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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0212.428 1996-1998 ~ ~.y.t. May 19, 1997 ¦ ~ The Science Source for Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Issues Chairman James Arakaki Hawaii County Council 25 Aupuni Street C t~v1,~1'L l Hilo, Hawaii 96720 , - ~2 ~ ~ ~ Mr. Chairman and Members of the Council ~ I'V) I am Sue Sullivan, Manager of the Carst Sced Company Research and Development Slalion in Kunia, Hawaii (Oahu). I am here today in my capacity as the 1997 President of CAST, the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. CAST is a nonprofit organization, celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. Its membership includes 34 scientific societies, 5 associate societies, and more than 140 nonprofit associations, 111 corporate members, and over 2000 individual members. The collective memberships of the professional societies belonging to CAST exceeds 10(1,000. CAST's mission is to identify food and fiber, environmental, and other agricultural issues and to interpret related scientific research information for legislators, regulators, and the media for use in public policy decision making. Its strength as an interpreter of scienli[c information about such issues has been based on its ability to draw upon the expertise oC respected scholars in a wide range oCscienlific disciplines. An excerpt of the 1996 annual report is allached which describes smue of the publications, conferences and activities of CAST during the past year. CAST has swell-earned reputation as an unbiased source of scientific information. The research findings of our volunteer authors are increasingly requested by congressional members. In addition to task force reports and issue papers written by expert scientists, testimony and/or congressional briefings has been given on several topics in Washington. CAST's task force report Foodborne Pathogens: Riskc and Consequences is cited as the background for a presidential initiative on that topic. State legislative and agricultural departments also request and utilize CAST reports and expert opinions. CAST has addressed the topic of food radiation several limes in the past 10 years: CAST. 1986. /onizing Energy in Food Processing and Pest Control: I. Wholesomeness ojFood Treated with Ionizing Energy. Rpt. 109, Ames, IA. 50 pp. CAST. 1989: Ionizing Cnergy in Foad Processing and Pesr Control: I/. Applications. Rpl. 115. Ames, IA. 98 pp. CAST. 1996. Radiatlon Pasteurization ojFood. Issue Paper 7, Ames, IA. ]0 pp. The latter paper has previously been provided to you, and is allached to this testimony. Written by recognized experts in the field, and pcer reviewed by scientists, the paper summarizes the soundness and safety of food radiation technology for a variety of products from food to medical supplies to baby bottle nipples, disposable nurser bottles, and pacifiers. The paper further discusses current conmrercial radiation plants in the U.S. and their excellent safety record, as well the consumer acceptance and preference of irradiated products. I submit this paper to you for your consideration as you endeavor to reach your decision. Thank you for your lime and the opportunity to speak to you. ~ Z~1 ~ ~Z~ Sue L. Sullivan, Ph.D. Y11~ ~ N ~ \ Q 1 94-880 Kunia Road, P.O. Box 8 , Kunia, H19G759 1~ ~1 C, tr.r ~_MAY 2 01997 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 4420 West Lincoln Way, Ames, IA 50014-3347 (515) 292-2125, Fax: (515) 292-4512, Internet: cast@netins.net s • • • • • Leadership CAST is represented in \4'oshiuguat ny AESOP ..,,,,5, Enterprises. Ltd. Their staff assists CAST in providing CAST was very active in 1996, under the leadership scientific information to congressional and agency staff. ~ of presidents Warren M. Schwcckc, then Victor L. Lcchtcnberg. Membership f . /,~+~~,Q~ Warren M. Schwecke was vice president of Quality l~l~~ and Regulatory Operations at General Mills,lnc.before CASThaxoulsu,n~ccdmucholit<limd-raisingef- i 1 J~` %c his relirenlggl in 1995. He represented the American lurk to a private lirm. ' '~N~ Association of Cereal Chemists on the CAST Board of In October. CAST' asked nu•mbere to upgrade their Directors from 1985 to 1994. membership. To date, over 200 individual members In March, Victor L. Lechtenberg, dean of the Col- have chosen to increase their support to the Century lege of Agriculture at Purdue University, berune prey- Club level. idenl of CAST. He is pull presidcm ol'the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA 1 and a Fellow of CSSA and w the American Society ul Agronomy. TeStllnOn~l PUt7iICatlOnS ~ CAST xpuncurcd tsar hriclingt liar congressional sl;d7un trade and agrieuhwc issues: "Cungx•litircness CAST released seven reports and issue papers iu and Qualityul ILS. Apriculnirc;unl Agricultural I'rod- 1997. acts," Pcbru;uy 12. 1996: and "Biolugicnl Peet Control Scieu(ific Socie(ies: Coaversn(ions on Chmrge is a and New Crops UevelopnlenL" February 2U, 1996. swnmary of a November 1995 workshop for leaders mid members o(nearly 50 professional societies. The work- In May. CAST president Victor L. Lechtenberg of shop was the first phase of a amtinuing project. Purdue lhtivcrsily. Icstilinl on behalf uf('AST nefure Qrrnli(y of U. S. Agricullaral Prodac(s is the must a hearing ol'tlre IZcunurc Cunx•rrwion. Rcecurcb ;md ~w, extensive report in the hish,ry of CAST. 'I'hc report Forestry Subeonuuiuce of dir l i.S. I louse Conuniucc examines yuality, lixul safety, and measurement Iech- un Apricuhure, regarding ;m eculumiun ul inlrunural nology, and provides inlornutlion specific lu Iced and exU~anmral reeauch pnm_r;une adminntcial by the grains: wheat: rice; oilseeds; nuts: Iruiu and vegetables: U.S. Depar(niem of Afa iculnu c. cation and wool; forages; poultry, beef, pork and Iamb; milk and dairy products; and channel catfish. NQW $OCletleS ' F An issue paper,Uiversifying U.S. CropYroduclion, Apr „ stales that the development of new crops could help Three socicticc joined (hc CAS"f (lnnurtium in uu- ' ~ ~ + solve problems related w crop price instability, I:unt mmn 1996, bringing (he total l0 33, the largest number ti: populations. and rural prosperity. in CAS'f's 25-year history. Radinrioa Pas(eru'i;,nNon of Fnod stales that safe, The Axsociatiuu of Ansrican Vclcri n:uv tV~Icdical low doses of pasleurizalion radiation can kill over 99 Colleges has 52 ntemncrsU.S. and Gur,id i:m wleri- percent of most foodnorne bacteria. nary colleges and schools. deparuncnts of vetcrinarp Keith Menchey, Fuhrre of Irrign(ed Agriculhrre is a study of the science or annparutive medicine, and other veterinary Washington changing circumstances and adaptations for farmers ir- iustilutions. It sponsors ihe,luurnnl r,~ Vrav~inurv Mrd- Representetlve rigating in the western United States. teal [iilacarinn and Vereriruu~r Mndir~ul .School Adnris- Infegra(ed Aaiara! Waste Maangearen( describes sioa Keyuirernrnrs irr Ure (/rrilecl Strorts acrd Canudrr. oP~~Wan Ve(o~'~ fer, storegtreat, and elff ciently al li~ze anitnall nianmes. Manage ient''fask FuA c irs la (newly ItiAmcd group coif o ~ Grazing ar PuGiic Loads provides scientific infur- 26 members. Its mission is to address agricultural is- ~ ntalimt concerning livestock grazing on public lands in sues and give them attemion within the Icpul conuuu- ~~H o~~e' the West. oily; they also plan to provide Icg:d an;dysis of critical saSaSA issues or Iegul commentary in pantie ur wade meetings. Washington Activities Il is a subsecliuu of the ABA's Section un Natural Re- sources, Energy, and Environntcntal Law (SONRGEL). In May 1996, CAST submitted a letter loSenator Ri- The American College of Poultry Veterinarians fur- chard Lugar, chair of the Senate Committee on Agri- (hers education and scientific progress iu poultry vel- .KS<~~..,se,,.~.~a~w, whore, and Forestry, concerning the Delaney Clause. erinary medicine and pnnnotes its dcvclopment of as n•.wn~.b as F~..o~~..xn y:~, • • ~ • • • • • - r • • • , ~ • a science. executive vice presidenumd is responsible for financial and office affairs. Newsletters CAST Staff CAST reaches is members and other audiences through three newsle?ers. NerrsCA,ST is distributed to Richard E. Stuckey, Ph.D., has served as executive the full membership of CAST; it presents information vice president since 1992. Other staff are Teresa L. - ahoul the organization and its activities. CAST Digest Kenton, executive assistant; Kayleen A. Niyo, Ph.D., is mailed to largercontribuuxs andsuslaining member managing scientific editor, Iraj Omidvar, database representatives. "CAST Update" is a new a-mail news- manager; Anne R. Richards, markeliug director; and letter sent to leaders of the member scientific societies. Roberti. Ver Straeten, communications director. Peter D. Bloome, Ph.D., program manager of the scientific Charles A. Black Award societies project, is based at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Luther G. Tweeten of the Ohio Stale University was ,t'y the 199fi recipient of the CAST Charles A. Black 1997 and Beyond Award. The award is presented annually to a loud or agricultural scientist actively engaged in research who CAST will celebrate its 25th anniversary in 1997. Luther Tweeters, Award Reclplent has made significant scientific contributions to his/her CAST was established in 1972 as a result of a 1970 scientific field, and connnwticates the importance of this meeting sponsored by the National Academy of Scienc- work and of Ibod and agricultural science to the pub- es, National Research Council. Activities throughout the tic, policy makers, and news media. Dr. Tweeten, an ag- year will culminate in a celebration November 2 in ~ riculnrral economist, was chairofCAST's 19RR report, Chicago, Illinois. Long-Terns Vinhilirv u(U.S. Agricu6ure. CAST will sponsor a major conference, Faced Sy(e- , " Scientific Societies: ro, SufJieienr.v, and Security: Drnrrestic curd /nternarinn- "~+w„„~ " Conversations on Change al Dimensions. November 2-4, 1997 in Chicago, Illinois. The conference will feature pnttninent speak- CAST nuived into the second phase of [he scientific ers from around the world. societies project initiated in 1995. Pcler D. Bloonte of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was MlsslOn named progr:mt manager lur the project. The program is sponsored by CAS"f with support 'l~he missionol theCouncil forAgricultural Science and k~ from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, the Farm Founda_ Technology (CAST) is to idenlil'y food and fiber, envi- ~ ' lion, and the University of Illinois ut Urbana-Chaco- mnmeniul, andolheragricuhural issuesand W interpret paign related scientific research information for legislators, regulators, and [he media for use in public policy deci- \ The Internet Sion making. CAST is a nonprofit organization com- posed of 33 sciemific societies and many individual, 1 CAST expanded its presence on the World Wide student, company, nonprofit, and associate society peter o. Bloome, Web in 1996. The site, initiated in June 1995, now in- members. CAST's Board of Directors is composed of Program Manager eludes text of issue papers and interpretive summaries, 50 representatives of the scientific societies and indi- infonnalion shout CAST activities, and links ro the victual members, and an Gxeculive Committee. CAS"f member societies. was established in 1972 us a result of a meeting spon- sored in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences, CAST OfflCe National Research Council. A local area network was installed in the CAST of- fice inJanuary 1996. It gave the full staff access to the member database and electronic mail. Teresa Kenton joined the CAST staff in October 1996 asexeculiveassistant. She provides support to the spa., sa„~, ~o, r~ ~ CAST COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ~ ISSUE PAPER NUb18GR 7 APRIL 1996 RADIATION PASTEURIZATION OF FOOD AuT'uous: Uo~ u.u 11'. 'lluera< (Cucludr). U. S. Dr- parnnenr n/~a~riculnu'e.:IHS. LRRC. Phifudelplrin. ' Perun'.rh•artiu: Gon'eun S. .Iusr:rusoN (Cuclrnirl. SUDI~IARI cal Association, the Amcri- Fuud Srirmr uncl Nun'n«m Rr.cenreh Center. Uni- ' Radiation pastcuriza- can Dietetic Assocmtion, the [ion of fonds with low doses ,'rrcin~ n/ Rhndr /~lnrrd. tl'rrt Kirrtistnn: r\ut Instihltc of fond Trchnuln- of gamma taus. X-rays. and liur~~.tot I~Aarv, It'oclunrl. 11~rsnrhrc,ru.r: Ct~:uuer. gists, and the hcahh authors- ' electrons will ellecticelycon- ties of approximately d0 G. GIDDI\GS (Dcrerr.redl. Guerrrnlinnnl A(nmic En- trolfoodborne pathogens on coun[ries. beef. pork. Iamb. and lish. A+ rrgc A,genr~r. Pirnnu. aacn~iu: Rt:vuce'EUS: Jta.trs ' used hart rurliulh,n pn.rteur- Vii. Coin, bLD.. Jrnkimm~. Prnn.,.vAYwiu: S~sFrntu INTRODUCTION icutinu mean. the destruction Although large) re- A. i\In.l I(u. Gr~rdurur G li,,,d r~/-liinnrrd«vd .Crirrrrr~, Y f nl p?thu~~cwc uuu-.pure centabla luudbnrne illness I Unirrr.vn~ n/-'(r,~n lh ~rAh .ti, irnrr (-truer of Jour lunwu_ Inudbunre hacterla remains a serious problem in and parasmc urpamants. such flmm~in: Dlowus I?. 1'on lat. Ul';ll. Centers for Dis- the United Srues. A report by as trichina. Radi:uion p:utaur- geese Control and Pa•rrn ur m. ~I dnntn. Genrgin: the Council for Agricultural I iz:uion thercfure e;m protect Science and Technology has 'C+Nr,t Runr:urs. N.S. Ur/~arnnrnt of rlgrrcullurc. the public Iruin diseases such esumated that foodbnrne dis- ;u s:d moncllmis, hanturrhae- Ernnuurir Ke~,em rh .Smarr: \1'.,err:u Uuusl.~. Sun uses caused by pathogenic I is diarrhea caused by fsehcr- Circ. Aritrnra hacteria such as Cuugnlo- iehiu rnli OI57:H7. ;uW gas- butter. E.ccherirhin cols trocn[critis tiom ltihrio rublifirres. Irradiation c;m extent) 0152 F17, Li.crerrn uunuu.c«+,tenes. Suln«urrllu, and Sur I the shelf lire+ of li~uiu and ccgeuthles, and :uthrupud pLr(urnerus outgo.,' miry cause as many as 9.000 deaths pests, a~_., insects :md mites, can be sterilised or killed each }'car and G.5 to 11 million cases of diarrhea) dis- in amore em~innvncnlally friendly manner than is pn+- ;ase in the United States. The annual crnnomic locces I Bible with ozone depleting, highly toxic fumig:uus. :ISSUCiated with fuudborne dlscase may be as large as 55 Moreover. lung-term animal feeding studies have dem- hillion to S6 billion. Recent outbreaks of disease caused I onstra[ed that radiation pasteurized or sterilized fontL+ by the ingestion of E. co(i 0157:H7 in hambureer, par- uresafe and nutritious for humans. The process has been licularly in the north\cestern United States „here there endorsed b}' by the U.S. Food and Drug Administr:uion ~+erc more than 700 cases and four deaths from a single ' (FUA). the U.S. Uepartntent of AgriculLLlre(USDA1. the outbreak, have alarmed the public. Unfortunately, this U.S. Army. the world Heulth Organization 1 \\'fl0 the organism may cause 8,(100 to ?0,000 cases of disease Codex Alimem:vius Commission, the Antcrican Medi- annually in the United States. I • p COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-2 The most common loodbornc bacterial p:nhotcns cue, and the protozoan parasite Tu.tnplu.cma,Gundii. Tri- that may be found on meat and poultry arc Cungrylo- c'lrinella spirn/ia' localizes in the muscles of pigs and bucrerjrjuNi. F,.+<~/rerichiut'n1i0157:H7.Lisre•riunumr,- many wild :mimals and when im_ested by humans can c.rrn•ec•„r-,~. varintls srd,nr„I<•urr spp.. and sro/,ml.„'„r~<'„+ cause trichinosis. Fnrumatcly. this disease is rare in the uureu+. The avntptoms ul c;unpyluhactcriusis causrJ he United States. Aduh tapeworms may he sever;tl feel long C. /r,/uni rrnrr:dly ?rr a mill Jiarrhr? br,~nwm;• I In 7 :uul urclslonally inkctiuns m;ty resuh Innu auarhmetn Jays alirr ingestion of contaminated Inod and m:n• last of Cvcric'erru.c boric to the wall DI the intestine. If the Irom I to 7 Javs. Infections larvae emerge ,within the in- from E. cnli 0157:H7 can testine. they may penetrate c;tusc uvcrc abdominal THB R:\DIATION PASTEURIZATION the wall: when that happens crmnpsanttpain.Mondydiarv the eyes. heart. liver. lungs. rhea. ;md occasional renal I'P`OCGSS I'OR N.\Nl' FOODS FIRS 6EEN and brain may become infect- lailure sC,trtine 3 l0 7 dawn ;\PPROVI:D OR F.XDORSED [3Y THE rd.Othcrsymptomsofinfec- after ingesunn of the contam_ tion may he abdominal pain. inatcd Ibod. I:utime days to MAJOR U.S. ,\~D \\'ORLD r\GENCIL-S ?ausea. ,~~cakncss. +aci_ht wceks,;wJ possibh~rcxlhine ,1NI) ;\tiSUCI:\"PIONS. loss. Itun_cr pacts, and ner- indeath. LISlerlp?IS caused bw vousncss. In 1993, T. ,l'nrtAii infection,vithL. uunutt'rmer- caused x.096 cases of food- nes is an acute infccuon o(thc brain anh ur ,vuhout ar- home illnrzs m thr United States at an estimated cost compaming persistence of the organism in the blood. of 5'_.7 billion. In moll ulhcnvise healthy individuals. Symptoms appear suddenly and incluJe fr,er. intense its associated disease usually is mild and sel(limitin_. headache, nausrt, anJ wnmitim~. The hlaoJbunte lurm It can. ho,aevcr, cwsc diseases r;meing fmm a msh to of the Jiuaxu is an acute. mild illncss,+ith inllurnra likr hepatitis in adult. Babies m;ty be infected before birth symptoms. ,chich in pregn:mt wuntcn usu;Jh~ rrsulls in by crass inlection from the mother. These congcnnal infection of thr Icuu ;uul misearriagr. \Lnl IuoJhurnr inlrctiuns snmrlintrs kad to inlcctiorn u(thc brain with r;urs of lisrt•rimis nrcur antnm_ uuliciduals ++ith sup- +Irath orcurrine in ~ In IpC~ of thr coos. In thou pcr- presud invnunc .)stems. In thnr mdi, iJuals Ihr mot- sons ,whose immune systrnts arc not functioning at nor- tality rltc may mach -13~r, m-gall It i, ~U~i. !_i,rrriu mot Irccls, precioush~ benign infections oFTn.v,plu.vna nu)nrt~rur,ra•nc+ c:m nudtipi, m lauds stored at rrt tiger- ~nndri Inav proerrss u) encephalitis :uul other inlections utiun 0.•ngtcraulre,, su ris6 may Incre;ur furl m. slirrugr. of the central nrrcaus svstrnt. despite proper rrl rigrratiun. S:d nxnmllosu. c;uucJ M inl Ceuon with :mv ul acct '_SOU Jlllrlrnl sl r:u ns ul Std- '1'IIF: 155Ut'. rnorre!/u. is charactcrirrJ he a mild to ucerc wrote gas- Radiation pastcuriralion when usrtl in conjunction troentrritis starling G to 7'_ hour :dtrr im_cslinn nl con- ilh proper food prererssing rand preparation techniques, t:u»inatcd lixxl antl I;utim~ h,r da,s to „rrks. and grrttly Jcrrcascs the probability that Foodhorne patho- e;wsing (cert. pain. diarrhea. n;ulsca. and n,nuung..tirrr -em associat~tl +,itlt meat. poultry. ;md other litods well pln'Inrnrevc aortae cm pmdure a brat-stable tosin in reach consumers. improperly sn,rrd iuoJ that. if inecstcd. „ill produce mild In severe svn)ptonu of nausea. cralups. ~nlniting. SOUHCPa OF TO~I%1\'C R:\UL\'I'10\ APPRO\'h:U diarrhea. and prostration in [a 7 Itour> Luling I U) ~ POH FOOU IRI2ADLATION days The mn has apprnwed the litllowine saurccs of 13rc1: pork. ;uul other me;us sunutintro arc con- innizine r?dialion lorthc trc;ununtol foods: g;unmarays tantin:ual he parasltir org?nisnt, that ma,' cauu disc:uc produced by Ihr natural Jccay of radioactive isotopes in hwn;ms „hen inecslyd. :\mrn+~_ Ihrsr ar: Ihr p:u;uil~ ul rohall-GO or ccsiwn-137, x-rays with a maximum it ncm:uodr %'rirhurr~llu ~prrrrlr,. the hncinr :rod park rnargy of lice million elerlmn volts I~ICV), and eleC- clpc„-arms C,:+rir.rru., bnri.a anJ Cc~rirerrrr, rrllulu- u~ons with a maximum energy of 10 MeV. (The elec- o , COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-a tron volt [eV[ i. the amount of energy acquired by an ported before consumption. i\lost spices arc dried in the electron when it is acedcrated by one volt in a vatu- upon air and become severely contaminated by air- and unt.) X-rays arc produced when high Cltergl' tleClrnm .nil-horns bacteria. lungi, and insects. Bacterial plate strike a thin metal film and at'e identical in their action counts of one l0 100 million per grant of spice arc not to comma rays. The term iuniznlg means that this form unusual. Many commercial food processors therefore of radiation has sufficient energy to create positive and I'umigatc spices with methyl bromide tncliminate insects negative charges leadinc to the death of bacteria and or with ethylene oxide to eliminate bacteria and mold. other pathogens in Food. Other forms of radiant energ}• Bnth ntcthyl hromidc :utd ethylcnc oxide arc extremely include light, brat, micruteavc, :md radio ttavn. luxic.:utd ntcthyl hromidc i. putcnlially capable of do piecing the atmospheric ozone layer. Ethylone oxide has S.\F'b: PY been banned in Europe bteause of salcty :utd environ- While lixtd is brine irradiated it i. never in ron- menial rnnccrns, and its use for the treatment of ground Girt with any radiuatuve m;ucrial, and the g:unwa rays, spies h:u been rcrokcd in the Unilcd Stales. 'I'hc U.S. ~-rags. or electrons usal to arena it cannot make it ra- Clean Air Act and the 1~11nurcal Protocol ul the Vienna dioactiec. 12cadcrs can relate Convtmion reyun'c that any this to personal rxprrirnte suhsl:utcc listed :a ozone do from exposure ro sunlight or ~Ul-l'IGI:NERATION STUDIES \VITH pletim: be withdrawn Iron to being x-rayed. Although ANIMALS HAVE DB~IONSTRATED THAT Production and use by the excessive cxpnsttrNtn sun- year '_001. light ;Ind to ~-rocs t;w hr INGESTION OI' IR12r\UTAII:D FOODS IS In the United States, harmful. ;appropriate expo- COMPLET[:Ll' SATE AND THAT THE spices, herbs. and dry viceua- sure to radiation can be used ble seasonings currently are to kill rapidly growing tells NUTR[TIVf•, V:\LUE REMAINS treated with ionizinc radia- such as those in cancers. It is E$SENTI:\LLl' UN.AI TERED. uon to eliminate both insects the rapidly growing calls of :Ind bacteria. The FDA has insects rn spoilage and patho- ?pprnacd ionizing radiation ^_enlt bacteria that are killed tvhtn Ihu,l is irradlalyd. ,In.r. nut lu rxtcal 711 kilu~_rrv ILGyI lur microbial l here a liulr cl(cct nn Ihr loud nsrlf hr.ausr us cell. ,Iccuut:unin;uinn of dry or dehtdrated herbs. spices, and :Ire nut ntultipl Yens, l6erc arc minor rl teals of r;lxhauun trgclahle scasunur_, that ;uc used w small anitxulls as on some very stnsmvr vil:uuins. cg.. B~ in pork. I lutY- loud ingrcditms for Ilacuring ur aroma. Il'his is a very aver, rt has been rsu mated that crcn if ,III of the pork in mild Ircatntrnt us a radiation do;e of I kGy ~ L000 tray the United States were to be irrad~atrd. only of which represents the ?hstrpuon of only enough energy vitamin Bi in the ilia al :\nxric:uts would hr lust.:\Isu, w inarasc the tcluprruurc of the product hq 0.-i i°PJ small antrum of ?scnrhit acid hit:amin ('I in fruit. n I'nod irradiation Is rcplacine the uw nl ethylcnc osidc converted to ;uuxhrr alualh• usable li,rm of the cu;unln. and methyl hromidc :uul is Irss hannlul lu the spice than In Iacl, nudtistnrration snuhcs with ?nim;ds h:n~c Jrnr richer heat ur ethylcnc osidc. I. more ell'cclivc ;uainst onstratal th:u ingestion of in:adi;ued foods n congtlrtc- bacteria than ethylcnc oxide. anal Juts nut Icave cheer Is safe and that thr nutrince c;due remain. rssrnlially ic;ll residues nn products. unaltered. Guurrs A.vu ~'r:cl•:rnttt.rs St~IChs, Hetilts, ,tau nRl' \'ta:r; t'tlot.l< Fruits ?nd vegetahlcs arc hcinc irradiated in the S4:Ati0?itM:S linital States «t eliminate imects and spoilage organ- Ecen though herbs. spices. and vtgctahlr ac:uun- isms ;Ind to prevent ovcrripenmg and in the cane of tu- in_s arc used in small amounts, they ntay introduce bas- born and bulbs. sprouting. The use of ionizing radiation feria suFficiem [o cause spoilage nr fnodbornt disrtsc tvilh a minimum dose of 0.3 kGy and a maximum dose oreanisms in (ood products that must hr stored or trans- not exceeding I kGy has been ?pproved by the FDA for 0 COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANO TECHNOLOGY--4 rowUt and maturation inhibition of fresh loads and fnr Some varieties of fruit are very sensitive to radiation and disinfestation of arthropod pests in food. In addition. the skin of the fruit is damaLed. They therefore may be Japan and other countries that ban the use of chemical poorly suited for irradiation: whereas other varieties of sprout inhibitors, irradiate potatoes :md onions to pre- the same fruit respond well. And, too. commodities tend vent sproutin_. The shelf life of spcci:dty. acry perish- to be harvested over very short periods, a practice cre- able sweet varieties of onions c:m he estcnded to ? ?tiug huge volumes rcquirinc rapid treatment. Very low months. Irradiation of tomatoes nut only c~tends their doses of ionizin, radiation can prevent the emergence shelFli(cbutalsoallowsthemtnbchan'estcd,ehen lolly nl adult insects and thereby meet treatment demands. ripe. Irradiated mushrooms have a 3-u~eck .hell lift Because irradiation leaves no residues, products must without hmwning orcap separatirnt. lrr:¢liation a(straw- he protected from «infestation alien treatment and dur- hcrncn rstcnds their rcfriccrated shell li(c t„ 3 weeks ing tr;msport. nhuul der;rv nr shnukagc. Irr:,Jiatcd Inu1 :nut cr~xtu- Lhc of irradiation os a quarantine control measure hies nu„ arr availaMc in uanc t'.S. >Il,rr.. raluu'n;p,proeal by bout Gale ?gcncin and dtcUSDA- So than insect pests >uch :u the lion II, ore Clint- :\nimal and Plant Flaalth Inspcetton Serctce (APHIS). inated. fruit from Hawaii:md Puerto Rico and fnnn other If the product i. to be c~ported. tha intportim_ country countries must be lumigated or trr:ucd b, hrrl ,~;ucr dips must approve the quarantine process. Because the ap- beforchcin_intportttlinto the contincnlul llulcdStates. propriutc radiation doses will cause sexual sterility of Iivcn on Ihr mainhmd. many fruits. ~_r;:ins. and vc_cta- insect pests. but not necessarily kill them outri_ht, reg- - hies must be 1'umieatdd bclure being tr:uup,InaL slo«J. ulatory agencies arc cunsiduribg the type ol'rcgulations or procusxd. The primary fumieant used li,r fruit is needed to achieve yuar:mtine security. Currently. the methyl hnantde. which may hu banned in 1Q01. Irradi- only applicable U.S. guar:mtinc rc^_ulatinn is fnr the ir- ation c;m replace fumi~_ation for some otthesc commod- radiation of fresh papaya fruit in Hawaii to prevent fruit itics. Most arthropod pests. c... fruit Ilics. eudlim_ Ily importation to the mainland (Table I). moths. ntnnso and avocado seed „~eet 11s, scab inset.. Several other Inuits dt:u arc :rvailablc in Hawaii. ntcah' hues `and mites can be stcrilircd or killed by vcn but not un dte ntainhut<I. have been imported and itra- low doses of radiation. Irradiation n a nminisnr_ utter- di:ued for customer acceputnce tri;tls. ,vith e.yeellent nauvc hi ntethcl bromide as a quarantnc trraunent I,rr results, The A ~ricululral Research Service (ARSI. the codlin_ nu,lh nn apples. ~\PHIS, and the loud indu>try arc participating in these Just as with other dislnlcstution Icehnalucs, hno- triuls.:md the Icderal ;r~cnrica acti,ch' ;uc considering ever. the lin,d Irrudintiun process nulsl h. ~~numvrd G~r repul:uinm for nnpluntentation of radiation disinfes[a- dic 1nu U. uLu ,.u icly ul fwu .nirl ~r. ~.Lr•~,~ „i iu.ru uu~ lion. This tcchnola~_v. ,chtch for sonu commodities stay Table 1. U.S. approvals (kilograys) for irradiated foods Product Agenc; Date Dose (kGy) Purpose Wheat. wheat (lour FDA 1963 0.2-0.5 Insec(diSmfestahon White potatoes FDA t964 0.05-0.15 SpfbullnhiblhOn Spice and vegci.rblc s,msonutg~, FDA 1983 max. 10 Microbialdecontaminaeon Pork FDA 1946 0.3-1.0 Trichlnn inacUVation Fruits and vegetables FDA 1986 max.1.0 Insect and/or growth and matu ration delay Papayafrud USDA 1987 mm.0.150 Insecltlisinfeslalion Herbs. spice, and dry FDA 1986 max. 30 Insectdisinteslauonandlor vegetable seasonings microbial decontaminallon Dehytlrated enzymes FDA 1986 max. 10 Microbialdecontamination Arnmal and Det food FDA 1986 max. 25 Microbialdecontamination PoWtry FDA 1990 maz. 3.0 Microbialdecontamination USDA 1992 t.5-3.0 hLCrobialdecontaminalion Red meal nonfrozen FDA Pending max. 4.5 Microbialdecontamination Red meal frozen FDA Pending max. 7.0 Microbialdecontamination ' COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-5 be the only suitable and environmentally sale replace- contamination. Radiation pasteurized products are nei- men[ for methyl bromide fumigation, has the addition- they sterile nor shelf-stable and must be properly refrig- aladvantace of increasing shelf life by eliminatin__spoil- crated, cooked, and served. Irradiation serves as one of I age organisms. the processor's final quality control steps, assuring both the processor and the consumer of product safety. An- WHEAT .\ND FLOUR other important advantage of radiation pasteurization of I As much as X400,000 tons per year of imported meat and poultry products is that cross contamination of wheat are irradiated with an electron beam to kill insects other products during meal preparation is prevented. Ir- at the port of Odessa. Ukraine. This process was devcl- radiation is an effective addition to the overall control I opcd throueh U.S. Army/ARS research and approved lirr ~d rstrcmcly virulent pathogen,. c._.. li.crhrrirhin rn/i use in the United States in 0157:F17. in raw ~eround I 1963 (Table I I. It has not IN THE UNITED STATES, SPICES, beef. been used in the United Slates It i, unlikely that all because o(the ?railabiliry of FIERBS, DRY VEGET~\BLE SEASONINGS, meat and poulryy products I fumigants and physic;ll meth- , ever will be Irradiated: rath- AND FRUITS ~\ND \ F.GETABLES ods for separ:wng uvscets cr. irradiated meat and poul- (rom~rain.r\Ilthesenletllods CURRE\"fLY ;\RE TREATED WITH try likely kill be chosen by have advant:ces and disad- customers who desire or re- fONIZIN'G RADIATION TO ELIMINATE vantages. but neither Irradia- quire a greater dc_rec of food tion nor physical methods INSECTS, BACTERIA, AND SPOILAGE safety, and by food sen•ice I Icavc residuah to prevent rc- estahlishmemstoprotectchil- ORGA\ISMS. infestation. dren and other high risk con- sumers li~om loodborne I BEEP, L:\.\Ilt, PORE, ,\ND POULTItI' p:uhogcns. The I:1M_C\l market for iiradiatcd chicken cur- Relaticely low doses of ionizing radiation ion br rtntl~ is hospitals and nunmg homes. Irradiated chick- used for radiation pasteurization trcaunents of nlcat or cn has sold well. when offered, in renal markets. ' poulu~~ to control parasites, lum_i, and all but the most Rcxarch has demonstr;ued that Iha number of lia- resut:uu of loodborne pathogens and (ootl spoilage h;lc- ~~n^_ celh of nlnst foodhorne pathogens, tucluding E. t'o(i tcria. Tu mnlrnl Tlirlrinrl/u.cpirulia, bulb the PDA and 0157:117, can be si_nilic:unly dccrc:ued. and in m:my I the USDA. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS1 .aces completely killed on meat or poultry. h~ treatment approved in 19ti6 the irradiation of fresh or prcvlou,ly with ionizing radiation ITablc Radiation doses re- frozen pork to a minimum dose o(0.3 kGy and :unax- gaited [o decrease pathogen numbers be 90Pr in beef arc I imam dose not to exceed I.0 kGy. Regulations pennit- um_ poultry uradiainm to control linxlhornr pathogens uer~ appracal by the FDA in 199(1 and by the F:SIS in I Table 2. Radiation dose (kilograys) required to retluCC the 199?(I~abIc ll. The l~Dr1 established the nlaxunum dose population of foodborne pathogens by90%inbeel as 3.0 kGy, and the FSIS established the minimtun do,c at5°C as LS kGp. The FD;A is reviewing a petition u, allow pathogen Dose tkGy) radiation pa,tcuriz:uion of edible tissue of dumesucat- ed mammalian hum:ln loud sources, pnmaril7 hrcl~. Baciuuscereusendospore 2.46x0.31 Campylobactege/unI 0.16-0.20 ' pork, sheep, and hone. Clostridium bofuhnumendospore 3A3 ~ -30°C The putemial for nmswucr inlceuou by puthu- Eschenchra coli 0167:H7 0.30_0.02 gens Is decreased ~rcatly and shell life is extonded by L~srena monocyrog tines O.a6x0.03 Sa/monellaspecles 0.70.0.04 I radiation pasteurization of meat and poultry. This ben- Sraphylococcusaureus O.a6:0.02 cGt can be achieved only if the highest-quality products , Salmonella dublin, S. enteriridis. S. newport. S. senBenberg, arc irradiated, prclerably after packaging , to prevent rc- and S. typhimunum. I COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY listed in Table 3. The parasitic nematode Trichnre(!n Cumpylubncrer, 99.999+~/0 0( F_. coli 0157:H7 (Figure spirn/is~. the bovine and pork tapeworms Cce~tir•crcrrc I 99.9+7r of Salurnrre/la (Figure I and 99.999+% of boric antl Crsrirercus ce/lu/recdc~.:mtl the protozoan Stnpln•/~c•nrcu.rcells would ba.killed. These results were Parasite Trzrnp/usnur gnndii arc all inactivated by ion- calculated assumingirtadiationatatemperatureof4l°F. izing radiation doses below LS kGy. E.~rbrrrr/rin cuA Ivrthcr, for Snbnunella. a ruher high resistance value 0157:}17. [.isterirr nrnanc_vtn,grnec. Srrbnunrllnr spp., ul 0.70 kGy was used for Sulnurec•llu based on the radi- Srnphcloc•nccu.r nureu.r. and other loodhorne bacterial ;Ilion resistance of a mixture of five Sabnnne(lu strains. pathogens can be eliminated or dccrcasat si~nifirmtly Sono stminc i ,Sa/mnnellrr arc much less radiation re- innumber by treatment of meat or poultry with Pasteur- sisuuu than this mixture and when present in foods such ir.ing ionizing radiation doses above I.i kGy but below as e__s, which have higher water contents than meats 10 kGy (Table 21. tin, mill he even more sensitive to irr:utiatirnt. Suhmis- l'he approved minimum lonizine radiation dose .inn of a petition to the FDA and USDA to approve low for treatment nl poultry is I.i kGy, and the maximum dose irtadiation (0.6 to 15 kGy) to control SnbnnneHo dose is 3.0 kGy. The FDA currently is crntsickrin~ ? infections in Fresh seholc eggs in intact ,hells is pend- pctition From industry for approval In irtadiate nan(ro- ins. znn red meats \vith a maximum dose of -Li kGy and ~ In general. the radiation sensitivities of a baeteri- frozen red meats with a maximum do.c of 7.0 kGy ?r al pathogen in meat and in poultry are not substantially control londhornc pathogens. Let us a.wntc that ? tar different. Addition or removal of substanti:d amounts of ^_et dose of 2.g kGy ought be chosen Ibr the irradiation water or of salt, however. may ;titer the radiation sensi- of heel: Such a etrcet \cill be set so th;u the minimum tivities of pathogens in processed meat or poultry. Ac- :md maximum doses received h}' [he product meet rcg- to;tl number and percentage of cells that will be killed ulatory requirements. IF the majrnity of dte product re- by irradiation depend on carious factors such as patho- ceived kG}'. then appru.xintatalc 9x).9999+4: of ~•cn. ,•ro\vth scree. absorbtd radiation dose, irradiation- Ilim' ICnIpcl:d Ul'C. UU' ~cn prc.cnCC. :Ind walCr cunlCnl. Rnistancc of bacterial pathogens is substantially greater 99'999999 at freezing tempenturcs: these effects. however, have 99.99999 been dctcrmined For most pathoeens and arc considered E ccL 0157.H7 Salmonell,r 99.9999,E in lhC selection of appropriate radiation doses. Bac[eri- ' al pathogens differ crntsidcrably in their sensitivity to ' 949991- ° iunliin_ mebmion.:uul spore-forming hacteri:I:md Ibnd- 1 99.99 naareu ur I borne ci ru sec arc suhu:tntially more resist:mt than arc I v~ ~ ~ I L 99.9 F- ~ 0 ~ purely cccetativc forms n(hactcria (Table 2). ' a L v Spore-forming bacterial pathogens of the genera 99 irrnarnanorr ~ ioeur.lulnrr Iurrdhn and Clacrrrdiurn ;Ire more xcnsluve to heal aG 90 F FoooeonNe ~ aanr~ceec; Icr vradi;uinn even though the actual numbers may be o~ ~ ?II'cctctl only slightly by pasteurization closes of radio- I 0 7 2 3 Radlauon dose IkGy) nun. The Few non.cpnrc-limning bacteria that may sur- cice irradiation arc injurctl severely and become much Figure 1. The percentage ofEscherichia coli0157:H7orSal- nutre sensitive to hcut. They' arc, therefore, ve unlikely monella contaminating meat or poultry by treat- rY ment with ionizing radiation doses of 0 to 3 ki- m survive cooking. lograys (kGy) at a temperature of 41 °F. The symbol at the lower right of the ligure is the rndura symbol }}till •\Sb SIIEh LFI511 thathns been adoptedinternationnlly asalabelfor Dish and ahclllish:Irrsignilic;uusourcesufl0od- irradiatedfood. Inaddition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that the label include the I'Orne Pathogens. And irradiation has been demonstrat- wortls"Treated with radiation"or "treated byirradi- ed to control SrdumneUn. Shi•gc•l/n. Stnpln~/ncoccus nu- ation"and"keep refrigerated"or "keep frozen." reus, enteropathocenic E.ccherichin roll, Vibrio v COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-] chnlerne, l'. parnhaeurolaricu.r. V. rulnifi<~us. and hep- foods that can hr stored for extended periods of time at ?titis A virus, which all have been associated with fish room temperature without spoilage. The shelf-stable and shellfish. Vihrio ruLrificus may cause castroentcri- product is excellent for use by immunocompromised tis or septicemia, which has a mortality r;uc e~cecding patients, campers, yachter>. astronauts, and military per- 509c. This pathogen is associated primarily w ith the in- sooner. Apollo 17 astronauts ate radiation sterilized ham gcstion of contaminated r;nv oystr-rs. un the moon. Radiation-stcrilized.shelf-stable beefsteak Frcyucnt oyster contamination Ird the PD:\ in ,md smoked turkey arc being consumed by astronauts. 1955 to advrsr against cunswnptiun of r;re ur undrr- and with pcrnussiun ul [hc FD.\, U.S. hospitals have cooked se:doud by people with hepatic disordrn: this used such products. Radiation sterilized meals;md meal warning has allcctcd dtc U.S. shelllish indu,tn adccnc- contponrnts arc ntarkctcd conuncreially in South Afri- ly. Recent data h:rve shown that ionizing radimiun da,- ca and arc used by the South African military forces. The es ofonly I FGy arc adequate [oclimin:ue l'iGrir~ rulnili- South African process is very similar to that developed cue' in oyster. When combined tiirh a u~adiuonal by the IJ.S. Army Natick Research ;md Development drpuruuun. or comntllal purilicatinn, rroalntenr. rani- Ccnmr. Thr nnh' srcnlr, shelf-srahlc meat and poultry aline doses of 2 kGy were demonstrated in 1991 rn de- pmduc[s available convnerci;tlty in the Unircd Suncs arc crease signilicandy the number of hepmiti, Ginn in e:mned (thenn;dly processcdl produce. clams and oysters. Radiation sterilization allows preparation of meat Although irradiation's ability to control fnudhornc and poultry products with Ilacor and texture charactcr- pathogens in fish is w~cll established, there i, a rnncern i,tics different Gom those of thermally processed prod- that marine lish mi~~ht be can- acts. The techniques used to laminated with CLn~n~ulimn RADI:ITIO\ P:\STEUR[ZATION WHEN Prepare sterile food by irmdi- bnndinum type G which can ;uiondifferereatlyfromthose grow ?t rcfri~_cr:ulon temper- USED I\ CON1U\CTION W(Tfi PROPER ?sed in radiation pasteuriza- atures as law 3S°P. As FOOD PROOF-SSING r\ND PREPARATION lion. In sterilization, the radi- mcntiuned. C. hnnrlinu+n is anon dose must ensure elim- rclatn~cly rr,l,r;uu ut radix- TECEI\IQL'ES, GRE:\TLl' DECREASES THE in;uion of the most resistant uon and wlll nut hr :u reeled I'ROI3:\IIII,ITI' "t'1IAT FOODI30RNE hac[cnal pathogen. Claan~id- ,Ignlllr.uult h~ pa,erurva- lam hundinunr. licc:ursc this tine duu•,; ifrunt:uninatcd Ir- P:\THC1G~\S :\SSOCI:\TED WITH MEAT, I, a Yrry large doss-approx- radiatcd I'i,h ?rc scaled in POI:[_TRl', :\VD OTIiGR FOODS 1\'ILL imatch~~{?tu71 kGydcpcnd- o~agen intprrmcahlr pacFag- in on the product. it mull he cs. C bnndinum icpe L- may RE:\CFI CONS[J\1ERS. rlclic~rcd to a Vacuum pack- ehrice hcculsc of decn:rscd agcJ :utJ deeply fl~,zen prod- contpetition frrnn ether bacteria. The pnulurl Ih~ n e. null act n, amid Ilacor change and nuvirnt In,,. The dose bccontc enaic without the u,ual signs of ,pnil:cc. Thi, Iectal is ewclve ti nte.a that required to Fill 907 of the seems an unlikely cant, how'zecr. con,iJerim_ the car- endospores of C. bnudinurn. II the product is intended ityolCLundiruunnpcEanddtca~ailahilinnto~,- tohcshclfstahicthenitmustbecooked.thutisblanched, ern-pcrntrahlc parkagine materiah. hrlitrr irradiation to inaclivale the ntral's natural cn- nann. Ifthis is not done, the product will spoil through S"1'4:KILli PItODL'C"Iti biochemical. enzymatic action. Prior cooking improves Ttvo type, of lixxl products require ,rrriliiatiun nc~ Ilacor of radiation sterilizal ntcat and poultry. rttherthan radiation pasteurizalion.T~e tin, nrrnmnrr~ F.xccllent radiation sterilized. shelf-stable mixed ciu!lc ~rerdr Iiuuls, which require irradi:uion tt bile Ira- regetahle and meat products arc acailahlu on (he South zee. must br eared frozen. and arc intended fur can- African retail m;trket. Scaer;rl radiation zterilized, shelf- suntption by [hc severch• imnwnocompn,mi~cd patient. nr,rhle thuds used arc well accepted by ehc South Afri- Thc second is hunt srrrilr and ,chr/r-~rtd~ir Ii,uJ,. „r can military lurces in the held. COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGV~ PRODUCT F~CCISI'1',\NCh: the w;LLCr when materials arc to be irradiated, and the An unfortunate misconception is that the nmeri- food is passed through tha radation field. A maze con- can public will not accept irradiated food. Both attitude sttvcted of thick concrete walls, numerous safety intcr- studiesand market tests have demonstrated the contrary. lock systems, strict operating procedures, and proper i.e., tahcn the consumer is ~ training protect workers from provided accurate informa- radiation. A typical commer- RECENT Mr\RhET STUDIES HAVE tinn about products and a cial irradiation phm[ design is choice between irradi:ucd:utd INDICATED TIinT INFORMED shown in Pigure 2. nonirradiated Food. In fact. CONSUMERS ARE \VILLING TO PAY A Electron-beam and x- rcccnt studies have indicated ray generating systems also that inlitnncd conwmcrs arc PREMIUM FOR IRRADfATBD POULTRY can be used fur (ood irradia- tvillin_ to pay a premium for tion. Several such plants in nNn Port:. Irradiated poulu'v ;utd pork. the United States arc used pri- manly fur the ueriliration of TI<CIINOt.tua' ntcdlcal supplies. These sustains al>o nuut provide si:- Tahnolucics ;utd types of aluipntem required to nilicant ;unrnmts ul shielding during operation. but rc- irradiate lixtd arc identical to those used to stcrilirc inert- yuirc none when turned o(f. Electron-beams. however. ical +upplic,. ISec Table 3 lorrvunples nl msliral item. hate very low penetration ability and cannot be used for and am.unter gnods'eurrcndc ~Ierilin•d Lc irradwlion.l irradiation of thick ntatcnals. r\n clcru~on-hc;un system M:uty eununcreiul irradiation pl:uua rsia in thr United i+ used rununercially in Pr;mec w uaadiutc minced States. ;md they have esctblished un csccllen[ salcq chicken meat. Within an aseptic packaging s}'stem.low- record. Conunercial plants using cob:dt-60 as the source power E-beam systems may be suitable to treat such of radiation store it undcrw;ncr tvhcn it i. not in usx. items ?s sinclc patties of hamburecr. This tcchnolo_y Coh;dt pclkts arc encapsulated nviec t n ,tainles st ccl ntu~ he practical because the raiation dose can be de- tubcs:uran^rd In racks. Thcx rlrk~:ur tt ithdl:m n (non licercd rat the product vcn• rapidh. r\ ncty n'pc of scll- Table 3. Examples of items currently sterilized with ionizing radiation L'edlcal. Pharmaceutical Products Airways and tubes Intravenous admini5iralion set 5 Alcohol i pcs Liqwd tlclergonts Bandar,^s Lubncauon gels Blood Operating room towers Contact lenses Pbtri dishes Cotton balls Prostheses (arterial. vascular, orthopedic) Dental anchors. burrs, and sponges Surgical gloves Drug products Surgical drapes and gowns Drug mizing.'dispensing systems Sutures Enzymes Syringes and needles Eye droppers and ointments Thermometers/covers ~.=elal probes Tongue depressors Instruments Topical ointments Consumer Products Adhesive bandages Disposable nurser bottles Animal vaccines Food packaging Baby bottle nipples Pacifiers and teething rings Contact Ions cleaning solutions Pet food Cosmetics Rawhide dog toys Cairy antl juice containers Tampons COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-9 contained irndiatordcsigned to use cesium-137:md suit- Vations Food and Agricultural Organization, the WHO. able for use by small and medium-sized food process- and the Codex Alimentarius Commission support the use ing plants is bein_ developed. The term .cell rnnrained of the technology for preservation of \cholesomeness of indicams that the radiation source is nes•cr exposed. In food. - addition, both commercial and research nrnuniiations ore acu vely developing electron-beam and x-ray gen- RF.FF:IiCNCGS oration equipment that may be suitable lilt food process- Aina. A. A.. Jl. K. Hw„dy, anJ k. T. Toledo. 1991. Gffecls of homing. ing plants. Dcsi'•n and operation of food irradiators arc pH and thcnnoradialion nn inactivation of ViGrin ru/nifiaur. Fixrd ,Llicrubinl. I I'1 l S-?' 7. regulated strictly by stale and federal agoncies. ,\,ncrie:rn Dielelic A.,,>L i:LLinn. 199fi. po+rtum of Iha American Dic- lelic A.erx lalinn: Fund irradiation. 1. Ant. Diererte Aav+e. En DOItS f AI li\'TS 96(I I:fi9-7?. Onihn. C >I. 1'195. Cunvunur ammdc, and inarkel rc.ponac In ,mdr ThC FDA has approved the irradi alloll of pork amJ Iix,J. J. F7uul Arq. Sti:175-I51 pouhry, frail], cogclablos. spices, dry ecgctahir se?>on- Cl:,ccru. .\I R. S., 1. D. plonk. L. R. Beuchal. bt. P Dovle, anJ R. E. ings. ~eheal. and \cheat flour for general ll]C. and shCll- 6rakcu. 1991. Inanrwlion of Fv'heric/tin cn/i0157:H7,salmo- Stable steak and SRlokl'd fUrl:Cy IOr IISI' by :61f0 ?:1UK. nallae. and CangnJnbm'rrrje/uni in raw enwnd heel by gamma The USDA has approved rCglllallODS lift irradiation of irradialinn. rlppl. Fnrirnrr. ,1lirndriu/. GD:'_069-'_075. Cuunnl hx Acncuhural ScicnCC :rod Trrhnolncy 19Sfi. lam:iqt E7r pork, pouhn'. :rod p;Ipas:I liuil. Thr U.S. DCp;ll llnelll UI rrl~v nr Piuul Pr nr¢•a cigc and Po'1 Cnnb'ul: f. ll'ludevnnencss of Hcnllh and Iluman Srrviccs, thr if„S. f uhlir Ilrahh F,,,,d nr~rrn~.l~~;d~6„~i: n~c r:n„i•,. ft.~pon lo9 c~~,ni. it lirr Agrinihural Science and Trehnnlm;y. Ana,. Imva. in pp. Scn~icc, thr U.S. Army. the National A.,r,cialinn r,f - Cuuncd lur Aprieulurt:d Science :uW Tcchnalrn_y. 19ti9. luni[in,Q En- SIaIC DCpal'1111CIlIS Ot A_rlCllhllrC. II1C r\Illl'rl C:1? IbiCdl- orl','mf}urd ~rn(('JJilll'und Prrt Cunn'ol.'/l Applicnliun.,'.Re- cal Association, the American Dietetic A>sociation, and pun Nu. I I5. Council for Agncuhural Scieme and Technology. the Institute of Food Tochnologias ha\'c endorsed irra- A"1p'~ l0"0'')s pp~ Cnuncd li,r Agriculniral Science and Technoingy. 1995. Fnndbnnre diction tcchnolm~y to enhance ti\od salcn~. Thr L`nilal ~ Radiation shield Conveyor system ~ ; Unloading ~T processed ~ product ~ j j Irradiation l I room _l i 1~ l~l , ~ 1!' Control console I tt~ S Pooge) Loading Radiation source Figure 2. Alypicalcobalt-60 commercial irradiation}acility. Several other designs are used commercially.Illustration courtesy of Nordion International, Inc., Kanala, Ontario, Canada. COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-t0 I AMERICMI ACADEMY OF VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY Ptllhapoac Poak.t troll GmA'e- AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION • AMERICAN ASSOCIA~ ThayCr. D. \V.. G. BuvJ. 1. B. FOx. (fllrnffl. aCPOrI NU. TION FOR AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION • AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CE~ 1L. L. Lak01[. aDJ 1. W. Hamp- I ('UUnlll IUT A_rlCllhULll SCI- REAL GREMISTS • pMERICAN DAIRT SCIENCE ASSOCIATION • AMERICAN \on. I'/95. V,Iriatiom m raJra- CDCC anJ TceIIDDInCV. Ames. FORAGE AND GRASSLANp COUNCIL • AMERICAN MEAT SGENCE ASSOCIA- II110 xroiUVnp of fDDJbomr 10\YR. A'7 pp. T:ON • AMFRIUN AIFTFOR01 OGICAI. SOCIETY • AMERICAN PEANUT RE- Path01[Cn1 a\]rKialCJ with lhr DIChh 1. F. aI1J L. S. IUK'pluun. 1791. EEARCH wND EDUCATION SOCIEtt • MIERICAN PNYTOPATNOLOGILAL SOCb fU?pCnJln~ lll[al. J. T~und $Cr. I Al\LJ.\I11CI11 ul 0.hUlCannCOC\'\ Ett • AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE • AMERICAN SO- olL6}-G7. ' OI IrmJIaICJ IOM1V. :1[«r All CIETYOF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS •AMERICAN SOCILT'OFAGRONOMV U.S. Departmcnl of Agneullurc. rnrnrtrrru 21,195-'_11. FuoJ $alay anJ Inspttunn • AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE • AQUATIC PLAM MANAGEMENT Dichh 1. F. 1995. Sr+frn'nflnndiatrd Servlcr. 199'. IrraJiation of $QCIETY • ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL SEED ANALYSTS • CROP SCIENCE FunAA. ?nJ eJ. blared Dekkrr. PQUltry pmJucte. Frd. Rr,eisr. SOCIETY OF AMERICA • INSTINTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS • INTERNA- Inc.. New YDrk. 1i1 pp. 57:1JSR3~3G0(1. TIONAL SOCIETY OF nFGULATORV TONICOLaY ANn PMpgMACOLOGY luwpMun. E. ti. .lnd ~,\1. ti. I'aenult U.S. Depnrlntenl nl Aericulwrc.An- NORTN f.ENTRAL Y2 FD SCICNCk SOCIETY • NORTHEASTERN WEED SCL f 8Je.1. I'lA'_. 19x1. I'rr.rn'a. imul ;mJ Planl Hcalllt bupco ENCE SOCIETY POULIDY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION • RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL Uun nl PuaJ hY Iamnuc aaJw- Ilan Srrv ice. 1987. Une of irra- SCCIETY • SOCIETY OF NEMATOLOGIST$ • SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS lmn. Vol. L. i7S pp :Vol. IL, JwUnn e\ a quaranlinr Ircar COUNCIL • SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA • SOUTHERN WEED $LL nLL'DI fOr IFC\h fNlt] O( U a\9 113 pp.: Vul. IIL, ii5 pp. CRC P P Pm]s. Inc.. BUCa aatUn. FIurIJa. ENCE SOCIEtt •NEEDSgENCE $OGETYOFAMERICA•WESTERNSOCIETY INIII Hawali. Frd. RL:cisr. Lcc. P. 1991. F.diwnal. 1.1m. ,fled. CF wEED SCIENCE ST.x1tT9g, .4 csuc "'6t1'.'_QI. U.S. DcpannTCm of Acricuhurc. blallctt. J. C.. L. L ~lr;_hun. T. G. RnrJ S.dcty .mJ ImpccRUn \Icledl: and 1. D. Aa\LIr. 1991. Servme. I'150. IrraJiation Dt Polenual of IrrnJlauon ledutul- pork Inr Cnnlrnl ul TrirlunrlLr OCy lur impn)ehl .\M'111 i.h san- TIIE ULCtiION rIF '1'118 (.OUNCII. FOR Af.RIC.ULTURAL SCIENCE yurxrli Fr J. Kern. 51:1769- ilaliun. f. Linvl .Sirfirc II:'_}I- ADD TF.C9LwLOCY (C.ASTlicmldrnnhlnnd nndfi6rr. enrirmr- 1771. ~,Iq l LS. FuuJ :utJ Dnl;' AJnuniaralion. Thavcr. D. \V.. 1. P. Chrnlopher. L. r\. mrrunl. nnrl nlhrr n~riadnuTd ivurs nnA m rn(rrprer rrlnreA 199(1. IrraJlaNnn In thD prlduc- Cantphrll. D. C. Runnme, li. N. encmifir rr.rnn'h in(Lrmm~un /br Ir¢ulutrr<c. n•;ulnmrr. turd Ihr lion. pose>vne. anJ h:mJline Ualdgrcn. G \I Thalmnn' anJ rnetliu imvr/rrd m pub/ir IrnLrr rhe'r vrnn rnnl'inC GLST is n non- of Ihud. FrJ. Fr;r.r 55:1 R531- L. 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