orchidland Estates, and Ainaloa subdivisions fit into the new Rural category. A-7 Orchards to Medium Density Urban Location: Hawaiian Paradise Park Subdivision Rationale: The commercial areas proposed within the Hawaiian Paradise Park Master Plan (adopted by County Council Resolution) are designated as Medium Density Urban. The Medium Density Urban area within the Orchidland Estates Subdivision is where the existing Niki Wiki Mart is located. A -S Orchards to Industrial Location: Hawaiian Paradise Park Subdivision Rationale. The Planning Department supports the proposals within the Hawaiian Paradise Park Master Plan adopted by Resolution by the County Council. This area is designated for industrial -commercial uses. A-9 Orchards to Extensive Agricultural Land. Location: Tiki Gardens Subdivision Rationale: Aese lots are larger in size and would be more appropriate as Extensive Agricultural lands. 2 A-10 Orchards to Low Density Urban Location: Nanawale Estates Subdivision Rationale: The front portion of the Nanawale Estates Subdivision is designated as Low Density Urban. It is appropriate to place all of the lots within this subdivision into the LDU category. A-11 Orchards to Mural Location: Tangerine Acres Subdivision Rationale: The Tangerine Acres Subdivision is situated within the State Land Use Rural District. Majority of the lands within the State Land Use Rural District is included in the Rural category. A-12 Orchards to Conservation Location: Green Lake Area — Kapoho Rationale. Consistent with State Land Use Conservation District. Puna 3 Mao (A-13 to A-14) A-13 Orchards to Rural Location: Ledani Estates Subdivision Rationale. The Ledani Estates Subdivision is a residential -agricultural subdivision that falls under the Rural category. A-14 Orchards to Rural Location: Kalapana Sea View Estates, Puna Beach Palisades, Kehena Beach Estates, Kekala Keokea, and Black Sand Beach subdivisions Nationale: These are non -conforming subdivisions within the State Land Use Agricultural District that would be more appropriately placed in the Rural category. Puna 4 MaD (A-15 to A-17) A-15 Orchards and Intensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Hawaiian Fern Acres, Eden Roc, Ruddy Tong, and Royal Hawaiian Estates subdivisions Nationale: These are non -conforming subdivisions within the State Land Use Agricultural District that would be more appropriately placed in the Rural category. A-16 Intensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Portion of Volcano Cymbidium Acres, Orchid Isle Estates, and Aloha Estates subdivisions Nationale: These subdivisions are residential -agricultural in character and would be more appropriate within the Rural land use category. A-17 Orchards and Intensive Agriculture to Mural Location: Pacific Paradise Mt. View Manor, Glenwood, Pacific Paradise Development, Hawaii Island Paradise Acres, Throm's, Olaa Scenic Lands, Kukui Heights Lots, Hilo Acres, and Malulani Tract subdivisions Nationale: These subdivisions are residential -agricultural in character and would be more appropriate within the Rural category. 4 SOUTH DILO DISTRICT South Hilo 1 Map (B-1 to D-4) D-1 Low Density Urban to Medium Density Urban Location: Kulaimano Nationale: Additional land area is set aside for future expansion of the Kulaimano commercial core. D-2 Intensive and Extensive Agriculture to Industrial Location: Former Pepeekeo Mill Site Nationale: Additional industrial lands at the former Pepeekeo Mill are set aside for future need. D-3 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Pepeekeo Nationale: The area is currently in single family residential use, therefore, the Low Density Urban designation is appropriate. D-4 Love Density Urban to Medium Density Urban Location: Honomu Village Nationale: The area could be developed as a possible retirement community and related commercial activities. South Hilo 2 Map (D-5 to D-13) D-5 Industrial to resort Location: C. Brewer office building at Wainaku Nationale: The area is ideal for the establishment of a small minor resort complex. 1.1 D-6 Medium Density Urban to High Density Urban Location: Along the west side of Kinoole Street from St. Joseph School and extending to Kawili Street. The area between Lanikaula Street and Kawili Street and east of Kinoole Street is also included. Rationale: The purpose of this change is to implement the County Council's Resolution No. 286 96 of providing additional commercial lands in the vicinity of the University of Hawaii at Hilo. B-7 Open to Industrial Location: Hilo Iron Works property Rationale: The change is consistent with the existing industrial -commercial uses of the old Hilo Iron Works property. D-8 Open to Industrial Location: Adjacent to and southwest of Hilo Harbor along Ocean View Drive Rationale: The area is proposed as Industrial to accommodate the State Department of Transportation's plans to utilize the area for its Hilo Harbor expansion. D-9 Low Density Urban to Urban Expansion Area Location: Mauka of the old Wainaku Mill (Brewer Office Building) and the Hawaii Belt Road Rationale: Provide additional land mauka of the highway for possible resort related uses, such as a parking area. D-10 Medium Density Urban to Industrial Location: Waiakea Houselots (Hualani-Laukapu Pidani) Rationale: The area is becoming industrial -commercial in character. The Industrial designation would be appropriate for the area. 0 D-11 Love Density Urban to Industrial Location: Waiakea Houselots Rationale: The Waiakea Houselots area bordered by Kalanikoa Street, Lanikaula Street, Laukapu Street, and Hualani Street, is an excellent area to provide industrial -commercial uses. A layer of lots along the north side of Lanikaula Street until Manono Street is also proposed for Industrial. Several of the lots within the area, particularly along Kalanikoa Street and Lanikaula Street, are already in industrial -commercial uses. D-12 Lova' Density Urban to Medium Density Urban Location: Waiakea Houselots Rationale: The Waiakea Houselots area bordered by Laukapu, Mililani, Lanikaula, and Hualani Streets is well-suited for higher density residential uses and certain types of commercial activities. D-13 Low Density to Important Agricultural Land Location: Puueo mauka area Rationale: The lands in the area are considered to be Important Agricultural Land. Furthermore, there are ample lands in the immediate vicinity for future residential uses. South Hilo 3 Map (B-14 to D-23) D-14 Low and Medium Density Urban to High Density Urban Location: Kanoelehua Avenue Puainako Street intersection Rationale: The intersection of Kanoelehua Avenue and Puainako Street has developed into a high density commercial core. The area includes the KTA and Puainako Town Centers, Ginger Patch commercial development, and the Matsuno property. The area proposed for High Density Urban is also adjacent to the Prince Kuhio Plaza. D-15 Urban Expansion Area to Rural Location: Hilo Heights and Akolea Plantation subdivisions Rationale: These subdivisions are residential -agricultural in character. 7 D-16 Orchards to Rural Location: Kaumana City Rationale: This is a non -conforming subdivision within the Agricultural category that would be more appropriate in the Rural category. D-17 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Along both sides of Kaumana Drive and includes the Kaumana Estates Subdivision Rationale: Since the area is already zoned and used for single family residential purposes, the Low Density Urban designate is appropriate. D-18 Urban Expansion Area to Rural Location: Sunrise Estates and Pacific Plantation subdivisions Rationale: The lots within the subdivision are one -acre in size and are more appropriate in the Rural designation. B-19 Conservation to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: Newton Family property off the south side of Kaumana Drive Rationale: The reclassification of the area to Extensive Agriculture is appropriate. The State Land Use Commission recently reclassified the area to the Agricultural District. D-20 Intensive Agriculture to Low Density Urban Location: Kupulau Meadows Subdivision off Kupulau Street Rationale: Area is already zoned and used for single family residential purposes. B-21 Urban Expansion Area to Love Density Urban and Extensive Agricultural Land Location: South of the residential subdivisions off Haihai Street Rationale: The portion proposed for Low Density Urban would complement the abutting single family residential subdivisions, while the State-owned lands located further south would be more appropriately placed in the Extensive Agricultural Land category. 8 D-22 Industrial to Urban Expansion Area Location: East side of Prince Kuhio Plaza and Railroad Avenue Rationale: Rather than be limited to Industrial uses, the change to Urban Expansion Area will allow for a variety of urban -type uses. B-23 Orchards to Low Density Urban Location: Panaewa and north of the South Hilo Puna District boundary Rationale: The proposal will allow for low density residential uses. South Hilo 4 Maty (1$-24) D-24 Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Mauka of the South Hilo Forest Reserve area Rationale: Consistent with State Land Use Conservation District. NORTH HILO DISTRICT North Hilo 1 Map (C-1 to C-3) C-1 Low Density Urban and Intensive and Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Ninole Rationale: The change is to recognize the current State Land Use Rural designation of the Ninole area. C-2 Urban Expansion Area to Important Agricultural Land Location: Laupahoehoe Rationale: There are ample lands in Laupahoehoe to accommodate urban -type uses. C-3 Intensive and Extensive Agriculture to Low Density Urban Location: Laupahoehoe Rationale: The area is in single family residential use, and therefore, the Low Density Urban designation is appropriate. 10 10106,141 M31wM Damakua 1 Ma D-1 to DM- D -1 Urban Expansion to Low Density Urban Location: Along the east side of Nienie Gulch in Honokaa Rationale: The lands east of Nienie Gulch are designated for either Lora or Medium Density Urban uses. D-2 Urban Expansion Area to Important Agricultural Land Location: West of Nienie Gulch and mauka of Honokaa Town Rationale: There are ample vacant lands in the Honokaa area to accommodate future urban -type uses 11 NORTH KOHALA DISTRICT North Kohala 1 Mao (E-1 to E-3) E-1 Intensive and Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Halawa Rationale: To recognize the current State Land Use Rural District at Halawa. E-2 Urban Expansions Area to Low Density Urban Location: North side of Ham Rationale. The lands between Hawi and the Kohala High and Elementary School are more suited for Long, Density Urban uses. E-3 Intensive Agriculture to Lose Density Urban Location: West of Kahei House Lots in Hawi Rationale: The area is used for single family residential uses, therefore, the Loan Density Urban designation is more appropriate for the area. North Kohala 2 Man (E-4 toE-7) E-4 Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Portion of the Kohala Estates Subdivision Rationale: This portion of the Kohala Estates Subdivision is residential - agricultural in character and will therefore fit the description of Rural. E-5 Medium Density Urban to Low Density Urban Location: Kohala Makai area situated northwest of the North and South Kohala district boundary Rationale: The area -was subdivided into single family residential sized lots. 12 E-6 Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Along the makai side of Akoni Pule Highway in the vicinity of the Kohala Manch entrance Rationale: The area is currently within the State Land Use Conservation District. E-7 Extensive Agriculture and Urban Expansion to Conservation Location: South of Mahukona, the majority being makai of Akoni Pule Highway Rationale: Tile area is currently within the State Land Use Conservation District. 13 SOUTH KORALA DISTRICT South Kohala 1 Map (F-1 to F-6) F-1 Iantensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Puukapu area in Waimea Rationale. The following non -conforming subdivisions within the Puukapu area would be more appropriately designated Rural: Lakeland, Puukapu Acres, Wailani Ranchos, Waimea Yacationlands, Kamuela Meadows, Pleasant Acres, Nam Waimea, Kamuela Havens, and Hoonani subdivisions. F-2 Low Density Urban to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: Along both sides of the Kohala Mountain Road Rationale: The area would be more suitable for agricultural uses. F-3 Isntensive Agriculture to Urbana Expansion Area Location: West side of Waimea town and the Lalamilo Farre Lots Rationale. Since the Parker Ranch Museum area is already in urban use, the Urban Expansion Area designation would be appropriate. F-4 Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Anekona Estates, Kanehoa, Waimea Landmark, and Hale Wailani subdivisions Rationale: These subdivisions are currently residential -agricultural in character. Some of the lots within these subdivisions were recently reclassified into the State Land Use Rural district. F-5 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Along the south side of Kawaihae Road and in the vicinity of the Kawaihae Road-Kohala Mt. Road intersection Rationale: The area is in single family residential use. 14 F-6 Urban Expansion Area to Important Agricultural Land Location: Off the south side of Kawaihae Road- Rationale: oad Nationale: Ae Important Agricultural Lands designation for these State-owned lands would be more appropriate. South Kohala 2 Map (F-7 to F-111 F-7 Urban Expansion Area to Lour Density Urban Location: Makai of the Akoni Pule Highway at the south side of the North-South Kohala boundary Nationale: The area is already subdivided into single family residential lots. F-8 Resort and Medium Density Urban to Open Location: Lands between Spencer Beach Park/PuuKohola Heiau National Historic Park and Mauna Kea Resort Rationale. These lands are adjacent to the Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site and Spencer Beach Park and should therefore be designated Open to provide additional open space buffers. F-9 Resort, Medium and Lose Density Urban, and Open to Resort Node and Open Location: Mauna Kea Resort properties Nationale: The Mauna Kea Major Resort Area would be consistent with the concept of establishing Resort Nodes. Pockets of urban lands are designated Open. F-10 Urbane Expansion Area to Medium Density Urban Location: Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Mauna Kea Resort Nationale: These lands are developed for residential uses and part of the Hapuna Golf Course. 15 F-11 Urban Expansion Area to Industrial Location: Mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Mauna Kea Resort Rationale: The area is currently zoned for industrial uses. South Kohala 3 Map (F-12 to F-20) F-12 Medium Density Urban to Open Location: Wailea Bay and part of the Hapuna Beach Park expansion Rationale. The area is part of the Hapuna Beach Park expansion and would be more appropriate in the Open designation. F-13 Resort to Low Density Urban Location: Puako Beach Lots area Rationale: The area is developed into single family residential lots. F-14 Resort to Medium Density Urban Location: Puako Beach Apartments and Puako General Store area Rationale: The change to the Puako Beach Apartments and Puako General Store properties would be consistent with the uses allowed within the Medium Density Urban category. F-15 Resort to Loge Density Urban Location: At the southwestern end of Puako Beach Road Rationale: The property at the end of Puako Beach Road is already developed for single family residential purposes. F-16 Urban :Expansion Area to ®pen Location: Between Puako and Queen Kaahumanu Highway and northeast of Mauna Lani Resort (proposed White Sands Go rCourse) Rationale: The area is proposed for the development of a go6rcourse; thus, the Open designation would be appropriate. 10 F-17 Urban Expansion Area to Conservation Location: Off the mauler side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the proposed Bridge Aina Lea development Rationale: The area is placed into Conservation to comply with the State Land Use Commission's condition of retaining a Conservation Easement at that location. F-18 Resort, Love and Medium Density Urban, Urban Expansion Area, and Open to Resort Node Location: Mauna Lani Resort Rationale: The new Resort Node category is used to designate the Mauna Lani Major Resort Area. F-19 Resort, Medium Density Urban, Urban Expansion Area and ®pen to Resort bode Location: Waikoloa Beach Resort Rationale: The new Resort Node Category is used to designate the Waikoloa Beach Major Resort Area. F-20 Urban Expansion Area to Open Location: Along the lower portion of Waikoloa Road Rationale: To provide a greenbelt along the road. South Kohala 4 Map (F-21 to F-24) F-21 Lore Density Urban to Medium Density Urban Location: Area north of the Waikoloa Village owned by the County Rationale: An area is set aside for limited commercial and higher density residential uses within the County's property. 17 F-22 Medium Density Urban and Open to Industrial Location: Waikoloa Village Rationale: Additional industrial lands are proposed at Waikoloa Village for future industrial uses. F-23 Extensive Agriculture to Rural and ®pen Location: Proposed Waikoloa Highlands Estates Subdivision and golf course located mauka of Waikoloa Village Rationale: The proposed Waikoloa Highlands Estate Subdivision area is designated for residential -agricultural and open uses. The residential - agricultural uses will be consistent with the proposed Mural designation while the proposed go f course would be more appropriately designated Open. F-24 Intensive and Extensive Agriculture to Industrial Location: West Hawaii Concrete and surrounding area located mauka of the Mamalahoa Highway and in the land division of Waikoloa (Upper) Rationale. The West Hawaii Concrete Quarry and Processing Plant and other related quarry operations are consistent with the Industrial category. Some of these uses were established through the Special Permit process several decades ago. 18 NORTH KONA DISTRICT North Iona 1 Maty (G-1 to G-4) G-1 Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Puu Lani Ranch and Big Island Country Club area at Puuanahulu Rationale: The Puu Lani Ranch and Big Island Country Club area are residential -agricultural in character and would fit the description of Rural. G-2 Urban Expansion Area to Conservation Location: Kaupulehu and Kona Village areas Rationale: These lands are currently within the State Land Use Conservation District. G-3 Orchards and Intensive Agriculture to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: Along both sides of the mauka Hawaii Belt Road from Puuanahulu to the Kulao mauka area Rationale: These lands are not within the Important Agricultural Lands category and therefore would be more suited in the Extensive Agricultural category. G-4 Urban Expansion Area, Resort, Medium Density Urban, Open to Resort Node Location: Kaupulehu, Kona Village, Kukio Area Rationale. The new Resort Node category is used to designate this major resort destination area. North Iona 2 Map -(G-5 to G613) G-5 Urban Expansion Area to University Use Location: Mauka of the Keahole Agricultural Park and north of Kaiminani Drive Rationale: This change in designation is to recognize the approximate 500 acres set aside for the University of Hawaii Center at Fest Hawaii campus located north of Kaiminani Drive below the Kona Palisades Subdivision. 19 G-6 Extensive Agriculture to Urban Expansion Area Location: HELCO generation power plant site in Keahole Rationale: The existing Urban Expansion Area is extended to include the HELCO site. A previous interpretation was made that the site was within the Urban Expansion Area. G-7 Urban Expansion Area to Open Location: Ooma situated south of the airport Rationale. The Open area will provide protection for a complex of anchialine ponds and historic sites and burials that lie within a coastal band It will also bg er the public use of the shore from incompatible development. G-8 Resort to Open Location: Ooma situated south of the airport Rationale. Same reasons as G-7 above. G-9 Resort and Medium Density Urban to Open Location: Kohanaiki Rationale. Portion of the Kohanaiki property is designated Open for the same reasons as noted in G-7 above. G-10 Lwow and Medium Density Urban, and Open to Urban Expansion Area Location: Kohanaiki Rationale. Allow a flexibility of urban -type uses. G-11 Orchards to Conservation Location: Kalaoa mauka area Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. 20 G-12 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Kona Palisades and other single family residential subdivisions in the Kalaoa to Hina Lani Street area Rationale: These lands are in single family residential use and therefore, can be identified as Lobe Density Urban. G-13 Urban Expansion Area to Medium Density Urban Location: Upper Hina Lam Street area (former Y -O Partnership property) Rationale: The area is zoned for higher density residential use, and therefore, the Medium Density Urban designation would be appropriate. North Kona 3 leap (G-14 to G-27) G-14 Urban Expansion Area to Industrial Location: West Hawaii Concrete and the area south of the Kaloko Industrial Subdivision Rationale: West Hawaii Concrete has for many years utilized the area south of the Kaloko Industrial Subdivision for quarry and related activities. The change to Industrial would recognize the existing industrial use of the area. The area south of the Kaloko Industrial Subdivision along the mauka side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway is being developed for a mix of industrial and commercial uses. The Industrial designation would allow for further expansion of these types of mixed industrial -commercial uses. G-15 Resort and Urban Expansion Area to ®pen Location: Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park and surrounding area Rationale: The Federal and State governments now own these lands The Federal lands are part of the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park. G-16 Resort to Urban Expansion Area Location: Hawaiian Home Lands situated south of Honokohau Harbor Rationale: The resort designation is no longer appropriate at this location. The Urban Expansion Area designation would mesh in with the surrounding UFA designated lands. 21 G-17 Resort to Open Location: South of Honokohau Small Boat Harbor Rationale: This State land that is part of the Honokohau Small Boat Harbor is situated makai of the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. A resort development would not be appropriate at this location. The Open designation would be consistent with the surrounding lands. G-18 Urban Expansion Area to Open Location: Between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kealakehe High School Rationale: The area makai of the Kealakehe High School is proposed as a municipal godcourse site and the Open designation will reflect this open recreational type use. G-19 Industrial to Urban Expansion Area and Open Location: Former Kona landfill site and the Kealakehe Police Station Rationale. Similar to G-18 above, portion of this area is also part of the proposed municipal go 'course that will be placed in the Open category. The remaining area is designated Urban Expansion Area. The old landfill site is no longer in operation. G-20 Resort, Open, and Urban Expansion Area to Resort Node Location: Kaidua Village Rationale: 7Bie new Resort Node applies to the Kailua Kona Major Resort Destination Area. G-21 Urban Expansion Area and Resort to Medium Density Urban Location: Along both sides of Alii Drive between Kahului Bay and the Holualoa Bay area Rationale: Tlie lands in this area are basically in higher density residential uses and some limited commercial uses. These uses would be consistent with the Medium Density Urban designation. 22 G-22 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Kona Chocho Subdivision along the west side of Palani Road and mauka of Kealakehe Rationale: Lots in this subdivision are basically identified as lore density residential in character. G-23 Urban Expansion Area to High Density Urban Location: Makalapua Center area and extending south of Palani Drive Rationale: This area includes part of the Makalapua Center and the Crossroads commercial developments that are zoned for General Commercial uses. The High Density Urban category is a more appropriate designation for the area. G-24 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: Makai of Kuakini Highway and north of Alii Kai Subdivision Rationale: The lands in the area are conducive for single family residential uses, thus, the Low Density Urban designation would be more appropriate for the area. G-25 Urban Expansion Area, Low Density Urban, and Orchards to Rural Location: Area between mauka Holualoa Village and Kuakini Highway Rationale. These lands are currently within the State Land Use Rural District. G-26 Orchards and Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Honuaula Forest Reserve area mauka of Kailua Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. G-27 Medium Density Urban and Urban Expansion Area to Open Location: Keakealaniwahine complex Rationale: The Keakealaniwahine complex is being placed in the Open category for its protection from future development. 23 North Kona 4 lean lG-28 to G-331 G-28 Urban Expansion Area to Medium Density Urban Location: Along the northwest side of Kamehameha III Road at Keauhou Rationale: Since the area is zoned for Multiple Residential use, the Medium Density Urban designation would be appropriate. G-29 Urban Expansion Area to Medium Density Urban, Low Density Urban and Open Location: South and southeast side of Kamehameha III Road and mauka of the Alii Highway extension at Keauhou Rationale: The current zoning designations of these areas are consistent with the proposed Low and Medium Density Urban and Open designations. G-30 Resort, Medium Density Urban, Urban Expansion Area, and Open to Resort Node Location: Keauhou Kona Resort Rationale: The new Resort Nodes apply to the Keauhou Major Resort Area. G-31 Orchards and Extensive Agriculture to Rural Location: Keauhou maukca area alongMamalahoa Highway Rationale: These lands situated at Keauhou Mauka are currently in the State Land Use Rural District. G-32 Orchards to Rural Location: In the vicinity of Kona Hospital and north of the North-South Kona District boundary Rationale: This area below the Mamalahoa Highway and the Kona Hospital is currently within the State Land Use Rural District. 24 G-33 Low Density Urban to Medium Density Urban Location: Vicinity of Kona Hospital and north of the North-South Kona district boundary Rationale: Most of the areas below the Kona Hospital and along both sides of the Mamalahoa Highway are currently zoned and in commercial and multiple residential uses 25 SOUTH KONA DISTRICT South Iona 1 Map(R-1 to H -g) R-1 Extensive Agriculture and Orchards to Conservation Location: Around Kealakekua Bay and portion of the Keopuka property to the northwest Rationale: Kealakekua Bay is one of the most important places on the island because of its historical significance and value as a marine park The expanded conservation area will provide additional protection to Kealakekua Bay and to historical sites and burials located in the proposed conservation area. Portions of the area are currently within the State Land Use Conservation District. H-2 Medium Density Urban to Low Density Urban Location: Along the mauka side of Puuhonua Road in the vicinity of Kealakekua Bay Rationale. The Low Density Urban designation would be more reflective of the current land use activity of the area. R-3 Low Density Urban to Open Location: Makai of Puuhonua Road and south of Kealakekua Bay Rationale: The area makai of the Puuhonua Road is designated Open to preserve the open character and recreational potential of the area. H-4 Extensive Agriculture to Open Location: Makai of Puuhonua Road and south of Kealakekua Bay Rationale. Same reasons as noted in H-3 above. R-5 Resort, Low and Medium Density Urban to Open Location: Makai of Puuhonua Road and south of Kealakekua Bay Rationale: Same reasons as noted in H-3 above. Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure to the area would make the area unsuitable for higher density urban uses. 26 H-6 Low Density Urban and Open to Extensive Agriculture and Important Agricultural Land Location: Mauka of Puuhonua Road and north of Keala O Keawe Road Rationale: The lack of infrastructure to the area would not make the area feasible for urban -type uses. H-7 Extensive Agriculture to Rural Dation: Keaha Rationale: The Keaha area is currently within the State Land Use Rural District. K-8 Orchards to Conservation Location: Honaunau Forest Reserve Area Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. South Kona 2 MaR (H-9 to H-11) H-9 Orchards and Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Hookena Mauka area Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. H-10 Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: South Kona Forest Reserve — Kaohe area Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. H-11 Orchards and Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: South Kona Forest Reserve — Honomalino Area Rationale. Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. 27 KA'U DISTRICT Ka'u I MaD (I-1 to I-7) I-1 Extensive Agriculture and Orchards to Rural Location: Hawaiian Ocean View Estates Subdivision Rationale: The subdivisions at Ocean View are designated Rural to recognize their residential -agricultural character. I-2 Extensive Agriculture to Urbana Expansion Area Location: Ocean View, makai side of the Hawaii Belt Road Rationale: Additional lands are needed to accommodate future industrial, commercial, and higher density residential uses at Ocean View. I-3 Resort to Conservation Location: Along the coastline and in the vicinity of Pohue Bay Rationale: The area is within the State Land Use Conservation District. The original designation of this 3, 000+ -acre area was based upon a vision of a anega- resort that shows no signs of feasibility. The owners have not returned to the State Land Use Commission after the court remand of the original L UC boundary amendment petition. Although a lower key development like a retreat resort might be feasible, it would be better to have that reviewed on its own merits. I-4 Industrial to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: Midway between the Hawaii Belt Road and coastline in the land division of Kahuku Rationale. This area was initially proposed as a private airport for the Hawaiian Riviera project. However, it is felt that the industrial designation is no longer needed at this location. 28 I-5 Lode and Medium Density Urban to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: Along the makai side of Hawaii Belt Road in the land division of Kahuku Rationale: This area was initially proposed as a residential support community for the Hawaiian Riviera project. However, it is felt that adequate lands are available at Ocean View. I-6 Ogen to Conservation Location: South Point area Rationale: The area is within the State Land Use Conservation District. I-7 Extensive Agriculture and Orchards to Rural Location: Mark Twain Estates and Discovery Harbor subdivisions Rationale: Mark Twain Estates and Discovery Harbor are non -conforming subdivisions that would be more appropriate within the Rural category. Ka'u 2 Mgg (I -g to I-14) I-8 Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Makai of the Hawaii Belt Road between Honuapo and Punaluu Rationale. The area is within the State Land Use Conservation District. I-9 Urban Expansion Area to Extensive Agricultural Land Location: East of Naalehu Rationale: There is ample land within Naalehu to accommodate future developments. I-10 Lode Density Urban to Industrial Location: Naalehu Rationale: The area is currently zoned and used for industrial -commercial purposes. 29 I-11 Urban Expansion area to Medium Density Urban Location: Naalehu Rationale: The existing Medium Density Urban is extended to include additional lands zoned for higher density residential uses. I-12 Urban Expansion Area to Low Density Urban Location: West of the Naalehu commercial area Rationale: These lands are in single family residential uses and therefore, should be more appropriately designated Low Density Urban. I-13 Orchards to Urbana Expansion Area Location: Waiohinu Area Rationale: Provision of additional land area for urban uses. I-14 Orchards, Extensive Agriculture and Intensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Ka'u Forest Reserve - Mauls of Waiohinu, Naalehu, and Pahala Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. Ka'u 3 Mann I-15 to 1-16) I-15 Low Density Urban to Industrial Location: Pahala, adjacent to the former mill site Rationale: Additional Industrial lands are provided adjacent to the old sugar mill at Pahala to accommodate future industrial uses. I-16 Orchards, Extensive Agriculture, and Intensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Ka'u Forest Reserve - Mauka of Pahala and the Kapapala Ranch Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. 9 Ka'u 4 Map (1_17 to I-18) I-17 Orchards and Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Kau Forest Reserve - Northeast of Pahala Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. 1-18 Extensive Agriculture to Conservation Location: Kapapala Forest Reserve Rationale: Consistent with the State Land Use Conservation District. p:wpwin60\normlgp\Iupag map justification 12-21-01 31 Harry Kim Y,wor County of Hawaii PLANNING COMMISSION 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 . Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808)961-8288 • Fax(808)961-8742 Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Yuen: Proposed Amendments to the General Plan After duly held hearings and workshops on May 21, 2001, May 31, 2001, June 1, 2001, June 14, 2001, July 6, 2001, August 6, 2001, August 29, 2001, September 24, 2001, and October 2, 2001, the Planning Commission hereby transmits to the Planning Director for his consideration all of the Commission's requested modifications to the Director's proposed amendments and its requested initiation of new proposed amendments to the General Plan. 1. Include a section in the document where citizens can go to find information such as, but not limited to, heiaus and hunting areas. 2. The designation for B-8 (Keaukaha) as identified on the S. Hilo -2 LUPAG Map remain the same in Resort. 3. Planning Director re-evaluate B-13 as identified on S. Hilo -3 LUPAG Map, the proposed designation from Low and Medium Density Urban to High Density Urban, in light of flooding concerns. 4. Planning Director to consider the request by Mr. Doc Buyers' proposed project and Medium Density Urban designation above Honomu on S. Hilo -1 LUPAG Map. J. OCT 1 9 2001 Christopher J. Yuen Page 2 Planning Director to incorporate the language of the Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 146 Senate Draft 1 into the goals or policy statements of the North Kohala District. 6. Planning Director find some Industrial designated lands on S. Kohala-1 LUPAG Map, Waimea Town area in particular. 7. Planning Director to include the request (26 acres) by Waikoloa Land and Cattle Company, from Conservation to Resort Node designation in the S. Kohala-3 LUPAG Map (F-19). 8. The area as far north as Kona Village and as far south as Kuki`o Resort be designated from Urban Expansion to a Resort Node. 9. G-8 as identified in N. Kona -2 LUPAG Map remains as Resort and Medium Density Urban designations. 10. The Keakealaniwahine Complex be designated Open or Conservation, and to review the areas surrounding the complex to see if there is any possibility to expand that area. 11. H-1 as identified in S. Kona -1 LUPAG Map remains in Extensive Agriculture designation. 12. The designated areas H-2, H-3, H-4, and H-5 as identified in S. Kona -1 LUPAG Map be investigated by the Planning Director to inform the landowners of those pockets of land that are privately owned that these proposed changes have been made. 13. I-3 as identified in Kau -1 LUPAG Map remains in Resort designation. 14. I-4 as identified in Kau -1 LUPAG Map remains in Industrial designation. 15. I-5 as identified in Kau -1 LUPAG Map remains in Low and Medium Density Urban designations. 16. Adopt the friendly Amendment Nos. 1 and 2 relating to the Introduction and Purpose of the General Plan as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated August 20, 2001. Christopher J. Yuen Page 3 17. Economic Element: a. Page 34, third line, delete the words "on the South Kohala coast" to read, "The health and fitness resources of the various luxury hotels look towards health and wellness tourism as one of its target markets." b. Page 53, under Courses of Action for Hamakua, insert a new bullet to read, "Support the growth of astronomical research and development." Page 59, under Courses of Action for South Kohala, insert a new bullet to read, "Support the growth of astronomical research and development." d. Page 64, under Courses of Action for South Kona, delete the bullet in its entirety that reads "Establish buffers on undeveloped lands around Kealakekua Bay to assure preservation of the region's unique environment and cultural resources." 18. B-4 (former Wainaku Mill site) as identified in S. Hilo -2 LUPAG Map be amended from Industrial to Resort designation. 19. Amend the area (2 acres) on the mauka side of B-4 as identified in S. Hilo -2 LUPAG Map from Low Density Urban to Urban Expansion designation. 20. Page 340, for all LUPAG Map changes, the department makes the appropriate text changes that correlate to the recommended proposed amendments. 21. Energy Element: Pages 70-71, delete the word "would" and correct the first word in each bullet for subject -verb agreement to read, "The Energy Coordinator [is to]: * [Coordinate] Coordinates... * [Organize] Organizes... * [Assist] Assists... * [Fund] Funds... * [Monitor] Monitors... * [Recommend] Recommends... * [Analyse] Analyses..." Christopher J. Yuen Page 4 22. Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Element: Page 88, under Goals, insert a new bullet to read, "Maximize soil and water conservation." 23. Historic Sites Element: a. Page 105, last Paragraph, corrections to subject -verb agreement to read, "However, only 5% of the island [have] has been surveyed. The other 95% of the island [contain] contains an undeterminable number of historic and archeological sites." b. Page 107, under Goals, insert a new bullet to read, "Enhance understanding; of man's place on the landscape by understanding the system of ahupua`a." C. Page 108, second bullet under Policies, delete the words "the PASH decision" and insert "judicial decisions" to read, "Develop policies to protect Hawaiian rights as identified under judicial decisions." d. Page 108, third bullet under Policies, delete the words "where appropriate" to read, "Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors." e. All Tables in the Historic Sites Element, change the third column heading from "General Region" to read, "Ahupua`a or Regional Name" so as to be consistent with the Tables in the Natural Beauty Element. f. Page 110, Table for Puna, update to change the Site Names "Tutu's Place through Ka'u Plantation Manager's Retreat" to read, "Hale Ohia Tract Historic District" and combine the respective Tax Map Keys as 1-1-05:24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33. Delete the Tax Map Key 1-1-05:27. g. Page 121, Table for North Kona fourth Site Name, correct the spelling from "Wawaloi Habitation" to read, "Wawaloli Habitation." h. Page 123, Table for South Kona, add new Site Name "Christ Church Episcopal" and its respective information for Tax Map Key and Ahupua`a or Regional Name. Christopher J. Yuen Page 5 24. Natural Resources and Shoreline Element: Page 152, third bullet under Policies, add the word "cultural" to read, "[The] Maintain the shoreline [of the island of Hawaii shall be maintained] for recreational, cultural. educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public." b. Page 153, fifth bullet under Policies, delete the words "the PASH decision" and insert "judicial decisions" to read, "Develop policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected as identified under judicial decisions." C. Page 153, sixth bullet under Policies, delete the word "reasonable" to read, "Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and huntingae reas, including free public parking where appropriate." d. Page 153, seventh bullet under Policies, add the word "cultural" to read, "Establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic, historic, cultural natural or recreational values." Page 153, eighth bullet under Policies, add the word "significant" to read, "Preserve and protect significant lava tube caves " f. Page 153, last bullet under Policies, add the language "with emphasis on native forest species" to read, "Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas with emphasis on native forest species." 25. Public Facilities Element: Page 218, sixth bullet under Policies, the Planning Director to include a correct terminology about secure treatment facilities with the idea of a rehabilitation oriented correctional system. 26. Public Utilities Element: Page 240, second paragraph, delete the words "telephone" and "telephone exchanges" and add the word "telecommunications" to read, "This section is concerned with the planning aspects of the water, electricity, [telephone] Christopher J. Yuen Page 6 telecommunications, gas and sewerage systems. Planning for the location of utility facilities such as reservoirs and pumping stations, sewage treatment plants, and [telephone exchanges] telecommunications, is an important aspect of the land planning process." b. Page 240, third paragraph, retain the word "influence" to read, "Changes in the intensity of land [development] use greatly influence the quantitative design of utilities and services, particularly their [design] designed capacity." 27. Recreation Element: a. The Planning Director to include in the General Plan language relating to access to public hunting areas. b. Page 293, seventh bullet under Courses of Action, correct the word "Ahupuaas" to "Ahupua`a" to read, "Encourage the State to continue with the establishment of Kekaha Kai State Park reaching into Mahaiula, Awakee, and Maniniowali Ahupua`a." C. Page 295, under Courses of Action, delete the fifth bullet in its entirety that reads, "Encourage the development of a historic park at Kealakekua Bay and protect historic sites and scenic aspects of the area. Provide a conservation buffer around Kealakekua Bay." 28. Transportation Element: Page 304, fifth bullet under Standards — Minor Collector, adopt the friendly Amendment No. 3 as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated August 20, 2001, by deleting the last sentence which reads, "Minor collector and local streets shall have a minimum right-of-way of 50 feet." 29. Land Use — Introduction and Analysis: a. Page 335, under Land Use Concepts, accept the friendly Amendment No. 4 as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated August 20, 2001, relating to clarifying the description for Rural Designation. Christopher J. Yuen Page 7 b. Page 337, under Other Designations - Conservation Area, accept the friendly Amendment No. 5 as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated August 20, 2001, relating to expanding the definition of Conservation. 30. Land Use — Single Family Residential: The Planning Department staff work on language that reflects the overall quality of life as a goal (aesthetic balance and qualities of life) and be incorporated in both the Multiple Family Residential and Single Family Residential Elements. 31. Land Use — Resort: Page 398, under Policies, delete the third bullet in its entirety that reads, "Lands currently designated resort should be utilized before new resort areas are considered for development." 32. Plan Implementation: Page 415, second paragraph, adopt the friendly Amendment No. 6 as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated August 20, 2001, regarding the Community Development Plan (CDP). 33. Amendment Procedures: a. Page 423, the Planning Director look carefully at Section A (2), of the Amendment Process and including individual notification of landowners of any changes in land use designations. b. Page 425 3(a), add the language "Consistent with the County Charter," at the beginning of the sentence to read, "Consistent with the County Charter, a member of the public may submit an application requesting the Planning Director to initiate an amendment to the General Plan at an, time other than during the comprehensive review." 34. A map be included in the document that reflects the location of all existing telecommunication towers in our County. Christopher J. Yuen Page 8 35. Accept the friendly Amendment as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated October 1, 2001, regarding the withdrawal of proposed C-4 (Laupahoehoe) as identified on N. Hilo -1 LUPAG Map, from Low Density Urban to Conservation. 36. Accept the friendly Amendment as recommended by the Planning Director in the letter dated October 1, 2001, regarding the proposed amendment H-2 (Napoopoo) as identified on S. Kona -1 LUPAG Map, from Medium Density Urban to Low Density Urban. Finally, we thank you and your staff for the diligent effort and work on the comprehensive review of the General Plan. Sincerely, Geraldine M. Giffin Chairperson, Planning Commission Enclosures: Planning Director's Letters dated August 20, 2001 and October 1, 2001 p:Awpwin60\alicewin\PCRecGeneralPlan01-10/9/01 { Harry Kim Mayor August 20, 2001 V.U0UUfV of PLANNING DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Hawaii County Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Chair Giffin and Members of the Planning Commission: Christopher J. Yuen Director Roy R. Takemoto Deputy Director GENERAL PLAN REVISION — ADDITIONAL AMENDMENTS As previously discussed at the General Plan hearings conducted by the Planning Commission, we are transmitting some "friendly amendments" that are being proposed for your consideration. We are currently at the stage where the Planning Commission suggests amendments to the General Plan. If the Commission votes on these "friendly amendments," they will be included in the draft which is returned to the Planning Commission for its final review later this year. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or Norman Hayashi at 961-8288. Sincerely, CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN Planning Director NH:pak p:wpwin60\norm\gp\giffin 8-20-01 Enclosure cc: Long Range Pian_ning Divisirn� FRIENDLY AMENDMENTS TO GENERAL PLAN DOCUMENT (YELLOW COPY) PROPOSED BY PLANNING DIRECTOR TO PLANNING COMMISSION August 16, 2001 NOTES: Bold brackets [ ] indicates new deletions. Bold language with underscore indicates new materials. 1. Page 3: Amend Introduction since public comments were made that the purpose of the General Plan should be more clearly articulated in the Introduction. The following change is proposed: [INTRODUCTION This section provides an overview of the General Plan with respect to its history, the program and planning process used in its development and the intended means of implementing the plan. The introduction also presents a discussion of the County's historical trends and alternative employment and population projections. OVERVIEW OF THE GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long- range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements which embody the expressed goals for present and future generations.] INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The purposes of the General Plan are to: • Guide the pattern of future development in this County based on long-term goals; • Identify the visions, values, and priorities important to the people of this County; • Provide the framework for regulatory decisions, capital improvement priorities, acouisition strategies, and other, Pertinent government programs within the Countly organization and coordinated with. State and Federal RrogLams. • Improve the physical environment of the County as a setting for human activities; to make it more functional, beautiful, healthful, interesting$ and efficient. • Promote and safeguard the public interest and the interest of the County as a whole. • Facilitate the democratic determination of community policies concerning the utilization of its natural, man-made_, and human resources. • Effect political and technical coordination in community i arovement and development. • Inject long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions and implementation. 2. End of page 5 and top of page 6: Since some the stated purposes were shift to the Introduction section as noted in item no. 1 above, they are being deleted from pages 5 and 6. f The General Plan is intended to achieve the followingbasic asic purposes: • To improve the physical environment of the County as a setting, for human activities, to make it more functional, beautiful, healthful, interesting, and efficient. • To promote and safe uard the public interest and the interest of the County as a whole. • To facilitate the democratic determination of community policies concerning the utilization of its natural, man-made, and human resources. • To effect political and technical coordination in community improvement and development. • To inject long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions and implementation. • To provide an objective and flexible framework within which consistent legislative and administrative decisions can be effected.] 3. Page 304: Delete the proposed minimum right-of-way for minor collector and local streets since these should be considered in more detail in the Subdivision Code rather than the General Plan. Minor Collector and Local Streets standard shall read as follows: • Minor Collector and Local [Minor] Streets: Minor collectors are used at times as through streets and for access to abutting properties. The principle purpose of a local street is to provide access to property abutting the public right-of- way [; lowest level of mobility]. [Minor collector and local streets shall have a minimum right-of-way of 54 feet.l 4. Page 335: Concerns were expressed that the Mural designation implies subdivision to smaller lots. This is not the intent of the General Plan Rural designation. Further, most of the rural subdivision lacy the basic infrastructure necessary for smaller lot subdivisions. Therefore, the description of the Rural designation is amended as follows: Rural Desi ng ation Rural: This category includes existing subdivisions in the State Land Use Agricultural and Rural districts that have a significant residential component. Typical lot sizes vary from 9,000 square fee to two acres. These subdivisions mgay contain small farms, wooded areas, and open fields as well as residences. Allowable uses within these areas, with appropriate zoning, may include commercial facilities that serve the residential and agricultural uses in the area, and community and public facilities. The Rural designation does not necessarily mean that these areas should be further subdivided to smaller lots. Most lacy the infrastructure necessary to allow further subdivision. 5. Page 337: The definition of Conservation is expanded to reflect a more accurate description of the binds of areas that are within this designation. The proposed change is reflected as follows: Conservation [Area]: Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, [open,] areas in active management for conservation purposes, areas to be kept in a largely natural state, and lands within the State Land Use Conservation District. 6. Page 415-416: The proposed Plan Implementation is rewritten to further clarify the implementation process, incorporate some public suggestions, and remove conflict between sections. The revision further defines what is a Community Development Plana (CDP) and to specify that it is adopted by Ordinance. The revision is as follows: PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The General Plan sets forth -broad goals, objectives, and policies. Implementation requires translating these broad statements to specific actions, systematically evaluating progress, and active community participation. In this regard, follow up planning efforts will involve the preparation of Community Development Plans, Capital Improvement Programs, and an annual report. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS The Community Development Plans are intended to be the forum for community input into manVga _ing rg owth and coordinating the delivery of government services to the community.The Community Development Plans will translate the broad General Plan statements to specific actions as they apply to specific geographical areas. [The geographical areas shall be the nine judicial districts established for this Count: Puna, South Hilo, North Hilo, Hamakua, South Kohala, North Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, and Ka'u. These district boundaries are the basis of the census districts. A community development plan may be prepared for combined districts, or the plan may consist of several integrated plans for sub -areas within a district. The Planning Department, in coordination with other County agencies, shall facilitate the preparation of the plans. The respective communities would be involved in identifying goals, actions, and priorities. The Planning Department shall p epare a workplan that will specify how the community groups will be o!: anized the selection process,rp cedures to prepare the plans, and timetable.] A Community Develojgment Plana should direct physical development and public improvements within a specific area. The Community development Plan mgy contain detailed lanai nese and zoning wide mans, plans for roaadwa1s drainage, parks, and other infrastructure and pudic facilities architectural deli idelinesplanning for watersheds and other natural features, and any other matters relating to the planning area. The Planating Director or Council anay initiate a Community DeveloRment Plan. Each Community DeveloRment Plan shall have a steering committee composed of members appointed by the mpyor and confirmed by the council. The members shall be broadly representative of the affected communities. The steering committee shall work in conjunction with the Planning Department and with any professional consultants hired to assist in the preparation of the plan. The exact boundaries of the planning area may be determined during the preparation of the plan. It is not mandatory that there be a Community Development Plan for each region. Although the previous General Plan called for Community Development Plans, in the thirty years since the enactment of the first General flan, only one Community Development flan has been enacted by ordinance, one by County Council Resolution, and two by Planning Commission Resolution. Time, cost, the degKee of effort, and, in some cases, the inability to achieve a sufficient consensus, has been the limiting factors. The need for a Community Develonment Flan for a particular area should be assessed considerin a number of factors including how much is public infrastructure challenges by recent or anticipated growth and whether there are significant efforts to change the zoning and land use in the area. After the steering committee has recommended approval of the Community Development Plan, it shall be forwarded to the Planning Commission for its review and recommendation to the County Council, The County Council may modify or amend. the Community Development Plan before enacting it by ordinance, but it shall give the steering committee and the Planning Commission an opportunity to review and comment upolm substantive amendments and modifications before final adoption of the plan. In the process of creating the Community Development Plan, it nay be determined that the General Plan should be amended. The Planning Director or County Council may initiate amendments to the General Plan, and the steering committee may recommend amendments, that would be enacted at the same time as the Community Development Plan, or as a foRow-up to the Communi Develo went Plan. If there is a direct conflict between the Community Development Plan and the General Plan, the General Plan shall be controlling. The Community Development Plans shall focus on action. The courses of action specified in each element of the General Plan need greater detail and need to be coordinated by district. The Community Development Plans shall identify gpropriate governmental actions [which] that include: • Regulatory actions. Regulations rely on government's police power to control what people can and cannot do in the interest of public's health, safety, or welfare. The Coqpty administers and enforces various regulations to control land use. These regulations include the zoning code, subdivision code, flood control code, grading code, sign code, and building code. The County also administers requirements imposed by the Federal and State governments, such as the Coastal Zone Management Act and the State Land Use Law. The Community Development Plans shall recommend amendments as appropriate to the codes, maps, or administration and enforcement. Incentive measures. Where regulatory controls are the government's "sticks", incentive are the "carrots" to encourage certain actions. Too soften, regWation is the solution. Regulation can be restrictive, reactive and divisive. Incentive measures on the other hand can invite creative 'win-win' solutions. Examples of incentive measures include property tax exemptions such as for agricultural or native forest dedications, expedite permit processing, density bonuses, and Discounted facility fees. Community Development Plans shall consider appropriate incentive measures to achieve various objectives, as applicable. Acquisition actions. Where sig6ficant resources are located on private property, it may be more appropriate for government to purchase the development rights or fee simple title rather than to severely re ate the owner's use of the property. Obviously, purchasing in reaction to development proposals is expensive. The CommumDevelopment Plans shall identify acquisition priorities, as qp�ropriate, and seek means to leverage financing by working creatively_ with the landowner, other levels of government, land trusts, and/or nonprofit groups. Capital budgeting actions. The County annually prepares a capital improvement budget where public facility projects new construction or major repairs are identified. The budget is accompanied by a 6- year capital improvements program (CIP). The CIP process is explained in more detail below. The Community Development Plans shall identify and prioritize public facility projects important to the communily. The CIP shall take into consideration the recommendations in the Community Development Plans, recognizing that the CIP must reconcile competing interests for a limited amount of funds. • Programs. Certain community needs do not necessarily require land or a new facility, but rather a focused commitment of time and money towards achieving specific objectives These operational projects are referred to as programs Examples include an after-school youth program neighborhood watch program ormediation-training program. Too often, resources are diverted to studies that could be more effectively used for pilot programs that actually tiy to achieve results and provide lessons through action. Community Development Plans shall identify desired progxams and the community's role in planning and implementingt� he programs. • Development/Redevelopment. In very special situations, it may be appropriate for government to take the lead and act as developer either singly or as a public/private partnership. These situations arise when the private market fails to address certain needs, such as very low income housing, or when the situation is quite large-scale, complex, and especially requires government's mer of eminent domain to assemble land for redevelopment. Community Development Plans shall identify desired projects for public development or redevelopment, and shall coordinate input from appropriate agencies such as the Office of Housing and Community Development or the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (The target cpm_pletion date to prepare the Community Development Plans shall be within three years of the effective date of this General Plan. ordinance. The County Council shall adopt the plans and subsequent amendments by resolution. Re ig glatory and other appropriate actions cited in the plans that require the force and effect of law need to be incoEporated into a separate bili for appropriate review and action by the Council.l 7. South Hilo Map 2, D-8 is further amended by designating portions of Keaukaha from Puhi Bay Beach Store to Hilo Tropical Gardens (between Kalanianaole Avenue and Apapane and Laehala Streets) that are used for commercial and multiple family residential purposes to Medium Density Urban. Putting these properties, which have existing commercial and multiple family uses, in Low Density Urban could possibly create issues of nonconforming uses that the Planning Department would like to avoid. These lands, which are designated resort in the current General Plan, were originally proposed to be placed in the Lose -Density Urban land use category. The remaining proposed Low -Density Urban lands, however, are still proposed to be designated Low Density Urban. The revised map will be submitted under separate cover. NOTE: This proposed "friendly amendment" and the one it refers to (B-8) was withdrawn after the august 20, 2001 to the Planning Commission was sent. P:wpwin60\nonn\gp\additional changes 3-16-01 7 Harry Kim Mayor October 1, 2001 AT vuuf r of Pufuzzili PLANNING DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720.4252 (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 9618742 Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chairman and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Ms. Giffin and Members of the Planning Commission: Christopher J. Yuen Director Roy R. Takemoto Deputy Director SUBJECT: GENERAL PLAN CHANGES TO KAPOHO - LAUPAHOEHOE This letter is a further follow-up to questions that the Planning Commission members had about map changes to conservation in the General Plan. Attached is a more detailed map of A-12, in the area of the old Kapoho cinder cone and Green Lake. The map shows that the proposed area that would be placed in conservation in the General Plan is already in the state land use conservation district. I do not know when this went into the conservation district but it has apparently been some time because this was not part of the 1995 comprehensive boundary review. The owner's letter show that he may not understand the present land use controls, or what the General Plan conservation designation would do. The state board of land and natural resources now regulates all land use on the property. Some agricultural activities may be grandfathered; most significant land uses, including the construction of a new home, would require a conservation district use permit. This is true whatever the designation of the property in the General Plan. The property is not within the special management area and so the county has no permitting authority at all. At the same time, I should mention that for most of the other properties that we are changing to conservation to conform to the state land use classification, I can identify :`a "T " Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chairman and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 2 October 1, 2001 some specific reason why the property should be in the conservation district. For this one, I am not sure why the corner of A-12 that is on relatively flat land makai of Green Lake, was put in conservation by the LUC. In response to questions about notice to owners, I also looked at C-4, which covers an area of about 15 acres at Laupahoehoe Pt. just makai of the bridge over Laupahoehoe Stream. C-4 proposes a change from low density urban to conservation. It involves a number of small parcels, and may include all of some of these parcels. C-4 is currently in the state land use conservation district, but it is in the SMA. Given the number of landowners and the very small area of the change, I would prefer to withdraw C-4 and I ask that the Planning Commission recommend that action. Sincerely, l CHRISTOPHE �EN Planning Director CJY:pak Wpwin60\Chris\GP changes to Kapoho Laupahoehoe.doc Attachments cc: Long Range Planning Division m v 7 fes( m v Harry Kim Mayor October 1, 2001 %LUTUT4 of 6fua-1t PLANNING DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 )'' (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 i Mrs. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Hawaii County Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Chair Giffin and Members of the Planning Commission: Christopher J. Yuen Director Roy R. Takemoto Deputy Director At the September 24, 2001 public workshop/meeting of the Planning Commission, Commissioner Springer requested that all Hawaiian words in the draft General Plan be reviewed and amended to reflect their proper Hawaiian citation. We have contacted the Hawaii County Data Systems, Hawaii County Council, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, and the University of Hawaii at Hilo (Olelo Kualono Program) in our effort to locate a computer program to properly cite Hawaiian words. Unfortunately, no program is available at this time, and the University of Hawaii at Hilo is working on developing one in the near future. /Sincerely, -CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN Planning Director PF:pak p:\wpwin60\General Plan\GPtoPC\LSpringerPC.doc cc: Long Range Planning Division Harry Kim Mayor November 30, 2001 KLIVUu u of &Nafuaii PLANNING DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street, Room 109 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 t- (7 Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission - Planning Commission 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chair Giffin and Members of the Planning Commission: Hawaii County General Plan Revision Christopher J. Yuen Director Roy R. Takemoto Deputy Director I have incorporated most of the suggestions and modifications made by the Planning Commission into the revised final draft of the General Plan. I am writing to explain the changes that I chose not to incorporate. Some of these are Planning Commission recommendations to delete some of the Director's proposed amendments. By leaving these in, I recognize that the Planning Commission may vote a negative recommendation to the County Council on these proposed amendments. That is the prerogative of the Planning Commission. The numerical references are to your October 19, 2001 letter, that transmitted the Planning Commission's proposed amendments to my office, which is also included for your reference: 3. Re-evaluate B-13 (Change to High Density Urban at Puainako- Kanoclehua.) This is currently under review at the County Council for a change of zone. It would be better to re-evaluate this in connection with the change of zone, because it is a more site-specific determination. It would be confitsing if a recommendation came from the Planning Commission to refuse a map change to High Density Urban while the Council was actively considering this zoning change. The matter is confusing enough Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 2 November 30, 2001 as it is. The LUPAG map currently does not show the site in High Density Urban, but the previous Planning Director interpreted the map and the results of the 1989 General Plan amendments to conclude that it was already in High Density Urban. The rezoning has been processed on that assumption. If the Council decides that the site is unsuitable for major commercial development, it might be best for the Council to then initiate a LUPAG map amendment to make it clear that the site should not be designated High Density Urban. 6. Find additional lands in Waimea Town for industrial uses At the request of the Planning Commission, we made an effort to review properties within the Waimea area for possible industrial uses. The problem with the Waimea area is that most individual properties are basically designated and used for single family residential purposes. Therefore, to introduce industrial activities within these residential areas would not be in the best interest for the residents from a public health and safety aspect. We also contacted representatives of Parker Ranch, which owns most of the potential industrial sites, to assist us in locating additional lands within Waimea for industrial uses. As part of Parker Ranch's master plan, the lands within the town area are used or proposed for commercial and residential uses. We agree with the Parker Ranch representatives that there is ample land in the vicinity of the Waimea Airport that is designated for industrial activities to service the needs of the residents of Waimea. While the majority of these lands are owned by Parker Ranch, in our discussions with its representatives, these lands will also be made available to individuals desiring to establish industrial activities in the Waimea area. The Waimea Solid Waste Transfer site and the County and State base yard area is another area designated for industrial uses on the LUPAG map. The HELCO substation is also located in this area. These properties, along with additional vacant State lands, are located east of the Kawaihae Road — Kohala Mountain Road junction. Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 3 November 30, 2001 For more noxious types of industrial activities, we have also proposed the designation of industrial lands in the vicinity of the Hawaii Belt Road — Saddle Road junction (West Hawaii Concrete) area. 7. Request for additional resort at Anaeho'omalu Bay This request by Waikoloa Land and Cattle Co. should be processed as an interim amendment rather than during the comprehensive review so that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be completed before the property is placed in Resort. A General Plan amendment during the comprehensive review does not need an EIS. A landowner -initiated change to the General Plan as an interim amendment does need an EIS. A change of 26 acres of undeveloped beachfront property from Open to Resort is a major decision. An EIS would give a much better picture of the site-specific issues. It is true that if the Anaeho'omalu site were designated Resort in the General Plan, extensive studies would have to be done before any actual development. Those studies, however, if completed after the General Plan amendment to Resort, would be done in the context that it is County policy that the site should be a resort. These studies should be undertaken first to determine whether this should be County policy. There are some landowner -suggested changes in the present set of amendments, but for the most part, these do not involve a change from "Open" or some other low density designation to a high level of development. For example, the Wainaku Resort is a change from the present Industrial designation. The Newton Family re -designation is another landowner -initiated change (from Conservation to Extensive Agricultural), but this was accompanied by an EIS that was done for the LUC reclassification. 9. G-8 (Kohanaiki) The proposed amendment to an "Open" designation along the shore will remain to protect open space along the shoreline, anchialine ponds, and cultural and historic resources. Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 4 November 30, 2001 10. Designate Keakealaniwahine Complex and surrounding area as Open or Conservation The Planning Commission asked me to redesignate the Keakealaniwahine Complex to Open or Conservation. I have prepared a LUPAG map amendment to Open for the Keakealaniwahine parcel itself, which is owned by the State of Hawaii. (TMK: 7-7-4: 11 and 43) The Commission also asked me to review the possibility of designating buffers on nearby property. The Commission received many letters asking for the designation of a buffer of 100 acres or so. I do not recommend doing this in the LUPAG maps, for reasons I will discuss later. Instead, I am proposing the following amendment to the text: Add Course of Action to North Kona, Historic Sites, page 122 that states: "Establish suitable visual buffers for the Keakealaniwahine and Keolanahihi complexes as a condition of rezoning or Special Management Area permits, for nearby properties." The large open space buffer requested by some cannot be implemented at the present time, unless the County purchases at least some of the nearby properties. Along Alii Drive near the site, there are several small parcels in private ownership. Two are developed with small condominiums. These would still legally remain despite any General Plan designation. The County would have to compensate the landowners if it wanted them removed. With respect to the vacant private parcels, if the "Open" designation was to prevent any new construction, that would probably be a "taking" of private property for public use that would require compensation, because it would take away all economic use of entire parcels. Visual impacts on the historic sites can be taken into account during any rezoning or SMA permit involving nearby properties. At that time, more site-specific plans for mitigating visual effects should be considered. Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 5 November 30, 2001 11. H-1 (Keopuka area) I continue to support the creation of a large open space area back from the shoreline in this area, but I have modified the map in the Keopuka-Onouli area. The proposed amendment followed the SMA line, which in turn follows the "Old Government Road", a straight line at a varying distance from the shore up to 4,000 feet. One of the key goals is the protection of Kealakekua Bay. At the Onouli end, which is farther from Kealakekua Bay, the present open space feeling will eventually be compromised by the Hokulia development. For these reasons, rather than a straight line, it would be better to keep a wider area at the Kealakekua Bay side and taper it toward the Onouli side. The result is that only a small portion of the Onouli property would be affected by the proposed amendment. I have included a more detailed map. For your information, I am in discussions with the owners of the Keopuka parcel on more specific ways to address concerns about coastal open space, potential water pollution, scenic viewplanes, protection of natural features, and protection of historic and cultural sites. These discussions may result in a further modification of the recommended conservation boundaries, although there would still be a very large area proposed for conservation. Any further change would have to be formally initiated at the Council, however, and at this time, it is only fair to state that the Keopuka owner continues to oppose the redesignation of their property. 13-15. Hawaiian Riviera/Hawaii Ka'u `Aina resort and support communities The original designation of this over 3000 -acre area was based upon a vision of a mega -resort that shows no signs of feasibility. The owners have not returned to the LUC after the court remand. Although a lower - key development like a retreat resort might be feasible, it would be better to have that reviewed on its own merits. 17d. Delete Course of Action that proposes creation of buffers around Kealakekua Bay Retain the proposed course of action for the reasons noted in Item 11 above. Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 6 November 30, 2001 27c. Delete new portion of course of action that creates a conservation buffer around Kealakekua Bay Retain the proposed addition to the course of action for the reasons noted in Item 11 above. 31. Delete 3rd policy on page 398 I have rewritten this to read: "Lands currently designated resort should be utilized before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas." 34. Include a map reflecting the location of all existing telecommunication towers Rather than creating a map for the General Plan, a map identifying the location of all existing telecommunication towers should be prepared for the Planning Department and Planning Commission's benefit and use. The changes to the maps recommended by the Planning Commission that I agree with, are noted on the attached maps. The text changes that I concur with are also enclosed. Certain text or map changes also resulted in changes to other portions or sections of the General Plan document. For example, the change to include the Wainaku area (10+ acres) as a Minor Resort necessitated the deletion of the minimum acreage requirement for a Minor Resort. Changes were also made to the Resort Areas in the table on page 340 in the Land Use Introduction section. Because of the concerns expressed by the Commission about areas proposed for designation to Conservation, I have also re -worded the description of "Conservation" that appears in the "Land Use Introduction" section. The description would read as follows: "Conservation Area: Forest and water reserves, natural and scientific preserves, areas in active management for conservation purposes, areas to be kept in a largely natural state, with minimal facilities consistent with open space uses, such as picnic pavilions and comfort stations, and lands within the State Land Use Conservation District." Ms. Geraldine Giffin, Chair and Members of the Planning Commission Planning Commission Page 7 November 30, 2001 Should you have any questions or need further clarification, please feel free to contact me or the staff who worked on the General Plan. I thank you for the time and effort taken by the Planning Commission in reviewing the General Plan draft. Sincerely, Z. CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN Planning Director CJY:pak p:wpwin60\chris\response to planning commission changes 11-13-01 Enclosures cc: Long Range Planning Division Ivan Torigoe, Deputy Corporation Counsel