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Sohn 6o-Fmen - a pton per in Nadi a~iv n l'cs~c' h v~~o co -
d,5covcrcd. •ul'4ntum t33 •tr+d hdpad. isolafia -th~~~ ' 'bd.`s l~; mil;9~am
q{ Plarlontum . In t459 5~•; Il NOT WoPPi e.t obew't 'Pa lok of ncst~ c
v~,t .fh,,_b¢in~-4~s bf hK.elcaP poweh.-----~}tl_._._~i_ll~i,a~_our Ou~.~) .
_r t~. e i.uJ:, G'1. r~2' ,I Y' ~,=ut'I ~ g.,,,,i
ur. :ire,=.:_- i..._:.= IP.: ~=..'18..
r G.a F- _ r. r_ -.ht .:.Ih v~'.r
. i 'r q.~~ _ - .1 T}le i41-afar.-. .J:+ .9.d~raSE }'ler@ ~i- t.};.?
oiairri chat llat-rn tr-nru v_~nivircr ra,~iatiutl, a pr~cven carcin:-;~er. and
mutagen. "•x,ly hypothetical" at. low dose-le~.~els. Thi'=
C'[':i. _.i ,,Fir-ie , .r. ~.i _ _#ih..° ?u:. _.l'i`c. ri
~ ..urtlai _,d.__ ~_i _ N+~ _a.r '#ew
•JC~- v _µ~tS~._. a. a .'C,. _
i~}le pure:
~°6 ,~f t}713 rr•mmuniCd r,l Jn i8 t0 9#lOV yOU, in
abbreviated fash.on, the factual basis for reje:~t.ing the r-lain that
no her-m has yet been proven from low-dose radiati:?n and fur
re.j ecting suggestions that your duty is to fight "radio-phobia" over
a caroino,ren which tar};wires': high .#o:es.
~ stakea are w,_rth some your time, Hc,w so? P,ecause
ionizing radiation is not an e>:ctic caarincgen and rmatagen w}lich
expOBev 3 small segment of the population. Low-dose ionizing
radiation reoeived from •lat,u,ai bac:~nr",tn„ hour._,:.._, numerous
wadi al procedure=, nuclear pollution, flying, and sometimes from
occupatiotlal e~:po:a,ares. How many other proven human carcinogens can
you name to which everyone is a:r;posed on a daily and lifelong basis"
^•};,<;r^± ;s Id:_~ ~aT__ 'Ihre-~hol.# For E:cf~o_,,wrF 'Io I;_w-Dose Radiation '~:C, o*
+ ?he evidence t}tat, r.}lere ,s no safe do"«,-1e~e1 ..f
ir~ni~ina r=adiat.ion Ina tnre_.hold dose.i mearu that journals and other
media contribute to cancer (and inherited afflictionsi whenever they
include disproven ,Maims which encourage a casual attitude toward
extra exposures low-dose ionizing radiation. We }}el:eve ±.hat you
want. he1A .rr'vF,,-. r, s,ac}~ mrs-,ties.
~aa~
. .lx`~u;
4 ~ ~
<:a~'~'~~ Part 2. * Boma Intt-od,actary Information
.i ,~,Ys•',,.
* Assertians in this communication era supported in
detail, and with very epacifio sa,arcing, in C~cfman 1990 (~haptars
1u", 19, 20, 21, 32, 33'.
T}1.=r? Is `wo Saf? Threshold For E::t%c•s,ar? To Lcw-Doses Radiation (p7 ct" 34'
a. * Cancers require the presence of damaged genetic
malecules .r. the _tnc,la ,_e:is which :urn malignant. Likawls-=,
inhal'it?~_; aff 1 is=.ions r?quir? the pr?serge of c]ama<;?d .gene` _c
Cm_,1P U.,=_. *t~a =.in,~~l? ;=iii ir,-.m a], i,Lal a 1?`~y ;j a, .7•P72. qen:-ti,_
mcleculas a human, _~L-nue leu_: ate rh? !~6 human chrom~sc~.e<-,, aac't;
c,r~- -•ubl--=_I':anci uNA he1i:• pJlus as=_ciat?rl Mains.
r. * After damage occurs to a genetic molecule, the cell
attampr.,s to repair it. If r.};a ,?il ~achi,=ve: perfart• repair, the
ganeL iC mG i2C,],la I'PC;a Ir,_: 1'° ':'fi3r, dual it j~~~ a_; ;~O ~7=_e ye 17ad
+ The menace t~•}~~alth invalves the genr-.tic -Damage
which is unrepaired, unrepairable, ar misrepaired. Tile °~.~:blesome
tri=.
* Whan the damage is c,~mplex for example, when
the opp~sit? strands of the double he_li:c have been broken pieces
of the DNA do,~ble-helix sometimes and up in the wrong place, or
become permanently lost. These i~aiiuras cf~ repair are not
ih?ra Is i1o Safe Threshold For ;=.!pos,.~re T•-~ Low-Dose Radiation (p3 of '_,4~
disput?.
* By contrast, the cell is exquisitely efficient at
repairing injury to single strands of the double helix. It bees beer,
=st•im•ate<1 that., every day, each ,~e11 cepas wir.h at• least _ . , i00 DNA
injuries in ]u ed by routine rhPmicai aounces (including fry
radials 9r b _ed by '-h? •_eli ,sel: Such standard repairs mrg}it.
ba compared to raplar:ing a lamp':; hrol~en Iight bulb with a r,aw bulb.
Af~tar "rapai°. the lamp wor~}.;~ par-feor_.ly again.
y . ~;-,:......ad;at+on has' demonstrated bevand any
.5~y,ubt i~•~ abilit•v tc break both strands of the DNA_dauble :Ielrx at
t}'te same time. •I'his ability has made it "famous" among tux:- agents
as a chromosamo-breaker: (If anly one DNA's*,rand breaks,,the other
strand holds the chromosome together t)
,a, * i;ount•1?ss axpertm?n*..s have been done on cail.=_. to
measure the spaced with which they repair radiation-induces DNA
c]amaga, br:t.h single-st•rand and double-strand injuries, Even after
extremely high radiation doses, that repair which does occ-.r is
complete within. about & hours, and most of it is aamplere within
about. ~ hours.
dersrood by comye -icon with the annual dose which everyone
! eceives frnm nar aryl sources. Exr_ludin radon, F~n e~cf-P`r3~1
q agrla~uraY. dose get;! - y
Y ~'-Ge t~ cells h% f.~'r~.~,a
' --~~~~~~about 0.1 rad.1"'zarefors acommon expsrimenral J ~ }an ~LS~
R cads, dellvereo ~ an instant ("acute" dose deli Y~, is C A.n b ~
about 1,000 t.imss higher than the tonal annual natural dose. And yet
pp e.:par,m nrs show r„-= human'ea~t~t`cighi'epar capsciti`yr
I xr enzymesJ,~'o Sope+°6+ith~~GB u Indeed z'epaxr~
c ty seems 'not averw'het~mecj'•evon a •;r~osear~a 5"QO -tads -and mora~
,;i _ _ _ ~
i. Thy s:cplanation for residual, post-repair damage i°
rot a lack of rape---e.apac.ity or time, but rathar~an.!:inFierent~
ixiahflity of the repair-system to ifix~certain complex injuries to ;
gen+?tic moler_ules~.~
:a .i
j. + A radiation-induoed chromosome abnormality does not
always r'; 11 the c=__ in wh;eh it. pets i:_:ts, nor does ir_. always
graven`. `he _.m c.. :~.=iinr,. When the injured cell divides, the
same injury is ter-.cared in the new calls In ~.ha A-bomb surv.,;;r,,
_;;rsa cnr°`""=sc;na ~ ,-mal;r.ies lave bean obser•?ed even 40 years
-
_._ter ie ._'.rnb;.ri,;= T}xe;r ra:~liar.ion-caus:at.ion is indioated by file
posi t; ve _„_=.._-r=_: ,^_=n-_-e' The higher the bomb-dose, the higher the
frsquenay of~abnnrm.alit.ias (P;oda.u,a 199:=).
k. x Residual unrepaired and misrspaired chromosome
damag<_ ..,.;rne.z, ".,_._,_1 :amk:1•=s ;rr~3dt.a_t._d ;n !ab d;_h«;~- %.n vi*.ro%,
is visually detecra:ble at acu*,e radiation doses as low as 2 cads,
de_~p;ite cr,a<ia mec.;__~s cT obsarvar;~:n (I lo,Yd 195:_:. Mora.-vet, t-•ha
residual genet.;c u=_mage which can n.=t be d?t.eoteri with su_h mer.ho,ds
Cn,~,y a;np; -he arrc,_r= e3ar. _~,_r.~d,
L, * J7c,.es residual damage also exist, after repair-time,
if low doses are received slowly by living humans (:n vivo!' ','es,
roc exam_r_~1~, ?'-~`~ra _hrcmc=_:ome damage has been :~hserveci amp.=ng Alaskan
nar.i7e': ,.'L: RI n,.~:.33r 'iii lour„ in Sjii t.a Of very ~iradua} aCCUIilU is6l nn
GT- 3r%vUt.•..`)~~ e'n. t,ra e:CpoSUI"B per vaar i•:r iQ yaar'v SAC
i970 ? : ~a __~nr _ mosc:ne cia.maga ha-_ bean observed among rnac leer
docb.yard workers ?=--posed very slowly to les°. than 5 rods par year
( Evans 1=l , ; ar:-ra ;:.hrouu,some damage has been c:bsarvad amnr~7
various population= living where the chrorac natural dcaa from
radiation abo~-= 3verac;e (for ?>:ample sae Barcinsl~:i ;~97G;
Maruvama 197E?. [Oe~ae cad is also called 0.01 Gray.I
Part * Where•'„ the Controversy, in Visw of S,ach F,vidance?
m. * 1: residual genets damage }lao bael-i nbsarvad even
from low radiation. doss ar. slow dose-rates (para. L, abc~:e), how:
q..:..:!..r.w^ -...~..,M- Fva.t yePwyt'. y N. ' ~ S~
can.-anyone still,.claim,thateev,iderlpe~rof,harmFat low. doses.ris dust
tlletiC3 car that harm requirss high drGes?
k~, n. M Here's how. If challzn~,7ed, they say: ii) Since a
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UebCrawl?r Szareh Results for: "radiation (p12 of 34)
connection is just hypothetical between real-world health effects
and misrepai;,ad or unrepair?d geret.lc injury Txom radiation, the
evidence of harm to health from lcw~dose radiation is just
hypr_,t}latiC.a1; and (Zi Since there are radiation doses i~wzr than
occupational doses, and iower than fallout doses, and lower than a,-,y
de~e~_==. can evar afford r.n _t.ud;?, the harm ar_. thes? lower d.-.ses
«ill always r?ruain unproven. They -uggest that maybe, at. some
e;tt.~-~[N,~? i:_~w i,,~z ,r __-I? :'ap it }e_.c;m?s ar-e~_t.
~ iJe recognized a met}u~ci which could cope with both
?iiffir.:_tacs. R~=gir!rung wrt.h Gafraan 19.1 (pp.~, „i, iG ?volved In
i~of~an 196i :r;p.4`-ii', and vcfman i'9;6 (pp."-~-i4). In ~oFinan .9ciq,
wry :~laveloped thz rn?t•hod and the wider.~..a in ._iztail. Fail
presentation ta~~-: 7l") page° not s,ult•able f-cr a journal. ~e
Wall Y.?d r~ knOW 1: t}7? t}lr?5}?Old 139Ue, for I9tll Zing tad lot lGn, Crnl1•~
be settled. Our analysis proves, by any reasonable standard cf
scientific prooF, that share ie no soft dose or dose-rate of
ionizing radiation.
W? have f,,=.~ur,d rzf~utation of our pr-cot. G'Il r.}la
~L]G 3.h•-G~•}~ lP) r C~') M 1-• ~ - F ~ r-N-~ n2 r-r--~-er~e~.L: c' '+~=~.,-e-r
contrary, our method is extznsiveiy confirmed in the 1993 rzport of
the Un-ted Nations iUNSCEAR 19Q:3, asp. pp.F27-6'3F=',, p.O£~1, p~:S'?F•
Table 1',.
q. > F•?r rea,:ar=_ ro ;understand }low our met'rcd overcomzs
thz.obsraclea desr_ribed a}?ove (para. :li, you need know how
ionizing radiation "works." I*. works very differently from toxic
chemicals (para. cc, belcv)."
y
Part 4, * How Ionizinu Radiation "Works"
r. ~ Ion~aiF!g x$diayt~on_.includea;.b~ta particles, alpha
particles, gamma rays.. and x-rayst" the term excludes radio,
microwave, infra-red, and visible radiations.
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T'rere Is "fo Saf? Threshold For Exposure To Low-Dose Radiation (p14 of 34)
.,w,-:-... -z.. .
s. x w'l~i~a,'pnrtio_I~ ~;,4I_Q~-'~~.'~~~''_
_-=_but-they differ
mpcrtant wav. Ber_.a particles are endowed with biolcgica rj'
nna"E"urat~'"°" This energy he coG1F'~ro ~`tNl<
~Cl, 'Z'aii~`~ie~
o f`d t nan.~ non -
b<{-ci elcetrons
cA ,r r, * ' ~ s (called radto-ntscl es,
radtrisotopes) I. I i r to 'fh~ F1ui
r 4 ~ '=rt, is I3s,_ {mod 1n 'n'1O^
y one
Hadto-nuclsdes.o ten omit,~gammaL~taa~,.t''°"'~§"'p~.~ess of"decayinj'
~ t,ntc erable,~nucY; ~
z: x _;~u.~..
u . * :Qamma""r'ays are "pFtotons~- - r of"~;`T'~`g~itxYia
n~
too much energy, for'~t"umarts 'io X=rays are ice gamma rays,
except x-ra shave Ieas ever ss~g
y gy ~ ' `photon: ''Hoch"are ganffratecl ~ by
"nature" and by man-made genera ors.
! ~ * The photons of x-rays and gamma rays dc, their
damage tc cells by Ynocking electrons out of ordinary mc~ecules and
causing them to become beta particles which travel tIW^ough the
cell (and beyond) with biologically unnatural energy. ;1+.ere are
about EO'l million typical cells in 1 cubic cent meter.
The biclogi~~al damage caused ty ionizing radiation,
including gamma rays and x-rays, is due tc high-speed particles
traveling through cells and unloading con~.antrated amcunta of energy
ir, unnatural places at random. Each particle creates a very narrow
path of disturbance :called a primary "ionization track"} as it
nloads energy at irregular intervals. Alpha particles dcr_'t travel
far; they unload their energy within just a few cells. =.;~ce
vir*,ua.lly no one claims any threshold dose (safe dose) fca- alpha
!.r?'-aciiacior„ ~,-ur Worn invoivee. 'tiiah-s}1?e,I •_ia; tr,•.;> pare: +
alJvUC ~ .
The amount of energy transferred in an z.^.stant,
from the high-speed electron to nearby molecules, is often, many
times larger than the Single energy-transfer, which xcur °anyway"
in normal cell chemistry' and mer_.abolism. ,This unique feat.--~e of
icnizin~7 radiation probably explains why ionizing radiation. is so
_ J !a ~ Y_
iL -
"good" at breaking chromosomes and inflicting other complex injuries
an the genetic ymolecules. Every track acting without help from
any other track has a chance of causing an unrepairable
carc inogenic~inaurY„in. a. cell. '
y. * At..,~sgh5radiation doses,-many tracks frog
h~qh-speed alect~gns pass, through every.,ca11 riit~Y~etas. We 'focus or,
the nucleus because that is where t'~ie human'3..:pertetl.o tnoleeuIea are
located. How manv rra ks' At l00 redo from ttieddical x-rays,
aEout 'I30?'
_ .primary tracks cross every`cell=nucIeu~ (Gcfman 1990; ba3ed on 30
t.~V -rayc ~n rh_ average, from ~0 1 V peek 7 ,4r~';104 ~rads,5fzgmt.gamtoa
rays, about, 3(„itQ~,~rack~,scrrnss every, cell-nucleu~ (C'ofmati~l9~r;
based•t3n "'B"0 YpV gamma r.avG from ra•3ium-22b or decay of ~ =ium-137
into stable barium-137).
+ What happens at 1cW doses? When the tcra.I dose
about. 0.?S tad (750 milli-tads) from medir_al x-rays, the average c
number of traels per cell-nucleu=, is ono track (Gofman 194x3, Tables
2C-Mi. At total doses cf about 0.33 tad {330 milli-radsl from
radium-22G or cesium-137, the average number of tracks per
r, , r = - - -
cell nucleus 1s one track. ~"'~''"`t3 annual dose of 0.t.,rad from+
natural background: s ~ krYmb2er'~~"CP~6~t'F!k
tcEE riucYeu~'"i~;r~gt~idi'i k~ilttt^tr>~~yaarr~
. ~ .
aa. ~ B1.+t elzctrons can nor. bz subdivided ii to
frac*.ions. ei.the~ a.,celh nucleus experiences an
electron-,track, or rt does not Ye
or no` at'~ery Iow .total- dose5~,
some nuclei"experience.,one..track.or a few tracks, and other nuclei'
experience no irradiation at a1T,; ~
bb. * When the averagetnumber of tracks per nucleus is
one track, 37% of the nuclei experiencz no track at all, 37% x
experience one track, 13% experiernce two tracks, 6% experience 3
tracks (Gofrnan P~9%, Table ?0-td).
Trac}:s arz a special property making _onizing
radiar,lon vzry diffzrec;t Tr-.;m toxic chemicals. Chzmical=_ can be
present, in a cell-nucleus at lower and lower concentrat_ans. For
_i'2T(l i. ;a i.-_, '.};zr~_ 1 n0 I:itiliGLiRt ~..i ,p~Yni'.'r':3t1 _•fi. :•.2 itT~
radiation, one crack is the least. possible invasion it .an Inflict
- - - - - - ---e
, „a - , _ _ _
upon a call-rna_:1F,1:;, At `.hY __.lular }~„gi, .;~na trace t're iGwe_'t•
--~-_i?;1~_ ..~.•e, and onz tra_.k presents the bast poss_~-iz r_hallenge
for the rzpair-system. T're aplit~-sewn=i _ccar:->nce .~f r.re,•k
p.
:plc; the w,=_ dose-rate.
o,y. * h: mar: evi;_ierce -.:-:ows health harm ~=._•sd by
.yo='. '•hr=h :e•iiv,a ~ `='u_ a `aw tra as ;er li--~clt' then
suc1:~ zv:cdencz wipes c_._ t•he hop) that "r~zpair` canYeve- -:sliver a
;}:resh;_id ~r }afa doe. t„aces. ~i, ab•_`;e)
Part * Human ~tudizs Showing Ramat,ion-Induced =sneer from
Minimal Doses
ee, I2: the mainstream madical literature erz ~uitz a
.,,Parr--r+-+. dg Ott 1'~SZ'iT""'im_*~--~e3'i,i` .~-t_ _ +,a -k
~ T _ li_ l,lY _.v- 1. " ? - _
number of epidemiological studies showing that even minimal doses ofd
ionizing radiation induct extra cases cF cancers. Tha -fzrenoas are
flagged GJt}1~in the list.
ff. • For the fl•-,ryged studies, wz firn2red ^_ut the
average number of track- per nucleus ;_aused by each ei=„^.sure (GoPman
199fj;,
gg, The avzrage number of tracks thralgr Bach
cell-nucleus, par exposer?, ranged from 0.3 track to I? tracks, with
this distribution: 1~.3; 0.7; 1.2; 1.3; 2.1; 5.2; 10;
12 tracks. In other words, some studies meet a very strict
definition of lc`dest• pcsstble radiation doses (para. c:=, above), and
others are nearly minimal. ~
- ----•'-~-r-s-,. - _ ~e+arrcc~ or urrepairable, ur
ah. * if only the 6-track, 10-track, and I2-*.raci: .
studies existed, someone would be sure to speculate that "maybe 6
traci.s overwhelm a cei}'o repair-'capacity. Maybe there 's a safe
dcce at tracks." S. 'rapkse~raq~) L ~1ata.on;~
doses of, 2 to S rada,~.so 7urh specuYstion wouI~ e ~arcl`ro eccn'cile
Arrea i~~t~-Hji ..a - 'its~l~t+s-t+v f~e}}ere 'ireie, ves'
r -
with evidence of abundant repair-capacity at 100 to 500 rails (see
para. n, above). In any case, such sper:ulatlon is ruled cut by the
tudiae stlcwing excess cancer from even lower track-averages per?
t~ucleus~.
i~. + B;: at:y reasonable -tandard pf plroof, the
canhlnat:•.:r. of human =f!._lemioi;,gy anti .rocs}:-arai•rsis raemon-rates
t.hara ,s no threshold dcsa or dose-rat.e below which "rapair"
invariably prevents health harm.
* . ~ _ _ a:, arror assert th.=. c. no }„aman _ _ ±ence
~a }'sort(, }7°~lth at• minimal ,1n'oe-~FV~=1=_. lr, ti C.°~ '
.se_
?.tbiiC_ ~1_w., is:7!;,=~° :.~i erttr-!~_ ~~atit c2" 3 V~Y'y _-ei
harm. The flaggsd studies rule out speculation that low-dose~~^
radiation may be eithar risl;-free or "gacd for you." iwnre~
rB:~13'~l On ~arC inOgB;l?Si. L3 t}?e ...c.1 r. ~f ~__d1.;dl injur-y'= the
_7~nar.i_ ~„_.__~~i ther: the r'1a'7cre~=: *_~udl~_ _trong': wa_.-. r.hat-
Y.hh- r Y:af'n `3 -:T ,',!nodal zrradip` rn +i!Gf __,~~C.-. }"]ramp. r: -
_ 7
. ,iii i_ a • /-=.P.a ~a_ ~ 1
* It i.s espec ia'_iy powerful evidence when a _~ommcn
r,=p, 1.. s _ `'r:_rG a /aI'Le7;/ -a.l-.at L:U1 9.;per:eYCo~. :•}7B "_aryr~ed
stu•:Ii~_ include infant:.: in-urero, :~hildrer., ado
~.r.=men; h::_:h-err _•I-ryy ,gamma rays, med lcal x-rays acuta .ingle -.^sas,
acute _erlai doses, and chronic occupational dcse~.
+ IL- wcrt•h ;:ot.i;;:y that acute aerial :~o_:-=_.
_ in
women who racelved repear_.ad Icw-dose chest fl?a,~roscople=_:, =_curred
wit~~ p'ent.a Y ..e tot- the ,-epalr-system to ~~:mplete its W.rr, cn
damaged i;<c•'_ec,.;les hefer e the ne..t .:-ray exam f para. g, above; , If
repair could always work flawlessly when the x-ray dose is low, then~'~
such women would show no radiation-induced cancer from. the •rery highi
' radiation dosses which they gradually ar_.c:umulated.,After f?awies5
repair-wort;, t,`"ie women would never have any cancer-risk leF. from
..}ie i;:r'e•Vl:.,w° pvp~._t:I`e w}IE.tI t}lt-.y Y'a..:?ivad t,}1e n?Xt, 6:ipO5ure the
aer!e„ GaGh expoSUre Wnuld l~Cl]r On a ~ieail .slar•e "
mm. + T}la evidence of excess breast cancer in the'
fluoroscoped women is very solid, and show.<_: a positive
lose-response. This evl,:lenca of radiati~~n-induced human cancer i:,
.A _34[r,-~{~~.,J n_.,,., _ _r-}~~+h• c -.._'rrFriey r_ 1_ r
widely acknowledged and cited but. not many.peispleerecogrize that~~
ibis evidence of cancer-induction res+alting from nearly minimal
~~es. of,:radiation per exposure iabout 6 ro 10-tracks~;per average~~
.M.
cell.„l1?3&!e?~acper,:~4„FaSY"axamina~~~)a
nn. • Our final point ocncerns the immune response.
Wa',ye heard people speculate dike *.•his: "Everis`f,:'a'Fraction ofa
tow-dose genetic damage _is-ilnrepaired or urrepa irable, cr
srepairad at the lows.=_ dose-levels, the reavltrng aasecera vaulJa
a ~adr few~t",Chat the'^immune system wand tha~ ~
bodyr ~~`.cipher dliir~exiseet,3
a}~ainst,~a~ieer,would;,etiminatq,hecr':~-The avidei?ca r fIa;;ged
4'a' studies refutes that aulation, and sc dces logic. I '~gdys~
+',:;d ~ nattaral..d9Fanaes'autbmaticaltv4eliminata,aingle~caricet~sl~u.~sGmans~/
r~,,,~, could never develop cancer- from- asiy cause (incl+ading hires doee'~
}`''~"i'--- radiation>. Bur, lr_.ts of peoples do develop cancer. Fatal cancer. In
tr'
the USA,'22X of all deaths era-due-to cancer:"$
H''-=1 `}~s'x gK - A.-r nt - '9}ni++-~e~-Fi F:i-' - ~-ina=-~az~
Fait y;.~-Point oummsria
+ ?Dint One: The radial i:_,n do:e _rom ;s-ra;~„ gamma rays,
and ha':.a ,?,art.i;_.!e=.: ~:'eiivere'. isy i?l~rii-_,pea;:i ei=ctret?_ r.ravalir+r?
t}:rou_ah ,~umar, cells and .reefing , imar;J _ot:i~ation `~t-~--na. Whenever
flier? 1. .any r3C}lest. i;7;- .a~~=8, iGedn• n-]Ills _3ii= afiC. tU.iC iel 3I'a
:7elrrj Y_Y°_'~?. el~~.r 7ra~.1-.: - TherE a2'a a99Ut rll. i1 l1 iGi1
±':v rsiGal ____c _riv.. _,.'.}ii.= c+rtiii,etBY',
? _ _i;nh aw_.. Every t.r3r Y: Wit}-L'?Ut ari;r t?2 = :r~~m
art~~tt?et= cra,_1~~~ - ha.=_. a ci~ance of 1nPla,tirna~ geneti_ _c,7ury if tna
track rravarse: a --il-:,ucieu=:,
~ }',.,it`. t. ';~}lr,:'« ~T}ier'=; are :•.O fr.?.;.. *.ipnai ele.=_^~r~~. T}liS
mean°. tt;at Cne i.%we ~,_{r,=;e^ ra<1is Y.lpn 'on U7}S a CBi 1-. .UC le,.l Gan
r~:par i,_ n,_ _ . = one _ . ~ _ t~ron-tree...
,
"i t F• t ~ }^'t - ~h~+-7~-i~"+i~--i4*~3-~.rr'--=rr.-i=.~~ -~Si - l + - - k ~ ~ n ,
~ mint Four: There i-~ solid evidence that -xtra h,aman
cancer c'•a=-~. :.c,.u- from radiation 'loses which deliver ;,,~=t one or a
few trac::s per cell-nucleus, cn t:te average, See paragr=_phs ee-mm,
above.
+ °oinb rive: Thug we rznca that theta is nc doses or
close-rate i:~w aneugh t-o g,aarartee per"i sot. :-apair oY" av.--;
c?;rcir+cgen;c in_iur;r lrn:iuced by radix*..lon. Some ca.roirc_,cnlc injuries
are just unrepairad, ~:.nrepairabie, or misrepaired. The :rou171esome
trio."
Concl,asion' It is fact:aally wrong *.o balre•Ja or to
claim that no harm has ?vet been proven from very low-<x_~se
radiation. Cn the contra2',v. Exi.=_:t.i!1,~ h,:man avidwnce sh~vs
cancer-induction by radiation at and near the lowest pcssibla dcse
and dosrra*_.e wit;? respect. to cell-nuclei. By any reascr,abla
- standard of scientific pr•.cf, such evidence demonstra*.a~s that there
i-, nc safes do_a or doses-rata below which dangers disapp-ar. N~
threshold-dose. Serious, lethal effects from minimal ra`.3iation doses
~+e
are rut. "}iypotnetical," ",just, thaoreticai, cr "imagit:ary." They are
--s--
i-mr~ 'FSTrc*~d i'~~ tcm'-93~.~_8.:.:~ab caw o~a-=.+t'~'~SJ
real.
rt "The e;;tent to wi. _n radiation-induced DNA damage i,.~;~ ba_
correr_aly repaired at very low doses and very low dose rates is
,'r- beyond the resolution cf current, experimental techniques. If DNA
double-strand breaks are critical lesions determining a range of
c,>11,a1.ar responses, including perhaps neopiasrio transforaation,
then it may be the*, wholly acr_urata cellular repair is ur:2ikely even
at r.}:e very low lesion abundance e;;pected after low doses and
low-dose-rata irradiation...
UNSCEAR i99+~ Rapcr"., p.634, para.?4.
~ "it 15 _;h1Y unlikely that. a dose t.hreshoid r.;ne
initcsl mcie~^,alar' •aataar~e ill`iA, uF,^a,.:=_;e ,ir!,~1:;~t.r-~a,_:: `:m .3nv
ionizir._~ ,adiation has a f~_nite proba'rilit.v of produ._i;;g si<abl?
-i-:a. .,r a -vnic dam~-.;e ire,'- in, ca-' -mar-, t't,e DNA. ~-1i• if the
. =_;ul*,,;,cr mniec;..iar damage, pl,:: =ny a,_3di`.,~,nai as-=c;ar.e-. damage
,.~cm r..he =.=.me .ra<:k, ':ere 31'ae.Ye: :e},air'ed '?ith fi.c.t.ai ei'r~-,F
ncy
_r_n,~jd there be any po=_.=ibi i;t;r a dose threshold .~~_,r c=..sF-;u-res.
aii~aiar cff_7r^_.
UPlSCEAR 1'?9~ Report, p,r,36_ pare .84.
"Biolc~~_:_.ai af.`ecr._. .are believed to wise preclomira:;r_r from
residual DPdA ::hanger r, hat oriyir,ata from radiation damar~e
c. f-;rore,_~_r_,rnal ilNA, it is .,,h repair response of the ,:ell t.=~,.^
determines fate. The majnr.ty cf damage repaired, dui it is
rernain72iJ unrepa fired or misrapa irsd ~_3ama _re the. r. i:_
considered responsible ,or cell kiliinrr, chromo.samai aber-ati~ns,
m!arati:_n=, r.raras`c¢-ma+ions and oancarou:_: chances."
i
, _
_ _ _ _ J.y_ yJ _ _ _ J_ _ _ n-, ~
L'PISCEAR 1953 Report, p.uRn-691, para.32'_.
" keference Listing
AEC: I ~ .
Atomic Ener~ay Commis_ion. Reports dated March 27 and M.Y 1970,
from John P.. ;otter, Director of AEC"s Biology and Medicina~
Division, to U.S, Senat.or Mike ~raval of Alaska. i_~+_.ter was
repor+,ing on a pilot study of Alaskan narive_: by 3.~. Brewen.
Barcinal-:i 197.
M.A. Barcinsl<i at ai, "Cytogenetic Investigation in a =z-azilian
Population Living in an Area ref Hich Natural Radioactivity,"
Arner. J. of Human Genetics 27; 802-806. 1975.
Baverstor_}; 1981. i$
, n _ _ u~,.
T,n r _ 3Jn v _ _ "
- r T?. - ~ t: " c• , _ t n a..S'~:akebr a t-rT'6T~ rt~ )
Keith F. BaverstoY'' et al, "Risk of Radiation at L Dose Rates,"
Lancer 1: a:~ 33. F;-b. 21, 1981.
Baverstxk 1383. tt
Keith F. Baverstr_,ck + J, Vzru-,art., "A P,fotz or. Radium Hody Content
and Breast Cancer< in U. K. Radium Luminisers," Health Physics
'r4, Suppl.No.1: `%'7G-~'7. f98:.
Baverstack. 13?7. #
Ya,th r Baversrock: + D.G. Papworr_•h, "The U.K. Radi,am Luminizar
Survey," British J. of Radiology, Supplemental BIR P.eport ~1:
'i1-76. ;BiR = Brlr. Irsr., of Radiology.) 138?.
Boice 1977. #
John D, voice, Jr, + :c.R. Mcnson, "Hrzast Cancer !n :!omen aT ter
Repeated Flanroscopic E;camirarion~' -f the Chest, of the
;Qa.t.=. Cancer irr_a.°3+: ':'~=-8.2. 19^..
,7-_i-~:: B,_:r=. .~t. zl 'L-_. r.lraat__„ ~reaat. Drozs an:: Brzas~
~~ar' >?t Yi=: n.'-_~c Y>r~.J with Rep~a` J Fluor ~:~F=::- -'t.-st.
.~:3 r.. 9C.i:^r.-.. ' iii 3T.. i,.a'1 ~~=rB.I-', .u i"_. 7J ;91+, i9~i;:,
..haoe_9^`.
Marli;.~ _;ha~~, ,:;•~:.~_,r,Y.^,; ra<llcl~_gl:_,_ 8t.~=r_•her, ..lg, in ;;ea'sr.'tt
- - - - - _ . ~ _ t
nal, Wall S.trL=r .ourrai, p.r- _i,1iy f', 19'~=~.
H.J. Eve. n:_ et• al "Ra~~llat.lon-Indu_.*:d Chrom,?s- P a - -
~m_ Ab_rt~•ationo in
n,~,1=i.~ar ilnri;
?.3rr} LJnrL;EY.°~i~ ^:ar,J.r? n^,7.
1,~~_I
lic;~man 19?1.
Jc,hr, W. ~GI"mar, + A;^thur R. :'am ~1 ~ r "c ,
b ..pldemYO, Dear: Sl udl°.= ~?f
=:arcincgene_:~> `.Y IvnlZing Radiation," pp.2.^5-^?? in
r:-'a. zed ings the -,..t.h .,rl~:eiey Sm}x~:oiurn on Ma Ghemat.icai
Stat.l_.tir_s and Prc~aabiilrr n I, ~ ^r' 1071
.;,.y i Unlver=_it.y r•;
--alxt~rnla Frans, Bel-i;elzy,
G,?:`man ! 981 .
John W. Gofman. Radla*_.lnn anci Human Health. 908 pages. ISSN
0-_"i5o-275-~, LCC1'i 8.'-~F/..=4. Sierra Club Boot= Sar,
,
Frarnr. _ co . 1=!81 .
Gofinan 136.
Join W. Gcf~man, "A=_~s~s:=ing ~_hzrnobyl'_ :=:,Weer Conseruenczs.
Application of F_,ur 'Laws' of Radlat.ior, Carcinogenesis."
Paper presant5d at the 19~tx3 nar•Inral ;Weer, r." P
ing of n.. American
Chemlral SociBt•Y, Symposium or. Low-Level Radiation. Sept.
lw~=A=yr . l.rr+_'--"-`7' _ . . - _ _ - G t r r F t , a s 3 i t}e; -5. "
_ a J~f .
1986.
tm?t man 1990,
John 41. Gofine.n. Radia?;ion-Induced Cancer fr om Low-Dose E;posura'
An Independent AnalyaYS. /+8Q pages. ISBN 0-932682-89-8.
LCCid 8'9-6241. Committee for Nuclear Responsibility, Sati
Francisco. 199:x.
Goldberg 13'.?5.
Henry Goldberg. Introduction`,•o Clinical Imaging: A Syllabu<~
From the Steven E. Roos Learning Center, Gepart•ment. of
Radiology, Univ. of California S.F. Medical School. f995.
Harvey 1985. „
Eli~abat.i, B. Harvey ar. al, "Prenat•al X-Ra.y E•:posure and Chlldhcod
Cancer in Twins," Naw England J. of Medicine '12, :do.9:
541-5<~5. Feb. 1985.
_ l
ua~,let H. :h:?i rman V-"t ai, .~k'1rB.35t I,arcer In GiOmen wl Lh -__i_~j lr;glg '
u Exposed to Multiple Aiagnostic X-Rays," J. of the !natl.
Canczr Inst. 81, No. 17: 1307-1312. Sepr,. 6, i9c~'~,
v ~ Putlication of ax p y "
panded follow-u stud is a cted soon.
_ _ .
ernes rQ~f•'! i ~ f'+- ~v! ei t !a}s;4.,i 5a.+{+x 9 t Jt y TY mot.
Gecffr~y I~. Howe, "Epidemiol~y of Radiogenic Breaet CaI-ICer,"
pi,.119-129 in 'bock) Radiation Carcino;~anzsi::: Er:dzmiolcgy
and Biological Significance, adired by John G. fs•_•;. tee, Jr
erne! JJSZrh F: Fr~sumeni. $aven Pra_: New York Clty_ 1154,
Hulka 1995.
Barbara Hulka + Aza~ieh T. Stark, "Braast Cancan: :ausz and
Prevent.:_n," Lance±. z4e;: ~83-Pt;?, SeFt„ 30,.x,1=.
4'_gGiama 1~~~J. _
_ _ _ i r-- -
__.u 3k_i 31, ''~~SGb6_f1[7p1 G`3;r :Oiil r`Gtary?_. __Ji n,; i.'al
'JC_:...: _'r
;d.. ...=_u:'e_ ai ~ pc°tzr_, adlat.i __.t°
. t~._ _ _.4: ~t1Sef
G.!„ '_:=_:.3 e?. .aj, "Frz~uznciz= ;t Chrorno=coral Abarra*--" - Ind+.~czra
ii; ..Umati B1C .•r1 LymphrCy teS iiy L.`W il,='=~ JS' n-t_a'~
lr'"~`=..._. `.i. ~a,,~1at S:•ii v~l,:_]gY i1~C.1 -i'.il=- .;;ice.
,i,_
P sti Ma ,~hnn, "Prznatal ,t-Ra~~ .fl~,°,, ai'J ~:1Ti1 .an.~zr,
. :^da*_.1. '=anCZr ln_:r,. __.sl''3-1131. 1'_~t'z~.
Piaruy'ama ~12'?c,
T+.-~.--~~_F is r. , -,..i r, ,t,_,a 1. i _ _ - ,r: t{~-;~)
i'"aruyama at ai, "Down's ~yndr_%roa and Yzlatz,-; Abnors~__:ties in
i'~.•_f f? Va'.; iS<grC•~Aid T{ndla_t1.^di t-;t _=,3't.gi f~^-_:3
iii,ilal, Nabure ~'0-6i. "a76.
''.Rie lFr' i1C=i, 3
Ant}i,,n? 3. Miller zt. al, "Morr.,aiit.y frarn Brzast. %ancer ~tr..er
Irradiation during Fluarocoplc Examinaticrs... England
J. r_: M@.ti'iC in° P1C. iCt. lane-12)9, li)4;i
Modern 1's'",?. #
Baruch i?oda;1 zt. al, "Th.yrc,id Csnczr Fo1lcWirrtl S~.alp :.:-adiation,"
Radi,%iVgy 1°~: X41-7:+4. 1_9^?,
Baruch Modern at ai, "Incrza_ad kill; cf Breast. Cancer .3=-er
Low-L'Je Irradiation," Lancet 1: 625-631. March v=. 19°3. '
Myrden 1J69.
,:.A M;r.ien J, E. Hiit~, "BrFa=__ ~anczr Fallowing Mul*_-
Fluores:copies durinc A,-tificiai Pnz+amcthorax Tr=ats=rt o`
P,..lmanar•r Tuberculnsi_:," Canadian Mzdicai A_sn. .;c.°-~na1 U)0•
jn%n_10".. 1169.
Sito jniCk 1'J9`.
Andrew A. Skolnick, quoting radii}logi~t. Stephen Feiy err...', citing
_ 'i~sn--r - rz~-
A _ ,gyp s;,, _ _ - - - - -
H-a,-}.p*rrls-at:-~-u'_ Muir ~a~~-G-:y!r=--=~eee 9h i~s~t t,
T _ .
'many radiation physicists,' in "Medical NEWS and
Perspe;~tl.,~es,," J. Amer. Medical A:_en. 274, tio.5' ~='-36''3.
Auc. 2, 1395.
Stewart 1956.
- Aiic~ M. Sr_.ewart at al, "Przl iminary Communication: M,. ignanG _ r~
GiaaSe in Childhood and Giagncstic Irradiation Ir,-~tera,"
Lan,_.et .;«7. 1956. '
Stewart 1958. #
"~H
~4 'yyP
n d~Y
~s JL $
R S
} W
C
i ~ ~ ~ ~ 4
!~:.ce ;'1. or.~W.art. ar. ai, 3~ar,,.ry` ~~~i7ilC3}~ic:,d 'i:~ignar?cies,"
Eritis'r. Medical ;c,ur:,31 ;n;~5-1=08. 19L'_',
t\:. J_ ~UBW31". "t $J, ;a7 c'-8.i '~i713~~.1a. .!7 LC_ Ei"t BC$d :.1
kBia*. i.~n '_l~st~_. :\-F,a ar~,y v'hi l~~hc:~d n~._ers, ;,ar7c~c
. r... .~i9.
';r.:`..=~:i Nar.,,-,r~s .,,.i~ntit':._ ~,:,mmiGt.a~ ~;n rho Effecr:= f A^.,?mic
=_~lia~~on. Lource~ er~,.3 Effe~~r~: r.,*' Sc~niziny R.sc~ia~icn:
i;??^C~=~. S!'~3 Fep:F.,r^ *.u r~,.a ~~er;,_<ra: _setr~bl~i. ~x ^_.h Scien`.i f;,
:,r?:~.;-_;:r_. _l r_,a ~~s. i.r, in,a~:c. ,'Ei': 'a,~-i-i;a'~i, ~--ii. ~9~.
. _ ~ _ a~
:?cam:'.t>?e fcr Nua.aar i~esy~oa-sihiii.v, fnc.
°_i5 r. S"i: ;'S;'+'_~_. Sin Yi'~[~r i::~r, i~a ';,iGt G_, iivP..
~,r",hr_t-`-:Y,-. ;7` ~vy,,;,rr,~i~.~i .70iA:~T"'d.ia`„pYi i'. iii~ti
_r,gna~ r.~u~ .17,x_ 29'_. v ar_ ra:.~ ~~:.lutiril_;_.
Tii;s ~~3c-r;,en" i-; .7 a.vai.a".le ir: „1'a:.n Y,TML a;?d ASCii ~~;<t
ra*, na,as reality: the ..oalth covL_: of l~~w-,ev.-° ~ ~
_ ion_.:ing radia.,iGn ip16 oT ~9)
• Killing Our Owr,,
' Chrohlcling th«= Cisaster 7f Americ:a'_, Experience with At.a~
ra•iat.icn, i94=,-1982
::,ntairs,: herein is BTML, ASCII, and F,-,,,t„cript Y'ormatad copy of
the ccmplate book by Harvey Wasserman ~ NGrmar. SGlamcn with Robert
Alvarez r< Eleanor ::altars. This 't.ook pI';c'ricies a r _
u`rea' ~~,wf-~-,
tf rma i r abr_,ar. haw J f~oaral authorities consist .
gntiy
-antiucte-r a,} ;un~aar„ar+-al e,ifaetat.lons about the +~evalapmant of
ru ' ear e :7nclc<iy in erret , al r ~winr; nr~ p,atiic G~~a~,YaI~6 i 2 15
:.:iuc:ar.;.or-: ab:.,_tt. t.tle __=:t.=; r.o ina;nan health, as wall ore denying what
thF fay f wra`• people per='onally e,perienced to tar~hJf',t}ieir-:;
own heal be,r,y _-;mp remised, I,ailled, ;n.a in mazy oa'~sI~,J~~`~'e(1tU1}1AVVAlI
short.. "rile au+.i~ors =:ompiled a ;treat deal cf document.atior, From
r.t~=..-v 1±-w: -di 1~.-^ii-.~ bn1':'I 1 !_ra. r-/ etld .:li i._r
_ ~ I, :uho s,affered
from effact~_ 1: _:-:~_.:ura ~o ic,nl~,rn7 ra:i~~t.i 1
_ S.+ fi _rP.3tP(] bV ri~~mh
,i .5°-- ?..-l:'t- r7O 'iar~i 1i..;aChi Ve ='f3"3
aro.i mater-,e.l=- u_ part. r.heil- ..~,k>5. alr.tl p,r,-,_ce wh:_, hoc the
ru.s.`or^,;.,r;r ._!c,w,-:win_- .Y .I_lc.ee.r ;~~!n'.^, ~~st. .it _
- - cs,
a.;`•or~ ~'an um m .g mi_ -ny ant. hmant plants anJ nuclear
a.-, ie -c_ _.r ra_;= .,aIIr Cr. ;.r _,.r.=-r r.[rl~I',' !'.ear:f:ry°.
.ma 'a°...1 ' rl ra rr-mot ~ i_ _ :;e} '.r - -1 "_cr i,? n« .4tom:o
_rlerc;y _.._..._.',Si 1n nG~~ and, Wha*-; _ 'da_ __-.rasa. _Z2~~ =air
?;1m15 i .~.a~ aril - tla ~rIBY K =Aa -'a-
_ _ 3iG' lOpn t't, ri<SnnCV "
cii~nl .._r_. ~ '.7c z.Iti~t Jr ma. - 't]!'_,° 1~8't0,~` --.,.'ri . Foe*-4l V_
PA'S-- _ _ ~-mpl v _~h _a-ne crarl - ers _ and
-.,artirne~. _ J fw_lear rachf --_e; '.~«~mr_~,_.
- ~Ui.'_.:Or, nr _I-i 325I° f tea'. PI e'!
«_hartar, - L a,yy,,
-.1: `i?1c ':a5 1rTYIq ~1nCe r:~lil\'iilt: v;y ji1'j tila t~ '=aflrl0}, ii`L:St theca ~ii'
people iUa fic:ialai and, mere imipcrtant :,till, that nuclear pcwer
i.. !.:.:o dat-r•Yerous to have around. But :t. is clear the, our aoverna,ent
is sG deeply committed to rnaclear weapons and nuclear power that it
will i•_mora damning evidence, deny the r.ru*,h, mislead our people,
jeopardize health and oven life itself, and try to blacken r.ha
reputation of sciantlaLs vhG disagree with ite policies. ,
'1 ?ai'na:a't' -_el iev-? tiiat. a`_' :_O[-i a°. 7hare C'«?flYiit2 s,aspiCion cf
[r3lm 1'' Ja ~iu~~ =crlI G°_ a3 Rla. 7naT-~ n= re~.i ,lot i•"J', 13 Y1Tie make
avert' efr;_,r".r. eliminate 1 f.-al parti<_,alar'ly st.ron<~1y about,
radiation;. b,-ca,ase ,._.hlidrnn era rl,_ich mot.'.> vuiner-abl_e than adulta--not
only in +-e~;ard to rile likelihood •-~f ~ievel~a;rnx leukemia and cancer,
b,at. ai=o of l:,eir-,g horn =,+itil phyeioai or mental defeats. And once
muraticns have teen prod,aced in genes, they will be passed down
forever, _
Dr. Ben~lamtrl Sporck, from the Introduction
* 'act et Fa! 1..,_;t•. Low-f evel &adiation from Hiroshtma to
I=;land, 19F'~ Three Mile
.
D
H ~ - eve io izin_ _ - } .
r~ ~ -
Cont.ained herein is+HTML, ASCII, and Postscript. formated copy o.
t.ha comp'ar'e booi< by Dr. ,F- '=t=_ There is a great deal
, Eri.~t ~ ,_Ingl.ass.
discussed end examined in this 1~_~Gk t.o aubstantiate the author'-
,:onrl,aslon reached by Dr. St.arnralass that low-level ionizing
radiation eras*,ed by the failGUt from nuclear bomb t.estinq and
fr~_•m rnaclear power plants--both ;~,zhlic!.y acknowledged aocidents
like Three "tile Island a-= well as the ro,at.ine, legal radioactive
emissions in liquid and gaseous ;orm--has e;<.acted a vary high toll
c.r. the qua.it,,r ~.f' public health in the United Stares anc3 around
1£ '>o ,y.~ -,1J _ mt<i rr.,~q .J w .
lu t :ear: 17 ~i Pn-~, ']Pnv the t.rurh, mislead our people,'
aop 31-.- heal ran' a~an i f~ tseif, and t•ry to blacken the ~ _
,alt- y _4cirae wlth >.ts nil'
repute ~ : - _ _
~ r[t a- +r .r - 1 a ~n P1 a "I ? - n _f~
1 Y?r na.. try} 'p -J? f1a ,r. ~ ,
r , m n~xe
~,:al m r _,ri -1: rce a , ':a7 < uia! r, a ~ .at c
ri i?4,n=•_d 1-' 1 f•Sel l:ar~iculaI"ly SCTVn,71Y ']Gut
,?verv Sr~r..~
, _.n11 if?tl ,at a mt,},_1'. II!l`7"!' VU lndrab Than 3'~'~Lt-s --nGt
r'?`~1a lY1 a? Rx
only in regard to ire l keg hGOd Gf devel~_p>ng ~1'au3:emia ar.•s cancer,
but. alsovf being h='~ with physical or man defects. An+3 once
mu*,ations have been pr aced in genes, y will be passed down ~ °~,r:,~
forever. .xt
5: .
- Dr. Benjamin Spock, f th ntroduct3on u,; .
-
* Secret. Faliot;t, Low-Leve nadiatl l from Hir:.shLma to T"r~c-e Mile
.It cC'1 9'- .,..-i:f 'ati =tan` -i.= ~=T'~~
- .~.C=} ..5 u_ a _ _1 - +n!i
I. ~i'.' _ ~^I ~,i e t~il _..G 3. _^~qr,l = ~ f?t:h.g
l l'.. .r~, a? _ - ..ii 3 r9L 4~-'15, _~LI3_ _ -C.lva
=t!t :dl ~ .LjR1 ~ n ~'7- '•-ll5~, r it -}t. - _ > t.r l
`?l- - y , -_r, ~.l_ax _t -t,_. . *.u , -'~amerura_
_._7. lie :r?4•-IY `hr 1.~ a r.,-~:~~"1 ~q _ -w +._-f.ni
ya 3'^.-., i,S,xr _ --t IL'- -i i. -.tt, nu _Yr,lt.
increas-~:= !r. rw_rtaL-_ -ac.'ae~ `.:eii Itl carc?r~, lei, emi.,,
'~lrf=~:, f1~=_ ii'~. ~hI"Ori^G ii in?d8?f.
r ".rn ~rr~nr',r - _ __,.=star; rrar^,S _ GL}°" .7
.h~3Pr.gr-_.
I t wa:,- n,_,t. -,,:r ;7ilyslcs and tachnoi•~~;y `..hat Ivsd Fn inade~%uaCe, b+at
our knowledg of biological systems and thai enormous aGilit to
~onc?r;t.._ _ a,,.?r,--. 3:- _ h? =.L". ,tea, t.h=_
j,~rou,l, -1. t.~_e.. ro- .,;.hour ~•.;ic~ im.- -.e, 'a~~ ~ r.>>s.
Ir. .J~-l'. Ct'.- 2 `.i'~ 'v [,C°n`i-ati„t i `.•~l-= ,5 =.:~ZII a., T; _.p th-:
:,?W~!., .1 .i_- ~-ri`_f3n: }Z,= ~o.}iii). _i~_~( r w _L1['l ~1[lCe
3l. },Uih-=; gal='., !'a. i_9 1.:?. G _.,~ryl, ,n_, __.:~3i llv
r' i'_ ;,il 1F. W S1•g a. 7,?h. _ _ =s~_?tIl Wu .r1-
__-i _ 3Gte~ p.=.',. i --~tii .lrei_ h~fi17i5?~i a'7"
. 11.1 tt, t.i'fv _ _ _ r ~~t ~ Ail j:lY ..ea ill 4' _F,ha
. `}a::Ti_J_. 'l, C;3;- a: t}l? }lr:=;? ('ii5 T3:3nd gr.~__=nC s?c7an:i
ni:•=C1 _ ~1T~_'-:'L•.- ,5:?d 'J?OI ai 4131 ~ °JJtJ?i uaUZ at.? ;n -iT:°1 ltigv
~_.?1l ~!"}.~,~iC L'!a, «}lBt}ie- ^,}1° pUl:;li_ :;?p']i r, ~eiZ.3 Vg 71 .
+ P•:r 7r-oc}u 7i~.rtl ~ lrctx'.3~._ -~~~-a*_.e,-1 a>:~°rpts fr-*s ~ .n~i,u_ '
:t. :aa c-,ot cur plhysi,=s gild -.c.hn•.:iosi that. had oaBn ina~c;, -ta, bur. , .
our cnowladae of birfio Lcal svBt.ema and ;hair enormous a~ili tc
1"a _.,:;r-8na_e- O t.}Ze iYU1G 'try riGYteBmen a-nd WGU2,~ tend %'.?i 1?
~.a'. t.her? '.as ind??: r?a.son fcr dee~, - - I
~cnc?rn, hac =~.,~scat?c.
.here wa-=: nc _afa lsvei radiation, and the ,anborr: ar._ .h? yc,~na
arm ~~learly core vui,l?rahia than a,9ults.
Trott: chapters twel-~e and sevancaan respecc.ivaiy
Hea;.r}~ C:._.r_ of Nuc.iear Technol,~Ira =_.arie:; -,*.ari _.-..ernet
#y1,t'll?J,1 yk?c t•3 ~-r I~~cS in :~hr__!>>.~_:a'aa Sea. V'
+ Rook Introdu~-lion (t ':des .elected excerpts from va -pus
;ap;r.ers )
It was not our f>ii?/sics and technology that had baen inadequate, but
our knowledcre of biol~~gical sysrems and their enormous abilitY..t.4_....__.._..W.,.•. ~.~.a~•• an
;!,_noentrate tc~ti•=~ acent.s. Just, ae. in the case of DDT, it was not the
amount. di=trik;utad thrcughc„at the environment. that vas so serious.
It wa_ the aele<.r.i•re cancent.ration in the food chain and then in the
newly for~ain;r nr,-ians of the r'a}.~id1y developirq young embrya. Since
all hicthar ar~imai=. including man, mu=:t pass through this criticall,v
_.=t~sitive pha'.;--, it. wa.s dear tlzar, uni~ss the problem was widely
r ra SzFn ai 1 a'- ~ed ,aprm, mgr. cu1~ e, rn.ish himself and all
- ~an_,n-. through `•he ~Y - ra:;iar,icn on the ;..1o1t, brat.
thr _,,:.:_7 i~ t.h~ -f«-?Ct _-n t}t2 wan};.,--1r. link i;: '.ne ..}twin of li`'e--the
'Jr"'i Lei:. ~ vrn,inC(,
r.. Sas', ~ ar at- t~'~- " _a I_aanti -i rr• 7ar:;
dir. :.,r._,re;a i !~;;i~; _.~obal Laur~at~a it ?hy-;i;;io~_r! '
Wits-n ...-:m.-,~,:^ ~=is-.:i _ - -
anci Medicin=7 uha=.he_ tit=+ pub: _ =ionic. believe me
+ F - n T;,.r.r .'tu -tion ~ 1;7cLa =°L~~-_ed excerpts f"r;=m various
~;,a.~~t.ar= ,
It va_. our „~ivsie:> and .achnolo,77i :hat had bean inadequate, but.
our lcnowladge of bioivgical systems and their enormous ability to
- - -----------L------.
tea=:aU3"-anGa=: r, t1,? 1ndU ~'t.r';! _:gpY:esmen ar:d WGUld tend t_ iiF.11•=•tic
that. there way _ndaed reason .°,?r deep concern, as I iiad indicated, -
There wa-: nc safe levai :cf radiation, and the ur~borti and the young -
are ..early more vulnerable than adults.
from chapters twelve and seventeen respectively
Dr, fiosaize BertelL Dr, Ernet Sterr.~la==_, and Dr, Jr_.nn
__`:nan, 19_;1 •
3~~'. ;=:-ri .m Da3"i i, i_:: r. w,w !.~~al F:3 :~li` .~L, !{i ~'Ir:, a'v°,
+ ~~L 2J_ai _:?„`~3aC't+~ii. ,_ur:'i:'a 1'wm ta,:a ~,ti_ `.1B'.=, and Ali _Ic~
T~:.r.lmon~=.p Dr. ?_'=alia ssert-i "_re he rio,-1..1 i«omen',
:,,ngre„~. Mi~smi, l:-+s=':
. Nuclear ~~uardianshia Pro,iacr,'s ,:Wring '92 "'Drum newspaper
+ Ae._2'ted r,,=ts, Arti ;1_._=, Tr.a t'i_crinr.s and Ecoi: E:;;_orpr,a
~al~=4i Gassini NASA's Daadi? 2iutcnlum Probe
~~am47i 1ni:I Wi'J}', '.he DeYt1 T}'ta Ua.E Iii-_._:i,_,n, ~_at~snt°d _
Story Cln Earth,
Arcei~.~n For' 61~zeie•-~r Aboillica~ 'Spring ':37 ,Eat.}~erinr; abut. down
the Nevada ':ast Site
i •7~:ai t.~:^~ ~opy of _r;me of the info at above _it;i=:
La i~arnet; An Int•ernar.lcnal Antinuci-ear P,:_tion In France,
:".rcr. I;iTE.^-,NAT: ~tiAL NLII_LEAn FREE r~REEN _:!)NFEgENr_.E, Sepramber 1E-14
199^
Ea=.`.=r_n Lony _slard, The Sag Harbor Fro:;ac_: L~
_,r _ ~.v,ia. :,yi~~,._ ..cnL it! WCHf'wY:
#4^' Phe FourtF; aorserar,: N,_ac!,=ar' Tachnoicgy D_c- e-
, ~ `b I 21 , 1995
~ ,
Exr_z;lGnt backgrounder cn: a,
o new bomb- rade uranium 2 r
_~,.•~~;g;-.~ - 4 35 and:.. i 4~,
rata n,- ~rali _ Jal-,an rmanY, an uGSia arP
ranitt 1 12 e_rer I t.~.r tecilnoi.r<y r -'a. ,
~.}t@ py'r L=ia,1 nUC1E3Y' 71ub° ~L~__~
aaiown t7iArr.Hii_un itr?entorlce worldwide s~^ rf n~~}, , r
rile imposai}~iilit,,~ of ~;u=_:t keeping t r 1'(,~. Z 1J
~.~_aft~f~,= le
_~.?elitc2~_e> .*,he _ _rrnes- nt:vlet: Uni:.-.;n
_ '?i t.rl Gi' 'di hf:_>_'+. Or'13m, :i,i.r.l Bar - ,
9 t.yi~.i bra i r,.
COUNlY
',r._ ~;ta, .~„'J R~ tha!_ N1,-Jti 1'2[7 ,"y
„,n,t aamaga
i•_', "na „mot-,,
-r _ [a
!S.q _ai _._'t"~~_ _d~e.Et. _.3,1C@r .~.3.~`°_. 1`J'c'+°
ut~=.=:. =-322_ %a,i 2[n i::eHr 1`i 4I'e'?0nt.a}-Ji2 ~~i SBa sE, In tY2@
I:-.' _.=p=2 =,T .flat ,13R'1nq ~rea3b t::3nGCr P.Jt }lapj]en by
e'~z:itin,7 vnreoessary e:cposures to carcinogens
.:-:a::51-_ __en~=_ . .__hn ~~i-man _ .ew b:__..,
.,r _ _ at__, _!i'. in,7
_i 1,.at.iv!"i. emtidr ln' ~:F~=~
. _ _ ~ : rn ;,I : ud ws ~_r~==r_?ir~_z,meHt.a.t
eth_ _x~_~rt wl=:. the }'e:_];:,...a:
r~a~s _ t.~,mrn. tI<ri_), r _mp,f~.w .o .,t i~cJ r..,
_leclar- _„_-_irci =i rile Hari:-,- 1nw-level In_,cl~ar
n.. G•r~l- _7,_r1~ rz_. . .rcet_n,:. •BRCi Iu'v:~ .1 .1•-1
tlav>ual:c.ver -them i=.._, be _I,:mpeci ;nto =.r:3;nar'~ m,ant•_lpa;.
.:9.rn.:iI L _ and ir:c iner3 i.=:r=.
* The Prlc2 Power-. P. k.[•mi~='. Et i°,'-_iY'- `r'r-ems Ride, Muit,in3 r.iona l_
Mon i t:,r . : ar,.uary _ _
...ra: Ci_=:ic:r~: S;r,e F_C•iH0[n1C Failure oY Nuc'lg7r 1'Ower, ?
i3t-earro~ao~' =t.udv relea.sa.-3 asst 1?,-e¢,ii?r, _stimar.e- chat ,adaral
outlays iY'oID l'd~i1 t.: i'_i''-l(_'. for rtari~ar Rower total?d ~9' billion in
1990 dollars. This =stlrnat~ relates Lo i:,?Sta of RP<D and regulation,
_ r, 'Jr;..., 1'r, r.-_.CPID~rr iJr~R'aQ2 Cr ~
. it _
,rh i;, ar in:au 3;
to r ac_1 l,nt.s,
Y._ ['_a..r=i h."` ,•r!"11'. ?R[ te. t.K!' _IO 1.1*..I~'~
71 ~
splfr r I~.- _,.d~.,rs-' ~,r ,:iFr-a. apr7P~p,I13 ,r.2_.~
n!~u - ~ e~ , ..:c l- r_rat +c ~~?.r - nu.-lean ind'2sYt-y. ,
t.};e ,:_[t,ar,r_;g companie=_: li}:e Ganrral Ele<_`ric: that.
w;-, ~ i,,. - i;t3 ~ [rt[fl .r'.:, -.1 1t -•lAI ~.2V 'P' t•=2' Ht laAr r. .ra}'
- e Alder ~n indemri Y A -t which
~r ,a . n t 'rs a 2
11 u ~ -'.i _ '1 ~ abi t}i._ tr.;. --a?- ui•3, .hry irl t,}i,~ evF.n`, ~,f a
major ,~,.=_-ar acc:i:i:=nt,
+-,.h~ ,n re =er, t. arner~:imer~`. t.,.-, ~-Ar1d~»I-:oti. U•~".tl it l3C a2'@
i.ir«1 'r ~ n
ra<~.ilrc'•:~ ID3 ii,Ya :1i1 mlliiOn ,n 17tS,lrarl•e t~ ,~,;er h+t•i 1=
ll.+h;:i",:/~ if' ~~lalms for _sn aceide2';t. e:<oeecd that. smount, ea.~.h
nuciaar *.,!itv is rectulreci t.o ,-cntrib,zte ,zp to :Cii3 million for aach
r?actor they operate. This arran7eman+; ca>_ the 1iaLility any
coven utility 3b 32;0 million, and of t:na entire industry at under
~7 billion.
E-a t.im3ta'_ ~~f t_.he ~..o.rs a m3.]`?r n,zo i.3ar goo id ~tlt. vary. UUt .
-y~ uci•ae.r ur.=.iirlas Ta;ia far ahc,rt _-Y r.,.ez`.ir,a the human haal:h and
1]~~ ~ r ~}rna re~: rha` w:~u1c3 resin' . ,_nerai A~~cnunrln t 'of'fice
bid b l~a~i -=:rlmar__! in ""7 Char„ under avara~e ,eaathFr ~ ~i+i_,ne,
p-V~L~~ ~ ].,7sr==~_,-ora a manor .cigar acCirlanl, ,::cnald ire ae hint- - X15
hiliicn. r; iJ`~ analyis ny t're Sandia National Laboratvr;? for the
Th,,~.~lesr s=:ruiatory '~:_,mrnlss.inn tNRC? found t.hat., and«;r a worst-case
scenaric.~ financial lr,>~~..=_•as (nc±. lnrludin_; an-sita damagae? could _
a-'anc;e fe~'crtn X58 billion t.o X314 blliion. 'Phe pcss~ihility of a
lar~7z-_:cale accident. occurring is not remote; the NRC itself -
est•lmatas there a 4` percent chance of a major "core melt"
nuclzar a.cidant occurring in the Uni*.ed S*.ates within tha next~20,. -
year.. ,~~a~'+u~~~~ ~ q;t:.~ ..~u'•'r[t~ i~naw
-;_I fta~, ~,r ~'i rl r .,r: -n`.~t- i]a' ar. rft r, i'?~-~' cr-t61 nn C-nt~uSa pn ~~w p~.
, t.-1;:_ '?.l~l ari iJ _'a_ ri'~- :_t, at V'lq _'_:yr.3 YY'.-m t.}'!.~lr
_:.hl' :f t~_fi-' - n-r _
YJ~ ~ _
'r. .'i. .,_r:~ .z...,, _ Sri wi, r ".'.+i t": ~ i~-._._, ,:ir,;
t_ _
aF:f_ 1 r ~A.IF ~'P@~3 txl PL(i..- C~h, '}:Ct,_ ~.1._1"tG?
.J _iC ;a.~r x'." .apt i. Pi 'j7i]:. •7y ,'C~m
Ele--r.ricir.y .•Too =heat-. t... Meer' t., i,;hare:-_tl'r =:af
Fceactor~ incl,adirt~ ramon,_r other,i _~cticn~ :.n
1
_ 2aaice of PJUClear Phyeics and`F1=;sion ,
~Jranium: its Uses and Hatar:-3s
o Basic Characteristics of Rea;_tor T;!pes
+ Sciance far Democratic Aotlon, IFFR Nawsletter
r FI]v~_._cal, d:a.=laar. _..a ":hemi:=a_. Pr.c,p-r.•.;z_ of F1'ar.~~nium
§ i;- ._r a t i r 3 . a _ a,_ i '1 i ~rla-' e
r _._.'_,;;ti1CB.t.iGn=; :iadi:JHC`.i'!= .+a~`_
r .r ~..I - i.a_ 1^+~' _ 3rz -l:;a:_ r ul ''l +.3 Ci aY'J atlu
Pti.at}i,a'~y a.]r3 mac, er.,cz ~~_=I ,--.t,.pile _.,zwarc3ship
: rz [r,
Tl'- -,.7rz1: -'ll+l t.r c.rf~:,'_, -_3i4,t, ',_1~11i:-'~. ~.,?i, _d"-a'r,ngiG
t.1]a --p.a.r;me:._ ~r:?2"7, _ r~.aa~_
-~'•3['.-- lta- ~ k .far.„_.'. F ~
Nc.,,-Pr-r_.1 i-nation Con,-equenr,z= p}-,e Lepar
~menr of r.+]er;rr's
E; ,.ei M ,suer ~,.t. Pr•= ,t "r„
+ F_..._~~Mat.zriaie. ,n a ,~la:.s, ^ark''~: T=clinical ar::: ?clicy
~st;ect: the D1 =;]osir,icn Piuton:t,am ._,:r.] Highl~.f Er]I-~ichad
Uranrom
i
+ Graen Evii of Twc Lassars, by Harvev Wasarman, senior advisor to
Sreanpeaca USA, August 25, 1396
Pulp yrt.tor,--The !rr,l,ar.:_er f:,_~ncapt i )r ow , ct .o i.a i.._
LL nW ~;i sp,-°B.i ~:a(J3C1ty;,
kJY i%i=.~=r;,}rzlia .ii,art.nr . Haar't lar-;1 =l jit'i`at~i=.: Prot.a _:i file
ir,Vis^~_~I':.m~tt'„ ltin, j fQs'.hI1'a=~.1?a
WSSE L!ranium Project frorc Am=t.zrdam a-;] e.=__zntiai and lnvaiuabie
T U,,arl i,:al N11,~1i1[i aNi3 Mlllyna Was nn intr.idi_Ct1Crl
+ Uranium ':``ir,ir,q 811..llography, ~-ia:_...=_t En~~`,.=h ar, F-er-~ch
l ;jnr;',aage p.ubi,car. i.~.na
+ Health Hazar,as ;or Uranium Mir,?r-s F.ssi_;enta
_.nium ulniC._I al:d it]dl_iaSi_a]c Peor1?
~4hFnFUm M;UTa}UF~s DapletFd Uranium sn "'1 ar VPrerans
~,Biblio arad Cthers by. .
`g° ~Y $el ~
+ WS$E.Chernobyl Special (from April 10, 1996):
r • ! ~ >h
q~eat tvff~including:
, ' +P ~Y b, o a
Rbr e : ucYea~r„ x•stasY''it~ ,}.895) . .
,a 0 Year History of OpposiCion"to Nuclear Powar in California
r
~'-~~~<<-1:'. ~ both links in here are broken
~ + Diablo Canyon Timeline Part I, part I: 1963-1981 -
+ Diablo Canyon Timeline Part II, 191:2-1996
+ Dlab2o Setc.lernec;t wlii katepayers :LSU &iiLon Decsmber
. 1i?='
- ',~F,F.L' 'ALU%'`: 1 _1~ ro 't'.a'_''•f5, kpr i _=t.h i99k'.
- - _ yet _=-~In... :2_;=
'.i,_- , tnl w k'- -w [ a1i ~.q~-r.L•Je
w_=-= ~hLsm=. =_u~ecf b~ irs__aar _d,:=r,
~ Ann,. Ar.omi: :irr~wlrrt Up Wlr.}1 f.he Atom,
a record of the atomic: weapons detonated in the Plumbbob Series at
tha Nevada Test Site, 1957 j
11
3;:ie<i _,-~6: Th? Atcan r= Duy c.r ~yt. $ii_ 31re= _r.~i,a;Jcs
_ _ _,le ~rltl~~~Iltai _%.t
.t/~~^. iCr .)~3ii~_ti~.
~(,.,c~-ar Mcl;i~sr-'=r;llrie N,acl'>=. Infarma.tiot; anci F.e=.=:.
Sn.__-
+ M,aln~.,,~r;_c57-,a2 ['1-_•nl,.~~r'.: _~}.r., :'J'-1~. issue _~r~ Phu=~'_=-.. _ F,~=},er~
ir~~~~..ae:,
_ vdf r~. `r }1: _ lr!« _._.':La lr: vivL.=t rYea~-Jk"~
..P.e..~JlJ'Y:e rr'-pn~yal" In iii: ~~~~.:31n
'b _=,j idrN,=.' S aji'la- WtaJiVa:" _.r.
+ `_l;~alaR F_.'ural I=?-v,i.rid- L~r'^"JlaQ1:?ar W3H»
~_~._~-k.riL7 ?l L.i~iec',I ~i'ik'L::•hm«?T. Pr C21: E'r3t 1Jn
:.rS C,rII~3t; !.JR-Y'L•;. ;j Ur4 i 3'ii}r E;9E-:
d ASlti t1,dC ~•'.ur WBaji:=913 8t!Aff
hr, ;p: ; , ; araday. ee . Latrobe . edu . aul""khorse i 1 /ant. i -nuk;es,'
Tha h?rrobyl di=_:a•tar
h±. r. r; : r' "a.p l _ ca . ee . i atrobe . ed,a. x_,_1:8080 '°k};or _,e l i i anr. i-l:u.:eslc};errrob
yii
I ,_.w_t.f.rei kadiation mat~riai
http:/!lapiaca.ee.latrobe.edu.au:8080/-khorsell/radiatien:lcw-leve
li
rwm H.,.~Qell
1 hers 11@FE LaTrob FDU AU cc kvmL. 1 1n~ am on
+ iduclear Waste C1[.iz«n's Coalic.lgn
llfi i~tarvland Avenue, NE
. 8ulte 8U"'
Washing+.,~n, DC ZUOfi2
- ~'L~ 1-IO Maryland Avanu®, NE
~"i/,-` Wa=.i~;.clc~ron. LC :~U00'
_,3u7-°_ Jf
X02; _„=-0'?•'~ (fax i
i ifii i iak'~"_ _ _~rit i81 .CrCf
h`~tp:,'"iwww.essen,isi .•~r:t/orps: nwer_/nwcc.hmi
Daa.dly Nuclear Radiation Hazards USA
Lou3s._- Franklin-$amirez & John Steinha,_h y I
Eart.}1 Loda_a :I
7615 Lake Drive
Manassas, VA 22111
703/222-7570 "III
703/222-9196 lfaxl~= {
jstienbach&igc.ocq-~ti ,
2 dietinct venUee r> ' ~
-,r. ~ lptl r-t. .~S; .per. ~•~-T p~~
-i__
Ilt `.yi J'?w ,31~`~. .,GRti ~~"i1E-i _ a8,~:, ,
« Sr.k ahol_l.r i;l Nuc is=ar Waste ~._pa
..i,=red:bla L:>t .af S~`.0 groups .
ht gip:,'/wlJW.n,..~.}'i2r.:,?. ev. _~'.flii r.r, «i0(Olit..,id~•d_~S/CD2~-Q1)^~~
* Pl~.~tonium Chailange: M~mi:era and Friends
15°0 New York Avanue, N.W. Suite 300
Washington, DC 20045-4709
202/62A-9352
-5917 -
~~r~:~~'
~ :"a„_.___ IDa__=,: ='n=i oar., i~~ !Vito)
~Vn,-
hr.a_.r:. ~r~..a.nir.or'_iI
IVu,_lear C_;rrrnl :its i;l t,~re~i
1000 t~annactic,at. Avenue NiJ, Suite °04
Wa~h:rn7t,~n, Cr=, 2~:05~
21t^,i 45"-0392 (fax )
nciLmailgack.com
http://www.nci.orgincii
+ Nuclear Guardianship Project
press s ace for next
~l~_._ a.C _i~
Tj'PrI.C
_ i
\
raav id .~culp@env ironat."org
ht.lp : ; lwww, i'aB .'r-;1: p,xbi gen/ f~,xcha f Lange:
,r Nuclear ir,f'ormat.ion and R~*_+cu:ca Service iNIREi
142.=+ 16th St.rer..t• NW, #«U4
Washington, DC 29C36
X2/328-0002
202i'462-218 ~ ~ era Y.
n ir':
~et@ i gc . org
ii*_.lp:; %www.nirs.erg/ ;
* Nuclear Con*_,rol Institute 1
,U~u ~.~,-.nr.,cl;c,x*. Avenue NW, ^avit.a 804
.o
2,'.2,'4_,.:.-Il:]~SS ~Y3:)
nciL~mailback.com
1-ittp://www.nci.orgincii'
~ Nuclear Guardianahiy Project
.lv inocha
mar',.=_c'!, Cn ?n7~=;
Vii'; _°5_~-~_;1C~
pis _52-391E f=..:`
Piulonium Free Future
~zr;zl.zy, CR 94702
:iil ,'?:iii-`; P?,G:S _
pi f~igc.or<a
* Cduclzar Agz Peace Foundation
1187 Coast Village Rosd,
Suitt 123
Santa Barbara `3108
805/365-3443
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